^f^'nirj' 
 
 //^'■/^>rf-«/ 
 
 
 Anm 
 
 GIFT OF 
 JANE K.SATHER 
 
 v.Ajrf 
 
 
 A'. 
 
 rvM 
 
 UBII 
 
 '/"'^' 
 
 'AO.H^ 
 
 ^1> 
 
 
 
 r^ 
 
nn 
 
 
 ^ i 
 
 «>:^ 
 
 ^^j>' 
 
 
 -■|^>>>^.. 
 
 
 ■^''^ 
 
 J? ) •/ 
 
 m/^f^^n^ 
 
f 
 
a 
 
 ir 
 
 <H 
 
.sy u J 
 
 ' Brfni/ftim 
 
 i'^'^.^Lj flf'-'U^l' 
 
 
 i> 
 
 JliikWw* 
 
 « 
 
 .,»/•. li!sj.r|,- 
 
 %U 
 
 
 t'fe=: 
 
 s* 
 
 «0l^ 
 
 . i' ''/f . , --■!« 
 
 J.iUu 
 
 
 'Sfftlv 
 
 IflWaS^"// /; 
 
 
 
 
 SirMiili.ii ,/^ /;,^, 
 
 WiuJtu.l 
 
 l«.l.v,ui^ 
 
 •M'<¥.'"i,"> , „.s- ;==a . , 
 
 ■1 
 
 /Zu 
 
 
 /VfA? 
 
 -k:.'.s- 
 
 
 OK-.l.-ftittrv %■• 
 
 V< 
 
 "\^nnftf 
 
 
 "h,- 
 
 
 HAMP S IlllU 
 
 7tritu/i StiihiiriBitu tig y tpajin/nv. 
 
 X.mv^nx-.riihMuJ Ml/ieJrt ,lm,»,l^.>'^•^t;fy^v^.f:70cy.^:n.|nll<r^f<lp.^•^rhu-■,\^h^^ •'/ml Slnaul 
 
"f 
 
 / 
 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 OF 
 
 ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES llOACH SMITH, 
 
 AUTHOR OF " COLLECTASEA ASTIQOA ;" " ANTIiJCITIES OF KICHBOROirGH, KECULVEIl, 
 
 .VXD LiMSE, 
 
 LONDON: 
 rRINTED FOR THE SUBSCRIBERS; AND NOT PUBLISHED. 
 
r 
 
BY THE AUTHOR. 
 
 COLLECTANEA ANTIQUA, Etchings and Notices of Ancient Remains, 
 illustrative of the Habits, Customs, and History of Past Ages. 
 
 CONTENTS : 
 VOLUME L—(Wtth 58 Plates.) 
 
 1. Roman Glass Vessels, Fibulae, Pottery, etc., in the Museum of Boulogne-sur-Mer. — 2. British, Mero- 
 vingian, and Saxon Coins, found in Kent. — 3. British Coins found in Sussex. — 4. Roman inscribed Altar, now 
 a baptismal font, at Halinghen. — 5. Roman Sepulchral Remains, discovered at Strood, Kent. — 6. Roman and 
 Saxon Antiquities of Warwickshire. — 7. British and Saxon Tumuli of Derbyshire. — 8. Saxon Necklace of Gold 
 Coins, found at Canterbury. — 9. Rare British and Saxons Coins found in Kent. — 10. Roman Tessellated 
 Pavement at Basildon. — 11. Caves at Settle, containing Romano-British Remains. — 12. On the Place of Caesar's 
 Landing in Britain. — 13. Religious Signs or Tokens of the Middle Ages. — 14. Roman Remains upon the Downs 
 near Lancing. — 15. Tumuli in Wiltshire. — 16. Anglo-Saxon Antiquities discovered at Sittingbourne, Kent. — 
 17. Roman Remains at Springhead, Kent. — 18. Roman Tessellated Pavement at Daventry. — 19. Cover of a 
 Medieval Religious Casket in lead, found in the Thames. — 19. Roman Sepulchral Remains at Avisford, 
 Sussex. — 20. Roman Inscribed monument lately found in Blackfriars, London. — 21. The Roman Monuments 
 discovered in London. — 22. Remains of the Palace of Bridewell. — 23. Roman potters' names and marks, and 
 Roman Pottery discovered in London, — 24. Ancient Bone Skates. — 26. Romano-Gaulish Remains found near 
 Boulogne-sur-Mer. — 26. British and Gaulish Coins in gold, silver, and brass, found in Kent. — 27. Roman Sepul- 
 chral Remains found at Barming, Kent. 
 
 VOLUME IL — {With 57 Plates and numerous Wood-cuts.) 
 
 I. — Roman Villa, at Hartlip, Kent. — 2. Remains at Mount Bures, near Colchester. — 3. Roman Remains 
 found at Colchester. — 4. Medieval Pilgrims' Signs. — 5. Cover of a Reliquary found at Abbeville. — 6. Roman 
 Tessellated Pavements at West-Coker, Somerset ; and at Bramdean, Hants. — 7. The Antiquities of Treves, 
 Mayence, Wiesbaden, and other places on the Moselle and Rhine. — 8. Newly-discovered unique coin of Carausius, 
 with a full-faced Portrait. — 9. Anglo-Saxon Remains in Kent, Suffolk, and Leicestershire. — 10. The Roman 
 Wall. — 11. Anglo-Saxon and Frankish Remains. 
 
 VOLUME III.— {With 37 Plates and many Wood-cuts.) 
 
 1. Anglo-Saxon Remains discovered at Ozengal, Kent. — 2. On the large Iron Nails frequently found in 
 Roman Graves. — 3. Roman Sculptures found at Wroxeter. — 4. Irish Antiquities of the Saxon period. — 5. 
 Roman Sarcophagus and Leaden Coffin found in London. — 6. Medieval Brass Trumpet found at Romney, 
 Kent. — 7. Iron sword, in Bronze enamelled scabbard, found in the Thames. — 8. The Roman Theatre, Sculp- 
 tures, Bronze Statue, etc., found at Lillebonne. — 9. The Thorigny Inscriptions and Sculptures found at Vieux. 
 — 10. The Roman Castrum at Jublains ; Antiquities of Evreux, etc. — 11. Gold Plates discovered in Ireland 
 
 302406 
 
u 
 
 — 12. The Roman Castra at Risingliam and High Rochester. — 13. The Faussett Collection of Kentish Saxon 
 Antiquities. — 14. Inscribed Romano-Gaulish Vase in the Louvre ; and Inscribed Roman Pottery found at 
 Leicester. — 15. Roman Leaden Seals found in Westmorland and in SuiFolk. — 16. Roman Inscribed Altars 
 found in Scotland. — 17. Saxon Remains found at Harnham, Wilts ; and at Rochester, Kent. — 18. The great 
 Roman Wall in Germany. — 19. Researches and Discoveries in Normandy. — 20. Gallo-Roman Castrum at 
 Lar9ay, near Tours ; and Roman Edifice at Thes6e. — 21. Roman Inscriptions found at Irchester. — 22. The 
 Society of Antiquaries of London : its transactions, government, etc. — 23. Our National Antiquities. 
 
 VOLUME IV. — {Containing 46 Engravings and many ^Yood-cuts.) 
 
 1. Antiquities of France: the niansio at Thesee ; the Castrum at Lar§ay : the Pile Cinq Mars; the 
 Amphitheatre at Dou6 : the Cromlechs near Saumur : the Museums of Saumur, Orleans, Amiens, etc. — 2. 
 Altar to the Dese Matres found at Winchester. — 3. Inscribed Roman Vase found at Colchester. — 4. Remarkable 
 examples of Romano- British Pottery found in Northamptonshire. — 5. The Roman Stations in the county of 
 Durham. — 6. Medieval Girdle Ornaments. — 7. Medieval Brooches. — 8. Medieval Casket in Cuir-bouilli. — 
 9. Coins of Carausius and Allectus. — 10. Enamelled Swords at Keswick, and in the Museum of Joseph Mayer, 
 Esq. — 11. Roman Remains found at Crendon, Bucks. — 12. Gold Saxon Ornaments found in Suffolk. — 13. 
 Pilgrims' signs. — 14. Roman Remains found at Petham, Kent. — 15. Frankish Sepulchral remains. — 16. Richly 
 ornamented Roman sword found near Mayence. — 1 7. Researches and Discoveries, etc. 
 
 VOLUME V. — Is now being Printed, 
 
 and Parts I and II are ready for delivery to Subscribers. — Prices (to Subscribers only), are : Vols. IV and V, 
 2-l«. each : Vols. Ill and I, 30«. each : and Vol. II, 4.0s. Volumes I and II have long been out of print ; and 
 only a few copies can be supplied. 
 
 Printed solely for the Subscribers ; and not published. Applications to be addressed to 
 Mr. C. Roach Smith, at Temple Place, Strood, Kent. 
 
 THE ANTIQUITIES OF RICHBOROUGH, RECULVER, AND LYMNE, 
 in small quarto, with numerous Illustrations by F. W. Fairholt, F.S.A. Price One 
 Guinea. Published by J. Russell Smith, Soho Square. 
 
 REPORT ON EXCAVATIONS made upon the site of the ROMAN CASTRUM 
 AT LYMNE, IN Kent: illustrated by Etchings and Woodcuts. Printed for the 
 Subscribers. 
 
 REPORT on EXCAVATIONS made upon the site of the ROMAN CASTRUM 
 AT PEVENSEY, IN Sussex : illustrated by Plans and Etchings. Printed for the 
 Subscribers. 
 
"^•i 
 
 
 
 f^lf^ 
 
 L |fe 
 
 . ^I«!!lllf III 
 
 
 
 "^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 >:; 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 - \« 
 
 
 »"- : 1 
 
 
 s \ 
 
 
 pa ^ 
 
 
 f= V 
 
 
 * i 
 
 
 e* ^^ 
 
 t- 
 
 
 
 © ,^' ' 
 
 CO 
 
 3 ." 
 
 > 
 
 >^ 
 
 'P 
 
 M 
 
 s 
 
 S5 
 
 P3 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 >-. \ 
 
 rf 
 
 ■^ 
 
— T9 TV.O P' 
 
 u 
 
 'l!-' ^.' i^:tiliS-kiti^.-jilJiU*tata&.: 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 ROMAN LONDON 
 
V 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 T. niCHARDS, :j7, oheat qcekn strekt. 
 
 hi 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The present volume is, for the most part, the result of personal 
 investigations made during my residence in Lothbury and in Liver- 
 pool Street, in the City of London. 
 
 The excavations, which led to those researches, were made for 
 sewerage, for what is commonly termed " city improvements," and 
 for deepening the bed of the Thames to facilitate navigation. 
 
 A wide space in the area of the Roman city has, consequently, 
 
 been penetrated in various directions, by deep longitudinal cuttings 
 
 in the centre of streets ; and, occasionally, by transverse channels. 
 
 Where new streets were formed, the foundations of the houses 
 
 required greater width of excavation ; but the sections were not so 
 
 deep as those for sewers. Extensive as these operations were, they 
 
 left untouched by far the most considerable part of the site, or level, 
 
 of the Roman city. The excavations were, in fact, but so many 
 
 channels, cut here and there, sometimes penetrating through and 
 
 below the bed of the ancient city, sometimes superficially entering it ; 
 
 and, not unfrequently, so comparatively shallow that they did not 
 
 pass through the debris of buildings of the middle ages. 
 
 b 
 
11 PREFACE. 
 
 Such circumstances were not of themselves the most congenial 
 to an antiquarian explorer. The excavations, moreover, were con- 
 ducted with rapidity by large bodies of workmen. As regards the 
 sewers, tunnelling was often adopted, relays of labourers w^orking 
 through the night. Even if the corporation of London had thought 
 fit to employ a dozen antiquaries or an archaeological society to 
 watch the excavations, with full power to protect and to preserve, the 
 watchers would have been severely tasked. But the corporation 
 was not embarrassed by any such solicitude. It was compelled to 
 undertake and prosecute these public works; but beyond this it was 
 not propelled by public opinion; and on such a subject as the antiqui- 
 ties of the City, it had no opinion of its own. Volunteers were not 
 encouraged : at the best, they only received a precarious toleration 
 to inspect the excavations ; and usually they were denied access to 
 them. 
 
 In the meantime, under these disadvantageous circumstances, 
 several collections of antiquities were formed by purchases from the 
 workmen. The principal were those made by Mr. Kempe, Mr. John 
 Newman, Mr. George Gwilt, Mr. Price, Mr. Chaffers, and myself 
 With the exception, probably, of Mr. Gwilt's, which, for the present, 
 I believe, remains in the possession of his family, exertions were 
 made to secure these collections in some proper receptacle in the city 
 of London ; but in vain. My own, as is well known, after having 
 been rejected by the corporation, has found a safe resting-place in the 
 British Museum. The rest are all dispersed. Mr. Chaffers, however, 
 has preserved a faithful manuscript record of his collection, with good 
 sketches of the more remarkable objects ; and the Guildhall Library, 
 through my own interference, contains the monumental inscription, 
 fig. 1, pi. ii, of this volume, and the fragment of sculpture engraved in 
 
PREFACE. m 
 
 p. 33 (which for a long time remained neglected in the City stone-yard). 
 In it are, also, some of the antiquities dug up on the site of the New 
 Royal Exchange, collected by the vigilance of Mr. Russell, clerk of 
 the works. The Guildhall gave a temporary shelter to the inscribed 
 stone represented in p. 29 ; but where this important fragment now 
 is, I cannot say : it was not to be found in the Guildhall very recently, 
 and there is every reason to believe it has been destroyed. 
 
 The citizens must share the opprobrium which attaches to the 
 corporation for this indifference to the antiquities of the metropolis ; 
 for when, a few years since, an attempt was made, in a large and 
 stormy meeting, to establish in the City a free library and a museum, 
 they scouted the proposal, under the pretext that the funds of the 
 corporation were adequate for the purpose without the new impost 
 proposed, which would probably have amounted to about one half- 
 penny in the pound ! It is, however, not agreeable to me to be ever 
 censuring ; and I therefore forbear entering into long details in 
 justification of general charges, contenting myself with an appeal to 
 one grand fact, patent to the world, and which no one will attempt to 
 deny. It is, that the City of London has no museum of collections of 
 its antiquities. The severest condemnation of the corporation is in 
 the fact itself 
 
 In the arrangement of this volume I have omitted much which, 
 I think, is often introduced into similar works without any benefit to 
 archaeology or to the general reader ; and I have endeavoured, as far 
 as it was practicable, to convey a notion of Roman London from the 
 antiquities themselves. If I had been warranted in so doing I should 
 have chosen to give more plates ; but while studying to show grati- 
 tude to my subscribers, I find it necessary to be just to myself. To 
 them I am deeply obliged, because they have contributed to enable 
 
IV PEEFACE. 
 
 me to bring together into one view more engravings of the antiquities 
 of London than I had, on former occasions, been able to obtain or to 
 aflfbrd. Like all works which I have printed, being my own property, 
 the few unsubscribed copies of the Illustrations of Roman London 
 will be retained with proper consideration for the compact which 
 tacitly exists between an author and his subscribers. 
 
 To the Society of Antiquaries of London my thanks are oflfered 
 for the loan of the plates which accompanied my communications 
 printed in the Archceologia. 
 
 Temple Place, Strood, Kent. 
 June 1st, 1859. 
 
 ERRATUM. 
 
 Page 48, line 5 from the bottom, for " figs. 2 to 8" read " figs. 2 to 5." 
 
ILIUSTEATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 The fate of towns and cities closely resembles that of the kingdoms and empires of 
 which they form part. It would, indeed, be out of the natural order and sequence 
 of things, if the mutations and decay to which nations and countries have been 
 subjected, should not be shared by the habitations of the people ; and, if our know- 
 ledge of the one is very limited, all we can know of the other must be equally 
 confined. The most copious histories of the most civilized states of antiquity afibrd 
 but scanty information in comparison with their extent. In one year the daily press 
 of a free country prints more than is contained in the entire works of the most 
 voluminous writer. The provincial journals furnish local histories of the places 
 in which they are published, such as are not to be found in any literary legacy 
 bequeathed to us by past ages ; and to these may be added the numerous works of 
 collectors of medieval records of towns and countries, frequently illustrated with 
 views of streets and buildings, since destroyed or totally changed in character. The 
 antiquary of the present day has no such materials to work upon as the historical 
 inquirer of a remote futurity will possess in abundance. 
 
 Of the most renowned cities of antiquity but few traces can now be discovered, 
 except in the ruins of walls or of remarkable burldings, which, here and there, from 
 their extraordinary stability or extent have escaped the general devastation, or which, 
 from their abundant stores have supplied, without complete exhaustion, the pillagers of 
 many ages. The private dwellings, the workshops of the artisan and manufacturer, and 
 all the various humble structures which make up the bulk of cities and towns, have long 
 since disappeared ; and with them almost every clue to their disposition and arrange- 
 ment. This change is more complete in those towns which, with all the vicissitudes 
 to which they have been subjected, have never succumbed to the worst disasters of 
 war, but have continued to flourish without any permanent check to their commercial 
 
 B 
 
2* ••••"'''' ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 prosperity. In such towns it is often difficult to recognize a vestige of antiquity. But 
 the change is less complete when, at some comparatively remote period, the tide of 
 progress has been impeded, and the towns have declined in trade and in population. 
 In the former class may be instanced London and Paris ; in the latter, Treves, 
 Orange, Fr^jus, etc. Pompeii stands in a class by itself, in having been preserved 
 to us, in a great measure, in the condition in which it was eighteen hundred years 
 since, by an extraordinary natural catastrophe. As a rule, we shall find, that the 
 prosperity of towns has been the most fatal cause of the loss of their ancient 
 configuration and of their monuments ; and, on the contrary, that where remains of 
 antiquity abound, there we may find evidence of some important change having 
 taken place in the middle ages, prejudicial to commerce and to the increase of local 
 population. Paris and London, the capitals of Gaul and of Britain, are good illustra- 
 tions of this rule. In both, population has for centuries gone on increasing. In spite 
 of temporary mischances, their peculiar situations and other causes have maintained 
 them as the centres of the civilization and commerce of their respective countries ; 
 and they have both so outgrown their pristine garb, and every feature of remote anti- 
 quity, that scarcely a ruin or relic of their earlier days can be found even by the most 
 plodding antiquary; and the busy multitudes which daily throng their streets, never 
 care to inquire about what does not concern them, or if prompted to inquire, resign 
 themselves to scepticism ; for all around them speaks of the present and not of 
 the past. 
 
 It is the same with aU great commercial cities which have succeeded Roman 
 towns. Population, extending rapidly in successive ages, has demanded new boun- 
 daries, and occupied every available rood of ground ; and buildings which could not 
 be made applicable to purposes of trade were, from time to time, doomed to destruction. 
 The close packing of ancient streets, and the wooden superstructures of most of the 
 houses, were ever fertile causes in the middle ages of destruction by fires, one of the most 
 fatal instruments in subverting the plans of arrangement of the streets of old towns. 
 The worth of land in flourishing towns caused every spot from which a building had 
 been removed to be reoccupied. Every stone had its value ; and the sculptured 
 column and cornice, the inscribed slabs which recorded the building or restoration of 
 temples and other pubhc edifices, were estimated only as quarried material for houses 
 or structures adapted to the wants of generations with habits and feelings totally 
 diS"erent from those of their predecessors ; and void of that sentiment which, in 
 modern times, among educated persons, tends to the preservation of the monuments 
 of past ages. 
 
 So thoroughly is the ancient character of most of our towns effaced, that it is 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 3 
 
 diflBcult, if not impossible, to conceive what they may have been. The former 
 boundaries of many can only be traced at the present day by the help of tradition 
 and old plans. We can tell what changes three centuries have produced, from the 
 houses of the sixteenth century which yet remain, and from drawings and engravings ; 
 but if the imagination attempt to stretch backwards three centuries further, it will 
 not so readily nor so truly realize a picture of the towns of the thirteenth century ; 
 and from the thirteenth to the fourth or third century the interval is long and almost 
 impenetrably obscure. When the traveller approaches cities which have not entirely 
 outgrown their ancient limits, such as Treves, Nismes, Autun, he sees before him 
 evidences of their former greatness, and he admits they must have been grand and 
 noble cities. But in most towns of ancient origin nothing of the kind is presented; 
 and, if he think at all on the subject, he finds it difficult to allow their claim to 
 antiquity. The Londoner, tied for life to his counting-house or his shop, and 
 knowing no London but that which he has threaded to and fro from his boyhood, is 
 incredulous when told of what was the probable condition of the city fifteen hundred 
 years ago : he sees notliing to help him to realize the description ; his mind pictures 
 nothing beyond the visible present ; and he dwells only upon the scene before him, 
 which comprises his present, his future and his past. 
 
 But although war, the various accidents of time, and especially the increase of 
 population and commerce, have tended to denude England of the monuments which 
 attested her greatness as a Roman province, those who would underrate the prosperity 
 of Britain must have studied both history and existing remains to very little purpose. 
 At the lowest computation, when the Roman legions were finally withdrawn, Britain 
 possessed more than fifty walled towns, united by roads upon which, at stated 
 intervals, were stations for resting and relays of horses and carriages, or as they may 
 be called, inns and posts, but which are in no way reflected in our modern establish- 
 ments bearing those names. Exclusive of the towns, there were numerous mihtary 
 walled stations, to which frequently, in the process of time, had become attached 
 extensive suburbs. These towns and stations possessed public buildings, baths and 
 temples within and without their walls. Many of the towns were of large extent ; 
 and even if we may only judge from the remains discovered in our own time, were 
 adorned with edifices of considerable grandeur and of architectural importance, and 
 their public places were often embellished with statues. One bronze equestrian statue, 
 at least, decorated Lincoln ; a bronze statue of the tutelary deity of the place, stood 
 in a temple at Bath ; a statue in bronze, of Hadrian, of heroic size, was one of the 
 pubUc ornaments of London ; one of the temples at Colchester bore an inscription 
 in large letters of bronze ; and Verulam possessed a theatre for dramatic representa- 
 
 B 2 
 
4 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 tions, capable of holding some two to three thousand spectators.^ It is accident alone 
 that, in very recent times, has revealed to us these and other remains which speak of 
 former luxury and magnificence. Verulam now presents to the eye nothing but fields, 
 a church, and a dweUing-house, surrounded by thick walls overgrown with trees : Bath 
 has nothing beyond other large modern cities ; and Colchester and Lincoln, however 
 the antiquary may esteem them, would exhibit nothing very impressive to the casual 
 visitor or to the untutored observer : their inhabitants, for the most part, are quite 
 unconscious of the indicia of antiquity which yet remain. The spacious vUlas which 
 were spread over Eoman Britain, are only known to us from their splendid pave- 
 ments casually laid open under cornfields and meadows, from time to time, deprived 
 of the superstructures which would be indispensable in conveying a proper notion of 
 the extensive and commodious edifices of which they once formed the flooring. 
 These are among the most striking remains we possess of the domestic luxury of 
 Roman Britain ; and we owe them entirely to the abandonment of the sites by those 
 who succeeded the Romano-British popidation. It is from these villas a notion may 
 be gained of the character of many of the buildings of the more important cities, 
 in which, from obvious circumstances, they are but seldom found except in a very 
 shattered condition ; or when met with cannot be uncovered, owing to the great 
 depth of soU and the superincumbent houses. The plans of rural villas have in some 
 cases been made capable of restoration, as, for instance, that of Bignor. The plans 
 of some of the castra or military towns in the north of Britain have also been 
 partially recovered by careful excavation. This is entirely owing to the absence of 
 the cause which is so obstructive to any systematic investigation of the buried remains 
 of our great cities, the deep accumulation of soU and its covering of modern buddings. 
 The rural villas and the castra referred to, man has for ages ceased to occupy ; and 
 what his destroying hand spared nature has preserved. In some towns, which have 
 not greatly increased their old bounds, such as Chichester, Rochester, Colchester, 
 Chester, Lincoln, etc., the original Roman plan can be defined, so far as to ascertain 
 the chief entrances and the courses of the main streets corresponding to them ; but 
 beyond this, it is almost impossible to form any reliable idea of the filling up of the 
 angles or quarters intersected by these streets. Even the position of the side 
 entrances or postern gates can seldom be ascertained, and their sites are not to be 
 established from the courses of modern streets. 
 
 The modern fortunes of great cities are also made at the sacrifice of another class 
 
 ^ See Mr. Grove Lowe's " Description of the This should be perused together with the account 
 K.oman Theatre of Verulam," printed for the St. given by Matthew Paris of discoveries made at 
 Alban's Architectural Society: London, 1848. Verulam in the eleventh century. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 5 
 
 of antiquities, the most valuable of all, and which must rank next to written history. 
 This is, lapidary inscriptions, or records, public and private, cut upon stone. They 
 are, indeed, so many little histories. Frequently brief, and sometimes formed with 
 words abridged even to obscurity, they nevertheless afford a mass of curious local 
 information unattainable from any other source. They often throw much light upon 
 the civil and poHtical constitution of cities, their government and governors ; the 
 observances of rehgious ceremonies and the forms of worship peculiar to particular 
 places ; pubUc games and festivals ; the trades and professional occupations of the 
 inhabitants ; corporate bodies ; military affairs ; the erection of public buildings and 
 their restoration ; sepulchral memorials ; and occasionally they preserve the name of 
 a street or of some other locahty. Unfortunately this class of ancient monuments, 
 from its nature, has been the most exposed to mutilation and destruction. Even 
 the Romans themselves did not always spare these records of their ancestors, as is 
 proved by the fact that many of them have been extricated from the masonry of 
 Roman buildings. But, in after ages, all that were above ground and accessible, 
 being valued only for the material, were broken up whenever stone was wanted for 
 any purpose to which it was applicable. The monuments of the latest times, being 
 the more apparent, were less liable to elude the searcher's eye ; and this may account 
 for the comparative rarity of Roman inscriptions of a very late date. These 
 important antiquities are also found more plentifully among the ruins of deserted 
 towns and localities, and are but sparingly discovered in our chief towns and cities, 
 where they must have been abundant. 
 
 There was yet another cause of destruction of works of art ; and one, to some 
 particular classes, especially calamitous. This was the exuberance of religious zeal, 
 which aimed at the annihilation of every object of pagan worship, or which was 
 likely to perpetuate or recall tendencies to paganism. The Christian ministers 
 and missionaries had to encounter a deeply rooted superstition, reflected every- 
 where in the productions of the sculptor, the engraver and the painter, in the 
 highways, in the byways, in the pubHc temples and in the private dwelling. While 
 they inculcated the worthlessness of the images and the evil nature of the beings 
 these works were supposed to represent, they felt that reason and persuasion were but 
 of little avail while the images and symbols of the popular behef were everywhere 
 famUiar to the eye ; and they preached and practised the utter destruction of every- 
 thing that could possibly imply paganism. The choicest productions of renowned 
 sculptors equally with the rude cuttings of the village masons fell before this sweep- 
 ing extermination. The sepulchral monuments which stood upon the sides of the 
 highways in the suburbs of towns, were similarly condemned as the works of Satan, 
 
6 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 especially when, as was often the case, they were accompanied by effigies, or orna- 
 mented with mythological representations and scenes illustrative of the profession or 
 avocations of the defunct. Those only who have made the monuments of antiquity 
 a special study, can at all form a notion of the extent to which, in the earher days of 
 Christianity, iconoclasm was carried. The writings of the old ecclesiastical authors 
 axe filled with narratives of this spiritual warfare ; and these curious recitals are 
 confirmed by the enormous number of mutdated works of pagan art recovered in 
 modem times in a condition of disfigurement, which proves how systematically and 
 effectually the iconoclasts laboured. 
 
 When we consider, lastly, the total absence, in the middle ages, of that feeling for 
 the remains of antiquity which prevails among the better educated of the present 
 day, the general indifl'erence with which they are still regarded, and the natural conse- 
 quences of this apathy, we have reviewed the main causes which have combined to 
 efface in so many great towns aU vestiges of the grander works of antiquity; vestiges 
 which serve to create, when they do exist, an impression of their entirety, and permit 
 the mind to renovate monuments from their ruins and picture them in their days of 
 youth and glory. 
 
 London must be placed in the category alluded to in the foregoing remarks. 
 Once the capital of the rich and fertile province of Britain ; occupying a larger extent 
 of ground than any other town in the island ; and renowned for commerce, even in 
 her early days, the ancient city has not retained the ruins of one of the public 
 edifices which, we may suppose, must have been provided for so important a place ; 
 and the sites only of one or two can be reasonably conjectured. Even her walls, 
 usually the last to fall before the levelling spirit of trade, have almost disappeared, 
 reduced to misshapen, huge blocks of masonry, to be found with difficulty here and 
 there, doing service as the walls of warehouses, stables, and cellars. Her citizens 
 have ever been perfectly indifferent, with a very few exceptions, to such matters, so 
 inconvertible to pecuniary profit ; and they seem rather pleased to find some daring 
 champion who will decry the glory and honour of Roman London, because he helps 
 to shield them from their share of reproach, under the pretext that what never existed 
 could never have been destroyed. The fragments rescued from the general wreck, 
 which it is the object of this volume to collect together, wiU be viewed with an 
 additional interest, from the very fact of the vast destruction that has befallen so 
 many of the monuments which would have suppHed us with some connective links 
 towards the history of Londinium. If the remains which have been gathered from 
 out of the grave of the ancient city could be seen in connexion with what has passed 
 away, if they could be associated, in a restored view, with the place and its inhabitants. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 7 
 
 then they might seem almost insignificant and worthless ; but as the imagination 
 alone can form such a picture, they must be accepted in their present condition as 
 valuable evidence on the state of the population, of the arts, the industry, the 
 manners and customs of Roman London, 
 
 The ancient writers who have in any way been called upon to speak of Britain, 
 are singularly void of topographical information ; and even the professed geogra- 
 phers, with the exception of Ptolemy, do not seem to have considered the remote 
 province demanded more than a brief notice ; and special localities are seldom 
 mentioned. To Ptolemy, to the Itinerary of Antoninus, and to the Notitia, we are 
 indebted for almost all we know respecting the Roman geography of Britain. It is 
 to the liistorian Tacitus we are indebted for the earliest mention of London. From the 
 invasion of JuUus to the period at which Tacitus wrote, occurs an interval of a hun- 
 dred and fifty years. We are introduced to Londinium, not as being then the capital 
 of Britain, or even as a town endowed with the privileges and political rights of a, 
 colony, as Camulodunum, or of a municipium, as Verulamium, towns mentioned in 
 connexion with Londinium. These three towns, in the reign of the emperor Nero 
 (a.d. 61), were among the most distinguished in the province of Britain, if not the most 
 eminent. Seventeen years previous, the emperor Claudius had reduced Britain into 
 the condition of a Roman province. Nearly a century had elapsed since the invasion 
 of Juhus. During this long period, the island remained as Julius found it, under the 
 government of petty kings or chiefs of tribes ; nominally free, but in reality not 
 wholly independent of the Romans who, during the reign of Augustus, had added 
 Gaul to the provinces of the empire ; and who, in all probability, derived advantages 
 from Britain, if not in the form of a fixed and certain tribute, at least from mer- 
 cantile intercourse. The inscription at Angora,^ in Asia Minor, which is a summary 
 of the pubUc acts of Augustus during his reign, supphes, among other valuable 
 information, that of British kings seeking the protection or countenance of the 
 emperor, and confirms a statement to the same effect made by Strabo. Suetonius^ 
 relates that Adminius, a son of Cunobeline, on being defeated in an insurrectionary 
 movement, fled to Caligula, then in Belgic Gaul ; and on another occasion, Bericus, 
 under similar circumstances, urged the Romans to espouse his cause.^ 
 
 These occurrences, which transpired previous to the invasion of Claudius, prove 
 that the British princes, or reguH, ever at war among themselves, were accustomed 
 to rest upon Roman patronage, and in their domestic quarrels did not hesitate to 
 
 ' For an elaborate account of this inscription line and of the Ancient Britons." London, 1853, 
 consult the Rev. Beale Poste's " Coins of Cunobe- J. R. Smith. 
 
 ' Caligula, 44. ' Dion Cassius ix, 30. 
 
8 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 invoke it as a last resort under difficulties. The treaties and friendship which the 
 British princes readily secured from their powerful ally, contributed to foster Roman 
 influence and civihzation, and ultimately led the way to permanent subjugation. 
 
 To this period belong the coins, struck by order of the British kings. The 
 importance of these minute but faithful monuments is well appreciated by the 
 numismatic student, but it is not generally taken into proper consideration by the 
 historian. It is a received axiom, that no work of art so fuUy sets forth the civiliza- 
 tion of a country as the coinage ; and ancient and modern times can furnish many 
 examples of the truth of this proposition. The British coins are numerous, and many 
 of them bear favourable comparison, in design and execution, with the contemporary 
 productions of the Roman mint. They are, in fact, obviously founded upon Roman 
 models ; but at the same time they are by no means slavish imitations, as they evince 
 in many respects originality of conception. A coinage such as the Britons issued 
 during the reigns of Augustus, Tiberius, and Caligula, is a remarkable evidence of the 
 beneficial results of the intercourse which followed the invasion of Julius. In the 
 absence of any historical notices (and there are but few) the coins alone supply 
 materials to enable us to form a conception of the progress made by the Britons in 
 one of the greatest results of civilization. The establishment of a monetary system 
 such as the Britons possessed, and the mechanical and artistic requirements which 
 were indispensable to it, imply a well-founded poHcy at home and friendly relations 
 with the imperial court at Rome. The British mints were, there is every reason to 
 suppose, superintended by Romans ; at all events it would be difficult to suppose 
 the coins were not designed and engraved by Roman artists. 
 
 Of the three towns in Britain mentioned by Tacitus, two, namely, Verulamium 
 and Camulodunum, were, as appears by the coins, places of mintage ; but Londinium 
 was not thus distinguished : the former were seats of regal power, the latter derived 
 consequence solely from its commercial relations. If from the negative testimony of 
 coins we thus draw conclusions as to the early condition of Londinium, in later times, 
 from the same source, we deduce evidence of an opposite tendency. Before the 
 reduction of Britain into a province, Londinium does not appear to have been 
 dignified by a mint : under the Romans it is the only town in Britain in which this 
 distinction is to be noticed, if we except the reigns of Carausius and AUectus. So 
 far, then, as the evidence of coins goes, it is quite in accordance with the statement 
 of Tacitus, that while in the reign of Nero, Verulamium was entitled a municipium, 
 and Camulodunum had the distinction of being a colonia, Londinium was eminent as 
 the chief place of trade. In the course of time the advantages of her situation 
 appear to have led the way to her supremacy, not only over her early rivals, but also 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 9. 
 
 over the whole of the towns of the province. The mint estabhshed in the reign of 
 Constantine is almost of itself a conclusive proof of her claims to superiority ; but 
 other evidence will arise as we proceed. 
 
 In estimating the extent and condition of these three towns at the period in 
 which Tacitus introduces them, it will be necessary to consider that in the course of 
 the century which had elapsed since the invasion of Julius, they could not have 
 remained in the state of towns such as those in Gaul and Britain are described to 
 have been when the Eomans first became acquainted with these countries. It is quite 
 impossible to conceive that the southern Britons coidd institute a system of coinage, 
 and engrave and strike elegant coins in huts : the manipulatory processes and the 
 requisite establishments would necessarily demand, among other appUances, that of 
 stone buildings. But a century is a long period of time for a people such as the 
 Britons to advance towards civilization and refinement, unless we may suppose 
 them far inferior in capabilities to the New Zealanders of the present day; and no 
 one will imagine this to have been the case. When the emperor Claudius founded a 
 municipium at Verulamium and a colony at Camulodunum, he must have found the 
 towns of the Trinobantes already of considerable consequence ; and it is hardly to 
 be conjectured that Londinium, unless it had already advanced to some degree of 
 consequence, could well have risen, in a comparatively brief space of time, to be 
 spoken of as copia negotiatorum et commeatuum maxime celebre ; and as contributing, 
 in conjunction with Camulodunum and Verulamium, no less than seventy thousand 
 citizens and allies to the fatal vengeance of the insurgent Britons. The historian 
 divides the slaughtered inhabitants into cives and socii, or those who possessed the 
 rights and privileges of Eoman citizenship, and those who, whether Britons or 
 foreigners, were in friendly alliance, and probably, for the most part, permanently 
 settled, but not in all respects holding the fuU civic rights of the cives. It is probable 
 that among the socii were many veterans, military allies, and numerous persons 
 visiting Londinium from the continent for the purposes of trade and commerce. 
 
 Ptolemy, the geographer, who lived in the reigns of Trajan, Hadrian, and 
 Antoninus Pius, places Londinium in the region of the Cantii. Recent discoveries 
 have proved that the Roman city extended over what is now known as Southwark. 
 In the time of Ptolemy communication with Britain was accelerated by the great 
 mUitary operations in the north of the province, and it is probable he was assisted 
 in the compilation of his work by maps or surveys recently prepared. A person 
 traveUing through the territories of the Cantii, on arriving at the habitations and 
 buildings on the south bank of the Thames might consider he was in Londinium. In 
 the early Saxon period London seems to have been partly dependant on the kingdom 
 of Kent. c 
 
10 ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 The Itinerary of Antomnus is a docunaent more satisfactory in relation to our 
 subject, as it shows, in a direct and unquestionable manner, that many of the routes 
 are regulated and arranged with reference to Londinium, either as a starting point or 
 as a terminus. It is made the central or chief station to which the main mUitary 
 roads converge; and a map of Roman Britain based upon this Itinerary resembles 
 one of modern England : in both the direction and tendency of the roads reveal the 
 metropolis of the country. The third iter proceeds from Londinium to the Portus 
 Dubrae (Dover) ; the fourth, from Londinium to the Portus Lemanse (Lymne) ; the 
 fifth, from Londinium to Luguvallium (Carlisle) ; the sixth, from Londinium to Lin- 
 dum (Lincoln) ; and in the seventh, eighth, and ninth iters, Londinium is the terminus 
 from Regnum (Chichester) ; Eburacum (York) ; and Venta Icenorum (Caister, near 
 Norwich). In the rest of the fifteen iters, CaUeva (Silchester) is the only town which 
 is similarly distinguished : twice it commences a route, and twice it occurs as the 
 terminus. The Itinerary of Antoninus may be considered to have been drawn up 
 at some period not anterior to the reign of Antoninus Pius nor later than that of ' 
 CaracaUa; and to have received additions in after times. 
 
 In the reign of Diocletian and Maximian, Londinium was plundered by the 
 Franks and other foreign mercenaries in the army of AUectus, after its defeat by the 
 generals of Constantius. Eumenius, the orator, who gives a rather circumstantial 
 account of the recovery of Britain after its seven years separation from the Roman 
 empire, terms the city oppidum Londiniense} The Franks and other barbarians (as 
 Eumenius designates them), who seem to have constituted the main strength of the 
 military establishment of AUectus, had no difficulty in gaining access to Londinium ; 
 when, foreseeing the consequences of the victory gained by the Romans, they loaded 
 themselves with pUlage and prepared for flight. Their intention was prevented by 
 the sudden appearance of Constantius himself, who appears to have sailed up the 
 Thames and disembarked under the walls of the city, taking the Franks by surprise 
 and slaughtering them in the streets ; thus affording to the citizens, as the writer 
 expresses it, protection and the exhibition of a gladiatorial spectacle. 
 
 Under the dominion of Carausius and AUectus, gold, silver, and brass coins were 
 struck in Britain, in great abundance and in a good style of art, with the exception 
 of some which may be regarded as the hastily executed work of less experienced 
 artists in the earliest days of the rebeUion of Carausius. The places of mintage 
 appear to have been Londinium (m.l.) ; Rutupise (r.s.r.) ; and Colonia or Clausentum^ 
 
 ' Panegr. Constantio. Caes., cap. xvii. of AUectus with c. and q.c, belong to Colonia. 
 
 ' It is more probable that the coins of Carau- Those of the latter emperor bearing c. l., may in- 
 sius bearing c. or m.c. in the exergue, and those dicate Londinium rather than Clausentum. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 11 
 
 (c. or M.c.) Under AJlectus, the second of these (presumed Rutupiae) does not 
 appear. Of all these coins, the mint mark ascribed to Londinium occurs most 
 frequently. The coins of Maximian in middle brass, with the exergual letters lon, 
 were, most probably, struck at Londinium after the recovery of Britain by Constan- 
 tius Chlorus. A short time subsequently, under Constantine and his family, we find 
 numerous coins with the exergual letters p. lon., Pecunia Londiniensis : namely, 
 of Constantiae, Helena, Fausta, Crispus, Constantine the Younger, and Constantius 
 the Younger.^ Upon the coins of subsequent emperors the mint of Londinium is 
 not to be recognised, although it is possible its functions may not have wholly 
 ceased. In the Notitia, the mint of Londinium is not mentioned as a separate and 
 distract estabhslunent, as the mints of Gaul, each of which is entered as under the 
 management of a procurator. Londinium, however, takes a place among the capitals 
 of the provinces, under the title of Augusta, as the seat of the treasury of Britain 
 controlled by a special officer : prcepositus thesaurorum Augustensium in Britannis. 
 
 The historian Ammianus Marcellinus, who wrote about a. D. 380, in the reign of 
 Gratian, states that Londinium (he calls it Lundinium) was in his days called 
 Augusta.2 From him we learn that Lupicinus, who was sent by Julian to repress 
 the inroads of the Scots and Picts, made Londinium his head quarters, and there 
 concerted the plan of the campaign. In the reign of Valentinian Britain was again 
 disturbed, not only by the northern barbarians, but also by the Franks and Saxons. 
 Theodosius, who was appointed commander of the legions and cohorts seleeted for 
 this service, came from Boulogne, by way of Rutupise, to Londinium, the same route 
 taken a few years previously by Lupicinus, and there he also matured his plan for 
 the restoration of the tranquillity of the province. It is on this occasion that Marcel- 
 linus speaks twice of Londinium as an ancient town, then called Augusta. By the 
 anonymous chorographer of Ravenna it is called Londinium Augusta ; and it is in 
 this sense, a cognomen or distinguishing appellation, as applied to a pre-eminent 
 town or capital, that we must probably understand the term as used by Marcellinus 
 in relation to Londinium. 
 
 Such are the few and brief sources of all the historical information bequeathed 
 us which can strictly be brought to bear upon Roman London ; and they arise, 
 almost wholly, from events which belong more legitimately to the history of the 
 island itself, upon which they throw a light scarcely suspected, certainly not fully 
 appreciated, by most of the writers on the early history of our country. The 
 
 ' A description of these coins is given in Mr. tional varieties more recently discovered. 
 Akerman's " Coins of the Romans Relating to ^ Vetus oppidum, quod Augustam posteritas 
 
 Britain." To it may be appended a few addi- appellavit. Lib. xxvii. : 
 
 c 2 
 
12 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 illustrations of Eoman London to which this volume is restricted belong to a differ- 
 ent class of materials, being the visible and tangible remains of objects which once 
 formed a part and parcel of the city itself, emanating from its inhabitants, the result 
 of their industry and skill, and administering to their social wants, comfort and 
 luxury. 
 
 The extent of Londinium, from Ludgate on the west to the Tower on the east, 
 was about a mile, and about half a mile from the wall on the north (London Wall) to 
 the Thames, giving dimensions far greater than those of any other Roman town in 
 Britain. These were the limits of the city when the Romans relinquished the 
 dominion of the island. Recent discoveries have revealed the fact that, at a more 
 remote period, the bounds of the city were far more confined. Sepulchral deposits, 
 which have been brought to light in such situations as Bow Lane, Moorgate Street, 
 Bishopsgate Within, and in other localities within the wall, demonstrate that when 
 these interments were made the sites chosen were beyond the city enclosure. 
 The extensive cemeteries in the neighbourhood of Smithfield, in Whitechapel, 
 in the Minories, and in Spitalfields, are of comparatively late dates, and must be 
 referred to times subsequent to the erection of that wall the remains of which are 
 yet standing. A discovery of a very different kind, made during the excavations for 
 the New Royal Exchange, confirms the conclusions deduced from the burials. 
 
 As the excavations advanced to the centre of the area of the old Royal Exchange, 
 foundations of well constructed walls were laid open, together with a sohd mass of 
 masonry, six feet square, composed of tUes and mortar. Two sides of tiiis mass, 
 which formed part of a room belonging to a Roman building, still retained consider- 
 able portions of the paintings with which the walls had been decorated. They were 
 laid upon a thick coat of compact and smooth stucco, the ground a pale pink colour, 
 bordered by the egg-and-tongue pattern, surmounted by an elegant scroll. Beneath 
 this masonry was a layer of gravel, two feet thick, which at first I considered to be 
 the native undisturbed stratum, as it lay nineteen feet below the modem street 
 level ; but upon its removal, the subsoil was found to be wholly foreign to the 
 locahty. It was composed, almost entirely, of animal and vegetable matter, which, 
 from its character, appeared to be refuse carried out from adjoining shops and 
 houses and thrown into what had been a gravel pit. In one part were loads of 
 oyster shells ; in another, dross from the smith's forge, bones of cows and oxen, 
 sheep, and goats, broken pottery, leather, old sandals, glass, lamps, implements of 
 iron, fibulae, a strigU, coins, and a variety of other objects, which, though now 
 regarded with interest by the antiquary, had in their day been thrown away with 
 the sweepings of streets and houses. This pit extended fifty feet by forty, and was 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 13 
 
 nineteen feet deep.^ It was not until it had been fully cleared out, that the origin 
 and nature of this pit could be properiy understood. It was then discovered to be 
 a gravel pit, excavated, probably, in the infancy of the Roman settlement, for the 
 pui-poses for which gravel was required. As this material is common in all parts of 
 the neighbourhood, the pit, in the course of time, was abandoned, and served as a 
 receptacle for rubbish. The site in after days, being required for building, the cavity 
 was completely filled in and covered over with a thick layer of gravel, for the houses 
 the ruins of which were descried on the occasion above mentioned. 
 
 The coins alluded to are of importance in this discovery, as affording some notion 
 of the period when the pit was covered in and built upon. They are chiefly of 
 Vespasian and Domitian, with one of Severus. As none were noticed subsequent to 
 the reign of the last-named emperor, it may be supposed that the ground upon 
 which the building or buildings were erected was on the outside of the city until at 
 least the early part of the third century. The coins prove that the pit was not 
 covered over and made level and fit for houses before the time of Severus ; but they 
 convey no such decisive testimony on any posterior occurrence ; for this coin of 
 Severus may have been in circulation long after the death of that emperor, although 
 the absence of any coins of later princes may support a conjecture that the extension 
 of Londinium thus far towards the north took place before the middle of the third 
 century. 
 
 In estimating the extent of the Roman city, it must be considered that its 
 bounds were not confined to the northern banks of the Thames. Ptolemy, as I have 
 before remarked, places Londinium in the territories of the Cantii. Discoveries have 
 proved there was some reason for this geographer's thus fixing its position, even if it 
 be assumed that the river strictly separated the Cantii from the Trinobantes. In 
 making the approaches to the new London Bridge, and in subsequent very extensive 
 excavations for foundations of buildings in various parts of Southwark, substantial 
 remains of Roman houses were laid open, particularly on both sides of the High 
 Street, up to the vicinity of St. George's church, in which district the wall paintings 
 and other remains indicated villas of a superior kind. Nearer the river, where the 
 ground had been exposed to inundations, the houses were built upon piles of timber, 
 over which layers of chalk and rubble and tiles cemented together were laid, to 
 ensure a solid foundation. One of the cemeteries of this part of Londinium bordered 
 the Kent Road, and from the numerous interments it contained, fully con-oborated 
 
 ' Its existence was made known by Mr. Rus- been a very insecure foundation for the heavy pile 
 sell, clerk of the works ; but for his sagacity, about to be erected upon it. 
 being covered by gravel, it would probably have 
 
14 ILLUSTKATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 the populousness of the neighbourhood.^ There have never been noticed any traces 
 of a mural enclosure of the town on the south bank of the Thames. 
 
 If there be difficulty in recovering the plan of the internal arrangements of 
 Londinium in its enlarged and full extent, as indicated by the wall yet partially 
 standing, there are still more serious impediments to a satisfactory comprehension of 
 the bounds of the primitive town. Here and there during the late excavations for 
 sewerage, for new streets and for other purposes, walls of great thickness, such as 
 may be referred to a circumvaUation, were intersected ; but as no effort was made 
 on the part of the Corporation to ascertain their course, the favourable opportunities 
 thus afforded of making research were lost; and the question remains a matter of 
 speculation, unsolved by any conclusive facts. The extraordinary substructures 
 which were cut through in Bush Lane and in Scot's Yard (an account of which I 
 printed in the Archceologia, vol. xxix), may indicate a south-eastern boundary wall 
 with a flanking tower. In CornhiU, another thick wall, which seemed to point 
 towards the Bank of England, was met with. Now if we assume, as probably with 
 reason we may, that old London Bridge marked the centre of the earlier Londinium, 
 the top of Fish Street HUl, at its junction with Gracechurch Street, Eastcheap, and 
 Cannon Street, may have been that centre. There is greater difficulty in fixing the 
 limits ; and without the assistance of remains, and of any historical notices such as 
 can be relied upon as bearing upon the question, every attempt must be almost wholly 
 speculative. I should be inclined to place the northern wall somewhere along the 
 course of Cornhill and LeadenhaU Street : the eastern, in the direction of Billiter 
 -Street and Mark Lane : the southern, in the line of Upper and Lower Thames Street ; 
 and the western, on the eastern side of Walbrook.^ This suggested plan will give 
 the form of an irregular square, in about the centre of each side of which may be 
 placed the four main gates corresponding with Bridge Gate, Ludgate, Bishopsgate, 
 and Aldgate. 
 
 The course of the boundary wall of Londinium, in its enlarged and widest extent, 
 is yet capable of being traced on the eastern, northern, and western sides ; but 
 nowhere is any fragment now visible which wiU convey any notion of its original 
 character. AVithin the memory of man huge masses, with trees growing upon them, 
 
 ' For details of the discoveries made in South- to this difficult question : particularly so are his 
 
 wark, see papers by Mr. Corner, Mr. Kempe, and remarks on Walbrook, Dowgate, and Bishopsgate. 
 
 myself, in vols, xxv, xxvi, and xxix of the Archmo- While I agree with him in most of his views, it 
 
 logia. will be seen I am disposed to assign much wider 
 
 ^ Mr. Arthur Taylor's papers on the original bounds to the original town. Discoveries made 
 
 site of Roman London, printed in the Archaologia, under favourable circumstances can alone deter- 
 
 vol. xxxiii, are worthy of every attention in regard mine which of the two opinions is the more correct. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 15 
 
 were to be seen at London Wall, opposite what is now Finsbury Circus. They were 
 probably, like what may stOl be seen opposite Sion College, and in various places 
 within warehouses, in obscure courts, and in cellars, from opposite the Tower to 
 Cripplegate, merely the core of the wall denuded of the facing stones, aflfording no 
 architectural character, and being, in fact, so many large blocks of shapeless masonry. 
 In the autumn of 1852, however, I was enabled to examine a portion which had 
 fortunately escaped the general fate, in consequence of a buttress having been built 
 against it at some early period in the middle ages. This formed part of the City 
 Wall at Tower Hill, wliich, some few years ago, the Corporation had given up to the 
 Chiirch Building Society to be pulled down ; but which was saved solely from a 
 representation I made to the late Sir Robert Inglis, the chairman of the society, who, 
 at once, upon understanding the historical importance of the fragment, induced the 
 society to decline being a participator and agent in its destruction. It was then, 
 I believe, claimed by the Commissioners of the Woods and Forests and taken out of 
 the hands of the Corporation. But although the wall was thus saved from imminent 
 destruction, it could not be preserved from the effects of the prevailing spirit of the 
 day, which cannot recognize the utility of ancient monuments except in the ratio of 
 their applicability to the necessities of trade, and the common, practical purposes of 
 life ; and the wall is now a side wall for stables and out-houses, and, of course, 
 is hidden from public view. As, I believe, not a dozen persons who took the least 
 interest in such a discovery, saw this interesting example of the external facing of 
 the Roman Wall, the subscribers to this volume will receive an engraving from a 
 careful sketch made by Mr. Fairholt, as a somewhat unexpected and acceptable 
 addition to our scanty examples of the architecture of Roman London. The buttress 
 which chiefly concealed the facing of the wall was, in a great measure, composed of 
 stones which had belonged to Roman buildings of importance, and to sepulchral 
 monuments, which will be presently described. 
 
 The wall was laid open quite to its foundation, which could be well examined and 
 understood. In the first place, a trench was dug between two and three feet deep. 
 This trench was filled in, or " puddled in", as it is termed, with a bed of clay and flints. 
 Upon this were laid boulders and concrete to about a foot thick. The view in the 
 plate (1), represents the ground excavated somewhat deeper than the foundation ; 
 and the level of the ground before the excavation is shown in the left hand comer 
 of the plate. Upon the foundation was placed a set-ofi" row of large square stones ; 
 upon them four layers of smaller stones, regularly and neatly cut ; then a bonding 
 course of three rows of red tiles, above which are six layers of stones separated, 
 by a bonding course of tUes as before, from a third division of five layers of stones ; 
 
16 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 the bonding course of tiles above these is composed of two rows of tUes ; and in like 
 manner the facing was carried to the top. The tiles of the third row are red and 
 yellow ; and they extend through the entire width of the wall, which is about ten 
 feet, the height having been apparently nearly thirty feet. The core of the wall is 
 composed of rubble cemented together with concrete, in which lime predominates, as 
 is usual in Eoman mortar. Pounded tile is also used in the mortar which cements 
 the facing. This gives it that peculiar red hue, which led Fitzstephen to imagine 
 the cement of the foundations of the Tower to have been tempered with the blood 
 of beasts.^ 
 
 I am enabled to give another representation of the character of the external 
 facing of the wall, from a drawing made by Gough in 1763, which Mr. Fairholt 
 
 copied some years since. It was not accom- 
 panied by any description further than that 
 of its being a sketch of a Roman tower in 
 Houndsditch. It shows the courses of stones 
 and tiles at a somewhat higher elevation than 
 they appeared at Tower Hill ; and may be relied 
 upon as a careful and faithful copy of a part of 
 the wall as it appeared nearly a century since, 
 but which has now disappeared. Fitzstephen, 
 who wrote his description of London in the 
 reign of Henry II, states that the wall on the 
 north was fortified with towers at intervals.^ 
 From Gough's sketch we may infer that these 
 towers were square, such as are yet to be 
 traced at Richborough, in Kent. They were 
 built solid at the bottom, hollow in the centre, 
 and united to the main wall again at the top, 
 the cavity being probably intended for a small room provided with loopholes for 
 watchers.^ The construction of the square towers at Richborough is clearly to be 
 understood, although the towers themselves are destroyed. That of Houndsditch 
 
 
 ' " Habet ab oriente arcem Palatinam, maxi- 
 mam et fortissimam, cujus et area et muri a fun- 
 damento profundissimo exurgunt ; csemento cum 
 sanguine animalium temperato." — De situ et nobi- 
 litate Londini. This description is as inapplicable 
 to Norman mortar as it is characteristic of the 
 Roman. 
 
 ^ " Muro urbis alto et magno, duplatis hepta- 
 pylse portis, intercontinuante ; turrito ab aquilone 
 per intercapedines. Similiterque ab austro Lon- 
 donia, murata et turrita fuit." 
 
 ^ " Antiquities of Richborough, Reculver, and 
 Lymne," pp. 41 and 42. 
 
ILLUSTEATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 17 
 
 had been appropriated in after times as a chamber, and a window occupied, it would 
 seem, the place of a loophole. The towers at the angles of the castrum at Rich- 
 borough, it shoidd be mentioned, were circular ; and such they appear to have been 
 at London, if we may judge from the bastion in St. Giles's churchyard, at Cripple- 
 gate, which, although externally modem, doubtless takes its form from encased 
 Roman work. The facing of the London wall may be considered as satisfactorily 
 exhibited by the remains at Tower Hill and by Gough's sketch. It may be 
 accepted as a good example of the prevailing style of mural architecture of the 
 Roman to\vns and stations in England and in France. 
 
 In the spring of last year (1857), excavations, for the foundation of houses on the 
 north-eastern side of Aldermanbury Postern, laid open a portion of the wall, of 
 pecuHar construction, being composed of a series of blind arches, as shown in the 
 annexed cut, prepared from a 
 sketch made on the north of 
 London Wall looking towards 
 the street, the present level of 
 which is indicated by the hori- 
 zontal line below the tempo- 
 rary paling upon the pave- 
 ment. The view shews the 
 wall as it appeared while 
 being cut through and exca- 
 vated up to the street. At 
 first it was supposed there 
 had been openings in the wall ; 
 but as the work advanced, 
 
 it was ascertained that the ExcavHtlons at Aldennaubury I'osteru. 
 
 arches were merely constructional, as they formed, throughout, part of the soUd 
 masonry. 
 
