UC-NRLF $]) 37 DS7 -it\ ■k ^^ ALIFORNIA Y COLLEu^ - . ..^ULTURE DAVIS / ^-^c^-^^i^^i-^v-^cyj^c/ 10 . 7 Prprfy of the Division of Agronomy ^09 Hiigard Hall UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA UERARY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE DAVIS A- Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/clydesdalefloradOOhennrich THE Clydesdale Flora: A DESCRIPTION OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF THE GLIDE DISTRICT, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL ORDERS, WITH A GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND DIAGRAMS. BY THE LATE ROGER KENNEDY, LECTURER ON BOTANY IN- THE ANDERSONIAN UNIVERSITY,' GLASGOW. APPENDIX BY PROFESSOR R. H. PATERSON. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH BY WILLIAM SIMPSON, ESQ., F.R.G.S, IN MEMORIAM EDITION, REVISED. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE DAViS GLASGOW: HUGH HOPKINS, 86 REN FIELD STREET. 187 8. BIOLOGY LIBRARY G MAIN lUrrt^RXrf ^^«rrt&f«flF DErr. GLASGOW: PRINTED BY ROBERT ANDEUsON, 22 ANN STREET. WALTER CRUM, ESQ., F.R.S., WHOSE INTEREST IN THE DIFFUSION OF POPULAR SCIENCE IS SO WELL KNOWN, "THE CLYDESDALE FLORA" IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY HIS OBLIGED SERVANT, THE AUTHOR. (ii.ASGOw, Map, ]86r). 3 G^^^S" INTBODUGTION. Thts work was undertaken at the request of some Members of the Committee of the Popular Evening Classes, to supply a deficiency and obviate a source of regret which had long been felt, that no Field-Book existed giving descriptions of the Wild Flowers growing in the vicinity of Glasgow, which might be useful as a Text-Book, and at the same time so moderate in price as to meet the wants of all the Students who attend the Popular Botanical Classes in Anderson's University. The responsibility and risk of bringing out such a work seemed to forbid the attempt being made ; but on this becoming known to Walter Crum, Esq. , President of the Institution, he gener- ously offered to aid in its publication; therefore, to this gentleman, and also to William Euing, James Young, R. S. Cunliffe, and Michael Connal, Esquires, for their personal sympathy and pecuniary assistance, the appearance of this work is due ; and the Author tenders his sincere thanks to them, for himself, and also for the young men, Students in these Classes. It is hoped that this Flora will be the means of stimulating and diffusing a taste for the study of Botany amongst those young Naturalists who are devoting a portion of their leisure hours in making acquaintance with the pure and beautiful in Nature. In drawing up descriptions for a Flora such as the present, per- manent characters are apt to be overlooked, and those taken which are trifling, or produced by merely local circumstances; to prevent this, it has been found necessary to compare the descriptions given in our best works with the plants themselves, and to choose and adopt the terms most suitable to the purpose, preferring where possible those most simple; but it is not to be considered that this work is put forward as original, — it is given only as a compilation. The "British Flora," from the excellence of its arrangement, has been adopted as a standard in the following pages, and the VI INTRODUCTION. Author has to acknowledge the obligation which is due to Sir William J. Hooker, and Dr. Walker- Arnott for the use he has made of their invaluable work; the names given in it are followed, thus preserving unity in our nomenclature, so that when the Student advances in the Science he will find but little to alter in his course of study. The term "Clydesdale," as used in the title, was that chosen by a Society brought together by the late Mr. William Gourlie, and this opportunity is gladly embraced to express a sense of his worth as a gentleman, who was the soul of the Glasgow Naturalists — ever ready to soothe and soften by his charitable disposition the asperities of our nature, and to lighten by his kindliness the dull stream of existence. This Society contemplated the collec- tion of the objects of Natural History belonging to the district, and the recording of their localities. The present work may be taken as a portion of the subject then proposed, confident that the gentlemen then associated will kindly overlook the deficiencies of this attempt. The district comprehended in this Flora embraces the valley of the Glyde from the falls above Lanark on the East, to the Islands of Cumbrae, Bute, and Arran on the West ; the Northern boundary being the Campsie and Kilpatrick ranges, following the sinuosities of the lovely Lochs on the Northern shores of the Firth. The Southern boundary includes the hills above Hamilton, Calderwood Glen, Cathkin, and Gleniffer Braes, the hills above Greenock, Inverkip, and Largs, ending at Port-Crawford. From numerous localities those of easy access have been chosen, where the Student on a Saturday evening, away from the busy haunts of man, can seek the lonely dell — " Where the Bhie-bell and Gowan lurk lowly unseen." The visitant to our watering-places will find the term ''Gourock to Arran," denoting the plant as found generally at all the water- ing-places on the Firth. To have noted the precise spot for each, with several stations, would have left no room for description; it is therefore hoped that sufficient has been given to enable the diligent student of Nature to find the plants recorded. In 1813 the ''Flora Glottiana" appeared, by Thomas Hopkirk of Dalbeth, the founder of our Botanic Garden, and in 1831, INTRODUCTION. VU ''Patrick's Indigenous Plants of Lanarkshire." From these two works localities are frequently quoted ; but owing to the many changes taking place in the vicinity of such a city as Glasgow, many of the stations aro destroyed or converted into building ground. However, a good number are still in existence, as recorded in these w^orks; further, they have been used principally to keep in mind our early workers, so that their names may not pass away without due recognition of their services. There are also quota- tions from ' ' The History of Rutherglen and East Kilbride " 1793), the work of that most remarkable man, David Ure, A.M. — a book now becoming highly prized. Mr, John Gray has lately published an excellent Biographical Memoir of the author, including a critique on his work, in which may be found a list of the plants which Ure thought worthy of notice, with the modern names appended. In the highly instructive and elaborate *' Cybele Britannica," of H. C. Watson, wherein the Geographical relations of British plants are enumerated, the following types of distribution are given : — 1. The British Type are those plants more or less diffused all over Britain. 2. The English Type, plants distinguished by their being chiefly prevalent in England. 3. The Scottish Type, plants generally confined to Scotland, or becoming rare in the northern parts of England. 4. Tlie Highland Type refers to the boreal plants, confined chiefly to high mountain tracts, or their vicinity, principally of Scotland, but including those which occur on the mountains of England and Wales. 5. The Germanic Type, plants characterized by a tendency to the south-eastern side of England, a few having their northern limit in the south of Scotland. 6. The Atlantic Type, those species found principally in the south-western and western sides of England, a few having their northern limit as far north as the mouth of the Firth of Clyde. 7. A local or doubtful Type, a few species showing no tend- ency to any of the former groups, and being of limited range. In the present work the types given above are adopted; an VIU INTRODUCTION. initial letter in parenthesis indicates the group to which each species belongs, following the list given in the 4th vol. of the "Cybele." Thus (B) is the British, (E) English, (S) Scottish, (H) Highland, (G) Germanic, (A) Atlantic, and (L) the Local types, with an (I) introduced to point out an intermediate type. Andekson's University, Glasgow, May, 1865. The success of the First Edition of the "Clydesdale Flora" has rendered a second necessary. This success may, in a great measure, be attributed to the aid so generously accorded by the Friends of Botanical Science whose names have been mentioned in the Introduction. This Edition has been carefully revised, and a few changes introduced, among which, at the suggestion of Mr. J. G. Bakeb, of Kew, the Koses have been rearranged, bringing this genus more in accordance with modern views: he has also kindly gone ovei' and named — from specimens sent to him — the varieties found in the locality; others will no doubt be added as observation becomes extended, and the district more thoroughly examined. Axdekson's University, Glasgow, May, 1869. The continued progress of a taste for Botanical pursuits among the young men of Glasgow has rendered a Third Edition of the *' Clydesdale Flora" a necessity. Many additions, alterations, and amendments have been intro- duced, which will enable the student to look with a more critical eye upon several species and their varieties. Mr. J. G. Bakek, of Kew, has in the kindest manner communicated several inter- esting notes upon the plants of Arran, which have been embodied in the present Edition. Anderson's University, ' Glasgow, May, 1874. PREFATORY NOTE. Owing to a long acquaintance with Roger Kennedy, his widow has asked me to put together this short notice of her husband. The only difficulty the task' presents is that of selection and condensation, for the limits are small, while at the same time ample materials are in existence which, if they had justice done to them, would make a long and most interesting history. The demand for another edition of the "Clydesdale Flora " has led to this. Its steady sale is an evidence that Botany is largely studied in the district. Much of this study, no doubt, is owing to the enthusiasm of Roger Kennedy and his teaching, and it is thus appropriate that the new issue should be called, being published since the death of the Author, the In Memoriam Edition, and that some notice of Mr. Kennedy's life and work should go with it. The ** Clydesdale Flora" first appeared in 1865, and already it has gone through Three Editions. W.S, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF ROGER HENNEDY, Professor of Botany, Andersonian University. By WILLIAM SIMPSON, F.R.G.S. Roger Kennedy was born, August, 1809, at Carrickfergus, near Belfast. Although thus an Irishman by birth, he was wholly- Scotch