A A ! 4 | 8 ; o ill illjjjijjijhjjj I 11 mimi 1! wyMIv. I i j 111 Hiii iii ! mm wami IfOKTHA INSTRUCT lilllBI lilip P 1111 " nr THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES ><-• *. 0. BAUH %v. 6uA^^4-^iT^ r Boyd Shorthand IS A System of Shorthand in which Characters Represent Syllables This System Greatly Simplifies the Science. It may be learned in one-fifth of the time required for other systems. by Robert Boyd, B. A. (University of Toronto) BOYD SHORTHAND SCHOOL. . CHICAGO, ILL. LONDON BUSINESS COLLEGE. . . LONDON, ENG Copyright, 1901, by Robert Boyd. Copyright, 1912, by Robert Boyd. Copyrighted in the United States, British Em- pire, Germany, France, Spain, Italy and Japan. » t V * I * 61 BOYD SHORTHAND PREFACE In recommending the Boyd System of Short- hand to the public, we wish to call your attention to the fact that we are introducing a system which has revolutionized the art of shorthand writing in the phenomenally short time it has been in existence. Ever since the days of Socrates, men have struggled to produce some system of recording words that would be so easilv and accuratelv written, as to enable the writer to reproduce the 'mpassioned eloquence of the world's great ora- tors and the technical language of the busy pro- fessional and commercial world. The history of shorthand has come down to us through the ages, coupled with the names of men prominent in the world of literature, who by invention or improve- ment have sought to solve the mystery of quick writing. The Boyd Shorthand is based on a principle which is entirely different from any other system. It is a system which makes characters represent syllables rather than single letters. The advan- tage of this will at once appeal to the thinking critic of shorthand systems. Tn every way Ihe Bystem is logical and unique. There is no other like it. Tl has so many new features thai H can- >- Be 10 g 452- 8 PREFACE not be compared with what we call the old sys- tems. It belongs to "The Higher Education" in the front rank of better methods which modern invention and study are bringing forth. It has torn away the veil of mystery which has hitherto enveloped shorthand and has made the study clear and easy. It produces clear headed and confident writers who are not weighted clown with a burden of rules with their necessary exceptions. In fact this system is what the writing world has been waiting for, and when you have examined the principle upon which it is founded, you will won der why the principle was never before utilized for a system of writing. The advent of this system is opportune, as stenographers are in greater demand today than they ever were, owing to the fact that men in all lines of business demand that their correspond- ence be typewritten, thus obviating the serious annoyance and delay occasioned by illegible hand- writing. Wm. J. Morast. B. 0. BAKER CONTENTS hkli '"W PAGE Introduction 11 Five Vowel Characters 21 Four Consonant Characters 23 General Review 25 Monosyllables Ending in Vowels 39 Abbreviations 42 Phrases 43 Business Letters 46 Word Groups 73 Reading Exercises 79 INTRODUCTION Every sound and letter in the English language is clearly and exactly differentiated in this system of shorthand which is based on the syllable. It is no more applicable to one line of business than to another, but applies with equal facility to all words common or technical. "Writing is an imita- tion of printing, and in printing a syllable is a definite mark which admits of no variation. To base a system of shorthand on the syllable seems to be the most natural method in the production of a complete and scientific representation of words by signs. A syllable, according to its derivation from two Greek words, means the union of two or more letters in one sound. Our words, for the purpose of clearness in spelling and pronunciation, are divided into syllables. The old notion obtained that the number of syllables in our language was very great, even tens of thousands, but this belief is a mistake. It is possible to form tens of thou- sanda of syllables from the alphabet, but many of these syllables arc difficult to pronounce and very unpleasing to the ear. The natural instincts of the human race chose only the most euphonious, .UK I these are 112 in number, and of this number about fifty are rarely used. Then- is really nothing wonderful in the fact that the number of syllables in our language is noi large. !