 The course of the Roman Wall on the western, the northern, and the eastern sides 
 of London, is ascertained from the position of the gates, from discoveries, of which 
 there are well-authenticated accounts, and from remains yet extant. It nms in a 
 straight hne from the Tower to Aldgate, where, making an angle, it takes again the 
 straight line to Bishopsgate : from Bishopsgate it runs eastward to St. Giles's church- 
 yard, where it turns to the south as far as Falcon Square ; and at this point again 
 pursues a westerly direction by Aldersgate, running under Christ's Hospital towards 
 Giltspur Street, near which it forms an angle, and proceeds directly south by Ludgate 
 
18 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 towards the Thames. Throughout the greater extent on the north and east, the 
 precise line of the wall is indicated by the streets which flank the inner side ; and 
 which have obviously been formed and regulated in reference to the wall : thus, 
 throughout what is called London Wall, the houses of the north side stand upon the 
 lower courses of the Roman wall, or upon the site where the masonry has been 
 wholly removed ; and a person may walk from Cripplegate to Tower Hill upon the 
 pavement of streets, and, with some few breaks, keep close to the line of the ancient 
 wall throughout the entire distance. This is easily explained by the ground imme- 
 diately adjoining the inner side of the wall in the Roman times having been left 
 open, and having continued unoccupied by houses a long time subsequent. From 
 Ludgate the Roman wall did not take a direct line towards the Thames. It 
 traversed the ground now occupied by Printing-house Square and the office of The 
 Times newspaper ; and about that spot diverged towards St. Andrew's HOI, passing 
 to the south of St. Andrew's church, where, although not a stone of it is visible, its 
 course is clearly indicated by the abrupt ascent. At Rutland Place, in particular, a 
 flight of no less than twenty steps, is to be explained by no other cause than that of 
 subterranean masonry upon which the houses have been partly built, as at Colchester, 
 where precisely the same pecuHarities exist, and where they admit of being more 
 clearly understood. 
 
 From this point the wall appears to have crossed Addle Street, and to have 
 taken a course along the upper side of the Upper and Lower Thames Streets 
 towards the Tower. Its exact line it is difficult to determine ; but a discovery, 
 made a few years ago, seems to confirm the testimony of Fitzstephen, who states 
 that, although in his time the southern wall no longer existed, the city had been 
 formerly enclosed by a mural defence on that side as well as on the others. The 
 workmen employed in excavating for sewerage in Upper Thames Street, advanced 
 without impediment from Blackfriars to the foot of Lambeth HUl, where they were 
 obstructed by the remains of a wall of extraordinary strength, which formed an 
 angle at Lambeth Hfll and Thames Street. Upon this wall the contractor for the 
 sewer was obhged to excavate to the depth of about twenty feet ; and the conse- 
 quent labour and delay affi^rded me an opportunity of examining the construction 
 and course of the wall. The upper part was generally met with at the depth of 
 about nine feet from the level of the present street, and six from that which marks 
 the period of the great fire of London ; and as the sewer was constructed to the 
 depth of twenty feet, eight feet of the wall in height had to be removed. In 
 thickness it measured from eight to ten feet. It was built upon oaken piles, over 
 which was laid a stratum of chalk and stones ; and upon this a course of hewn 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 19 
 
 sand-stones, each measuring from three to four feet, by two, and two and a half feet, 
 cemented with the well-known compound of quick lime, sand, and pounded tile. 
 Upon this solid substructure was laid the body of the wall formed of rag-stone, flint, 
 and Hme, bonded at intervals with courses of plain and curved-edged tiles. This 
 wall continued, Avith occasional breaks where at some remote time it had been 
 broken down, from Lambeth HUl as far as Queenhithe. On a previous occasion 
 I had noticed a wall precisely similar in character in Thames Street, opposite Queen 
 Street. I have no doubt of its being part of the ancient city wall ; and that it was 
 not noticed during excavations made in Lower Thames Street merely shews, either 
 that contractors for public works are not the persons to be expected to understand 
 and report upon such matters, or that it is not at all improbable substantial 
 mural foundations might have been rooted up and carted away, as those in 
 Upper Thames Street were, in perfect silence on the part of the contractors and their 
 employers. 
 
 One of the most remarkable features of this southern wall remains to be 
 described. Many of the large stones which formed the lower part were scidptured 
 and ornamented with mouldings, denoting their use in the friezes or entablatures of 
 edifices, at some period antecedent to the construction of the wall. Fragments of 
 sculptured marble, which had also decorated buildings, and part of the fohage and 
 trellis work of an altar or tomb, of good workmanship, had also been used as building 
 materials. In this respect the wall resembles those of many of the ancient towns on 
 the continent, which were partly buUt out of the ruins of public edifices, of broken 
 altars, sepulchral monuments and such materials, proving their comparatively late 
 origin, and showing that even the ancients did not at aU times respect the memorials 
 of their ancestors and predecessors, and that our modern vandalism sprang from an 
 old stock. 
 
 Stowe terms Bridgegate, Aldgate, Aldersgate, and Ludgate the four pruicipal 
 gates of the city, and the most ancient. The topographical contour would warrant 
 our considering Bishopsgate also as one of Eoman origin. The others which were 
 standing in his time, and which make up the number seven, as stated by Fitzstephen, 
 were probably originally Roman postern gates. The chief gates were constructed 
 of double portals, with side entrances for the foot passengers ; and if we may judge 
 from the uses to which they were applied in the middle ages, were of great strength 
 and very spacious. The gates in the southern AvaU, with the exception of the 
 Bridgegate, were probably only postern entrances. 
 
 It is hardly to be expected, when ancient -writers have remained almost silent 
 respecting Londinium, that mention should have been made of its architectural 
 
 D 2 
 
20 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 details. If there be dijBicvilty in describing the walls from the fragments yet 
 standing or recently extant, it is quite impossible to convey any notion of the 
 character of another ahnost equally important appendage to the city, namely, the 
 bridge ; but, at the same time, there is an equal difficulty in attempting to deny 
 the existence of a bridge across the Thames at Londinium, at any period during the 
 Roman occupation. No great stress can be laid upon the reference made by Dion 
 Cassius (lib. xx, c. 20) to a bridge over the Thames, as the locality is not stated to 
 have been at or near Londinium, although the inference is it could not have been 
 far from it. In recording the invasion of Britain by Claudius, this writer says the 
 Britons, knowing the shallows, crossed the Thames near its mouth, while the Romans 
 in pursuing them were brought into great danger ; but some of the Gauls, having 
 passed over by a bridge higher up the river, attacked the Britons, etc. Whether 
 this were a temporary bridge thrown across the river by Claudius, or a permanent 
 structure ; and wherever it may have been, there can be but little doubt that the 
 erection of a bridge at Londinium closely followed the conquest of Britain. It is 
 impossible to avoid coming to this conclusion when we consider, that the building 
 of bridges formed a part of the construction of the military roads, which would have 
 been incomplete without this essential provision for the marching of troops and the 
 general purposes of travelling without interruption. The stations in Britain named 
 from bridges, as Pontes, Ad Pontium, Tripontium, Pons JElii, and Durolipons, and 
 the existing remains of bridges at other stations, sufficiently prove that the foresight 
 and genius of the Romans, wliich spanned the Rhine and the Danube, easily 
 subjugated the rivers of Britain. 
 
 In one of the divisions of this volume will be given numerous objects of Roman 
 art discovered in the bed of the Thames, upon the site of old London Bridge, together 
 with many thousands of coins extending from Augustus to Honorius, a selection 
 from which will also be found among the engravings. They were found by the 
 ballast-heavers or workmen employed in dredging up the gravel and silt from the 
 bed of the river to deepen the channel, after the removal of the old bridge, at a 
 considerable depth ia the gravel, extending across the Thames. Very many of these 
 coins are as sharp as when issued from the mint ; and the majority of those in bad 
 condition appear to have been detrited more from the friction of the gravel by tidal 
 action than from circulation ; for it is not unusual for one side of a coin to be well 
 preserved and the other almost illegible. The coins of the Higher Empire were parti- 
 cularly abundant ; especially those of Claudius, Nero, Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, 
 Trajan, and Hadrian. I observed that they used to be frequently dredged up, as it 
 Avere, in chronological series, as if they had been deposited in sequences at intervals, 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 21 
 
 the latest in date being the most superficial, the earliest in the deepest bed.^ Among 
 them are medallions of Marcus Aurelius, Faustina, and Commodus. The erection 
 and reparation of bridges were held by the Romans to be works of such public 
 utihty as to require the sanction of rehgious ceremonies. It is probable that on 
 such occasions, in connection with the building and repairing of the bridge of 
 Londinium, most of the coins and other medallions alluded to were deposited as 
 commemorative memorials, precisely as such objects are used for similar purposes at 
 the present day. 
 
 If there be difficulty in recovering the precise courses of the main streets, of the 
 subordinate ones no traces whatever are left. The oldest arrangement of the 
 thorouglifares with which we are acquainted affords no guide to their more remote 
 disposition ; and while the recent excavations have proved that most of the streets 
 of the present day run upon the ruins of Roman houses, they have not been of a 
 nature to help us to any plan of the Roman city that can at all be relied upon ; 
 neither have we been able to recover with certainty the site of any one public 
 building. But so far as we are authorised to judge from discoveries made at various 
 times in almost all parts, we may safely conclude that the streets and buildings of 
 the Roman city, if not quite so dense and continuous as those of the modem city, 
 left but little space throughout the entire area unoccupied, except a portion of the 
 district between Lothbury and Princes Street and London WaU, and the ground 
 adjoining the wall from Moorgate Street towards Bishopsgate. We find also, as 
 might have been expected, that generally towards the northern wall the vestiges of 
 buildings are by no means so numerous nor so densely packed as towards the south 
 and in the centre. 
 
 ' In the Archaeologia, vol. xxix, I have given a liar situation can be explained by the supposition 
 
 more detailed account of the circumstances under of their having been dropped into the water by 
 
 which these coins were found ; and I have com- accident. 
 bated the notions that their presence in this pecu- 
 
22 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS AND SCULPTURES. 
 
 Three of the following inscriptions were discovered in the neighbourhood of 
 Ludgate. They doubtless belonged to a cemetery which stood immediately beyond 
 the gate of the city, upon the sides of the highway, which was the chief road to the 
 west of Britain. 
 
 D.M. 
 VIVID MARCI 
 ANO M LEG. II 
 AUG. I AN V ARIA 
 MARINA CONIVNX 
 PIENTISSIMA POSV 
 IT MEMORIAM. 
 
 Diis Manihus. Vivio Marciano militi legionis secundce Augustce Januaria Matrina 
 
 conjunx pientissima posuit memoriam. 
 
 This inscription, upon a large stone of a coarse grit, was discovered by Sir 
 Christopher Wren in digging the foundation of St. Martin's 
 church, at Ludgate ; and is now preserved among the Arun- 
 delian marbles at Oxford. It has been repeatedly published, 
 but usually very incorrectly as regards the figure. The annexed 
 cut is a faithful representation of the stone, shewing its pecu- 
 harities and the incisions made to accommodate it to building 
 purposes at some remote time. The stone was set up by 
 Januaria Matrina, the most dutiful {pientissima) wife (as she 
 styles herself) of Vivius Marcianus, a soldier of the second 
 legion, called Augusta ; the word memoriam being used, as 
 similar examples shew, as synonymous with monumentum} 
 Conjunx, for conjux, is not unusual in lapidary inscriptions of a 
 somewhat late date. The Legio Secunda Augusta came into 
 Britain under the command of Vespasian, in the reign of Clau- 
 dius ; and remained in it until the total abandonment of the 
 
 ' Non ob aliud vel memorits vel monunienta sunt, ne oblivione etiam cordibus subtrahantur in 
 dicuntur ea, quas insignita fiunt sepulcra mortuo- memoriam revocant. St. Augustine, " Do cura pro 
 rum, nisi quia eos, qui viventium oculis subtracti mort." c. iv. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 23 
 
 province by the Eomans. Its head quarters were Isca Silurum (Caerleon), whence 
 it was removed, at a late period, to Rutupise, to form part of the coast guard against 
 the Franks and Saxons. In intermediate times it was repeatedly moved to the 
 north of Britain to assist in constructing the two great lines of defences against 
 the northern barbarians. 
 
 D.M. 
 CL MARTI 
 NAE AN XIX 
 ANENCLE 
 
 TVS 
 PROVING 
 CONIVGI 
 PIENTISSIMAE 
 H.S.E. 
 
 Diis Manihus. Claudice Martince annorum novendecim Anencletus Provincialis 
 conjugi pientissimce hoc sepulchrum erexit. 
 
 This inscribed pedestal (about four feet high) was dug up in 1806, at Ludgate, 
 behind the London Coffee House, together with a female head in stone (the size 
 of life), and the trunk and thighs of a statue of Hercules, which, like many other 
 antiquities found in London, have long since been lost or destroyed. It is probable 
 that the head in stone was that of a figure of Claudia Martina, which may have stood 
 upon the pedestal, evidently intended to be surmounted by some heavy object. 
 Anencletus ProvinciaUs erected this memorial to his " most dutiful" or " most pious" 
 wife, who died at the early age of nineteen years, and was buried where the monu- 
 ment was erected. The dedicator, as his name indicates, was probably of provincial 
 origin, and a civilian. (Plate ii, fig. 3.) 
 
 D.M. 
 
 IVL.VALIVS 
 
 MIL.LEG.XX.V.V. 
 
 AN. XL. H.S.E. 
 
 CA.FLAVIO 
 
 ATTIO.HER. 
 
 Diis Manihus. Julius Valim miles legionis vicesimce Valeriance victricis annorum 
 quadraginta, hie situ^ est, Ca. Flavio Attio herede. 
 
 This was discovered upwards of seventy years ago, in Church-street, White- 
 chapel, and was published soon after in the Gentleman's Magazine ; but what has 
 
24 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 become of it, it is impossible to say.^ Church-street is part of the site of a very- 
 extensive Roman cemetery, where immense quantities of sepulchral remains have been 
 disinterred. This memorial was erected to the memory of Julius Valius, a soldier of 
 the twentieth legion, called Valeriana Victrix, who died at the age of forty years, 
 by his heir, Caius Flavins Attius. The twentieth legion constituted part of the 
 forces under Claudius in his invasion of Britain, and it was permanently estabhshed 
 in Britain apparently throughout its annexation to the Eoman empire, or nearly so. 
 Its head-quarters were Deva (Chester) : numerous inscriptions show its presence in 
 various parts of the island at particular times; and often in the north, in conjunction 
 with the second legion. A plate of brass, incised with representations of these two 
 legions and their emblems,^ from the character of the designs and lettering, may be 
 assigned to the fourth century, and probably towards its close. It is particularly 
 interesting as a record of the association of these two British legions at a period 
 when the power of the Roman empire was declining. (Plate ii, fig. 2.) 
 
 4. 
 
 w-^^ D ' M 
 
 FL'AGRIGLA' MIL 
 • LEG'VI^VICT'V'AN' 
 XLII'DB^ALBIA 
 
 fa/stusta-csnivq: 
 in^nparabili 
 
 ym 
 
 Diis Manihus. Flavins Agricola miles legionis sextcB victricis vixit annos quadra- 
 ginta duos dies decern Alhia Faustina conjugi incomparahili faciundum curavit. 
 
 This was discovered in the Tenter Ground, in Goodman's Fields, near the Minories, 
 in 1787, and is now in the possession of the Society of Antiquaries of London. The 
 slab is of native green marble, about 15 inches by 12, and 3 inches thick. It is 
 inscribed by Albia Faustina to her incomparable husband. Flavins Agricola, of the 
 
 ' In 1784 it was deposited at Mr. King's, '^ I have described it in the "Antiquities of 
 
 undertaker, in the Old Bailey,ybr <Ae «o/j.s/ar;<jo» o/" Richboroiigh, Reeulver, and Lymne," p. 25. 
 the curious. " Gent. Mag.," vol. liv, pp. 485, 672. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 25 
 
 sixth legion, sumamed " the victorious". Tliis legion was also styled Pia Fidelis. 
 It appears, from an inscription,^ to have passed over into Britain from Germany in 
 the reign of Hadrian. Here its permanent quarters were, according to Ptolemy and 
 the Itinerary of Antoninus, Eburacum (York), where evidences of its long sojourn 
 are numerous. Its movements, at various times, into different parts of Britain, 
 particularly in the north, can be traced by many inscriptions. At the time of the 
 compilation of the Notitia it was stUl in Britain, and, apparently, at or near its usual 
 station. 
 
 
 TLICINI 
 ASCAI^f 
 
 Diis Manihus Tito Licinio, Ascanius fecit ; or it may be read, — Diis Manihus Titus 
 Liciniiis Ascaniiis fecit. If in the latter case, it must be considered as a dedication 
 to the Dii Manes of the tomb or ground intended by the inscriber for himself and 
 his family. 
 
 This stone (2 ft. 8 in. by 2 feet 4 in.) was found in 1778, in digging for the 
 foundations of the Ordnance Office in the Tower, near an old well, at the depth of 
 
 about eighteen feet. 
 
 ' This inscription records the erection of a 
 statue in the Forum of Trajan by order of Marcus 
 Aurelius, to Marcus Pontius, who, among numer- 
 ous public ofHcers in the time of Hadrian, was 
 
 Questor of the province of Gallia Narbonensis and 
 military tribune of the sixth legion, sumamed 
 Victrix, cum qua ex Oermania in Britanniam 
 transiit. 
 
26 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 6. 
 
 D.M. 
 
 GRATADAGO 
 
 BITIFILANXL 
 
 SOLINVSCON 
 
 IVGIKARFC 
 
 Diis Manihns Grata Dagohitifilia annorum quadraginta Solinns conjugi harissimce 
 JieH curavit. 
 
 This was discovered at London Wall, near Finsbury Circus ; and, at my sugges- 
 tion, was deposited in the library of the Guildhall. It is a tribute of affection by 
 Solinus for his " dearest" wife Grata, the daughter of Dagobitus, aged forty years. 
 Its chief interest is centered in. the name Dagobitus, which is evidently not that of a 
 Roman, but of a Gaul or German. The word is analogous to those of Dago, Dago- 
 dubnus, Dagomarus, etc., which will be found in the list of potters' names discovered 
 in London. Nowhere do we find a stronger trace of the mixed Roman and pro'V'incial 
 population than in the inscriptions found in England, France, and Germany. They 
 have a peculiar ethnological interest, forming, as it were, a chain of evidence 
 connecting the classical with the medieval nomenclature. (Plate ii, fig. 1.) 
 
 Diis Manihus. ...R.L.F.C. Celsus. . .Speculator Legionis Secundce Augustw annorum 
 
 ^..natione Dardanus Gu Valerius Pudens et ..Prohus Specidatores Leg. II. 
 
 fieri curaverunt. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 27 
 
 This fragment was found, a few years since, in Playhouse Yard, Blackfriars, where 
 it had served as buUtling stone ; it then passed into the possession of Mr. W. Chaffers, 
 who communicated an account of it to the Collectanea Antiqua (vol. i, p. 125). It 
 is now preserved in the British Museum. 
 
 The monument of which this mutilated fragment formed a part, was erected to 
 the memory of Celsus, a specidator of the second legion, by birth a Dardanian. The 
 names of those who erected the memorial, which contained a full-length figure of the 
 deceased, are Valerius Pudens and . . Probus, who were his comrades, and probably 
 his heirs. The speculatores, as the word indicates, were a body of soldiers attached 
 to the legions for the various purposes of exploring, reconnoitering, and watching. 
 They are not unfrequently mentioned by the earher writers, and in inscriptions; 
 and may be considered as identical with the exploratores, whom we find stationed 
 by themselves either upon the limits of a province, or in other sites particularly 
 exposed to the incursions of an enemy. Dai'dania, included in what is now the 
 southernmost part of Servia, contributed towards the Eoman military estabhshment 
 by enlistments into the regular legions (as we have here an instance) ; and by troops 
 raised exclusively from the district, as appears in an entry in the Notitia, of the 
 third cohort of the Alpine Dardani, under the Duke of Pannonia. It is sufficient, in 
 the imperfect state of this inscription, to mention that a Valerius Pudens occurs in 
 an inscription of the time of Severus, found at Kattwyk, in Holland,^ without 
 suggesting that there may be any affinity between the two, especially as the one was 
 legate and proprsetor, and the other apparently of lower rank. 
 
 8. 
 
 A.ALFID.POMP 
 O.IVSSA EX TES 
 TAME NT.. HER 
 POS.ANNOR LXX 
 
 NA AELINI 
 
 H.S.EST 
 
 A. Alfidio Pompo {Pomponio f) jussa ex testamento heres posuit, annorum septua- 
 ginta {Na Aelini f), hie situs est. 
 
 Discovered at Tower HiU, in 18.52, with the fragments represented in plate nL 
 The stone measures 6 ft. 4 in. by 2 ft. 6 in. The inscription is faintly cut upon a 
 rough surface, which either had never been smoothed, or else an earlier inscription had 
 been cut away to make room for a subsequent one. It is a memorial to A. Alfidius 
 Pompus, aged seventy years, set up in compHance with his will by his heir, whose 
 name may possibly have been intended to be expressed in the indistinct lettering 
 ' Gruter, vol. i, p. clxix, No. 1 : Cod. Ins. Rom. Rheni, No. 955. 
 
 E 2 
 
28 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 between the fourth and fifth lines, which appears to have been interlined after the 
 others had been cut. 
 
 9. 
 
 DIS 
 
 .ANIBVS 
 
 ABALPINICL ASSICI ANI 
 
 Diis Manihus.. (F)ab(ii) Alpini Classiciani.... Upon a stone 5 ft. 4 in. in 
 
 length, by about 2 ft. 6 in. in width : found at Tower Hill, with Number 8, in 1852. 
 
 It is to be regretted that we have here only one of at least four stones which 
 constituted the inscribed part of a monument of a very superior class ; and which 
 must have commemorated some person of distinction. As the name (F)ab. Alpinus 
 Classicianus is in the genitive case, it must be attributed to the father of the person 
 to whose memory the monument was erected. The name Classicianus is of yery 
 uncommon occurrence ; and as Julius Classicianus fiUed the office of procurator in 
 Britain in the reign of Nero,^ it is quite within the bounds of probabihty to suppose 
 that this tomb was that of Julius himself. The space in the third line, it 
 must be noted, could only be filled by some such word and the F. or fil. which 
 doubtless followed it. The inscription, in its perfect state, originally occupied, at 
 least, four large stones, the position of which must have been similar to those which 
 bear the dedication to the Secundini upon their fine sepulchral column at Igel, near 
 Treves.^ I know of no other example of a monument of this class discovered in 
 England ; so well has the value of the material been appreciated by masons and 
 contractors for building. 
 
 This fine fragment owes its preservation to having been buUt up in the buttress 
 mentioned in p. 15. With it were not only the other sepulchral inscription and the 
 sculptures delineated in plate iii, but a great number of broken cornices, shafts of 
 columns, and foundation stones of a budding or buddings of magnitude. There 
 were also fragments of large millstones of Andernach or Ehenish lava -^ and a piece 
 of white wall-painting, upon which, in a dark brown, or rather, a reddish colour, 
 were the letters svp. One of the fragments of sculpture was that represented in 
 fig. 5, plate iii, measuring five feet in length. It has formed part of the decoration 
 of a tomb such as is indicated in fig. 6, of the same plate. 
 
 Figs. 1, 2, and 3, are preserved in the British Museum ; but, I infer, that most, 
 if not all, of the other remains have been again applied to building purposes. (PL iii.) 
 
 ' Tacitus, Ann. xiv. mills, see " Collectanea Antiqua," vol. iv, pi. xi, 
 
 - " Collectanea Antiqua," vol. ii, pi. xxt. which represents a specimen in the museum of 
 
 ^ For a very fine and perfect example of these Orleans. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 10. 
 
 29 
 
 VRNI .... 
 
 LEGXX , . . 
 
 GAG , . . 
 
 M . . . 
 
 A fragment of a sepulchral inscription upon an oolitic stone, to a soldier of the 
 twentieth legion. It was discovered by the late Mr. E. B. Price, at Pentonville, 
 where it served as a paving stone before the door of a cottage. 
 
 It is engraved in the Collectanea Antiqua, vol. i, pi. xlviii A, with another still 
 more defaced sepulchral inscription in Purbeck marble, found in Cloak Lane. 
 
 11. 
 
 Discovered, during excavations, in Nicholas Lane, near Cannon Street, in June, 
 1 850. It was found at the depth of between eleven and twelve feet, lying close to 
 a wall, two feet in width. There was every reason to believe that other stones 
 having the remainder of the inscription were not far from the one extricated ; but 
 it was impossible to induce either the contractor for the excavations or the " City 
 Autliorities" to countenance the slightest searcL With some little difficulty the 
 stone was received into the Guildhall, where it was deposited at the foot of the 
 staircase leading to the library. In the present year, being desirous to compare 
 it with my sketch, I ascertained it was not to be found : after an extended 
 inquiry, it appears that it has been abstracted from the Guildhall ; and nobody 
 
30 ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 knows what has become of it. The stone was between two and three feet in length. 
 The fourth letter in the first line, it should be remarked, appeared to me, when i 
 made the sketch, more like a c (which I considered it to be), than it seems to be in 
 the wood-cut. 
 
 From the magnitude of the stone, and from the size and character of the letters, 
 it is clear that the inscription surmounted the entrance of some public edifice, 
 apparently that of a temple. It is probably the commencement of a dedication, 
 which might have occupied either two or four stones. The wider distance of the 
 letters in the uppermost line from the top of the stone than those in the third line 
 from the bottom weighs in favour of the behef that we have only the first quarter of 
 the inscription. Accepting it as such, there can be no doubt that the nvm. should be 
 read Numini; and that the prov. brita. should be rendered Provincia Britannia: 
 the supposed equal length of the second stone, the number of letters required in 
 the second and third line, and the particular letters to complete the sense, render 
 this reading sufficiently satisfactory and obvious. There may be just room for a 
 question as to whether the words should be in the singular or plural number; but 
 the former seems more congenial to the presumed early period of the inscription. 
 
 The restoration of the second word in the first line, commencing with the letter 
 c, cannot be effected with equal confidence. 
 
 Poetically, numen is synonymous with divus, as : 
 
 Preesenti tibi matures largimur honores, 
 Jurandasque tuum per numen ponlmus aras :' 
 
 and 
 
 " — prsesens divus habebitur 
 Augustus, adjectis Britannis 
 Imperio, gravibusque Persis."' 
 
 But in inscriptions numen is usually appHed to the living, as divus was to the 
 deceased emperor, when deified : for example : Numini Augusti : — Numinihus 
 Augustorum: — Numini Imperatoris Alexandri Augusti : — Numini Domini Nostri 
 Augusti : — Numen Principis Optimi, etc. I am not aware of its ever occurring 
 in the sense of dev^, as Numini Herculeo, Numinihus Conservatoribus,^ instead of 
 Deo Herculeo, Diis Conservatoribus. It remains, then, to offer an opinion on what 
 the word in the first line may have been, considering it as applied to an emperor 
 then reigning. 
 
 The testimony of Seneca and of Tacitus concur as to the fact of a temple having 
 
 ' Horace, Ep. 1, lib. ii. ^ Ibid.llb.iii, carm.v. because a friend has suggested it as explanatory 
 ^ I instance this unusual form of dedication, of the Nicholas Lane inscription. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON, 31 
 
 been erected in Britain to the Emperor Claudius. The former says : " Parum est, 
 quod templum in Britannia habet, quod hunc barbari colunt et ut Deum orant :"^ 
 the latter locates the templum at Camulodunum ; and after reveaUng the causes of 
 the rebellion of the Britons observes : " Ad hsec templum, Divo Claudio constitutum, 
 quasi arx seternae dominationis aspiciebatur ; delectique sacerdotes, specie religionis, 
 omnes fortunas effundebunt."^ This temple was probably erected shortly after the 
 subjugation of the Trinobantes. As there is this unquestionable evidence of a 
 temple to Claudius at Camulodunum, it may be readily conceived that Londinium 
 may also have possessed either a similar buHduig or some other edifice dedicated to 
 that emperor ; and although, from the inadequate information which this fragment 
 supphes, it is impossible to decide positively, still we cannot avoid associating 
 the historical evidence with the relics of an inscription which must have been of an 
 early period, which is of a rare class, and almost, if not quite, unique in this 
 country. 
 
 12. 
 
 EX OFFI 
 HONORINI 
 
 Upon an ingot of silver, found, in 1777, in excavations in the Tower of London. It 
 has been engraved and published in the Archceologia, vol. v, where it is read, 
 JEx Officina Honorii; but Mr. Waller's engraving, fig. 3, pi. xxii, may be relied 
 upon as the more correct reading ; although the last letters are not so clear as the 
 others. It appears to have been cast in an oblong form, and then hammered into 
 the shape of a double wedge ; and from its weight was in aU probability originally a 
 Eoman pound of silver. With, or near it, were found gold coins of Arcadius and 
 Honorius. There is every reason to beheve the stamp upon this ingot does not 
 denote that it was issued from the workshop of any refiner named Honorius or 
 Honorinus ; but that it was so placed as a warranty of its being imperial property ; 
 and it would, therefore, be more correctly read as Ex officio Honorinio or Hono- 
 riano. Most probably it was a portion of the silver which formed part of the British 
 revenue deposited at Londinium previous to its being transmitted to the mints in 
 Gaul. It is preserved in the British Museum. (Plate xxii.) 
 
 13. 
 
 PRB.LON. — P.BRI.LON. — P.PR.LON. — PPBE.LON. — P.PR.BR... — BR. 
 
 Prima (Cohors) Brittonum Londinii. 
 These are stamps upon tiles which have been found, but not in large numbers, 
 ' De M. Claudio Csesare, cap. 8. ^ Annal. lib. xiv, c. 31. 
 
32 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 in various parts of the City, recording the fact of their having been made by the 
 first cohort of the Britons stationed at Londinium. It is the first and only instance 
 of the preservation of the name of the City in an inscription, if we except the coins 
 of the Constantino family. 
 
 The first cohort of the Britons, in the reigns of Titus and Domitian, was stationed 
 in Pannonia ;^ in the reign of Antoninus Pius it appears among the auxiliary 
 troops distributed in Egypt and Cyrenaica ;^ and it is recorded in several inscriptions 
 found in Germany and other parts of the continent, from which we learn that it was 
 styled successively Flavia,^ from Vespasian; Ulpia,^ from Trajan; and JElia,^ from 
 Hadrian, in consequence of its services under those princes. Other cohorts of the 
 Britons are mentioned in inscriptions, as well as a first cohort surnamed Britannica, 
 which occurs in a mihtary diploma, together with the first cohort of the Britons.^ 
 A sixth cohort appears to have served under Trajan in the Dacian wars.^ A fourth 
 cohort, surnamed Antoniniana, is mentioned in an inscription found in Northum- 
 berland ;^ and upon a fragment of a tile found in the Eoman station at Ebchester, 
 in Durham, are the letters ..hibe., which probably denote the "first cohort.^ The first 
 British cohort is sometimes styled miliaria, from its being composed of full a 
 thousand men, though it appears from the explanation given by Vegetius that such 
 cohorts considerably exceeded that number. The first took precedence of the other 
 cohorts, not only in numerical strength, but also in being composed of picked men, 
 and in possessing the privilege of carrying the chief standards.^ ° The Cohors pi'ima 
 Britannica, which was in Dacia under Trajan, bore the additional distinction of 
 Cives RomaniP- shoAving they had obtained the rights of Eoman citizenship. The 
 style of the British cohorts is also, sometimes, equitata, denoting that, in such cases, 
 they were composed of horse and foot mixed. 
 
 Tile-stamps are among the most useful of Eoman inscriptions, as they prove the 
 presence of the legions and cohorts at particular places. As the soldiers were 
 brickmakers and masons, the stamped tUes are usually very abundant in towns and 
 stations where legions and cohorts were located permanently ; and they frequently 
 
 ' Notizia di alcuni nuovi diplomi imperial! di " " Sciendum est autem in una legione decern 
 
 congedo militare, p. 7 ; Constantius Gazzera Tauri- cohortes esse debere. Sed prima cohors reliquas 
 
 nensis, Torino, 1831. et numero militum et dignitate praecedit : nam 
 
 ^ Arneth's " Militar. Diplom.," pp. 33 and 39. genere atque institutione litterarum vires selectis- 
 
 ' Oruter, 103-13. * Notizia ante, simos quaerit. Hsec enim suscipit Aquilam — haec 
 
 ° Gruter, 359-3. imagines imperatorum — veneratur. Habet pedites 
 
 " Arneth, " Mil. Dip.," ante. mille centum quinque, equites loricatos centum 
 
 ' Gruter, 1101-3. triginta duos, et appellatur cohors miliaria." — 
 
 ^ Horsley, " Brit. Rom.," pi. 26. Vegetius, 1. c. 
 ' "The Roman Wall," 2nd edit., p. 317. '' Arneth, "Mil. Dipl.," p. 49. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 33 
 
 afiford a peculiar information to be gained from no other source, as in the case of the 
 London tiles, and those of the British Classiarii, discovered at Lymne, in Kent.^ 
 (Plate viii, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6.) 
 
 Fragment of a group of the DecB Matres, discovered, during excavations for a 
 sewer, in Hart Street, Crutched Friars, at a considerable depth, among the ruins of 
 Roman buddings. It measures 2 ft. 8 in. in length, 1 ft. 5 in. in width, and 1 ft. 
 8 in. in depth. It is at present in the library of the Guildhall. 
 
 This sculpture, when entire, must have measured at least three feet in height, 
 exclusive of the base, which, probably, was of equal altitude, and contained the 
 dedicatory inscription. Mutilated as this monument is, its chief characteristic 
 features are sufficiently preserved to enable us to understand its object with 
 certainty, and to affirm something respecting it less speculative than the explana- 
 tions of fi:agmentary monuments usually are. Comparison with numerous other 
 similar sculptures discovered in this covmtry and on the continent, leaves no doubt 
 that the three seated figures holding baskets of fruit in their laps, are a representa- 
 tion of the Mother Goddesses, the Deae Matres, Matronal, or Mairse, as they are 
 designated and personified ; while from the dimensions of the sculpture, it may be 
 
 ' " Report on Excavations made upon the Site of the Roman Castrum at Lymne," p. 24, pi. vi. 
 
34 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 inferred that a temple, or a saceUum, dedicated to those divinities, stood upon the 
 spot where it was discovered. It is the only instance, with the exception of the 
 discovery made in Nicholas Lane, in which the site of a temple can be with reason 
 identified from existing remains. It would therefore have been fortunate had the 
 civic authorities instituted or sanctioned a search for the remaining portions of the 
 monument, which were, probably, close alongside of the line of the sewer where the 
 fragment was found. ^ 
 
 The knowledge we possess of the Dese Matres is almost wholly derived from 
 monumental sources. Vast as is the information bequeathed us by ancient writers 
 on the polytheism of the Greeks and Eomans, it does not comprise all the forms 
 into which its flexible principles ramified, especially in the north of Europe. With 
 Eoman conquest and civilization came the system of mythology which had taken 
 root in Italy. With mihtary discipline were engTafted religious observances : the 
 gods were supphcated for victory ; altars and temples were erected wherever 
 castra secured the advantages of success, and towns and colonies were planted as 
 the foundation of lasting occupation. By far the greater part of the ancient 
 monumental inscriptions which have been preserved and are stiU daily discovered, 
 emanated from the religious feeling which pervaded aU classes, and especially the 
 military. The legions and cohorts surrounded themselves with a host of imaginary 
 deities, from Jupiter, the greatest and best, down to the genii who were supposed to 
 have special interest over the camps and the military stores and paraphernalia. 
 The peculiar circumstances which surrounded the fife of the soldier were calculated 
 to foster and develope in superstitious minds this notion of multiplied divine 
 intervention. Change of country, long and arduous marches through unknown and 
 inhospitable lands, the vicissitudes and dangers of war, tended to induce faith in the 
 manifold powers which were supposed to direct the various operations of nature and 
 hold tutelage over the destinies of man. 
 
 The arduous life and mutations of the Eoman soldiers contributed towards 
 that extraordinary combination of deities, both great and subordinate, which we 
 constantly find examples of in their dedicatory monuments. A praefect of the 
 fourth cohort of Gaul, a native of Italy, raised an altar at Vindolana, on the Eoman 
 Wall, to Jupiter and the rest of the immortal gods associated with the Genius of the 
 Pretorium.2 At Magna, in the same district, Jupiter was invoked in conjunction with 
 Helius and Eome;^ and a further explanation of this constantly occurring plurality 
 
 ' The stone lay for some time in the City * " The Eoman Wall," by Dr. Bruce, 2nd. 
 
 Stone-yard utterly disregarded, and in daily danger edit., p. 375. 
 of being broken up. " Col. Ant.," vol. i, p. 138. ' " CoUectanea Antiqua," vol. ii, pi. xlviii. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 35 
 
 of gods arises from the very nature of the ancient religious sentiment, which, whUe 
 it recognized supreme gods, indirectly impeached their supervision by the creation 
 of a multitude of terrestrial and inferior deities for special purposes. The feeling 
 doubtless was, that the tenants of Olympus were remote, and, directing the machinery 
 of the vast imiverse, could not be relied upon for that partial attention to individual 
 interests, and that direct and unmediate intervention in human concerns which, 
 it was so consoling to believe, were the attributes of local deities, who were at 
 hand, watched over persons and property and provided the daily necessaries of life. 
 
 The worsliip of the Dece Matres, or Mother Goddesses, which formed part of the 
 religion of tlie inhabitants of Londinium, appears to have been chiefly confined, at 
 least in the form indicated by monuments, to the northern parts of Europe ; and, 
 from the number of altars and sculptures discovered, must have been very general 
 and popular. It is from such remains we are made acquainted with their personi- 
 fications and emblems ; and, inferentially, with their functions and attributes, for 
 ancient writers and classical mythology fail in afibrding direct and positive informa- 
 tion. The mystic number three is ever recurring in the myths of remote antiquity ; 
 and frequently as a female triad : thus, there are the three sisters, Juno, Vesta, and 
 Ceres ; the three Fates ; the three Sirens ; the three Furies or Eumenides,^ and so 
 forth. The characteristics of many of these triads accord with those of the Deae 
 Matres ; and these are all, probably, varying forms of an early popular superstition 
 of eastern origin, of which the Mother Goddesses, the Mairse, and the Matronae are 
 a phase, taking its character from the amalgamation of Eoman divinities with those 
 of the Teutonic nations. Plutarch, however, seems to be the only writer who 
 mentions deities by the same name as that applied most usually to the three females 
 of the northern provinces, namely, Mare/ae?, matres or mothers. From him it appears 
 they were worshiped at Engyiimi, in Sicily ; and their temple was considered a 
 foundation of the Cretans.^ 
 
 Most of the inscriptions to the Dese Matres which have hitherto been discovered 
 belong to Germany. They present this characteristic : they are usually accompanied 
 by the names of the localities under their respective protection, in the same manner 
 as we find many of the gods and goddesses named, as Jupiter Dolichenus, Hercules 
 Deusoniensis, Apollo Maponus, etc. Thus, on the borders of the Rhine, altars have 
 
 ' Ovid states that three deities presided over been the goddesses who preside over the roads, of 
 
 the streets, or suburbs, of Rome: whom we have evidence elsewhere. At Metz was 
 
 .,..,.,, T /-. • J • • . 1- T, -11 found a dedication to the J/atra! by the inhabitants 
 
 " Mule Lares, Geniumque ducis qui tradidit illos „ , ,. . „ , i, / rr- ■ xr- • 
 
 TT , , , . . • • XT ■ . • 1 .. of the street or district called jrax ( V%cant Vxct 
 
 Urbshabet; et vici Numina trina colunt. ' r> • s -., ,. r, • i i 
 
 facts). Montfaucon, Sup., torn, i, pi. I.xxxv. 
 
 Fatt., lib. v., V. 145. These, however, may have * Marcellus, pp. 266, 267,vol. ii,ed.Lon.,l723. 
 
 F 2 
 
36 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 been found inscribed Matribus Treveris : — Matrihus VacaUineis : — Matronis 
 Gavadiahus : — Matronis Rumanehahus : — Matronis Hamavehis ; and numerous 
 others,^ most of which refer to the localities where they have been found. Those of 
 our own country are almost equally abundant ; we have the forms of Matrihus : — 
 Deabiis Matrihus: — Matrihus Domesticis : — Matrihus Alatervis et Matribus 
 Campestrihus : and, significant of their foreign origin, Matrihus Tramariyiis. In 
 three instances they are addressed as beings with a wider range of powers. Upon 
 an altar found at Winchester^ they are designated Italian, German, Gaulish, and 
 
 British Mothers : upon one found at York,^ 
 they are African, Italian, and Gaulish Mothers ; 
 and an inscription from the Roman Wall records 
 the restoration of a temple to the Mothers of 
 All Nations. They are most usually personified 
 as three females seated with baskets of fruits 
 in their laps, though in some well-sculptured 
 representations in the museum of Newcastle- 
 upon-Tyne the emblems are wanting. The 
 subjoined cut is an example of the Ehenish 
 altars in the museum of Cologne.^ The sides of 
 the altar have figures of youths, one of whom 
 carries a basin of apples; the other, a vase. 
 Upon another highly ornamented altar the attendants carry a pitcher-shaped vessel, 
 and a cup resembling one kind of the footless glasses often found in the Saxon and 
 Frankish graves. 
 
 Annexed is an ex- 
 ample from France, 
 presen'^ed in the mu- 
 seum of Lyons. ^ Here 
 the goddesses are ad- 
 dressed as the "Augus- 
 tan Mothers," as we 
 find them occasionally 
 styled elsewhere. In 
 
 MATRONIS 
 
 ' See " Codex Inscript. Rom. Rheni," by * I am indebted to Mr. George Virtue for the 
 
 Steiner; and Lersch's " Central Museum Rhein- loan of this woodcut, which is one of the illustra- 
 
 landischer Inschriften." tions of " The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon." 
 
 » " Col. Ant.," vol. iv, pi. xiv. ' Idem, p. 43. ' " Collectanea Antiqua," vol. v, p. 8. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 37 
 
 this group the central figure holds a cornucopia and a patera. In some few instances 
 they are represented as standing and holdiag, each, a cornucopia. In this position 
 they appear upon a fragment of sculpture (fig. 1, pi. vi) found in London. 
 
 In investigating the origin of these deities with reference to Germany, it is to be 
 considered that monumental evidence is supported by historical testimony. A passage 
 in Csesar^ shews that among the Germans were certain women, matres familias, who 
 were looked upon as qualified to act as prophetesses, and who were consulted as such 
 on important occasions. Caesar haAong inquired of some prisoners why Ariovistus had 
 somewhat suddenly withdrawn his army without coming to a general engagement 
 aa was expected, was told that it was customary among the Germans for the women 
 to decide, by lots and divination, when it would be fit to risk a battle ; and that 
 these women had declared that the army would not be victorious if they fought 
 before the fuU moon. Tacitus corroborates the statement of Caesar. He states that 
 the Germans believed that their women possessed innate sanctity and knowledge of 
 futurity ; and, therefore, they neither slighted their counsels, nor neglected their 
 responses when consulted.^ He then mentions VeUeda, who, in the time of Vespasian, 
 was esteemed as a divinity ; and observes that, in earlier times, Aurinia and many 
 other females were similarly venerated. The same historian tells us that inspired 
 women foretold the approaching destruction of Camulodunum, in Britain.^ In times 
 long subsequent, women, called DruidcB or Dryades, were believed in as endowed 
 with the power of seeing into futurity, and were consulted as prophetesses. A Druid 
 woman warned Alexander Severus against his insurgent army;^ and Aurelian^ and 
 Diocletian® both consulted them. 
 
 Although the respect shown to these women did not amount to adoration as 
 divinities, yet it may have contributed towards that general devotion to female 
 goddesses which prevailed in later times, subsequent to the Eoman immigration ; and 
 it must not be overlooked that Tacitus also informs us that the powerful nations 
 surrounding the Longobardi (among whom were the AngU), worshiped in common 
 the Earth {Terra Mater), with forms and ceremonies which shewed they considered 
 she presided over all human afiairs and came periodically among them, when war 
 ceased, the sword was sheathed, and peace and quietude were then only known. ^ In 
 speaking of the Estii, he states that they worship the Mother of the Gods, whose 
 emblem was a wild boar; and he describes them as peculiarly an agricultural people, 
 
 • "Bel. Gal," lib. i, e. xl. • Lamprid. "Alex. Sev.," c. 60. 
 
 ' "De Mor. Germ.," cap. 8. » Vopisc. "Aurel.," c. 44. 
 
 » " Annal.," lib. xiv, cap. 32. • Vopisc. " Numer.," c. 44, 45. 
 
 ' " De Mor. Germ.," c. xl. 
 
38 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 cultivating com and other fruits of the earth with greater industry than the rest of 
 the Germans.^ 
 
 The reverence paid to inspired women as prophetesses, and to druidesses, 
 combined with the worship of personified nature, which prevailed in Germany, iu 
 Gaul, and in Britain, were doubtless influential causes for an amalgamation with 
 that portion of the Eoman polytheism which accorded best with the national super- 
 stitions ; and the worship of the Dese Matres, of which we find so many memorials, 
 seems to have- been one of the chief results of this combination. It would be a 
 pleasing investigation, and one probably productive of success, to ascertain how far 
 towards the south monuments of this class can be traced. So far as I can at present 
 speak from personal inquiry, they are by far more numerous in England and in 
 the north of Germany than in Italy and in France. In the last-mentioned country 
 they are rather abundant in the northern and eastern parts ; but, so far as I have 
 been able to ascertain, they are by no means of such frequent occurrence towards 
 the south. 
 
 As this cult had taken deep root far and wide, and had spread among the rural 
 populations of the northern provinces of the Roman empire, the early Christian 
 missionaries found it more difiicult to grapple with than the altars and temples of 
 the higher deities. After the images of Jupiter, Apollo, Diana, and the rest of the 
 more conspicuous objects of pagan devotion, were overthrown and destroyed, and 
 after their fanes were leveled or converted into Christian churches, the Mother 
 Goddesses continued for a long time to retain a strong hold upon the popular 
 rehgious afi'ections, in common with a crowd of minor deities, such as the nymphs, 
 the dryads {druidoe or dryades), the sylphs {sulevce), the tutelary divinities of 
 rivers, fountains, hiUs, roads, villages, and other locahties ; against whom were 
 especially directed, in the fifth and subsequent centuries, the anathemas of Christian 
 councils, missionaries and princes. Indicated by the mystic number three, they may 
 be recognized enacting an important part in the superstitions of the middle ages and 
 even in those of modem times. In popular traditions three ladies and three sisters 
 continually recur; as in fairy legends the same number is often to be noticed, as 
 well as its multiples. 
 
 Mr. Wright has contributed some remarkable historical illustrations of these 
 three goddesses, and of the forms under which they reappear in the middle ages.^ 
 " When, in the sixth century, Columbanus and St. Gal arrived at Bregens {Brigan- 
 tium), in Switzerland, they found that the people there paid adoration to three 
 
 1 " De Mor. Germ.," c. xlv. = " The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon," 
 
 p. 282 et seq. 
 
ILLUSTKATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. * 39 
 
 images placed together against the wall of their temple.^ Probably this was a 
 monument of the dece matres in their original country." — " In a story of the Italian 
 Pentamerone, tre faie (three fairies) are described as residing at the bottom of a 
 rocky dell, and as conferring gifts upon children who went down into it. — In the 
 collection of superstitions condemned by Burchard, bishop of Worms, who died in 
 1024, we are told that the German women of his time, had the custom, at certain 
 times of the year, of spreading tables in their houses with meat and drink, and 
 laying three knives, that, if the three sisters should come, they might partake of their 
 hospitality. When Fridaf went to consult the oracle of the fates, he saw, within the 
 temple, three seats occupied by three nymphs, each of whom conferred a gift upon 
 his son Olaf, two of them giving good gifts and the third an evil one."^ 
 
 " At the beginning of the eighth century, according to a pious legend, a Worces- 
 tershire swine-herd, forcing his way through the dense thickets of the forests which 
 then covered that part of the island, in search of a stray swine, came suddenly to a 
 fair open lawn, in the midst of which he saw three beautiful maidens, clad in 
 heavenly garments, and singing sweetly, one being superior to the others (we have 
 here the distinction constantly observed in the traditionary legends between two of 
 the goddesses and the third) ; he told his story to the bishop Egwin, who accom- 
 panied him to the spot, and was also favoured with the vision. Egwin decided at 
 once that it was the Virgin Mary, accompanied by two angels ; and he built on the 
 spot a monastery, which was afterwards famous by the name of Evesham.^ The 
 vision is represented on the old abbey seal. In all probability the site of Evesham 
 had been a spot dedicated by the unconverted Saxons to the worship of the three 
 goddesses, and Egwin had seized the popular legend to consecrate it for a Christian 
 establishment." 
 
 A Latin poet of Winchester, the monk Wolstan, who lived in the middle of the 
 tenth centur}'', has left us a singular story relating to the three nymphs who presided 
 over that district, and whom, differing in this from Egwin, but agreeing with the 
 generality of ecclesiastical writers when they handled the popular superstitions, he 
 has blackened both in person and character.* A citizen of Winchester one day went 
 out to visit his farm, and returning somewhat late towards his home, near the little 
 stream which passes by the city, he was stopped by two dark women in a state of 
 
 ' 7V«« ergo i'mojrmM sereas et deauratas super- ' "Saxo Grammaticus," lib. vi, p. 102. 
 
 stitiosa gentilitas ibi colebat.— .(4no». Fit. S. Gal. ' MS. Cotton, Nero E. 1, fol. 26, vo., where 
 
 — Repererunt autem in tempio (res imagines sereas the story is told by bishop Egwin himself, 
 deauratas parieti affixas, quas populu!v...adorabat. * Wolstani Mirac. S. Swithuni, MS. Reg., 
 
 — Walafrid Strabo, Vit. S. Gal. 15 c. vii, fol. 74, vo. 
 
40 . ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 nudity. The man, instead of paying due respect to the ladies by listening to them, 
 ran away ia a fright; and they pursued him, threatening vengeance for the disregard 
 which he had shown to their commands. He now gave himself up for lost ; and his 
 terror was increased when a third female, who had lain concealed on the lull, stopped 
 his way. It is not improbable that these nymphs haunted the deserted fortress of 
 the pagans of old and the barrow-covered downs which stiU overlook this ancient 
 city, from which their worship had been banished by the influence of the gospel. In 
 her angry mood the third nymph struck the inobedient mortal senseless to the 
 ground, and then they disappeared in the waters of the river. The man gradually 
 recovered his senses, but he found himself a cripple, and with difficulty crawled to 
 the eastern gate of the city, which was not far distant." 
 
 "Another Anglo-Latin poet, but who lived in the latter half of the twelfth 
 century, Nigellus Wireker,^ has preserved in his Speculum StuUorwm, a tale which 
 furnishes a stUl more remarkable illustration of the character of the three goddesses 
 when they had become mere personages of medieval popular fable. Nigellus still 
 compares them with the Latin Parcoe?' The three sisters, he says, went out into 
 the world to relieve men from their troubles and misfortunes. As they went along, 
 they found, under a shady bank, a beautiful maiden, of a noble family, and rich in 
 the goods of the world, yet, in spite of aU. these advantages, she was weeping and 
 lamenting. Two of the sisters proposed to relieve her of her grief ; but the third 
 opposed their desires, and gave them a short lecture on the Ul uses some people 
 make of prosperity. They left the weeping damsel and proceeded to a shady wood, 
 where lay another maiden on a couch : she, like the former, was beautiful and 
 intellectual, and, as it appears, like her also, rich ; but she was lame of her lower 
 extremities, and, unable to walk, she had been brought thither to enjoy the green 
 shade. She courteously addressed the three nymphs, and shewed them the way to 
 the most beautiful part of the wood, where a pleasant fountain gave rise to a clear 
 stream. The two sisters now proposed to reheve the damsel of her iafirmity; but 
 the third agaia interposed, on the ground that the lady enjoyed advantages sufficient 
 to overbalance this one inconvenience under which she laboured, and which were 
 granted to few of those who are made perfect m their limbs. The nymphs again 
 passed on, and, towards evening, were proceeding towards a town, when, not far 
 outside the gates, they saw a rustic girl, who, unacquainted with the delicacies of 
 
 ' MS. Harl., No. 2422. Isimfata; but as inscriptions to the Fates are rare 
 
 ^ The trefate of one of the preceding stories and their monuments uncommon, the good people, 
 
 are interpreted as being equivalent to the Roman the sisters, the bonnes dames, ike fairies, etc., seem 
 
 Parca; and the word fairy may be derived from the to have sprung more directly from the dea matres. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 41 
 
 more refined life, performed an act in public which shocked the two nymphs, who 
 had shown so much compassion on the two former occasions. The third nymph 
 drew the others back : she shows them that they have here really an occasion of 
 bettering the condition of one who enjoyed none of the advantages of fortune; and 
 they determine to give her all sorts of riches, and to make her the lady of the 
 town." 
 
 A few of the inscriptions relating to the triad of the Dese Matres, will show the 
 respective pecuharities of those found in Great Britain and those discovered on the 
 continent. None of these inscriptions, it may be observed, are accompanied by the 
 statues or representations of the goddesses, which are usually found in a mutilated 
 state detached from their dedications : — 
 
 MATRIB ALA 
 TERVIS ET 
 MATRIB CAM 
 PESTRIB COHI 
 TVNGR INS 
 VERSC ARM 
 0...I...S XXVV. 
 
 MatrihKS Alatervis et Matrihus Cam- 
 pestrihvLS Cohors prima Tungro- 
 rum, instante ?^ 
 
 CAMPES 
 TRIBUS ET 
 BRITANNI 
 Q PISENTIVS 
 IVSTVS PREF 
 COH nil GAL 
 VSLLM. 
 
 MATRIBV 
 S TRAMA 
 RINIS IVL 
 VICTOR. V.S L.M. 
 
 Campestrihus et Britannis Q. Pisentius 
 Justus, Prcefectus CohoHis quartm 
 Gallcyrum, votum solvit lihentis- 
 simcB merito.^ 
 
 3. 
 
 I 
 
 Matrihus Tramarinis Julius Victor 
 votum solvit luhens merito. 
 
 DEABVS MATRIBVS 
 TRAMAR. VEX.GERMA 
 NORVM PRO SALUTE 
 RP.V.S.L.M. 
 
 ' Horsley, " Scotland," xxix. 
 
 } 
 
 Deabus Matrihus Tramarinis VexiUa- 
 tio Germanorum pro salute Rei- 
 puhliccB votum solvit luhens merito. 
 
 * Stuart's " Cal. Rom.," pi. ix, fig. 2. 
 
 G 
 
42 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 MATRIB 
 ITALIS GER 
 MANIS 
 GAL... BRIT 
 .NTONIVS 
 CRETIANVS 
 .F. COS. REST. 
 
 Matrihus Italis Germanis Gallicis 
 Britannicis Antonius Cretianus 
 Beneficiarius Consults restituit. 
 
 MATRIBVS 
 OMNIVM 
 GENTIVM 
 TEMPLVM 
 OLIM VETVS 
 TATE CONLAB 
 SVM.C.IVL.CVS 
 PITIANVS 
 P.P.RESTITVIT. 
 
 Matrihus Omnium Gentium templum 
 olim vetustate conlabsum C. Julius 
 Cuspitianus centurio propria pe- 
 cunia restituit. 
 
 The first two of the foregoing, discovered in Scotland, are dedications to the 
 field deities (Campestres) and to the Deae Matres of Britain {Britannicce) ; and to 
 the Alatervian Mothers in conjunction with the Matres Campestres, the former by 
 the prefect of the fourth cohort of the Gauls ; the latter by a cohort of Tungri. 
 The district which is indicated by the word Alatervis has not been satisfactorily 
 identified ; though it may with some probability be supposed to be that of the 
 mouth of the river Almond, where the altar was discovered. The third is inscribed 
 to the Transmarine Mothers by Julius Victor, who, as it appears by another inscrip- 
 tion, was a tribune of the first cohort of the Vangiones, a people of Germany ; and 
 a vexHlation of Germans dedicated the fourth, found at Brougham, in Westmoreland, 
 to the Transmarine Mothers for the safety of the state. The fifth is an inscription 
 upon the altar lately discovered at Winchester, and engraved in pi. xiv, vol. iv, of 
 the Collectanea Antiqua. It is addressed to the Italian, German, Gaulish, and 
 British mothers by Antonius Cretianus, a consular beneficiary. An altar, found at 
 York in the last century, and first pubHshed in the Gentleman's Magazine for 1752, 
 was devoted " to the African, the Italian, and the Gaulish Mothers." Comprehensive 
 as these last two examples are, they are exceeded by one found in Cumberland 
 (No. 6), which is a dedication by C. Jiilius Cuspitianus, a centurion, to the Mothers 
 of All Nations, on the occasion of the restoration of a temple. For another, some- 
 what similar to this, found at Dorchester, in Yorkshire, I must refer those especially 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 43 
 
 interested in the subject to vol. iv, Collectanea Antiqua. By far the most common 
 formula is Deabus Matrihus, or simply Matribus. In one instance^ they are styled 
 MATRiBVS svis, a form which may be considered as synonymous with Matribus 
 Domesticis, occurring also ia this country. 
 
 A few examples from Germany wiU suffice for comparison : — 
 
 MATRONIS 
 
 AFLTABVS 
 
 M.MARIVS 
 
 MARCELLVS 
 
 PRO SE ET SVIS 
 
 EX IMPERIO IPSARUM. 
 
 Matronis Afiiabus M. Mariiis Marcel- 
 lus pro se et suis ex imperio ipsa- 
 rum. 
 
 MATRONIS 
 RVMANEHABVS 
 
 SACR 
 L.VITELLIVS 
 CONSORS EXPLO 
 LEG. VI. VICT. 
 
 Matronis Rumanehdbus sacrum Lucius 
 Vitellius Coiisors Exploratorum 
 Legionis sextce Victricis. 
 
 MATRIBVS 
 TREVERIS 
 T.PATERNIVS 
 PERPETVVS 
 CORNICVLAR 
 LEG. LEG. 
 XXX.V.V.L.M. 
 
 Matribus Treveris T. Paternius Per- 
 petuus Cotmicularius legatus Le- 
 gionis trigesimcB UlpicB Victricis 
 lubens merito. 
 
 MATRIBVS 
 
 SVIS 
 SIMILIO MIL 
 ES EH CASSE GE 
 RMANICA PED 
 PLER.CRESIMI 
 V.S.LL.M, 
 
 Mairibus Suis Similio Miles ex C{l)asse 
 Germanica peditum Pleromario- 
 rum Cresimi, votum solvit Icetus 
 lubens merito. 
 