by extraction, his mother having been born in Paisley, and his father, then localised at Carrickfergus, was originally from Scotland. His family was a branch of the Kennedys of Ailsa Craig, a relic of which still exists in the ruins of Kennedy Castle, near Stranraer. The very slight transformation of the name from Kennedy to Kennedy took place in Ireland, and must have been at a very recent date, for no others are known of the same name except this one family, and Mr. Kennedy had only one brother, who is still living, now in Chili. Roger, when only about two years of age, lived with his grand- father in Carrickfergus, who kept a store, and when the child grew strong enough he helped his grandfather till his death. After this he was apprenticed to the block-cutting with a calico printer in the same locality. Kis new master was a Methodist, and much given to prayers and other outward forms of a devout heart ; but his practice, particularly with regard to those in his employ- ment, was far from being in harmony with his pretensions. To Roger's mind such a character became particularly hateful; and the impressions, formed at this time, tinged his thoughts and inspired him with a strong antipathy towards every form of religious cant, and this feeling remained with him, and affected in many ways XU BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF both his opinions and conduct to the end of his life. Thoroughly- straightforward in all things himself, he expected the same standard in others, and any failure on the part of his acquaintances in relation to the code of honour among men at once placed them beyond the pale of his friendship ; and if on such occasions there had been any religious pretensions along with the defective conduct, Roger's denunciations — his early associations always coming back to him — savoured much of the anathemas which have had their origin in the Vatican. His high spirit rebelled at the hypocrisy of this man, to whom he was bound, and the end was that he ran away. This was done without the permission of his father, and by some means he managed to cross over to the Clyde, and found a situation in M*Dougald's Printfield at Rutherglen, and here he finished what remained of his apprenticeship at the block- cutting. It might be pointed out here as an evidence that the true cause of his running away from his first master is that just stated above, and that it was not owing to unsteady habits, from the fact, that although at Rutherglen he had only six shillings a-week, being still an apprentice, he kept himself on this small sum, and was so simple and frugal in his habits that he had always something to spare, a point well-known to his shopmates, who often took advantage of it when they wanted assistance. In 1832 he got an appointment in the Customs at Liverpool, where he went, but returned again after about a month's experience. The duties of a gauger, which Burns had to fulfil, were about as uncongenial as those which devolved on Roger in the Customs, which may explain why he threw up his appointment so soon. He returned to Glasgow and got work at his old employment witK a Mr. Maxwell in Nelson Street, who designed and cut blocks for printing Sewed Muslin and Tambour patterns. The patterns for these manufactures were all printed previously to being sewed by the same kind of blocks, but the new art of lithography had been recently introduced into Glasgow, and it finally superseded their use. This slight revolution in a trade had something to do with influencing Roger Hennedy's after life. It almost entirely destroyed the occu- pation by means of which he lived, and he had to adapt himself to the change. The patterns, instead of being cut on a block, had by the new process to be traced on transfer paper with lithographic ink. ROGER KENNEDY. XIU so as to be transferred to the stone. He soon made himself master of this kind of work, and the constant use of the pencil and pen in drawing at last led to his becoming a designer of these patterns, and by this means he very much improved his position in life. During this transition he had not yet began his botanical studies, but he had manifested a strong love for flowers from his childhood, and he possessed a good eye and a very delicate steady hand ; this enabled him soon to pick up the drawing, and his love of floral forms gave him a great advantage in his designing. His designing again, no doubt, had a tendency to make him turn to flowers for his ideas, and here, we may presume, we have the changes which led to his turning his attention to Botany as a science. It was in 1838 that, owing to a lull in his work, he went to Mill- port and took up the study of Botany merely to pass away the time; but, as already stated, his profession had, no doubt, some influence in directing his attention towards flowers. The natural bent of his mind had a great deal to do with it also, for he was endowed with a strong poetic temperament, which found a new world to live in among the vegetable creation. Every step in his studies opened up some new region of beauty to him ; and as he advanced in the science and used the microscope for diatoms and vegetable physiology, the varied and wondrous forms which were thus revealed had become an overpowering attraction, which led him along in his researches. From his first beginning at Millport till his death, a period of thirty-nine years, he was a most ardent and unwearied worker. During that time he had gone over the whole field of Botanical Science, and made himself master of ever}- branch of the subject. This devotion to flowers occupied every spare moment of his time, for he had his daily work to attend to, and it is important to bear in mind that it was under such conditions that he carried on his studies, and reached such a high position as a Botanist. It was all along a struggle with difliculties, but the ardent soul of the man carried on the battle, triumphing at every step, till he had conquered the whole domain. It will be sufficient, in relation to one aspect of his life, to state that he was for some lime employed by Wilson & Kelso, in South Frederick Street, as designer of sewed muslin patterns, and after- XIV BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF wards in the same capacity with Gibson & Service, in Virginia Place. In 1 85 1 he entered into partnership with Mr. James Pritchard in the manufacture of sewed muslins. This connection lasted for about six years, after which he carried on a business on his own account — but his mind was more interested in Botany than in business, and the result was not a commercial success. The last few years of his life were spent almost in retirement, and he had little but his lectures in the Andersonian University to attend to. During these later years he became weak in body and unable for much physical exertion, and suffered severely from attacks of rheumatism. His death resulted at last from the breaking of a blood-vessel, and was, as is usual in such cases, very sudden and unexpected. It occurred at Whitehall, Bothwell, on the 22nd October, 1876, at the age of sixty-seven. In 1834 he had married the daughter of Mr. David Cross, of Rutherglen, a lady whose energy and industry in relation to her husband's work deserves a better mention than can be possibly given in this notice. My first acquaintance with Mr. Kennedy was from his undertaking to teach a small Botanical Class in the Athenaeum in 1848 — the year that institution first came into existence. My own liking for flowers, and a desire to learn something of Botany, and his own predilections towards art which his profession of a designer had given him, soon made us fast friends. We made many excursions together, not only about Glasgow, but also at the Coast and in the Highlands, when he botanised while I sketched. These rambles I look back to still with a feeling of pleasure ; to me they were a source of great delight. By their means I picked up without any trouble on my part a slight knowledge of flowers, and I found a man who had read more than myself, whose conversation opened up new fields of thought, and to whom I still look back with that feeling of gratitude which ought always to belong to the relations of a student and faithful teacher. I have made this reference to Roger Hennedy, for I think it is due to his memory to record that he was not only a Botanist, — successful as he was in that science, — his reading and study were not by any means limited to that single subject. He was familiar with the whole range of natural history, and at one time he made a conchological collection of some extent. His mind was not con- fined to matters of a scientific character — ^general literature was ROGER KENNEDY. XV not forgotten by him, and his poetic nature found congenial food in the ample fields of old Scottish song. Here again is the link which formed such a long and close friendship between him and Hugh Macdonald. Had Hugh been still living, the duty of writing this Memoir ought to have been his. Those who are familiar with the '*Days at the Coast," ''Rambles round Glasgow," and particu- larly with his "Flower Lover's Song," will understand the similarity of tendencies which made these two men so intimate, and led to their companionship in many ' ' Rambles" — Cathkin Braes and Kenmure Wood, on the Clyde above Carmyle, being, from their flowers, among their favourite haunts. There w^ere a few other congenial spirits who joined in these excursions, the most of whom have now passed away. It was during these friendly walks that Hugh Macdonald made himself acquainted with the various spots, and which led to his selecting " The Rambles Round Glasgow " as a subject for his pen. In one of these rambles — the one to Robroyston — Mr. Hennedy and myself were Hugh's companions in the walk which he made over the ground when about to write it out. We are both alluded to in the Ramble, and I think that is the last occasion I had of meeting these two friends together. Hugh's reference to Mr. Hennedy is so illustrative of both men, both true poets in their own way, that it must be repeated. After an allusion to myself, Hugh gives vent to his feelings, as follows :- — " An old and dear friend, whose name is associated in our mind with all odorous things, he being familiar with all manner of plants, *' from the cedar- tree that is in Lebanon, even unto the hyssop which springeth out of the wall ! ' By many a flowery, many a leafy, tie, are our affections interwoven ; and many, many a sweet memory of woods, and fields, and streams, and marshes, have we as common property." I know, as I knew both the men, that every word of this is true from the heart. Further on in this Ramble, Hugh gives such a characteristic sketch that duty demands its transference here: — * ' Our flower-loving friend is now in all his glory, poking and prying along the vegetable fringe that skirts our path. Every now and then we are startled by his exclamations of delight, as some specimen of more than ordinary beauty meets his gaze. Nor is his attention devoted altogether to the fair children of Flora. Now he directs our eyes to some richly-tinted moth, or butterfly, with coat of many XVI BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF colours, all of whom he seems to know by name ; and anon he picks up strange shells with curious markings, and creeping things which we pretend to admire at his suggestion, although the very sight of them in reality makes us * grue and scunner. ' Odd fellows, I trow, are these same naturalists, with their * books in running brooks,' and their 'sermons in stones,' and all that sort of thing. But now our friend has found some extraordinary prize, and calls us loudly to his side, that we may share in his rapture. ' What a beauty we have here ! ' he cries as we approach ; and hastening forward we find in his hand — (What dost thou think gentle reader? but we need not ask thee, for thou wouldst never guess) — Why, as we live, a huge bloated toad, ugly and venomous, having a jewel in its head. We venture at last to gaze with the air of a connoisseur upon the panting Batrachian, as we think he calls it, and pretend to see great beauty in the eye of the animal, which he explains is the * jewel' alluded to by the immortal deer-stealer. A full, true, and horribly particular account of the monster's habits and mode of living is next inflicted upon us, when the loathsome creature is at length, to our infinite relief, permitted to crawl away." As Hugh had a good knowledge of flowers himself, as well as of other sciences, his good-natuied chaff", in this case, will be understood. As Mr. Kennedy's study of Botany advanced it brought him into contact with the late Professor Walker Amot, of the Glasgow University, with whom he made many excursions, particularly for dredging purposes, and in the collection of diatoms. Mrs. Kennedy still retains a large accumulation of letters, the dates of which extend over a period of twenty years, written to her husband by Professor Amot. These papers are of considerable scientific value as bearing on the more advanced branches of Botanical investigation. Mr. Kennedy also corresponded with most of the authorities on these recondite matters in England and Ireland as well as in Scotland. Amongst the names of Botanists with whom he was in communica- tion may be mentioned, in addition to that of Arnot, the names of Smith, Gregory, Greville, and Rylands. While studying diatoms, he came upon one or two which had only been found once before, and in addition to that he was so successful as to meet with at least two species which had never been found by any other botanist. One of them was named by Wm. ROGER KENNEDY. XVll Smith the Naviatla Hennedii, and to the other Gregory gave the name of Synedra Hennedii. In 1849 Mr. Kennedy commenced to teach in the Mechanics' Institution, of Glasgow, and under his charge the class increased rapidly, and became a very popular one, so much so, that in 1863, on the Chair of Botany becoming vacant in the Andersonian University, he was appointed to it, and remained Professor of Botany in that Institution till his death. As a lecturer on Botany Mr. Kennedy possessed one very great qualification, that was his power of sketching on a black board any form which he might be describing to the students. This power he derived from his long practice at designing. To this we have to add his great enthusiasm, and the willingness he at all times showed to do whatever lay within his ability in the interest of those who wished to study the gifts of Flora. Any of the students who mani- fested signs of ability, or were in the slightest degree anxious to advance in botanical study, Mr. Kennedy's time was at their service in any way that he could give assistance to them. With such a teacher it need scarcely be said that his classes were popular and well attended. The following document will illustrate this, as well as other points in Mr. Kennedy's character: — Copy of Extract from Minute of Meeting of Managers of Andersonian University, nth December, 1876. The Managers taK.e this opportunity of recording their deep regret at the loss their University has sustained through the death of Mr. Kennedy, Professor of Botany. His connection with the Institution dates from 1863, when he was appointed to the chair in room of Dr. Joseph Bell, and for a number of years he held the office of Curator of the Museum. Since Mr. Kennedy's appointment to the Chair of Botany his classes have been most successfully conducted ; and it affords the Managers much pleasure to record that from his extensive knowledge of the subject, and his enthusiasm in the Science of Botany, the class has become one of the most popular in the University. _ While regretting the loss the University has sustained, the Managers have likewise to express their sincere sympathy with the widow and family of the deceased in their bereavement ; and instruct the Secretary to transmit an excerpt of the above to Mrs. Kennedy. It will be seen by the date of the following document that the institution of a Popular Evening Class for Botany began with Pro- fessor Kennedy's connection w4th the University : — XVlll BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF Extracted from the Minutes of the Pop7ilar Evening Classes Committee. Popular Evening Classes, Andersonian University. Glasgow, 20th November^ 1876. The Committee instructed to be put upon the Minutes its sense of the loss sustained by the Popular Evening Classes in the death of Professor Hennedy, who has conducted the Popular Class in Botany from its commencement in 1863. The success of his teaching depending alike on the extensive knowledge which he possessed of Botany, the kindly manner with which he communicated that knowledge to his Students, and the help he was ready to give in cases of difficulty, in the lecture-room and in the field, will long be remembered by the many who attended on his instructions. The "Clydesdale Flora," written by him for the use of the Botany Class in the Andersonian, is a memorial of his practical knowledge and of the interest he took in furthering Botanical Science. The Committee desire an extract of this Minute to be forwarded to his widow and family with its sympathy for them in their great bereavement. JOSEPH SOMMERVILLE, Secretary. He had one rule, and a commendable one, with his classes ; he would never accept an invitation from any of them to enter a public house for refreshment, during any of the excursions to the country. He had his biscuit and a drink of water at a well, and thus preserved his perfect independence among his students. It is also due to the memory of my old friend to give a copy of the following document : — 6 Windsor Place, 27M Nazi.., 1876. Dear Sir, At the first meeting of the "Glasgow Society of Field Naturalists" it was- agreed that a Minute should be entered in the Society's proceedings expressive of the sincere regret which the members felt at the loss Botanical Science had sustained by the death of Mr. Roger Hennedy, Professor of Botany in the Andersonian University. Many of the members miss not only an accomplished guide in their studies, but a warm personal friend. Mr. Hennedy 's connection with this Society, though never of an official character, began with its foundation, and he continued to sympathise heartily with its aims and works. He was always ready to assist, advise, and encourage those who applied to him. Perhaps Mr. R. Hennedy did more than any other Lecturer to spread the knowledge of Botanical Science in this district, and, let it be said to his honour, that he worked without expectation of monetary reward. He worked because of a very love of his labour, and he strove hy every means in his power to attract others to the same fields of study and research. His enthusiasm stimulated every one who came into contact with him, and some of the best botanists in Scotland were educated under his eye. It was decided that an extract of this Minute and an expression of deep sympathy should be forwarded to his son. Yours faithfully, R. H. PATERSON, F.G.S.A., Secy. David Hennedy, Esq. ROGER KENNEDY. XIX Instating that — "He worked without expectation of monetary- reward — he worked because of a very love of his labour," — we have a distinct recognition of an innate feature of Mr. Kennedy's nature. There are few men who pass through life and of whom it can be said they Itad as small a love of sordid pelf as the subject of this notice. That contempt for the material things of this world which is preached on the Sunday, Mr. Kennedy faithfully practised every day in the week. Ke never gathered to himself money, neither by means of Botany or by any other sources, for it was not in the nature of the man to do so. A large portion of the time he lectured to the Mechanics' Institution was done without any remuneration. And the time he devoted to his students beyond the lectures and excursions was all given from the fulness of his heart. In truth, it may be said that all the time, during a space of nearly forty years, which he devoted to flowers, was work given without expectation of monetary reward, and given because of a very love of his labour. It was this love which led to long walks or rambles round Glasgow, and into the country to his favourite "Stations" for flowers. Ke knew where every particular flower could be found, as well as the date, almost to a day, when it would bud and bloom, and might be gathered, so as to bring it into his class. The same love kept him hard at work at night, and often far into the morning, drying and arranging botanical specimens ; the large collection which he formed being now in the Andersonian University, having been given to that institution by Mrs. Kennedy. Ke has also left a very large and important collection of diatoms, which has also been presented to the same institution. In his botanical excursions he was often led into adventures. Ke had many incidents with gamekeepers, who