><> not the ten figures, viz., 1234567890, build up nil problems in arithmetic and the highei mathematics so extensive thai no person has ever 12 INTRODUCTION reached the outer limits. The wonder is there are so many syllables, and it may interest the reader to know that about thirty-five syllables build up about three-fourths of all words in the language. The proposal to employ characters to represent syllables at first suggests the thought that this involves the use of a vast number of characters, but nine characters arranged in different rela- tions are sufficient to obtain the differentiation of each syllable. The characters are so arranged that when the student learns sixteen syllables he practically knows eighty. This explains how in one month the average person may attain a speed of 100 words a minute, and this speed by subse- quent practice, can be extended to 200 words a minute, and the writing is read as easily as longhand. The art of writing, from a universal standpoint, has undergone no appreciable change by way of speed or legibility through the course of its his- tory from its earliest records. The twenty-six characters known as the alphabet in our language had their origin in the ancient Hebrew or Semitic language, which was made up of characters re- sembling shapes of various objects in nature. In those ancient days when thought was recorded upon skins of animals, papyrus, barks of trees and blocks of wood or stone, and when commerce had necessitated no extensive correspondence, brevity in writing was a small consideration. Present conditions, dependent upon a highly de- veloped commerce, have produced new demands INTRODUCTION 13 in chirography, and our slow and irritating proc- ess of committing thought to paper suggests modification. This system of shorthand was invented for the purpose of displacing the old cumbersome method of writing or printing. The fact that the short- hand may be read up side down almost as readily as in the ordinary manner is evidence that it is more legible than longhand which cannot be read with ease in this direction. Besides many of the distinctions in longhand are more delicate than any in this shorthand. In longhand it may be noted how the u resembles an n, the only differ- ence between iv and w is a small dot, the a is often made like an o, the q like a g and the b like an 1. This system of shorthand having no such fine distinctions is admirably adapted for taking lec- tures or private notes, or for correspondence be- tween parties who know the system. For print- ing purposes it would eliminate much of the labor now expended, as one character would take in a number of letters instead of only one letter. Furthermore, the printing would be much more artistic, and there would be no haziness in the reading. Any shorthand system which is based on the single letter principle may be traced back into other centuries. John Byrom, at Manchester, England, in the year 17G7, published a boot in shorthand where he grouped the letters according to their affinity of sound, sik-1i as p and b, 1 and d, k and g, f and v, e and z, no and n and so forth. I quote from his posthumous edition published in 14 INTRODUCTION the year 1823, page 3, as follows : ' ' The next con- sonant is f or v, the latter being represented" by the same marking as f by making the stroke a little thicker." The other letters are treated in a similar manner, and the student of the old method today will notice how extensively this arrangement has been copied, and that the pre- tension that such a system where characters rep- resent single letters is original and modern is not supported by the evidence, and a would-be author shows little honor and respect for the labors which others endured many generations ago, when he represents such a system as his own product. To make a few insignificant changes in a short- hand system, and then claim to be the originator of the system, would be the same as changing a few bolts and washers on a fast engine and then claim to be the inventor of the engine. Charac- ters which represent syllables belong to the mod- ern education, and are not copied from the old barbarous complications. It may be the opinion of the casual observer who has not had special experience in bringing about important reforms in writing, that all that is necessary is to announce the news to those who are interested and immediately the new and bet- ter is adopted and the old discarded. "While this is true in regard to those who are progressive and desire to encourage advancement, it is not true in regard to a large part of the people who appear to be unable to investigate for themselves, and are exploited by unscrupulous people into study- ing shorthand for six months, or as long as they INTKODUCTION 15 can keep them, because the longer the time the more profit for the school. Charity is a thing unknown with some people, and the student is regarded as so much