 Hodgson's " Roman Wall," p. 227. 
 
 G 2 
 
44 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 MATRIBVS 
 MOPATIBVS 
 
 SVIS 
 M.LIBERIVS 
 
 VICTOR 
 
 GIVES 
 
 NERVIVS 
 
 NEG.FRV. 
 
 V.S.L.M. 
 
 Matrihus Mopatibtis Suis M. Liherius 
 Victor civis Nervius negociator 
 frumentarius votum solvit libenter 
 merito. 
 
 IN 
 HONOREM 
 DOMVS DIVI 
 NAE DIS MAIRABVS 
 VICANI VICI PACIS. 
 
 In honor em domtis divinw Dis Maira- 
 bus vicani Vici Pads. 
 
 With the exception of Nos. 4 and 6 in the above selection from numerous similar 
 inscriptions found in Germany,^ the three goddesses are sumamed from localities 
 most of which may be recognized. They are here almost as frequently styled 
 Matrones as Matres, which is not the case in inscriptions found in Great Britain. 
 Nos. 4 and 6 assist in explaining the fragment referred to above [Matribus Suis). 
 It is not unreasonable to suggest that the formula Proxiimis Suis, occurring in some 
 incriptions found in the south of France, such as atilia prima proxvmis svis, at 
 Aries, may refer to the Dese Matres as domestic divinities, the guardians of families 
 in their dwellings. No. 6, in which the goddesses are styled Mairce, is a dedication 
 to the imperial family by the inhabitants of a street or quarter of Mediomatrica 
 (Metz) called Vicus Pads. The word Maii^oe, through apparently derived from the 
 Greek Molpai,, Parcce, or Fates, may be considered as synonymous with Matres ; 
 and which may yet be traced in the German maJir, and in our night-mare. At the 
 same time the representation of the goddesses upon this monument, the only one, so 
 far as I am aware of, which bears their effigies and name, is somewhat different from 
 those of the Matres and Matrones. They are standing. The middle one and the 
 one on her right hold what appears to be the blossom of a rose ; but the position of 
 the hands and arms is not similar. The figure on the left of the middle one has 
 her left hand under her robes, and her right hand pointing and against her breast. 
 There are peculiarities in the head dresses. The figure in the middle has a small 
 
 See Dr. Steiner's " Codex Inscriptionum Romanarum Rheni ;" and Dr. Lersch's " Central- 
 museum Rheinlandischer Inschriften." 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 45 
 
 disc upon her forehead : her companion on her right has the ornament usually- 
 bound on the head of Isis.^ One or two bas-reliefs without inscriptions have been 
 discovered in France of the three goddesses, standing. In one instance, at the least, 
 they carry cornucopias, emblems which seem incontestibly to identify them with the 
 Dese Matres, and prove that the standing posture may be merely the result of the 
 caprice of the sculptor or of local fashion. Fig. 1, pi. vi, which was found in 
 London, is the only example I have yet seen, discovered in the country, in which 
 these deities are sculptured as standing. It is of the rudest workmanship. 
 
 Plate iv. This sarcophagus was dug up, a few years since, at the north-west 
 corner of Haydon Square, about fifteen feet from Sheppy Yard. It lay east and 
 west, at the entire depth of about fifteen feet. Immediately above it were two 
 skeletons embedded in lime, but without urns or other usual accompaniments of 
 Roman sepulture. Above these skeletons some indications of other interments had 
 been noticed ; and stUl nearer the surface were two encaustic tiles, probably part of 
 the flooring of the religious house of the Sisters of the order of St. Clare, conmionly 
 called Sorores Minores, from whom the neighbouring street derived its name. The 
 sarcophagus is formed out of a rather soft oolitic stone, apparently Barnaek rag; 
 and measures in length nearly five feet, in width about two feet, and in height, 
 including the cover, twenty-two inches. The entire front and the sides are orna- 
 mented ; the back is quite plain. The cover, which is roofed or saddle-backed, is 
 ornamented on its face with a foliated pattern, which, together with the striated 
 decoration on the lower portion, may be frequently seen on Roman sarcophagi. In 
 the centre is a sunken circular compartment, containing, in bas rehef, the bust 
 of a youthful male figure, clad in a tunic, the head turned to the left, and the 
 countenance marked with an individuahty of expression, which suggests the notion 
 of its having been intended for a portrait of the person whose body was deposited 
 within the sarcophagus. The age of the tenant of the tomb, as inferred from the 
 skeleton, supports this opinion. The hair of the head is by no means so well 
 executed as the features of the face, on which some care and skill have been 
 bestowed. Each of the extremities of the sarcophagus is sculptured with a basket 
 of fruit resembling apples. 
 
 The sarcophagus contained a leaden cofiin, within which were the skuU and the 
 disjointed and partly decomposed bones of a boy of about ten or twelve years of 
 age, embedded in lime. The coffin was well preserved, and ornamented with leaden 
 patterns and escalop shells^ upon the lid, which is slightly turned over along the 
 
 ' Gruter, vol. i, p. 92. in which also are other examples of Roman leaden 
 
 ' See " Collectanea Antiqua," vol. iii, pi. xiv, coffins found in this country. 
 
46 ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 edge, the corners being cut to admit of the folding necessary to make a cover lapping 
 about an inch over the coffin. 
 
 Sarcophagi ornamented with bas-rehefs are of very uncommon occurrence in this 
 country. They are usually either almost quite plain, or worked in a simple pattern, 
 like those found at Keston^ and York,^ some of the latter being inscribed in plain 
 labels on the side. But on the continent they abound in great numbers, and axe 
 frequently most elaborately sculptured with festoons, genii, mythological designs, 
 hunting subjects, and occasionally portraits of the deceased. One, in marble, 
 published by M. Ameth,^ bears a bust in the centre, evidently intended for a 
 likeness of the defunct, supported by winged genii, with various accessory orna- 
 ments. In the cathedral of Eheims is preserved a marble sarcophagus, the sides of 
 which are covered with scenes of the chase in high relief, and of the most intricate 
 and careful workmanship. Advancing further south, similar marble sarcophagi 
 covered with sculpture are among the most common of the antiquities preserved in 
 the museums and churches. Those of the early Christian epoch are not the least 
 interesting, as they are usually richly sculptured with scenes from sacred writ, 
 blended with mythological and profane subjects. On most of these sarcophagi the 
 designs and ornaments were dictated by popular taste, and not at all selected with 
 any reference to the profession, calling, or history of the persons buried in them. 
 The utter inapphcability of the sculptures, and the constant repetition of the same 
 scenes and myths, show that the sarcophagi were often kept ready made by the 
 manufacturers, to be used as required. In the Life of St. Frohert, abbot of Troyes 
 in Champagne, in the seventh century, we read that at her death the abbess of Saint- 
 Quintin asked if they had prepared a coffin 1 They replied, that they had purchased 
 of an illustrious man, named Walbert, a coffin of stone ; but that it would not suit 
 on account of the great stature of the deceased. They then demanded another of 
 the merchant, who ceded that which he had prepared for himself* 
 
 There is a story in Bede^ about the burial of St. Etheldreda, abbess of Ely 
 (seventh century) : " She (her sister Sexberga) ordered some of the brethren to 
 provide a stone to make a coffin of : they accordingly went on board a vessel, 
 because the county of Ely is on every side encompassed with the sea or marshes and 
 has no large stones, and came to a small abandoned city, not far from thence, which 
 in the language of the English is called Grantchester ; and presently, near the city 
 
 1 i( 
 
 ■ Archaeologia," vol. xxii, pi. xxxii. * Mabillon, " Acta SS. Beneditt.," torn, ii, 
 
 - Wellbeloved's " Eburacum." p. 607. 
 ^ " ArchaBologische Analecten," taf. 1, Wien, " "Hist.," lib. iv, c. 19. 
 
 1853. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 47 
 
 walls, they found a white marble coffin, most beautifully wrought, and neatly 
 covered with a lid of the same sort of stone. Concluding, therefore, that God 
 had prospered their journey, they returned thanks to Him, and carried it to the 
 monastery." 
 
 In most of the sarcophagi, the body was placed entire and covered with slacked 
 lime. In other cases, when the body was burnt, the vessels used at the funereal 
 ceremony, the personal ornaments and other objects, were not unfrequently placed 
 in massive rectangular stone cists with covers, such as have been found at Avisford,^ 
 in Sussex, at Harpendon, in Hertfordshire,^ and at Southfleet, in Kent.^ Sometimes 
 these cists are of small dimensions : one, found at Cirencester, hatl been formed 
 apparently out of part of a shaft of a column, made hoUow to receive the cinerary 
 urn. It is remarkable that most, if not all, sepulchral deposits such as these referred 
 to are without inscriptions. It is probable that the epitaphs were cut upon separate 
 stones, which, in the course of time, were destroyed or converted to other purposes. 
 A recent discovery at Densworth, in Sussex,* favours this supposition, for, near the 
 cist, were fragments of an inscription upon a slab of Purbeck marble, in well-cut 
 letters, two inches in length. 
 
 Plate v. This fiomre, in a coarse oolitic limestone, is broken at the knees and 
 at the elbow of the left arm : it is twenty-six inches in height. It represents a 
 youthful personage with long and curling hair, dressed in the Phrygian cap, and a 
 pallium, or cloak, fastened by a fibula, or, rather, a button, upon the right shoulder 
 over a tunic and waistband. In the left hand is a bow. The design and treatment 
 of this figure are good ; and the drapery is graceful : the right arm, however, is 
 disproportionately thick. It is probably of provincial workmanship ; and is of a 
 better style of art than many of the sculptured figures which, from the nature of the 
 material and from other circumstances, may be considered of native manufacture. 
 It may be classed, as of equal merit, with the statues in the Duke of Bedford's 
 collection, discovered, a few years since, by the late Mr. Artis, in Bedford Purlieus, 
 where they had unquestionably been sculptured out of the compact ooKte of 
 the locality. In the same class of works of art, may also be placed the Sphinx 
 • discovered at Colchester, and a few of the sculptures exhumed upon the line of the 
 Roman Wall. 
 
 It was found in Bevis Marks ; and having been carried away, by persons in the 
 employ of the Commissioners of Sewers, beyond the precincts of the City, was about 
 
 ' " Collectanea Antiqua," vol. i, pi. xliv. two examples are now in the British Museum. 
 
 ' " ArchsDological Journal," vol ii, p. 250. * Sussex Archaeological Collections, vol. x, p. 
 
 ' " Archceologia/' vol. xiv, p. 28. The last 175. 
 
48 ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 to be sent to a remote part of the country; but, fortunately, I heard of the dis- 
 covery, and, with some difficulty, succeeded in recovering it. 
 
 Fig. 4, pi. ii, is a small altar, dug up in making excavations for Goldsmiths' Hall, 
 in which building it is preserved, owing to the exertions of Mr. E. Spencer and the 
 late Mr. SauU. The former of these gentlemen accidentally noticing it among the 
 rubbish about to be carted away, interfered to save it; and with the aid of Mr. SauU, 
 ultimately succeeded in securing it. It bears in bas-relipf a figure of Diana, with 
 bow and quiver, and a hound at her feet : on the side is a tree ; and upon the back 
 is rudely sculptured a tripod and sacrificial implements. 
 
 Sir Christopher Wren imagined that a temple of Diana stood upon the site of 
 St. Paul's cathedral. But he had no better reasons to support his hypothesis than 
 the large quantities of bones of animals found there, such as have since been found in 
 various parts of the City. It is not improbable that there may have been temples 
 to Diana and other divinities in Londinium ; but foundations and inscriptions, or 
 ponderous sculptures, would be requisite to justify us in indicating their sites. 
 
 Figs. 3 and 4, pi. iii, the former 2 ft. 4 in., the latter 2 ft. 7 in. in length, were 
 found at Tower Hill, in 1852. With them were numerous other architectural 
 fragments, which had formed parts of cornices, pilasters, and foundations of 
 some large building or buildings; the fragments of a miU-stone, in Rhenish lava, 
 2^ ft. in diameter, and pieces of wall-painting, one of which bore traces of an 
 inscription in large letters. Figs. 2 to 8, pi. vi, are also architectural fragments, all 
 of which were embedded in walls as building materials. To these may be added 
 the fragment, in green sandstone, with a trellis and floriated pattern, and the 
 portions of marble pilasters {Col. Ant., vol. i, pi. xlviii b), which were found in the 
 great Roman wall in Thames Street. 
 
 Domestic altar, in coloured marble ; from the 
 
 Thames, near old London Bridge. 
 
 Three inches square. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 49 
 
 TESSELLATED PAVEMENTS. 
 
 Of all the grander works of Roman art which have come down to oiir times, none 
 are more numerous and remarkable than the tessellated pavements which formed 
 the floorings of domestic dwellings, of temples, and of other public buildings. Viewed 
 simply as part of the construction of habitations, they were admirably contrived 
 for durability as weU as for warmth and dryness, essentials towards the comfort and 
 health of life. Even where houses were not furnished with hypocausts, the thick 
 mass of calcareous concrete in which the pavements were laid repelled damp from 
 the moisture of the earth ; but it was seldom a house was not partially warmed by 
 means of heated air ; and in those of the larger kinds, as well as in the extensive 
 villas of which so many remains are yet preserved, the winter and summer rooms 
 are easily to be recognised by the direct communications with the heating apparatus, 
 and by the rooms which are isolated from it. These pavements were designed solely, 
 as may be supposed, for indoors apartments, and not for exposure to the inclemencies 
 of the weather, particularly to frost ia damp climates. Of this, practical evidence 
 was given, a few years since, in the attempt made to pave the area of the new Royal 
 Exchange with tessellated work, somewhat in imitation of the Roman, when the 
 first frost disintegrated the tessellae and compelled the adoption of a more suitable 
 pavement. 
 
 But apart from their adaptation to the material purposes of hfe, the Roman tessel- 
 lated pavements were pictorial embellishments, wrought with infinite skill, to gratify 
 the eye by the representation in colours of various subjects, which, by their character 
 and execution, served to relieve the dwelling apartments of that gloom with which 
 we of the present day, at least, associate rooms deprived of visual connexion with 
 the life of the external world. Like other works of art they possessed their grades 
 of goodness : some were rough enough ; many of mediocre design ; but many of 
 the highest excellence. In the last of these degrees may be placed the Bellerophon 
 killing the Chimera, discovered at Autun, and exhibited in London a few years ago. 
 It is a masterpiece of art, whether the drawing of the group be criticised, or the 
 wonderful care displayed in selecting and disposing the coloured tesseUae so as 
 to give the eflect of light, shade, and relief, such as is produced in the finest oil 
 paintings ; and grand as is this particular specimen, many others, almost or 
 
 H 
 
50 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 'quite equal to it, could be readily appealed to. Our own country abounds in fine 
 examples, such as those so well known iu the west and south of England ; and, in 
 short, they are stiU plentiful throughout what constituted the Roman empire. 
 
 It is the universahty of the evidence of this art, and the perfection to which it was 
 carried in all countries, that place it among those striking emanations of the genius 
 of the ancients which excite our wonder and admiration. It was an art which, like 
 others, flourished imder particular circumstances, and waned and decayed when 
 those circumstances ceased to exist, never again to appear in its pristine perfection 
 Towards the south it may be traced to the eleventh and twelfth centuries in Christian 
 cathedrals and churches ;' and the Itahans are stiU celebrated for compositions in 
 mosaic ; but the Roman tessellated pavements belonged to the genius of a nation 
 and declined with it, like sculpture, coin engraving, and fresco painting. In all 
 these arts it is possible to produce meritorious works ; but in comparison with their 
 archetypes, they are the exception and not the rule. With the ancients they were 
 the result of the peculiar education of the national mind : with the moderns the 
 national mind is not, and cannot be, trained to revive and maintain what it is not 
 adapted for. The sculptor who devotes a hfe to attain perfection in his profession, 
 finds, too late, that his best historical and ideal achievements are but sparingly 
 appreciated ; and the best engravers of the mint are mortified and discouraged in 
 being restricted to the trite and uninstructive demands of modern taste. With the 
 ancients, artists, as is testified by their works, were so numerous that it would seem 
 almost every man possessed an innate gift, a pecuhar organisation framed by nature 
 for accomphshing readUy what is now only to be attained by individuals, here and 
 there, with pain and labour. Witness the countless works yet remaining of the 
 genius of the ancients ; consider alone the endless variety and number of Greek and 
 Roman coins, the architectural remains, the statues which their towns and cities 
 counted by hundreds and by thousands ; their gems and ornaments : view these 
 and other works only as a small fragment of what has survived a general destruction; 
 and we may form a faint notion of the diffusion of artistic genius in the mind of the 
 ancients. The persons employed for the common purposes of a house, such as wall- 
 painting and the laying down of the pavements, were artists whose equals in the 
 present day would be accounted eminent ; and yet they were probably often exer- 
 cising at the same time two or three occupations, in a subordinate social position. 
 
 The Greeks were the inventors of this art, which originally appears to have been 
 
 * In the north of France, at St. Omer and at the latter part of the eleventh century, is per- 
 Arras, are preserved some fine examples ; but that haps the finest and most elaborate in the north of 
 of the church of St. Remy at Rheims, executed Europe. 
 
ILLUSTEATI0N8 OF ROMAN LONDON. 51 
 
 somewhat analogous to fresco painting ■} but there are evidences of its introduction 
 in Rome at a very early period. The term tessellated, which we apply to the 
 particular kind of pavement under consideration, is not strictly correct ; for the 
 word would imply that tesserce or squares were used, such as were employed by the 
 ancients in a different description of pavements (jaavimenta tesseUata), formed 
 exclusively either of large squared stone, or of small squared dies of coloured marble 
 and stone, which only admitted of arrangement into certain geometrical figures on 
 account of their regular forms. It belonged to the same class as the pavimentum 
 sectile, which was made up of pieces cut into squares, triangles, hexagons, etc., which 
 admitted of a greater variety of designs. It is probable these kinds, on account of 
 their being adapted for easier combination, preceded the more laborious and intricate 
 pavements, in which were represented the figures of men and animals. Suetonius 
 states that Jvdius Caesar carried the materials for making these pavements as part of 
 the military baggage.^ The term vermiculata correctly expresses the character of 
 those with which we are famihar under the name of tessellated pavements. Instead 
 of being constructed as the above-mentioned varieties, they are formed chiefly of 
 irregularly shaped pieces of marble, stone, and other materials, often, indeed, 
 approaching to squares, but by no means wholly so. These pieces are arranged 
 to make up pictures in undulating lines, which somewhat resemble the twisting 
 together of worms, and hence the term vermiculated : in such pictures it is obvious 
 that square pieces would be utterly unmanagable, and we find they are only used in 
 certain geometrical figures and in the borders to wavy compositions, which are 
 made of straight parallel lines. A reference to the plates viii to xii wiU explain this 
 distinction readily. The vermiculated pavement was also called opus mvsivum or 
 musiacum (whence our word mosaic), though, from a passage in Pliny {H. N., 
 xxxvi, 21), it would seem that musivum was originally used for walls and ceilings : 
 in later times, however, it seems to have been a general term for the better kinds of 
 vermiculated pavements. Spartian speaks of a representation of Pescennius Niger 
 {pictum de musivo), in a portico in the gardens of Commodus,^ at Rome, in a 
 composition of portraits of the friends of that prince, he, Pescennius, canning the 
 sacred insignia of Isis. TrebeUius PoUio also uses the term (picturcUam de museo) 
 in describing a pavement at Rome which represented the Emperor Aurehan con- 
 
 • Pavimenta originem apud Groecos habent, menta circum tulisse. — " Jul. Cses.," cap. xlvii. 
 
 elaborata arte, picturse ratione, donee lithostrata ^ Hunc in Commodianis hortis, in porticu 
 
 expulere earn. Plin. " Nat. Hist.," lib. xxxvi, curva, pictum de musivo inter Commodi amicis- 
 
 cap. 25. simos videmus sacra Isidis ferentem. — " Pesc. 
 
 ' In expeditionibus tesseUata et sectilia pavi- Nig.," c. 6. 
 
 h2 
 
52 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON.' 
 
 ferring the senatorial garb upon the Tetrici, and receiving from them the sceptre 
 and civic crown. ^ 
 
 Procopius^ also records a pavement in giving a curious anecdote relating to 
 Theodoric, king of the Goths. He states that the head of his effigies (executed in 
 opus musivum), in the Forum at Naples, came away from the body, the stones 
 separating of their own accord; and that the death of the king followed shortly 
 after. 
 
 These passages are also interesting as preserving some subjects of tessellated 
 pavements, which the Romans themselves considered remarkable, both historically 
 and pictorially. The opus musivum, therefore, whenever we find it mentioned in 
 ancient writers, indicates the finer kinds of coloured pavements for the interior of 
 habitations : the opus tessellatum designated the coarser descriptions of pavements, 
 formed of squared stones, such as were used in courts, in passages, and sometimes in 
 the walls of towns and buildings, being calculated to withstand the action of the 
 winter atmosphere, to which the dehcate opus musivum was altogether unsuited. 
 
 As before observed, these pavements include a great variety of subjects and 
 several grades of design and workmanship, some being of comparatively rude 
 execution, while many are finished works of the highest art, exhibiting the finest 
 conception of arrangement and of light and shadow, correct drawing, and that broad 
 and free treatment which mark the best Greek and Eoman schools. The Bellerophon 
 of Autun has already been appealed to. Nothing can be more successful than the 
 workmanship of this difficult subject, which is equal to the grandeur and spirit of 
 the design : the noble bearing and graceful pose of the rider, the fire of the horse, 
 and the wounded monster beneath, are all drawn by a master hand, and so well has 
 the workman copied the design, that the composition has all the efiiect of a highly 
 finished painting. Many of the continental museums possess examples quite equal 
 in merit ; and it must always be remembered, that the nature of the materials 
 demanded the nicest care in arrangement to produce the gradations of colour and 
 shade so necessary to produce a pleasing and harmonious picture. 
 
 The finest discovered in this country are those at Woodchester and Cirencester, 
 in Gloucestershire ; at Horkstow, in Lincolnshire ; at Frampton, in Dorsetshire ; 
 at Littlecote Park, in Wiltshire ; at Thruxton and at Bramdean, in Hampshire ; 
 in Somersetshire ; at Bignor, in Sussex ; in Northamptonshire ; and in Yorkshire.^ 
 
 ' Tetricorum domus hodieque extat in monte piens ab his sceptrum, coronam civicam pictura- 
 
 Cselio inter duos lucos contra Isium Metellinum, tam de museo. — " Trigint. Tyran.," xxiii. 
 pulcherrima, in qua Aurelianus pictus est, utrique ^ "De Belle Gothico," lib. i, c. 24. 
 
 pretestam tribuens senatoriam dignitatem, acci- ' Examples will be found in the following 
 
•ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 53 
 
 I am not aware that many have been found north of Yorkshire : in Northumberland, 
 iu the great sttitions, they give place to floorings of very large flagstones resting 
 upon square colvmins of stone : unlike the middle and south of Britain, the antiquities 
 of the north are more exclusively mUitary. The coimty of Kent, the most fertile and 
 most civilized part of Britain, can boast of none of these beautiful works of ancient 
 art, and none of a very high class have ever been recorded as discovered in it. The 
 absence of these peculiar evidences of civilization and luxury, is to be attributed to 
 the populous and cvdtivated state of Kent being far less favotirable to the preserva- 
 tion of such remains than districts which were but partially tenanted and tilled, 
 perhaps, for centuries after the Romans left Britain. 
 
 The subjects are sometimes historical, as the well-known battle of Issus, between 
 Alexander and Darius ; and portraits of eminent men : more frequently they are 
 mythological; sports of the circus and amphitheatre; hunting scenes; animals, 
 flowers, and rural pursuits ; while a great many are chiefly confined to geometrical 
 patterns, relieved by the introduction of flowers, vases, and scrolls. Sometimes they 
 are accompanied by inscriptions relating to the subjects of the work. In one of the 
 Frampton pavements, beneath a head of Neptune, in the beard of which are two 
 dolphins, is a metrical description ; and there are the remains of another, beneath a 
 figure of Cupid, in the same pavement. Below two Cupids holding a basket of 
 fruit, in one of the floorings of the Woodchester villa, is inscribed bonvm eventvm, 
 and in another compartment biinii oolite {Bonum Eventum bene colite), an admo- 
 nition to pay proper regard to Bonus Eventus, the god of good luck. A square 
 compartment of a pavement discovered at Mienne, near Marboue (Eure-et-Loii-e), 
 has two cupids, bearing between them a circular shield, inscribed ex oficina feroni 
 FELIX VT ISTE LEGO, denoting that Feronus was the artist, and wishing him pros- 
 perity.^ In one of the pavements discovered upon the site of the ancient Italica in 
 Spain, are busts of the nine muses and their emblems, each superscribed with her 
 name. In the later times of the Roman empire the pavements begin to reflect the 
 influence of Christianity : first by the introduction of the cross, or the monogi-am of 
 Christ, among profane subjects ; next by scriptural personages and scenes inter- 
 mixed with mythological subjects ; and lastly, in the general substitution of scriptural 
 
 works : " Reliquiae Britannico-Romanse," of S. Roman Isurium (now Aldborough), illustrated ;" 
 
 Lysons; " Illustrations of the Remains of Roman by H. Ecroyd Smith. 
 
 Art in Cirencester," by Messrs. Buckman and ' The latter portion is somewhat equivocal. It 
 
 Newmarch; "Collectanea Antiqua," for pave- has been suggested that the last word may be Zet'o, 
 
 ments found at Eramdean, Basildon, Daventry, the nominative to the sentence, and not the verb 
 
 and Carthage ; " Durobrivae Illustrated," by E. T. Leyo ; but it looks more like the latter. "Mem. 
 
 Artis ; "Reliquiae Isurianac, the remains of the de la Soc. des Ant. de France," torn, xii, p. 153. 
 
54 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON." 
 
 for pagan representations, but still treated in the classical style. In the later works 
 inscriptions are more frequently introduced. A pavement excavated at Salona, in 
 1848, exhibits two stags, among trees and flowers, drinking out of a large classic 
 vase ; and, above, is an appUcation from the Psalms : sic Cervvs desiderat ad 
 
 FONTES AQVARVM ITA DESIDERAT ANIMA MEA AD TE DEVS. Others, at Eome, and 
 
 in several of the continental cities, are remarkable for the confusion of sacred and 
 profane matters, such as Theseus with David and Goliah, or Orpheus with other 
 sacred personages, the inscriptions clearly deciding the characters and subjects. 
 
 The London tessellated pavements which I am about to describe are, so far as I 
 am aware of, aU that have been preserved, either whoUy or in part ; but they cannot 
 be considered as constituting, upon the most moderate calculation, the tenth part of 
 the number destroyed during the present century, or, perhaps, during the last twenty 
 or thirty years. 
 
 Plate vii represents a view taken of a pavement, in situ, discovered, in 1854, 
 between Bishopsgate Street and Broad Street, when the Excise Ofiice was puUed 
 down. It lay beneath the vaults of the south-eastern area, at the depth of from 
 thirteen to fourteen feet below the level of the present street. It had formed the 
 floor of an apartment twenty-eight feet square, of which the walls had been removed, 
 and also the contiguous parts of the viUa of which it formed part, probably one 
 of the summer rooms. This pavement is a good example of the pleasing efi"ect 
 produced by the judicious arrangement of numerous and complex patterns, which 
 can only be fully understood by seeing the pavements themselves or by engravings. 
 If the work is not of the first excellence, it is quite equal to the generahty of the 
 pavements of this peculiar class, examples of which are afforded in plates ix, x, and 
 xi ; but inferior to that of plate xii, which is altogether of a higher order. In the 
 square central compartment, are the remains of a female figure seated upon an 
 animal. This has been conjectured to represent Ariadne upon the Panther ; but 
 the treatment of the sitting figure, and the action of the animal, seem to favour the 
 supposition that the artist intended to portray Europa upon the Bull. This portion 
 of the pavement is badly preserved, but Mr. Fairholt has succeeded in giving the 
 outlines of what remained. It is stated in the Archceologia, vol. xxxvi, p. 211 
 (where a coloured engraving is given), that the pavement was removed carefully, 
 with a view to its being exhibited at the Crystal Palace. 
 
 With this discovery may be mentioned that which took place, a few years 
 previous in Bishopsgate Street, at an adjacent spot, from which it will be seen that 
 the site of another room of this villa may be considered as ascertained. In sinking a 
 square drain, to the depth of thirteen feet from the street level, in the cellar of Mr. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 55 
 
 Volkman, No. 101, a portion of a pavement, plate viii, fig. 1, was laid open. It lies 
 fifty-three feet from Bishopsgate Street, from what was the yard of the old Excise 
 Office, and therefore contiguous to the pavement found in 1854. It was in good 
 preservation, and was saved from all immediate casualties by a layer of bricks placed 
 upon it. In the same cellar, and close to the street, I was informed, stood an arch 
 formed of square flat tUes, laid in mortar of such extreme hardness that it was with 
 difficulty the structure was pulled down.^ 
 
 The two pavements represented in plates ix and x were discovered in the spring 
 of 1841, in excavating the foundation of the French Protestant church, in Thread- 
 needle Street, to prepare the site for the Hall of Commerce. The area of the church 
 was excavated to the depth of about fourteen feet. It was intersected with chalk 
 walls, apparently belonging to some part of the Hospital of St. Antony, which 
 formerly occupied the site. One of the walls had been budt into the first of these 
 pavements (pi. ix), which had evidently been further injured at the same time, when 
 adjacent pavements, of which only traces remained, were destroyed. This, indeed, 
 can only be considered as a fragment, apparently of a passage. It measures about 
 six feet by five, and is composed of rows of red tesserae an inch square, which 
 enclose squares and lozenges, the latter arranged lengthways and transversely, the 
 spandrils being the halves of lozenges similarly disposed. The squares are filled 
 alternately with rosettes of eight and four leaves, frets, and wheels or whorles ; 
 the lozenges with a labyrinthine pattern. The tesserae are white, black, slate 
 colour, and a dull green, formed from natural stones ; and red and yellow from 
 artificial : the green, apparently from a native marble, is much worn by time and 
 weather. 
 
 The pavement (plate x) was discovered on the north side of the former, and 
 at about six feet and a half from it. The extreme length of it is thirteen feet 
 and a half : it was impossible to ascertain how far the outer border originally 
 extended, but it was probably much deeper. Within the white border next to the 
 red, is a kiad of embattled fret in red and yellow, within which is a smaller white 
 border, and one of two rows of blueish tesserse of Petworth marble. The central 
 figure is of an elaborate and elegant kind. It may be described as a flower or 
 rosette of eight leaves, from behind which the points of eight others are visible. 
 
 ' A note appended to my communication of that an instance of an enlightened and conserva- 
 
 this discovery to the Society of Antiquaries is as live spirit deserves especial notice. I therefore 
 
 follows: "It is so seldom that I have witnessed, make honourable mention of Mr. John Shelton, 
 
 during my researches in London, either in public who very promptly gave notice of the discovery of 
 
 'bodies or in private individuals, any disposition to the pavement, and was thus instrumental in saving 
 
 encourage or tolerate antiquarian investigation, it." 
 
56 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 Each of the eight upper leaves has in its centre a trefoil, and these are connected by 
 a band of two rows of red tesserse. In this the artist has given a representation of 
 three surfaces, and although it would perplex the naturalist to determine the class 
 and order of the flower, the pictorial efi'ect produced by the ingenuity of the design 
 is striking and pleasing. 
 
 The extent of the villa to which these pavements belonged could not be ascer- 
 tained ; but it must have been spacious. The vestiges of other floorings and of 
 passages were noticed, but the walls had entirely disappeared. From the remains of 
 wall-paintings, the rooms had been decorated in a superior style : the ground of 
 some of the paintings was red, bordered with green, blue, black, and yellow ; other 
 fragments were painted with flowers and foliage in red, yellow, white, and green, 
 upon a black ground. A considerable quantity of charcoal and some charred barley 
 was found upon the same level as the pavements, suggesting fire to have been the 
 agent of destruction of this villa. The earliest of the coins found among the ruins 
 was of Claudius, the latest of Constantine.^ It appears by one of the journals of the 
 day that in 1792, while digging for a sewer from St. Peter-le-Poor to Threadneedle 
 Street, a tessellated pavement was laid open in this locahty. It is described as 
 having been circular, and of great extent. Upon it was a quantity of burnt com 
 and charcoal, pottery, and coins, some of which are spoken of as copper, plated with 
 silver. 
 
 As the viHas to which these remains belonged were partly situated beneath 
 Threadneedle Street, they exclude it, as a street, from any claims to a remote 
 antiquity ; and wherever excavations were made between this part of Threadneedle 
 Street and CornhiU, the foundations of buildings and pavements were intersected. 
 Some of the pavements were evidently of a superior description. Among the 
 fragments was a female head, of the size of life, formed of coloured stones and glass. 
 
 In 1805 the pavement represented in plate xi was discovered under the south- 
 west angle of the Bank of England, about twenty feet west of the westernmost gate 
 of the Bank, opening into Lothbury, and at the depth of twelve feet below the street 
 level. The entire floor is stated to have been eleven feet square. The ornamental 
 portion is a fohated cross, the Hmbs of which terminate in flowers and tendrils, 
 surrounded by a square g-uiUoche pattern, with flowers in the angles. The white 
 ground is studded with dark stones. This pavement is preserved in the British 
 Museum. During the late excavations for sewerage I noticed the remains of a 
 
 ' The late Mr. Moxhay, the proprietor of the in situ for some time, allowing the public free 
 premises, afforded me every assistance in my re- ingress to inspect them ; and subsequently, at my 
 searches. He allowed the pavements to remain suggestion, deposited them in the British Museum. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 5*1 
 
 tessellated pavement in Lotlibury, opposite Founders' Court. It was upon the same 
 level as the above. 
 
 A very superior description of tessellated pavements was found in Leadenhall 
 Street, in 1803. It was discovered by workmen digging for a drain, about nine feet 
 below the pavement in front of the East India House, opposite to the easternmost 
 columns of the portico. The centre portion, about four feet square, was taken up 
 complete, the remainder in separate portions, and it was deposited in good condition 
 in the library of the East India House. After some years it was unfortunately placed 
 in the open air, when the action of the atmosphere loosened the tesserse ; and 
 destroyed all but the central portion, which, a few years since, was recovered from 
 among the debris, and by order of Professor Wilson securely fastened upon a slab 
 of slate and restored to the library. Fortunately a good engraving was made, soon 
 after its discovery, by Mr. T. Fisher, from which plate xii has been carefully 
 prepared by Mr. Basire, giving a faithful representation of its elaborate and elegant 
 design, of which no written description could convey a correct notion. 
 
 The central design exhibits Bacchus reclining upon the Panther. In his right 
 hand he holds an empty drinkiag-cup, and in his left hand the thyrsus ; a mantle 
 falls from the right shoulder, which is gathered over the left leg and the right thigh; 
 and he wears the cothurnus, or high boot, laced in front. His head is decorated with 
 vine leaves, fastened by fillets which hang down on each side of the neck. The 
 blue or purple and green colours in this composition are formed of glass ; the others, 
 of natural stones and coloured argillaceous earths. Mr. Fisher reckoned no less than 
 twenty distinct tints used in the entire design of this pavement. 
 
 The treatment of Bacchus and the Panther very closely resembles that of a 
 similar subject in one of the pavements of the Eoman villa at Thruxton, near 
 Weyhill, in Hampshire,^ except that in the latter the figure of the god is more erect, 
 that of the panther more crouching, and the right arm, holding a wine cup, is 
 extended : the position of the thyrsus, the arrangement of the drapery, the vine 
 leaves upon the head, as well as other details, are very similar. 
 
 The depth at which this pavement lay was only nine and a half feet, while that 
 of the others was from twelve to thirteen feet, which was the depth of a tessellated 
 pavement discovered in Crosby Square, Bishopsgate ; and of one in Paternoster Row, 
 which I thus described at the period of its discovery.^ " An extensive and superb 
 tessellated pavement, discovered at the depth of twelve feet six inches, was cut 
 through and destroyed during my unavoidable absence from the works. I gathered 
 
 ' Drawn on stone by J. Lickman : printed by " " Archeologia," vol. xxvi, p. 396; Idem, 
 
 J. Holloway, Salisbury, 1823. vol. xxix, p. 155. 
 
 I 
 
58 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 the followmg particulars from a person who was present at its destruction. It 
 extended at least forty feet. The border of the pavement, so far as I can decide 
 from the description, was composed of the rich guilloche pattern, enclosing rosettes. 
 Towards the centre were compartments, in which were depicted birds and beasts. 
 In one division was an object resembling a star-fish. This meagre account, calcu- 
 lated only to excite curiosity and regret, is all I am able to supply : nor can I give 
 more satisfactory information on a portion of another fine pavement, discovered 
 under similar circumstances in Bartholomew Lane, near the Bank. Of this a large 
 piece was preserved by the City authorities, but where it has been deposited I 
 cannot learn." In Paternoster Row, at a depth somewhat greater than that of the 
 pavement, was a skeleton in a tile-tomb, similar to an interment found in Bow 
 Lane, and deposited, of course, long anterior to the construction of the pavement. 
 
 In July last a portion of a coloured tessellated pavement was laid open in 
 Fenchurch Street, in digging the foundation of the house numbered 37, opposite 
 Cullum Street.^ The annexed wood-cut shews the fragment in situ, as it was 
 
 sketched by Mr. Fairholt. 
 Its dimensions are 3 ft. 4 
 in. by 2 ft. 6 in. The 
 predominant colours of 
 the peacock and vase are 
 a dull brown, red, yellow, 
 black, white, and blue, 
 upon a white ground. Of 
 these the blue is composed 
 of glass. The guilloche 
 border is red, white, and 
 black ; this is enclosed by 
 borders of white, black, 
 red, and black, in coarser tesserae. This fragment was found at the depth of eleven 
 feet and a half The locality which afforded this fragment of what would seem to 
 have been an extensive pavement, is full of foundations of Roman houses, as I 
 noted during the excavations made there some years since. 
 
 The depths at which these tessellated pavements are discovered give a good 
 notion of the increase of the soil since the period of their construction. This must 
 have been, in most of those described and referred to, nearly a foot a century ; but 
 
 ' I am indebted to Mr. W. W. King, of King Street, Cheapside, for early information of this 
 
 discovery. 
 
ILLUSTRATIOKS OF ROMAN LONDON. 59 
 
 local circumstances would have some influence. The Fenchurch Street pavement, 
 the last discovered, was not at so great a depth as the others ; while in CoUege 
 Street, on the site of Dyers' Hall, one was found at the depth of from fifteen to 
 sixteen feet. In Lombard Street, on the contrary, I have noted that, in 1839, a 
 tessellated pavement was observed at the depth of eight feet only, running under 
 the present street. This pavement must have been made at a very late period, as 
 earth, impregnated with Roman remains, extended to a very considerable depth 
 immediately under it. 
 
 The substruction or bed in which the tessellated work was laid is, invariably, 
 a thick concrete, composed of lime with gravel or pounded tile, and sand. In the 
 summer rooms this rested upon the native ground. In the winter apartments it was 
 placed upon pillars or square columns, formed of tiles and mortar, arranged in 
 rows at equal distances from each other, to the full extent of the floor. Upon the 
 top of these pillars were larger tiles, mortared together, forming an even surface. 
 Upon this was laid the concrete into which the tesserae were worked. From a 
 furnace, situated on the outside, heated air flowed beneath the rooms, and passed up 
 the walls through hollow tiles, examples of which may be found in a further part of 
 this volume. In the villa at Bramdean the arrangement of the hypocaust can be 
 seen by remains yet extant, together with the tessellated pavement of one of the 
 rooms heated by it. 
 
 Another kind of flooring, very frequently brought to light during the late 
 excavations, remains to be noticed. It is of the kind called by Vitruvius, vii, 1, and 
 Pliny, H. N., xxxvi, 25, spicata testacea ; and was so named from the resemblance 
 which the small oblong red bricks composing it have, in the manner in which they 
 are disposed, to the natural arrangement of the grains in an ear of com (spied). 
 This pattern answers to our popular architectural expression herring-boned. The 
 bricks or tiles are from four to six inches in length, or even smaller, about three 
 inches wide, and about one and a half inch thick. They were laid edgeways in a 
 thick bed of concrete. Examples of this description of flooring are preserved in 
 the British Museum. 
 
 I2 
 
60 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 WALL PAINTINGS. 
 
 Decorating the walls of domestic apartments with paintings laid upon the plaster, 
 is another ancient art which has, long since, decayed and given place to a substitute 
 which, at the best, can hardly be said to equal the ancient mode of decoration in 
 richness and chastity of effect, while for durability it is very far inferior. The walls 
 of the houses of Pompeii and Herculaneum have vastly contributed towards our 
 knowledge of the effect produced, of the skill of the artists, tlietr favourite subjects, 
 and the composition of the colours employed. Chemistry has enabled us to under- 
 stand perfectly well the various pigments, and the composition of the strata of 
 mortar and plaster upon which they were laid ; but the utmost efforts of royal 
 commissioners and academies wiU never restore to vitality an art which is not 
 fostered by the wants and taste of the moderns. It can only be practised, here and 
 there, with great cost and labour, and without a chance of that public support which 
 would ensure a continuity of competent artists and reestablish its popularity. AVith 
 the Romans, workers in fresco and distemper-painting were so common, as to be 
 regarded merely among the artizans, whose business it was to supply the require- 
 ments of everyday life. Among the remains of the humblest cottages, wall-paintiags 
 are always found, executed, apparently, with the same skiU, and certainly upon the 
 same principle, as those of the viUa and town houses, the latter differing only in their 
 more elaborate designs. 
 
 The pigments used in the paintings of Herculaneum and Pompeii, and those 
 from the walls of villas and houses discovered in France and England, are found by 
 analysis to have been mostly identical. The reds are composed of the oxides of lead 
 and iron, of vermiUion and ochres ; the yellows are ochres with or without oxide of 
 lead ; the blue, oxide of copper ; the greens, various combinations of copper ; the 
 blacks and browns are mostly ochres ; the white, refined chalk or lime, or marble 
 finely powdered. The stratum of lime, sand, and very small gravel which was laid 
 upon the wall, varied from three or four to seven or eight inches in thickness. 
 Upon this was laid a very fine cement, made of marble or quicklime, which coating, 
 whUe still wet, received the colours, udo tectorio, as termed by Vitruvius (lib. vii, 
 c. 6), and fresco huono by the modern Italians. The colours, in drying, became of 
 one substance with the wall. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 61 
 
 Dimensions, tljree feet six incliea by three feeU 
 
 A recent visit to Sens, in France, has enabled me to introduce here an appro- 
 priate and interesting illustration of the process of wall-painting, from the sepulchral 
 monument of a Eoman 
 painter, who exercised 
 his profession in that 
 once important city. 
 The sculpture, unfor- 
 tunately, has received 
 rough usage in former 
 times ; and the figures, 
 in high relief, have been 
 intentionally mutilated ; 
 but enough remains to 
 indicate the details, par- 
 ticularly as I have had 
 the benefit of the assist- 
 ance of the practical 
 knowledge of my friend 
 Mr. Waller, who accompanied me on the occasion referred to. 
 
 The subject represents the decoration of a corridor in fresco painting. A low 
 scaflFold is constructed, partly on tressels, and partly resting upon the basement of 
 the corridor. Upon this scaffold are the painter and liis plasterer. The latter is on 
 the right side of the relief, and is exhibited in the act of laying on the thin finishing 
 coat of plaster (intonaco) for the painter, who is following him. He has his ^oat in 
 his left hand, and is passing it over the wall, while liis right hand is thrust downward 
 into a pail of water, most likely to reach a brush to sprinkle the rough coat or 
 ground so as to render it sufficiently moist to receive the intonaco or thin cement of 
 lime, which, in general, would not be thicker than a crown piece. The painter is 
 following the plasterer, to lay on his colours while the plaster is stiU wet. He 
 appears as if resting one foot upon a stool, which, perhaps, has also a tablet of mixed 
 colours upon it. Behind him is a cylindrical box, in which, it may be imagined, he 
 has his roUs of paper or parchment with designs of the work he is engaged upon. 
 There is a short ladder to mount the scaffold, by the side of which is a stool, with a 
 tablet of colour upon it ; and close by this the painter's assistant is mixing tints ; 
 and his action is energetic, no doubt to indicate haste. This is quite in accord 
 with the modern practice of fresco-painting, which requires every department to be 
 conducted with rapidity as well as with skill. The assistant must always have the 
 
62 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 tints ready mixed, and in sufficient quantity for the work. Under the arch of the 
 corridor, at the left side of the relief, is the director or master designer. He is 
 seated with an open book or tablet before him, and appears to be studying or 
 reviewing the design. 
 
 The fragments of waU paintings discovered throughout London have been 
 exceedingly numerous. In some localities I have seen them carried away by cart 
 loads. Enough has been preserved of them to decide that the rooms of the houses 
 were usually painted in square panels or compartments, the prevailing colours of 
 which were bright red, dark grey, and black, with borders of various colours. The 
 centres of these compartments were frequently designs in arabesque work, birds, or 
 
 other animals, flowers, stars, and fanciful 
 objects. From the fractured condition in 
 which these paintings were excavated, and 
 the total want of any provision for extri- 
 cating them with care, the entire designs 
 could seldom be recovered. An example, 
 however, from Great St. Helen's, here given, 
 afi'ords a complete subject of an entire com- 
 partment, if not of the whole wall, if we 
 may judge from the large quantity of frag- 
 ments similar to that shown in the wood- 
 cut. 
 
 The ground is red ; the figure of the 
 youth and the trellis pattern are yellow ; 
 the stars and circles are white ; and the 
 ornament towards the top, on the left side, 
 is purple or dark blue : the borders are 
 white and dark blue or purple. 
 
 Plate xiv exhibits imitations of porphyry and verde antique (fig. 1) ; and a fluted 
 column, (fig. 2.)^ The head of a Mercury upon a red ground (pi. xiv, fig. 3) is full of 
 spirit, and free in its execution. The fragment of a goat (pi. xiii, fig. 1) is very 
 spirited, and, as well as the others, is executed in a bold and vigorous manner, 
 shewing great readiness of hand and a thorough knowledge on the part of the 
 painter of the necessities as well as the capabilities of the material. The 
 fragment containing the lower portion of a female head and bust issuing from 
 leaves (pi. xiii, fig. 8), seems to belong to a class of decorations resembling those dis- 
 
 ' This has been accidentally reversed in the engraving. 
 
 One-third the actual size. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 63 
 
 covered in the baths of Titus at Rome, studied by Raphael for the decoration of 
 the Vatican. 
 
 A further example is shewn in the annexed cut. The foliage and flower are of 
 a fawn colour, and light green, upon a dai-k red ground. 
 
 In the Antiquities of Richhorough, Reculver, and 
 Lymne, are examples of Roman wall-painting discovered at 
 Richborough, and at Chesterford, in Essex. In Lyson's 
 Raman Antiquities Discovered at Woodchester, plate xxxi 
 is devoted to fragments of waU-paintings, which are pre- 
 cisely similar to some of the London specimens. Among 
 them are portions of an inscription in white letters upon 
 a dark ground. Further examples, found at Aldborough, 
 in Yorkshire, are given in Mr. Ecroyd Smith's ReliquicB 
 IsuriancB ; and others, found at Cirencester, in Messrs, 
 Buckman and Newmarch's Illustrations of the Remains of 
 Roman Art. These are all inferior as works of art to the 
 better class of those discovered in London. Some fragments 
 from the villa at Chesterford, in the museum of Lord Bray- 
 brooke at Audley End, approach nearest to the London 
 specimens as regards design and variety. One of these, the 
 lower part of a female figure, bears in treatment a remark- 
 able resemblance, as regards the drapery flowing round the 
 ankle, to that of the weU-known bacchante, or dancing njrniph, in one of the 
 tessellated floors of the Roman viUa at Bignor. Monsieur B. FUlon has published, 
 in a report of discoveries made at Saint-Medard-des-Pres (Vendue), a description 
 of the waU-paintings found among the ruins of a villa, which, from the nature of the 
 contents of a tomb adjoining, seemed to have belonged to a female artist.^ One 
 of them represents the bust of a female, holding up her hair in the right hand ; the 
 gesture and expression of countenance would seem to indicate that the figure had 
 formed part of a composition of a serious, if not of a tragic, kind. On other 
 fragments were depicted portions of a young female figure in a sitting posture ; a 
 pleasing head of a child ; numerous limbs of human figures ; a female foot sandeled ; 
 a large fish, and a basket of mushrooms : others, of smaller dimensions, include a 
 Cupid with blue wings carrying a vase ; the torso of a man holding the reins of a 
 courser ; a basket of fish ; marine horses, of which the nostrils, breast, and legs are 
 
 ' Description de la villa et du tombeau d'une femme artiste Gallo-Romaine, decouverts a Saint- 
 Medard-des-Pres (Vendee), 4to., 1849. 
 
 Half the actual size. 
 
64 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 rose-coloured; there were also fragments of a landscape; a part of a panther; a 
 vase containing an aquatic plant ; two swans ; and a blue sky. Other pieces were 
 ornamented with Tritons, of a greenish hue, bound with sea-weed. The paintings 
 were bordered with rays and fillets, in black, yellow, green, and red colours ; a 
 garland of laurel with golden pendants ; and strings of pearls, from which vases are 
 suspended ; and birds of rich plumage playing among the foliage. Such descriptions, 
 and the remains daily brought to light, prove that the mural paintings of the houses 
 of the provinces were always elegantly, often sumptuously, decorated, in a style and 
 taste in perfect harmony with those of Italy, and probably, often quite equal in 
 design and execution. 
 
 The subject of a fresco-painting at Treves, in the time of Ausonius, has been 
 handed down by the poet, who tells us that the beauty of the composition, and the 
 poetic character of the subject, suggested to him the theme of his poem entitled 
 Ctipido cruci affixus. It ornamented the wall of the triclinium, or dining-room, of 
 iEolus, or Zoilus, and represented Cupid fastened to a cross by women who had been 
 disappointed in their loves. The paintings upon the walls of the house of Trimalchio 
 at Rome, are minutely described by Petronius Arbiter. Among them were repre- 
 sented, subjects from the Iliad and Odyssy; and Trimalchio himself and scenes in 
 his own life, in which were incorporated Minerva, Mercury, Fortune, and the Fates 
 weaving a golden thread. Of course this description, as regards individuality, is 
 quite imaginary ; but the whole of this writer's satirical romance gives, no doubt, a 
 faithful picture of life at Rome in the time of Nero, and the decorations of Trimal- 
 chio's house were probably such as he himself had often seen in the villas of the 
 wealthy and luxurious. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 65 
 
 BRONZES. 
 
 While the remains of several of the ancient cities of France and Germany excel 
 those of Londinium in many respects, in some they are inferior. In architecture, in 
 sculpture, and in tessellated pavements, we can produce no such examples as abound 
 on the continent ; but in works of bronze, there are but few of the continental 
 museiims which can exhibit specimens of a higher class of art than those which are 
 here given in plates xv to xxii, and in the frontispiece. But it must ever be borne 
 in mind that the comparative absence, at the present day, of materials for forming 
 a correct judgment on the public buildings and on the sculptures which may have 
 belonged to them, in no way can be admitted as proving their non-existence in 
 former times. Those who start such an hypothesis might, a few years ago, with 
 equal plausibility have denied to Londinium the extraordinary works in bronze 
 now before us, had not mere accident saved them from the melting-pot, or from 
 wandering into collection after collection, separated from every testimony that could 
 fix their discovery to London rather than to Rome, or to any other place ; and it 
 would be absurd to suppose that such objects had never before been discovered in 
 London because such as had been found are not extant at the present day. 
 
 The head of the emperor Hadrian, which forms the frontispiece to this volume, 
 was dredged up from the bed of the Thames, a little below the site of old London 
 Bridge, on the Southwark side of the river, and passed immediately into the 
 possession of Mr. John Newman of the Bridge House ; and subsequently into the 
 British Museum. It belonged to a colossal statue, two of which, it is probable, we 
 
 Uuid, io broDM, thirteen inches tu length. 
 
 K 
 
66 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 may reckon among the public embellishments of Londinium ; for excavations in 
 Thames Street, near the Tower, brought to light a colossal bronze hand (shewn at 
 the foot of the preceding page), thirteen inches in length, which had been broken 
 from a statue of about the same magnitude as that from which the head was 
 severed ; and apparently, judging from the attitude, from a statue of Hadrian also. 
 The posture is precisely similar to that of the marble statue of this emperor in 
 the British Museum, and in other sculptured representations of Hadrian. 
 
 With the neck this head measures sixteen inches and a half in height. 
 The features, the hair, and the beard, exhibit those unmistakable characteristics 
 with which we are familiar in the portraits of Hadrian. The neck bears marks of 
 reparation, such as are not unfrequently found in metal statues, from defects in the 
 casting. The head is not laureated, but quite bare, as it often appears upon 
 coins, and usually in sculptures. The nude head is generally indicative of csesars 
 or sons of emperors, real or adopted ; and though it is not exclusively confined 
 to them, it occurs in "representations of Hadrian so commonly as to suggest 
 in it a special meaning, significant of the simpHcity which Hadrian studied in his 
 costume as well as austerity in living. Spartian says he was accustomed to endure 
 both cold and hunger with the head unprotected ; and the better to maintain the 
 discipline of his army, which he rigidly enforced, he himself set an example by 
 marching at the head of his legions, twenty mUes a-day, exposed to the inclemencies 
 of the elements; and subsisting on the coarsest fare, such as fell to the lot of the 
 common soldier. 
 
 The modelling and execution of the portrait exhibit great artistic skill, as well 
 as perfection in the difficult art of casting in metal. The reign of Hadrian was 
 peculiarly favourable to the fine arts, as numerous busts and statues of that epoch 
 which have come down to us sufficiently testify. Some of these rival the finest 
 productions of the early Greek school. The coins of Hadrian are of peculiarly 
 finished workmanship, and are not surpassed in beauty and variety of design, or in 
 poetical imagery, by any in the whole imperial series. From Pliny^ (who wrote 
 not long anterior to the ascension of Hadrian) we learn many interesting particulars 
 of the eminent workmen in brass in his own and in earlier times ; and these artists 
 were not confined to Eome or Italy, but flourished in the provinces also. " There is 
 not," observes this writer, " a good town within our provinces in which they have 
 not begun already to adorn their market-places with many such ornaments of 
 brazen statues and images, together with titles, honours, and dignities engraven at 
 the bases, for the better continuance of men's memorials, that posterity might be 
 
 ' " Nat. Hist.," lib. xxxiv, c. vii-viii. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 67 
 
 infonned by such inscriptions as well as by their tombs and sepulchres." Among 
 the workers in metitl of this epoch was Zenodorus in Gaul, who fabricated in that 
 province many works of great merit ; and among them a colossal statue of Mercury, 
 for the capital city of the Arvemi ; and at Rome a statue of Nero, one hundred 
 and ten feet in height. The bronze statue of Antinous, of heroic size, found 
 at Lillebonne, between Rouen and Havre, figured in the third volume of the 
 Collectanea Antiqtia, and now preserved in the Louvre, may be appealed to as an 
 example of the style of the school to which this head of Hadrian belongs. In our 
 own country may be instanced the head of Apollo found at Bath ; and a fragment of 
 a leg and hoof of a horse, found at Lincoln, and preserved in the collection of the 
 Society of Antiquaries at Somerset House. 
 
 The personal inspection which Hadrian made of the provinces, to correct abuses, 
 to quell discontent, and to review and readjust the boundaries of the Roman empire, 
 is one of those conceptions and achievements which stamp the character of a great 
 statesman. His visit to Britain is recorded by coins, and by that wonderful monu- 
 ment of engineering skill and of labour, the wall which extended from the Tyne 
 to the Eden. This vast hne of separation between the Romano-Britons and the 
 Caledonians has received important illustrations from the inscriptions to Hadrian 
 erected there by the second, the sixth, and the twentieth legions, who were 
 employed in this stupendous undertaking.^ During his inspection of the various 
 provinces he also buUt temples and other pubHc edifices in the cliief cities, remitted 
 arrears of taxes, and gave largesses to the poor, acquiring by his munificence the 
 proud title of Locupletator orbis terrarum. None of the Roman princes gained 
 such popularity in the provinces by well-timed liberality and by the correction of 
 abuses. The historian Spartian has recorded many of the benefits he conferred upon 
 remote cities, in restorations and in the erection of pubhc buildings and monuments. 
 To this he was excited, not merely for the public good, but also from his passionate 
 love for architecture. Among the works he constructed is mentioned a basUica at 
 Nismes, in honour of Plotina the wife of Trajan, which is said to have been of 
 wonderful workmanship {o'pere mirahili). The heroic bronze statue of Antinous, 
 
 ' These inscriptions have been found in or trate the history of our own country. The feeling 
 
 near the walled stations upon the line of the Wall ; which induces this inconsistency seems, unfor- 
 
 but most of these stations have never been even tunately, to spring from national indifference and 
 
 partially excavated. Our Governments busy them- want of patriotism. The Duke of Northumber- 
 
 selves in detaching all kinds of foreign ancient land, a few years since, tried, in vain, to institute 
 
 monuments from their localities and placing a Committee of research on the line of the Wall, 
 
 them in the British Museum ; but they carelessly at the head of which he offered to place the Society 
 
 neglect those at home, which so strikingly illus- of Antiquaries, and to pay the entire expenses! 
 
 K2 
 
68 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 before referred to, was probably erected at Juliobona, in compliment to him, about 
 the same time as the bronze statue or statues, of which we possess these fine 
 fragments, were set up in Londinium. 
 