naturally took him for a poacher. On an excursion he made eastward to the Clova Moun- tains he was, after a long day's hard work, benighted, and had to sleep in the hills — starving of hunger the next morning he met a shepherd, and managed to get a share of a very simple breakfast. It is also known that on this excursion he had to strip and wade into the middle of Loch Brandy for a rare plant. Often there were considerable fears at home for his safety. When a Botanist is working at diatoms and the lower forms of vegetable life, he frequents bogs, marshes, and pools of all kinds, no matter how deep XX BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF and dangerous, if the water is stagnant and full of green slimy filth, then it is all the more attractive to the searcher after science ; but the banks and footing on the margins of such spots are treacherous, and the more ardent and devoted the Botanist may be, the more reason for anxiety and fear that a false step might be disastrous. Often, on returning home, Mr. Kennedy's clothes bore evidence that fears of this nature regarding him were far from groundless. On one of these expeditions with Professor Arnot, they were in the neighbourhood of some coal-pits; a group of colliers gathered round, and were considerably puzzled as to what the two men of science could be doing. There were various efforts made by way of explanation, and critical remarks were freely expressed. Mr. Kennedy heard the following descriptive analysis of his own doings: — " That wee ane's daft, he's clean gyte ; see, he's gathering glaur and pittin'd in a bottle. " This, of course, was the uninviting-looking scum which floats on stinking pools, and which might be expected, when placed under the microscope, to reveal the existence of diatoms. In reading the Life, lately published, of Thomas Edward the Naturalist, it had an interest to me from finding so much in it that resembled what I knew in the career of my friend. The German term of "Doppelgangers" might be applied to them, for there is much that is similar in their histories. There must be a resemblance in the lives of all self-made men. The fight with hard circumstances is often the same, and the thirst for knowledge, impelling the struggle to supply that thirst, has been an oft-repeated tale. The similarity of life which is evolved has been thus put by Carlyle — " that all men are to an unspeakable degree brothers, each man's life a strange' emblem of every man's." Although this is true, in a sense, of the whole human kind, yet the words tell more directly when applied to men who have made their mark in life. Few people realise, when they hear of success achieved by some one in the walks of Science or of Art, how much may have been sacrificed in the struggle — how much had to be given up to gain the one point — what precious things had to be thrown away — what solitary hours had to be spent, and the ordinary pleasures of life refused ; and, at the same time, to suffer the chilling influence, which is inevitable from the want of sympathy among so many around, towards what is ROGER KENNEDY. XXI the jjarticular world the man of thought lives in. To continue for years under such conditions requires particular mental characteristics. Without a certain amount of stamina there would be a break-down. It is not in the final victory of battle where the real trial of the soldier has been, but in the long march, and the weary watches, where rest and rations were awanting, that the true power and pluck of the man has been tested. The dull monotony of the campaign is seldom thought of, it is only the triumph at the end which calls forth the admiration and praise of the world. Roger Kennedy did go through the weary toil of an uphill contest in life ; and although he conquered, it was with the loss of much that most men value. To a great extent he was a solitary. While others were enjoying themselves, he was spending his time in his own room, often till far in the night, among his botanical collections and with his micro- scope. While he was at work on the fungi, there was a constant fear that he might be found some morning poisoned, for some of the descriptive tests depend upon the taste of these dangerous growths, and he at times got his mouth into a dreadful condition from the necessity of tasting doubtful plants. I once manifested my perfect faith in his knowledge of the fungi by collecting a quantity, under his supervision, in the Cumbrae ; after bringing them home and being cooked by Mrs. Kennedy, although I knew they were not mushrooms, yet, without fear, and in trust of my friend, I partook heartily of the dish, and found them good. There is one adventure which I have heard Mr. Kennedy relate, and it is worth recording, as it will show that he had a very strong reliant spirit, the existence of which will explain how he was able to remain faithful to his long course of study. It must have been very early in his botanical period, for it was on his first finding of the Royal Fern. It took place at the coast, and on a Sunday. I can imagine his delight — it was a splendid specimen and in good condition. A treasure of this kind was not to be lost, and although he had to return through the town, and people would look at such a marked object — the fern was about as long as himself — and on a Sunday too, still that must be faced, for he had to go up to Glasgow early on Monday morning, and the gauntlet of public opinion must be run — coute qui coute — and all are aware how particular Mrs. Grundy is in Scotland as to what constitutes propriety in the proper XXll BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF observance of the Sabbath ; this sense of propriety is again still more exacting in such places as the coast, and this our botanist knew ; but he did not quite calculate to what an extent he was to make an exhibition of himself. As he had turned to go home again with the fern, this had shortened his ramble, it thus brought him back much sooner than had been calculated on, and just as he entered the village, his feelings may be guessed when he found that the Established Kirk had just " skailed," and a march along in the face of a lengthened procession of serious faces was before him and the Osnnmda Regalis. There may have been in his mind, under such circumstances, an impulse for an instant to drop the specimen and evade the difficulty, but it did not lead to such a line of action, a glance at the beautiful object, and his fingers clutched it more firmly as he marched up to face the wondering crowd. Tb.ere was a sense of relief when the ordeal was over, and he found himself at the end ; but the Free Kirk was yet between him and home — could he get beyond it before the congregation came out, was the enquiry which presented itself to his mind. He could not be included among those who had a preference for long prayers, but here, for once in his life at least, his wishes were directed towards this, as being a desirable thing. His wish was not granted. Before he came up to the church door the stream of people had began to pour out, and their astonishment was great at seeing a man, on that day, walking along carrying such a conspicuous object in his hand ; but, even the fear of Mrs. Grundy, as represented by the pious horror of the *' Frees," did not for a moment shake his determination. The scandal of violating any of the '*ten thousand proprieties" is a great controlling influence on the Chinese mind, but none of them would be greater to the celestial soul than this desecration of what is considered to be a propriety in regard to the seventh day of the week in Scotland. It required a good deal of determination and self-control to have gone through this ordeal. Some men could have done it from being possessed of a thick-skinned indifference, but that was not Mr. Hennedy's nature, he was sensitive to a degree. It was in this instance his devotion to his science which led him into this disagreeable position, and the inward power which carried him through all difficulties enabled him to surmount this one. To his mind the fern contained as instructive a homily as any that would ROGER KENNEDY. XXIU be heard in the churches ; it was given to him in the temple not made with hands, about whose Builder he had no doubts, and in that temple he was a most devoted worshipper. He was religious in the true sense of the word, for his nature made him so — a sanguine constitution acting on a mind which made for itself an ideal standard — veneration strong, and at the same time ardent and sensitive — given these qualities and you have a soul which cannot help mani- festing admiration and love towards the objective universe. The Book of Creation was not a sealed scroll to him ; it was constantly open as his daily study. The world of flowers did not lie before him as a desert of hard names, but rather it appeared as a temple of beauty, appealing to his inner nature. In this world he lived apart to a certain extent from his fellow-men, but yet as one of the flower- lovers, as his "old and dear friend" has expressed it, he went " wandering joyously," doing his work faithfully to the end. Forgive my grief for one removed, Thy creature, whom I found so fair. I trust he lives in thee, and there I find him worthier to be loved. Note. — It should be mentioned as a peculiarity of Mr. Hennedy that he never sat for his photograph, nor would he permit a portrait of himself to be done. I chanced to be on a visit only a few weeks before his death, and wanted him to sit to me, but no persuasion would prevail on him to do so. As the family were anxious to have some resemblance of him, I made notes of his face, without his knowledge, when opportunity offered, and I have been able from them to make something of a likeness. It is not so good as if I had got regular sittings, but still it is enough to recall the features of the man. The portrait which forms the frontispiece to this edition of the " Clydesdale Flora " has been done from these sketches, and what is here said will be an apology for any defects which may be found in it. ^n ^emari^m. ROGER HENNEDY-Died 22nd October, 1876. Strew flowers. Strew flowers upon the bier's dark lid ; Strew the wild flowers he loved the sable signs amid, Ere dust to dust is gone, and is for ever hid. Plant flowers. Plant flowers around and o'er his tomb- To the loved flowers give space, make ample room, Perennial flowers that In Memoriann bloom. Worthy and true — an ardent student has he been, His work will live — in it his monument is seen, " Clydesdale Flora," thy leaves will keep his memory green. On Mr. Hennedy's death the Press, not only of Glasgow, but also of Edinburgh and other places, even as far away as America, contained long notices, all of them tributes to character and work. One of these, which appeared in the form of verse in T/ie Bailie, ist Nov., 1876, was so true in feeling, that it is here, with only a slight change in some of the words, preserved. CLASSES AND ORDERS OF THE LINN^AN AETIFICIAL SYSTEM OF BOTANY. CLASSES. A. Flowers perfect. Class 1. MoNANDRiA — 1 stamen. 