capital or stock dependent upon the supply and demand at the auction mar- ket. A notion that the ability to inveigle is an evidence of cleverness is intolerable. It requires great skill to pursue a straight course, while only weakness is necessary to follow a crooked one. Others are actuated by a superstitious notion that the new and better will destroy their means of support which they gain from the old. It is a strange indictment of the selfishness of the heart of man to be obliged to confess that the old method, with the failures and disappointments which have marked its trail, should have to be driven out after a conflict at the point of the sword. But with the evil there also exists the good in a larger measure, and the multitude of progressive people who believe in honor as well as profit, and who are opposed to enslaving the innocenl into studying shorthand for a much longer term than is necessary deserve much credit for the good the system has done in alleviating the toil of the learner. These people are the safe- guard of truth and righteousness, and upon them we depend for the stability of our civilization. The influence of these promoters of advancement will continue to grow wiili increasing numbers until the system finds its proper place in the world of writing. Robert Boyd. BOYD SHORTHAND 17 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BOYD SHORT- HAND SYSTEM. 1. It is a natural and scientific system based on the syllable, and has system, simplicity, legi- bility, brevity and speed. 2. The number of angles is minimized. 3. Each word is a complete line. 4. The differentiations are not delicate but distinct. 5. It has only nine characters and three rules. 6. Backhand movements are not necessary in the writing. 7. Syllables occurring most frequently are rep- resented by the most easily formed characters. s . < lharacters are free from the restrictions of copy lines. 9. No shading or dots are necessary in the formation of characters. 1 8 BOYD SHORTHAND DIRECTIONS FOR STUDY. 1. In the beginning of the study aim at accu- racy, rather than speed. 2. The size of the characters should be about the same as in the Instructor. 3. Thoroughly master the "a" group of sylla- bles before proceeding to the others, as this is the basis of all the five vowel groups. BOYD SHORTHAND 19 SYLLABLES IN A. Note that characters represent syllables. The «t i ^ iai character for the sylla- asi - h r- — uan ble at is first made down- ar | | af ward with a short ac | | ad , straight line and then to ^//C v -" L ^\ g the right with a longer awA \\^ z straight line, forming a < ay am > right angle as shown in the accompanying design. The shorter part is one-third the length of the longer part. The let- ters a and t are not represented separately, but the character as a whole stands for the syllable as a whole. The character for the syllable as is first made upward, and then to the right. The character for the syllable al is first made to the right and then upward, and the character for the syllable an is made to the righl and then downward. Each character is made with a continuous movement, and all are relatively the same size. The characters for the syllables ar, af, ac and ad are made downward in a vertical direction. Characters representing the syllables ap, av, aw and ay are made upward in a slanting direction at an c angle of forty five degrees. The characters for the sj llables ab, ag, am and a& are made down ward, 3lanting al an angle of forty five degree ^0 BOYD SHORTHAND WHEN YOU LEARN SIXTEEN SYLLABLES YOU KNOW EIGHTY. NOTE that the groups A, E, I, and U resem- ble one another, and that the consonants or last letters in them all are the same. When the A group is thoroughly understood all that is neces- sary is to change the a to an e in the E group, to an i in the I group, to an o in the group and to a u in the U group. It follows that by learning the sixteen syllables in the A group the remaining vowel groups are known or eighty syllables in all. The character for the E syllable is made up of a straight line with a hook at the end of the line. In the I character the angle is acute at an angle of forty-five degrees, and the outline may be made by tracing the side and diagonal of a square. In the group the character is a straight line with a loop at the end. The U character is a curve with a hook inclined inwardly at the end. In the I group the syllables it, is, in and im are very frequent in occurrence. For this reason these four syllables are represented by very easily formed outlines. The characters are all made from a small circle. It is the left half, is is the right half, in is the upper half and im is the lower half. BOYD