 The subjects of plates xv to xix were discovered during an excavation of the 
 bed of the Thames, in 1837, near London Bridge, for the purpose of rendering the 
 river more navigable. They are of the very highest class of art, and in every 
 respect merit the engravings furnished by the Society of Antiquaries of London, 
 at the recommendation and under the direction of the late lamented Mr. Gage 
 Rokewode. 
 
 The youthful Apollo (pi. xv), is a masterpiece of ideal grace and beauty. The 
 countenance is pensive and full of gentle expression with earnest thought, such as 
 Raphael has so admirably bestowed upon the fine personification of this god in his 
 charming painting of Apollo and Marsyas, in the possession of Mr. Morris Moore. 
 The hair, parted at the forehead, is gathered in undulating tresses on either side of 
 the head, and, tied at the neck, flows luxuriantly down the back : 
 
 Intonsi crines longa cervice fluebant, 
 Stillabat Syrio myrtea rore coma.' 
 
 Two ringlets straying over the shoulders complete the elegant and somewhat unique 
 coiffure. The entire figure is beautifully moulded to pourtray early youth, unlike 
 the muscular development and manly fire of the slayer of Python as exhibited in 
 the Apollo Belvidere. In the repose of the body and the placidity of the counten- 
 ance, the artist apparently intended to represent the god as Ovid^ makes him 
 describe himself to the flying Daphne : 
 
 " Nescis, temeraria, nescis 
 
 Quem fugias, ideoque fugis : mihi Delphica tellus, 
 Et Claros, et Tenedos, Patarseaque regia servit ; 
 Jupiter est genitor. Per me quod eritque, fuitque, 
 Estque, patet. Per me concordant carmina nervis. 
 Carta quidem nostra est; nostra tamen una sagitta 
 Certior, in vacuo quae vulnera pectore fecit. 
 Inventum medicina meum est, opiferque per orbem 
 Dieor ; et herbarum est subjecta potentia nobis." 
 
 The attributes are, unfortunately, wanting ; but it is probable the right hand held 
 a laurel branch, and the left a lyre, as Apollo Salutaris is represented upon coins. 
 
 The Mercury (pi. xvi) is quite worthy of companionship with the Apollo. It 
 is of the best and chastest design and of the most finished workmanship : the 
 proportions of the figure are correct, the attitude graceful and easy, the countenance 
 ^ Tibullus III, iv, 27. ^ Metam., lib. i, 1. 514. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 69 
 
 full of animated beauty ; and we may imagine Mm charged with a mission from 
 Olympus, and, in the words of Shakspeare, — 
 
 " New-lighted on a heaven-kissing hill." 
 
 The statuette in plate xvii I had considered as intended to represent a priest of 
 Cybele ; and under that view had conjectured the object in the right hand to be 
 cymbals, held in that peculiar position to admit of the left hand being at liberty to 
 adjust the veil or fillet upon the head, which, it might be inferred, had become 
 loosened in dancing. Supposing cymbals are intended, they would seem to have 
 been used with hinges, as a clapper, or in the manner of our modem castanets. 
 But it may, with equal probability, be meant for a mirror, by the aid of which the 
 head-dress is being arranged. The figure is hermaphroditic. 
 
 The fragment of a larger male figure upon a pedestal (pi. xviii) was assigned to 
 Jupiter, chiefly from its muscular development ; but the pose is remarkably hke 
 that of the Mercury. In the absence of any attributes to guide us it is difficult to 
 decide satisfactorily. The anatomical outline and proportions of this figure are 
 admirably correct and life-like. 
 
 The Atys (pi. xix), though inferior as a work of art to the preceding statuettes, 
 is well executed, and particularly iaterestiag as affording a representation of a 
 mythological personage whose effigies are somewhat uncommon. He wears the 
 Phrygian cap, indicative of his origin ; and in either arm he carries boughs heavily 
 laden with fruit, symbolical of his prolific power. His dress is composed of a short 
 tunic and trousers (hraccce or anaxyrides), thrown open in front, at the waist, and 
 buttoned from the knee to the ankle over a sandal. This arrangement of the 
 costume is as obviously designed as the fruits, to leave beyond doubt, so far as 
 symbolism could express, the attributes and functions of this deity. The costume 
 may be compared with that of a sculptured figure upon a column found at 
 Wroxeter, and engraved in the Collectanea Antiqua, vol. iii, pi, vii, which, in other 
 respects, resembles Bacchus. 
 
 The popular mythological history of Atys, or Attis, describes him as a beautiful 
 Phrygian or Lydian shepherd, of whom Cybele became enamoured, and made him 
 her high priest ; but failing to keep his vows, the goddess displaced him from his 
 sacred office, maimed and disgraced. He then adopted the dress and manners of 
 the female sex : 
 
 " Quod enim genus figurae est, ego non quod habuerim ? 
 Ego mulier, ego adolescens, ego ephebus, ego puer."* 
 
 As high priest of Cybele, Atys instituted religious ceremonies in honour of the Great 
 
 » Catullus Car., Ixi, 1. 63. 
 
70 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 Mother, or Mother of the Gods,, as Cybele is usually styled ; and he travelled 
 through the world teaching the nature and worship of the gods. But, as is usual 
 with most of the ancient mythological personages, his fabled history is fuU of 
 discrepancies and of varied versions, possessing, with some peculiar features, others 
 which are common to other deities. Montfaucon gives several representations of him. 
 In one of these he holds the pastoral flute of unequal tubes in one hand, and in the 
 other a pine branch. The dress, in most respects, corresponds with that of the 
 statuette from the Thames. In a second example, the flute or pipe is suspended 
 from the sacred pine : the shepherd's crook is by his side, while he plays on the 
 tympanum before the goddess Cybele. Another variety approximates closely to our 
 example, except that Atys carries the fruit in his lap. The pipe and branch are 
 the attributes which Macrobius^ assigns to him, explaining that Adonis, Attis, Osiris, 
 and Horus, were all difi"erent personifications of the Sun. To this definition all the 
 
 accounts of Atys from ancient writers con- 
 verge, and also that his worship, associated with 
 Cybele, was introduced from Phrygia. It is 
 also equally clear that there was a similar 
 affinity between Atys and Mithras of the Per- 
 sians, whose worship was very extended in the 
 western provinces of the Roman empire. In 
 inscriptions Atys is always connected with 
 Cybele, as Mother of the Gods, and he is styled 
 Sanctus and Invictus, titles of Mithras and the 
 Sun, and also Menotyrannus, or King of the 
 Months. 
 
 From the same site in the Thames, but long 
 subsequently, was obtained the disjointed and 
 decapitated figure of which a wood-cut is here 
 given. 
 
 It appears to have represented a captive, 
 seated, with the arms bound behind the body ; 
 and possibly it may have formed one of two 
 figures, with a trophy between them. 
 
 It is very apparent that these bronze figures 
 have been intentionally mutilated. This is 
 
 Actual size. 
 
 ' Solem vero sub nomine Attinls ornant fistula et virga : fistula ordinem spiritus insequalis 
 
 osteuclit. Lib. i, c. 21. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 71 
 
 particularly p<alpablc in the present instance. The image of Apollo bears on both 
 sides of the legs, just above the point where they are sundered, marks of some sharp 
 instrument, such as a hatchet would leave if struck with force : this could not 
 possibly have happened after they were thrown into the Thames, but must have 
 been perpetrated by the early converts to Christianity, who, unable to appreciate 
 fine works of art, looked upon them as demons or emanations of the devil. Before 
 such fanatical ignorance every tangible representation, whether of gods or of human 
 beings, fell indiscriminately ; and the effigies of the soldier, or of the peaceful civilian 
 upon his tomb, were as systematically cut and hammered to pieces as the statues 
 and images of gods and goddesses. 
 
 Plate XX represents the figure of an archer, discovered in Queen Street, in 1842, 
 by Mr. W. Chaffers, who, in the same year, communicated an account of it to the 
 Society of Antiquaries of London.' 
 
 Mr. Chaffers observes : " While watching the progress of the excavations recently 
 made in Queen Street, Cheapside (for the formation of a sewer), I was fortunately 
 enabled to obtain possession of several rare and curious specimens of Roman art. 
 A short distance from Watling Street, a fine piece of Roman wall, running directly 
 across the street, was exposed to view in a remarkably perfect condition, built of flat 
 red tUes, embedded in solid and compact mortar. Several others, lower down the 
 street, were also discovered. AVithin a few yards of the wall, one of the bricklayers, 
 removing some earth, struck his trowel against something which he conjectured to 
 be a brass tap ; but, on clearing further, he found it was the right heel of his figure, 
 which lay upon its face. — The height of the figure, if standing erect, would be 
 fifteen inches ; but in its stooping posture, the perpendicular height from the base 
 to the crown of the head is only eleven inches. It is evidently intended to repre- 
 sent a person in the attitude of shooting an arrow from a bow. The bow and aiTow 
 were probably of richer metal than the figure itself ; but no vestiges of them were 
 discovered. The aperture for the bow is seen in the closed left hand which held 
 it, and the bent fingers of the right appear in the act of drawing the arrow to its full 
 extent previous to its evolation. The eyes are of silver, with the pupils open ; the 
 hair disposed in graceful curls on the head, as well aa on the chin and upper lip. 
 The left hand, which grasped the bow and sustained the arrow, is so placed as to 
 bring the latter to a level with the eye ; and the stedfast look and determined 
 expression of the whole face are much heightened by the silver eyes. — It was found 
 at about the depth of between twelve and thirteen feet." 
 
 It is difficult to identify the subject of this fine work of art. It is possible it was 
 
 ' " Archseologia," toI. xx, p. 543. 
 
72 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 intended to represent Hercules shooting the centaur Nessus ; but as it has none of 
 the attributes which usually accompany the figures of this god, and as the portrait 
 does not accord with his accepted marked features, it may, with greater probability, 
 be considered to be intended for an ideal personage. 
 
 It is now in the collection of Lord Londesborough. 
 
 Plate xxi exhibits, in actual dimensions, a bronze forceps, found in the bed of 
 the Thames, near the site of old London Bridge. It consists of two shanks, which, 
 although they are now separated, were evidently joined by a hinge at the upper 
 extremity ; and connected, probably by a bolt and screw, at the lower end. The 
 inner sides are denticulated, doubtless for the purpose of squeezing or crushing. 
 The lower extremities are narrowed, and, at first sight, would seem to have been 
 intended for handles ; but the hand could not fully grasp them so as to bring upon 
 the instniment the power that would seem to be required to put it into operation ; 
 and the two longitudinal perforations indicate a connecting bar, which would seem 
 to have been worked by a screw, particularly as there are manifest signs of consider- 
 able force having been used, and one of the shanks has been broken and ingeniously 
 repaired. If worked by a screw it would, apparently, be required that the upper 
 extremity be fastened to some solid body, or provided with a handle like that of 
 a tongs: if, however, there were originally a spring or clasping bar, it might have 
 been held in the hand for cracking or crushing ; but then this mode of using the 
 instrument would not explain the fracture. In either case, the manner in which 
 the forceps was used is not very clearly seen ; nor is it ob^dous for what object 
 such an elaborately ornamented and complicated instrument was fabricated ; 
 but the heads of the divinities which adorn it seem to stamp its sacred 
 character, and indicate that it was employed in some religious rites or cere- 
 monies. 
 
 The deities represented upon the forceps are : on the right, Cybele, crowned with 
 towers ; Mercury, wearing the emblematic wings ; Jupiter, crowned with olive ; 
 Venus ; and Ceres, wearing the modius : on the left are Juno, Mars, Diana, Apollo, 
 and Saturn, all clearly indicated by their attributes. Upon the top, below the busts 
 of Juno and Cybele, are heads of horses ; below the other busts are heads of bulls ; 
 and heads of lions terminate the handles. 
 
 The busts upon the shanks of the forceps are those of the deities who presided 
 over the days of the week ; and they have been arranged, as it will be seen, with 
 an intention to exhibit them in this character and in regular order. Commencing 
 from the bottom, on the left side is Saturn, to whom was dedicated the Dies 
 Saturnii, Saturday ; Sol, representing Dies Solis, or Sunday ; Luna, Dies Lunce, 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. "73 
 
 Monday ; and Mars, Dies Martis, Tuesday : on the right side, proceding down- 
 wards is Mercury, for Dies Mercurii, Wednesday ; Jupiter, Dies Jovis, Thursday ; 
 Venus, Dies Veneris, Friday: the remaining one, Ceres, making the number 
 eight, equalizes the number on each side, and, at the same time, represents the old 
 Eoman week of eight days, from which is derived the French form of huit jours, 
 and the German acht tage. A group of these deities, in eight compartments, 
 to complete the division prescribed by the ancient calendar, appears upon one 
 of the tessellated pavements in the Eoman villa at Bramdean,^ in Hampshire ; 
 and upon a votive altar in the museum at Mayence.^ These planetary groups 
 are aptly illustrated by the eclogue of Ausonius, entitled De nominibus septem 
 dierum : 
 
 " Primum, supremumque diem radiatus habet Sol. 
 Proxima fraternae succedit Luna coronse. 
 Tertius assequitur Titania lumina Mavors. 
 Mercurius quarti sibi vindicat astra diei. 
 Inlustrant qulntam Jovis aurea sidera Zonam. 
 Sexta salutigeram sequitur Venus alma parentem. 
 Cuncta supergrediens Saturni septima lux est, 
 Octavum instaurat revolubilis orbita Solem." 
 
 In all the above examples, as well as in others, Saturn stands first, contrary to the 
 order in which Ausonius places the days of the week, commencing with Sol, the 
 planet which ruled the dies Dominica, the first day of the Christian week. The 
 busts of Juno and Cybele, which surmount the whole, were, apparently, selected 
 from their prominence in the mythological system, Juno presiding, also, over the 
 calends of the months ; and Cybele, the Great Mother, directing the regular return 
 of the seasons and guiding the revolution of the year. The symbols of the horse, 
 the buU, and the lion have, aU of them, a connexion with the history and worship of 
 this goddess. 
 
 In 1 825, a small silver figure of Harpocrates was found in the Thames, and passed, 
 shortly afterwards, into the British Museum. It is shewn, of the actual size, in two 
 views in plate xxii. The attitude of this little figure is natural and faU of grace, 
 and the modelling well expresses the fleshy rotundity of early youth. A delicately 
 wrought gold chain crosses the figure in. front and passes tlu-ough a strong loop at 
 the back, together with a gold ring. This mechanism is a part of the original 
 design, and indicates that the image was intended to be secured to some more solid 
 and weighty object, probably to stand among the tutelary divinities in the house 
 
 ' "Collectanea Antiqua," vol. ii, pi. xxi. ' Ibtd., p. 61. 
 
74 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 of some person of opulence. The representations of Harpocrates whicli have come 
 down to us are by no means uniform, except the position of the finger towards the 
 mouth, advising silence. In this instance he is winged, but chained, to restrain 
 his flight : upon his head he wears a crescent ; and at his feet are two dogs and 
 a tortoise, emblems of watchfulness and of taciturnity. The tortoise was also 
 symbolical of a good housewife who kept within her own doors ; and some such 
 symbolism was probably here intended. 
 
 It is not, however, improbable, that this elegant statuette may have been meant 
 for Cupid, with attributes of Harpocrates ; and if so, the unexplained object behind 
 the left leg may be either a quiver or a torch. 
 
 The bronzes which remain to be noticed are mostly from the Thames, obtained 
 
 by the workmen employed in dredging ballast, or in 
 clearing out the drifted sand and gravel along the line 
 ■ of old London Bridge. 
 
 The first of these appears to have been seated 
 across a stand, which has also supported the circular 
 convex object held in front by means of a rivet 
 of lead, which is stUl remaining. The head is well 
 designed and executed, and is remarkable for the 
 peculiar style of the hair and beard, which resem- 
 bles that of the portrait of Juba, king of Mauritania, 
 upon his coins. The eyes are of silver. The body 
 is dressed in a tunic, over which is a garment arranged 
 to give play to the right arm, which is raised, while the 
 left hand supports the circular adjunct upon which the attention of the personage 
 seems bestowed. The feet are covered with shoes (calcei) : the left one, being 
 intended to be seen, is open on the instep : the other the artist has not been so 
 patient with. It cannot fail to be noticed in ancient works of art, and even 
 in those of great merit, that parts which do not directly meet the eye, are 
 not only carelessly designed, but . often left rough and unfinished. It is the 
 case with the left hand of this figure, wliich is also very disproportionate. It 
 is difficult to understand the original condition of this figure in relation to 
 accessory objects now wantmg. It seems to have been intended to represent 
 an artisan of some kind, at work : possibly an armourer making a shield ; or, 
 quite as likely, a baker with a large moulded pie or loaf; and, as one or the 
 other, it may have been designed to represent a character in some popular 
 drama. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 75 
 
 The goat (fig. 1) is in iron, plated with silver, the workmanship remarkably fine; 
 and the figure affords a good example of the neat and workmanlike manner in 
 which the ancients coated the baser, with the precious metals. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Actual size. 
 
 Fig. a. 
 
 The peacock (fig. 2) has probably stood at the foot of a statuette of Juno ; and 
 
 at the back is a loop for fastening it. It is of inferior work. The tail, found 
 
 separated, was in my possession at least a year before the body was discovered ; 
 
 and I was puzzled what to make of it, untU, being in 
 the dredging-barge one day watching the operations, 
 I saw the body of the peacock brought up among 
 the gravel from the bed of the river, and immediately 
 identified it and its taU: I soon confirmed my belief 
 that they had been severed from each other. 
 
 Head of a Wolf or Dog, from a mass of ferruginous 
 conglomerate, in which was also a coin of Carausius. 
 
 It has served as a steelyard weight, and the 
 
 chain which suspended it from the beam was 
 
 fixed to the loop between the ears ; but it 
 
 was broken ofi" and lost before the head came 
 
 into my possession. It is of good and highly 
 
 characteristic workmanship. The same praise 
 
 may be awarded to the Prow of a Galley, 
 
 which may probably have been an ex voto, 
 
 or votive ofiering, suspended in a temple by 
 
 Actual size. 
 
 L 2 
 
76 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON, 
 
 some person who had made a prosperous voyage. The ornamental head was called 
 cheniscm (a Greek word), from its resemblance to the head and neck of a goose. At 
 the bottom, just above the keel, projects the rostrum, terminating in an animal's head. 
 The very elegant Handle of a Vase (fig. 1), is studded with smaU silver knobs, 
 and the eyes of the heads of birds, which were fixed to the rim of the vessel, are also 
 of silver. 
 
 Fig. 1. Actual size. 
 
 Fig. 2. Actual size. 
 
 The circidar plate (fig. 2), which is formed of thin metal, in which copper largely 
 predominates, was shaped by stamping, and afterwards finished by rude chasing 
 and frosting with a punch. It appears to have been fixed to wood. The design 
 is an illustration of the popular story of Eomulus and Eemus suckled by the Wolf, 
 a favourite subject with the ancient Roman artists. In this instance it is treated 
 more than usually in detail, by the introduction of the Fig-tree and the Woodpecker. 
 
 This design is illustrated by a passage in Ovid's Fasti :^ 
 
 " Arbor erat: remanent vestigia : quaeque vocatur 
 Rumina nunc ficus, Romula ficus erat. 
 Venit ad expositis (mirum) lupa foeta gemellos. 
 
 • • • . ► 
 
 Constitit, et cauda teneris blanditur alumnis, 
 Et fingit lingua corpora bina sua." 
 
 ' Lib. il, 1. 411. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 77 
 
 The Woodpecker shared with the Wolf the honour of feeding the infant heroes : 
 
 " Lacte quis infantes nescit crevisse ferino, 
 Et picum expositis saepe tulisse cibos ?'" 
 
 This plate was found in Moorfields, between Finsbury Circus and Liverpool 
 Street, with a thin star-shaped piece of similar metal, perforated in the centre. 
 
 Plate xxiii contains a few examples of minor objects in bronze. Fig. 1, is a 
 steelyard weight ; fig. 2, the bust of a statuette of Minerva ; and fig. 5, a boss which 
 has, apparently, served as an ornament to a smaU coflFer. Fig. 4, a serpent twisted 
 round a column, is in silver ; and fig. 3, a gladiator, given in two views, is in 
 terra-cotta. They are all etched of the actual size. 
 
 It may suffice to refer to a few other objects enumerated in the Catalogue of my 
 Museum of London Antiquities, such as the Branch of a Shrub or Tree (No. 27), 
 probably the fir or pine, which has perhaps been either held in the arm of a figure 
 of SUvanus, or fixed to the pedestal of an image of Cybele, or, possibly, of Pan : 
 a columnar ornament (No. 30) ; and a diminutive piece of art, representing a 
 seated captive : it has been perforated through the side and head, as if it had been 
 attached to some object. 
 
 • " Fasti," lib. iii, 1. 53. 
 
 Actual size. 
 
78 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 POTTERY. 
 
 It is not surprising, when the durability of the material and the purposes for which 
 it was wrought, are considered, that such an infinite number of ancient works in clay 
 have descended to our times. Among the most accessible and abundant components 
 of the earth, its applicability towards supplying many of the daily necessities of 
 man was palpable to all, from the savages who used it for their rude huts and their 
 drinking-cups baked in the sun, to civUised nations who converted it into bricks for 
 buildings, and a variety of objects for luxury as well as need. Accordingly works 
 of clay are among the most curious and important which engage the attention of the 
 ethnologist and the antiquary, as they afford very frequently considerable assistance 
 towards the correct appropriation of ancient remains, the types of urns and fictile 
 vessels being among the clearest and most accepted evidences of different races and 
 peoples. It is not uninteresting to look back upon some remarkable inventions in 
 clay ; such as, for example, the earthenware coffins of the Babylonians and other 
 eastern nations ; and the use of burnt clay for various sepulchral purposes by the 
 Etruscans, the Greeks, and the Eomans. If durability be the chief object in the 
 sohcitude evinced in all ages for depositories and monuments for the dead, baked 
 clay is certainly far more lasting than lead, and almost or quite as cheap as wood, 
 which perishes in a few years ; at the same time it is not so adaptable, as stone and 
 marble, for other uses, when the original purpose is no longer regarded or respected. 
 The ancient invention, valuable in its way, was never developed to its fuU capabUity ; 
 it became obsolete, to be revived, perhaps successfully, some day not far remote. 
 The stamps upon the Babylonian and Assyrian bricks, and upon the Greek and 
 Koman pottery, show another invention which, never matured, died in its infancy. 
 In it was the crude idea of modern printing, its very principle, discovered ; but the 
 germ of this divine art of perpetuating thought was never vivified, though, it has 
 been proved, an ordinary mind might have caused it to spring and fructify. 
 
 The perfection which the ancient Etruscans, Greeks, and Eomans attained in the 
 manufacturing of fictile vessels can only be understood by those who have studied, 
 or, at least, taken some pains to examine the numerous varieties which are preserved 
 in our private and public collections and in those of the continent. They are all 
 marked by a strong nationality in design and in ornament ; and a Hke distinctive 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 79 
 
 character is attached to those of other nations, so that the archaeologist, in no branch 
 of his researches, walks on firmer or surer ground than that trodden by the labours 
 of the ancient potters. The elegant painted vases from the tombs of Etruria and 
 Greece, covered with representations of scenes in popular traditions and fables, 
 bespeak the refinement of the people to whom such exquisite works were as familiar 
 as the old willow-pattern service to the English eye. The Roman fictUe vases> 
 totally distinct in character, were not less historically and artistically interesting ; 
 and are, perhaps, even more so, because connected with, and forming part of, the 
 antiquities of our own land ; for from such prototypes the potters in Britain found 
 an almost endless variety of vessels for domestic uses, which have survived to this 
 day, and give us excellent means of knowing the very kinds of cups and dishes 
 which, sixteen hundred years ago, stood upon the tables of our predecessors in the 
 countiy in which we dwell. 
 
 Researches made during the last twenty or thirty years have thrown much light 
 upon the origin of several varieties of the fictUe ware discovered so abundantly 
 throughout this country. From these researches we have been enabled with certaint)' 
 to refer particular classes to the localities in which they were largely, though 
 probably not exclusively, fabricated. As Londinium was the great centre of the 
 commerce of Britain, it might be expected that upon its site would be found traces 
 of the products of most of these factories, especially of those from which intercourse 
 was direct and frequent. There, also, we should naturally look for examples of the 
 pottery made in neighbouring foreign countries. Accordingly nowhere in England 
 has such an immense quantity of various kinds been discovered as in London. 
 Examples of most of these will be given in this volume. 
 
 From a manuscript of John Conyers, a collector of antiquities,^ it is clear that 
 the remains of Roman kUns were brought to light, in 1677, in digging foundations 
 at the north-west of St. Paul's. He states the depth to have been twenty-six feet ; 
 but it is much more probable that it was only fifteen or sixteen. He gives a very 
 rough sketch of one of the kilns, and states there were four of them made in the 
 sandy loam, in the fashion of a cross foundation, of which only the one sketched was 
 left standing. It was five feet from top to bottom and of the same width, and 
 " had no other matter for its form and building but the outward loam, naturally 
 crusted hardish by the heat burning the loam red, like brick ; the floor in the 
 middle supported by, and cut out of, loam, and helped with old fiishioned Roman 
 tyles' shards, but very few, and such as I have seen used for repositories for urns, in 
 
 ' In the British Museum, Sloane MSS. 958, fol. 105. I am indebted to Mr. Franks for the 
 loan of a copy, and for a tracing of the sketches. 
 
80 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 the fashion of and like ovens. — The kiln was full of the coarser sort of pots, so that 
 few were saved whole, viz., lamps, bottles, urns, and dishes." The sketch shows 
 two mouths to the kUn. What, however, is of more importance, is a drawing he 
 made of the vessels found in the kiln, which are identical with those we are most 
 familiar with in the collections made from discoveries in London in more recent 
 times. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Straw colour: 15 inches in height, 
 
 S4 inches in circumference. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 Stone colour : 7 inches in height, 
 
 il inches in circumference. 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 10| inches in height, 24 inches 
 
 in circumference. 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 Grey; lower part, black : 12 in. high, 
 25 in. in circumference. 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 Stone colour: 15 in. high, 
 
 34 in. in circumference. 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 Dark slate colour : 11 in. hig 
 
 25 in. iu circumference. 
 
 \ 
 
 Some of these are similar to the types introduced upon this page, particularly 
 figures 1, 2, and 3. There are also two of the small drinking-cups with slender 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 81 
 
 stems, of wliich a variety, in pale red clay, is shewn on the right of this page ; 
 and a broad, shallow vessel, termed mortarium, in every particular 
 resembling the specimen appended below, which is of a pale 
 clay, with a mixture of pounded red tile and white sihcious 
 particles worked into the inner surface to counteract the wear- 
 ing effects of trituration, these vessels having been intended for 
 pounding or rubbing vegetable substances as well as cooking 
 them over a fire. They are exceedingly numerous, not only among 
 the remains found in London, but also in all parts of the country, 
 on the sites of Roman buildings. At Headington, near Oxford, Height, six inche.. 
 
 among the ruins of a villa, Mr. LI. Jewitt found the 
 fragments of at least two hundred of these vessels, 
 which, from peculiar indications, appeared to have been 
 fabricated in or near the locality ; and the same remark 
 would hold good with respect to other kinds of the 
 pottery found at Headingham. The mortaria vary in 
 dimensions from seven or eight inches to nearly two feet in diameter ; and 
 from three to about five inches in depth. Those found in London are often 
 inscribed with the makers' names across the rims, as shewn in the lower cut 
 upon this page ; but those found in other parts of the coimtry do not seem so 
 frequently inscribed : it does not appear that any of those discovered by Mr. LI. 
 Jewitt were. 
 
 Upon the bank of the Medway, opposite the village of Upchurch, and extending 
 for a considerable distance towards the mouth of the river, was a settlement of 
 Roman potters, who manufactured the excellent clay which abounds in the district 
 into various descriptions of ware. Traces of the kilns themselves have not been 
 noticed ; but the evidences of the potteries are so decided as to admit of no doubt 
 as to their estabhshment over a long period of time.^ Although our investigations 
 have led us to ascertain that these potteries produced many kinds of vessels, chiefly 
 for common domestic purposes, yet we could but be struck by the prevalence of 
 those which are of a pecuUar dark colour, approaching nearest to what may be 
 called a blue-black, all of wliich, though of a great variety of form and orna- 
 mentation, were clearly the result of some particular process in baking, which 
 was explained by the discoveries of my friend the late Mx. Artis, made in the 
 
 ' Those who are particularly interested in this " Archaeologia," vol. xxiv; and in the " Journal of 
 branch of British archaeology, are referred for full the British Archaeological Association, "vol. ii; and 
 information on the subject to my papers in the to Mr. Wright's " Wanderings of an Antiquary." 
 
82 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 neighbourhood of Castor. He was led to the conclusion that these and similar 
 vessels of blue and slate-colour were coloured by suffocating the fire of the kiln, at 
 the time when its contents had acquired a degree of heat sufficient to insure 
 uniformity of colour ; and he had so firmly made up his mind as to the process of 
 making and firing this peculiar kind of earthenware, that long before he was able to 
 demonstrate the fact from existing proofs, he termed the kilns in which it had 
 been fired " smother kilns." At length he discovered a kUn, and his opinions were 
 fully confirmed. The clay of which the bricks, or tiles, of the kihi were composed, 
 had been mixed with about one third of rye in the chaff, which, being consumed in 
 the fire, left cavities in the room of the grains. This might have been intended to 
 modify expansion and contraction, as well as to assist the gradual distribution of the 
 colouring vapour. The mouth of the furnace and the top of the kiln were, no 
 doubt, stopped, for every part of the kihi, from the inside wall to the earth on the 
 outside, as well as every part of the clay wrappers of the dome, was penetrated and 
 saturated with the colouring vegetable exhalation. As further proof that the colour 
 of the ware was thus produced, Mr. Artis collected the clays of the neighbourhood, 
 including specimens from the immediate neighbourhood of the smother-ldlns ; and 
 having submitted them to a series of experiments, became further convinced of 
 the correctness of his theory, that this colour could not be attributed to any 
 metallic oxide, either in the clay or applied externally ; but solely to impregna- 
 tion from the confined smoke. It may be added that this colour is so volatile 
 
 as to be entirely expelled by 
 a second firing in an open 
 kihi. 
 
 Examples of three" varie- 
 ties of this class of vessels are 
 here given. We may conclude 
 that the numerous specimens 
 found in London were manu- 
 factured on the banks of the 
 Medway. 
 
 It is probable that the vessels representing another singular kind of ware, of 
 which examples are given in the next page, are of native manufacture ; but they 
 are not of very frequent occurrence. One of this class (in the possession of 
 Mr. Peacock) has recently been found at Chester, in a tomb formed of tUes, with a 
 coin of Domitian. 
 
 Mr. Artis pubUshed a valuable set of plates, entitled The Durobrivce of 
 
 Height, 5^ inches. 
 
 Height, 5 inches. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 83 
 
 Antoninm Identified and Illustrated} in wliich some of the kilns are engraved, 
 together with examples of pottery found in them. The subject receives much 
 additional light from information which this inteUigent and zealous antiquary 
 
 Dark bluelab Ola; : diam. 
 Oi in., height, 3 iu. 
 
 Ash colour clay : dimensions, 7 in. ; 
 height, & inches. 
 
 Dark red clay : diameter, 4 in. ; 
 height, 2i in. 
 
 light red clay. 
 
 communicated to me. " I have now traced," he observes, " these potteries to an 
 extent of upwards of twenty miles. They are principally confined to the gravel beds 
 on the banks of the Nen and its tributary streams : the clay used at some of them 
 appears to have been collected at some Httle distance from the works. The kilns 
 are all constructed on the same principle. A circular hole was dug, from three to 
 four feet deep, and four in diameter ; and walled round to the height of two feet. 
 A furnace, one-third of the diameter of the kiln in length, communicated with the 
 side. In the centre of the circle so formed was an oval pedestal, the height of the 
 sides, with the end pointing to the mouth of the furnace. Upon this pedestal and 
 side wall the floor of the kiln rests. It is formed of perforated angular bricks. 
 
 ' Mr. Artis, in a circular to his subscribers in 
 reference to the plates, says : " If they had been 
 accompanied by letter press, the publication would 
 have come within the operation of an Act of Par- 
 liament which requires that eleven copies of each 
 work shall be given up to as many public libra- 
 ries : this would have subjected the author to a 
 tax (nearly £100) which he would not have been 
 able to bear." At my instigation Mr. Artis re- 
 solved on giving an illustrated volume which 
 should supply this deficiency : but the support 
 
 promised was not encouraging; and, before any 
 step, beyond preliminary measures, could be taken, 
 his death justified the prognostication that he 
 would probably be prevented from ever laying 
 before the public " any further information than 
 what the plates themselves could convey." There 
 remain in my possession some notes made, at 
 my request, by himself, and memoranda which 
 I was accustomed to make during conversations 
 on the subject while he was staying with me in 
 London. 
 
 M 2 
 
84 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 meeting at one point in the centre. The furnace is arched with bricks moulded for 
 the purpose. The side of the kiln is constructed with curved bricks set edgeways 
 in a thick slip (the same material made into a thin mortar), to the height of two 
 feet. The process of packing the vessels and securing uniform heat in firing the ware 
 was the same in the two different kinds of kilns, namely, that before described, called 
 'smother-kHn'; and that for various other kinds of pottery. They were first 
 carefully loose-packed with the articles to be fired, up to the height of the side 
 walls. The circumference of the bulk was then gradually diminished, and finished 
 in the shape of a dome. As this arrangement progressed, an attendant seems to 
 have followed the packer, and thinly covered a layer of pots with coarse hay or 
 grass. He then took some thin clay, the size of his hand, and laid it flat over the 
 grass upon the vessels : he then placed more grass on the edge of the clay just laid 
 on ; and then more clay ; and so on until he had completed the circle. By this 
 time the packer would have raised another tier of pots, the plasterer following as 
 before, hanging the grass over the top edge of the last layer of plasters, until he had 
 reached the top, in which a small aperture was left, and the clay nipped round 
 the edge : another coating would be then laid on as before described. Directly 
 afterwards gravel or loam was thrown up against the side wall where the clay 
 wrappers were commenced, probably to secure the bricks and the clay coating. The 
 Idln was then fired with wood. In consequence of the care taken to place grass 
 between the edges of the wrappers, they could be unpacked in the same size pieces 
 as when laid on in a plastic state ; and thus the danger in breaking the coat to 
 obtain the contents of the kiln would be obviated. In the course of my excavations 
 I discovered a curiously constructed furnace, of which I have never before or since 
 met an example. Over it had been placed two circular vessels : that next above 
 the furnace was a third less than the other, which would hold about eight gallons. 
 The fire passed partly under both of them, the smoke escaping by a smoothly 
 plastered flue from seven to eight inches wide. The vessels were suspended by the 
 rims fitting into a circular groove or rabbet formed for the purpose. They contained 
 pottery both perfect and fragmentary. It is probable they had covers ; and I am 
 inclined to think were used for glazing peculiar kinds of the immense quantities of 
 ornamented ware made in this district. Its contiguity to one of the workshops in 
 which the glaze (oxide of iron) and other pigments were found, confirms this 
 opinion." 
 
 Mr. Artis thus describes the manner in which he considered most of the 
 ornamented kinds of pottery made in the Castor district were decorated. 
 
 " The vessels upon which are displayed a variety of hunting subjects, repre- 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 85 
 
 sentations of fishes, scrolls, foliage, and human figures, were all glazed after the 
 figures were laid on : where, however, the decorations are white, the vessels were 
 glazed before the ornaments were added. Ornamenting with figures of men and 
 animals was effected by means of sharp and of blunt skewer implements and a slip 
 of suitable consistency. These implements seem to have been of two kinds : one 
 thick enough to carry sufficient slip for the nose, neck, body, and front thigh ; the 
 other, of a more dehcate kind, for a thinner sUp for the tongue, lower jaws, eye, fore 
 and liind legs, and tail. There seems to have been no retouching after the slip 
 trailed from the implement."^ 
 
 The two leading classes of the Castor ware, thus briefly described, may be 
 illustrated by the annexed specimens, discovered in London : 
 
 Height, 6 inebea. 
 
 Actual aize. 
 
 Actual size. 
 
 The examples upon this page are such as were glazed after the figures were laid on : 
 those on p. 86 were glazed first ; and ornamented with designs in white, afterwards. 
 The manufactory of the first class to which these examples belong, seems 
 to have been more exclusively confined to Northamptonshire than the other, many 
 varieties of which have been found on the site of Roman potteries in the western 
 district of the New Forest in Hampshire, an account of which is published in the 
 ArchcBologia, vol. xxxv. The ornaments upon many of the vessels, which more 
 
 ' Those to whom Mr. Artis's plates are not accessible may find some excellent illustrations 
 in Mr. Wright's " Celt, Koman, and Saxon." 
 
86 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF EOMAN LONDON. 
 
 strictly belong to what, for the sake of distinction, we may term the Castor ware, 
 are scrolls and foliage, dolphins; and dogs chasing rabbits, hares, and stags. In 
 
 the fourth volume 
 of the Collecta- 
 nea Antiqua are 
 some remarkable 
 examples, one of 
 which has a gla- 
 diatorial combat, 
 a group repre- 
 senting the train- 
 ing of a bear, and 
 a hunting scene: 
 others represent 
 mythological sub- 
 jects. In almost 
 all, the designs 
 are executed with 
 skill and spirit, 
 
 especially when the very simple and off-handed process, as described by Mr. Artis, 
 is taken into consideration. This kind of pottery has been discovered in Holland, 
 Flanders, and Belgium, and, I beheve, more sparingly, in some parts of the north- 
 east of France ; but I did not notice any specimens in the public collections of the 
 towns of the south and west of that country ; neither can I refer to any in the 
 French archseological pubHcations with which I am acquainted. 
 
 Vessels in a fine red clay have been found in London which were probably 
 
 Black pottery "with "white painted pattern ; 
 6 in. in diameter, 7 iu. in height 
 
 Dark reddish hrown with white ornaments: 
 6 in. high, 2i in. diameter in centre. 
 
 Height, 3i inches. 
 
 Height, 1 in.: oircum., 7in. 
 
 Height, 3J inches. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 87 
 
 imported into Britain. They are usually of the shape of the perfect example on the 
 preceding page, and are ornamented at the mouth with masks, such as are there 
 introduced. Further examples are given in the Antiquities of Ricliborough, Reculver, 
 and Lymne, p. 74, which, with a perfect vessel found at Canterbury, are now in 
 the museum of Air. Mayer, of Liverpool. They seem to 
 have served as patterns for some in a light yellow or straw- 
 coloured clay with masks, the hair and eyelashes of which are 
 painted of a chocolate colour : of these examples are given in 
 plate ylix of Durobrivce Illustrated. 
 
 The cup in the annexed cut is one of a very common 
 form, ornamented with circular rows of indentations, which 
 upon some of the varieties are of a very complex form, such as 
 may be best described by reference to the patterns upon watch- 
 cases, called "engine-turned". A basin-shaped vessel with 
 over-lapping cover, both entirely covered with this pattern, 
 found at Castor, is figured in No. xlix of Mr. Artis's plates. 
 
 ^.TlJHIM lilliltll 
 
 /MftMithiinii'tiii 
 /MnM'niininMIJirjini 
 
 '•!inii}ifininiiiilliliniil\ 
 uiiiiiiin)i)it/iiJ</i///lilil 
 
 Height, 6 inches. 
 
 Height, 28 inches; diameter, 81 inohes. 
 
 Of the larger kinds of earth- 
 enware vessels, the amphora has 
 been met with so frequently in 
 London among the remains of 
 dwelling-houses, that in some 
 localities it might almost have 
 been supposed that manufac- 
 tories of them had been esta- 
 blished there. They had, how- 
 ever, been mostly broken to 
 pieces before discovered ; and 
 the quantity of fragments merely 
 indicated the general use of the 
 vessels for domestic purposes, 
 such as storing of wine, oil, and 
 vinegar. A perfect example is 
 here shewn ; but many, as could 
 be judged from the fragments, 
 were of stiU larger dimensions. 
 They seem to have usually 
 ranged from the capacity of four 
 
88 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 or five to that of ten or twelve gallons. Caylus, in Ms Recueil d'Antiquites, has 
 figured an amphora, found in Italy, which was four inches thick, five feet six inches 
 in height, fifteen feet in circumference, and capable of containing nearly six 
 hogsheads of liquor ; and many continental museums contain examples both of the 
 amphora and of the dolium (a wide-mouthed globular vessel), both of huge dimen- 
 sions. It was a very common practice Avith the Romans to use the amphora, after 
 separating the upper part, as a cist or coffin for the cinerary urn. One found near 
 Lothbury seemed to have been used for that purpose ; and in the Charles Museum, 
 at Maidstone, is preserved one from a family waUed cemetery in Lockham AVood, 
 near that town, in which was deposited a large glass urn filled with burnt human 
 bones. Whether, in such cases, the selection of a wine-jar for the remains of 
 the owner was dictated by respect for his habits and taste, is more than I can say : 
 probably the solidity of the amphora insuring the protection of the more fragile urn 
 was the cause. The dolium, from its large dimensions and wide mouth, was also 
 used as a depository for the cinerary urn. 
 
 The other kind of amphora, such as is commonly represented on ancient monu- 
 ments, is long and slender, but frequently of enormous dimensions. Examples 
 win be found in the Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii, p. 26, 27, discovered with various 
 other vessels of domestic use and implements of cooking apparatus, in a Roman 
 burial-place near Colchester. 
 
 There is every reason to beheve that many of the amphorae found in London are 
 of local manufactory ; but others were doubtless continually imported with the 
 produce of Italy, such as wine, oil, and fruits. 
 
 The marks and names of the potters, impressed usually upon the handles 
 of the London examples, are : 
 
 A.A.P 
 
 CRADOS 
 
 L. C. F. P. C. 
 
 0. 
 
 Q. S. P. 
 
 SCALENS 
 
 AERI 
 
 CARTVNIT. M. ? 
 
 mvn(?)melissae] cat. qvie 
 
 L. SER. SENC 
 
 C. F. AI. 
 
 CORI 
 
 MELISSE 
 
 
 J CANTON. QV 
 
 C. SEMPOL 
 
 AXII 
 
 F. C. CVFIA 
 
 L. IVNiC?) \ 
 MELISSE 1 
 
 
 CANTON. QV. ET 
 
 L. S. SEX 
 
 BELLVCl 
 
 L.F.CRESCIV.FE? 
 
 
 CANT. QVESI (1) 
 
 L. C. SOL 
 
 L. VI. BR 
 
 EIPC 
 
 M. P. R. 
 
 
 ROMANI 
 
 SVENNR 
 
 C. 
 
 EROV. IF 
 
 MCC 
 
 
 L. V. ROPI. M 
 
 C. MARL STIL 
 
 C. IV. R 
 
 FAVSTI.MANIB 
 
 MIM 
 
 
 QIMFN 
 
 S. YENNR 
 
 C. V. H 
 
 L. A. GE 
 
 NYMPH 
 
 
 RVFSANI 
 
 VALERI 
 
 L. CES 
 
 GMT 
 
 P. S. A. 
 
 
 SAENVS 
 
 VENVSTI 
 
 C. AP. F. 
 
 HILARI 
 
 POR. L. AN 
 
 
 OF. SANI 
 
 VIBIOR 
 
 There are many more, so very indistinctly stamped as not to be intelligible. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 89 
 
 The potters' names on the mortaria (sec p. 81) are 
 
 ALBINVS 
 
 ALBINUS. FECIT 
 
 APRILI8 
 
 ANDID. FECIT 
 
 AMMIVS 
 
 BRIXSA 
 
 CAS... 
 
 CATVLVS. F 
 
 DEVA... 
 
 DVBITATVS 
 
 DOINV 
 DO... 
 
 ESVNERT ) 
 Q. VALERI ) 
 LICINILVS 
 LITVCENTI 
 LVGVDI. F 
 F. LVGVDV 
 LVGVDV. PACTV 
 L. E. ECIT 
 
 MARINVS. FECIT 
 MARTINVS. F 
 MARTVCENVS 
 MARTVSENS. F 
 MAXI 
 
 PRASSO. OF 
 PRIMVS. F 
 
 RID AN VS. 
 RIDANVS. M. 
 RIPANI 
 
 a.terenI 
 
 RIPANI ) 
 
 RVCCVS 
 
 SAVRANVS 
 
 L.LVRIVS.PRISCVS SATVRNINVS. FEC 
 P. P. R. Q. VA. SE. 
 
 P. R. B. L. CAN. SEC. 
 
 SECVNDVS 
 SOLLVS. F. 
 TANIO 
 SEX. VAL 
 Q. VALC. 
 VERANI. 
 Q. VALERIVS I 
 VERANTVS ) 
 T .. S: VALEN 
 VIALLA 
 
 D. F| 
 LF) 
 
 Some of these names occur in the more copious list of the makers of the red glazed 
 pottery. Those reading Lugudi F. ; F. Lugudi, and Lugudu Factu, would, from 
 the more complete form, LVGVDVni faotvs, appear to have been fabricated at 
 Lugudunum, or Lugdunum, Lyons. This supposition is supported, not merely by 
 the spelling in inscriptions being often Lugudunum, but by the name of the potter, 
 Ripanus Tiber, being associated with the name of this city, upon a mortarium found 
 at Ewell, in Surrey. 
 
 THE RED GLAZED POTTERY. 
 
 A class of Roman pottery of a very peculiar kind has been found in great abund- 
 ance in and around London. From the great interest attached to it on account of 
 variety and beauty of form, superior material, and the classic designs with which 
 it is frequently decorated, plates xxiv to xxix, as well as many wood-cuts, are here 
 introduced with the object of making it more fully understood and appreciated. 
 This is the more desirable because the pottery is found, not only in our towns of 
 Roman origin and almost wherever a viUa has stood; but also upon the continent ; 
 and in almost all antiquarian Avorks it is described or referred to, most usually 
 under the appellation of " Samian" pottery. But it has been nowhere found more 
 plentifully than in London, as will be best shewn by these illustrations and by the 
 potters' stamps, which present upwards of three hundred varieties. 
 
 N 
 
90 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 The characteristics of this pottery are a fine red clay, of a very compact texture, 
 covered with a brighter or coral-colour glaze ; slightly porous, and sonorous when 
 struck. Its forms are those of the dish or patera, the cup, and the bowl ; and so 
 seldom was it used for the narrow-mouthed vessels, that among many hundred 
 examples I can only call to mind one specimen of a fragment which appeared to 
 have belonged to a bottle-shaped vessel, and that is ornamented with a white raised 
 beaded pattern. In the museum at York there is also a fragment of a patera with 
 fohage in white. 
 
 The most usual varieties are shewn in the accompanying cuts. Of these figures 
 1 to 5 are the most uncommon ; and figures 1 and 1 4 are remarkable for their 
 
 ^^^^ large size. Figures 6, 8, 1 2, 1 3, and 
 [P'KIRNM.O J (M^ETFm) (©SJVER!) 1 4 have usually the makers' names 
 
 stamped across the bottom on the 
 inside, as in the annexed examples. 
 
 Diameter, 5 inches. 
 
 Diameter, 4 inches. 
 
 3. 
 
 Height, 3 inches. 
 
 Diameter, 6 inches. 
 
 Diameter, 6 inches. 
 
 Diameter, 4 inches. 
 
 7. 
 Diameter, 7J inches. 
 
 Diameter, 5 inches. 
 
 Width, 41 inches. 
 
 10. 
 Width, 10 inches. 
 
 11. 
 
 Diameter, 4J inches. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 91 
 
 7 
 
 ^ 
 
 :i^ 
 
 -^ llliiiiiiili^ 
 
 12. 
 Diameter, 7 In.: de]>tb, 1) in. 
 
 1». 
 
 Widili, lu in. ; depth, 2 in. 
 
 14. 
 Diameter, i in. 
 
 Diaiueier, 14 inches. 
 
 Besides these there is another class, which, from the overlapping edge, the spout, 
 
 and the mixture in the inner 
 
 surface of minute pieces of 
 
 silex or quartz, may be called 
 
 mortaria. The spout of the 
 
 smaller of the two examples 
 
 here given is the mouth of a 
 
 lion's head. It is probable they 
 
 were used for table dishes, 
 
 in which slight trituration 
 
 only was necessary, which the 
 
 rougher surface would accelerate. 
 
 The other divisions of the red glazed pottery, so far as regards the body of the 
 
 ware, and the shining red colour of the 
 glaze, is precisely similar to that exem- 
 plified by the foregoing examples. But 
 it difiers in form, and in being, more or 
 less, richly embossed, of which numerous 
 varieties are exhibited in plates xxiv to 
 xxix, and in the wood-cuts upon the fol- 
 lowing pages. This embossing was partly 
 executed by means of moulds, and partly 
 
 by separate stamps, as may be perceived by a close examination of the designs, 
 
 which occasionally shew marks of a double impress where the first has not been 
 
 suflBciently distinct, or was stamped irregularly. Of this pottery with raised 
 
 ornamented designs there are two distinct kinds, that just described, and a 
 
 much rarer description, the figures upon which were moiUded separately and 
 
 then affixed to the vessels. Only a few of the latter kind have been discovered ; 
 
 but they are quite sufficient to assist us in coming to a conclusion as to their 
 
 origin and the origin of the more numerous class, that commonly known as 
 
 N 2 
 
 DiAmeter, 8 Inches 
 
92 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 " Samian." There is, moreover, a third variety, also very rare, with incuse orna- 
 ments. 
 
 The term " Samian," though generally applied to this peculiar ware, does not 
 appear to be warranted by any ancient authority. The clay of Samos, and the 
 pottery made from it, are spoken of as being of a peculiar fine kind : but it nowhere 
 appears that its colour was red, nor is the ware so described as to admit of its 
 being identified in the pottery under consideration. Pliny enumerates several places 
 eminent for pottery ; but he does not point out the characteristic qualities of the 
 vessels so that we can recognise them ; and although passages may be found in 
 other ancient writers which may seem to refer to this very elegant red ware, yet 
 it is doubtful if we are warranted in so applying them. The most simple and 
 decisive way to understand what were the various kinds of fictile vessels men- 
 tioned by ancient authors as manufactured at particular places, would be to 
 ascertain what peculiar kinds are most abundantly discovered in the several 
 localities ; and until this is done, it is better, as in the case of the assumed 
 Samian, to designate them from some distinctive qualities rather than from a ques- 
 tionable locality. 
 
 The prevailing forms of the ornamented vessels are bowl-shaped and upright, of 
 which the two cuts subjoined may serve as examples. The sides of some of the 
 
 Diameter, 8^ inches ; height, 5^ inches. 
 
 Diameter, 6 J inches : height, 4 J inches. 
 
 latter are sometimes not quite perpendicular, but slightly expanding towards the 
 top, as in examples given in plate xxvii. A very few have been found with 
 imitative handles, of which a fine bowl is represented at the top of the opposite 
 page. 
 
 The vessels before referred to with incuse patterns are so exceedingly rare, 
 that no perfect example has been met with during the London excavations. The 
 
ILLDSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 93 
 
 Diameter, 9 inchea ; height, 5} inches. 
 
 fnigments, which have belonged to at least five varieties, are here brought together 
 in one view. The material and glaze are precisely similar to those of the other 
 descriptions ; but the ornaments, instead of being raised, are incised with great 
 sharpness and skill. 
 
 Half the actual eize. 
 
 The designs with which the red glazed pottery is ornamented include a great 
 variety of subjects, most of which are treated with freedom and taste; and many are 
 jirranged with much elegance, particularly some of those with scrolls and foliated 
 
94 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 patterns. The figures of men and deities are usually well drawn, as are those 
 of animals ; and some of the former are evidently copies of statues, such as 
 a representation of Venus, which closely resembles the well-known statue of 
 Venus de' Medici. While many of the designs are merely fantastical, others are 
 not uninstructive as affording representations illustrative of social and reUgious 
 habits and customs. Mythology is a fertUe source of the designs ; and the 
 London examples afford us scenes from the labours of Hercules, and from the story 
 of Actseon and Diana ; Apollo and Daphne ; Bacchus ; the Pygmies and Cranes ; 
 Luna Lucifera in the Biga ; Fortune holding the rudder and cornucopia ; Victory ; 
 Anubis ; Cupids ; Bacchanalian orgies and processions, as in the annexed cut, a 
 
 group of SUenus, with 
 Satyrs and Fauns. The 
 central figure is drink- 
 ing from a horn sup- 
 plied from a wine-skin 
 held in his left hand. 
 Musicians are often in- 
 troduced, playing upon 
 the harp and the double 
 flute ; and upon others 
 are sphynges, hippo- 
 campi, griffins, tritons, 
 harpies, and other creations of the imagination. 
 
 A very numerous series is composed of representations of flowers, fruits, and 
 foliage, arranged either in scrolls or among other ornaments, or interspersed with 
 cupids and birds. Some have trees from which hang masks, the oscilla ofiered to 
 Bacchus to procure fertility to the vines, as mentioned by Virgil •} 
 
 " Et te, Bacche, vocant per carmina Iseta, tlbique 
 Oscilla ex alta suspendunt mollia pinu : 
 Hinc omnis largo pubescit vinea fetu." 
 
 Of the plants introduced upon these vessels, the vine, the ivy, the strawberry, the 
 fern, and the seed-vessels of the thorn or the myrtle, are the most easily recognized ; 
 but probably the botanist may identify others. 
 
 Field sports constitute the subject of another numerous series ; and almost 
 equally common are scenes from the sports of the amphitheatre. The first of the 
 subjoined cuts represents the close of a bull-fight.: the bestiarius, armed with a 
 
 ' Geoig,, lib. ii, 1. 388. 
 
 Two-lhirds the actual size. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 95 
 
 shield and a hatchet, is about to despatch the wounded animal. Gladiatorial 
 combats were as favourite a subject with the potter as with the worker in mosaic. 
 The costume and equipments of the combatants are usually well defined, and accord 
 with similar representations in other works of ancient art, and with the descriptions 
 given by classical writers. In the groups here given are shewn a Retiarius and a 
 
 fSM. 
 
 Secutor (fig. 2) : the former of these was usually armed with a net as well as a 
 trident, as depicted in the wall-paintings at Pompeii and upon the Bignor pavement. 
 Others, as fig. 3, appear to be Thraces, so called from being armed with the curved 
 swords and small shields used by the Thracians. The legs are protected by greaves 
 and the arms by metal or bands of leather. Others exhibit the crested helmet, the 
 gauntlets, the broad belt or girdle, and the armour upon the left leg only, as 
 described by Juvenal^ in satirising the debased taste of the Roman ladies : 
 
 " Quale decus rerum, si conjugis auctio fiat, 
 Balteus, et manicee, et cristse, crurisque sinistri 
 Dimidium tegmen." 
 
 The retreating gladiator in fig. 4 is armed with a short strait Roman sword ; the 
 pursuer carries a small round shield, and, with the exception of the legs, is without 
 armour. Figs. 5 and 6 represent the close of combats. In the one the glatliator 
 with the oblong shield appears to be wounded and prepared to receive the fatal 
 
 ' Sat., vi, 1. 254. 
 
96 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 stroke from his antagonist ; in the other the vanquished fighter is imploring the 
 protection of the spectators. 
 
 It will be sufficient merely to aUude to another class of subjects, which, strange 
 to say, did not seem to be too indelicate to be displayed in the daily service of the 
 domestic board. Such fictile works Pliny^ mentions and censures : " in poculis 
 libidines coelaxe juvit, ac per obscenitates bibere" ; and " vasa adulteriis coelata". 
 
 As before observed, there is a doubt as to whether glazed red pottery was manu- 
 factured at Samos : there is no doubt of its having been made abundantly at Arre- 
 tium, in Italy, one of the towns mentioned by Pliny as celebrated for the finer kind 
 of earthenware. He does not mention the colour ; but Dr. Fabroni, an Italian 
 antiquary, has published engravings^ of specimens of a beautiful kind of red embossed 
 pottery discovered at Arezzo, the ancient Axretium, the material, colour, and glaze 
 of which are identical with those of the ware discovered at London. The only 
 material difference consists in the superior design and execution of the ornaments, 
 which are usually of the highest school of art. I have found in this country 
 fragments with designs which have been obviously copied from some of those which 
 appear in Dr. Fabroni's plates ; copied and recopied, so that the original designs 
 had been lost sight of, and the copies become degraded ; but their primitive source 
 was easily to be recognized. The potters' stamps of the Arezzo ware are also of a 
 peculiar type ; and one of these, in the form of a human foot, was in Mr. Chaff"ers's 
 collection of antiquities discovered in London. 
 
 The examples which I introduce on the opposite page are of much higher art 
 than any of the other vessels selected for illustration in this volume. They are of 
 great rarity; these comprising, I believe, almost if not all the specimens which have 
 been found in London; and I can only refer to one more fragment found in this coun- 
 try ; and that is in the York Museum. Neither is this description of the red glazed 
 pottery common in France or in Germany. The only instance in which I have met 
 with it is in the public museum at Evreux, where I noticed the fragments of a vase 
 so closely resembling that on the opposite page that they appeared to be from the 
 same mould. In aU the examples here given the figures, instead of forming part of 
 the body of the ware, as cast in moulds or as stamped by separate matrices upon 
 the vessels, were luted to the surface while the clay was soft by a very delicate 
 process, and retained in this position by the tenacity of the clay and by the glaze. 
 In the fragments, fig. 1, this mode of affixing the figures will be apparent, as the 
 body of the vases, being thinner, has broken away from the stronger masses of clay 
 
 ' "Nat. Hist.," lib. xxxiii, and lib. xiv. 
 ^ Stoiia degli antichi vasi fittili Aietini, del. Dott. A. Fabroni, Arezzo, 1840. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 97 
 
 Actual size. 
 
 3. 
 
 Height, II tnches. 
 