2. DiANDKiA — 2 stamens. 3. Triandria — 3 stamens. 4. Tetrandria — 4 stamens. 5. Pentandria— 5 stamens. Class. 6. Hexandria — 6 stamens. 7. Heptandria — 7 stamens. 8. OcTANDRiA — 8 stamens. 9. Enneandria — 9 stamens. 10. Decandria — 10 stamens. 11. DoDECANDRiA, 12 — 19 stamens. 12. IcosANDRiA, 20 or more stamens inserted on the calyx, mostly Rosaceous. 18. PoLYANDRiA, 20 or morc stamens inserted on the receptacle, as in Ranunculus. 14. DiDYNAMiA, 4 stamens; 2 long and 2 short. Flowers irregular^ mostly 2 -lipped, as in Lahiatoi. 15. Tetradynamia, 6 stamens; 4 long and 2 short. Flowers Cruciform^ as in the Wall-floiver. 16. MoNADELPHiA, stamcns united by their filaments in one set, as in Mallow. 17. DiADELPHiA, stamens united by their filaments into 2 sets or bundles. Floivers mostly papilionaceous, as in the Pea. 18. PoLYADELPHiA, stamens united by their filaments in 3 or more sets or bundles, as in St. John's Woi^t. 19. Syngenesia, anthers united in a tube. Flowers compound, as in the Daisy. 20. Gynandria, stamens and pistils united in a column, as in Orchis. B. Flowers, imperfect. 21. MoNCECiA, flowers unisexual, on the same plant, as in Carex. 22. DiOECiA, flowers unisexual, on difterent plants, as in the Willow. 23. PoLYGAMiA, flowers unisexual, or perfect, on the same or on difi'erent plants, as in Airiplex. 24. Ceyptogamia, organs of reproduction concealed, as in Ferns. ORDERS AND ABBREVIATIONS. ORDERS. The orders in the first 13 classes are determined by the number of styles in each flower. MoNOGYNiA— 1 style. Hexagynia — 6 styles. DiGYNTA — 2 styles. Heptagynia — 7 styles. Trigynia — 3 styles. Octogynia — 8 styles. Tetragynia — 4 styles. Decagynia — 10 styles. Pentagynia— 5 styles. Dodecagynia — 12 styles. PoLYGNiA — many styles. The orders in Did yn ami a are— 1. Gymnospermia, with 4 apparently naked seeds. 2. Angiospermia, with several seeds enclosed in a capsule. The orders in Tetrady:namia are — 1. SiLicuLOSA, seeds in a short pod or pouch. 2. SiLiQudsA, seeds in a long pod. The orders of the 16th, 17th, and 18th classes are distinguished by the nnmber of stamens, as Triandria, Tetrandria, &c. The orders in Syngenesia are — 1. ^QUALis, florets ligulate and perfect. 2. SuPERFLUA, florets of the disk perfect and tubular, of the ray with pistils only, which are mostly ligulate. 3. Frustrajstea, florets of the disk perfect, of the ray neuter. The orders in the 20th, 21st, 22nd, and 23rd classes, are dis- tinguished by the number, union, and situation of the stamens. In the 24th class the orders are the same as in the Natural system. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE DESCRIPTIONS. anth., anther. ach. , achene. cap. , capsule . cal., calyx. carp. , carpel. cor., corolla. fil., filament. fl. , flower. ft., feet. gl., glume. in., inch. inv. , involucre. le., leaf. ped. , peduncle. peri. , perianth. pet., petals. rac. , raceme. H. & A. refers to Hooker d The Letters in parenthesis represent the rec. , receptacle. Sep. , sepals. St., stamens. stip. , stipule. Var. , variety. A., annual. B. , biennial. P. , perennial. Sh., shrub. T Tree. * not native of Britain, or introduced. 1, January. 2, February. 3, March, &c., represent the months of flowering. b ArnotVs " British Floral type of distribution. See Introduct ion. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE LINN^AN METHOD. The numbers prefixed refer to the page where the Orders, Genera, and Species will he found. Class 1. MONANDRIA. Page Order 1. Monogynia. 65. HiPPURis. — Perianth single, forming a slight rim to the germen. Fl. axillary. Le. verticillate. 141. Salicorni A. -Perianth swollen, undivided, enclosing the seed. Succulent plants. (See Alchemilla.) Class 2. DIANDRIA. Order 1. MONOGYNIA. A. Fl. inferior, monopetalous, 7'egular. Perianth sometimes wanting. 84. Oleace^. B. Fl. bferior. monopetalous, irregular. Perianth double. 120. Veronica. — Cor. 4-cleft. Capsule 2-celled. 131. PiNGUicuLA. — Cor. ringent, spurred. 131. Utricularia. — Cor. personate, spurred. 125. Lycopus.— Seed 4-lobed. Stems square. Fl. in whorls. C. Flower's superior. Perianth double. 64. CiRC^.A. — Cal. of 2 sepals. Cor. of 2 petals. Fruit covered with hooked bristles. XXVm SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. Class 3. TRIANDRIA. Order 1. Monogynta. -Page A. Flowers superior^ loith cal. and cor. 80. VALERIANACEiE. B. Perianth, single, 6 -cleft, superior. 157. Iridace^. C. Floivers inferior, glumaceous. Le. parallel-veined. (See Cyperace^, Gramine^, and JuNCACEiE. ) Order 2. DiGYNlA. 185. Gramine-(E. — Fl. glumaceous, sheaths split. Grasses. Order 8. Trigynia. 66. MoNTiA, — Cal. of 2 sepals. Cor. irregular, monopetalous. Capsule 3-valved, 3-seeded. 29. Holosteum.— Sepals 5. Pet. 5, jagged at the apex. Capsule 1 -celled, opening by 6 teeth. Class4. TETRANDRIA. Order 1. MoNOGYNiA. * Perianth double. A. Cal double. Cor. monopetalous, superior. Fl. capitate. 80. Dipsacace^. B. Fl. monopetalous, superior. Fruit 2-lohed. 79. RUBIACE^. C. Fl. monopetalous, inferior. Fruit 2 or many-seeded. 134. Plantago. — Segments of cor. bent back. Filaments very- long. Fl. in spikes. D. Fl. polypetalous. 13. Epimedium. — Sep. 4. Cor. inferior, with an inflated nectary, 43. EuoNYMUS. — Cal. 4 — 5-cleft, with a flat disk lining the base inside. Germen 3— 4-celled. ** Perianth single. 148. Parietalia. — Perianth 4-cleft, companulate. St. curving back with elasticity, opposite to the segments of the perianth. Stipules small. 58. Alchemilla. — Perianth inferior, 8-cleft, alternate segments smaller. Fruit 1 — 2-seeded. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. XXIX l^age Order 2. Digynia. 114. Gentiana. — Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. monopetalous, 4-cIeft, hair in the throat. Order 3. Tetragynia. 26. Sagina. —Sep. 4. Pet. 4, shorter than the sepals. Capsule 1- celled, opening by 4 valves. 112. Ilex. — Cal. 4 — 5-toothed. Cor. rotate, 4 — 5-cleft. Stigmas 4, sessile. Fruit a fleshy berry with 4 1 -seeded hard nuts. Le. spinescent. 30. RADiOLA.--Cal. 4-cleft; each lobe 2— 3-cleft. Pet. 4. Capsule with 8 cells and 8 valves. 171. PoTAMOGETON. — Perianth single, of 4 scales. Anthers sessile, opposite to the segments of the perianth. Pistils 4. Achenes sessile. (See Oerastium.) Class 5. PENTANDRIA. Order 1. MoNOGYNiA. A. Co7\ monopetalous^ inferior, hearing the stamens in the throat. Fruit Jf.'lohed. 85. BORAGINACEiE. B. Cor. monopetalous J inferior. Fruit 1 -celled, st. opposite to the segments of the cor. 88. Primulace^. C. Cor. monopetalous, inferior. St. alternate with the segments of the cor. 84. Gentian ACE^. — Capsule 1 or imperfectly 2-celled, with parietal placentation. Le. ribbed. 86. SoLANACEiE. — Fruit 2-celled, or Jialf 4-celled, many-geeded. Fl. often out of the axil. 125. Verbascum. — Cor. rotate, somewhat irregular. St. unequal, 2 or more hairy at the base. 114. PoLEMONiUM. — Cor. rotate. St. upon the valves which close the mouth of the cor. Fruit 3-celled. 85. CoNVOLVULACE^ — Cor. campanulate, plaited in the bud. Stigmas 2. Fruit 2— 3-celled, few-seeded. 113. ViNCA. — Cor. sclver-shaped. Stigma capitate, contracted in the middle. Fruit of 2 follicles. D. C>rolla monopetalous, superior. 83. CampanulacevE. — St. distinct from the corolla. Style pubescent above the middle. Fruit a capsule. XXX SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. Page 110. Lobelia. — Cor. irregular, tube split on the upper side. Anthers cohering. Stigma with a ring of hairs below the apex. Le. tubular. 90. LoKiCERA. — Cor. tubular or funnel-shaped, unequally 5-cleft. Stigma capitate. Fruit a berry. E. Corolla poly petalous^ inferior. 36. Impatiens. — Fl. irregular. Lower pet. spurred. Capsule 5-celled. opening with 5 elastic valves. 22. Viola. — Fl. irregular. Sep. produced at the base. Lower petal with a short blunt spur. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved. 66. PARONYCHiACEiE. — Fl. regular. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, small, entire. Style 3 — 5. Capsules many-seeded. F. Corolla polypetalous, superior. 68. RiBES. — Cal. bearing the pet. in the throat, nearly included. Style cloven. Berry many-seeded. 77. Hedera. — Pet. broadest at the base. Style simple. Berry 5-celled, 3 — 5-seeded. Gr. Perianth single^ inferior. 132. Glaux. {See Primulacece.) 136. Chenopodiace^. — Perianth deeply 5-cleft. St. opposite the segments. Fruit utricular. Le. mostly fleshy. Order 2. DiGYNiA. A. Perianth single, inferior. 148. Ulmus. — Perianth 4 — 6-cleft. Fruit with a broad mem- branous wing (a samara) cleft at the apex. Large trees. 137. Polygonace^. — Perianth coloured. Achene 1 -seeded. Stip- ules sheathing. 139. CHENOPODiACEyE. — Stamcus inserted into the base of the perianth. Fruit utricular. 141. ScLERANTHUS. — Perianth coveHng the fruit, urccolatc. St. upon its throat. Le. opposite. B. Perianth double. Cor. monopetalous. 115. CuscuTA. — Cor. campanulate, with internal scales. Capsule bursting transversely at the base, 2-celled, 4-seeded. C. Perianth double, superior. Fruit 2-celled, seeds 2. 41. Umbellifer^. Order 3. Trigynia. 90. Viburnum. — Cor. superior, monopetalous. Berry 1 -seeded. Fl. cymose. Le. undivided. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. XXXI Page 89. Sambucus. — Cor. superior, rotate. Berry 3-seedecl. Fl. in cymes. Le. pinnate. (See Drosera and Caryophyllacece.) Order 4. Tetragynia. 70. Parnassia. — Pet. 5, concave. Nectaries fringed with gland- bearing filaments. Capsule 1 -celled, 4-valved. Order 5. Pentagynia. 29. LiNUM. — Pet. 5, inferior. Capsule 10-celled, 10-valved, and 10-seeded. Le. opposite or alternate. 134. AjiMERiA. — Cal. tubular, plaited inferior. Petals bearing the st. at the base. Ovary solitary, 1 -celled. Fl. capitate. (See Cerastium and Spergula.) Order 6. Hexagynia. 24. Drosera. — Cal. 5-cleft. Pet. 5. Capsule 1 -celled, many- seeded. Class 6. HEXANDRIA. Order 1. Monogynia. A. FL ivith cal. and cor. inferior. 