SHORTHAND 2*. FIVE VOWEL CHARACTERS at I as I -4 Jal lain ar af uw \ ac ad d P., od b c^ \OZ ornVp '*C Ail is") r\ m \r % ic IW/ l//iy if im^J iz ut <^_ ^ v p ul us. (bl fr; re are half circles, the same size as that for it, but are v ^ made in an oblique direction. Bl and br are made upward, and fr and re are made down- ward. A curve expressed by one- 7 '"fT* quarter of a circle represents f cX ^ sP eight syllables. It is differen- ^ / dated from llie in character in (pi f — pr) two ways: I. // is a curv and x . . . /_ trans in is a Bemicircle; 2. // is twice i sp " ch y the length of in. In the learn- • s t ing of these syllables it is well to draw the Jl first, righl move- 24 BOYD SHORTHAND ment. Then st is drawn to the right. Pr and pi are made downward. From this arrangement the other characters are more easily placed in proper relation. CI and ch are made upward, and si and sp are made downward. The characters which were displaced in the 7 group by it, is, in and im are used for ex, ox, qu and ix. The syllable iw does not occur in the lan- guage, and the character is used to represent for. The syllable iy does not occur in the language and the character is used to express trans. The remaining crQ. dr(5T \ gi- ro _9 ax M ux contr sw V /ant so\ xdrcum sm\V) character cr admits of sixteen differentia- tions, and therefore follows the same or- der as the vowel groups. It is made up of a double hook, but the line does not touch itself. It is used in writing the following: gl, ux, contr, tr, ant, sw, sn circum. Write all the vowel groups one after the other, then the four consonant groups. These are all the characters in the system, and they differenti- ate all the syllables in the language. cr, dr, ax, ly, gr, sc, snp, sm and BOYD SHORTHAND 25 GENERAL REVIEW Characters 1 I 2C atL asr Jal Ian th 3 Z 4-C^ 5 ^. „ 6<2 7 s — "N 8 r\ 9 ap ar ac af ad to sh. v wh av "^ etc esC J) el ep n er ec "Den u ef ed u ev ew eg eb ez ey em otC^ Oo\ OSC7 - — XDon ow or oc oPX/n 6 b r\\°8 of od ov ob oy 'cl fl om si IX (- /ex i/fo \ ox qu / £ trans sp ch . st . prj ag ab am az (bl f7) (Ye br) _Xil Is) r>> in ir if ip ic V IW/ IV ^ s lm v^ iz oz uw UtCi_^ v PU1 ustf n <-" ^un ur) (uf n uc) [ud /uv ub uy cr(2^ uz um _9 ax dr 6^ UP a nt sc\ vdrcum smVO BOYD SHORTHAND 27 RULES In this system of shorthand there are only- three simple rules, logical and complete in their use. The first pertains to the joining of char- acters, the second deals with single letters and the third relates to twelve forms of words where the vowels come after the consonants. It is advis- able to thoroughly understand each rule before proceeding to the following one. RULE I. In the joining of characters movement tends to the right upward or downward as convenience permits. 28 BOYD SHORTHAND EXERCISES IN RULE I. Exercise i Practise the following- exercise which shows how characters are joined in forming words: ) \^ J speech y J than ( purple n f* & — close IT r\ inch -| plan L ~) refer ^ i state — C7 — those — — } then -15- / c ^- shot ?~~ D -~- \ floor ^h BOYD SHORTHAND 29 Exercise 2. Practise the following words in shorthand: state then speech floor w ^ than refer — ' ^ honor Friday store spell span stood stove this — ) plot steep Exercise 3. Write the shorthand for the following words: plan shot those store clock Moor close than state open shop sheep usual even this spell plan thoug u those shot " /- shop close / /o- clan clock a sheep flood y 1 freight prob 30 BOYD SHORTHAND When the syllable th is used alone it represents the word the. Note that the word our is expressed by the syllable ur.J Exercise 4. i C D - - ^\ 2 ^ 3 -r> 9- 3 r^ • •>/ -G--D n 3 ^o H t)/ 1 BOYD SHORTHAND 31 Exercise 4 Transcribed. 1. It is on the floor. 2. The shop is on 9th St. 3. In all probability it is in the store. 4. The stoves are at the station on 5th Av. 5. Our shop on Union Av. is closed this evening as usual. BOYD SHORTHAND 33 RULE II. This rule deals with single letters when they do not form parts of syllables. CONSONANTS : Of the five characters used in the five vowel groups the second character or E syllable is the most easily written. Therefore the E syllable is taken as a basis of the character for the consonants. When the character for each syllable in the E group is reduced one-half size it represents the corresponding consonant of that syllable. For example, t is written one-half the size of et, s is written one-half the size of es, and so on for all the consonants of this group. The characters for these letters need not neces- sarily be one-half size, but may be written as -mall as possible. The consideration is that they be distinct. This rule embraces sixteen consonants, and they are all made from the E group. There ia no halv- ing in any of the other vowel groups. ctC C_ _-£j c | es (.