 
 
98 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 which formed the figures. These figures are in. high relief, and are cut with great 
 skill and efiect. The lower fragment in fig. 1 has belonged to a distinct vase from 
 that to which the upper fragment was an ornament ; and fig. 2 was appended to a 
 third. Further examples will be found in figs. 5, 11, 13, and 15, pi. xxix ; and 
 in the beautiful figure of Cupid, engraved in the Catalogue of the Museum of 
 London Antiquities, fig. 2, pi. vii. 
 
 It appears, then, that there are two very distinct kinds of red glazed pottery. 
 The superior description we are warranted in referring, if not wholly to Arretium as 
 the place of manufactory, at least to some part of Italy. There will be now no doubt 
 of our being equally justified in assigning the more abundant varieties, such, in fact, 
 as have been erroneously called "Samian," to Gaul and Germany. Long since, 
 before I had access to any evidence beyond the nomenclature of the potters' stamps, 
 I concluded that this pottery was manufactured in the north of Europe ; and 
 discoveries in France and Germany have fuUy justified that opinion and confirmed 
 its correctness. In the first volume of the Collectanea Antiqua I have discussed 
 the question somewhat fully ; but on the present occasion it may be desirable to 
 go partly over the ground again, recapitulating the main arguments with a few 
 additional observations. 
 
 In no instance have we ever found any vessel of the red glazed pottery in the 
 kilns discovered in this country or among the unquestionable products of those 
 kilns. In the neighbourhood of Colchester have been dug up, among other Eoman 
 remains, paterae which in form resemble some of the common kinds of the red glazed 
 ware ; but in form alone : the material is imperfectly tempered, and has a whitish 
 hue, with a thin coating of black carbonaceous matter. The potters who made these 
 paterae had evidently taken the red glazed as models for form and for stamping their 
 names across the centre ; but they either did not attempt to imitate the body and 
 the colour, or they faded in the efi"ort.^ 
 
 The vessels found in England, in France, and in Germany, are identical in 
 every respect ; not only in the material of which they are made, and in the colour, 
 but also in the forms, and even in the designs with which they are ornamented. 
 Moreover, the potters' names upon the vessels discovered in England, in so many 
 instances agree with those upon the continental ware, even in the most minute 
 details of the stamps, that it is evident the vessels so marked, though found so far 
 apart, were made by the same persons. A complete London list of potters' names 
 will be given in the following pages, and also a list of those collected at Douai, 
 in France, which wdl sufiice to prove the common origin. 
 
 ^ Some of the paterae are figured in the " Collectanea Antiqua,", vol. ii, p. 35. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 99 
 
 At Rheinzabem,^ situated between Spire and Lauterbourg, towards the French 
 frontier, upon the site of the TabernoB of the Roman itineraries, several hun- 
 dreds of fragments of the red glazed pottery, as well as entire vessels, have been 
 exhumed ; and with them were their moulds, proving that at this locality an 
 extensive manufactory was established. In every respect, most of the engraved 
 specimens are identical with those found in London. The author of the illustrated 
 description of the pottery, M. Schweighaeuser, has also published^ a plan of a kiln 
 found near the village of Heiligenberg, in the valley of the Bruche, about three 
 miles from Mutzig, where, he states, several kilns had been formerly disinterred. 
 Near the furnace were a large quantity of fragments of the red pottery ; and a small 
 lump of clay prepjired for making the ware, but not yet subjected to the fire : its 
 colour was not of so deep a red as that of the baked vases. Upwards of sixteen 
 moulds for the vessels, ornamented with bas-reliefs, were discovered. With a single 
 exception, they were adapted for casting the vessels in one piece, the contraction 
 of the clay during desiccation sufficing to disengage them from the moulds. The 
 construction of these kilns, as well as of those at Rheinzabern, is described in 
 M. Brongniart's Treatise on Pottery,^ in which are also recorded discoveries of the 
 remains of kilns at Lezoux, in Auvergne, which supplied one of the dies for impres- 
 sing the name of the potter, Auster, upon the soft 
 clay. It is shewn in the annexed cut, together 
 with a die for stamping the pecidiar patterns which 
 may be noticed upon so many of the vessels form- 
 ing a frieze above the other ornaments. The name 
 of this potter occurs in the London List, and 
 also that of Cobnertus, one of whose dies, found 
 in France, is preserved in the Sevres museum. Mr. 
 Birch has published* a mould of a vase found near 
 Mayence, in the museum of which town, as well 
 as in that of Wiesbaden, are several varieties pro- 
 cured from the neighbouring districts. 
 It seems, then, to be fuUy established, that the red glazed pottery was manufac- 
 tured in Gaid and in Germany, and thence imported into Britain ; and that the 
 Arretine vases, and probably those of some other cities in Italy, supplied the arche- 
 
 )f\VJTK|-OF 
 
 ' "Antiquites de Rheinzabern:" par. J. G. ' "Traite des Arts Ceramiques ou des Pote- 
 
 Schweighseuser : Strasbourg, 15 plates, 4to. ries," etc., Paris, 8vo., 1844. 
 
 » " Memoires de la Societe des Antiquaires de * " History of Ancient Pottery," vol. ii, p. 
 
 France," tome v, pi. li. 352. 
 
 2 
 
100 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 Half the actual size. 
 
 Height, 8 inches ; diameter, 8 incher. 
 
 Half the actual size. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 101 
 
 types. The copies of the original designs, from being repeated by successive genera- 
 tions of potters, became more and more inferior to the originals ; but still capable of 
 being traced to their source, like the barbarous designs upon the latest Roman coins. 
 The makers' names are usually stamped across the centre of the plain vases, in 
 a slightly concave label. The embossed vessels are not so frequently impressed ; 
 and when the names do occur, they are chiefly upon the exterior surface, in long 
 narrow labels slightly raised. In a few instances they occur in disjointed parts 
 among the ornaments. In one instance, the potter, Frontinus, has used two different 
 forms, OF.FRONTINI, in the centre, and upon the exterior, in another type and 
 incuse, frontini. In a very few instances the names occur in circular stamps. 
 The formulae used were o, or of, or offic, for officina; M for manu ; and 
 F, or FE, or FEC, ioT fecit. In one instance, the potter has used the stamp of 
 an ocuhst, intended for one of his eye ointments.^ The letters are frequently 
 ligatured, as in the first two of the annexed examples, paternvli, and medeti.m. 
 
 IPK3RMUI I ( MibETI-M) te^BVEM) '^^\ f ""<' ' <"> '' J"^ "f'*" 
 ^* used for E, as aiistivi for aestivi, 
 
 and siixtvs for sextvs ; and other pccuUarities will be noticed in an examination of 
 
 the list. To the philological interest which this long array of potters' names excites, 
 
 is attached considerable ethnological importance. Many of the names are obviously 
 
 and purely those of Gauls ; while others seem derived from a mixture of races. 
 
 Among those of a more marked Gaulish origin are, Beliniccus, Bonoxus, Cobnertus, 
 
 Dago, Dagodubnus, Dagomarus, Divicatus, Durinx, Suobnedo, Tasconus, and 
 
 Tascillus ; while such names as Aquitanus and Senonus were probably derived 
 
 from localities in Gaul ; and others wiU suggest names still in use in France. 
 
 Occasionally a female would seem to have exercised the trade of a potter, as we may 
 
 infer from the names Tascilla and Vertecisa. 
 
 1 " Catalogue of the Museum of London Antiquities collected by C. R. S.," p. 47. 
 
 Aimbit. Wluged genius. 
 
102 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 POTTERS' MAEKS ON THE RED WARE TERMED SAMIAN 
 
 DISCOVERED IN LONDON. 
 
 A. 
 
 ABALANIS 
 OF, ABALI 
 OF. ABARI 
 ABIANI 
 ABILl. M 
 ACCILINVS. F 
 A. C. E. R. O 
 ACVRIO. F 
 ACVTVS 
 ADIVTORI 
 ADVOCISI. OF 
 ABLIANI. M 
 AEQVIR. F 
 ^QVR. F 
 AESTIVI. M 
 AIISTIVI. M 
 AISTIVI. M 
 AETERNI. M 
 AGEDILLI. 
 AGEEDILLVS. F 
 AGILLITO 
 OF. ALBAN 
 
 OF. ALBANI 
 
 ALBANl. M. 
 
 ALBILLI. M, 
 
 ALBINI. MA 
 
 ALBVCI 
 
 ALBVCIANI 
 
 ALBVS. FE 
 
 ' Probably 
 
 ALIVS. F 
 AMABIVS 
 AMANDO 
 AMARILIS. F.^ 
 AMATOR 
 AMATORIS 
 AMMIVS. F 
 AMONVS. 
 ANNLOS. F^ 
 ANVNI. M 
 A. POL. AVSTI 
 APOLAVCIR 
 OF. APRILIS 
 OF. APRIS 
 OF. APRO 
 APRONIS 
 AQVIINVS 
 AQVIT 
 AGVIT 
 OF. AGVITA 
 OF. AQVITANI 
 ARACI MA 
 ARDAC 
 ARGO. F. 
 ARICI. M 
 ARICI. MA 
 ARRO 
 ASCILLI. M 
 ASIATICI. M 
 ATILIANI.M 
 Amabilis. 
 
 ATILIAN. OF 
 ATILIANVS. F. 
 ATTICI. M 
 AVCELIA. F 
 AVGVSTALIS 
 AVGVSTINVS 
 AVLIVS. F 
 AVSTRI. M 
 AVSTRI. OF 
 AVSTVS. F. 
 AVENTINI. M 
 AVITI. M 
 AVITOS OF 
 AVITVS 
 
 B. 
 BALBINVS. F 
 BANOLVCCI 
 BASSI 
 OP. BASSI 
 OP. BASSICO 
 BELINICCI 
 BELINICCI. M 
 BELINICCVS. F 
 BENNICI. M 
 BENNICI. M 
 BIGA. PEG 
 BILLICI 
 BILLIC. OF 
 OFIC. BILlCANll 
 OPIC. BILICAT. 
 
 ^ Annius 
 
 BIO. FECIT 
 BISENE... 
 BL.AESI 
 BOINICCI. M 
 BONOXVS. F 
 BORILLI. M 
 BORILLI. OF 
 BORILLI. OFPIC 
 BORVSI. FE 
 BOVTI. M 
 BRACKILLO 
 BRICCI 
 BRICC. M 
 BRITAENII 
 BVRDO. F 
 BVRDONIS. OF 
 BVTRIV 
 
 C. 
 CABIAN 
 CACAS. M 
 CACILANTRO 
 CADDIRON 
 CAI. M. S. 
 CAIVS. P. 
 CALENVS. F 
 CALETI. M 
 OF. CAI. IVT. 
 CAI. M. S. 
 T. CALIXA 
 CALMVA. B. 
 F. f 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 103 
 
 CALVI. M 
 OF. CAL 
 OF. CALVI 
 CALVINI. M. 
 CAMBVS. P 
 CAMPANO 
 CAMTI. M 
 CANAl. M 
 CAN. PATR 
 CANRVCATI 
 CAPAS 
 
 CAPRASIAS. FE 
 CAPRASIVS 
 CARANI 
 CARANL F 
 OF. CARAN 
 CARANT 
 CARANTINI. M 
 CARETI. M 
 CARBONIS. M 
 OF. CARI 
 CARINVS 
 CARO 
 CARVSSA 
 CASSIA. OF 
 CASSIVS. F 
 CASTVS 
 CASTVS. F 
 CASVRIVS. F 
 CATASEXTVS. F 
 CATIANVS 
 CATVCI 
 CATVLII 
 CAVPI...rECI 
 OF. CE 
 OF. CEI 
 
 CELSIANI.F 
 L. C. CELSI.O 
 CELSINVS 
 CELTAS. FC 
 CENSORI 
 CENSORINl 
 OF. CENSO 
 OF. CERA 
 CEREA 
 CERIALIS 
 CERIAL. M 
 CERTVS. F 
 CETI 
 
 CHRESI. M 
 CIAMAT. F 
 CINNAMI 
 CINTIRIO. M 
 CINTVAGENI 
 CINT. VGENT 
 CIN. T. VSSA 
 CINTVSMI. M 
 CINTVSMIX 
 CINTVSMV. 
 CINTVSMVS. F 
 CIRRI. M 
 CIRRVS. FEC 
 CIVPPI. M 
 CLEMENS 
 COBNERTI.M 
 COBNERTVS 
 COCCIL. M 
 COCCILLI. M 
 COCVRNV. F 
 COCVRO 
 COCVRO. F 
 COLLO. F 
 
 CONDI . M 
 
 COLON 
 COMITIALIS 
 COMPRIN. P 
 COMPRINNI. M 
 CONGI. M^ 
 CONSTANS. F 
 CONSTAS. F 
 COSAXTIS. F 
 COSIA. F 
 COSL R... 
 COSIRVFIN 
 F. L. COS. V. 
 COSMI. M 
 COTTO. F 
 OF. COTTO 
 CRACIS. M 
 CRACIS. S. M 
 CRACISA. F 
 CRACVNA. F 
 CRANI 
 
 CRASSIACVS. P 
 CRECIRO. OFI 
 OF. CREM 
 OF. CRES 
 OF. CRESI 
 M. CRESTI 
 M. CRESTI. 
 OF. CRESTIC 
 CRIMVS. FE 
 CROBRO. F 
 CRVCVRO 
 CVCALI. M 
 CVCCILLI. M 
 CVNI. lA. F 
 D. 
 DAGO 
 
 DAGODVBNVS. F 
 
 DAGOMARVS 
 
 DAGOMARVS. F 
 
 DAGOMARVS. FE 
 
 DACOIMNVS. F 
 
 DAMim. M 
 
 DAMONVS 
 
 DAVICI. M. 
 
 DECMI. M 
 
 DECVMINI. M 
 
 DIGNVS. 
 
 DIOGNATO 
 
 DIVICATI. M 
 
 DIVICATVS 
 
 DIVICL M 
 
 DIVIX 
 
 DIVIXI 
 
 DIVIXTVL 
 
 DOCALl. M 
 
 DOCCIVS. F 
 
 DOIICCI 
 
 DOLIC? 
 
 DOMETOS. F 
 
 DOMINCI 
 
 DOMINICI 
 
 DOMITIANVS. F 
 
 DOMITVS 
 
 DONATVS 
 
 DONNA. M 
 
 DONNAVC 
 
 DONTIONI 
 
 DOVIICCVS 
 
 DOVIIICCVS 
 
 DRAVCVS. ¥ 
 
 DVRINX 
 
104 
 
 ILLUSTKATIOKS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 E. 
 
 ELVILLI 
 EPPA 
 ERICI. M 
 EEOR 
 EERIMI 
 ETVS. P 
 
 F. 
 
 OP. PAGE 
 FALENDI. O . 
 FELIX. F 
 FELIXS. P 
 FELICIO. O 
 OP FELICIS 
 FELICIONIS 
 O. FELMA 
 PESTVS. P 
 FIR. . 
 
 O. FIEMONIS 
 PIVI. M . . 
 FRONTINVS 
 FRONTINI 
 O. FRONT! 
 OF. FRONTINI 
 
 G. 
 GABRVS. P 
 GAIVS. F 
 GALRINVS. P 
 GEMINI. M 
 GENIALIS. FECI 
 GENITOR. P 
 G.E.N.LT.O.R.F 
 GENTV. 
 GERMANI. OF 
 
 ' This may 
 
 GERMANVS 
 OFF. GER 
 GLVPEI. M 
 GONDI. M 
 GRACCHVS 
 GRANANI 
 GRANI 
 GRANIANI 
 
 H. 
 
 HABILIS. P 
 HELI...VS.PLFE 
 HELL...S. FEC 
 HIBI .. 
 
 I. 
 lABI 
 
 lABVS FE 
 lANVARI. OP 
 lASSO. F 
 ICMCRIMO. P 
 IGINI. MA 
 ILLIANI. M 
 ILLIOMRIN 
 IMANN. 
 INPRINTV. P 
 lOENALIS 
 lOVANTI 
 ISABINI. F 
 OF. IVCVN 
 IVENALIS. MA 
 IVSTI. MA 
 OP. IVSTI 
 
 be FALENDI. O. 
 
 K, 
 
 KALENDI, 
 
 1 
 
 L. 
 
 OF. LABIONIS 
 LALLI. MA 
 LANCIV. . . 
 LATINIAN. F 
 LATIN I AN VS 
 LATINVS 
 LIBERIVS 
 LIBERTVS 
 LIBERTI. M 
 OF. LICINI 
 LICINILVS 
 LICINVS. F 
 OP. LICINI 
 OF. LICINIAN 
 LICNVS 
 LILTANI. M 1 
 LINIVSMIX^ 
 LOCCO. F 
 LOGIRN. M 
 LOLLIVS. P 
 LOSSA 
 LVCANVS 
 LVCANVS. F 
 LVCANTVS. F 
 OF. LVCCEI 
 LVPEL. M 
 LVPI. M 
 LVPINI. M 
 
 LVPPA 
 LVTAEVS 
 
 LVTAEVS. PEC. 
 LVTAFVS 
 
 M. 
 MACCAIVS. P 
 MACCIVS. F 
 MACILLI. M 
 MACIRVS 
 MAORI. M 
 MACRINVI 
 MACRINVS 
 MACRIANI. M 
 MAGNVS. P. 
 MAIANVS 
 M. AIORI. M 
 MAIORIS 
 MALLI. M 
 MALLIACI 
 MALLIACI. M 
 MALLICI. M 
 MALLVRO. P 
 MANDVIL. M 
 OP. MANNA 
 Q. MAR. F 
 MARCELLI. M 
 MARCIILLI. M 
 MARCELLINI. M 
 MARCI 
 MARCI. F 
 MARCI. MA 
 MARCI. 
 MARINE M 
 MARITVS. M 
 CINTY8MIX ? 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 105 
 
 MAROILLI. M 
 MARSVS. FECI 
 MARTANL M 
 
 OF. MODESTl 
 OF. MCE 
 0. MOM 
 
 MARTIALIS. FEC OF. MONTANI 
 
 MARTINI. M OF. MONTI 
 
 MARTINV OF. MONTO 
 
 MARTINVS. F MOSSI. M 
 
 MARTII. MOXIVS 
 
 MARTIV8 OF. MVRRA 
 
 MASCVLVS. F OF. MVRRANI 
 
 MATERNINVS MVXTVLI. M 
 
 MATERNNI. M MVX. TVLLI. M. 
 
 OF. MATE 
 MATRIANI 
 MATVCENVS 
 MATVRN 
 MAXIMI 
 MAXMII. M 
 MAXMINI 
 MEMORIS. M 
 MERCA 
 MERCAO 
 MERCATOR 
 MERCATOR. M 
 MEDETI. M 
 METHILLVS 
 METTI. M 
 MICCIO 
 MICCIONIS. M 
 MIDL M 
 OF. MINI 
 MINVLL M 
 MINVS. FE 
 MINVS. 
 MINVTIVa. P 
 OF. MO 
 
 MVXIVIII. M^ 
 
 N. 
 NAMILI 
 NAMILIANI 
 NATALIS 
 0. NATIVI 
 OF. NEM 
 NEPOTIS 
 NERT. M 
 NERTVS 
 OF. NERI 
 NEQVREC 
 NICEPHOR 
 NICEPHOR. F 
 OF. NI 
 OF. NIGRT 
 OF. NIGRLAN 
 NIGRINI 
 OF. NITORI 
 NOBILIANL M 
 NVMIDI. M 
 IVL. NVMIDI 
 
 ONATIVI (1) 
 OPPRIN (■?) 
 OPTATI. M 
 OSBI. MA 
 
 OF. PATRICI 
 OF. PATRVOI 
 PECVLIAR. F 
 PECVLLARIS. F 
 PEEE...2 
 PERPET 
 PERRVS. F 
 PERVS 
 PERVS. FB 
 PITVRICI. M 
 OF. POLIO 
 
 ' Probably Muxtulli M., as those preceding 
 
 PASSENI 
 PASSI. F 
 OF. PASSIENl 
 OF. PASSIENVS 
 
 0. PAS. F ("?) OP. POLLIO 
 
 PAZZENI OF. PONTEI 
 
 PAVLIVS. P OP. PONTHEI 
 
 PAVLI. M PONTI. OFPIC 
 
 PAVLIANI. M POTTACI 
 
 PAVLLI. M POTITINI. M 
 
 PAVLLVS. F POTITIANI. M 
 
 PATER. F PRID. FEC 
 
 PATERATL OF PRI.IMO 
 
 PATERCLINI. OP PRIMANI 
 
 PATRCILINI PRIMVLI 
 
 PATRCIINI PRIMVL. PATER 
 
 PATERCLOS. FEC OFIC. PRIM 
 
 PATERCLVS. F OP. PRIMVL 
 
 PATERIRANVS. FIT PRISCINI. M 
 
 PP. PATERMI OF. PRM 
 
 PATERNI PRIVATI. M 
 
 PATERNI. OP PROBI. OF 
 
 PATERNVLI PROBVS. F 
 
 PATIIRNV OF. PVDEN 
 
 PATNA. PEG PVRINX 
 
 PATNL PEC PVTRI. M 
 PATRICI. M Q. 
 
 C. AN. PATR QVADRATI 
 
 OF. PATRO QVADRATVS 
 ' Peregrinus most probably. 
 
 P 
 
106 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 QVARTVS 
 QVARTVS. F 
 QVIETVS. P 
 QVINNO 
 QVINTINI. M 
 QVINTINIANI^ 
 QV. C 
 
 R. 
 
 RACVNA. P 
 RAMVLVS 
 REBVRRI. OF 
 REBVRRIS 
 REBVRRVS. F 
 RECMVS 
 REDITI. M 
 REGALIS 
 REGINT. M 
 RE GIN VS. F 
 REGVILL 
 REGVLI. M 
 RIIOGENI. M 
 RI. lOGENI 
 OF. RICIMl 
 RIPANI 
 RIIGNVS 
 RIVICA 
 ROFFVS. FEC 
 ROFFVS. PE 
 ROIPVS. P 
 ROLOGENI. M 
 ROPPVS. PE 
 ROPVSI. FE 
 ROPPIRVI. M 
 RVFFI. MA 
 RVFINI 
 
 OP. RVFIN 
 RVPVS. PE 
 
 SABELLVS 
 SABELVI 
 SABIANI 
 SABINVS 
 OFF. SAB 
 SACERVASIII 
 SACERVASIFF 
 SACER. VASL OF 
 SAOIANT 
 SABINIANVS. F 
 SACIRAPO 
 SACREM 
 SACROTI. M 
 SACROT. M. S 
 SALV. F 
 SANTINVOV. 
 SANVCIVS. P 
 SANVILLI. M 
 SANVITTI. MA 
 SARENTIV 
 SATERNVS 
 SATERNINI. O 
 SATVRNNI. OF 
 SATTO. P 
 SECANDI. M 
 SECVNDINI 
 SECVNDVS 
 SEDATVS. F 
 SEDETI. M 
 SENI. A. M 
 SENICI. 
 SENNIVS. F 
 
 SENO. M 
 SENONI 
 SENTRVS. FE 
 SERRVS 
 SERVILIS 
 SEVERI. OP 
 SEVERI. M 
 OP. SEVERI 
 SEVERINVS. FE 
 OP. SEVERPVD 
 OF. SEVIEMI 
 SEXTI. O 
 SIIXTI. MA 
 SILDATIANI. M 
 SILVANI 
 
 SILVIIRI. M 
 SILVINI 
 SILVINL F 
 
 SILVINVS. P 
 
 SILVL OF 
 
 C. SILVII 
 
 SILVI PATRI. O 
 
 SILVIPATRICI 
 
 SINTVRNV... 
 
 SITVSIRI. M 
 
 SOLLVS 
 
 SOLLVS. P 
 
 MA. SVETI 
 
 SVLPICI 
 
 SVLPICIANI 
 
 SVOBNED. OP 
 
 SVOBNI. 
 
 SVBIVS 
 
 SYMPHO 
 
 T. 
 
 TASCONVS. P 
 
 TASCILLA 
 
 TASCIL. M 
 
 TAURI 
 
 TAVRIANVS 
 
 TAVRICVS. P 
 
 TEBBIL 
 
 TERRVS 
 
 TERCII. M 
 
 TERTI. M 
 
 TERTIVS 
 
 TETTVR 
 
 TITTICI 
 
 TITTILI 
 
 TITTIVS 
 
 TITVRI. M 
 
 TITVRONIS 
 
 TVLLVS. FE 
 
 TVRTVNN 
 
 V. 
 VALERI 
 
 VASSALI 
 VECETI. M 
 VEGETI. M 
 VENERAND 
 VENICARVS. P 
 VERECVNDI 
 VEREDV. M 
 VERTECISA. F 
 VESPO. P 
 VESPONI 
 VEST. M 
 VESTRI. OF 
 
 ' J. Conyers, Sloane MSS. 958, fol. 105. 
 
ILLUSTKATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 107 
 
 OF. VIA 
 
 OF. VIRILLI 
 
 OF. VITA 
 
 Q. VOVO 
 
 VICARVS. f 
 
 OF. L. G. VIRIL 
 
 VITALIS. FE 
 
 VNICVS. F 
 
 VICTORINVS 
 
 VIRONI. OF 
 
 VITALIS. M. S. F. 
 
 VRNINI 
 
 VIDVCOS. F 
 
 VIRTHV 
 
 VITALIS. M. S. FECIT 
 
 
 VIIRI. M 
 
 VIRTHV8 
 
 VITALIS. PP 
 
 
 VIMPVS 
 
 VIRTHVS. FECIT 
 
 VITINVS. F 
 
 J 
 
 VIRIL 
 
 OF. VIRTVTIS 
 
 VOSIICVNNVS 
 
 XIVI 
 
 VIRILIS. P 
 
 VITA 
 
 Q. VO 
 
 XVNX 
 
 In the Collectanea Antiqua I have given several collections of potters' names 
 from France and Germany, for comparison with those of our own country. I here 
 append, with the same object, those preserved in the museum of Douai.^ 
 
 ACERN. 
 
 BOVDOL 
 
 CRESTI OF. 
 
 LICACI. 
 
 ACOMN 
 
 BRARIA M. 
 
 CRICVRO. 
 
 LOLLI M. 
 
 ACVRIO. F 
 
 BVRD. OF. 
 
 CRICVRO F. 
 
 LOTH. 
 
 ABVOCISI. 
 
 CAII M (?) 
 
 CRISPVS 
 
 MACER F. 
 
 ALBVCI 
 
 CAIAVA. F. 
 
 DAC... 
 
 MACIIR. 
 
 ALBVC. F. 
 
 CARATI. M. 
 
 DAGOM 
 
 MACRINVS. 
 
 ANISATVS. F. 
 
 CASSI. M. 
 
 DEMODES. 
 
 MANL. 
 
 ANTIANI. OF. C. 
 
 CAVINTIO. 
 
 DEMOI 
 
 MARCELLIN. 
 
 ARDACI 
 
 CERIALI MA. 
 
 DOCRISI 
 
 MAR. 
 
 ASIATICI 
 
 CER. AL. M. 
 
 EBVRV 
 
 MARINVS M. 
 
 ATILIAN. 
 
 CERMNl^ 
 
 EMIN. 
 
 MASCI. ILLIO^ 
 
 AVCELL M. 
 
 CIMVO 
 
 EXOMN. 
 
 MATVRIN. 
 
 AVENNIN. M. 
 
 CINTIS. M 
 
 FELIX. 
 
 MEMMNN. 
 
 AVILI 
 
 C. IN. T. VSSA 
 
 FELIX. PE. 
 
 MEN A. 
 
 AVITI. M. 
 
 C. IRO. OFF. 
 
 FELIXS. FEC. 
 
 MERCATO.* 
 
 OF. BVSSI 
 
 COCVRO. F. 
 
 lAVENVS. 
 
 MIITTl M. 
 
 BELINICCI. M. 
 
 COMPRINNL 
 
 ILLIXO 
 
 MISC. F. 
 
 BELSA. ARVI. 
 
 COSRV. F 
 
 IVLLIINL 
 
 MLLIA. 
 
 BORIO MA 
 
 CRACVNAT. 
 
 IVNCUO. 
 
 MMORI^ 
 
 ' Collected by M. Cahier, and published by M. De Caumont in the 
 
 vol. XXV, p. 11-12. 
 
 Gkkmam ? 
 
 ' Mascelli.o. ? 
 
 MEBCATOB. 
 
 NAMANI 
 " Bulletin Monumental," 
 
 ' MEMOKIS ? 
 
 p2 
 
108 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF EOMAN LONDON. 
 
 NICEPHOKL 
 
 OF. SEVER. 
 
 PRIMI. M. 
 
 SENNIVS P. 
 
 OCCAE. M. 
 
 SEVERPVD 
 
 PRISCI M. 
 
 SENTRVS. F 
 
 OFFI. CE. 
 
 SILVNI. I 
 
 PRIS. 
 
 SBXTI MA. 
 
 OF. CIC. 
 
 VITALIS. 
 
 QVARTI M. 
 
 SILVANI. , 
 
 — GERM. 
 
 — VITAL. 
 
 REGINI OP. 
 
 SILVI. 
 
 IVCVND 
 
 VIT. 
 
 REDITI M. 
 
 SIIVIIR. 
 
 LICINIAA.^ 
 
 VRS, 
 
 EENTI 
 
 SMMA. 
 
 — LICIN. 
 
 PATERNVS. 
 
 RES. 
 
 SVOBN. D. OF. 
 
 — MC. 
 
 PATNA. F. 
 
 RVFFI M. 
 
 SVRBVR. 0. 
 
 — PATRIC. 
 
 PATRICIVS F. 
 
 EVFIN. 
 
 .SYMPHORI M. 
 
 — PRIM. 
 
 PATRICI 
 
 SACIROM. 
 
 TIBERI M. 
 
 OFIC. PRI. 
 
 PAVLLI M. 
 
 SACRILLI. 
 
 TITTILI M. 
 
 — PONTI. 
 
 PAVI. 
 
 SANCI. 
 
 TITVRONIS. 
 
 OF. PONT 
 
 PIINTII. AAM, 
 
 SATVRNINL 
 
 TOCCIVS. 
 
 OF. SATOE. 
 
 PRIMANI. 
 
 SDATI M.2 
 
 VEGETI. 
 
 SECVNDI, 
 
 PRIMVS. 
 
 SENITA F. 
 
 VELOX. 
 
 Nearly three-fourths of these names from Douai are to be found in the London 
 list ; and among the remaining fourth are some which have been found in other 
 parts of this country. When it is considered that other continental collections 
 contain additional names to be met mth in Great Britain, it is conclusive that the 
 importation of the red glazed pottery must have been very great and continuous, 
 probably ceasing only at the breaking up of the Western Empire, when the ceramic 
 shared the general decadence of the arts ; the red glazed pottery ceased to be 
 made, and modern attempts to imitate it have resulted in failure. 
 
 This record of the red glazed pottery found in London would be incomplete 
 without mention of four or five stamps upon the lower parts of the external surface 
 of embossed vessels in characters which have not been satisfactorily explained. 
 
 One of these is here given as closely as possible in fac-simile. 
 
 /f^ ^ /^^ There is another in the British Museum, found at Exeter, 
 
 -^^^^ i f r i which Captain Shortt informed me had been interpreted by 
 
 Mr. Foster, " Daoud, made me"; but I am not in possession 
 of a knowledge of the medium through which the explanation has been made. 
 
 Names scratched upon the London pottery, probably by the owners, may also 
 be mentioned. They are : attvi — cor. f. — felicvla — ger — iallv — momvvl — 
 PAVLLS — SINX.N. — viARRA ; and IN PAX, possibly used for a funereal purpose and 
 intended for the formula in face. 
 
 ■ LiCINI MA? 
 
 ' Sedati m. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 109 
 
 CLAY STATUETTES. 
 
 Fragments only of small figures, chiefly from six to nine inches in height, in 
 a fine white clay, have hitherto been found in London ; but on the continent they 
 are very abundant ; and scarcely a public museum in France is without a variety 
 of specimens. They were cast in two moulds longitudinally, and then fixed upon 
 a circular pedestal. They served for domestic ornaments, for votive offerings, and 
 as lares and penates in the dwellings of the humbler classes. A very 
 common image in the collections in France represents a female seated suckling an 
 infant, and sometimes two, a personification of Fecundity. Venus Anadyomene is 
 another favourite figure ; but this branch of the Eoman potter's art comprised a 
 wide range of mythological subjects, imperial and other personages, and animals. 
 Among a vast number of votive offerings discovered among the ruins of the temple 
 of the Dea Sequana, at the source of the Seine, were busts of infants.^ The sites 
 of some of the manufactories of these images have been ascertained ; and one has 
 recently been discovered near Moulins which has afforded a variety of objects of 
 
 One*tliird the actual stze. 
 l^udon. 
 
 One-third the actual size. 
 Near MouUns. 
 
 ' " Rapport sur les decouvertes faites aux sources de la Seine," par M. H. Baudot, 
 
 Paris, 1845. 
 
no 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 great interest, together with the potters' names. Among the figures of deities are 
 Hercules, Mercury, Pallas, Venus, Abundance, and Fecundity. In one instance 
 Venus stands in a richly decorated shrine.^ There are also imperial busts, and 
 numerous figures of animals, some of very superior design and workmanship. The 
 makers' names upon this kind of pottery are a novel feature, which adds to the 
 interest of the discovery. By the kindness of M. Tudot, of Moulins, I am enabled 
 to place by the side of some of the London fragments, a perfect analogous figure of 
 Venus, of mediocre design, from the collection alluded to. 
 
 Lucerna bilycliuis. Length, 7| inches. 
 
 LAMPS. 
 
 All the lamps discovered in London, with a single exception, are of terra-cotta ; 
 and chiefly of small size, three or four inches in length. The greater number are of 
 a reddish clay, quite plain, furnished with a handle, and a single nose for the wick. 
 Others have two or more noses. 
 When used they were often placed 
 in circular earthen stands with an 
 upright rim and a projection for the 
 nose. A considerable number of the 
 small plain kind were found toge- 
 ther in Southwark ; and as they 
 resemble others which have been abundantly met with in all parts of London, and 
 also one sketched by Conyers, which was taken from the kiln discovered in 
 St. Paul's churchyard, we may consider them of home manufacture. These are 
 almost invariably without the potters' names. Those of better workmanship and 
 ornamented are probably of continental origin. 
 
 Plate XXX represents lamps with six difierent designs. Fig. 1, is the apotheosis 
 of an emperor : fig. 2, a tragic mask : fig. 3, the fable of the fox and the crow, 
 resembling one which, Mr. Birch states, was found at Naples, and is now in the 
 British Museum.^ The object which the fox holds in his fore paws in our specimen 
 is indistinct ; but upon that in the British Museum it appears to be a pair of pipes. 
 
 ' An illustrated account of this interesting current volume of the " Collectanea Antiqua." 
 discovery, supplied by M. Tudot, will appear in ^ " History of Ancient Pottery," vol. ii, p. 286. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. Ill 
 
 Fig. 4 is a mule turning a mill, such as I have given an etching of in the Collectanea 
 Antiqua, vol. iv, plate xi, from an example in the museum of Orleans. The same 
 subject occurs upon lamps found at Pompeii. Fig. 5 is a gladiatorial scene ; and 
 fig. 6, Cupid playing with a dog. Other designs are, a lion seizing a stag : a bear 
 and an idligator : a slave kneeling : two masks or heads upon a stand : wreaths of 
 flowers : a negro's head, in the form of which the lamp is made ; and a juggler {cir- 
 culator), showing tricks with an ape, a couple of hoops, and a dog mounting a 
 ladder.^ The lamps found at Colchester^ in peculiarity of form closely resemble most 
 of these. They bear, among others, designs representing a caduceus between two 
 cornucopias, as upon consular, early imperial, and British coins : a centaur carrying 
 an amphora : a fuller at work ; and a Victory upon a globe : the upper part of one 
 has a helmet in high relief. 
 
 The subjects which exercised the skill and the fancy of the designers for lamps 
 are of great variety, and embrace the wide field of mythology, scenes in private and 
 public life, the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and the regions of imagination. 
 Towards the decline of the Roman empire, the pagan influence is partly supplanted 
 by that of Christianity ; and the monogram of Christ, the Good Shepherd, and other 
 religious symbols, are of frequent occurrence ; but it is remarkable that very rarely, 
 if ever, such allusions appear upon the lamps or upon other descriptions of pottery 
 found so far north as Britain. Among some interesting examples recently pub- 
 lished by Mr. Birch,^ are a group, of Mercury, Fortune, and Hercules ; and an 
 exhibition, crowding the entire surface of the lamp, of the games of the circus, 
 wherein are four quadrigae at fuU gaUop, the stalls, the turning posts, and other 
 arrangements of the course, with tiers of seats filled with spectators. One found at 
 Nismes has the busts of the twelve greater gods and goddesses ; and a sacrificing 
 scene upon a flat circular handle. 
 
 Lamps are frequently found among the vessels consecrated to funereal purposes : 
 many have been thus found in the ancient cemetery at Colchester which lay by the 
 sides of the highway to Londinium. Among the miscellaneous contents of the stone 
 coffin found at Avisford, in Sussex,* were three lamps ; and there was at each angle 
 of the cist a bracket, upon which was a lamp-stand. It was a very universal custom 
 to use lamps in the services of the dead ; and from this custom must have originated 
 the absurd stories about finding in sepulchres lamps still burning. One of the 
 
 ' Mr. Rich has used a similar design, from a ' " Collectanea Antiqua," vol. ii, pi. xv. 
 
 terra-cotfa lamp, to illustrate the word circulator, ^ " History of Ancient Pottery," vol. ii, pp. 
 
 in his " Illustrated Companion to the Latin Die- 282, 288, 290. 
 tionary and Greek Lexicon." * " Collectanea Antiqua," vol. i, pi. xliv. 
 
112 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 tendencies of ignorance and credulity is to magnify, distort, and mystify ; and to 
 support irrational solutions of what is not easily understood ; of this the excavations 
 of tumuli and graves have afforded curious instances. Sepulchral inscriptions 
 occasionally allude to the custom of offering lighted lamps at the tombs of the 
 departed ; as the following taken from Gruter •} " Have Septima : sit tibi terra levis. 
 Quisque huic tumulo posuit ardente^ lucernam illius cineres aurea terra tegat." 
 Adieu, Septima : may the earth lie lightly upon you. Whoever places a 
 burning lamp in this tomb, may a golden soil cover his ashes; and in another 
 mention is made of — " Cupidines ii cum suis lychnuchis et lucerna Larum :" two 
 Cupids with their lamp-stands, and the lamp of the Lares. The burning of lights 
 for the dead is, no doubt, derived from this ancient pagan custom ; and as such 
 was often objected to in the ordinances of the early Christian church. 
 
 The use of lamps was not entirely superseded by candles in the middle 
 ages ; and may be found occasionally at the present day towards the south. At 
 Treves I noticed a large quantity, of the classical type, just brought from a manu- 
 factory. 
 
 The potters' names upon the lamps found in London are but few : indeed only 
 the following have come within my own observation : — antimeti — attiim. f. — evca. 
 
 EVCARIS — FORTIS — STROBILI. 
 
 TILES. 
 
 Although the word tile (tegula), strictly applied, signifies a roofing-tile, yet the 
 term is commonly used as a general term, in contradistinction from brick, because 
 bricks, such as our houses are built of, were not made by the Eomans : at all events 
 we find nothing resembling them, unless it be those of a small kind before mentioned 
 as used for the herring-bone pavement. Thus, we speak of roof-tUes, bonding-tUes, 
 hypocaust-tiles, flue-tiles, draining-tiles, etc. They are aU made of weU-tempered 
 clay, usually of a red colour, are extremely hard, and break with an almost vitreous 
 fracture. The durability of the material is solely to be ascribed to the great pains 
 taken to prepare the clay, which, before it was baked, was seasoned by long 
 exposure to the atmosphere ; and the spring and autumn were the seasons selected 
 for baking the tiles.^ The modern brickmakers do not regard the durability of 
 their bricks so long as they hold together through the present generation : they 
 
 * Tom. ii, p. mcxlviii, No. 17. ^ For arclentem. ^ Vitruvius, lib. ii, c. 3. 
 
 -^ 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON, 
 
 113 
 
 prefer a sandy loam to good clay, as requiring less skill and time to prepare for a 
 cheap market ; and hence the reason why, while the Roman tiles of fifteen hundred 
 or of two thousand years are as good as when drawn from the kiln, the modern 
 bricks will scarcely endure a century ; and many not half that comparatively brief 
 period. Of the various kinds of Roman tiles an enormous quantity have been found 
 in London, both perfect and in fragments. Not unfrequently they are met with 
 in the masonry of early medieval houses, having been taken from Roman buildings 
 which occupied their sites. In the walls of churches of an early date they are often 
 to be found ; and in some they are so plentiful as to constitute a striking feature in 
 the masonry, especially when they are Jirranged, as is not unfrequently the case, in 
 the Roman manner. In some of the Colchester churches they are very plentiful, as 
 well as tUes which resemble the Roman, and which were there manufactured in 
 the Roman fashion for centuries after the Romans had left Britain. 
 
 The roofing-tUes vary in dimensions from fifteen inches by eleven to eighteen 
 by fourteen inches. They have raised longitudinal edges, and were adapted by 
 being curved slightly inwards, and by the raised edges being notched at the extre- 
 mities, to be joined one to another, the narrower end of one tile overlapping the end 
 of that next to it. The lateral junctions were covered with semi-cylindrical tUes 
 (imbrices). This arrangement wUl be clearly understood by the engravings which 
 show a roofing tile detached, and others connected with the imbrices. These tiles 
 were used for various other pur- 
 poses. They are often to be found 
 in the bonding courses of walls ; 
 and they were used occasion- 
 ally for carrying ofi" water from 
 the courts and sides of houses. 
 Very frequently they formed 
 the cist for the cinerary urn, the 
 lining of the grave for the body, 
 and a roof-shaped covering for 
 both. In excavating a Roman 
 tumulus at Rougham, called 
 Eastlow HUl, Professor Henslow 
 discovered a leaden coffin protected by a chamber of masonry of a most sub- 
 stantial construction, which was roofed with twelve rows of the flanged tiles on 
 each side, each row composed of four, arranged as shown in the smaller cut above, 
 but without the semi-cylindrical tUes : the junction lines were covered with mortar, 
 
114 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 which, embedded the elevated edges. ^ The Eoman houses, however, were by no 
 means always roofed with clay tUes. Frequently in the ruins of villas in this country 
 hexagonal tiles of slate and of stone have been found which had been used in the 
 roofings. They were fastened with nails and over-lapped each other in the manner 
 in which they are used in Treves, and probably in other places, at the present day. 
 
 The tiles {lateres) used chiefly in the walls of the houses in Londinium are about 
 seventeen inches in length by eleven in width, and from an inch to an inch and a half 
 in thickness : this kind appears to be the Lydion of Vitruvius and Pliny. The pillars 
 of the hypocaust are formed of tiles varying from seven to nine inches square, which 
 seem to correspond with the tetradora; and the larger square tiles which form 
 
 the base and the crown of these piles, as well as 
 the flooring of the rooms, we may consider the bipedales 
 tegidce, and the sesqidpedales ; and they also may 
 represent the pentadora ; but it is very clear from 
 the constantly varying measurements of the Roman 
 tiles that the terms used by the ancient writers when 
 applied to those we discover must be accepted with 
 some latitude, and with allowance for the fluctuation 
 of habits and fashions in different ages. 
 
 The flue tiles are also of very various dimensions. The most prevailing patterns 
 are shown in the subjoined cuts : 
 
 Length, 16j inches, width, 4J inches. 
 
 18 inches by 12 inches. 
 
 > The "Bury Post," July 1844. 
 
 Length, about T8 inches. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 115 
 
 9j inches, bj 8} inches. 
 
 They tire usually of a single channel with lateral apertures for the heated air to pass 
 
 tlu'ough ; but fig. 2 has a double channel without the side openings. They were 
 
 arranged one upon the other and carried up the 
 
 inner sides of the walls of the rooms to which 
 
 artificial heat was to be given from the hypo- 
 
 caust ; by which means it was easy to regidate 
 
 the temperature. As in many other matters of 
 
 antiquity, it is only from a correct knowledge of 
 
 the objects themselves that passages in ancient 
 
 \mters can be fully understood, as in the younger 
 
 Pliny's^ description of a bed chamber in his villa 
 
 warmed by the hypocaust and the tiles with 
 
 narrow openings : " Applicitum est cubiculo hy- 
 
 pocaustum perexiguum, quod angusta fenestra 
 
 suppositum calorem, ut ratio exigit, aut effundit aut retinet." They were also 
 
 used for the purposes of the baths, one of which, in the villa at Hartlip, in Kent, 
 
 was supplied with a seat, the entire length of the bath, formed of these hollow tiles 
 
 coated with plaister.^ A chamber in the castrum at Jublains is yet in part standing 
 
 with one side of it entirely coated with the tiles. A portion of the flooring is also 
 
 remaining, with indications 
 where the piles of flat tiles 
 stood which gave it the main 
 support. Tliis is, perhaps, one 
 of the most perfect illustra- 
 tions of the kind that has 
 been preserved.^ 
 
 The flue tiles are often 
 elaborately ornamented, as 
 in the examples from Lon- 
 don here introduced. Others, 
 found in Essex and Surrey, 
 have dogs and stags with 
 
 foliage, and letters which are probably the initials of the maker ; and upon some 
 
 found at Plaxtol, in Kent, the word cambriabantvs is repeated over the entire side. 
 
 Although so much pains were bestowed in ornamenting these tiles, the decorative 
 
 ■Epist.," lib. ii, 17. 
 
 ' Collectanea Antiqua," vol. ii, p. 8. 
 
 Ibid., vol. iii, pi. xxvi, and p. 115. 
 
 Q 2 
 
116 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 Length, 25 in. 
 
 Length, 23 in. 
 
 work must have been wholly concealed from view, and seems to have been 
 
 intended chiefly to attach the mortar more firmly. Occa- 
 sionally the hoUow tdes were used in the place of pillars 
 of stone and of flat tiles, by being set one upon another 
 and filled up with mortar. The substructure of a house 
 thus formed was discovered in Bush Lane, near Cannon 
 Street, from which the example at the top of the pre- 
 ceding page was taken. 
 
 A considerable number of draining-tiles have been 
 discovered in various parts of London. In length they 
 range from twelve inches to twenty-five, and are from 
 four to eight inches in diameter. They are usually made 
 to fit into each other, as will be explained by the 
 examples on the side of this page. 
 
 To the antiquary the Eoman tiles are particularly 
 interesting, and even important, from their being often 
 stamped with the names of the legions and cohorts 
 quartered in the particular locahties where they were made, as in the case of 
 those found in London and already noticed (pp. 33-33). 
 The three legions stationed in Britain are recorded upon 
 the tiles they made ; and even their movements may, to 
 a certain extent, be traced by the same evidence. At 
 Slack, ia Yorkshire, supposed to be the Cambodunum of 
 the Itinerary of Antoninus, tiles are found stamped coh. 
 nil BRE., Cohors quarta Breucorum, " the fourth cohort of 
 the Breuci." The Breuci, a people of Pannonia, are not 
 mentioned in lapidary inscriptions ; but it is probable they may have been the 
 Pannonii who, it appears from rescripts of the time of Trajan, were among the 
 Roman forces in Britain. The British Classiarii are also only recorded upon tiles 
 found on the site of the Portus Lemanis in Kent. At Rodmarton in Glouces- 
 tershire, tUes have been found stamped tpfa, tpfc, and tpfp, which apparently are 
 merely the initials of the maker : the last letter of each probably refers to some 
 regulation of the manufactory. Such may be the initials upon fig. 3 in page 114. 
 
 Fragment of rool-ti;< 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF KOMAN LONDON. 117 
 
 GLASS 
 
 The disposition to underrate the state of the arts among nations of far remote 
 antiquity is as natural as it is general. The works of our contemporaries being 
 before our eyes we are well able to appreciate them and to judge of their pecuhar 
 merits and claims by comparison. But when we look retrospectively the means for 
 forming correct judgments become more and more limited as we recede beyond the 
 boundaries of our own times, until they become undiscemible in the obscurity 
 of long past ages. Where the achievements of the ancients are demonstrated by 
 existing and accessible monuments, such as sculptures and architectural remains, 
 popular judgment formed upon such evidence is more just and truthful, simply 
 because the verdict is formed from evidence which is intelligible ; and it is solely 
 in respect to the more perishable products of certain arts that the more erroneous 
 opinions have been formed and adopted, until slowly overturned by testimony long 
 hidden and unsuspected. Among the arts of the ancients none have been less 
 understood, until recently, than that of glass-making ; and the reason must be 
 sufficiently obvious, when the proverbial brittleness of the material has been the 
 main cause why so few examples, until very recent times, were extant, or, 
 rather, were supposed to be so. AVhether it be that popular errors are agreeable 
 and people do not like to give them up, or whatever may be the cause, they do not 
 easily die out of themselves and are not readily surrendered by their advocates. 
 Among popular errors, there is none more remarkable than that which has so long 
 prevailed respecting the antiquity of glass making, and the facts which confute 
 misrepresentations and correct mistakes on the subject. It is rather singular, 
 moreover, that people generally well informed, and even many of antiquarian tastes 
 and learning, have fallen into the common belief ; and whUe apparently interested 
 in the question, and even whUe discussing it, have not taken the slightest steps to 
 make themselves acquainted with the discoveries which have been made and the 
 conclusions which have naturally resulted from them. For it is almost solely from 
 discoveries that we are enabled to estimate the proficiency of the ancients in this as 
 in some other arts ; and it is further remarkable that graves and the sites of tombs 
 and sepulchres have contributed some of the best and most perfect examples. The 
 celebrated Portland vase was taken from a tomb ; and to the custom of burying 
 
118 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 glass vessels with the dead we owe the preservation of most of those of Greek and 
 Roman origin which are to be found in public and private collections to a far greater 
 extent than is generally imagined. The great natural catastrophe which entombed 
 Herculaneum and Pompeii has tended to preserve many exquisite works of art 
 which are never found perfect in the ruins of cities destroyed by the hand of man : 
 in Pompeii was exhumed the glass amphora now in the Naples museum, which 
 rivals the Portland vase ;^ and evinces conception and skill such as have never yet 
 been attained by the most accomplished modern glass makers. It is probably 
 owing to the cessation of the custom of interring glass vessels with the dead, that 
 for many centuries the history of glass-making is almost unillustrated, except by 
 window glass and treatises chiefly describing the processes in use for colouring, and 
 painting upon glass for windows. The Saxon and Prankish graves have supplied 
 a copious and unsuspected store of glass drinking cups, which prove that in the 
 north of Europe the art of glass-making had survived the decline of the Roman 
 empire ; but it is in the succeeding ages, from about the tenth to the fifteenth 
 century, that the best collections fail to supply examples ; or, if a few exist, they do 
 not admit of being classified with certaiaty. As the arts generally were further 
 removed from Roman influence, decadence followed ; but it is questionable if many 
 which are supposed to have been lost, were ever entirely extinguished. The 
 treatises of Erachus and Theophilus^ (of the tenth and eleventh centuries), prove 
 how much had been preserved by the clergy, the sole inheritors of the artistic 
 mysteries of their Roman predecessors. 
 
 To convey a full insight into the state of glass-making among the Greeks and 
 Romans would demand a volume of itself, with illustrations to almost every page ; 
 for various kinds of vessels are not only remarkable for their peculiar and generaUy 
 elegant forms, but also for their beautiful and combined colours. Reference to the 
 chief antiquarian works of the present day is indispensable ; because, as yet, in no 
 one publication, has it been proved possible, on account of the expense of coloured 
 representations, to. do perfect justice to the wide range of the subject. In this 
 volume it will only be attempted to give a notion of some of the more uncommon 
 kinds of Roman glass discovered in London. They are, unfortunately, mostly 
 fragmentary ; but their rarity will preclude their being likely to be met with in 
 accessible antiquarian or artistic publications. 
 
 No vestiges of the furnaces of Roman glass-makers have been met with in 
 
 ^ It is engraved in colours in Mr. Apsley Mr. Hendrie ; and Mrs. Merrifield's "Original 
 Pellatt's " Curiosities of Glass Making." Treatises on the Arts of Painting in Oil, on Glass, 
 
 ^ See the "Translation of Theophilus" by etc." 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 119 
 
 this country. Pliny^ states that in his time the art of glass-making had spread 
 throughout the Gaulish provinces and Spain. Among the numerous inscriptions 
 which throw considerable light upon the commercial state of Lugdunum in Gaul 
 (now Lyons), is one to the memory of a glass-maker {opifex artis vitrece),^ named 
 Julius Alexander, a native of Africa and a citizen of Carthage. From his age, 
 seventy-five years, his numerous children and grandchildren, whose names are also 
 recorded, it may be inferred that he had exercised his profession at Lugdunum for 
 a considerable period of time. The inscription is important as confirming this 
 statement of Pliny ; and it will also be noted that tliis glass-worker came from one 
 of the regions which ancient writers concur in speaking of as distinguished for their 
 trade in glass. The abundance of Koman glass, and its great beauty and variety, 
 must strike every one who visits the museums in France, the greater portion of 
 which may be considered of home manufacture.^ One of the earhest historical notices 
 of glass subsequent to the Roman period shows that Gaul retained the eminence she 
 had acquired in the manufacture of glass. Bede* states that (in the latter half of the 
 seventh century) Benedict Biscop, Abbot of Wearmouth, wishing to glaze the 
 windows of the church he had built, and not being able to get workers of glass in 
 Britain, procured them from France ; and that they executed the special work for 
 which they came over, and instructed the English (Saxons) in the art of making glass 
 for windows and for other purposes. The latter half of the seventh century is close 
 upon the limits assigned to the most recent of the Anglo-Saxon and Frankish 
 graves which have yielded such a variety of elegant and curious glass drinking cups ; 
 indeed it may be that some may be quite as late or later. The testimony of Bede 
 must therefore be considered of weight on the side of France, as the primary place 
 of manufacture of the glass used by the early Anglo-Saxons. 
 
 Window glass, from this statement of Bede, would appear to have been common 
 in France in the seventh century ; and, doubtless, long anterior, as it is expressly 
 mentioned by earlier ecclesiastical writers, as used in church windows. Classical 
 authors, although they often speak of glass, its origin, the various purposes to which 
 
 * " Nat. Hist.," lib. xxxvi, cap. xxvi. of London, a few years since, was covered with 
 
 ' The orthography of this inscription is re- very beautiful glass vessels from Nismes, of which, 
 
 markable for its incorrectness ; as, Alexsadri for unfortunately, a few examples only are engraved 
 
 Alexandrx ; Carthaginesi for Carthaginensi ; omini in the " Archseologia," vol. xxxiv, pi. vii, and p. 70. 
 
 for homini ; vitrice for vilriee ; anos for annos ; sene Fig. 2 of this plate is, however, worthy of particular 
 
 for sine, etc. notice, as it affords a perfect example of the form 
 
 ' Plates i and ii, vol. i, " Collectanea Anti- of the rare bowls, of which coloured fragments are 
 
 qua," are devoted to examples in the Boulogne given in plates xxxi and xxxii of this volume. 
 Museum. The table of the Society of Antiquaries * " Opera Historica," 1722, fol., p. 295 et sty. 
 
120 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 it was applied, and the perfection to which it had attained, do not refer expressly to 
 its use in windows ; probably not because it was not so used, but because windows, 
 especially external ones, did not form so important a feature in the architecture of 
 the buildings of the ancients, as in those of the middle ages, and of modern times. 
 Seneca,^ in saying that in his time a person seemed poor and mean, unless the 
 walls of his house shone with large and precious orbs (mirrors), and unless his 
 chamber was covered with glass, may have intended to include the glass of windows, 
 as well as that which was used as a more costly decoration than marble for the 
 walls of the dwellings of the rich and luxurious. A passage, however, in Lactantius,^ 
 who lived in the reign of Constantine, is decisive upon this point, for he speaks of 
 windows of glass, and of lapis specularis, a transparent talc, which was probably 
 more commonly used for this purpose. But what is yet more conclusive on this 
 point is the fact that both glass and transparent talc have been discovered in the 
 window-frames of houses in Pompeii.^ 
 
 Among the Eoman glass discovered in London, are several fragments of a flat 
 and semi-transparent kind, with a greenish hue, which have every appearance of 
 having been used as window-glass. At first, I was inclined to think they may have 
 belonged to the large square vessels which must have been commonly used for 
 domestic purposes ; but a close examination, and a comparison with the fragments 
 of such vessels, proved them to have been fabricated for some other object, which 
 there is now every reason to believe was that of window glazing. These fragments 
 were procured from among the debris of houses, which strengthens our convictions 
 that there can be but httle doubt of their being veritable pieces of window-glass. 
 Similar fragments have been found in the rooms of Roman villas ;* and Mr. Wright 
 reports that some of a particularly marked character, suggesting their inapplicabihty 
 to any other pui-pose, have been recently discovered in the excavations now making 
 at Wroxeter, upon the site of the Eoman Uriconium. 
 
 The rarer kinds of Roman glass found in London have belonged chiefly to bowls 
 or wide-mouth cups. One of a pale green colour, has been ornamented in relief, 
 with a representation of the sports of the circus. With this should be compared 
 
 ' Pauper sibi videtur ac sordidus, nisi parietes Mr. Apsley Pellatt cites an authority which seems 
 
 magnis et preciosis orbibus refulserunt, nisi vitro unquestionable : " Curiosities of Glass-making." 
 
 absconditur camera. "Epist."86. p. 6. 
 