13. Berberis. — Cal. of 6 concave sep. Pet. 6, each with 2 glands at the base. Berry 2 — 3-seeded. A shrub. G6. Peplis. — Cal. campanulate, with 6 large, and 6 smaller alternating teeth. Pet. 6 or none. Capsule 2-celled. B. Perianth single, superior, enclosed at first in a memhi^anous bract or spatha, 6-partite. 157. Amaryllidace^. C. Perianth single, inferior, 6-partite. 157. LiLiACEuE. — Perianth petaloid, regular or nearly so, bearing the stamens. Anthers introrse. Style 1. Ovary distinct, 3-celled. 158. JiJNCACEiE. — Flowers mostly glumaceous, 6-cleft or 6-partite. St. 3 or 6. Ovary free. 168. Narthecium. — Filaments woolly. Perianth green outside. Seeds with an appendage at each end. Fl. yellow. Le. equitant. 170. AcoRUS. — Fl. on a spadix, many-flowered. Spatha none. Stigma sessile. Scape leaf-like. Le. sword-shaped. XXXll SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. Page Order 2. DiGYNlA. 137. POLYGONACE^. Order 3. Trigynia. 143. RuMEX. — Perianth of 6 segments, the 3 inner enlarged in fruit. Achene triquetrous. Styles feathery. 169. Triglochin. — Perianth of 6 segments, 3 outer and 3 inner. Anthers sessile in the leaves of the perianth. Capsules 3— 6. 165. ToFiELDiA. — Flowers in racemes, bracteoles 3 connate. Perianth 6-partite, st. seated at the base of the segments. Stigmas obtuse. Fl. S7naU, pale yellow. 24. Elatine. — Perianth double. Cal. of 3 sepals. Pet. 3, coloured. Capsule superior, 3-celled. (See Paris. ) Order 4. Polygynia. 168. Alisma. — Cal. of 3 sepals. Pet. 3, coloured. Achenes clustered. ClassS. OGTANDRIA. Order 1. MoNOGYNiA. A. Perianth double, superior. 39. Onagracejs. — Sep. and pet. 4 each. Capsule linear. Seeds downy. 110. Vacctnium, — Cor. ovate or campanulate. Berry 4-celled. B. Perianth doublet inferior. 33. Acer. — Cal. 5-partite. Pet. 5. Fruit with 2 wings (a double samara). 84. Ericace.'E. — Cal. and cor. 4 — 5-cleft. Anthers opening by pores. Le. opposite or whorled. C. Perianth single. 145. Daphne. — Perianth 4-cleft. St. in the tube of the cor. Berry 1 -seeded. (See Polygonum.) Order 2. Digynia. 70. Chrysosplenium. — Perianth single, spreading. Capsule with 2 spreading beaks, 1 -celled, many-seeded. (See Scleranthus and Polygonum.) Order 3. Trigynia. (See Polygonum and Drosera.) SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. XXXIU Page Order 4. Tetra-Penta-gynia. 77. Adoxa. — Cal. half superior. Terminal flower with the cal. 2-cleft; cor. 4-cleft; lateral ones with the cal. 3-cleft; cor. 5-cleft. Berry 4-celIecl. 163. Parts. — Cal. of 4 sepals. Pet. 4. Anther cells on each side of a subulate filament. Berry 4-celled, superior. Classic. DECANDRIA. Order 1. MoNOGYNiA. 112. Pyrola. — Cal. and cor. 5-cleft. Anthers opening by pores at the base. (See Ericacece and Vaccinacece,) Order 2. DiGYNiA. 69. Saxifraga. — Cal. superior, half inferior or inferior, 5-toothed or partite. Pet. 5. Fruit with 2 beaks. (See Caiyophyllacece and Scleranthus.) Order 3. Trigynia. 66. Spergularia. — Perianth double. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, about as long as the cal. Ovary sessile. Le. opposite, with mem- branous stipules. 6. Caryophyllace^. — Perianth double. Cal. 5-cleft or of 5 sepals. Cor. of 5 petals. Capsule sessile or with a short stalk, opening by several teeth. Le. opposite, without stipules. Order 4. Pentagynia. 40. Crassulace^. — Flower alternating in all its parts. Stamens either of equal number or twice as many as the pet. Ovaries 1 -celled, tapering into stigmas. Le. fleshy. 36. OxALis. — Cal. 5 -partite. Pet. 5, sometimes united by their claws. Capsule 5- celled. Le. ternate. 67. Spergula. — Sep. and pet. 5 each. Capsule 1-celled. Le. opposite, with membranous stipules. (See Ga7njopliyllace(E and Adoxa.) Classll. DODECANDRIA. Order 1. Monogynia. Lythrum. — Cal. tubular, with 12 teeth, alternate ones small aud subulate. Pet. 6, inserted in the mouth of the cal. tube between its lobes. XXXIV SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. Page Order 2. DiGYNiA. 58. Agrimonia. — Cal. covered with hooked bristles, inferior, 5-cleft. Pet. 5, seated upon the cal. Order 8. Trigynia. 22. Reseda. — Cal. 4 — 6-partite. Pet. irregular, more or less divided. Capsule 1 -celled, open at the top. Order 4. Dodecagynia. 67. Semper vivuM. — Pet. and styles 12 or more. Class 12. ICOSANDRIA. 38. Rosacea. — Fl. regular. Le. stipulate. Classl3. POLYANDRIA. Order 1. Monogynia. 3. PAPAVERACEiE. — Sep. 2. Pet. 4. Stigma sessile. 22. Heliajsthemum. — Cal. of 5 pet. , with 2 on the outside of the 3 inner. 31. TiLiA. — Fl. from a spatha. Cal. 5-partite, deciduous. Pet. 5. Fruit coriaceous. Trees. 3. Nymphs ACE^, — Pet. numerous. Capsule large, with a flat radiating stigma. Le. large. Float'mg ivater plants. Order 2. Di-PoLY-GYNiA. 2. Ranunculace^. — Ovaries several, distinct or united below. Pet. sometimes irregular. Le. alternate, often much cut. ClassM. DIDYNAMIA. Order 1. Gymnospermia. Germen 4-^obed. Style i, from between the lobes. 87. Labiat^e. Stem square, Le. opposite. Fruit lying in the bottom of the cal. Order 2. Angiospermia. Germen entire, or 2-lobed enclosing the seeds. 86. ScROPHULARiACE.E. — Gemieii superior, 2-celled. Leaf if plarits. 86. Orobanchace^. — Germen superior, 1-celled. Leafless plants. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. Page Class 15. TETRAD YN AMI A. 3. C11UCIFER.E. Classie. MONADELPHIA. Order 1. Pent-Dec-andria. 7. Geraniace^. — Fruit with a long beak, capsules splitting off from the base, and curving up when ripe. 37. Leguminos^. — Fl. papilionaceous. Legume 1 -celled. (See Oxalis, Linwn, Lysimachia, and Solanum.) Order 2. Polyandria. 7. Malvace^. — Cal. in 2 rows. Anthers 1-celled. Class 17. DIADELPHIA. 3. FuMARiACE^. — Stamens 6. 6. PoLYGALACE^. — Stamens 8. 37. Leguminos^.— Stamens 10. ClasslS. POLYADELPHIA 7. Hypericace^. — Stamens in 3 or more bundles. Class 19. SYNGENESIA. 80. Composite. — Anthers combmed. Fl. in a head. Class 20 GYNANDRIA 156. Orchid ace^. — Stamens seated upon the style. I Class 21. MONOSCIA. Order 1. MoNANDRlA. Euphorbia. — Perianth none. Involucre surrounding a pistil and several male 11. with 1 stamen to each. Styles 3. Capsule 3 -seeded. Plants with milky juice. XXXVl SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. Page 147. Callitriche. — Perianth none. Bracts 2 or none. Styles 2, simple. 173. Zannichellia. — Barren fl. without a perianth. Fertile solitary, of 1 leaf. Stigma peltate. Achenes 4, on short stalks. 170. Arum. — Perianth none. Fertile fl. at the base ; barren ones in the centre of a cylindrical spadix; surrounded by a sheathing spatha. 173. ZosTERA. —Perianth none. Fl. in 2 rows on a flat spadix, enveloped by a sheath-like spatha. Style bifid. Marine floating plants with long flat leaves. Order 2. DiANDKlA. 171. Lemna. — Spatha membranous, enclosing 1 barren and 1 fertile fl. Style 1. Fl. from below the edge of a floating leaf or frond. (See Carex. ) Order 3. Triandria. 174. Cyperace^. — Fl. in spikes with imbricated scales or glumes. Achenes or nuts with 1 style and 2 — 3 stigmas. Le. grass - like; sheaths not split; stems solid. 158. Typhace^. — Fl. in cylindrical spikes, or globular heads. Perianth 3-leaved or none. Style 1. Stigmas 2 — 3. Ovary surrounded by bristles or the 3-leaved perianth. Order 4. Tetrandria. 135. LiTTORELLA. — Barren fl. stalked. Cal. of 4-sepals. Cor. 4-cleft. St. very long. Fertile fl. sessile. Cal. none. Cor. 3 — 4-cleft. Style very long. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. 147. Urtica. — Barren fl. with a 4-leaved perianth and 4 st. opposite the segments. Perianth of the fertile fl. 2-leaved. Stigma sessile. Fruit an achene. 148. Parietaria. — Perianth 4-partite. Style simple. Stigma penicillate. Fl. in clusters. Fruit an achene. 149. Alnus.— Fl. all in catkins. Scale of the catkin 3-lobed, with 3 fl. (Betulace^.) 149. Myrica. — Fl. all in catkins. Scale of the catkin entire, swollen. (Myricace^.) Order 5. Polyandria. A. Flowers not in Cathins. 65. Myriophyllum. — Fl. axillary or in lax spikes. Pet. of barren fl. 4, deciduous. St. 8. Germen inferior. Stigmas 4, sessile. Le. pectinated. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. XXXVll Page 169. Sagittaria. — Perianth of 6 segments, the 3 inner coloured. St. very numerous. Germens superior. Carpels very numerous, seated upon a globose receptacle, each with a single style. B. Barren floive^'S in catkins or lax spikes. 138. CUPULIFERJE. — Fruit solitary, or several collected together, surrounded by a prickly, leafy, or coriaceous involucre. 149. Betula. — Barren and fertile li. in catkins. St. 10 — 12, inserted on the scales of the catkin. Fertile fl. 3, within a 3-lobed scale. Styles 2. Fruit winged. Order 6. Monadelphia. 154. PiNUS. — Fruit in cones. Barren fl. in racemose catkins. Class 22. DICE CIA. Order 1. MoNANDRiA. 149. Salix. — Fl. in catkins. Order 2. Diandria. 149. Salix. — Fl. in catkins. Order 3. Triandria. 163. Ruscus. — Fl. on the leaves. St. 3. Perianth 6-lobed Style 1. Berry 3-celled. 146. Empetrum. — Perianth of many imbricated scales. St. 3 — 9. Filaments slender. Germen superior, globose. Style short. Stigma peltate. Fruit a berry. (See Valeriana SLud Salix.) Order 4. Tetrandria. 148. HiPPOPHAE.— Barren fl. with a 2-lobed perianth. Fertile fl. with a tubular bifid perianth. Stigma long. Scaly shrubs. 147. Urtica. — Perianth single. Barren one 4-lobed. Fertile 2-leaved. Achene superior. Stigma 1, sessile. (See Myrica and Salix. ) Order 5. Pentandria. 148. HuMULUS. — Barren fl. Perianth single, 5-leaved. Anthers with 2 pores. Fertile fl. in a catkin with large scales. Perianth none. Germen 1 -seeded. Styles 2. (See Rihes.) 1 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. Order 6. Hexandria. (See Rutnex. ) Order 7. Polyandria. 152. PopuLUS. — Fl, in catkiDS. Anthers 8— 30. Perianth oblique, entire. Fertile fl. Stigmas 4 — 8. Capsule superior, 1 -celled and 2-valved. Trees. 67. Sedum. — Cal. 4-cleft. Pet. 4. Glands 4, emarginate. Cap- sules 4, many-seeded. 146. Mercurialis. — Perianth single, 3-partite. St. 9—12. Cells of the anthers globose. Fertile fl. Germeu superior. Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled, cells 1 -seeded. (See Garyophyllacece.) Order 8. Monadelphia. 159. Anacharis. — *'Cal, 3-parted, inferior, with a long tube. Filaments 3. Capsule 1 -celled. Male with 9 stamens, filaments combined. " 155. JuNiPERUS. — Barren fl. in catkins. St. 5. Fertile fl. Style and stigma none. Scales combining into a fleshy berry. Shrubs. 