< — — . ) en C JI5 34 BOYD SHORTHAND VOWELS AND SPECIAL CONSONANTS. 5 Special Consonants I h 5 Vowels c a £ e D i S em \ o — bought r \i t date 36 BOYD SHORTHAND The word and is abbreviated to an, correspond- ence to c-or and affairs to a-fr-s. Exercise 2 3— -e -^ ^- — ^J\ ^> ~ <^f s /^ 1 10 v . 5 — -€» y >- — «j i — -e ^-l ~« — 31 1 4— P v^> BOYD SHOETHAND 37 Exercise 2 Transcribed. 1. The gem is on the floor. 2. It is probable the boy is at the station. 3. The old man bought the store on the corner of 5th Av. and 10th St. 4. All our business affairs are transacted promptly and satisfactorily. 5. The little boy brought the correspondence to the old man on the 3rd or 4th of November. / 45 BOYD SHORTHAND 39 EXILE III. The following monosyllabic words, where the vowel comes after the consonant, are represented by the characters of the E group written in the regular way, and the first letter determines the syllable used. For example, in the words be or by the first letter is b, therefore it is the eb syllable that is used. In the word do the first letter is d, therefore the ed syllable is used, and so on for all of the words. Note that they are all made from the E group. The list is arranged alphabetically. <\ be by — D no know \j do due C — so see fee C — fie r via <\ go /> D lie \y we \ me my / you Be and by are written with the same character, bul the context will readily show which of the word- the character represents. The halving is in the second rule only. In the third rule the characters are written full size. Tin- word you is written with the ey character, but the letter ii which is never used alone is written with the ew character. The ey character for the word yon should not be used for the letter //. 40 BOYD SHOETHAND Note that will is abbreviated to il, with to w and from to jr. Exercise. 1— 7 /g- * c/ ^ | "1 0/ ^ ^= r— c^ ^ 1 O D .8 //~l ^-^ BOYD SHORTHAND 41 Exercise Transcribed. 1. We do see you. 2. The old man bought my shop. 3. You will go with me to see the show this evening at 7 o'clock. 4. We hope to hear from you as seon as- possible in regard to our correspondence. 5. Our store is lit by electricity generated at the power station on East Vine St. 42 BOYD SHORTHAND ABBREVIATIONS It is a general principle in writing that a greater speed may be obtained by shortening a word. In ■ abbreviating opportunity is given for the exercise of individual judgment in some words. The word manufacturing may be written manuf, mnfg or mfr. It is well to choose that form which will ex- press the best outline in shorthand. A form dif- ferent from that found in the word itself may be used, such as, oz for ounce and no for number. The usage which obtains in ordinary practice is to abbreviate by syllables rather than by letters, for instance, exam for examination. This system of shorthand being based on the syllable, follows the natural method of shortening words as prac- tised in ordinary writing, thus obviating the neces- sity of learning special contractions or long lists of word signs. The most frequent method of abbreviating is the selection of the first or first two syllables of the word. It may be noted that an abbreviated word may have various relations, and the forms being dif- ferent parts of speech are readily distinguished. For example, prob may mean probable or proba- bility. In the sentence, It is prob it would be probable, while in the phrase in all prob it would be probability. BOYD SHORTHAND 43 PHRASES Phrasing is the joining of two or more words which come together frequently in groups. In a long phrase it may be necessary to represent only the most prominent words, such as, we receipt letter for ice are in receipt of your letter. It may be noted that in every business certain combina- tions of words peculiar to the trade are very fre- quent in occurrence, and advantage may be taken of this to form special phrases. It appears that Hie lifting of the hand in writing retards speed, and in so far as words are combined in groups to thai extenl will speed be facilitated. All words may be written together, but if phrasing were carried too far there might be dif- ficulty in separating the words in transcribing. It is well to combine words as much as possible so long as the reading is distinct. 