 '^ Verius et manifestius est mentem esse, quae * One is etched in plate ix, volume ii, 
 
 per oculos ea, quae sunt opposita, transpiciat quasi " Collectanea Antiqua," from the villa at Hart- 
 
 per fenestras lucente vitro aut speculari lapide lip, in Kent. The edges of two sides of it, 
 
 obductas. De Opificio Dei. where unbroken, are rounded, for fitting into a 
 
 ^ This fact seems perfectly well authenticated, frame. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 121 
 
 Actaal size. 
 
 the embossed cup found in the Roman villa at Hartlip •} and another of the 
 London specimens with figures 
 which has formed the lower 
 part of a cup, apparently 
 from the same, or a very 
 similar, mould. It is covered 
 with figures of gladiators, with 
 their names, and chariot races. 
 Equally rare are the orna- 
 mental bosses, all the vessels to 
 which they belong having long 
 since disappeared ; the bosses 
 themselves owdng their preservation to the extra thickness of the glass. From exam- 
 ples in foreign collections the vessels appear to have been of an oval shape, with 
 
 a long neck and a protruding 
 mouth. They had a single handle 
 reaching from the centre, either 
 to the mouth or to the lower part 
 of the neck : at the lower ex- 
 tremity of the handle was aflixed 
 the boss. Those here introduced 
 are in transparent green glass. 
 Caylus, who engraved some in 
 liis Recueil d'Antiquiti, mistook 
 them for ornaments of the dress. A stiU rarer variety, found in Leadenhall Street, 
 and now in the collection of Lord Londesborough, is engraved in pi. xxxi, fig. 5. 
 This is in a dark blue glass streaked with opaque white, a near approach to which in 
 colours is the fragment, fig. 11, pi. xxxii. Another variety, in opaque white, is the 
 handle of a small vase wdth a boss representing a lion's head. 
 
 The form of the basins, imperfectly shown by the fragments, fig. 2, pi. xxxi, 
 figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, pi. xxxii, and by the wood-cut at the top of the next page, will 
 be understood by that of an example discovered at Nismes, on the site of a Roman 
 cemeter)'. They have projecting pUlars on the outside, the interior being quite smooth. 
 The pillars, Mr. Apsley Pellatt tells us, " were formed partly by moulding, and partly 
 by rapid rotation, increasing the projection on the principle of centrifugal force."^ 
 Among the " curiosities" of the valuable little work published by Mr. Pellatt, there 
 
 • " Col. Ant.," vol. ii, p. 17. '' " Curiosities of Glass Making," pp. 10 and 105. 
 
 R 
 
122 ILLUSTRATIONS OF EOMAN LONDON. 
 
 is nothing more curious or remarkable than the information he gives respectino- 
 
 Actual size. 
 
 Nismes. 
 One quarter the actual size. 
 
 the patent taken out by the late Mr. James Green for pillar moulding, which is 
 considered one of the greatest triumphs of modern improvements in glass making, 
 and is now extensively used for a variety of vessels for the table and the toilet, 
 as weU as for decorative purposes. The patent had been worked for some years 
 under the full belief that it was entirely a modern invention, until Mr. Pellatt 
 recognised in the fragments represented in this volume evidence of the antiquity of 
 the supposed modern invention. It will be seen by the plates xxxi and xxxii that 
 these bowls were of a variety of colours, simple and compound. To the examples 
 here given are to be added others found in London and on the continent, which 
 increase the variety. Some are of a deep semi-transparent blue, when held to the 
 light ; but under other points of view they seem to be of a dark copper colour : 
 others are in an opaque variegated glass of dark iron red, with shades of brown, 
 black, and yellow, and a tinge of gxeen : a further variety is of pink, thickly 
 streaked with yellow and white ; and one is of a fine transparent ohve. 
 
 A few years ago some remarkable glass vessels were found in a Roman sepul- 
 chral interment between HeUange and Zouftgen, in the Grand Duchy of Luxem- 
 bourg.^ Two, of a purple colour, were similar in form to those found in London : 
 others, also ribbed, were somewhat deeper and not so wide. The latter were of a 
 greenish white streaked with grey ; and brown with opaque white. Another was a 
 tall, narrow-necked vase, with a circtdar mouth and two handles, formed of a 
 transparent blue spotted with opaque white, similar to fig. 11, pi. xxxii. With 
 these and various other objects was a circular glass bowl, perfectly plain, composed 
 of at least six colours, blue, rose, yellow, transparent white, opaque white, and 
 
 ^ " Publications de la Societe pour la recherche et la conservation des Monuments 
 Historiques, annee 1863:" Luxembourg, 1854. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 123 
 
 purple. The entire surface of the bowl is divided into four rectangular triangles by 
 two bands of rose colour and opaque white, crossing each other : at the point of 
 intersection, in the centre of the bowl, is a purple square with five pellets in opaque 
 white placed in quincunx. The four divisions are fiUed with bands of different 
 colours, one of which, perhaps the most remarkable, is of transparent white with 
 incrustations of spiral tubes of opaque white, as in Venetian glass. In Great Britain 
 but few examples even of fragments of the ribbed bowls have been discovered ; and 
 perfect specimens are still more rarely to be met mth. One, in transparent bluish 
 green glass, is in the possession of Mr. 
 Joseph Clarke, F.S.A.^ It was found 
 in a funereal deposit at Takeley, in 
 Essex, placed in a patera of the red 
 glazed pottery, together with three 
 middle brass coins of Vespasian, 
 which, as they had not suffered by 
 circulation, give an approximate 
 date to the interment ; and show 
 that at this comparatively early 
 period choice works in glass were 
 imported into Britain. Another, very simUar, was found among the extraordinar)' 
 sepulchral remains excavated by the late Mr. Inskip, near Shefford, in Bedfordshire, 
 with other elegant and rare glass vessels, among which is a blue bottle with narrow 
 neck and handle, ornamented with very narrow ribs ; and an amber-coloured vase, 
 with ribbed globular body and wide mouth. ^ 
 
 In pi. xxxii, figs. 7, 9, 10, 11, are fragments which have formed parts of bowls 
 or vases of a peculiar compound glass, wliich was produced by mixing small 
 coloured beads or particles of glass with masses of fused glass of various colours : 
 indeed the whole of the specimens in this plate are of this class, with the exception 
 of figs. 1 and 4, which are of a simple and semi-transparent blue. A far more 
 difficult manipulatory process is indicated in one of the three fragments of a flat 
 glass, one-sixth of an inch thick, which were obtained from among the ruins of a 
 Roman house near Great Tower Street. The filaments of coloured glass which 
 are worked into the dark ground are arranged so as to form a regular pattern. 
 The whole was then fused and cut into plates at right angles, so that all the 
 
 Depth, 3 inches : across the mouth, 6 inches. 
 
 ' By the kindness of Mr. Clarke I am enabled the Cambridge Antiquarian Society. See also 
 to give an engraving of this bowl. the " Graphic and Historical Illustrator," pp. 343 
 
 ' Engraved in colours in the publications of and 378. 
 
 R 2 
 
124 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 ami^ 
 
 sections would present the design on both sides in proportion to the depth of 
 
 the filaments and beads. The delicacy of the work, and the skiU required in 
 
 the manipulation, may be conceived from the fragment here represented ; but a 
 
 perfect estimation of the elegance and beauty of 
 the glass and of the combination of the colours 
 can only be obtained by an inspection of the 
 originals, now in the British Museum. A slight 
 oxidation prevents the peculiarities from being 
 at first sight fully appreciated ; but this could 
 be removed by a polisher, and then the full 
 extent of the colours could be estimated. 
 
 Among other remarkable examples of Roman 
 glass found in London may be particularised the 
 drinking cup, pi. xxxi, fig. 7, in colourless glass, 
 three inches and a half in height, and covered 
 with a pattern formed of incuse hexagons : a 
 drinking cup, also in white glass, with a pattern 
 
 of incuse ovals and hexagons ; and a fragment of a globidar cup of white glass 
 
 entirely covered with a net-work pattern. 
 
 Glass was also used for personal ornaments such as beads, studs, and armlets ; 
 
 and for imitations of gems. Examples of beads wiU be found in pi, xxxi ; and also 
 
 two of the smaller ampullae, used for unguents and perfumes. 
 
 Actual size. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 125 
 
 PERSONAL ORNAMENTS; AND IMPLEMENTS OF 
 
 THE TOILET. 
 
 The jewels and personal ornaments of the Anglo-Saxons which have survived to 
 the present day are of a far more costly and elegant description, and also more 
 varied, than those of the Eomano-Britons. The reason is that the former owe 
 their preservation to the seclusion of the cemeteries in which they were deposited, 
 as well as to the general custom of burying with the body the more valuable 
 ornaments of the deceased. Thus many a Saxon burial-place of very limited extent 
 has supplied more striking and costly objects of personal costume than most of 
 the sites of flourishing Eoman towns ; and the tumuli of Kingston Down, in Kent, 
 of Chessel Down, in the Isle of Wight, and other remote localities, have, in this 
 department of our national antiquities, exceeded in richness all that remains of 
 the decorations of the inhabitants of the populous and wealthy Londinium. 
 
 The fibulae are among the most conspicuous of the ornaments discovered in 
 London ; but they are such only as were commonly worn, and convey no notion of 
 the more complex and expensive kinds worn by the wealthier classes, the character of 
 which is represented by the circular jewelled Saxon brooches. All of the latter show 
 more or less a Eoman influence ; and they better illustrate the rich fibulae frequently 
 mentioned by ancient writers, than the numerous varieties in brass which are to be 
 met with in collections of Eoman antiquities. The Emperor Hadrian, Spartian 
 states, wore neither gold in his belt nor gems in his fibulae.^ TrebeUius Pollio 
 mentions, among the gifts bestowed by Valerian upon Claudius Gothicus, when 
 military tribune, two silver-gilt fibulae, and a gold fibula with a copper acus or pin -^ 
 and Vopiscus informs us, that the Emperor Aurelian, among other regulations 
 which he introduced into the Eoman army, ordered that the common soldiers should 
 wear golden fibulae instead of silver, alleging that nature had made gold more 
 plentiful than silver.^ Golden fibulae set with precious stones are often mentioned 
 among gifts conferred for military valour or as tokens of affection ; but these are 
 
 ' Sine auro balteum sumeret, sine gemmis usually of iron or copper : those discovered in this 
 
 fibulas stringeret. — In Hadriano, 10. country are more frequently of iron. 
 
 * Fibulas argenteas inaurata? duas, fibulam ' Et ut fibulas aureas gregarii milites habe- 
 
 auream cum acu Cyprea unam. — In Claudia, rent, idem primus concessit; quum antea argen- 
 
 14. The pins of fibulae in the precious metals were teas habuissent. — In Aureliano, 46. 
 
126 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 now SO rare, that it is difficult to point to examples ; and the Saxon fibulae, as 
 before observed, must be considered as the nearest approach to them. 
 
 Most of the Roman fibulae found in England, in France, and in Germany, are 
 bow-shaped and in bronze, such as figs. 7, 9, 12, 13, 16, and 17 of pi. xxxiii; and of 
 this class there is an almost infinite variety. There is a rare example in the 
 British Museum, in gold, resembling fig. 9 of those found in London, which was 
 dug up at Odiham, in Hampshire. Several of this form have been found in England 
 and in France. One of the most remarkable was discovered in a Roman cemetery 
 at Anieres, on the Seine. It is inscribed on one side of the bow, domine marti 
 VIVAS ; and on the other, vtere felix, indicative of the good wishes of the donor 
 towards the person to whom it had been presented. They were usually worn upon 
 the shoulders by males and upon the breast by females ; but upon the effigy of a 
 Roman lady in a sepulchral monument at Mayence, no less than five fibulae are 
 represented, three in front, upon the bosom, one upon the right shoulder, and one 
 fastening drapery upon the left arm. That upon the breast is of circular shape, 
 precisely like the Anglo-Saxon : the others somewhat resemble the large, flat, silver- 
 gilt varieties. 
 
 Figs. 4 and 6 of pi. xxxiii are enamelled. They belong to a class containing a 
 
 great variety of forms, and set with coloured glass 
 and pastes. The compartments of fig. 4 are filled 
 with blue and green glass. Others are enamelled with 
 green, blue, yellow, and red ; and are not unfrequently 
 in the form of animals as well as of objects of art. 
 One of the London examples is in the form of a 
 sandal, and filled with a deep blue enamel. One found upon the breast of a 
 skeleton, at Great Waldingfield, in Sufiblk, and 
 preserved in the collection of Mr. Warren, is of this 
 type, with a red enamel. A fibula of very peculiar 
 shape is shown in the annexed cut. It is in bronze ; 
 and bears traces of having been silvered and enamelled 
 with projecting bosses.-^ 
 
 The armillce or armlets found in London are 
 chiefly in bronze, although some are in glass, in jet, 
 and in a bituminous shale, an extensive bed of which 
 
 Actual size. 
 
 ' Some notion may be obtained of the almost Archaeological Society of Luxembourg, 1853-5, 
 endless variety of form of the Roman fibulae by which contain a great number discovered upon 
 consulting the plates of the Publications of the the site of the castrum at Dalheim. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 127 
 
 at Kimmeridge, near Purbeck, was worked by the Romans for the manufacture of 
 beads, lings, armlets, and other articles. A pair of gold armillae were dug up in 
 Queen Street, Cheapside, in 1839, which are very remarkable. They are of thin 
 gold, fourteen inches in length and nearly an inch in width at the centre, from 
 which they taper towards the ends, each of which is perforated with three holes ; 
 and they weigh one hundred and six grains each. The holes were for fastening 
 filets. Many of the ancient armillse in gold and in silver are often elaborately 
 ornamented and of elegant forms, in volutes or coils, or in a single circle ; and both 
 kinds are often chased to represent serpents, as are the London examples given in 
 the subjoined cut ; and the beautiful and more characteristic pair in silver, found 
 
 In bronze. Three-fanrthB of the actoal size. 
 
 in Buckinghamsliire, and now in the museum of Air. Bateman, of Youlgrave.-^ 
 Another, in bronze, from the Thames, is almost a counterpart of one in gold, in the 
 British Museum, found also in this country ;^ and the small specimen in bronze, 
 fig. 3, pi. xxxiii, in form likewise resembles well-known specimens in gold. Fig. 5 
 of the same plate has, apparently, served either as a bracelet or a necklace. It bears 
 a head in low relief, before which is the Greek <f>, probably for ^iXui, indicative 
 of its being a keepsake, or love token. 
 
 ArmiUse are very frequently mentioned by ancient writers, and in inscriptions, 
 among gifts conferred upon soldiers for distinguished valour. 
 In such cases they are sometimes specified as being in gold, 
 and associated with torques, phalerse, and golden wreaths or 
 chaplets ; and occasionally they appear upon the sculptured 
 effigies of distinguished soldiers, as upon the monument of 
 M. Cselius, at Bonn, who is covered with military decorations. 
 Jet was used, not only for arnullae, but for a variety of 
 personal ornaments, such as bullae, beads, hair-pins, and 
 
 Bead in jet. 
 
 * They are engraved in the " Descriptive ' Engraved in the " Archceological Journal,' 
 
 Catalogue" of his museum, p. 130. vol. v, p. 341. 
 
128 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON, 
 
 necklaces 
 
 Actual size. 
 
 many of which, found in this country, are of excellent workman- 
 ship ; and as jet was one of the articles of British commercial 
 exportation, it is probable they are chiefly of home manufac- 
 ture.^ 
 
 Fig. 1, pi. xxxiii, is a finger ring, in gold, and fig. 2, a bulla, 
 or pendent neck ornament in gold. 
 
 Hair-pins, of a considerable variety of form, are represented in 
 plates xxxiv and xxxvi. Those in pi. xxxiv, figs. 14 to 20 ; 22 to 
 26; 28 and 29, are in bone. Figs. 14 to 27, pi. xxxvi, are in 
 bronze. The most curious is fig. 15, pi. xxxiv, in the form of a 
 hand holding tabellce or writing tablets. Figs. 17, 19, and 20 
 of the same plate, are ornamented with busts, which time or rough 
 usage has rendered decapitated. Figs. 26 and 28 are remarkable 
 for the crosses with which they are surmounted; and figs. 20 and21, 
 pi. xxxvi, as appears from examples found in Saxon tumuli, were 
 worn united by chains like the modern " union pin."^ Fig. 25, pi. 
 xxxiv, is tipt with gold ; and a small piece of the 
 same metal was attached to the lower end when it 
 was received from one of the excavators. Further 
 examples, in bronze, are given on the sides of this 
 page. The perfect pin has for its top a circular 
 coin-like ornament with a bust in armour, and a 
 cross, to which the attention of the helmeted 
 personage seems directed. It is not improbable 
 that this was executed in allusion to the well- 
 known story of Constantine, seeing a cross in 
 the sky previous to the battle in which he con- 
 quered Maxentius. The design and workmanship indicate it 
 of the fourth or fifth century. Towards the lower extremity 
 is an eye, intended for a fillet, to aid in securing the hair which 
 was wound round the pin at the back of the head, precisely as at 
 the present day in Germany and Italy, where the pin forms a 
 prominent feature in the head attire, especially when of gold 
 or silver. The mode of using it is illustrated by an epigram of 
 Martial ■? 
 
 Actual size. 
 
 ■ Solinus, cap. 22.— Bede, "Hist. Eccl.," lib. i, cap. 1, 
 ^ Two are figured in Mr. Akennan's "Archa3ological Index," pi. xviii. 
 
 Lib. xiv, 24. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 129 
 
 Actts aurea. 
 Taenia ne madidos violet bombycina crines, 
 Figat acus tortas sustineatque comas. 
 
 A very elegant bronze gilt hair-pin, of Roman workmanship, was found in a Saxon 
 grave, at Gilton, near Sandwich.^ Hair-pins in jet are not unfrequcntly met with. 
 Some very beautiful examples, found in Germany, are engraved in the publications 
 of the Rhenish Antiquarian Society.^ In one instance, in our own country, glass 
 hair-pins were found in a Roman grave.^ 
 
 Figs. 14 and 15, pL xxxiii, are smaU enamelled bronze boxes on lockets, 
 very much resembling in construction the modem vinaigrettes. They are heart- 
 shaped, circular, and square. One, of a circular form, found at Richborough, is 
 figured in page 84 of the Antiquities of Richborough, Reculver, and Lymne; and a 
 heart-shaped variety, found at Reculver, is engraved in pi. vii of the same work. 
 They appear to have been used for perfumes, and to have been worn or carried upon 
 the person. Fig. 8 is a pair of tweezers and a nail cleaner ; fig. 1 0, tweezers and 
 ear pick ; and fig. 11, tweezers, ear pick, and nail cleaner combined. Combs, in 
 bone and in wood, have also been found ; but usually in a very fragmentary state. 
 In form, they resemble those found in a more perfect state of preservation in Saxon 
 graves.* Pieces of metallic mirrors have also been found ; but the only perfect one 
 was discovered in the ancient cemetery at Deveril Street, on the Dover road. It is 
 engraved in the ArchcBologia, vol. xxvi, p. 467. 
 
 One of the most interesting of the toilette implements of the inhabitants of 
 Londinium, is a strigil or bath-scraper, found upon the site of the New Royal 
 Exchange, and now in the library at GuUdhaU. It is in bronze, and ten inches and 
 
 StrlgU. In bronze. 
 
 three quarters in length ; but the bowl appears to have been broken at the 
 extremity, so that, originally, it was probably from two to three inches longer. Its 
 form wiU be rendered more intelligible from the engraving which is half the size of 
 the original. A strigil, found at Reculver, and now preserved in the library of 
 
 ' " Collectanea Antiqua,", vol. ii, pi. xxxvii, freunden im Rheinlande" xiv, taf. iv-v. 
 fig. 8. A silver-gilt Frankish hair-pin is figured ' " Collectanea Antiqua," vol. iii, pi. ix. 
 
 in pi. xlix of the same volume. * See " Inventorium Sepulchrale," pi. xiii. 
 
 ' " Jahrbiicher des Vereins von Alterthums- 
 
 S 
 
130 ILLUSTBATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 Trinity College, Cambridge/ has a bowl, curved considerably more, and, towards the 
 extremity, more shallow, and inclined slightly outwards. The handle of that 
 is solid, and covered with smaU knobs, to enable it to be held firmly. The London 
 example seems more closely to resemble some found at Pompeii, into the handles of 
 which the hand could be inserted. The two strigils found in the sepulchre of 
 the Great HiU, at Bartlow, in Essex, resemble that found at Eeculver ; but the 
 handles are open : it is therefore impossible to say whether this was simply curved 
 inwards, like a sickle, as those of Pompeii, or whether it resembled the others 
 alluded to, which were discovered in this country. 
 
 The strigil was employed by the Greeks and Eomans in scraping ofi" the 
 perspiration which flowed from the skin in gymnastic exercises, and the impurities 
 loosened by the bath, the edges being lubricated by oil, upon precisely the same 
 principle as the scraper is used at the present day, for the coats of horses, the 
 channel receiving and carrying off the perspiration and the impurities detached by 
 the edge. Its peculiar features are combined in an enigma of the poet Symposius,^ 
 the solution to which is the strigil itself. 
 
 Rubida, curva, capax, alienis humida guttis, 
 Luminibus falsis auri mentita colorem, 
 Dedita sudori, modico succumbo labori. 
 
 The colour counterfeiting gold is characteristic of the bronze, of which strigils were 
 often made, especially when kept bright by oil and constant use. Equally clear is the 
 description of Apuleius, making one end straight, that it might be held in the hand, 
 and the other end curved and hollow, for the perspiration to flow through.^ Martial 
 also describes them of curved iron, as fabricated at Pergamus in Asia Minor ; and he 
 recommends their use as tending to save the wear and tear of the clothes at the fuUer's :* 
 
 Strigiles. 
 "Pergamus has misit, curve distringere ferro : 
 Non tam ssepe teret lintea fullo tibi." 
 
 Persius^ has an allusion to their common use in the bath: 
 
 "I puer, et strigiles Crispini ad balnea defer"; 
 
 and numerous other passages in ancient writers might be cited in illustration of this 
 
 useful implement, which might be reproduced at the present day with benefit to the 
 
 speculator and advantage to personal cleanliness and health. 
 
 The application of the strigil was usually allotted to slaves by those who could 
 
 * Engraved in the " Antiquities of Rich- clausulse, flexa tubulatione ligulse, ut et ipsa in 
 
 borough, Reculver, and Lymne," pi. vii. manu capulo moraretur, et sudor ex ea rivulo 
 
 ^ " Poetse Latini Minores," torn, vi, p. 561. laberetur." Floridorum, lib. ii. 
 ^ " Honestam strigileculam, recta fastigiatione * Epig., lib. xiv, 51. ^ Satyr., v, 1. 126. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 131 
 
 afford to keep or to pay for them. Tliis is illustrated by an anecdote related of 
 Hadrian.^ The emperor was accustomed to bathe frequently at the public baths, 
 among the common people, with whom he would freely chat and joke. One day he 
 noticed a veteran soldier whom he knew, rubbing his back and the other parts of his 
 body against some projections of the building, and inquired why he used the marble 
 for a scraper. When the emperor found he had no slave for the purpose, he gave 
 him one, and an allowance to keep him. This liberality of the prince provoked 
 several other old men, shortly after, to exhibit themselves in like manner; but he 
 directed them to be called to him, and then ordered them to rub one another. 
 
 The vignette to this section is a bronze enamelled girdle-clasp, nearly four inches 
 in diameter. Tlie enamels are red and yellow. On the under side are two fastenings 
 for attaching it to the girdle at one end, and for a hook on the other. The buckles 
 in bronze do not call for especial notice ; but two in bone, not of common occur- 
 rence, are given in pi. xxxiv, figs. 9 and 12, half the actual size. 
 
 SAXDALS. 
 
 One portion of the costume of the inhabitants of Londinium has been revealed 
 to us in the most satisfactory of all ways, namely, by examples almost as perfect as 
 when in use, and quite sufiiciently so to understand their forms and mode of manu- 
 facture. The least perishable part of the human clothing is leather ; but under ordinary 
 circumstances it yields to the destructive action of the atmospheric air and moisture : 
 and thus throughout the extensive excavations in London not a particle was foimd, 
 
 ' Spartian, "In Hadriano," c. 17. 
 
 S 2 
 
132 
 
 ILLUSTBATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON". 
 
 except in certain localities where the air had been excluded. These were the neigh- 
 bourhood of Lothbury and Prince's-street, the site of the New Eoyal Exchange, and 
 the bed of the Thames. The first was in the course of the stream which flowed 
 from Moorfields, by Walbrook, to the Thames; the second was a pit of great depth; 
 and both, to a considerable extent, were filled with a moist, tenacious soU, impervious 
 to the air ; and the beds of rivers, from the same cause, are particularly favourable 
 to the preservation of animal and vegetable as well as metallic substances. Oil 
 having been applied to the sandals before the water with which they were saturated 
 had evaporated, the leather is now preserved with much of its original pliability and 
 general character. We can, then, look upon these sandals as being nearly in the 
 same condition as when they covered feet which trod the streets of Eoman London . 
 and probably they are the only specimens extant; for although much has been 
 written upon the various coverings of the feet of the ancients, the illustrations have 
 been supplied from representations, and not from existing remains. 
 
 A selection from the sandals formerly in my own collection is here given. They 
 
 present some of the best preserved forms 
 and patterns, but by no means shew 
 the entire variety of the ornamented 
 open work. They were formed, judg- 
 ing from fig. 3, of four layers of 
 leather ; the outside, or lowermost, being 
 the thickest, and the innermost the 
 thinnest; and are, in every instance, 
 made right and left. These layers are 
 held together, without any appearance of stitching, by nails clenched on the inside 
 of the sole. The nails have heads rather broad and projecting, and slender strigs 
 sharply pointed for clenching. On some of the soles they are placed in a single 
 row round the edge; five rows in the broadest part, and three at the heel: on 
 others they are still more thickly set. Fig. 3 shews the heads of the nails; but in 
 
 some instances they are not quite so 
 pointed. The upper part of the san- 
 dals was formed out of one piece of 
 leather, the middle making a layer 
 of the sole and the sides; the entire 
 upper portions cut or punched into 
 elegant patterns, and looped to re- 
 ceive strings for drawing them tight 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 Length, 7 inches; width, 3 inches. 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 Length, 10 inches ; width, 3.J Inches. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 133 
 
 Fig. a. 
 
 Length, 9 inches ; width, S inches. 
 
 together, and tying over the instep or across the leg. Figs. 1, 2, and 4, will fully 
 explain how this important part of the sandals was made. They were then sewn at 
 the toe and heel, as in fig. 1, or at the heel only, as in fig. 2. Fig. 1, with the 
 exception of one latchet on either side of the fore part, and the lower part of the 
 sole, is perfect. Fig. 2 shews the long loops or latchets of the fore part adapted for 
 lapping over, beyond the centre of the foot, to join the loops on the opposite side, 
 which are much shorter. Fig. 3 has all the layers of the sole quite perfect. It is 
 constructed differently from the others in the upper part; the latchets being intended 
 to tie over the instep, and not fas- 
 tened -with a thong, hke the others. 
 Enough remains of fig. 4 to shew its 
 arrangement and tasteful design. 
 
 Most of the sandals found in 
 London are of small size ; the 
 greater number appear to have be- 
 longed to youths or women ; and 
 many were children's. Those of 
 eleven to thirteen inches in length, 
 we may suppose were men's. Some of very small size were similar in character to 
 the examples described ; and all appear to have been nailed. Thus, it is clear, that 
 although Juvenal speaks of the nails in the soldiers' caliga} and Pliny^ compares 
 the scales of a certain kind of fish with its thick and pointed nails, they were by no 
 means confined to the mili- 
 tary caliga. Tlie sandals found 
 in London, so far as can be 
 judged fi-om less perfect spe- 
 cimens, seem to resemble 
 those found in other parts of 
 this country. In some of the 
 
 military stations in the north j,,^ ^ 
 
 of Britain, the soles of sandals ^^''^^- " """'*'' '""•• ^* '"'='""• 
 
 thickly studded with nails, have been met with -^ but, unfortunately, no example is 
 aflforded us to judge of the construction of the upper part. The nailed soles, alone, 
 have been also found in sepulchral cists ;* but with the upper leather entirely 
 
 ' Cum duo crura habes, offendere tot caligatos vorum caligarum effigie. — Nat. Hist., lib. ix,c. 18. 
 Millia clavorum. — " Sat." xvi, 24. ' Dr. Brace's " Roman Wall," 2nd edit., p. 
 
 ' Squamisconspicuicrebrisatquepracacutisjcla- 442,andpl.xviii. * "Col.Ant.,"vol.i, pl.xliv. 
 
134 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 perished. The close shoes worked with gold found in a Roman cist at Southfleet/ in 
 Kent, belong to a very different class of sandals, frequently mentioned by ancient 
 writers as used by wealthy persons of luxurious habits. 
 
 Writers on the costume of the ancients, have found a fertUe field of discussion 
 in the shoes and boots worn by the Greeks and Romans, and in explaining the 
 various kinds ; but as it seldom came within the objects of historians and poets to 
 describe minutely personal costume, and as terms are sometimes used arbitrarily, the 
 subject has proved to be one of considerable difficulty ; and the caprice of fashion 
 at different periods of time, and other causes, must be taken into account whenever 
 the nomenclature of ancient dress is attempted to be strictly defined and interpreted. 
 By the aid, however, of the representations in various works of ancient art which 
 have come down to us, the terms used to designate the leathern attire of the feet, 
 can be understood with tolerable certainty ; and the sandals found in London, furnish 
 an important addition to other sources of information on this point. The caliga was 
 almost essentially military : it is constantly used in reference to the sandal worn by 
 common soldiers, who, from it, were called caligaii?" The crepida, on the other 
 hand, was one of the sandals worn by civihans. It was distinguished from the 
 complete close shoe (calceus), by its open work of loops and eyes, through which 
 passed the thong or strap {amentum), for fastening it. Thus Phny, in telling the anec- 
 dote of the shoemaker who criticised one of the paintings of Apelles, says he found 
 fault with the artist for not making enough answ, or eyes, on the inner side of a man's 
 crepida.^ Caligula, Suetonius states, was so whimsical in his dress, that he would use 
 alternately, the crepidce, the cothurni (boots), the soldier's caligce, and the women's 
 socci (a loose kind of shoes). Aulus GeUius* devotes a chapter to the proper applica- 
 tion of the names of certain kinds of shoes, from which we gather, that, shortly after 
 the time of Hadrian (when he wrote), gallicce (probably the origin of our galoshes), 
 crepidce, and crepidulce, were in common use by civilians, and that they correctly 
 belonged to the same class as the solece, (the most simple and primitive kind), 
 because they left the upper part of the foot almost naked, or bound only with slender 
 straps (teretihus hdbenis) ; contrary to the calcei, which were close-fitting, and 
 covered the ankle. In the edict of Diocletian and Maximian, pubHshed by Colonel 
 Leake,^ several sorts of shoes are mentioned, chiefly of two classes, the caligce, and 
 the solece and gcdlicce. This valuable document, preserved in an inscription, fixed 
 
 ' "Engraved in "Costume in England," by ° Suetonius, " Aug.," c. xxv; " Vital.," c. vii. 
 
 F. W. Fairholt, p. 30. « "Noctes Atticss," lib. xiii, c. 20. 
 
 * Feruntque a sutore reprehensum, quod in ° "Journal of a Tour in Asia Minor," London, 
 
 crepidis una intus pauciores fecisset ansas. — 1824; and " Transactions of the Royal Society of 
 
 "Hist. Nat.," XXXV, 10. Literature," vol. i, 1829. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 135 
 
 a maximum of prices throughout the Roman empire ; and it enumerates a vast 
 number of articles of commerce, among wliich were lasts for two kinds of men's 
 caligse, and for those of women and children. Then we have the cahgse themselves 
 distinguished, as coimtry caligae without nails ; military caligse without nails ; and 
 patrician, senatorial, equestrian, and women's ; this division closes with campagi} 
 Then follows a list of various kinds of shoes, made under the head of sohcB and 
 gcdliccB, including single-soled and double-soled countrymen's galliccB ; the same 
 for women ; others of various colours ; and coloured socci, or slippers. 
 
 From these citations it will be seen there is some little difficulty in saying 
 positively to which class of the Roman shoe those found in London may be referred. 
 While they may not be improperly called crepidce, and probably with more 
 certainty belonged to this class, they seem in some respects to bear affinity to the 
 ccdiga which, from the edict of Diocletian, seemed, under that form, towards the 
 close of the third century, to include a rather wide range of shoes in very general 
 use. At the same time, it may be noticed that upon the sepulchral monument of a 
 maker of caligse {sutor caligarius) at MUan, there is a representation of a pair 
 of caligse, which appear to be close-fitting shoes, contrary to what is generally 
 supposed.^ 
 
 It has been observed that in some of the ancient military stations in the north 
 of England, soles of Roman sandals have frequently been found. In Mr. Mayer's 
 museum is a pair discovered in the moss, near Port Carlisle, on the line of the 
 Roman Wall, at the depth of eight feet. They are of a very different pattern from 
 those found in London, approaching more to the calceus or perfect shoe, covering 
 the heel and toes in close leather ; but open down the front as far as the toes, with 
 long narrow slashes cut on each side. 
 
 ' Ca{m)pagi militares. The campagi appear quum campagos reticules appellaret." — In GaUi- 
 
 to have been of foreign origin, and more amply eno, 16. 
 
 furnished with intersecting cords, or network, than ^ Rich's " Illustrated Companion to the Latin 
 
 the caligae, as we may infer from a passage in Dictionary and Greek Lexicon," p. 101. 
 Trebellius Pollio : " Caligas gemmatas annexuit, 
 
136 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON, 
 
 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS. 
 
 In pi. XXXV, and in this page, are brought together examples of almost every variety 
 
 of numerous little implements in steel, in which we recognise 
 the stilus or stylus, called also graphium, used by the Greeks 
 and Eomans for writing upon tablets of wood in their ordinary 
 epistolary correspondence. They amount to nearly or quite a 
 hundred ; but although so large a number has been found in 
 London, they are elsewhere of the highest rarity, if not alto- 
 gether unknown ; and although from the frequent allusions to 
 the stilus ia ancient writers its form and character were suffici- 
 ently well understood, there is, as in other matters of antiquity, 
 a complete assurance we are fully comprehending passages in 
 ancient writers, when we look upon the objects themselves, 
 upon a proper conception of which a perfect comprehension 
 of such passages depends. When the poet Horace advises 
 the stile to be often turned in order that what is badly or 
 inelegantly written may be amended : — 
 
 " Ssepe stilum vertas, iterum, quae dignse legi sint, 
 Scripturus :" ' 
 
 the literal meaning is understood when we look upon the 
 stilus itself, with its sharp point for writing, and its flat end 
 for smoothing the incised wax upon the tablet : at the same 
 time we may see clearly the derivation- of the modem word 
 style, originally restricted to the character of a person's 
 writing, and the expression of writing with acumen, or 
 point. With his graphium, or stilus, Suetonius^ states, 
 Julius Ci»sar wounded Cassius ; and it will be readily seen 
 that some of these stili, in the hands of a desperate man, 
 could almost serve for daggers : indeed they often were used 
 as weapons ; and the name is yet reflected in the Italian 
 stiletto. 
 
 Actual size. 
 
 ' " Sat.," lib. i, X, 72. 
 
 " " D. Jul. Caes.," c. Ixxxii. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 137 
 
 Symposius, one of the minor Latin poets, has bequeathed us a riddle on the 
 stylus, which will not require an CEtlipus to solve : 
 
 Graphium sive stylus. 
 " De summo planus, scd non ego planus in imo ; 
 Versor utrinque manu, diveraa et munera fungor ; 
 Altera pars revocat, quidquid pars altera fecit.'" 
 
 It is obvious the stylus could only be used for certain kinds of writing, or, 
 rather, for writing upon soft substances, such as wax, which would require protec- 
 tion. Wax was commonly employed for this purpose ; and it was applied, when 
 melted, to thin tablets of wood, called tahellw, or pugillaria, surrounded by a rim 
 wliich shielded the waxen surface and prevented friction. Two, or more, of these 
 were joined together by wires or string, bound with a filet or cord and sealed, the 
 outsides being perfectly plain. The apparatus and process of writing a letter are 
 clearly indicated by the following passages in a play of Plautus : 
 
 " EfiTer clto stilum, ceram, et tabellas, et linum. 
 
 Ch. Cape stilum propere et tabellas tu has tibi. Mn. Quid postea ? 
 Ch. Quod jubeo scribito istic. . . . 
 
 Mn. Ne interturba : jam imperatum in cera inest."* 
 The tabellse are also illustrated by specimens yet extant, discovered with the 
 
 \ A 
 
 mmmmwrnmrnmrnm 
 
 WW' 
 
 m 
 
 jj 
 
 (| inches, by 4^ inches. 5} inches, by 3} inches. 
 
 styli, three of which form the annexed cut : that on the extreme left, an outside 
 cover, is indented by the marks of the string which tied it : the other is an inner leaf 
 
 ' "Poetee Latini Minores," torn, vi, p. 478. ' "BaccHdes," iv, 4, 6, 64, 76, 91. 
 
138 ^ ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 shewn on both sides : they belonged, as their dimensions shew, to separate 
 tabellse.^ 
 
 Aulus Gellius tells us that in affairs requiring great secresy letters were written 
 upon the wood itself : the pugiUaria were then covered with wax, so that if the 
 messenger were intercepted and the letter opened, it would appear quite blank ; 
 but the right owner would understand that by removing the wax he would disclose 
 the epistle.^ 
 
 A wall-painting in Herculaneum gives a representation of a lady holding the 
 tablets in one hand, and a stylus in the other, both resembling the examples in our 
 engravings ; and at Sens, in the collection which supphed the illustration in p. 61, 
 is the sepulchral effigy of a man who, from similar implements of writing which 
 he carries, appears to have been a notary. 
 
 The use of the style and wooden tablets was continued through the middle ages 
 down to a comparatively recent time, as may be exemplified by the versification of 
 an anonymous writer of the fourteenth century : 
 
 " Les uns se prennent a escrire ' 
 
 De greffes en tables de cire ; 
 Les autres suivent le coustume 
 De fourmer lettres a la plume ;' 
 
 and Shakspeare making Hamlet exclaim : 
 
 " My tables, — meet it is I set it down.* 
 
 The long bronze spoons (ligulce) in pi. xxxvi, figs. 2, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, with 
 narrow bowls and oval or oblong heads, appear to have been used for unguents, and 
 other preparations kept in the long-necked ampuUee and other bottles. Two of the 
 same kind were in a metal case, with a box of colours and a variety of implements 
 and glass bottles, discovered in the grave of a female painter near Fontenay 
 (Vendee) ;^ and as the whole of the minor objects clearly appertained to the pro- 
 fession of the defunct, the spoons were doubtless used for extracting hquids from 
 the bottles for mixing and preparing the colours, in which process the oblong 
 terminations were probably also of service. The stems of some are tastefully 
 ornamented, studded with silver, and inlaid with silver wire. Another kind of 
 spoon, the cochleare, is shewn in fig. 21, pi. xxxiv ; and in figs. 11, 12, 13, 
 pi. xxxvii, the first being in bone, the others in bronze : the bowl of fig. 13 is 
 
 ' The former of these is in the Guildhall ■* " Hamlet," Act i, sc. iv. 
 
 library ; the latter, in the British Museum. ° " Description de la ViUa et du Tombeau 
 
 ' " Noctes Atticae," lib. xvii, cap. ix. d'une femme ar-tiste Gallo-Romaine," par B. Fillon, 
 
 " Du Cange, " Gloss.," «m5 foce " Graphium." Fontenay, 1849. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF EOMAN LONDON. 
 
 139 
 
 constructed with a hinge to fold back upon the handle, the lower part of which is in 
 the figui-e of a crouching animal. Fig. iv, pi. xxxvii, flat at 
 one end and pointed at the other, seems intended to be used 
 as the others and to combine the fork and spoon, as in eating 
 eggs and shell-fish, explained by Martial : 
 
 " Sum cochleis habilis, sed nee minus utilis ovis, 
 Numquid scis potius cur cochleare vocer ?" ' 
 
 One, in silver, found at Eeculver,^ presents a slight variation in 
 form from those here engraved. Connected with the cochleare, an 
 old superstition, which, like many others, has survived to our own 
 times, may be mentioned. Pliny, in speaking of spells and incan- 
 tations, and the remedies by which their evil influences were 
 counteracted, states that the shells of eggs, as soon as the meat was 
 swallowed, were broken by the bowls or pierced by the points of 
 the spoons.^ At the present day it is a very general habit in 
 many parts of England, particularly in the eastern counties, and 
 probably not confined to the lower orders, to break the bottom of 
 the shell, after the egg is eaten, in order that the witches might 
 not have it to sail in, a popular belief alluded to by Beaumont and 
 Fletcher in their play of Women Pleased : 
 
 " The devil should think of purchasing that egg-shell, 
 To victual out a witch for the Burmoothes." 
 
 The union of the fork with a double point or prong, and the 
 spoon, was also probably of Koman origin, although, as yet, exam- 
 ples have only been found with Saxon remains.* Forks were cer- 
 tainly knowTi to the Romans, although but few specimens have 
 come down to us. There are two, of very different pattern, found in 
 London, preserved in the British Museum ; and several are figured 
 in M. Grivaud de la Vincelle's Arts et Metiers des Anciens, 
 pi. xxxii.^ 
 
 ' "Epigram.," lib. xiv, 51. 
 
 * " Antiquities of Richborough, Reculver, and 
 Lymne," pi. vii, fig. 18. 
 
 ' Defigi quidem diris deprecationibus nemo 
 non metuit. Hue pertinet ovorum, ut exorbuerit 
 quisque, calices cochlearumque protinus frangi, aut 
 eosdem cochlearibus perforari. — "Nat. Hist.," lib. 
 xxviii, cap. ii. 
 
 * " Archseologia," 
 pi. xxiv ; and " 
 
 vol. 
 Col. 
 
 xxvu, 
 
 Ant.," vol. iv, pi. xvi. 
 
 ° This work is chiefly 
 founded upon antiquities dis- 
 covered on the site of a Actual size. 
 Romano-Gaulish town in the department of the 
 Haute-Mame. Paris, 1819. 
 
 T 2 
 
140 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 Figs. 17, 18, 19, pi. XXXV ; figs. 1, 3, 6, pi. xxxvi, and probably one or two more 
 in those plates, do not come under the particular classes of 
 implements already described. They are such as, it may be 
 conceived, were used for various purposes in the arts. There 
 is also a class of tools which seem more adapted for modelling 
 than for any other purpose. They are all in iron, and, like the 
 styli, almost quite free from rust. They will be understood 
 by the specimen on the side of the previous page. 
 
 A rather considerable quantity of small knives form a very 
 remarkable section in the antiquities of London, because they 
 are totally different in form and other peculiarities from any yet 
 pubHshed. Those of types well known it has not been thought 
 necessary to engrave on the present occasion. Plate xxxvii, 
 figs. 2, 3, 5, 6, and another shghtly varying in pattern, shewn in 
 this page, represent knives in steel with bone handles, and rings 
 for suspension upon the person. From the number which have 
 been found it may be inferred they were such as almost every 
 person carried about with him. Ivory was much used by the 
 higher orders for various domestic implements, including knives ; 
 and Juvenal, in contrasting the furniture of his own vUla with 
 that of the houses of the more wealthy and luxurious, mentions 
 his bone-handled knives : 
 
 " . . Adeo nulla uncia nobis 
 Est eboris, nee tessellse, nee ealculus ex hac 
 Materia ; quin ipsa manubria cultellorum 
 Ossea.' 
 
 Clasp-knives seem, also, to have been not uncommon, if we 
 may judge from some which have been found at Eeculver and 
 at Hadstock.^ The handles of these are of bronze and orna- 
 mented with the figures of a dog and a hare. But still more 
 remarkable are the knives, figs. 8 and 9, stamped with the 
 makers' names. The former of these is in excellent preservation, 
 the steel being free from rust, and, with the help of a whetstone, 
 still fit for service. The stamp upon this is olondvs.f : upon 
 the other, which, in addition, bears a minute figure of a man, standing, p.pasili.f., 
 
 > " Sat.," xi, 1.131. 
 « " Antiquities of Richborough, Reculver, and Lymne," pi. vii, and p. 207. 
 
 Actual sizo. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 141 
 
 or P.PASIL.FE. The handle of this knife has been cased 
 with wood, traces of which are still apparent. The handles 
 and blades of the slender knives, such as fig. 14, are 
 whoUy of iron. Among other uncommon kinds of knives 
 found in London may be noted one, seven inches in length, 
 and two inches in width at the haft, the blade curved 
 upwards, almost to a semicircle, and adapted for cutting both 
 ways ; and a strait knife, the blade of which resembles that 
 of the table knives of the present day : the handle was encased 
 with bone or wood and ornamented with bronze tubes, form- 
 ing, when the handle was complete, rosettes along each side, 
 and two at the top, which takes the form of a double semi- 
 circle. It is probable that these tubes were filled with 
 enamel ; and it is impossible to determine whether this knife 
 is Roman or early Saxon. One very similar was found with 
 Roman and Frankish remains in Germany.^ 
 
 The ordinary implement used by the Romans for sharpen- 
 ing knives was the whetstone (cotis), of which several have been 
 found in London and elsewhere resembling those used at the 
 present day, with a hole at one end of the smaller ones for 
 suspension. The steel was generally considered of more 
 recent invention, until a very perfect one was found in 
 Princes Street. The implement itself is of steel : the handle, 
 in the form of a horse's head springing from leaves of the 
 lotus, is in bronze ; and a brass ring is attached for hanging it 
 to the girdle. It is shewn, of the full size, on the side of 
 this page. 
 
 The scissors, or shears, fig. 7, pi. xxxvii, are in iron, with 
 a thin plate of brass to strengthen the handle. The form, 
 that of our sheep-shears, resembles that of shears found in 
 Saxon graves,^ and with mortuary urns in North Germany ;^ 
 and also Roman, as represented in a waH-painting at Pompeii 
 and upon a bas-rehef at Sens, in France, some of the former 
 being of very small size, the last of large dimensions. A pair 
 of scissors from the Thames, originally nearly or quite fourteen 
 
 * " Denkmaeler von Castra Vetera und Colonia " " Inventorium Sepulchrale," pi. xv, fig. 20. 
 
 Trajana, tab. xlvi, No. 7. '< Arcliseologia," vol. xxsvi, p. 278. 
 
 Aotaal size. 
 
143 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 inclies in length, is upon the lever principle, Hke those in common use at the present 
 day. It is in iron, with a square brass plate on each side, the loops of the handle 
 beiag tipped with brass knobs. 
 
 Among the few implements which can positively be identified as used for 
 agricultural purposes, are a weed hook, and a sickle in iron. The latter, found in 
 Southwark, is rather thinner and smaller than those now used. It resembles one 
 found in Pompeii ; and one which I picked up in the river running by the side of 
 the Eoman station at Catterick, in Yorkshire, and deposited in the collection of 
 Sir W. Lawson, of Brough Hall. The weed-hook is shown in fig. 3, in the annexed 
 group, together with a bronze fish-hook (fig. 4), from the Thames, and a bucket- 
 handle and large hook, figs. 1 and 2, both in iron. 
 The last two implements were found during the 
 excavations made for Moorgate Street, on the 
 Coleman Street side, near a public house called the 
 Swan's Nest, in a pit or well. This pit was about 
 tlu-ee feet square, and boarded on every side with 
 narrow planks about two feet in length, and an 
 inch and a half to two inches thick. Towards the 
 bottom this framework was discontinued, and the 
 pit contracted from a square into an oval form. 
 Its entire depth was upwards of thirty feet. It 
 had been carefuUy planked over with thick boards, 
 and, at first, appeared to contain nothing but the 
 gravelly soil of the district ; but at a considerable 
 depth numerous earthen vessels were found, pre- 
 senting the appearance of having been regularly 
 packed in the sandy and gravelly soU, which had settled so closely round them that 
 many were broken in being extricated. Some of them are engraved in page 80 of 
 this volume. At the bottom of the pit were found the bucket-handle and the hook, 
 a small red patera, a few fragments of the embossed red pottery, and a small brass 
 coin of AUectus. 
 
 Among the various objects found in the gravel pit which in the earlier days of 
 Roman London occupied the site of the New Royal Exchange (see p. 12), were a 
 considerable number of small wooden implements, which had evidently been cut 
 and fashioned upon a certain principle for some purpose connected with the indus- 
 trial arts. I suspected this might be for spinning or weaving ; and the remains of 
 wool still twisted round a few of them convinced me that my conjecture was 
 
 1. 13i inches wide at bottom. 2. 9J inches high. 
 3. 6 inches long. 4. Half the actual size. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 143 
 
 correct ; but, probably, without this evidence of their use, they might have been 
 passed over disregarded. They vary from about six to eight inches in length ; but 
 were probably somewhat longer originally, as the ends of most of them are worn or 
 broken oflf. Tlieir fomi will be understood by two here represented, one of 
 which has some filaments left by the Roman spinster. They perfectly 
 agree in character with some representations of the Roman fusus or 
 spindle, as used with the distaff for twisting or spinning wool and flax 
 into thread by means of the forefinger and thumb. The lower extremity 
 was inserted into a wheel, or whorl {vorticeMum), formed of stone, bone, 
 or of baked clay. A great number of these whorls have been found in 
 all parts of London. An example of the spindle fuUy charged will 
 be found in an interesting sculpture at Mayence, which represents a 
 Roman lady seated with balls of wool in her lap and the spindle hanging 
 from her left hand.^ 
 
 These traces of the domestic employment of the women in Londi- 
 nium, are the earliest evidence, from existing remains, of weaving in 
 Britain, which in the course of time, became one of the leading staple 
 manufactures in England. There is early historical evidence of the 
 abundance of sheep, as well as other cattle, goats included ; and also of a 
 factory, in which women were employed for weaving, and which was 
 under the imperial jurisdiction, being superintended by a 'procurator: this 
 shews that the establishment was of importance, and formed a promi- 
 nent part of the revenue of the province. It is probable it furnished a material 
 portion of the woollen clothing of the army in Britain ; and that the surplus, (if any), 
 was sold or exported. The " Notitia Dignitatum," gives us this information under the 
 division specifying the pubHc establishments of the western empire confided to the 
 " Comes Sacrarum Largitionum," wherein appears the Procurator Gyncecii Bentensis 
 in Britannis. The town which possessed this gyncecium, or factory, was Venta Bel- 
 gainim, Winchester, reading, as we are warranted, the word Bentensis as Ventensis. 
 Winchester, it is well known, was distinguished very early in the middle ages for its 
 manufactory of woollen cloth. The corporation of weavers at London is the earhest 
 
 Half the actaal 
 size. 
 
 ' " Collectanea Antiqua," vol. ii, pi. xsx. 
 A representation of a woman spinning, taken from a 
 bas-relief at Rome, which well explains the entire 
 operation, is given in Mr. Yates's " Textrinum 
 Antiquorum ;" and still more ancient, as well as 
 medieval examples, will be found in Mr Akerman's 
 paperon the Distaff and the Spindle, in the "Archre- 
 
 logia," vol. xxxvii. 
 
 ' The horns and bones of cattle among Roman 
 remains found in London, are chiefly those of sheep, 
 goats, deer, swine, and oxen ; of the last, many 
 are of the hos longifrons, an extinct species of ox. 
 See " Antiquities of Richborough, Reculver, and 
 Lymne,"p. 105-111. 
 
144 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF EOMAN LONDON. 
 
 :> 
 
 !>< 
 
 (Q) 
 
 Actual size. 
 
 of the civic companies of whichi records have reached us ; and there 
 is every reason to believe that both were of Eoman origin. 
 
 Plate xxxviii is devoted to examples of small portable bronze 
 balances, weights, and keys. Examples of the statera, or steel-yard 
 used with sliding weights suspended by chains, such as fig. 1. pi. 
 xxiii, and the dog's head in p. 75, have not, so far as I know, been 
 found in London. The specimens of the balance (libra) figs. 1, 2, 3, 
 are of the simplest kind, being composed of a beam with a pair of 
 scales, such as figs. 4, 4, which show the two sides of a small, orna- 
 mented variety. Fig. 6 is a handle, at the lower part of which is 
 a rivet for the tongue or index, such as appears on figs. 10 and 13, to 
 mark the weight precisely, as in the modem scales, which closely re- 
 semble the Eoman without any important alteration or improvement. 
 Figs. 10 and 13 are folding balances, examples of which are not so 
 common as the others. A very remarkable small portable balance 
 was found in the Roman villa at HartHp, in Kent.^ It has two 
 hinges, one of which also forms a foot or stand when the balance is 
 prepared for weighing, and is constructed precisely upon the same 
 principle as the scales intended for weighing letters sent through 
 the post, or for testing the correct weight of known quantities of 
 precious objects, such as gold coins and jewellery. On the side of 
 this page is the beam of a balance graduated to serve also as a foot 
 measure. The weights, figs. 5, 7, 8, 9, are the two ounce, the ounce, 
 and the half and quarter ounce. 
 
 The keys found in London are numerous and of great variety of 
 pattern, as may be conceived from the seventeen different specimens 
 selected for our plate. The exceedingly modern look of some will 
 strike the reader who is not familiar with the character of the keys 
 of the ancients. Modern ingenuity in the construction of locks and 
 keys has achieved but little, if anything, beyond what the inventive 
 genius of the ancients had accomplished, as one of our most emitient 
 locksmiths admitted when he examined these keys and found 
 among them clear evidence that the principle of some of his patent 
 keys was only a revival of what was perfectly understood by 
 the Eomans and commonly used in London sixteen or seventeen 
 hundred years ago. Unfortunately the locks have not come down 
 
 ' It is figured in p. 19, vol. ii. of the " Collectanea Antiqua." 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 145 
 
 to us except in a very mutilated state, from having been made chiefly in iron ; but, 
 SO fiir as their construction can be understood, they resemble the modern. 
 
 The bells of the ancients, as is evident from the numerous representations in 
 sculpture as well as from existing remains, present no material difference from those 
 in use at the present day ; and all the pur- 
 poses for which they were used are also 
 identical. Three varieties, found in London, 
 are given in the annexed cut, the smallest of 
 which is quite perfect and retains its original 
 sharp, clear sound. 
 
 Very many of the remains of antiquity 
 which come before the practical archaeologist 
 speak for themselves, and are recognised from 
 an unmistakeable resemblance to their modern 
 representatives, although they themselves may 
 possibly be presented to us for the first time, 
 such as the butcher's steel, and the bronze 
 cock (epistomium) of a fountain (fig. 1), found 
 in Philpot Lane ; but there are others which 
 are difficult to be understood from their bearing no particular analogy to anything 
 in use at the present day ; and which have not been found under circumstances 
 which decidedly explain them. 
 
 To this class of antiquities belong some implements in iron found in London, 
 
 Two-thirds of the actual size. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 T.eugth, li inchea. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 Length. 6 inchea 
 
 one of which is here represented (fig. 2), and will give a fair notion of their general 
 form, although scarcely two, of a considerable number now recorded as found in 
 different parts of this country and on the continent, are precisely alike. One, of 
 several in the Evreux Museum, is figured in the third volume of the Collectanea 
 
 u 
 
146 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON, 
 
 Antiqua : another, found in repairing the bridge at Blackwater, in Essex, illustrates 
 a paper by the Rev. E. Cutts, in the first volume of the Proceedings of the Essex 
 Archseological Society ; and M. Namur has published examples found in the Roman 
 camp at Dalheim, near Luxembourg.^ They have been found at Stony Stratford, 
 at Springhead near Gravesend, and at other places in this country ; and at Autun, 
 Dijon, and other localities in France. The most reasonable explanation that has 
 been suggested is, that they were used for temporary purposes for the feet of horses 
 and oxen, either in the case of disease or in journeys where the roads were particu- 
 larly bad. Supposing they were so used, they were probably lined with leather or 
 wool and bound round the hoofs and legs with straps. When Catullus (xvii, 25) 
 speaks of a mule leaving its iron solea, or shoe, in the mud : 
 
 " In gravi derelinquere coeno, 
 
 Ferream ut soleam tenaci in voragine mula ;" 
 
 it is certain he could not have meant a shoe fixed to the foot with nails, but a shoe 
 not permanently bound on ; and, from the context, one apparently used for soft or 
 quaggy land. At the present day, in Holland, it is usual to bind long flat iron 
 shoes to the horses' feet. They are fastened with a strap of leather ; and are some- 
 what in the form of an ordinary horse-shoe, but much longer and wider ; and, did 
 we not know they are commonly used, would seem almost as unsuitable as the 
 iron shoes under consideration. Singular as the shape of these iron implements 
 certainly is, we shaU probably not be wrong in explaining them as veritable iron 
 horse-shoes such as Catullus refers to ; and it is worthy of notice, that at Spring- 
 head, where some were dug up, at the same time and place, horse-shoes of the 
 modern fashion were also found, as weU as other objects in iron. It has been often 
 asserted that the shoeing of horses with nails was not practised by the Greeks and 
 Romans ; and that when ancient writers speak of horse-shoeing, they mean shoes 
 strapped on and not nailed. This is one of those minor points in archaeology so 
 difiicult to decide upon without some unquestionable evidence. Horse-shoes with 
 holes for nails have been found in London with Roman remains ; and likewise at 
 Springhead : they have also been If'ound, in one instance at least, with Roman and 
 Saxon Remains in a cemetery used by people of both nations. But what seems to 
 settle the question is a Roman bas-relief discovered at Vaicon, and now preserved 
 in the museum of Avignon, in which is represented a carriage drawn by two mules. 
 With that attention to minute details often observable upon Roman works of 
 art, the sculptor has introduced the nails of the shoe upon one of the feet of the 
 
 ' "Publications of the Luxembourg Archseological Society" for the )'ear 1855, 
 
 pi. iii, figs. 21, 24. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 147 
 
 mules, in a manner so marked as to leave no doubt of liis intention to show the 
 animal shod with an iron-nailed shoe made to the shape of the foot precisely as 
 those now in use. 
 