155. Taxus.— Barren fl. in catkins. St. 5. Fertile fl., scaly at the base. Style and stigma none. Seed 1, nearly enclosed by a fleshy cup. A tree. Class 23. POLYGAMIA. Order 1. MoNCECiA. 140. Atriplex. — Perianth single, of 2 valves in the pistillate flowers, in the others 5-partite. Fruit a utricle covered by the enlarged perianth. (See Parietaria. ) Class 24. CRYPTOGAMIA. {See Class 3, page 202.) DIYISIONS OF THE MTUEAL SYSTEM, AS ADOPTED IN THE PRESENT WORK. Division A. — Phanerogamous or flowering plants. CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONS or EXOGENS. Embryo furnished with two opposite cotyledons, rarely more, and then much divided or whorled. Stem increasing by external layers. Leaves with branching veins, the ultimate ones reticu- lated. Flowers arranged in 5 or 2 parts, or multiples of these numbers. Sub-Class l.-THALAMIFLOR^, . . . Page 1. Petals several, distinct, and are, as well as the stamens, inserted into the receptacle (hypogeaous) below the ovaries. Sub-Class 2.— CALYCIFLORiE, .... Page 36. Petals several, distinct, and are, as well as the stamens, inserted into the calyx (perigynous). Sub-Class 3.— COROLLIFLORJE, . . . Page 78. Corolla with the petals united (monopetalous). Stamens mostly inserted upon the corolla (epipetalous). Sur-Class 4.— MONOCHLAMYDE^, . . . Page 136. Perianth single or none. mb-Class5.— GYMNOSPERMiE, . . . Page 154. Ovaries open, destitute of style or stigma. Perianth none. CLASS IL MONOCOTYLEDONS or ENDOGENS, . . . Page 155. Embryo furnished with one cotyledon, or, if more, alternate. Stem increasing and lengthening by new matter within ; woody bundles confused. Leaves parallel-veined and withering on the stem. Flowers arranged in 3 parts or multiples of this number. XXXVUl SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. Page Order 6. Hexandria. (See Rumex. ) Order 7. Polyandria. 152. POPULUS. — Fl. in catkins. Anthers 8— 30. Perianth oblique, entire. Fertile fl. Stigmas 4 — 8. Capsule superior, 1 -celled and 2-valved. Trees. 67. Sedum. — Cal. 4-cleft. Pet. 4. Glands 4, emarginate. Cap- sules 4, many-seeded. 146. Mercurialis. — Perianth single, 3-partite. St. 9—12. Cells of the anthers globose. Fertile fl. Germen superior. Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled, cells 1 -seeded. (See Garyophyllacece.) Order 8. Monadelphia. 159. Anacharis. — "Cal. 3-parted, inferior, with a long tube. Filaments 3. Capsule 1 -celled. Male with 9 stamens, filaments combined. " 155. JuNiPERUS. — Barren fl. in catkins. St. 5. Fertile fl. Style and stigma none. Scales combining into a fleshy berry. Shrubs. 155. Taxus.— Barren fl. in catkins. St. 5. Fertile fl., scaly at the base. Style and stigma none. Seed 1, nearly enclosed by a fleshy cup. A tree. Class 23. POLYGAMIA. Order 1. MONCECIA. 140. Atriplex. — Perianth single, of 2 valves in the pistillate flowers, in the others 5-partite. Fruit a utricle covered by the enlarged perianth. (See Parietaria. ) Class24. CRYPTOGAMIA. (See Class 3, page 202.) I DIVISIONS OF THE MTUEAL SYSTEM, AS ADOPTED IN THE PRESENT WORK. Division A. — Phanerogamous or flowering plants. CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONS or EXOGENS. Embryo furnished with two opposite cotyledons, rarely more, and then much divided or whorled. Stem increasing by external layers. Leaves with branching veins, the ultimate ones reticu- lated. Flowers arranged in 5 or 2 parts, or multiples of these numbers. Sub-Class l.—THALAMIFLOR^, . . . Page 1. Petals several, distinct, and are, as well as the stamens, inserted into the receptacle (hypogeaous) below the ovaries. Sub-Class 2.— CALYCIFLOR^E, .... Page 36. Petals several, distinct, and are, as well as the stamens, inserted into the calyx (perigynous). Sub-Class 3.— COROLLIFLORJE, . . . Page 78. Corolla with the petals united (monopetalous). Stamens mostly inserted upon the corolla (epipetalous). Sub-Class 4.— MONOCHLAMYDE^, . . . Page 136. Perianth single or none. Sub-Class 5.— GYMNOSPERM/E, . . . Page 154. Ovaries open, destitute of style or stigma. Perianth none. CLASS IL MONOCOTYLEDONS or ENDOGENS, . . . Page 155. Embryo furnished witli one cotyledon, or, if more, alternate. Stem increasing and lengthening by new matter within ; woody bundles confused. Leaves parallel-veined and withering on the stem. Flowers arranged in 3 parts or multiples of this number. xl DIVISIONS- OF 'TlB^Ei-J^ATURAL SYSTEM. Sub-Clas8 X;-^lf^E,Ti^OlJ)EiS,' . . „ . . . Page 155. Floral envelopes verticillate, mostly petaloid. Perianth single, or sometimes none. Sub-Class 2.— GLUMACE^, . . . . Page 174. Perianth none. Floral envelopes imbricated, consisting of chaffy scales or glumes. Division B. — Cryptogamous or flowerless plants. CLASS III. ACOTYLEDONS or ACROGENS, . . . Page 202. Plants bearing no true flowers ; the organs of reproduction are bodies resembling seeds called spores, having no embryo, conse- quently without any cotyledons . Increase of growth takes place at the apex of the stem when present, and the woody bundles are arranged in a zigzag manner. The venation of the leaf or frond by repeated forkings, often rather complicated. THE CLYDESDALE FLOEA. Sub-Class 1.— THALAMIPLOR^. SynopsIvS of the Natural Orders. A. Stamens 12 or more, not easily counted. f Ovaries numerous, distinct, or nearly so. Ord. 1. Eanunculace^:. — Carpels numerous, in several rows (achenes), or of 3 or more capsules opening on the inner margin (follicles). tt Ovaries one-celled. Ord. 4. Papaverace^. — Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 4, crumpled in aestivation. Placentas 2 or more, often projecting to the centre. With milky juice. Ord. 8. CiSTACE/E. — Sepals 3, twisted in £estivation, with 2 outer ones. Petals deciduous. Stigma capitate. ttt Ovaries several celled. Ord. 3. Nymph^ace^. — Petals numerous, often passing gradu- ally into stamens. Stigma peltate, rayed. Water plants with Jioating leaves. Ord. 15. Malvace^. — Stamens monadelphous. Anthers one- celled. Petals convolute in aestivation. Hairy or pubescent plants. Ord. 17. HyPEKiCACEiE. — Stamens polyadelphous. Petals mostly unequal- sided, often with black dots. Fl. yellow. Ord. 16. TiLiACE.E. — Sepals deciduous. Stamens distinct or nearly so. Flowers springing from a lanceolate bract. Trees. B. Stamens 10 or fewer, seldom more. t Flowers irregular. Ord. 5. FuMARiACE^. — Sepals 2, minute, deciduous. Petals adhering at the tips. Stamens diadelphous. Ord. 9. ViOLACE^. — Sepals 5, extended at the base. Petals 5, lower one bluntly spurred. Placentation parietal. Leaves vnth stipides. Ord. 11. PoLYGALACE^E. — Calyx with 2 wing-like sepals and 3 small outer ones. Filaments combined in 2 sets, united to the claws of the petals. A 2 RANUNCULACEiE. Ord. 7. Resedace^. — Sepals several, narrow. Petals laciniated. Stamens 10, sometimes more. Capsule when young opening at the top and showing the seeds. Ord. 20. Balsaminace^. — Lowest sepal cucullate and spurred. Stamens 5 ; filaments united at the apex. ft Flowers regular or nearly so. a. Ovary solitary ^ one-celled, or with a false dissepiment. Ord. 2. Berberidace^. — Anthers valvate. Petals glandular at the base. Stamens opposite to the petals. Ord. 6. CRUCiFERiE. — Petals 4, distinct. Stamens tetradyna- mous. Pod with a false dissepiment. Flowers generally corymbose. Ord. 10. Droserace^. — Leaves clothed with glandular hairs, circinate in vernation ; ovary 1 -celled. Capsule with 3 — 5 placentas, many-seeded. Ord. 13. Caryophyllace^. — Leaves opposite. Stem swollen at the joints. Ca.psule with a free central placentation at the summit, sometimes axillary below. b. Ovaries 2 or more celled. Ord. 14. Linages, — Leaves entire. Petals convolute in aesti- vation. Fruit 6 — 10 celled. Ord. 12. ELATiNACEyE. — Leaves opposite, entire, stipulate. Fruit 3-celled. Seeds striated. Ord. 18. AcERACE^. — Leaves lobed. Fruit winged (a double samara). Trees. Ord. 19. Geraniace^. — Leaves deeply cut. Fruit with a long beak. Stamens monadelphous. Ord. 21. OxALiDACE^. — Leaves ternate. Petals 5, twisted in sestivation. Stamens 10. GENERA OP THALAMIPLOR^. Ord. 1. — RANUNCULACEJi:. Tribe 1. Clematide^. — Cal. valvate or induplicate in bud. Fruit ending in a feathery awn. 1. Clematis. — Pet. none. Tribe 2. Anemones. — Cal. and Cor. imbricated in the bud. Pet. without a pore at the base. 2. Thalictrum. — Cal. of 4 — 5 sepals. Cor. none. Livolucre none. 3. Anemone. — Involucre of 3 cut le. distant from the fi. Pet. none. 4. Adonis. — Cal. of 5 sepals. Cor. of 5—10 pet. without a pore at the base. CRUCIFER^. 6 Tribe 3. Ranuncule^. — Cal. and Cor. imbricate in bud. Pet. with a pore at the base. 5. Ranunculus. — Sep. 3 — 5. Pet 5, rarely many. Achenes in several rows. Tribe 4. Hellebores. — Cal. and Cor. imbricate in bud. Fruit (follicles) many-seeded. 6. Caltha. — Cal. of 5 coloured Sep. Pet. none. Follicles 5 — 10. 7. Trollius. — Cal. of many-coloured sep. Pet. very small, linear, flat, resembling the stamens. 8. Helleborus. — Cal. of 5 sep. Cor. of 8 — 10 tubular pet. Fol- licles 3—10. 9. Aquilegia. — Cal. of 5 coloured sep. Pet. 5, spurred. 10. AcoNiTUM. — Upper sepal arching and helmet shaped, enclos- ing the 2 upper tubular petals. OrD. 2. — BERBERIDACEiE. 1 . Berberis. — Sep. 6. Pet. 6, with 2 glands at the base of each, on the inside. 2. Epimedium. — Sep. 4. Pet. and St. 4 each. Ord, 3. — Nymph^ace^. 1. NYMPHiEA. — Sep. 4, greenish outside, white within. Pet. numerous. Receptacle nearly covering the germen. 2. NuPHAR. — Sep. 5 —-6, yellow, larger than the pet. Receptacle confined to the base of the germen. Ord. 4. — Papaverace^. a. Fruit globose or oblong. 1. Papaver. — Sep. 2. Pet. 4. Placentas folded in towards the centre. Stigma sessile rayed. B. Fruit linear. 2. Glaucium.— Sep. 2. Pod very long, 2-celled. Fl. large, yellow. 3. Chelidonium.— Sep. 2. Pod short, 1- celled. Fl. small, yellow. Ord. 5. — FuMARiACEiE. 1. Fumaria. — Sep. 2, scale-like. Fruit small, roundish, one- seeded. 2. CoRYDALis. — Fruit pod shaped, many-seeded. H Ord. 6. — Crucifer^. Sub-Order 1. Lomentoss. — Pod with seeds placed end to end, no dissepiment, dividing by transverse joints, indehiscent. 4 CRUCIFER^. 1. Cakile. — Pod angular, of 2 one-seeded joints, the upper ensi- form, lower often abortive. Fl. Purplish. 2. Crambe. — Pod 2-jointed, lower joint barren and stalk-like, upper globose, with one pendant seed, on a long stalk. Fl. white. 