44 BOYD SHORTHAND EXERCISE. have av reply re pi your y inquiry in qu that double th institution in st it which y 2 wh what V2 wh situated s it part pr ty same as y city c ty thoroughly th or o ample am pi X \ \ ) con, com, come \y special mark accommodation a com people p pi inclosed in cl os catalog c at find f in d further fr th V ? h information in for receive re c immediate im ed M attention at en sh X yours y \ true tr u \ truth tr th £ £. BOYD SHORTHAND 45 PHRASES. it is is it by the this is is the this is the we have to your in reply up to O ~3 ~~i refer to to the we refer i_ C/<-) you refer to cO of the will l)e in the L _i\ we hope ^ \\c hope 1o /| k to 1m 46 BOYD SHORTHAND BUSINESS LETTERS *. O ~\ -L — i r- ^ v / 3o ° 6 BOYD SHORTHAND 47 Dear Sir: We have the honor to state, in reply to your inquiry of the 4th inst . , that the institution which you refer to is situated in the best part of the city. It is thoroughly up to date, and has ample accommodation for 300 people. In the inclosed catalog you will find further information which we hope will be satisfactory. All inquiries will receive our immediate attention. We have the honor to be, Yours truly. 48 BOYD SHORTHAND EXERCISE ent special mark gentlemen g ent ay same as a conversation con v er day d a proposition pr op rent r ent office of ic wish w sh confer con fr agent ag t regard re g matter m tr beg b eg able bl unable un bl A V\ c b ? > r accept ac ep offer of er reason re s on already al re however ow ev tenant t en assist as st far f ar may m a made m make m can c under un d er present pr es circumstances circum st soon s on J c— O BOYD SHORTHAND 49 in regard ^ we wish in reference Lr^ RASES. to hear may be be able v, <\r> may be able "Sv^ we may c/*> il may be Q^ we r-an can do t from you h hear from you ^/ to hear from you have you in our I am so far at the at an s 50 BOYD SHORTHAND " ) S_ ^ L_ > -i ^ £ |/ ij-^> — i- -— 1— ■ o BOYD SHORTHAND 53 PHRASES we regret you regret we have not bill of lading v time to time ^aj from time to time we had from your I have very host Xo "D 109 <^ 12 v^ rv -^ ) J^ \- S L n i ^ f ^ — V ^T s 'V BOYD SHORTHAND 59 Gentlemen: In reply to your letter of the 17th inst., we would say that the party you mention is doing business at No. 109 West 12th St. in this city. We regret very much that when we wrote you in regard to the financial standing of the firm of W. G. Hope & Co., we did not receive an immediate reply. We have had an opportunity to do considerable business with this firm, but we do not wish to enter into business relations with them without being amply secured. Trusting that we have not inconvenienced you in the matter, we beg to remain. Very respectfully yours, 60 BOYD SHORTHAND EXERCISE oi (same as oy) / point p oy y about ab /\ whole ol n while (double wh) call cl thing th g take t just j st was os ask sk or sc also (al blends with so) should i/o sh shall sh she sh receipt re r \ / / / C been b sell si though th o credit cr fill fl file fl separate sp seem sm same sm advise v is cancel c cl cause c os now n some ora self si apply pi t J- \ ( BOYD SHORTHAND 61 PHRASES has been have been should you should you not should we T should */ s we are >f in receipt of ^ v — your letter any time from tlicni in receipl 1. X at your thank you we are in receipt valued favor as soon as we shall shall be be pleased shall be pleased r past favor 5LS^ o^ ^ I o ^ 62 BOYD SHORTHAND ^ - -— \> \ j - < -1 ^ — |_ Q_, lr ^ 1 — c ^- ~ Y ^ l~ J~l -e_ BOYD SHORTHAND 03 My Dear Sir: In our Association at South Point there are about one thousand members who carry on a large wholesale business in hard and soft coal. We are informed that you are supplying the Northern Elec- tric Co. with soft coal for manufacturing purposes. We are further informed that this company is furnish- ing a part of this coal to their employees and others. We wish to call your attention to the fact that, under the present circumstances, this is against the rules of the Association, and we hope that you will take immediate steps to relieve the situation which is becoming almost intolerable to the retail dealers at South Point. Kindly let us hear from you at your earliest convenience in reference to the matter and oblige. Respectfully yours. ai BOYD SHORTHAND ^ 1 ^ \ T> H 14 I 1 \ o u a ^ «-uJ A ^_ J.