 In some of our plates have been introduced a few small implements which, from 
 their resemblance to well-known objects in use at the present day, cannot fail to 
 be understood. Such are fig. 18, pi. xxxiv ; fig. 19, pi. xxxv ; figs. 3, 6, 7, and 
 13, pi. xxxvi ; and fig. 1, pi. xxxvii. The shoemaker's awl, here delineated, is 
 
 Length, 5} inches. 
 
 remarkably weU preserved : it is of wood, bound, at the lower part, with bronze, the 
 point being of u-on. Figs. 6 and 8, pi. xxxiv, are perforated pieces of bone, such as 
 are often found in the ruins of Roman buildings. From their constant recurrence it 
 may be considered that they appertained to the machinery of some domestic art ; 
 and it has been conjectured that they were used in weaving. Figs. 1, 3, and 7, of the 
 same plate, are pommels of daggers. The dice, fig. 10, is identical with those now 
 in use. Fig. 13 is a pipe or fife, made from the shin bone of a bii-d. It is 
 engraved half the actual size, as are all in pi. xxxiv, from fig. 1 to 13 inclusive. The 
 remtiinder are of the full size. 
 
 In the course of removing the foundations of walls in various parts of the City, 
 many fragments of mill-stones have been foimd. They are chiefly of two kinds ; for 
 turning with the hand, and for working with mules and asses. Some of the latter 
 had been originally of large size ; but, having been broken up for building purposes, 
 in no instance has it been possible to restore them so as to complete either of the 
 two stones of which a Roman mill was formed. The fragments, however, were quite 
 sufficient, from comparison with perfect mills found at Pompeii and elsewhere, to 
 shew cleai'ly that they were made precisely upon the same principle. The lower 
 stone, forming the base, is of a conical shape, with a pivot upon the top. The 
 upper stone, somewhat in shape of an hour-glass, fits over the conical part of the 
 lower, and has a socket which fits its pivot ; while its other hollow cone received 
 the corn which passed through perforations at the bottom, and was ground between 
 the two stones, the upper one rapidly revolving by means of a handle or bar 
 inserted in each side. For an excellent illustration of the larger kind of hand-mill 
 
 u2 
 
148 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 I must refer to one at Orleans, etched in the fourth volume of the Collectanea 
 Antiqua. The design upon the lamp in fig. 4, pi. xxx, of the Roman London 
 illustration, gives a good idea of their general character, so far as it can be shewn 
 upon so small a scale. They varied in diameter from two to five feet : those of 
 London were chiefly of an intermediate size. They were imported into Britain 
 from Germany, where they were maimfactured in large quantities from the dark 
 porous lava of the Eifel and the neighbourhood of Andemach on the Ehine. 
 Wherever in England or in France we meet with these hand-mills, they are inva- 
 riably of this volcanic stone, which explains the term punicece applied to them by 
 Ovid ■} 
 
 " Et quae puniceas versat asella rotas." 
 
 The only perfect hand-millstone found in London belonged to the smaller 
 
 description of mills. It was worked with 
 an iron handle upon the lower stone, 
 which was convex, with an iron pivot at 
 apex. 
 
 Smaller hand-mills, made from the 
 native conglomerate called pudding-stone, 
 are also found in all parts of the country 
 where Eoman buildings existed.^ In some 
 parts of Greece this primitive mode of 
 grinding corn, mentioned by Homer, is 
 still commonly used ; and in Scotland and 
 Wales, not long since, the quern usually 
 formed part of the peasant's domestic uten- 
 sUs. At Abbeville, in France, I noticed 
 one in use. It was fixed in a stand, and 
 turned by an iron handle, just as the 
 smaller ancient hand-mills were worked, 
 which it resembles in form.^ 
 
 The cuts on the opposite page represent a small stone mortar (fig. 1), used for 
 grinding and preparing colours for painting ; a stone mortar (fig. 3), for pounding 
 hard substances ; and a fragment of a shallow clay vessel (fig. 2), which appears to 
 have been used, like fig. 1, for some purpose connected with the fine arts. Fig. 1 is 
 stained red, apparently with an oxide of lead ; and its use is further identified 
 
 1 "Fasti," vi, 318. found at Springhead, in Kent. 
 
 2 See "Col. Ant.," vol. i, pi. xli, for some ' "It is figured in p. 130, vol. iii, "Col. Ant." 
 
 16 inches ia diameter : 3^ inches thick. 
 
 The above stone reversed. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 149 
 
 from its resemblance to a mortar for colours found with the implements and 
 utensils of a painter before referred to (p. 138). To the same class of utensils we 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 Stone, (bond in Wormwood Stnot, 
 Mty i, lSi6. 
 
 Fig. J. 
 
 White clay, found in Botolph Lane, 
 July 1846. 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 One-third the actual aiza. 
 
 may assign the vessel in pale red terra-cotta, which supplies the last wood-cut 
 to our volume. 
 
 7| in. in diameter; 4 in. in height. 
 
150 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 MEDALLIONS IN BRASS. 
 
 Makctjs Atjeelitjs. 
 
 Ohv. M. ANTONiNYs. AVG. TE. p Laureated head to the right : bust in armour. 
 
 Rev COS. III. In the exergue, .... em. {Vict. Germ.), Victory, in a quadriga 
 
 Faustina, the Younger. 
 
 Obv. FAvsTiNA AVGTSTA. Head of Faustina to the left. Rev. venvs. Venus, standing 
 between a Cupid and a Triton -.-.... 
 
 Plate xxxixyjiff. 2. 
 
 COMMODUS. 
 
 Obv. M. coMMODVs ANTONiNVs PITS FELIX AVG. BEIT. Laureated head to the right. Rev. 
 cos. VI. p. p., in the exergue. The Sun driving a chariot of four horses upon clouds : 
 below, a figure representing the Earth, reclining, with the right arm raised, and 
 holding in the left a cornucopia ....... 
 
 Plate xxxix, Jiff. I . 
 
 Cakacalla. ^ 
 
 Obv. avt. k. m. avp. ceovip. ANTfiNHIOC. {sic) Avr. Head, radiated and laureated, to the 
 right. Rev. nePiNemN NEriKOPnN. A galley of four rowers with sail set 
 
 This coin, struck at Perinthus, in Thrace, is the only Greek coin, so far as I am 
 aware, discovered in London. It was found within the precincts of the Tower. 
 
 Teajanus Decius. 
 A much corroded piece. 
 
 GOLD. 
 Maximianus. 
 Obv. MAXiMiANVs P. P. AVG. Laureated head to the right. Rev. salvs. avggg. The 
 goddess Salus standing and feeding a serpent from a patera. In the exergue, m.l. 
 {Moneta Londinensis). 
 This exceeding rare coin, although bearing the name and effigies of Maximian, was, 
 unquestionably, struck by Carausius, together with numerous other coins, chiefly in 
 brass, with a view to imply that his usurpation of the imperial titles and power was 
 sanctioned by Diocletian and Maximian, who, with himself, are indicated by the three 
 g's, denoting three Augusti. This coin is engraved in the Numismatic Chronicle, vol. 
 xiv, p. 159. (1) ' coMiTATVS AVGG. Diocletian and Maximian on horseback 
 
 * The reverses only, except in a few cases, are here given. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 131 
 
 Ckisfus. 
 OATDiTu ROMANORTM. In the excrgue, alamanmia. a female captive, seated by a trophy - 1 
 
 SILVER. 
 Consular. 
 Considia. — c. considi. Victory in a quadriga (1). Fonteia. — Cupid on a goat. Furia. — 
 L. FVRi CN. F. Curule chair and fasces (1). Petronia. — caesar avgvstvs sign, rece 
 A kneeling figure presenting a standard --.... 4 
 
 Two of these are of base silver. There are also a few specimens of family denarii in 
 lead, some of which bear evident marks of having been plated. 
 
 CnAEIUS PoMPEItJS. 
 
 CLAS ET OBAE MARiT. EX. s. c. Anapius and Amphinomus ; Neptune standing between 
 
 them .......... \ 
 
 JuLItJS. 
 
 L. M BYCA. Venus standing, holding the hasta - - - - - 1 
 
 Marcvs Antokius. 
 LEG. . . . Military standard. (Much worn) ....... \ 
 
 Augustus. 
 avovsti. a candelabrum within a wreath -----. -j 
 
 Nero. 
 ivpiTER CT8XOS. Jupiter seated. (Much defaced) ------ 1 
 
 VlTELLIUS. 
 
 CONCORDIA P. R. A female figure, seated ....... 2 
 
 Vespasianus. 
 ivDAEA (1). AVGVR. TBI. POT. Sacrificial vessels (1) ..... 2 
 
 Titus. 
 PBiNciPi ivvENTVTis. Standard, with two hands joined across it - - - - 1 
 
 DOMITIANUS. 
 
 Titles. Pallas, standing -.---....1 
 
 Nerva. 
 cos. III. PATER. PATRIAE. Sacrificial instruments (1). concordia exercitvvm. Hands 
 
 joined across a standard, upon the prow of a galley (1) - - - -2 
 
 Trajanus. 
 8. p. Q. B. OPTIMO PRiNCiPi. Victory inscribing, on a shield affixed to a tree, dacica (1). 
 
 Titles : type of Felicity (1) ....... 2 
 
 Hadrianus. 
 aeqtftos (1). ALEXANDRIA (1). RE8TITYI0RI HisPANiAE (1). Titles, with commou types (2) 5 
 
 Antoninus Pius. 
 
 APOLLINI ATGT8T0 (1). FOBTVNA 0PSEQVEN8 («tc) (1). TRANQVIUITA8 AVQ. (1). Titles (2) 5 
 
152 ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 Marcus Aueelitts. 
 FELic. AVG. IMP. VI. COS. III. Mercury (1). Titles ; Victory on a globe, holding a wreath and 
 
 trophy (1). Idem; common types (2) - - - - - - 4 
 
 Fattstika, the Yottngeb. 
 FKCVND. AVGTSTAE. A female figure with four children (1), itno (1) - - - 2 
 
 Vebits. 
 Titles; Soldier marching with trophy and a victory (I). A warrior standing (1). Type of 
 
 Equity (1) ---...... 3 
 
 LUCILLA. 
 VESTA (1). IVNO EEGINA (1) -.-..... 2 
 
 COMMODUS. 
 
 Titles ; Victory marching ; and other common types ...... 3 
 
 Cloditts Albinus. 
 (Miner. Pa)ciF. cos. 11. Minerva standing. 
 
 Seveetts. 
 provid. deoevm (2). victoeiae avgg. pel. (1). bonae spei (1). leg. xi. ct. te. p. cos. 
 Eagle between two standards (1). fvndatob pacis. (1). abab. adiab. (1). salvs 
 AVGVSTi (1). Titles (1) ------ .-9 
 
 JtrilA DOMNA. 
 
 MATEE AVGG. Cybclc in a car, drawn by four lions (1). hilaeitas (1). ceeeei. fettgif. (1) 
 
 felicitas (2). ivno eegina (1). saecvii pelicitas (1). diana lvcifeea (3) - 10 
 
 Caeacalla. 
 
 SPEI PEKPETVAE (1). PEOVIDENTIA DEOEVM (1). FELICITAS AVGG (1). Titles; Trophy, 
 
 and captives (2) -----..-.5 
 
 PlAXTTILlA. 
 
 CONCOEDIAE. Female figure seated (1). concoediae aeteenae. Caracalla and Plautilla 
 
 joining hands (1) -----...-2 
 
 Geta. 
 PEiNCiPi ivVENTVTis. A military figure and a trophy (1). pietas avgg. Sacrificial vessels (1) 2 
 
 Macbinus. 
 SALVS pvblica. Type of Salus seated (1). pm. tb. p. ii. cos. p. p. The Emperor seated (1) 2 
 
 Aquilia Seveea. 
 coNCOEDiA. Female figure standing to the left before an altar ; in the right hand, a patera ; in 
 
 the left, a cornucopia ; in the field, a star - - - . - l 
 
 Julia Soaemias. 
 VENV8 cAELESTis. Venus standing ; in the field, a star - - - - - 1 
 
 Julia Maesa. 
 FECVKDiTAB AVG. Female figure with a cornucopia : at her feet, a child 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON, 153 
 
 Julia Mahmaea. 
 itno c0n8eevathix (1). venv8 victkix (1). vesta (1) .... 3 
 
 Severus Alexandee. 
 8PE8 PYBLICA (2). p.M.TB.P. II. C08. P.P. Type of Salus (2). Titles; the Sun standing (1) 5 
 
 Maximinus. 
 PAX ArausTi. Type of Peace ( 1 ). fides militvm. A female, standing, holding two standards 2 
 
 Balbinus. 
 PBOYiDENiiA DEOSLVu. Type of Providence ...... i 
 
 GOEDIANXJS THE ThIED. 
 PAX AVGT8TI (1). VIETVTI ATQT8TI. HerCulcS (2) - .... 3 
 
 Salonina. 
 PIETA8 AVGG. A female figure, holding the hasta; before her, two children - - l 
 
 Tbebonianvs Gaxlus. 
 TOTis DECENNAiiBVs, in a wreath (1). ivno maetialis; Juno seated (1) - - 2 
 
 VOLUSIANUS. 
 
 TIBIT8 ATGQ. Meis standing ........ i 
 
 Valeeianus. 
 piEXAS AVGG. Two figures joining hands (1). apollini consebvat (1). Others in billon, 
 
 badly preserved -..-.... .g 
 
 Valeeianus Junioe. 
 PIETA8 AVGG. Sacrificial vessels (1). conseceatio (2) - - - . - 3 
 
 Salonika. 
 piETAs AVGG. A female with two children (1). ivno victeix. Juno, standing (1) - 2 
 
 PosTUMtrs. 
 DIANAE LVCiFEEAE. Diana Standing. Plate -aW, Jig . \Z - - - - - 1 
 
 Caeausius. 
 VBEBiTAS AVG. A Woman milking a cow .......\ 
 
 JlTLIANCS. 
 
 VOX. X. MVLT. XX. in a wreath ........ i 
 
 Uebs Roma. 
 
 Half a denarius of the type of the well-known little brass coin of the time of Constantine, with 
 a helmeted female head and vebs soma ; on the reverse, the Wolf and Twins ; in 
 the exergue, l. c. It is remarkable for being in silver. Halves of denarii of Caracalla 
 and of Otacilia, in good silver, occur among coins found in the Thames at London. 
 They appear to have been intentionally divided, probably for the convenience of 
 commerce .......... \ 
 
 Valens. 
 VBBS BOMA : in the exergue, teps. A personification of Rome, seated - . . i 
 
 X 
 
154 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 Theodosius. 
 CONCORDIA AVGGG. A woman wearing a turreted crown, seated ; her foot on the prow of a galley 
 
 Ancient Foegeb Denaeii. 
 By far the larger portion of denarii found in the Thames consist of lead and brass plated with 
 silver. Of lead, we have specimens of the Consular, Mark Antony {reverse, Octavius), 
 Plautilla, Vespasian, Nerva, Trajan, Plotina, Hadrian, Pius [reverse, Aurelius), 
 Aurelius, Faustina, Verus, Lucilla, Didius Julianus, Caracalla, Geta, and Severus 
 Alexander. There are, also, two leaden consular quinarii. Of brass, plated with silver, 
 there are examples of Augustus, Trajan, Hadrian, Aurelius, Severus, Julia Domna, 
 and Soaemias. Of Severus and Julia Domna they are very abundant. 
 
 An interesting proof of the immense quantity of base silver coins sent into the 
 provinces was afforded by a discovery made in the City. During excavations for the 
 Club House at the corner of Swithin's Lane, several hundred denarii were found, 
 packed in layers in some enclosing material, such as a box, which had perished. 
 They are of iron, plated with silver so ingeniously, that, when new, it must have 
 been difficult to detect the fraud. The plating is so thick that, in some instances, 
 the iron has entirely vanished while the casing of the coin remains. Many of the coins, 
 from the oxidation of the iron, are conglomerated into large masses ; others are still 
 well preserved. An examination of nearly a hundred of the latter shows that the 
 latest is of Claudius, in whose reign it may be considered they were sent into Britain. 
 They consist of Family and Imperial denarii, the latter being of Mark Antony, 
 Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, and Claudius. 
 
 LARGE BRASS. 
 
 Neeo. 
 Rev. EOMA. Rome, seated (1). annona atgtsti ceees. Asthe reverse of^^'. 4, /)/. xxxix (1). 
 DECVESio. Two horsemen. Plate ■s.Tx.\x,Jig. 3. - - - - - 
 
 Galea. 
 ROMA, across the field (1). The other quite illegible ..... 
 
 Vespasiantjs. 
 EOMA (I). . . . COS. DBS. II. CAESAR. DOMiT. COS. DES. Titus and Domitian standing. Plate 
 xxxix,^^. 6. ANNONA AVGVSTi CERES. Ceres seated before an altar j in front of her 
 a female carrying a cornucopia : in the back ground the prow of a galley. Plate 
 xxxix,Jiff. 4- 
 
 TlTTTS. 
 
 ROMA (1). ANNONA ATG. (1). iVDAEA CAPXA. s. c. A female Seated in a dejected attitude 
 upon arms beneath a palm tree; behind her a bearded male figure with his hands 
 bound. Plate xxxix, ^ff. 5 ....... 
 
 DOMITIANTJS. 
 
 6ERMANIA. (Capta) (1). lOTi vicTOEi, Plate xxxix. Jiff. 8 (3). s. c. The Emperor sacri- 
 ficing at an altar before a temple (1). s. c. The Emperor standing with his right 
 foot on a recumbent river god. Plate xxxix, ^ff, 7. s. c. The Emperor and two 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 155 
 
 soldiers, with one of whom he is joining hands over an altar (1). s. c. The Emperor 
 crowned by Victory -...-..-8 
 
 Neeva. 
 FOETVNA. AVGV8T (1). CONCOEDIA EXEBCiTVVM. T WO hands joined across a Standard (1) - 2 
 
 Teajakus. 
 s. p. Q. E. OPTIMO PEiNCiPi ; in exergue : aeab. adq. (6). 8. p. q. e. &c. The Emperor on 
 horseback, riding over a prostrate figure (2). 8. p. Q. e. &c. Various types of Peace, 
 Abundance, &c. (8). foetvnae eedvci (3). A badly preserved specimen of the 
 Rex Parthii Datus type (1) - - - - - - -20 
 
 Hadeianus. 
 bestitvtoei 0bbi8 teeeaevm (1). nep. eed. (1). foetvna (2). felicitati avg. cos. 
 III. P. P. A galley with five rowers (1). concobdia exeecitvvm (2). felicitas 
 AVG. (2). MONETA AV0V8XI (1). Titles, with types of Peacc, Abundance, &c. - 20 
 
 Sabina. 
 Illegible ; and much worn ----.....2 
 
 Antoninus Pius, 
 salts (2). vota st8cepta decenn. iiii. cos. iii. (2). annona atg. (3). soma (2). s. c. 
 Type of Hope (1). apoxlini avgvsto (1). abvndantia atg. (2). concoedia 
 EXEECITVVM (2). TE. POT. COS. iiii. Wolf and Twins (1). felicitas avg. (2). 
 
 PIETATI AVG. (2). INDUIiGENTIA AVG. (1). CONSECEATIO (1). COS. IIII. S. C. The 
 
 Emperor in a quadriga (1). With titles; and the more common types (17) - - 40 
 
 Faustina the Eldee. 
 s. c. A figure standing (1). avgvsta (2). aeteenitas (2) . - - . 5 
 
 Maecus Aubelius. 
 TiCT. avg. &c. Titles : in the exergue, eelig. avg. Temple of Mercury (1). imp. vi. cos. hi. 
 Victory inscribing on a shield vie. gee. (2). salvti avgvstoe. &c. (2). Titles : A 
 figure with four standards (1). geemania svbacta (1). vota svscepta decen- 
 NALiVM (2). s. c. Pallas throwing a javelin (1). Titles: Victory inscribing on a 
 shield VIC pae. (2). Idem, in the exergue, foet. bed. (2). vict. geem. imp. vi. 
 COS. III. in a wreath (1). Titles: chiefly common types (25) - - - 40 
 
 Faustina the Youngeb. 
 ceees; a female figure, standing (1). Defaced (3) ...... 4 
 
 Veeus. 
 concobdia avgvstoe. te. p. cos. II. (1). Titles: a captive beneath a trophy (2). Idem, 
 Victory standing ; beside her, a shield inscribed vict. paet. suspended from a tree (1). 
 BEX. ABMEN. DAT. Verus and attendants, upon an estrade ; below, the king of 
 Aimenia, standing (1) - - . - . - . -5 
 
 LUCILLA. 
 
 ivNO (1). VENVs (1). Reverses illegible (3) ...... 5 
 
 X 2 
 
156 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 COMMODXJS. 
 
 TiCT. BRIT. (1). Titles : the Emperor, seated, holding a globe, and crowned by Victory (1). 
 
 Titles : in the exergue, fok. eed. (2). Defaced (3) - ... 7 
 
 Clodius Albinus. 
 .... Lo FRVGiF. . . The ScBculo Frugifero type, badly preserved - - - - 1 
 
 Seyeeus. 
 Legend gone. The three Monetae standing (1). A female figure seated, holding a patera (1) 2 
 
 Julia. Domna. 
 VENEEi viCTEici. Venus, standing (1). Defaced (2) - - - . - 3 
 
 Geta. 
 roET. KED. TE. P. III. COS. II. P. P. Fortune seated -.-..- 2 
 
 Julia Mammaea. 
 VENVS vicTEix. (1). FECVNDiTAS AVGvsTAE. Type of Fecundity - - - . 2 
 
 GOEDIANUS. 
 
 SEOVEiTAs ATG. Security personified, seated ...... i 
 
 POSIUMUS.. 
 
 Victory, marching. Much detrited -.....--1 
 
 MIDDLE BRASS. 
 
 Augustus. 
 
 .. M. MACCILIYS TTLLVS III. VIE. A. A. A. E. p. (1). PEOVIDENX (1). EOM. ET AVG. Altar (1) 3 
 
 Ageipfa. 
 s. c. Neptune, standing ....... ..lo 
 
 Claudius. 
 so. Pallas (30). ceees avgvsta. Plate xX, fig. \ — libeetas avgvsta (3). constantiae 
 AVGVSTi (1). There are also a number of the first type of very barbarous work, appa- 
 rently provincial imitations ---.-.-.40 
 
 Antonia. 
 
 TI. CLATDIVS CAESAE. p. M. IE. p. IMP. - - -- - - -4 
 
 Geemanicvs. 
 
 C. CAESAE AVG. GEEMAKICYS PON. M. TE. P. POT. In the field, 8. C. - - - - 1 
 
 Caligula. 
 Legend gone. Vesta, seated ....-----1 
 
 Neeo. 
 PACE p. E., etc. Temple of Janus (1). s. c. Triumphal arch (1). mac. avg., the Jface^^MW, 
 or market-house, at Rome. Plate x\,fi,g. 2 (1). aea pacis (4). genio avgvsti (3). 
 PONTip. MAX. &c. Nero playing on a harp (3). secveitas avg. (20). victoeia 
 AVG. (20). s. c. Victory with a shield inscribed s. p. q. b. (30) - - - 83 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 157 
 
 Vebpasiands. 
 8. c. Temple of six columns (1). eoma (2). felicitas avo. (4). fides pvblica (8). 
 VICTORIA ATGV8TI (6). s. c. Victory with shield inscribed s. p. q. h. (12). provi- 
 dent. Altar (16). pax. avg. (20). pax. avgvst. A woman leaning upon a column 
 (1). IVDAEA capta. Plate x\, Jiff . 4 {4). aeqvitas avg. (20). fortvnae redvci 
 (20). B.C. Eagle on a globe (30). secveitas avgvsti (15). victoria navalis (3) 162 
 
 Titus. 
 
 SOMA (2). IVDAEA CAPTA, ;>^/e xl./jr. 3 (5). AEQVITAS AVGVSTI (10). VICTORIA AVGVSTI 
 
 (8). VICTORIA NAVALIS (20). 8. c. An altar (8). felicitas pvblica (8). s. c. 
 Type of Hope (20). salvti avgvsii. An altar (1) - - - - - 82 
 
 DOMITIANUS. 
 
 s. c. The emperor on horseback (1). s. c. Soldier with trophy (1). s. c. Heap of arms, 
 plate %l, Jiff . 5 {2). annona AVG. (3). aeqvitas avgvsti (10). fortvnae avgvstae 
 
 (15). VIRTVTI AVGVSTI (30). MONETA AVGVSTI (30). FIDEI PVBLICAE (12). 
 
 lovi coNSERVATORi (1). s. c. Type of Hope (30) .... 135 
 
 Neeva. 
 LIBEETAS AVG. (3). CONCORDIA EXERCITVVM; two hands joined across a standard; plate x\, 
 
 Jiff. 6 (5). AEQVITAS AVGVSTI (2). FOETVNAE AVGVSTI (5). NEPTVNO . . {CtrcetlS. 
 
 Restit.) — Neptune standing to the right, his left hand grasping a trident; behind 
 
 him a river god, the Tiber (1) - - - - - - -16 
 
 Teajanus. 
 8. p. Q. B. OPTIMO PEINCIPI. The emperor in a quadriga (1). Column (1). Soldiers with two 
 trophies (I). Three standards (1). Captive seated on arms before a trophy (5). te. 
 POT. COS. II. Abundantia, seated upon a chair formed of two cornuoepias ; plate xl, 
 Jiff. 7 (1). Female figure, standing; in exergue, aeab. adqvis (6). Victory, standing; 
 on a shield suspended from a tree, vic. dac. (2). Victory standing by a trophy (2). 
 s. p. Q. K., etc. A horseman riding over a prostrate figure, plate Ti\,Jig. 8 (2). Titles; 
 Victory with shield inscribed s. p. q. r. (10). Fortune seated (8). Types of Piety, 
 Abundance, etc. (10) ---------50 
 
 Hadeianus. 
 COS. III. Pegasus (1). pont. max. te. pot. cos. hi. In the exergue, beitannia. The pro- 
 vince of Britain seated on a rock, with spear and shield. Three varieties are given in 
 plate x\, Jiffs. 9, 10, 11 (12). Titles; three standards; Modius ; Types of Fortune, 
 
 Piety, etc. (20). felicit Two figures joining hands (1). cos. iii. Varieties of 
 
 the galley type (4). annona (3). s. c. in wreath (1). s. c. Pallas (1). 
 
 p. R. cos hi. (2). AFEICA (1). FIDES PVBLICA (4) 
 
 HTLAEITA8 
 
 Sabina. 
 8. C. Ceres, seated on a modius ; in her right hand flowers, in her left a torch 
 
 Antoninus Pius, 
 impebator II. In the exergue, ANCiLiA (2). genio senatvs (1). bono eventvi (1). annona 
 AVG. (3). concord. COS. im. Three hands joined (1). pietas. avg. (4). concobdia 
 
 50 
 
158 ILLUSTEATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 EXEECiTVVM (1). BKiTANNiA COS. iiii. (10). s. c. A figure holding a lyre and a 
 patera (1). pm,..cos. des. ii. Abundantia, standing ; ^^afe xl, /y. 12(1). Titles; 
 
 Pallas, standing (1). te The Tiber, reclining ; below, tibeeis — s. c. Plate 
 
 •si, Jig. 13 (1). Types of Piety, Fortune, Liberty, Felicity, etc. (15) - - - 42 
 
 Faxtstina the Eldeb. 
 AETEENiTAs. Female figure, standing (2). Idem. A seated figure holding a globe, on which 
 is a phoenix (1). pietas atg (4). eelicitas (3). veneei aygvstae (1). ivnoni 
 EEGiNAE (2). ATGTSTA (1). 8. c. Diana standing - - - - - 14 
 
 Maecus Aueelitjs. 
 pietas (1). concoedia (2). itventas (1). concoedia exeec . . . . (1). imp. viii . . . .; in 
 the area, FELiciT.. . Galley, with rowers (1). Titles ; Types of Equity, etc. (10). con- 
 SKCBATio. An eagle (1) - - - - - - - - 17 
 
 Faustina the Youngee. 
 s. c. diana (1). sai.vs atgvsta (2). eelicita8 (2) ----- 5 
 
 Veeus. 
 LiBEEALiTAS TE. P. Y. IMP. COS. Type of Liberality (1). concoedia aygvstoevm. Two 
 
 figures joining hands (1) ----....2 
 
 CoMMODXrS. 
 
 HEEC. coMMODiANO P. M. TE. P. XYi. COS. Yi. A figure Sacrificing on an altar before a tree, 
 upon which is a lion's skin ; plate xli. Jig. 2 (1). heec. eoman. ayg. Club in a wreath. 
 The head of Commodus, on the obverse, is covered with a lion's skin ; plate xli, Jig. 1 
 
 (1). s. c. Minerva standing (1) te. p. xy. imp. viii. cos. vi. A 
 
 ploughman driving two oxen (1). Titles; female figure with cornucopia (1). sal. 
 GEN. HVM. cos. Yi. P.P. Salus raising a kneeling figure (1) - - - - 6 
 
 Seveeus. 
 p. M. TE. p. XYi. cos. III. p.p. Victory, seated on arms before a trophy; in right hand a palm, 
 
 in left a shield (1). eomae aeteenae. Rome seated upon arms (1) - - 2 
 
 Julia Domna. 
 EOETYNAE FELici. Fortune, seated, with rudder and cornucopia ; before her a child ; behind, 
 
 a column with a statue; plate xli, ySy. 5(1)- - - - - -i 
 
 Caeacalla. 
 
 viETVs AYGYSTOEYM. An armed female seated on a helmet, and holding a victory ; her left arm 
 
 upon a shield; plate x\i, Jig. 3 (1). pontif. te. p. xi. cos. hi. In the exergue, 
 
 PEOF. AVGG. The emperor on horseback, galloping oter a fallen figure (1). font. 
 
 TE. P. XIII. COS. III. A soldier standing before a trophy and captive ; plate xli, Jg. 4 
 
 Geta. 
 YiCT. BEIT. TE. p. III. COS.. . A winged Victory seated on arms (1). foet. eed., etc. (1) - 2 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 159 
 
 Macrinus. 
 ANNONA AVG. (1). PONTiF. MAX. TB. P. u. COS. II. P. P. Security leaning upon a pillar, plate xli, 
 
 ^.6(1). Idem. The emperor in a quadriga ( 1 ) - - - - - 3 
 
 Sevebus Alexander. 
 
 UBERAI.ITA3 AVG. IH. (1). FIDES MILITVM (1). P. M. TE. P. X- COS. III. P. P. A female figure 
 
 holding ears of com over a modius ; in her left hand a ploughshare (1) - - 3 
 
 MAxumnis. 
 
 PAX AVGVSTA. Peacc personified 
 
 Maximus. 
 PiETAS AVG. Sacrificial vessels, plate xli. Jiff. 7 ...... 
 
 GORDIANUS. 
 
 LAETiTiA AVG. N. (1) Titles J a soldicr Standing (1 ) ..-..-. 
 
 PlIILIPPCS. 
 
 AEQviTAS AVG. Type of Equity ( 1 ). felicitas temp. Type of Felicity (1) - - . 
 
 Trajanus Decius. 
 A woman holding a military standard .--.---. 
 
 DlOCLETIANUS. 
 
 genio popvu bomani. In the exergue, p. tr. (3). Idem ; in the exergue, pl., etc. (4) 
 
 Maximianus. 
 GENIO POPVLi BOMAKi. In the exergue, p. l. c. (5). hercvli conservatobi (1) 
 
 CONSTANTIUS. 
 
 GENIO POPVLI BOMANi. In the exergue, p. t. r. 
 
 Fl. Vax. Severus. 
 GENIO POPVii BOMANI. Genius standing by an altar ...--- 
 
 CoNSTANTINtJS. 
 
 PEINCIPI IVVENTVTI8. The Emperor standing between and holding two standards; in the 
 field, on the left, c. i. : on the right, h. s. : in the exergue, p. l. c. Plate xli, Jiff. 8 
 (1). A similar type with p. T. B. in the exergue (1) . . . - 
 
 SMALL BRASS. 
 
 Neeo. 
 
 cee. qvinq. eom. con. 8. 0. (1). genio avgvsti. s. c. (1). pontif. max. te. p. imp. p.p. 
 
 8. c. An armed female figure seated upon arms (2). max. teib s. c. similar (1) 
 
 Teajanus. 
 
 s. c. A vase and wreath, upon a table 
 
160 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 POSTUMXTS. 
 TAX. AVGG. (1). MONETAATG. (1). VICTOEIA AVG. (1). CONCOHD. EQVIT. (1) lOVI VICTOKI (1) 5 
 
 A silver coin of Postumus is given in Plate x\i,/iff. 13. 
 
 Valeeianys. 
 PIETAS AVGG. : in the exergue, kak. Mercury, holding the purse and caduceus. Plate x\i,Jig. 9 
 
 (1). CONSEEVAT Apollo (1) ...... 2 
 
 Gallienus. 
 
 lOVI CONSEEVATOEI (1). YICTOKIA AVG. (3), SALYS AYG. (3). NEPTYNO CONS. AVG. A 
 
 sea-horse (2) . soli. cons. avg. Pegasus (3) . apollini. cons. avg. Centaur (2) . 
 DiANAE. CONS. AVG. A stag (1). LiBERO. P. CONS. Panther (3) . Various (20) - 38 
 
 VlCTOEINUS. 
 PAX. AVG. (5), INVICTVS. (1). VIETVS AVG. (6). SALVS AVG. (5). LAETITIA AVG. (3). 
 
 AEQViTAS AVG. (3) . Vaiious (20) -.-.... 43 
 
 Maeius. 
 
 VICTORIA AVG. (1). CONCORDIA MILITVM (2) --.... 3 
 
 Claudius Gothicus. 
 genivs exercitvs. (2). seoveit. avg. (3). fortvna avg. (2). libert. avg. (2). diana 
 
 LVCIF. (1) . lovi viCTOBi. (2). coNSECRATio. (6) . Various, badly struck (20) - 38 
 
 Qttintillus. 
 
 MARTI PACIF. (2). CONCOED. EXEE. (1). CONCOED. MILITVM. (1). FORTVNA. AVG. (1 ) - 5 
 
 AXJRELIANUS. 
 
 EESTiTVTORi. EXERCITVS (1). CONCORDIA MILITVM. The Emperor and Concordia joining hands. 
 
 Plate x\i, fig. 10 (1). victoeia avg. (1). apollini cons. (1) - - - 4 
 
 Seveeina. 
 CONCORDIA MiLiXTM. A female figure holding two standards - . _ _ i 
 
 The Teteici. 
 
 PAX AYG. (6). VIETVS. AYGG. (4). HILAEITAS. AYGG. (6). SPES PYBLICA. (5). VarioUS, badly 
 
 Struck (20) -..--- ... 41 
 
 Tacitus. 
 LAETITIA FUND. In the exergue, xxi. (1). temporvm felicitas(I). pax pvblica (1) - 3 
 
 Probus. 
 
 VIRTVS PROBI. avg. (1). PAX avg. (2). CONCOED. JflLIT. (L). PROVIDENT. AVG. (1) - - 5 
 
 NuMERIANUS. 
 
 VNDiQVE viCTORES. In the exergue, kas. A male figure standing ; in his right hand a globe ; 
 
 in his left the hasta pura --..----1 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 161 
 
 Carinus. 
 AEQViTAB Avoo. In the field, a. In the exergue, k. a. z. - - - - - 1 
 
 DiOCLETIANUS. 
 
 lovi C0N8EHVAT0BI (2). PAX. ATGOG. In the field, s.p. In the exergue, hlxxi. (2). oenio. 
 
 POP. BOM. (1) .........5 
 
 Maximianus. 
 PAX AVO. (1). PAX AVGGO. In the field, s. p. In the exergue, mlxxi. (3). vietvs avgg. 
 
 (1). oenio. pop. bom. (2)- - - - - - -'.7 
 
 Caeausius 
 
 EXP ENi (Expectate Veni). Two figures (1). foetvna avg. (2). fides militvm. (1). 
 
 MART. . . .B. (1). MoNETA ATG. In cxergue, c. (1). Idem, in field, s. p. (1). pax 
 AVG. ; in the field, the letters b. r., or u. e., or p. 0., or f. e., or s. c, or s. p. ; and in 
 exergue, m. l., or mlxxi, or c. Type of Peace, standing; in right hand, a flower, in 
 left, the hasta held transversely on some specimens, on others, erect (30). pax 
 ATGGG. In field, s. p. ; in exergue, c. or mlxxi. (8). pietas avggg. In field, l. p. ; 
 in exergue, m. c. Mercury (a unique type) (1). peovid. avg. In field, s. p. or s. c. ; 
 in exergue, 0. Types of Providence (7). laetitia avg. (5). sec... per.. 
 Security leaning on a column, in right hand a garland (an unpublished variety) (1). 
 8PE8 pvblica (1). SALVs AVG. (3). TEMP. FELiciTAS. The fouT seasons personified. 
 
 P/a/e xli,/y. 11 (1). lovi ser. (1). virtvs. avg. (3). Victoria avg. Victory, 
 
 on a globe, holding a wreath and palm branch; at her feet two captives (unique) (1). 
 ROMA RENO., Wolf and Twins (1). leg.... A bull (1). leg,.ii. A ram (1). 
 Legend defaced ; a Capricorn (1)- - - - - -72 
 
 Alleotus. 
 laetitia avg. In field, s. a. or s. p. ; in exergue, ml or c. A female figure, standing (2). 
 The same legend. A galley; in exergue, q. c. or q. x. (3). moneta avg. In field, 
 8. A.; in exergue, ml. (1). pax avg. In field, s. or s. p., or s. h. ; in exergue, ml, 
 MLXX, or M.8.L., ore. Peace, standing. Plate sW, Jig. 12 (12). pietas avg. (1). 
 PBOviD. ATG. In field, s. p. ; in exergue, c. (4). Idem ; the obverse reading imp. c. 
 
 ALLECTVS PIV. FEL. AVG. (1). PROVIDE. AVG. (1). PEOVIDENTIA AVG. Infield, 
 
 8. A. ; in exergue, ml. (3). temporvm felicitas. Female figure, standing (2). 
 VIRTVS AVG. In field, s. a.; in exergue, ml. Mars, standing (1). Idem; varieties 
 of the Galley type (8) ---.--.. 40 
 
 Helena. 
 PAX PVBLICA ; in exergue, tb. p. (5). secvbitas reipvblicae ; in exergue, p. lon. A female 
 standing, holding in her right hand, a branch. Plate xli, fg. 16 (1). A similar type, 
 struck at Treves (1) --......7 
 
 Theodora. 
 PIETAS romana; in exergue, t. r. (2). A woman suckling two children - - - 2 
 
162 ILLUSTRATIONS OP ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 Gal. Val. Maximianus. 
 PRiNciPi ivventvt; in exergue, xxi. t. A military figure holding a standard and hasta (1). 
 
 CONCORDIA MILITVM (1) ....... 2 
 
 C. Gal. Val. Maximinus. 
 GENio POP. EOM. ; in the exergue, p.l.n. ---.... 
 
 Maxentius. 
 victoria dd. nn. avgg. .........i 
 
 The Licinii. 
 genio pop. rom. (2). licini avgvsti votis. xx. (1). soli invicto comiti (2). vox. v. 
 
 MVLT. X. CAESS. T. s. A. (I). D. N. LiciN. AVGVSTI ; within a wreath, vox. xx. (1) 7 
 
 CoNSXANTINUS. 
 BEATA TRANaVILLITAS; in BXergUe, S. TR. (-3). VICTORIAE LAETAE, &C. (6). VIRTVS EXERCIT. 
 
 (4). SARMATiA DEViCTA ; in the exergue, p. lon. (4) ; Idem ; in exergue, p. l. c. (4). 
 EOMAE AETEENAE (2). PRoviDENTiAE AVGG. ; in exergue, p. LON. : the gate of a 
 castrum. Plate y.\\,fig. 14 (3). virtvs avg. ; in the exergue, s. cons. (2). marti 
 coNSERVATORi. Head of Mars (1). Idem; in exergue, p. T. b. Mars, standing (1). 
 SOLI. INVICTO coMiTi (3). CONCORDIA MiLiT (1). The Emperor ascending in a 
 quadriga; from above, an outstretched hand (2). Various (12) - - - 48 
 
 [POPTTLUS ROMANUS.] 
 
 Obv. — POP. ROMANvs. Youthful laureated bust, with cornucopia. Rev. — cons. b. A star, 
 
 within a wreath ----..... \ 
 
 [Urbs Roma.] 
 Obv. — VRBS EOMA. Head of Rome. Rev. — Wolf and Twins ; various letters in the exergues (10) 10 
 
 [CoNSTANTINOPOtlS.] 
 
 Obv. — Personified head of the city of Constantinople. Rev. — Genius, with shield and hasta; 
 
 her foot upon the prow of a galley - - - - - - -5 
 
 Fausta. 
 8PE8 BEIPTJBLICAE ; in exergue, p. tr. A female with two children (2) - - - 2 
 
 Crispus. 
 PRINCIPI ivvENivTTs ; in exergue, p. l. n. (2). beata tranqvillitas ; an altar inscribed 
 voTis XX ; in exergue, p. lon. Plate idi, fig. 15 (5), or p. l. c. (4). providentia 
 CAESs. (2). VIRTVS EXERCIT. In the exergue, p. lon (3). caesaevm nosteoevm 
 voT. X. ; in exergue, a. sis. ; or p. lon ; or s. te (4). Various (8) - - - 29 
 
 CoNSTANTINtrS JuNIOR. 
 
 beata tranqvillitas ; in exergue, p. lon. (3); or s. tr. (3). claeitas reipvb. (2). caesaevm 
 
 NOSTOEVM voTis V. ; in exergue, p. lon. (2). virtvs caess (2). Various (12) - 24 
 
 CoNSTANS. 
 VICTORIAE DD. AVGG. Q. NN. (3). PEL. TEMP. REPARATIO. A phcenix (3) - - - 6 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 163 
 
 C0N8TANTIU8 II. 
 PEL. TEMP. BErABATio; in the cxcrgue, AQ. 8 ; and varieties .... 4 
 
 Magnentiub. 
 FELiciTAs reipvblicae; in the exergue, th. p. (1). fel. temp, keparatio; in the exergue, 
 
 TE. 8. The Emperor in a galley rowed by a Victory (1) - - - - 2 
 
 Decentius. 
 VICT. DD. NN. AVGG. ET. CAES8. (1). Idem; in the exergue, te. r. Two Victories, holding a 
 
 shield inscribed vot. v. mvlt. x. - - - - - - -2 
 
 JrilANPS. 
 
 VOT. X. MVLT. XX., withiH a wreath .......i 
 
 Valentinianus. 
 eestitvtoe eeipvblicae (2). 8alvs eeipvb (1) - - - • - - 3 
 
 VaLEN8. 
 
 8ecveita8 eeipvblicae (4). olobia bomanoevm (3) ----- 7 
 
 Gbatianus. 
 gloria romanorvm (2). victoria avgg. (1) --...- 3 
 
 ViCTOB. 
 
 8rEs EOMANOEVM ; in the exergue, s.m.b.q.s. The camp gate . . . . i 
 
 HONOEITTS. 
 
 OLOBIA bomanobvm. The emperor standing between two captives . - . . 2 
 
 Minimi, or very small coins struck by the Romans or Romano-Britons, in late times ; but too 
 
 rudely executed to be classified ....... 2OO 
 
 This list of Roman coins found in London amounts to upwards of two thousand. 
 It gives only those which, for about the last twenty years, passed under my own 
 eye, chiefly from the bed of the Thames. A much larger number, within that 
 period of time, must have been found. Six hundred or more, picked up from gravel 
 dredged from the Thames, and strewed along the bank of the Surrey Canal, were 
 collected by the late Mr. R. Pimm, of Deptford. It is well to record this fact, 
 because the gravel taken from the bed of the Thames, below London Bridge, has 
 been extensively used for repairing the banks of the river at Barnes and other 
 
 Y 2 
 
164 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 places ; and this gravel contained large quantities of coins, the finding of wliich in 
 some future day may puzzle and deceive persons ignorant of their history. A 
 hoard of denarii of the Higher Empire was found in the City, which, the Corporation 
 having declined purchasing, was bought by Mr. Mark Boyd.^ Vast quantities are 
 said to have been found in removing the piers of old London Bridge and in 
 excavating the approaches to the new bridge. Of these, and of those exhumed in 
 the City in former times, scarcely a record has been preserved. The list here 
 presented wUl not give more than an imperfect notion of the number actually 
 brought to light ; but it will serve to convey a faint idea of the incalculable quantity 
 which must have been met with both in modern times and in past ages. 
 
 Coins from the Thames constitute the bulk of this catalogue. They were 
 dredged up at a considerable depth beneath the surface of the bed of the river, 
 along the line of the old bridge and opposite what is now the Adelaide wharf ; but 
 by far the greater number came from about twenty yards below the second arch 
 of the new bridge. Some facts in connexion with their discovery and considera- 
 tions deduced therefrom, have been given in the first part of this volume. 
 
 Many of them are of considerable individual interest and of great rarity. The 
 Eoman medallions, though few, are an unusual feature in collections of coins made 
 upon the sites of ancient towns ; and the Greek Caracalla, found in the precincts 
 of the Tower, is the only authenticated instance of a Greek coin procured from 
 excavations in London. From Claudius to Trajan the coins in middle brass are 
 particularly numerous. Of large brass those of Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, 
 Marcus Aurehus, the Faustinas, and Commodus, are the most plentiful. Of the family 
 of Severus base denarii are very common, as are in the small brass series the coins of 
 Carausius, Allectus, and the Constantino family. Relatively, they mark important 
 epochs in the histoiy of Eoman Britain, pointing to periods when history sheds a 
 faint light on the prosperity and vicissitudes of the province, as the illegible, and 
 inartistic little pieces called minimi reflect the decline and fall of the Eoman 
 domination. In the three plates devoted to this department of the London antiqui- 
 ties, the first contains medallions and large brass coin : the second, middle brass : 
 the third, chiefly second and third brass coins, including three, of Constantino, 
 Crispus, and Helena, struck in Londinium, as certified by the exergual p. lon. 
 
 The coins of Vespasian and Titus relating to the subjugation of Judsea are 
 monuments of peculiar interest, and equally so are the coins relating to Britain. 
 Examples of these two series are given in plates xxxix and xl. Upon the large 
 
 ' Mr. Boyd informs me they were stolen from his house, a few years since, with other 
 
 valuable property. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 165 
 
 brass coin of Titus, in the fonner of these plates, the national features of the Jewish 
 male captive can be recognized, while the Syrian costume of the seated female 
 beneath the palm tree, is equally truthful and in keeping with the propriety of 
 detail so remtvrkable in the Roman coins. 
 
 The midtUe brass coin of Nerva reading neptvno (Circem. Restit. or Constit.) is 
 of the highest rarity. A similar coin is the subject of a paper, by Ashby, in the 
 third volume of the Archceologia : a variety is mentioned by Eckhel.^ It was 
 struck on the occasion of some extraordinary patronage conferred by the emperor 
 on the Circensian games. 
 
 The personification of our own island upon a rather extensive series of Roman 
 coins, furnishes a subject for historical investigation which, to Englishmen, cannot 
 fail to be exciting and pleasurable. In the London list the coins relating to Britain 
 are of Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Commodus, and Geta. It is remarkable that the 
 coins of Carausius and Allectus, although they were struck in this country, do not, in 
 any one instance, bear the name of the province. Of Hadrian, at least fifteen of the 
 Britannia type ; and of Antoninus Pius, more than twenty, have been obtained from 
 the Thames. Three varieties of the former are given in pi. xl, figs. 9, 10, 11. 
 Britain is represented as a female, armed, and in the attitude of watchfulness, her 
 right foot upon a rock, emblematical of the protection and repose ensured to the 
 province by the visit of Hadrian and the erection of the great wall across the north 
 of Britain. Upon the coins of Antoninus Pius the genius of Britain is depicted as a 
 youtliful male figure, seated upon a rock and accompanied by a large oval shield, 
 and a standard. The coins of Commodus and Geta relate to victories gained in 
 Britain.^ 
 
 The state of Britain under Carausius and Allectus, when the province, chiefly by 
 the aid of a powerful navy, was raised to the rank and independence of an empire, 
 is more fuUy understood from the coins of the period than from the brief notices of 
 historians and contemporary writers ; and the dredging of the Thames has contributed 
 to increase these numismatic materials in several new types. The unique coin in 
 small brass, reading genivs exercit(ms), is unfortunately lost : it was in the posses- 
 sion of the late Mr. R. F. Newman when I made the sketch engraved in Mr. 
 Akerman's Coins of the Romans relating to Bntain, pi. v, fig. 36. The pietas 
 AVGGG., with Mercury standing; and the victoria avg.. Victory upon a globe between 
 two captives, were hitherto unknown. The rare gold coin of Maximian, salvs 
 avogg., as well as the small brass of that emperor and of Diocletian, inscribed pax 
 
 ' "Doct. Num. Vet.," torn, vi, p. 406. trated, in Mr. Akerman's "Coins of the Romans 
 
 ' The entire series will be found, well illus- relating to Britain," Lond., 1844, J.Russell Smith. 
 
166 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ROMAN LONDON. 
 
 AVGGG., PROViD. AVGGG., etc, were struck by Carausius to impress upon the people of 
 Britain the belief that his imperial authority was fully recognized by the emperors at 
 Rome. The legend vberitas avg., with the design, a woman milking a cow, and also 
 temp(orvm) felicitas, the four seasons personified, pi. xli, fig. 11, are typical of the 
 fruitfulness of Britain and of its prosperity under the sway of Carausius. The list 
 includes one of inferior workmanship, as if hurriedly engraved and struck, of the 
 type presenting two figures joining hands, and reading Expectate veni. Wliether, 
 or not, this remarkable legend may have been suggested by the lines in Virgil ■} 
 
 quihus Hector ab oris 
 Exspectate venis f 
 
 there can be no doubt that upon the coins it is meant to express the wishes of 
 Britain for the advent of Carausius ; and that the two figures are intended for 
 Carausius himself, and Britain who welcomes him. 
 
 Three of the coins of the Constantino family minted in Londinium are given in 
 pi. xli, figs. 14, 15, 16. That of Helena, the mother of Constantine, with the letters 
 p. LON., in the exergue, is very uncommon. Engravings of other coins of this period, 
 of the mint of Londinium, not particularized in this volume, because not actually 
 found in London, may be consulted in pi. vi of Mr. Akerman's work before referred to. 
 To these may now be added a new type which has lately come into my possession. 
 It is of Constantine, the father, reverse virtvs exercit., a trophy, beneath which 
 are two captives : in the exergue, p. lon. 
 
 ^ " .^neid.," lib. ii, 1. 282. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Agricola, Flavius, of the Sixth Legion, 24 
 Allectus, Londinium under, 10; coins of, 10, 161 
 Altar, found on the site of Goldsmiths' Uall, 48 
 Ammianus Marcellinus, his account of the state of 
 
 Britain in the days of Julian and of Valentinian, 
 
 11; mention of Londinium, 11 
 Amphorso, 87, 88; potters' names upon, 88 
 Antoninus, Itinerary of, in relation to Londinium, 10 
 Armlets, various kinds, 126 
 Arezzo, the pottery of, 96 
 Artis, Mr. E. T., his researches on the sites of Roman 
 
 potteries in Northamptonshire, bl to 86 
 Attius, Caius Flavius, 24 
 Augustus, inscription relating to Britain in the time 
 
 of, 7 
 Avignon, bas-relief from Vaison in museum of, 146 
 
 Balance, 144; folding balance, 144 
 
 Beads, 127; And plate ^X3.\,figt 1, 3, 4, 6 
 
 Bells, 145 
 
 Bone, objects in, plate xxxiv 
 
 Bow Lane, tile-tomb discovered in, 58 
 
 Britain, early historical notices of, 7; coins struck 
 in, 8 
 
 Britannia, representation of, on Roman coins, 165 
 
 British coins and mints, 8 
 
 Britons, coins of the, 8 
 
 Bronzes, 65 to 77; colossal head of Hadrian, and 
 hand, 65; the Antinous of Lillebonne, 67; Apollo, 
 68; Mercury, 68; priest of Cybele, 69; Atys, 69; 
 Captive, 70; Archer, 71; forceps, with busts of 
 deities, etc., 72; Harpocrates (silver), 73; various, 
 74 to 77 
 
 Bush Lane, thick wall discovered in, 14 
 
 Canterbury, pottery found at, 87 
 Carausius, remarkable coins of, 165 
 Castor, peculiar pottery made at, 84 
 Celsus, a Dardanian, monument of, 26 
 Cemeteries of Londinium, 12, 58 
 Classiarii, British, 33 
 Classicianus F. Alpinus, monument of, 28 
 Claudia Martina, sepulchral monument of, 23 
 
 Claudius, temple of, in Britain, 30 
 
 Clay, statuettes in, 109; site of a manufactory of, 109 
 
 Cochleare, examples of the, 138 
 
 Cock of a fountain, 145 
 
 Cohorts of the Britons, 32 
 
 Coins, Roman, struck at Londinium, 10; relating to 
 
 Britain, 1; found in London, 13, 21, 160 to 166 
 Combs, 129 
 Conyers, John, his account of Roman pottery-kilns 
 
 found at St. Paul's, 79 
 
 Dagobitus, sepulchral inscription to his daughter 
 
 Grata, 26 
 Dese Matres, sculpture representing, 33, 36; worship 
 
 of, 34 to 44; inscriptions relating to, 41 to 44 
 Denarii, ancient forgeries of, 154 
 Destruction of Antiquities, chief causes of, 4 
 Dice, Roman, plate xxxiv, fig \0 
 Diana, supposed temple of, 48 
 Douai, potters' names discovered at, 107 
 DruidsB or Dryades, 37, 38 
 
 Ear-pick and tweezers, etc., 129 
 
 Egwin, Bishop, his story of the three maidens, 
 
 39 
 Etheldreda, Saint, her sarcophagus, 46 
 Eumcnius, his mention of Londinium, 10 
 Evreux, museum of, 96, 145 
 
 Fabroni, his account of the pottery of Arezzo, 96 
 
 Fenchurch Street, tessellated pavement discovered in, 
 58 
 
 Fibulas, historical notices of, 125 ; remarkable ex- 
 amples of, 126 ; connexion between the Roman 
 and Saxon, ib.; represented upon a monument at 
 Mayence, ib. 
 
 Fish-hooks, 142 
 
 Forceps, ornamented with busts of deities, 72 
 
 Fork, ancient examples of, 139 
 
 Franks in possession of Londinium, 10 
 
 Frobert, Saint, her stone coffin, 46 
 
 Galley, prow of, in bronze, 75 
 
168 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Gauls, names of, upon the red glazed pottery, 101 
 
 Girdle-clasp, enamelled, 131 
 
 Gladiators, represented upon Roman pottery, 95 ; figure 
 of a gladiator in terra cotta,, plaie xxiiij^/Jy 3 
 
 Glass, 117tol24;popular errors respecting, 117; Saxon 
 and Frankish, 118; Roman, 119; Roman window- 
 glass, lb.; Roman glass maker, monument of, ib.; 
 remarkable examples found in London, 120 to 124; 
 at Ilartlip, 121 ; at Takeley, 123; at Shefford, ib.; 
 in Germany, 122; pillar-moulding, ancient, ib.; 
 mosaic, 124 
 
 Goat, in bronze silvered, 75 
 
 Graphium or stilus, 136 to 138 
 
 Grata, daughter of Dagobitus, 26 
 
 Gravel pit, ancient, discovered in the City, 12, 142 
 
 Hadrian, bronze head of, 65 ; his visit to Britain, 67 ; 
 
 the Roman Wall, 67 
 Hair-pins, Roman, 128; Saxon, 129 
 Headington, near Oxford, pottery found at, 81 
 Hercules, statue of, 23 
 Honorini, ex offic. upon an ingot of silver, 31 
 Horse-shoe, the Roman, remarks on, 146 
 
 Implements, toilet, 125 to 131 ; agricultural, 142; 
 
 writing, 136, 137 ; modelling, 139 ; weaving, 143; 
 
 various, 136 to 149 
 Inglis, Sir Robert, the assistance he rendered the 
 
 author in saving the Roman Wall at Tower Hill, 15 
 Inscriptions, 22 to 33 ; 41 to 44 
 
 Jet, ornaments in, 126, 127 
 
 Keys, 144 
 
 Knives, 140 ; with makers' names, 140-1 
 
 Lamps, in clay, 110 ; subjects upon. 111 ; discovered 
 in cemeteries, ib.; potters' names upon, 112 
 
 Leaden coffin, found in the Minories, 45 
 
 Leadenhall Street, tessellated pavement discovered 
 in, 57 
 
 Legions, in Britain, 22, 23, 24, 25, 29 
 
 Lezoux (Auvergne), potters' kilns discovered at, 99 
 
 Lombard Street, tessellated pavement discovered in, 
 59 
 
 Londinium, extent of, 12; difficulty in recovering 
 the plan of, 14 ; course of the boundary .wall of, 
 ib. ; wall at Tower Hill, its architectural details, 
 16 ; the wall in Houndsditch, 16 ; in Alderman- 
 bury Postern, 17 ; its course by St. Andrew's Hill, 
 along Thames Street, 18, 19 ; bridge at, 20 
 
 Maira;, the deities so called, 35, 44 
 
 Marcianus, Vivius, monument of, 22 
 
 Matres Dese, sculpture of, 33 ; worship of, 34 to 44 ; 
 
 inscriptions relating to, 41 to 44 
 Matronee, the worship of the goddesses so called, 35 
 Measure, a foot, 144 
 
 Medallions, Roman, found in the Thames, 150, 164 
 Medway, remains of Roman potteries on the banks 
 
 of, 81 ; examples, 82 
 Mills, Roman, 147 ; represented on a lamp, 148 ; mUl- 
 
 stones, 28, 148 
 Mint at Londinium, 10, 11 
 Mirrors, metallic, 129 
 Modelling tools, 139 
 Mortaria, earthen vessels so called, 81 ; potters' 
 
 stamps upon, 89 
 Mortarium for pounding, 149 ; painter's, 149 
 Mother Goddesses {Decs matres), 34 to 44 
 Moxhay, the late Mr., his liberality, 56 note 
 
 Nen, Roman potteries on the banks of the river, 83 
 New Forest, Hants, Roman pottery kilns found in, 85 
 New Royal Exchange, discoveries made in digging 
 
 the site of, 12, 142 
 Night-mare, origin of, 44 
 Num. C... Prov... Brita..., on a stone slab, 29 
 Numen, in inscriptions, 30 
 
 Old Royal Exchange, site of, discoveries at, 12 
 Ornaments, personal, 126 to 131 
 
 P. PR. Lon., etc., upon tiles, 31 
 
 Painter, Roman female, tomb of, 63 
 
 Painter's mortar, 149 
 
 Paternoster Row, tessellated pavement discovered 
 in, 57 ; tile-tomb, 58 
 
 Peacock, in bronze, 75 
 
 Perfume-boxes, 129 
 
 Pipe or fife, in bone, 147 
 
 Pompus or Pomponius, Alfidius, 27 
 
 Potters' names, 90, 101 to 108 ; die for the name of 
 the potter Auster, 99 
 
 Pottery, 78 to 108; kilns found at St. Paul's, 79; 
 on the Medway, 81 ; at Castor, 81 to 86 ; in Hamp- 
 shire, 85 ; pottery found at Headington, 81 ; at 
 Upchurch, 82 ; in Germany and France, 99 ; va- 
 rieties found in London, 80 to 99 ; red glazed found 
 in London, 89 to 108 ; stamps on amphorre, 88 ; 
 on mortaria, 89 ; on the red glazed found in London, 
 102 to 107 ; at Douai, 107 ; embossed red glazed, 
 92 to 101 ; with incuse ornaments, 93 ; with 
 moulded ornaments affixed, 97 
 
 Provincialis, Anencletus, 23 
 
 Proxumia Suis, in inscriptions found in France, 44 
 
INDEX. 
 