-o- ^)\ / A c^" < ^ 1 J x« < ^ • > A r ■ _. - j J - > J cX c_ /> .; My Dear Friend Allen: On the 9th inst. we mailed you an order for goods as follows: 12 gross No. 6 patent penholders 3 gal. axel oil 1 box refined soap 4 doz. lead-pencils » 5 brl. flour (xxx) Awaiting your reply, we are, Yours cordially, Dear Miss Jcn3s: In reply to your favor of the 2nd inst. we have pleasure in sending you, under separate cover, a copy of our latest catalog. From the prices marked we will make you a discount of 7 1/2. , and an additional dis- count of 2/ for cash in ten days. Very respectfully yours, 70 BOYD SHOKTHAND LONG AND SHORT VOWELS It may be observed that the letter i in the word win is short in sound, and that when it becomes long the word wine is formed, the e showing that the preceding vowel is long. Other words are man and mane, sit and site, mit and mite (might) and so forth. In shorthand the long vowel is dis- tinguished by a short horizontal line near the syl- labic character which is long in sound. In ordi- nary writing it is not always necessary to show the long vowel as the meaning may be inferred from the sense, but in writing a list of words it would be necessary to show the distinction. BOYD SHOKTHAND 71 SPECIAL MARKINGS There are a few special markings where various contrivances are used, and one way appears to be as good as another. To express a capital letter a line or two lines may be drawn under the short- hand word. A dollar sign may be expressed by a dot above the figure or between the dollars and the cents. A paragraph may be represented by an x or two short lines parallel and close together, or by a new line with a space at the beginning as in ordinary printing. The word thousand may be expressed by th and the word million by m when they come after figures. WORD GROUPS AND REVIEW EXERCISES 74 BOYD SHORTHAND A 5 >> 10 ex [ 159- \ t I C - D r- X -^r '-jt k 2 r 20 r t t_ ) . > C T %, ) ( ( 3 =1 T -o I \ f 1, -V I I/ r c, BOYD SHORTHAND 75 ent ant bay day gay hay lay delay 5 may nay pay payable payment paid non-payment unpaid prepaid ray 10 say way play stay gray dray away each such much 15 cannot cancel which what they them made make want went 20 took taken able unable ability inability did done would could let lot • near nor mere more ever over self myself ourselves himself herself yourself itself themselves selfish self- control word work worth unworthy trustworthy worthless worse world worry worn part particular party parties apply application law lawsuit jury perjury judge judgment act action promise premise walk talk enough tough prior period caution precaut- ion concern concess- ion though through whole while meanwhile to-day to-night to-mor- row together toward half often advise advantage advance return said aforesaid 76 BOYD SHORTHAND ~^ K TT c 1 10 V^ 15 l/ 20 ^"L IT A/ °-3 7 D i. i V 7 y) ; "V \A u 3-' in L if IsljO -b "7 ^ 1 ft \ t-6- L BOYD SHORTHAND 77 no know known know- ledge nothing ack- nowledge nobody notion 5 hence hence- forth once twice announce bet- ween couple double troul le lost 10 most co=t true issue sue clue tuition ruin ensue pursue 15 joy enjoy point choice appoint toil soil coil void avoid 20 noted notice occasion auct- ion co-operation co-partner hither hitherto therefore there- of book book-keeper strict instruct neglect -salary duplicate cont- ents due duly estate establish list lest least charge during durable signature rec- ommend behind prohibit hath rush view review escape engage thing anything something anyone facility object defer differ difficult def- inite defendant desire nevertheless whatsoever "'hatever somewhat contract contrary control controv- ersy country counter- feit count county council counsel transit transfer transform trans- late end endeavor rend render endure endorse prove approve appropriate approximate apprise appear rely reliance READING EXERCISES BOYD SHORTHAND 81 1 1 ll^ K « T V^ i_ <^- v>h <^ BOYD SHOETHAND 80 — i Vn U ( ,/ \ yi ^ ^ ^ -° V ^ ^ ^ L J'- *3 ~T • -* i- a ^-^ «/ — ^ 2^. 84 BOYD SHORTHAND S ^ X I "3- ^ *| — . ^ ■- i\ J- ^ * ^ - k c- ^ •L v- . -» ^ H- * \ ^ -«] - J f ^ i_ — I ^ -7 I 5 J 80 BOYD SHOR'IHAND \ t- — J n/ ^ -n -n O c -p- [ -\ ^ ^ ^ _^-° -^ H_. — l/ ^ V_ >/\ c\^ I c^ -^ BOYD SHORTHAND 87 r\ T2_ I- O- — <~| 1;- ^-^^ ) j I ^1 , — °\ f \ 2 /^ n j r 1 I, 9 BOYD PUBLICATIONS. BOYD SHORTHAND INSTRUCTOR $1.50 This book fully expresses all the principles of the system, and gives exercises in the use of the same. BOYD SHORTHAND DICTIONARY $1.00 About 2,500 of the most commonly used words in the language are expressed in shorthand. BOYD LETTER WRITER $1.00 To attain the highest efficiency in shorthand, it is necessary that a large number of business letters and miscellaneous matter be practiced from dictation. The shorthand reading exercises in the Instructor are transcribed in this book. A number of legal forms are given such as "Articles of Co-partnership," and a specimen of court reporting. The rules for capital letters and punctuation are fully set forth. BOYD SHORTHAND JOURNAL $0.50 V - Ou ,v^ ) ^ -Ceo ■- \ \ "xTv\ \ ^ ) "^ / o n ""r /* ~ : ■ ■ c/ - -e^ ^v ~ \^- UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. JAW 1 8 19CG NOV 211961 * Form L9-25w-9,'-17(A5618)444 UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA AT UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY II III II AA 000 482 950 3