 169 
 
 Ptolemy, the geographer, his location of Londinium,9 
 Pudens, Valerius, and . . . Probus, 27 
 
 Queen Street, statuette of an archer discovered in, 71 
 
 Rheinzabern, potters' kilns discovered at, 99 
 Roman wall, the inscriptions found at, 67 
 
 Samian pottery, the red glazed so called, 89 ; cor- 
 rectness of this application of the term questioned, 
 92,96 
 
 Sandals, 131 to 135; specimens from those found in 
 London, 132, 133; the Roman califfa,crepida, etc., 
 134; found at Southileet, 134 ; in the north of 
 England, 135 
 
 Sarcophagus, found in the Minories, 45 ; sarcophagi, 
 Roman, 46 
 
 Scissors, or shears, 141 
 
 Shears, 141 
 
 Shoemaker's awl, 147 
 
 Sickle, 142 
 
 Solea ferrea, or temporary horse-shoe, 145 
 
 South wark, partly the site of Londinium, 9, 13 
 
 Speculatores, and Exploratores, 27 
 
 Spoons, various kinds, 138 
 
 Statue, found in Bevis Marks, 47 
 
 Statuettes, in bronze, 68 to 77; in silver, 73; in 
 clay, 109 
 
 Steel, the butcher's, 141 
 
 Stilus, or graphium, 136 to 138; used in the middle 
 ages, 138 
 
 Strigil, 129 ; examples found in Essex, at Reculver, 
 and at Pompeii, 130 
 
 TabeUse or pugillaria, 137 ; used in the middle 
 ages, 138 
 
 Tacitus, his mention of Londinium, 8 
 
 Tessellated pavements, 49 to 59 : why so called, 51 
 vermiculated, 51 ; mosaic, 51 ; herring-boned, 59 
 at Frampton and Woodchester, 53 ; Thruxton, 57 
 in France and Spain, 53 ; at Salona, Rome, etc. 
 54 ; in Broad Street, 54 ; Bishopsgatc Street, 55 
 Thrcadneedle Street, 55 ; Lothbury, 56 ; Leaden- 
 hall Street, 57 ; Crosby Square and Paternoster 
 Row, 57 ; Fenchurch Street, 68 ; College Street, 59 
 
 Thames, bronzes found in, 67 to 77; sandals, 132 ; 
 coins, 150 to 166 
 
 Tiles, various kinds of, 112 to 116; roof-tiles, 113; 
 wall-tiles, 114; flue-tiles, 114; drain-tiles, 116; 
 inscriptions upon, 31, 116 
 
 Toilet implements, 125 to 131 
 
 Tower Hill, Roman wall at, 15 ; sepulchral monu- 
 ments discovered at, 27, 28 
 
 Tweezers, with ear-picks, etc., 129 
 
 Yaison, bas-relief found at, 146 
 
 Valius, Julius, of the twentieth legion, 23 
 
 Walls of Londinium, 14 to 21 ; wall on Tower Hill, 
 15 
 
 Wall-paintings, 60 to 64 ; sculpture at Sens repre- 
 senting painters at work, 61 ; at Great St. Helen's, 
 62 ; examples from various parts of London, ib. ; 
 from Kent, Woodchester, etc., 63 ; from France, 
 ib. ; at Treves, 64 
 
 Weaving, implements of, 143 ; factory at Yenta 
 Belgarum, 143 
 
 Weed-hook, 142 
 
 Whetstones, 141 
 
 Wireker, Nigellus, his tale of the three sisters, 40 
 
 Wolf's head, in bronze, 75 
 
 Wolstan, his story of the three nymphs, 39 
 
 Writing, implements of, 136, 137 
 
170 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 INDEX TO THE PLATES. 
 
 Frontispiece. Bronze head of Hadrian 
 Plate I. View of the remains of the Roman wall 
 at Tower Hill, in 1852, p. 15 
 II. Sepulchral inscriptions, fig. 1, p. 26; fig. 
 2, p. 23; fig. 3, ib.; Altar, p. 48 
 III. Sepulchral inscriptions, fig. 1, p. 27; fig. 
 2, p. 28; sculpture, p. 27 
 
 IV. Sarcophagus, p. 45 
 
 V. Statue found at Bevis Marks, p. 47 
 
 VI. Sculpture, fig. 1, p. 45; figs. 2 to 5, p. 48 
 VII. Tessellated Pavement found near the Ex- 
 cise Office, p. 54 
 VIII. Figs. 1 and 2, p. 56; figs. 3 to 6; Stamps 
 upon Tiles, pp. 31, 32; fig. 7, Aqueduct 
 running beneath the foundations of the 
 Roman wall in London Wall, opposite 
 Finsbury Chambers ; arch 3 ft. 6 in. 
 in height, and 3 ft. 3 in. in width. See 
 Archceologia, vol. xxix 
 IX. to XII. Page 55 to p. 58 
 xm. and xiv. Wall Paintings, p. 62 
 
 XV. to XXI. Page 68 to p. 72 
 XXII. Figs. 1 and 2, p. 73; fig. 3, p. 31 
 
 XXIII. Figs. 1 to 5, p. 77 
 
 XXIV. to plate xxix. Examples of Red Glazed 
 
 Pottery, p. 89 to p. 101. Plates xxiv, 
 XXV, XXVI, one-third the actual size; 
 plates XXVII, xxix,half size; and plate 
 XXVIII full size. 
 XXX. Lamps, p. 110 
 XXXI. and xxxii. Page 120 to 124 
 
 XXXIII. Fig. 1, Gold ring; fig. 2, gold bulla, p. 
 128; fig. 3, bronze armlet, p. 127; figs. 
 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16, 17, fibulas, p. 126; 
 fig. 5, p. 127; figs. 8, 10, 11, Ear-pick 
 and Tweezers, etc., p. 129; figs. 14, 15, 
 Bronze Lockets, p. 129 
 
 XXXIV. Figs. 1, 3, 7, Pommels of Daggers, p. 147; 
 fig. 2, apparently an armlet ; fig. 5, 
 handle of some implement; figs. 4, 6, 8, 
 p. 147 ; figs. 9, 12, Buckles; fig. 10, 
 Dice; fig. 13, Pipe, p. 147; figs. 14 to 
 20, figs. 22 to 26, figs. 28 and 29, Hair- 
 
 pins, p. 128; fig. 21, Cochleare, p. 138; 
 fig. 27, Bone, with an incised figure of 
 an eagle. 
 
 Figs. 1 to 13 are half the actual size ; 
 the reiliainder the full size. 
 XXXV. Stili, in iron (excepting figs. 17, 18, 19), 
 of the actual size, p. 136; figs. 17, 18, 
 19, are in bronze 
 xxxvi. Fig. 1, Spatula ; figs. 2, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 
 ligulse, p. 138; figs. 3, 5, 6, 7, are pro- 
 bably surgical implements ; figs. 13, 19, 
 bodkins ; figs. 14 to 27 are chiefly hair- 
 pins, p. 128. Actual size. 
 
 xxxvii. Figs. 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 14, knives in iron 
 and steel, p. 140; fig. 1, implement in 
 bronze; fig. 4, p. 139; fig. 7, shears, p. 
 141; figs. 11, 12, 13, p. 138. Actual size. 
 
 xxxviii. Figs. 1 to 9, and 10, 13, balances, weights, 
 
 etc., p. 144; figs. 11, 12, and 14 to 28, 
 
 keys, ib.; figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, half the 
 
 actual size ; the others, full size. 
 
 xxxix. Medallions, and large brass coins. Fig. 
 
 1, Medallion of Comraodus, p. 150 ; fig. 
 
 2, Medallion of Faustina the Younger, 
 p. 150; fig. 3, Nero; fig. 4, Vespasian; 
 fig. 6, Titus ; fig. 6, reverse of Vespa- 
 sian ; fig. 7, reverse of Domitian ; fig. 8, 
 Domitian, p. 154 
 
 XL. Coins in middle brass. Fig. 1, Claudius; 
 fig. 2, Nero ; fig. 3, Titus ; fig. 4, Ves- 
 pasian ; fig. 5, Domitian ; fig. 6, Nerva ; 
 figs. 7 and 8, Trajan; figs. 9, 10, 11, 
 Hadrian, reverse, Britannia; figs. 12, 
 13, Antoninius Pius, p. 156 to p. 158 
 XLi. In middle brass. Figs. 1 and 2, Corn- 
 modus ; figs. 3 and 4, Caracalla ; fig. 5, 
 Julia Domna ; fig. 6, Macrinus ; fig. 7, 
 Maximus ; fig. 8, Constantine. In 
 small brass. Fig. 9, Valerian ; fig. 10, 
 Aurelian ; fig. 11, Carausius ; fig. 12, 
 Allectus ; fig. 13 (a denarius) Postumus ; 
 fig. 14, Constantine; fig. 15, Crispus; 
 fig. 16, Helena, p. 158 to p. 162 
 
LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 
 
 The Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Belles Let- 
 tres, of Caen 
 
 The Royal Scottish Academy of Painting, Sculp- 
 ture, and Architecture, Edinburgh 
 
 The Society of Antiquaries of Normandy, Caen 
 
 The Society of Antiquaries of Picardy, Amiens 
 
 The Imperial Society of Emulation of Abbeville 
 
 The Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon- 
 Tyne 
 
 George Brindley Acworth, Esq., Star Hill, Ro- 
 chester 
 
 J. Yonge Akerman, Esq., Sec. Soc. Ant. Lond., 
 Somerset House 
 
 William Allen, Esq., 24, Stoke Newington Green 
 
 James Anderton, Esq., 20, New Bridge-street, 
 Blackfriars 
 
 Joseph Arden, Esq., F.S.A., 27, Cavendish- 
 square, and Rickmansworth Park, Herts 
 
 The Rev. Charles John Armistead, F.S.A., Chap- 
 lain, R.N., Hong Kong 
 
 George Atherley, Esq., Southampton, deceased 
 
 The Bank of England Library and Literary As- 
 sociation 
 
 The Birmingham Architectural Society 
 
 C. C. Babington, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., St. John's 
 College, Cambridge 
 
 John Church Backhouse, Esq., Blackwell, Dar- 
 lington 
 
 Charles Baily, Esq., 72, Gracechurch-street 
 
 C. A. Bannister, Esq., Mayor of Kingston-upon- 
 Hull 
 
 John Barnard, Esq., F.S.A., Sawbridgeworth 
 
 John Barrow, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., 7, New- 
 street, Spring Gardens 
 
 Benjamin Barrow, Esq., M.R.C.S., Ryde, Isle of 
 Wight 
 
 Frederick Lowry Barnwell, esq., F.S.A., 60, 
 Russell-square 
 
 Thomas Bateman, Esq., Youlgrave House, Bake- 
 well 
 
 Thomas Battam, Esq., F.S.A., 5, Aubrey Villas, 
 Notting Hill 
 
 John Adkins Barton, Esq., Bournemouth 
 
 Thomas Barton, Esq., Threxton House, Watton, 
 Norfolk 
 
 The Bedfordshire Archaeological Society, Bedford 
 
 John Bell, Esq., Gateshead 
 
 Robert Bell, Esq., Irthington, Cumberland, de- 
 ceased 
 
 Professor Thomas Bell, V.P.R.S., P.L.S., 17, 
 New Broad-street, City 
 
 Monsieur Temblaire de Belloquet, Homme de 
 Lettres, Officier de la Legion d'Honneur, 
 8, Boulevard d'Argenson, Neuilly, Pari.s 
 
 Francis Bennoch, Esq., F.S.A., M.R.S.L., Black- 
 heath 
 
 W. Harding Bensted, Esq., Maidstone 
 
 Miss Bicknell, 6, Clarendon Crescent, Leaming- 
 ton Spa 
 
 Mrs. Frances Biscoe, Holton Park, Wheatley, 
 Oxon 
 
 Mrs. Sarah Blackett, Hill Green, Stockbury, Sit- 
 tingbourne 
 
 William Madox Blackwood, Esq., F.S.A., Ro- 
 ther House, Rotherfield, Sussex 
 
 Wm. Bland, Esq., Hartlip Place, Sittingbourne 
 
 z 2 
 
172 
 
 LIST OP SUBSCRIBERS. 
 
 Thomas Leigh Blundell, Esq., M.D., 29, New 
 Broad-street, City 
 
 Sir John Boileau, Bart., V.P.S.A., Ketteringham 
 Park, Norfolk 
 
 Frederick Boocke, Esq., 5, South-street, Alex- 
 ander-square, Brompton 
 
 Francis S. Bolton, Esq., Edgbaston, Birmingham 
 
 The Baron de Bonstetten, Eichenbiihl, Thoune, 
 Suisse 
 
 Beriah Botfield, Esq., M.P., F.R.S., F.S.A., 
 Norton Hall, Daventry 
 
 Mrs.Boyle,SeabridgeHall,Newcastle-under-Lyne 
 
 Charles Bradbury, Esq., 23, Crescent, Salford 
 
 J. G. Breach, Esq., Pavilion, Folkstone 
 
 J. W. Northway Brewer, Esq., 5, Liverpool- 
 street, City 
 
 E. Kynaston Bridger, Esq., 4, Prince's-place, 
 Kennington-road 
 
 William Bridger, Esq., Shide-house, Isle of Wight 
 
 John Britton, Esq., deceased 
 
 The Rev. J. Collingwood Bruce, LL.D., F.S.A., 
 Hon. Sec. Society of Antiquaries of New- 
 castle-upon-Tyne 
 
 Department of Antiquities, British Museum 
 
 W. H. Brockett, Esq., Gateshead 
 
 John Brown, Esq., F.G.S., F.R.S.N.A., 3, New- 
 castle-place, Clerkenwell 
 
 John Buchanan, Esq., F.S.A., Scot. Glasgow 
 
 His Grace the Duke of Buccleuch, Montague 
 House, Whitehall 
 
 The Rev. James Bulwer, Hunworth Rectory, 
 Holt, Norfolk 
 
 Edward H. Bunbury, Esq., 15, Jermyn-street, 
 St. James's 
 
 John Burder, Esq., Cliff Point, Higher Broughton, 
 Manchester 
 
 James Burrell, Esq., 42, Manchester-street, Man- 
 chester-square 
 
 The Ven. Archdeacon Burney, D.D., F.R.S., 
 F.S.A., M.R.S.L., Wickham Bishops, Essex 
 
 The Cambridge University Library 
 The Free Library, Cambridge 
 Benjamin Bond Cabbell, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., 
 52, Portland-place 
 
 Mrs. Campbell, Kilravock Castle, Nairn, Scotland 
 
 William George Carter, Esq., F.S.A., 6, Ray- 
 mond's Buildings, Gray's Inn 
 
 Richard Redmond Caton, Esq., F.S.A., Union 
 Club 
 
 William Chaffers, Esq., F.S.A., 1, Bolton Wood, 
 Abbey Wood, St. John's Wood 
 
 David Noble Chambers, Esq., F.S.A., 47, Pater- 
 noster-row 
 
 Monsieur A. Charma, President of the Academy 
 of Sciences, Arts, and Belles Lettres, of Caen 
 
 John A. Chidley, Esq., 10, Basinghall-street, 
 City 
 
 The Rev. Professor Christmas, M.A., F.R.S., 
 F.S.A., 5, Lark Hall Rise, Clapham 
 
 Hyde Clarke, Esq., D.C.L., 42, Basinghall-street 
 
 Joseph Clarke, Esq., F.S.A., The Roos, Saffron 
 Walden 
 
 John Clayton, Esq., V.P. Soc. Ant. of Newcastle- 
 upon-Tyne, The Chesters, Hexham 
 
 Andrew Coates, Esq., Philadelphia, N. America 
 
 George Coates, Esq., Glasgow 
 
 Peter Coates, Esq., Paisley 
 
 Thomas Coates, Esq., Paisley 
 
 The Rev. R. P. Coates, Precincts, Rochester 
 
 William Wise Cobb, Esq., Toronto 
 
 The Abbe Cochet, F.S.A., Dieppe 
 
 Thomas Somers Cocks, Esq., M.P., 15, Hereford- 
 street, May Fair 
 
 Robert Cole, Esq., F.L.S., Hollybourne Lodge, 
 Alton, Hants 
 
 The Rev. J. N. Coleman, Ryde, Isle of Wight 
 
 Charles Henry Cooper, Esq., F.S.A., Town Clerk, 
 Cambridge 
 
 Joseph Sidney Cooper, Esq., Chateau de Brebant, 
 St. Leonards-on-Sea 
 
 George Richard Corner, Esq., F.S.A.,3, Paragon, 
 New Kent-road 
 
 The Rev.TuUieCornthwaite, M.A., Walthamstow 
 
 John Ross Coulthart, Esq., F.S.A. Scot., Mayor 
 of the Manor of Ashton-under-Lyne 
 
 James Gibson Craig, Esq., 24, York-place, Edin- 
 burgh 
 
 Messrs. Crossley and Clarke, Leicester 
 
 Mrs. Culverwell, Argyle-place, Regent-street 
 
UST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 
 
 173 
 
 The Rev. George Henry Dashwood, F.S.A., Stow 
 
 Bardolph, Downham Market 
 Thomas Dashwood, jun., Esq., Ryde, Isle of 
 
 Wight 
 The Lord Bishop of St. David's, Abergwala Pa- 
 lace, Carmarthen 
 Robert Davies, Esq., F.S.A., The Mount, York 
 Pudsey Dawson, Esq., Hornby Castle, Lancaster 
 James Dearden, Esq., F.S.A., Rochdale Manor, 
 
 Lancashire 
 His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, Holkar, 
 
 Kendall 
 The Rev. J. Bathurst Deane, M.A., F.S.A., Sion- 
 
 place, Sion Hill, Bath 
 Charles Dickens, Esq., Tavistock House, Tavi- 
 
 stock-square 
 John Disney, Esq., LL.D., D.C.L., F.S.A., The 
 
 Hyde, Ingatestone, Essex, deceased 
 C. Wentworth Dilke, Esq., 76, Sloane-street 
 Henry Dodd, Esq., City Wharf, Hoxton 
 Samuel Dodd, Esq., Hartland-terrace, Kentish 
 
 Town-road 
 Sir Henry E. L> Dryden, Bart., Canons Ashby, 
 
 Daventry 
 Mrs. Dunkin, Dartford, Kent 
 John Dunn, Esq., 2, County-place, Paisley 
 Monsieur Antoine Durand, Member of the So- 
 
 ci^te d'Histoire et d'Archeologie de Geneve, 
 
 aux Courtillet, Lan9y, Suisse 
 
 Thomas William Eady, Esq., Hornsey 
 
 Sir William Earle, 4, Park-crescent 
 
 The Lord Ellesmere, Bridgwater House, deceased 
 
 Richard Ellison, Esq., F.S.A., Sudbrook Holme, 
 
 Lincoln, two copies 
 George Eastwood, Esq., 27, Haymarket 
 W. Philpott Elsted, Esq., Dover 
 Charles H. Elt, Esq., Myddelton Hall, Islington 
 The Right Hon. Thomas Erskine, Fir Grove, 
 
 Eversley, Winchfield 
 John Evans, Esq., F.S.A., Hon. Sec. Num. Soc, 
 
 Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead 
 William Euing, Esq., 209, West George-street, 
 
 Glasgow 
 
 Frederick William Fairholt, Esq., F.S.A., 11, 
 Montpelier -square, Brompton 
 
 Edward Falkencr, Esq., 61, Gracechurch-street 
 
 Henry Farrer, Esq., 106, New Bond-street 
 
 Thomas Faulkner, Esq., F S.A., Shide Hill 
 House, Isle of Wight 
 
 James Fenton, Esq., M.A., Barrister-at-Law, 
 Norton-Hall, Gloucestershire 
 
 John Fenwick, Esq., F.S.A., Treasurer of the 
 Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon- 
 Tyne 
 
 The Rev. Fred. C. Finch, St. Botolph, Bishops- 
 gate 
 
 Robert Fitch, Esq., F.G.S., Norwich 
 
 W. Stevenson Fitch, Esq., Ipswich 
 
 The Earl Fitzwilliam, Milton, Peterborough, de- 
 ceased; two copies 
 
 John Wickham Flower, Esq., Park Hill, Croydon 
 
 William Henry Forman, Esq., Union Club 
 
 W. Wynne Ffoulkes, Esq., M.A., Barrister-at- 
 Law, Local Sec. Soc. Ant. Lond., 7, Stanley- 
 place, Chester 
 
 Augustus Wollaston Franks, Esq., M.A., Dir. 
 S.A., 65, Upper Seymour-street 
 
 Mrs. Garner, Queen-street, London 
 
 Richard Gibbs, Esq., Cedar Lodge, Stockwell 
 Park 
 
 Charles Gill, Esq., Tiverton 
 
 John Godefroy, Esq., 5, Eleanor-road, Hackney 
 
 Mrs. Goreham, Cakeham, West Wittering, Sus- 
 sex 
 
 W. C. Grant, Esq., Hillersden House, Cullomp- 
 ton 
 
 The Guildhall Library 
 
 Mrs. Gunn, Irstead, Norfolk 
 
 Miss Anna Gurney, North Repps, Cromer, de- 
 ceased 
 
 Daniel Gurney, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., North 
 Runckton, Norfolk 
 
 Hudson Gurney, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., Keswick 
 Hall, Norwich 
 
 George Gwilt, Esq., F.S.A., Southwark, de- 
 ceased 
 
174 
 
 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 
 
 Miss Hackett, 26, Clapton-square 
 
 Chas. Hall, Esq., Osmington, Weymouth, c?ecea«ed! 
 
 John Hampden, Esq., Mem. Num. Soc. Lond., 
 
 Leamington Priors 
 Mrs. Hannington, St. George's, Hurstpierpoint, 
 
 Sussex 
 Colonel Francis Vernon Harcourt, M.P., Ryde, 
 
 Isle of Wight 
 The Rev. L. Vernon Harcourt, Newsell's Park, 
 
 Royston, Essex 
 The Rev. C. Hardwick, M.A., Christian Advo- 
 cate in the University of Cambridge, St. 
 
 Katharine's Hall 
 Frederick Harford, Esq., 9, Rutland Gate, Hyde 
 
 Park ; two copies 
 William Hargrove, Esq., author of The History 
 
 of York, York 
 John Harris, Esq., Essendon Villa, Belvedere, 
 
 Erith, Kent 
 Mrs. Harrison, Dacre Park, Cheshire 
 William Harrison, Esq., Galligreaves House, 
 
 Blackburn 
 Henry Harrod, Esq., F.S A., Aylsham, Norfolk 
 James Smyth Hartley, Esq., East Parade, Colne 
 William Hawkes, Esq., Edgbaston, Birmingham, 
 
 two copies 
 Edward Hawkins, Esq.,V.P.S.A., F.L.S., British 
 
 Museum 
 Walter Hawkins, Esq., F.S. A., 5, Leonard-place, 
 
 Kensington, two copies 
 The Rev. Professor Henslow, Hitcham, Bil- 
 
 deston 
 Thomas Hewitt, Esq., Summerdale House, Cork 
 The Rev. John Harwood Hill, B.A., Cranoe Rec- 
 tory, Market Harborough 
 George Hillier, Esq., Ryde, Isle of Wight 
 John Hodgson Hinde, Esq., V.P. Soc. Ant. of 
 
 Newcastle-upon-Tyne 
 Fred. Hindmarsh, Esq., F.G.S., 17, Bucklersbury 
 Francis Hodson, Esq., Lee-road, Blackheath 
 A. J. Beresford Hope, Esq., M.P., F.S.A., 1, 
 
 Connaught-place 
 Lucas Houghton, Esq., 30, Poultry 
 The Rev. Thomas Hugo, M.A., F.S. A., M.R.S.L., 
 
 F.L.S., 57, Bishopsgate-street Within 
 
 James Hunt, Esq., Ph.D., F.S.A., M.R.S.L., 
 
 Exmouth House, Hastings 
 The Rev. Arthur Hussey, M.A., Rottingdean, 
 
 Sussex 
 Henry Hussey, Esq., 7, Hyde Park-square, and 
 
 Wellington-crescent, Ramsgate 
 John Huxtable, Esq., Stoke Newington, deceased 
 
 The Archseological Institute of Great Britain and 
 Britain and Ireland, Suffolk-street, Pall Mall 
 East 
 
 James James, Esq., F.S. A., Halton Cottage, 
 
 Wendover 
 J. Livingston Jay, Esq., Royal Hospital, Greenwich 
 Llewellynn Jewitt, Esq., F.S. A., Derby 
 Goddard Johnson, Esq., East Dereham, Norfolk 
 James Cove Jones, Esq., Loxley, Wellesbourne, 
 
 Warwick 
 John Jolliffe, Esq., Surgeon R.N. ; H.M.S. 
 
 Buzzard, South America 
 
 William Kell, Esq., F.S. A., Newcastle-upon- 
 Tyne, two copies 
 Edwin Keet, Esq., 13, Park-place South, Chelsea 
 Miss Kenrick, Stone House, Canterbury 
 John Whitefoord M'Kenzie, Esq., 16, Royal 
 
 Circus, Edinburgh 
 Henry William King, Esq., 54, Tredegar-square, 
 
 Bow -road 
 Jesse King, Esq., Appleford, Abingdon 
 William Warwick King, Esq., 25, College-hill, 
 
 Cannon-street West 
 George Kirkpatrick, Esq., Newport, Isle of Wight 
 John Knowles, Esq., Croydon 
 Herr Conrad Kraus, Architect, Mayence 
 
 Edward Law, Esq., 23, Douglas-road, Canonbury 
 Colonel W. Martin Leake, F.R.S., M.R.S.L., 
 
 etc., 30, Queen Ann-st., Cavendish-square 
 Mrs. W. Martin Leake, ditto 
 
LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 
 
 175 
 
 John Edward Lee, Esq., The Priory, Caerleon 
 Joseph Frederick Ledsam, Esq., Chad Hall, 
 
 Edgbaston, Birmingham 
 The Permanent Library, Leicester 
 J. Lister, Esq., F.G.S., Shibden Hall, West 
 
 Riding, Yorkshire 
 Edward Litchfield, Esq., Cambridge 
 Mrs. Locke, Fring Hall, Docking, Norfolk 
 The Right Hon. Lord Londesborough, K.C.H., 
 
 F.R.S., F.S.A., Grimston, Tadcaster 
 R. Grove Lowe, Esq., St. Albans 
 Mark Antony Lower, Esq., F.S.A., St. Ann's 
 
 House, Lewes 
 The Rev. W. C. Lukis, M.A., F.S.A., CoUing- 
 
 bourne Ducis, Marlborough 
 Harry Lupton, Esq., Thame 
 D. Albert, Due de Luynes, Dampierre par Chev- 
 
 reuse, Seine et Oise, France 
 
 H. B. Mackeson, Esq., F.G.S., Hythe, Kent 
 Stewart Macnaghten, Esq., Bittern Manor, 
 
 Southampton 
 The Corporation of Manchester 
 Charles Wykeham Martin, Esq., M.P., F.S.A., 
 
 Leeds Castle, Kent 
 John Mather, Esq., Liverpool, deceased 
 John May, Esq., Hyde-lane, Battersea 
 Joseph Mayer, Esq., F.S.A., F.R.A.S., 
 
 F. R.S.N. A., Liverpool, two copies 
 John Mayer, Esq., Statten Island, New York 
 Jos Mayer, Esq., Brown Hills, Burslem 
 Samuel Mayer, Esq., Newcastle-under-Lyne 
 Miss Mayer, Thistleberry House, Staffordshire 
 Miss Meteyard, 20, Carlton-road-villas, Kentish- 
 town 
 Captain James Middleton, F.S.A., Liverpool 
 Keith Milnes, Esq., South Audley-street, deceased 
 Frank J. Mitchell, Esq., Newport, Monmouth- 
 shire 
 Mrs. Moncreiff, Pitcaithley House, Bridge of 
 
 Earn, Perth 
 Hugh E. Montgomerie, Esq., F.S.A., Ashley 
 House, Wickham-terrace, Upper Lewisham- 
 road 
 
 Sir Oswald Mosley, Bart., D.C.L., Rolleston 
 Hall, Staffordshire 
 
 C. Octiivius Swinnerion Morgan, Esq., M.P., 
 V.P.S.A., F.R.S., Newport, Monmouthshire 
 
 G. G. Mounsey, Esq., Castletown, Carlisle 
 
 Sir Henry Muggeridge, Alderman, 16, Earl- 
 street, Blackfriars 
 
 The Museum of Science and Art, South Kensing- 
 ton, two copies 
 
 Charles C. Nelson, Esq., 30, Hyde-park-gardens 
 The Rev. G. M. Nelson, Bodicote Grange, Banbury 
 G. H. Nevinson, Southfields, Leicester 
 His Grace the Duke of Newcastle, Clumber 
 William Newton, Esq., 42, Queen-square 
 John Gough Nichols, Esq., F.S.A., 28, Upper 
 
 Harley-street 
 Henry Norris, Esq., F.R.C.S., Charmouth, Dor- 
 setshire 
 George Wards Norman, Esq., Bromley, Kent 
 His Grace the Duke of Northumberland, Aln- 
 wick Castle 
 
 Colonel the Hon. M. E. Onslow, Woodbridge 
 
 House, Guildford 
 Robert Ormston, Esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne 
 Benj. Brogden Orridge, Esq., 30, Bucklersbury 
 Frederick Ouvry, Esq., Treas. S.A., 29, Upper 
 
 Gower-street 
 The Lord Overstone, Carlton Gardens, two copies 
 
 The Rev. John Papillon, B.A., F.S.A., Lexden, 
 
 Essex 
 J. Noel Paton, Esq., Wover's Alley Cottage, 
 
 Dunfermline 
 Apsley Pellatt, Esq., M.P., Staines 
 Frederick Perkins, Esq., F.S.A., Chipstead-park, 
 
 Sevenoaks 
 M. J. Boucher de Crevecoeur de Perthes, President 
 
 of the Imp. Society of Emulation of Abbeville 
 The Rev. John Lewis Petit, M.A., F.S.A., 9, 
 
 New-square, Lincoln's-inn 
 
176 
 
 LIST OP SUBSCRIBERS. 
 
 Sir Thomas Phillipps, Bart., M.A., F.S.A., 
 
 Middle Hill, Broadway, Worcestershire 
 Herr Gustav Pietsch, Architect, Mayence 
 H. C. Pidgeon, Esq., 3, Westbourne-villas, 
 
 Harrow-road 
 R. Plant, Esq., Canonbury-park 
 John Henry Plowes, Esq., 39, York-terrace, 
 
 Regent's-park 
 The Rev. Bealo Poste, Bydews-place, Maidstone 
 Henry Glasford Potter, Esq., F.S.A., Acacia- 
 cottage, Hampton 
 Edward Pretty, Esq., F.S.A., Chillington-house, 
 
 Maidstone 
 William Proctor, Esq., M.R.C.S., York 
 Alfred Pryer, Esq., Hollingbourne, Kent 
 Purnell B. Purnell, Esq., Stancombe-park, Durs- 
 ley 
 
 Sir John Ratcliff, F.S.A., Wyddrington, Edg- 
 
 baston 
 Lovell Reeve, Esq., Wandsworth 
 The Rev. G. C. Renouard, Swanscombe, Kent 
 A. Henry Rhind, Esq., F.S.A., Sibster, Wick, 
 
 Caithness 
 Charles Rivaz, Esq., 3, Craven-hill-gardens, 
 
 Hyde-park 
 Frederick Roach, Esq., Arreton-manor, Isle of 
 
 Wight 
 The Rev. Canon Rogers, Exeter, deceased 
 William Henry Rolfe, Esq., Sandwich, two copies 
 Henry William Rolfe, Esq., 3, Punderson-place, 
 
 Bethnal Green 
 The Bibliotheque de Rouen 
 John B. Rudd, Esq., Tollesby Hall, Middles- 
 
 bro'-on-Tees 
 Dr. Russell, New Hall-street, Birmingham 
 
 The Sandwich Book Society 
 Joseph Sams, Esq., Darlington 
 Miss Saul, Bow Lodge, Bow-road 
 J. B. Scott, Esq., Chelsea 
 
 J. R. Scott, Esq., Coal Exchange, Thames-street 
 Major Sheppard, Kingston-upon-Thames, de- 
 ceased 
 
 Major Henry Smith, R.M., Wish-street, South- 
 sea, Hants 
 
 Mr. John Russell Smith, Publisher, 36, Soho- 
 square, three copies 
 
 Vice-Admiral W. H. Smyth, K.S.F., D.C.L., 
 F.R.S,, F.S.A., St. John's-lodge, Ayles- 
 bury 
 
 S. Reynolds Solly, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., Serge 
 Hill, King's Langley 
 
 Messrs. Sotheby and Wilkinson, Wellington- 
 street, Strand 
 
 The Lord Southampton, Whittlebury, Towcester . 
 
 Charles Spence, Esq., Admiralty 
 
 The Rev. John Stacye, Shrewsbury Hospital, 
 Sheffield 
 
 The Rev. Edward W. Stillingfleet, Hotham 
 Brough, East Yorkshire 
 
 Miss Strutt, Derwent Bank, Derby 
 
 Colonel Sykes, F.R.S., India House 
 
 The Lord Talbot de Malahide, F.S.A., Malahide 
 Castle, Dublin 
 
 W. J. Taylor, Esq., M. Num. Soc, 33, Little 
 Queen-street, Holborn 
 
 James Thompson, Esq., Leicester 
 
 Joseph Thompson, Esq., Pin Mill, Ardwick, 
 Manchester 
 
 Samuel Thornton, Esq., The Elms, Highgate, 
 Birmingham 
 
 John Timbs, Esq., F.S.A., 88, Sloane-street, 
 Chelsea 
 
 Edward Tindall, Esq., Old Guildhall, Bridling- 
 ton 
 
 Sir Walter C. Trevelyan, Bart., M.A., F.S.A., 
 Wallington, Morpeth 
 
 The Rev. Edward Trollope, B.A., F.S.A., Lea- 
 singham, Sleaford 
 
 Messrs. Triibner and Co., Publishers, 12, Pater- 
 noster-row, two copies 
 
 Dawson Turner, Esq., F.R.S.,F.S.A.,M.R.S.L., 
 etc., Lee Cottage, Old Brompton, deceased, 
 three copies 
 
 Miss Turner, Great Yarmouth 
 
 Mrs. Turner, Newcastle-under-Lyne 
 
LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 
 
 177 
 
 George Unwin, Esq., 31, Bucklersbury 
 
 Sylvanus Urban, Gent., 377, Strand 
 
 Thomas B. Uttermare, Esq., Langport, Somerset 
 
 George Virtue, Esq., F.S.A., Paternoster-row 
 Monsignor Virtue, Chaplain to the Forces, Al- 
 dcrshott 
 
 Sir Edward S. Walker, Berry Hill, Mansfield 
 
 The Rev. H. Aston Walker, Enfield 
 
 Miss H. Walne, Norwich, two copies 
 
 John Green Waller, Esq., 68, Bolsover-street, 
 
 Portland-place 
 James Wardell, Esq., Deputy Town Clerk, Leeds 
 Charles Warne, Esq , F.S.A., Sydenham 
 Mr. Joseph Warren, Ixworth 
 Albert Way, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Hon. Sec. 
 
 Archasological Instittite, Wonham Manor, 
 
 Reigate 
 G, Bish Webb, Esq., Hon. Sec. Surrey Ar- 
 chaeological Society, 6, Southampton-street, 
 
 Covent-garden 
 William Webster, Esq., M. Num. Soc, 17, Great 
 
 Russell-street 
 Richard Weckes, Esq.,F.R.C.S., Hampton-lodge, 
 
 Hurstpierpoint 
 Augustus Wetter, Esq., Architect, Savannah, 
 
 Georgia, United States, America 
 Herr Carolus Wetter, Oppenheim, Architect to 
 
 the Grand Ducal Government of Rhenish 
 
 Hessia 
 Herr Conrad Wetter, 67, Myddleton-square 
 Herr Johann Wetter, Archaeologist, Mayence, 
 
 Rhenish Hessia 
 
 Alfred White, Esq., West Drayton 
 
 Humphrey Wickham, Esq., Strood, Kent 
 
 J. G. De Wilde, Esq., Northampton 
 
 The Rev. David Williams, D.C.L., Warden of 
 
 New College, O.vford 
 William Wills, Esq., Edgbaston, Birmingham 
 Henry Wilson, Esq., Stowlangtoft Hall, Sufi'olk 
 James H. Wilson, Esq., 19, Onslow-square, 
 
 Brompton 
 Sir Thomas Maryon Wilson, Bart., Charlton 
 
 House, Blackheath 
 Charles Wynn, Esq., Nostel Priory, Wakefield 
 Richard Windle, Esq., 6, Osborn-street, White- 
 chapel 
 John Wodderspoon, Esq., the Lower Close, Nor- 
 wich 
 J. G. Woodhouse, Esq., Bronte House, Liverpool 
 The Rev. G. H. Woods, Shopwyke House, Chi- 
 chester 
 Richard Waugh Wright, Esq., Manchester 
 Thomas Wright, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Member 
 of the Institute of France, 14, Sydney-street, 
 Brompton 
 The Rev. C. F. Wyatt, Forest Hill, Wheatley, 
 
 Oxon 
 James Wyatt, Esq., Bedford 
 W. Michael Wylie, Esq., F.S.A., Blackwater, 
 Hants 
 
 James Yates, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., Lauderdale 
 
 House, Highgate 
 William Ye wd, Esq., 20, Devereux-court, Temple 
 
 Miss Zomlin, Warwick Villa, Kenilworth 
 
 A A 
 
LONDON ; 
 T. RICHARDS, 37, ftREAT QUEEN STREET. 
 
i^ 
 
 ■-S 
 
 t. 
 
 ^ 
 
 W 
 
 s 
 
 .a 
 
 -^ 
 
 K 
 
 V) 
 
 •§ 
 
 1 
 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 ce 
 
 «^ 
 
 
 < 
 
 K, 
 

.^. 
 
 
 D M 
 
 _ 'RATADAGO 
 f^^G/KARF.C 
 
 ^M-|L'LEC/XVV* 
 
 *• 
 
 —^ 
 
 . tWlll »u 
 
 
 jTLSC7ij3ttoTLs ond Scu/pturfi 
 
^' 
 
 *• 
 
l)IS 
 
 
 , 3 
 
 f\MlBVS 
 
 BALPINICLASSICI 
 
 anI 
 
 Fragnients of Fomhs, etc. 
 
 j.oyr. dui. 
 

••• )•. '*. ♦, » • • 
 
 t', 
 
 c/) 
 
 
 ZD 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 a. 
 O 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 (T 
 
 O 
 
 < 
 
 15 
 
 CD 
 
 O 
 
 
 M 
 
 o 
 
:ate V 
 
 # 
 
 In Sane. Hei^'hc 21 Inches. 
 
 DISCOVERED AT 3E\aS MARKS. CITY. 
 
 FWy.tirlioUdtirt . 
 
Plate 71. 
 
 2--'' 
 
 * ••••.• J *.• • •• 
 
 Fragments of Architecture &c. 
 
»* 
 
*J 
 
 ■tJ 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 s 
 
 5 
 
 ^ 
 
 ►^ 
 
 "« 
 
 •^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ti 
 
 •^ ■ 
 
 
 'ti 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 tc 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 2 
 
 V 
 
 •2 
 
 .Jt 
 
% 
 
 * ..#■■ 
 
Ftg. I. 
 
 PLATE V.1IL. 
 
 » • • • %• • • 
 
 »•».». *■. 
 
 Fu^.Y 
 
 TortiuK ufa.Tessellofedl'ni'emi'nliii f/ii' ivlhi 
 rfii liiiist- Af"li>jiii Bi'.i/i"/'Sfii'f/' Sfrrif Wif/it/i . 
 
 He.rtoreiJ vifw of flie Fiipirt .. 
 
 J' III :> 
 
 
 
 Fri'in /7i>;/iii/^- fiv.r/. tiujhXanc 
 
 •w 
 
 n) 
 
 ^■'■"l^il 
 
 /■'rem BlrotiifieJd Sfii-ef. Fiiishini . 
 
 Fi/j I'. 
 
 :0} ig; i(D 
 
 //■r//; f.tiniliflli Hill 
 
 Fig.r 
 
 Bomiui Arch lojidon M'all . 
 
 A/... 
 
 •~aat fff%iruiif{itir:sf frfLctuian^ApriLzS'^*^^: 
 
t'l.Al I'. I\ 
 
 FRAGMENT OP ROMAN TESSELLATED 
 
 DISCOVERED AT THE 
 UNDER THE FRENCH 
 
 
 PAVEMENT 
 
 DEPTH OF 14 FEET 
 PROTESTANT CHURCH 
 IJN THREADNEEDLE STREET, 
 
 APRIL 
 
 ^'^V? 
 
 
 • rjfturrmeUA^ 
 
PLATE X. 
 
 J.Basu-eUlh. 
 
 THE CENTRE OF /V ROMAN PAVEMET^T DISCOVERED IN THKEADNEEDLE STREET 
 
 UNDER THE 1,ATE ERENTCH CHURCH, 18 4-1 . 
 
PLATE XI. 
 
 
 :^;i;i;i;iji;a:ixi:i;:i;i;i:i;i:: 
 
 ^m 
 
 
 
 ^^OiH^i^fficci 
 
 JB<mr« Hdi- 
 
 ms. fz e o 
 
 l~rri I I I I I I M I 
 
 Ufieet 
 
 UOMAN TESSELLATED PAVEMENT 
 dzjooyered, under ffu Souffi ff&ff, angle of th^ Sank ofl!nffland,.L(mdmi,AntwI}(muju. I8VJ- 
 abmidZO feet we,ff> of (he ntstermosb gate of ^heJBank opening mtvIjodAnry aftd- at the 
 depdi of /i^iet hdt/wihe sarfhce of (hzUardv. 
 
I 
 
PLATE XII. 
 
 f i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1= 
 
 =4. 
 
 S^hit 
 
 oMtusrre ivtfv 
 
 HOMAN" TESSELIiAlT'^D FAVT'IAfENT. 
 
 cUsr/n-ered in Le^i/t^/iJiyi/^ tSO-ee^ . f^ond-^rv.in December ^(903. 
 
WiLlL I'alnUngs. 
 
Hull Paintings 
 

 
 V 
 
 \ 
 
 
 § 
 
 \ 
 
 I. 
 
 
s: 
 
 ss 
 
 • • • J • . • • •• 
 
 I 
 
 V 
 
 I 
 
 r 
 
 V, 
 

 •."'''iU'.'.i'i •'•. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 > 
 
 I' 
 
 II 
 
 V 
 
 I- 
 
 ^ 
 
 •-5 
 
I'i.A'l'F XVUI; 
 
 ■f* 
 
 Bron-z^, s^^ppa^ed i^ r^/?r^e?zlJi^ptd^r/mndm /^^/^^^VAV/..///-.^ '-'^v. 
 
 »iUu^ai ly M^ JXzrtSK ofTdnAsfiMnAf of' Lvndtmj^rH iSr^jSSS 
 
 -ff.Ma^tw. .<Y 
 
I 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 '^ 
 
 I 
 
 Si 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 
] HP 
 
 • •*.*• • • 
 
 • • V • •• 
 • • • • • • 
 
 • • • ••• . 
 
 • •• • •• • • • ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■6. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 5: 
 
 
TLATK XXI 
 
 •*'.*. ;'. ;. 
 
 ■\"..n'',\' 
 
 SimftAs 
 
 Btt?nzr^ Forceps found in, the BeJ />/' //u- T/Dtnifs, jft^o . 
 
 PahUjhfd. btf Ar Saar^ afjbUi^uariAr iff Lim/inn,Jpn'l tJ'^jdf^ . 
 
^i* 
 
 ^#' 
 
 '^^ #■ 
 
»»>• »*,* > 
 
 • ':''■'.'''.'■ ' '. 
 
 • » » • 
 
 Hate XEH 
 
 Weight, Statuettes, etc. 
 
 j.&yr (ttl. 
 
 
j ^S^kfe^JAUBy^^ fcfe^ 
 
 s; vi.tt.^.S'*' *-'5SS'S.S'S.S'lSS'Si£5!-®'5 
 
 Red GlcLzed Pottery. 
 
^PH^* 
 

 G 
 
 
 
 g^ \ 
 
 
 JMMMh 
 
 ^jj^y^M 
 
 mm 
 
 ~"=^ 
 
 ^*~>i 
 
 ?jrj) 
 
 F'W.F 
 
 Red. Glazed Pottery 
 
-W' 
 
•*. • •• • 
 
 • « • • • < 
 
 ( '^f * ' 
 
 li^ib-'j^' 
 
 •y':.:a>cAJUi^MMM^S^ 
 
 
 
 I'm!: 
 
 Red Glci:zed. Pottery 
 
Plate XX/: 
 
 J i , t * 
 
 FW.F. 
 
 Red, Glcuzed. Pottery 
 
Plate XXVin 
 
 F.W.F. 
 
 Red. Glazed Pottery 
 
M 
 
 m 
 
HateXXIZ 
 
 FW-jr. 
 
 Red Glazed. Pottery 
 

 Zampft. 
 
t" 
 
 i 
 
 (gmu 
 
 • 
 
 ^ 
 
 \ 
 
 \,. 
 
• • •*, • 
 
 ;:xxi 
 
 Glass. 
 
-ate XXXE; 
 
 F.W.F. 
 
 Personal Ornaments & Toilette Implements. 
 
Plate XXXr.' 
 
 Personal Ornaments &• t^fher- objects, 
 in Bone. 
 
m^ 
 
17 
 
 ' 
 
 (|ii={S^eesseo; 
 
 a^ 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 2C 
 
 a 
 
 Stylt. 
 
-m 
 
 m. 
 
• • •• • • 
 
 • • • • • 
 
 *" • • 
 
 • • • • •• , t • • • . • • 
 
 • • »•• • •••••••• •• • 
 
 0= 
 
 ...^TTTrpnrlftcrr^llis^rv [I?^-^»>^^ ^>^o>-s^ 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 -^,y„,^,^y,y^^^^^yy^^ ^^^^^^^^.^?r:';'7'7rm\::::r^yCl^'PP77^ 
 
 27 
 
 Impf (> merits. Plivs. etc. in. Bronze. 
 

 :\f^ 
 
■'Txrm. 
 
 8 
 
 o O O O ®o 
 
 
 FM.F 
 
 JCnives . Spoons, etc. 
 
Plate xnTirr 
 
 ScaZes, Weights, 6c Keys. 
 
riate a a m /, 
 
 > ', » ' » > » 
 
 I'.WJF- 
 
 Coins 
 
I 
 
 <l;*^" 
 
 ♦ 
 
 lii 
 
 f 
 
• • •♦ • • 
 
 
 ^>u 
 
 #^% 
 
 Coins. 
 
'<• 
 
 w 
 
 .M^. 
 
 i#- 
 
 -♦ 
 
 
 ■% 
 
 .MikiL 
 
 ^^Mj^ 
 
 m 
 
 ^Bk 
 
 ^iP 
 
 .4t 
 
 
 Up 
 
 ^TO^ 
 
 ^l& 
 
 *Wp 
 
 
LATELY PUBLISHED BY 
 
 The Editor and Printer of " Phillips's History of Shrewsbury;' ^r. 
 
 Prick One Guinea, in Four Volumes, ]2mo. illus- 
 trated with Original Engravings ; Tbe Select MUSEUM 
 OF THE WOULD ; or Encyclopaedia of the 
 Ct.'RiosiTiKS OF NnTURK AND Art : Comprising' upwards 
 of One Thousand descriptions of the most rare and 
 luagiiificent objects of the works of God and Man, 
 jwculiar to each Quarter of the Globe ; diligently 
 compiled from the most eminent published authorities, 
 and original sources ; prefaced bj' elucidntory observa- 
 tions, and inlerspersed with Narratives, Anecdotes, 
 Hints, and Kefiections. 
 
 The subjects being numerous, for convenience of 
 reference, in each volume, they are methodically ar- 
 ranged under the following heads : — 
 
 Ancient Cuim, Temples, and Ruins— Celebrated Moun- 
 tains — Volcanoes — Caverns and Grottoes — Rivers, Im/ccs 
 and Springs — Fossil Remains, and Indications of a For- 
 mer IVorld — Rare Animals and Vegetables — Sublime 
 fiews and Prospects — Palaces — Temples—Munumcnts 
 and Bridges— Prevailing Religions and Singular Cus- 
 toms — Rare Phenomena of Nature — Earthquakes, Plavues 
 
 did Storms — Mechanical Inventions and Discoveries 
 
 Men of Genius —Instances of Extraordinary Personal 
 
 Beauty — Individuals of Gigantic Stature, and Dwarfs 
 
 Instances of Human Longevity — Descriptions of several 
 Modern Cities of Eminence, including also, " Cklkstial 
 Musings, a Poetical Sketch of the Heavens," &c. 
 
 The ExtraorJinaries of each Quarter of the Globe 
 have^ Volume devoted to their description, &c. 
 
 Upwards of Two Hundred private testimonies in 
 favour of the work have been received from various 
 parts of the world ; and the following extracts will prove 
 it has not been deemed undeserving public attention : 
 
 " Tlie industrious compiler of this Miscellany beijan by pul) 
 lisliinsf a volume on Asia ill 1822; and since then lie lias added, as 
 a diligent employment of his time enabled him to produce tliein, a 
 volume on Africa, a volume on America, and now finally a volume 
 on Europe. Mr. Hulbert is also the printer of his own work at 
 Shrewsbury, and it resiUy does bim great credit in every respect. 
 From an immense variety of sources (some of tliem original) be has 
 collected p. very considerable mass of information of all kinds. XJis 
 publication may be advantageously put into tbe bands of youth ; it 
 will teach much that is useful, and leach notbinif that can be inju- 
 rious ; a praise of no mean value, as such books are too olten com- 
 posed. His own sentiments, wbere.ver they happen to he introduced 
 are sound and moral: but they are by no mean.- made so prominent 
 as to interfere with the prevailiuir entertaining as well as instructive 
 character of tbe Museum '^—I.iierary Gazette. 
 
 " We have already noticed, in terms of strong co.mmendation, 
 the three preceding works, by Mr. Ilulbert, similar to this — on Asia, 
 Africa, and America, and we have no hesitation in saying-, that the 
 Museum Kuropa!um, is entitled to still bii^her praise, taking as it 
 does, a somewiiat more ample view, and displaying the same good 
 taste and discrimination in the selection of subjects the most interest- 
 ing and diversified ; though the work is in a great degree a compila- 
 
 tion, yet it is not entirely so, many of the articles being whollv 
 original, and others considerably impro%-ed by tbe additiojis or cor- 
 rections of the editor. Xfce great difficulty in a work of this nature 
 IS to know what to select, and where to stop, for the field is so very 
 ample, that we scarcely expect to find the choicest antiquities, 
 curiosities, beauties, and varieties of nature and art in Europe 
 squeezed into ft volume of five hundred pages, yet this Mr. Ilulbert 
 has successfully aichieved."— //(Vp»«rv Ctironicle. 
 
 " In the volumes now under inspection, we have also an 
 author and a printer in the person of Mr. Hulbert of Shrewsburv, 
 and with pleasure, as well as justice, we add that he iias happiiv 
 succeeded in both cliaracters. As an author, his voIiibjcs partukc 
 ofspirit and varii ty ; and as a printer, the work is executed in k 
 manner honourable to himself, and creditable to the tyiKieranhv of 
 Great Britain. ' ji = i . 
 
 ■' In the first volume we find an account, historical and des- 
 criptive of nearly every place of nTjte, mentioned either in the sacred 
 writings or by profane authors, that lies within the confines of Asia. 
 The author also adverts to the memorials of departed ages that still 
 remain, and introduces us to an acquaintance with those extraordi- 
 nary characters, who.se shadows still march onward with time in the 
 page of history. The volumes partake of tlie same common -spirit, 
 and, TOinbined together, tiicv may not improperiy be denominated 
 " The Museum of the World." 
 
 " The descriptions in these vo!u. » are upwards of one 
 thou.sand in number, varying in length actcr-:, ,g to the number of 
 each subject, and the interest wbich it iscali-MiB 1 to excite. — We ate 
 not aware that any one has been drawn out t ; ai immodeiale exient, 
 so as to be rendered tedious to the reader, X.r. ihiUiert has had the 
 happy art to terminate his descriptions .is soon as his material.s 
 became exhausted. 
 
 " To such persons as have not the time and opportunitv (i> 
 examine larger works, these volumes will be found to contain a 
 valuable fun-d of information.''— //.(;;eri«.' ilugazine. 
 
 RELIGIONS OF BRITAIN ; or a View of its va- 
 rious Christian Denominations ,• the Tenets, Ceremonies, 
 *c. of the Ancient Druids : and the History of the Bri- 
 tish Church, from the earliest to tbe present period ; to 
 which are added the Doctrines and Customs of the 
 Greek, or Russian Church; a display of Paganism, Ju- 
 I daism, Mahometanism, Deism, tVc. "illustrated with a line 
 frontispiece and many portraits. Price 7s. Third Edition. 
 
 The advantage of a work of the above description must be ob- 
 vious to every reader. To know what were tbe opinions and rcligiou 
 of the Aborigines, or ancient inhabitants of this iskmd •, to have .some 
 knoivledge of the ecclesiastical, as well as of the civil and mihtiirv 
 history of our country ; to be able to converse on all, and with al! 
 Christian denominations, is not only desirable, but absolutely essen- 
 tial to the character of every Minister of the Gospel, and no less 
 important to every private individual who wishes to enjoy conversa- 
 tion on religious subjects, or to mingle in society with the intelligent 
 and the good. 
 
 " This appears to be a fair, candid, and explicit account of 
 tbe various "Christian Denominations'' of Biit.iiii. The History 
 of tbe Ancient Druids displays considerable research, and will", 
 doubtless, diminish the obloquy it has been with some too much tijc 
 fashion to CrtSt upon this early and persecuted people. The account 
 of the British Church is highly interesting and important, and our 
 heathen and heretical neighbours are treated with that liberality and 
 christian charity to which they are, perhaps, more entitled from 
 the sincerity of their faith than the correctness of tlieir opinions.'" 
 
I 
 
3 
 
•'^V« 
 
 RETURN TO the circulation desl< of any 
 University of California Library 
 or to the 
 NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 BIdg. 400, Richmond Field Station 
 University of California 
 Richmond, CA 94804-4698 
 
 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 
 
 • 2-month loans may be renewed by calling 
 (510)642-6753 
 
 • 1 -year loons may be recharged by bringing 
 books to NRLF 
 
 • Renewals and recharges may be made 4 
 days prior to due date. 
 
 DUE AS STAMPED BELOW 
 
 Mi^Y n 1 2001 
 
 ;'^'^^^ 
 
 m:n 
 
 AUG 2 8 2005 
 
 
 12,000(11/95) 
 
 ^!^r' 
 
 l^ft-^r^^^ 
 
 4r-5. 
 
 #^^.' 
 
 ' ,^WJ A^ 
 

 
 
 - ? 302406 
 
 _^-£i 
 
 
 v^r-r 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 ii ^~:? 
 
 .r%K 
 
 ^ ^^f^:/^f-'^- 
 
 
 ^v^v^;"; 
 
 .. ->v 
 
 
 yr 
 
 
 t<^ . ^\ 
 
 ■r<^ 
 
 rr 
 
 A^^^rv- 
 
 
 •Sv^'-ii 
 
 K^.:5