3. Raphanus. — Pod monilif orm, tapering upwards, separating by transverse partitions ; lowermost cell barren. Fl. yellow. Suh'Order 2. Siliquos^:. — Pod linear (seldom swollen and short), 3 — 10, or more times longer than broad. Tribe 1. Brassice^. — Pod elongated with a linear dissepiment. Style short, stout. Cotyledons folded. 4. Brassica. — Cal. erect. Pod round or angular; valves some- times keeled. Style short, blunt. Fl. yellow. 5. Sin APIS. — Cal. spreading. Pod round or angular. Style mostly pointed. Seeds pungent. Fl. yellow. Tribe 2. Sisymbrie^. — Pod elongated, angular or nerved, some- times keeled. Seeds compressed. Cotyledons incumbent. (). Sisymbrium. — Cal. equal at the base. Pod sometimes 4-angu- lar, or with 2 strong prominent ribs. Seeds not striated. Stigmas combined into a disk. Fl. white or yellow. 7. Alliaria. — Cal. loose. Pod with prominent nerves, 4-angled. Seeds striate. Fl. white. *8. Hesperis. — Cal. bisaccate at the base. Pod many-nerved. Stigma of 2 converging lobes. Fl. pale lilac or white. Tribe 3. Arabide^e, — Pod elongated; valves flat, sometimes slightly keeled; dissepiment generally broader than the com- pressed seeds. Cotyledons accumbent. 9. Cheiranthus. — Pod round or compressed. Cal. with 2 oppo- site sepals, saccate at the base. Stigma 2-lobed. Fl. yellow. 10. Card AMINE. — Pod linear, compressed; valves flat, without nerves ; usually opening with elasticity from below upwards. Seed stalk filiform. Fl. white or pale purple. 11. Arabis. — Pod compressed, with a prominent nerve in the middle of each valve, or coarsely veined. Cal. erect. Fl. white. 12. TuRRiTis. — Pod keeled, valves slightly convex. Seeds in a double row. Cal. nearly equal. Fl. yellowish white. 13. Barb are A. — Pod 2-edged from the prominent ribs, or nearly tetragonal. Cal. erect, equal at the base. Fl. yellow. 14. Nasturtium. — Pod cylindrical, sometimes very short and turgid ; valves convex, without veins. Cal. patent. Fl. white or yellow. CRUCIFER^. 5 Sub-Order 3. Siliculos^. — Pouch compressed, not 3 times as long as broad. A. Pouch dorsally compressed ; dissepiment in its broadest diameter. Tribe 4. Alyssine^. — Valves flat or convex. Seeds compressed. Cotyledons accumbent. 15. CocHLEARiA. — Pouch globose or elliptical; valves very convex, with a prominent nerve. Seeds tuberculate. Cal. patent. Fl. white. 16. Armoracia. — Cal. patent. Pouch nearly globose, nerveless, valves swollen. 17. Draba. — Valves flat or slightly convex; 1-nerved at the base. Petals deeply cleft. Seeds numerous. Fl. white. Tribe 5. Cameline^. — Valves concave, dissepiment oval or oblong. Cotyledons incumbent. *18. Camelina. — Pouch subovate or pyriform, with swollen valves, and a prominent nerVe at the base. Fl. yellow. 19. SuBULARiA. — Pouch oval-oblong ; valves slightly swollen, nerved at the base. Stigma sessile. A small siibmei-cjed plant. Fl. white. B. Pouch laterally compressed ; dissepiment in its narrowest diameter. Tribe 6. Thlaspide^. — Valves with narrow dissepiments, keeled or winged. Cotyledons accumbent. *20. Thlaspi. — Pouch emarginate, valves winged, boat-shaped, with a bordered keel. Seeds more than 2 in each cell. Pet. equal, small, white. *21. Iberis. — Pet. unequal. Cells one-seeded, valves winged at the back. Fl. white. 22. Teesdalia. — Pet. unequal. Pouch emarginate, roundish ; valves keeled ; cells two-seeded. Fl. very small, white. Tribe 7. Lepidine^. — Pouch with convex or keeled valves, sometimes ventricose. Cotyledons incumbent, or accumbent in Lepidium. 23. Capsella, — Pouch triangular, notched, wedge-shaped at the base ; valves keeled. Seeds numerous. Fl. white. 24. Lepidium. — Pouch elliptical or ovate ; valves keeled ; cells one-seeded. Fl. white. 25. Senebiera. — Pouch broader than long, wrinkled on the back, cells one-seeded. Fl. very small, white. b CARYOPHYLLACEiE. OeD. 7. — RESEDACEiE. 1. Reseda.— Cal. persistent. Pet. more or less divided, variously cut. Capsule opening at the apex in three lobes, showing the seeds. OrD. 8. — CiSTACEiE. 1. Helianthemum. — Cal. of 2 outer and 3 inner sep. Capsules opening by 3-valves. OrD. 9. — VlOLACEiE. 1. Viola. — Sep. produced at the base. Pet. 5, unequal, the lower one spurred, or saccate. Anth. on the inner face of the filament S; lower ones spurred. Ord. 10. — Droserace^. 1. Drosera.— Cal. deeply 5-cleft. Pet. 5, St. 5. Styles 3—5, filiform. Le. clothed tvith glandular hairs. Ord. 11. — POLYGALACE^. ]. Polygala. — Cal. with 5 sep., the 2 inner wing-shaped. Pet. united with the st. in 2 bundles, each with 4 anthers, opening by pores at the summit. Ord. 12. — Elatinace^. 1. Elatine.— Pet. 3—4. St. 3—4 or 6—8. Styles 3—4, capitate. Capsule 3 — 4-celled, manj^-seeded. Ord. 18. — Caryophyllace^. Sub-Order 1. Silene^. — Sepals united into a cylindrical tube, 4 — 5-toothed. Capsule shortly stalked. 1. DiANTHUS. — Scales of the cal. usually 2. Styles 2. Capsule 1 -celled, opening at the apex by 4 valves. 2. Silene. — Cal. 10-nerved. Styles 3. Capsule 3-celled at the base, opening at the apex by 6 valves. 3. Lychnis.— ^Cal. tubular, o-toothed, 10-nerved. Styles 5. Capsule opening by 5 or 10 teeth. 4. Agrostemma. — Segments of the cal. longer than the tube. Pet. without scales in the throat. Styles 5. Sub-Order 2. Alsine^. — Sepals 4 — 5, distinct. Pet. narrow at the base. Capsule sessile. A. Valves of the capsule and styles equal in number. 5. Sagina. — Pet. small, entire, or none. Styles and valves of capsule 4 — 5, alternating with each other. GERANIACE^. 7 6. HoNCKENYA. — Sep. 5. Pet 5, large, entire. St. 10, alternat- ing with glands. Styles and valves of capsule 3. Seeds few, large, fleshy. B. Valves of the capsule twice as many as the styles. 7. APvENAria. — Sep. 5. Pet. 5, entire. St. 5 — 10. Styles 3. Seeds numerous. 8. Stellaria. — Sep. 5. Pet. 5, deeply cleft. St. 10, sometimes fewer. Styles 3. Seeds numerous. 9. Cerastium. — Sep. 5. Pet. 5, bifid (sometimes 4 sep. and pet.) Styles 5 or 4. Capsule tubular, slightly curved at the top. 10. HoLOSTEUM. — Sep. 5. Pet. 5, jagged at the point. St. 3—5, Style 3. Capsule subcylindrical. OrD. 14. — LiNACEiE. 1. LiJ^UM. — Sep. 5, entire. Pet., St., and Styles, 5 each. 2. Ramola.— Sep. 4, deeply trifid. Pet., St., and Styles, 4 each. Ord. 15. — Malvaceae. 1. La VETERA. — Involucre 3-lobed, combined at the base. Carpels a?ranged in a ring round an axis. 2. Maiva. — Involucre 3-leaved, distinct at the base. Carpels as inl. 3. Alti^a. — Involucre 6 — 9-leaved, combined at the base. Car- pds as in 1. OrD. 16. — TiLIACEiE. 1. TiLTx. — Sep. 5, deciduous. Pet. 5, with or without a scale at th3 base. St. numerous, free or polyadelphous. Fruit glo- bcse. Ti^ees. ORD. 17. — HYPERICACEiE. 1. Hyiericum. — Cal. 5 partite, or of 5 sep. Pet. 5, mostly unequal- sided. St. in 3 — 5 bundles. Capsule many-seeded. PI. yellow. OrD. 18. — ACERACEiE. 1. i.CER. — Fl. often imperfect. Cal. 5 partite. St. 8, long in the male flowers. Fruit winged. OrD. 19.— GERANIACE.E. 1. Geranium. — Sep. and pet. 5. St. 10, united below (monadel- phous). Beak of the fruit long. Carpels curling up when ripe. 8 1. RANUNCULACE^. 2, Erodium. — Sep. and pet. 5. St. (monadelphous) united below ; 5 sterile, and 5 fertile, with glands at their base. Carpels curling and twisting up on the long beak when ripe. Awn of the carpel bearded inside. Ord. 20. — Balsaminace^. 1. Impatiens. — Fl. irregular. Lower sep. spurred. Lateral pet. in pairs. Capsule suddenly opening, with 5 valves. Ord. 21. — OxALiDACEiE. 1. OxALis. — Sep. 5, united below. St. 10, monadelphous at the base. Capsule 5-celled. Seeds with an elastic coal. SPECIES OF thalamiflor;e. !•— RANUNCULACEiE. 1. Cli^matis. Clematis. ! *C. viTALBA, L. — Traveller's Joy^ Old Man's Beard, Virgin's Boioer. Stem climbing by means of the twisted petiojes. Le. opposite, pinnate; Leaflets stalked, ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, inciso-lobate, cordate at the base. Fl. in loose panicles ; greenish white, fragrant. Fr. with long feathery awns. Very rare. Trailing in hedges at Stonelaw, beyond Rutherglcn ; rarely flowering. (E) Sh. 6. 2. THALfcTRUM. Meadow-Rue. 1. T. ALPiNUM, L. — Alpine Meadow-Rue. Stem sim}le, 4—6 in. high. Le. mostly radical, upon long stalks, bi-ternat€, leaflets small, roundish, crenate or lobed, dark green. Raceme terminal, of few drooping flowers. St. 10 — 20. Ach. with a hooked point. On the highest mountains in Arran. (H) P. 6—7. 2. T. MINUS, L. — Lesser Meadow-Rue. Stem flexuose, IS — 18 in. high, smooth. Stipules with reflexed auricles. Le. 3 — 4 imes pinnate, leaflets numerous, broadly wedge-shaped, 3-cleft and toothed, glaucous below. Fl. loosely panicled, drooping, pale greenish yellow. Ach. compressed, strongly ribbed. ^ Dry pastures, rare. Arran. (S) P. 6 — 7. I 3. T. Flavum, L. — Yellow Meadow-Rue. Stem erect, 2 — 3 ft. high, deeply furrowed, branched. Le. ternately bi-pimate; leaflets ovate or oblong, wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, 1. KANUNCULACE^. 9 T-lobed. Pan. compact. Fl, with short pedicels. Sep. cream- coloured. Anth. yellow, with long filaments. Ach. small, dark olive when ripe. Rare. Banks of Clyde at the Iron-works, and above the Railway Bridge, amongst willows; near Dunoon. (E) P. 6—7. 3. Anemone. Anemone. A. NEMOROSA, L. — Wood Anemone, Wind-Floiver. Ehizome creeping, brownish black. Le. appearing after the flower, bi- ternate, leaflets deeply cut, toothed or lobed. Fl. white, tinged externally with purple or pink, solitary, distant from the 3 -leaved involucre, which resembles in form the radical leaves. Ach. <3ompressed, downy. Frequent in woods. Carmyle and Kenmuir banks ; Cambuslang Glen ; Cathkin hills; common in all the woods bordering the Firth. (B) P. 3—6. 4. Ad6nis. Pheasant's Eye. "A. AUTUMNALis, L. — Stem erect, branched, 6 — 18 in. high. Le. alternate, upper ones sessile, 2 — 3 times pinnatifid, lobes linear, acute. Cal. smooth. Cor. with concave petals, bright scarlet, with a dark spot at the base. Ach. reticulated. Very rare. Corn field near Tollcross. (G) A, 5—7. 5. EANtJNCULUS. Croiufoot, Buttercup. 1. Flowehs white. 1. R. FLUITA.NS, Lam. — i?^^;er Crowfoot Stem long. Le. all submerged, divided into very long, multifid segments. Stip. broad. Pet. obovate, much larger than the calyx. Ach. mostly abortive, inner edge straight, style lateral. In canals and running streams. (E) P. 6—8. Frequent in Clyde, from Dal- marnock upwards, seldom flowering near Glasgow ; often so in the still water; above Hamilton Bridge; Black Cart at Inchinnan, &c. 2.11. AQUATiLis, L. — Water Crowfoot. Stem submerged. Lower le. divided into many diverging capillary segments ; upper le. floating, orbicular or reniform, cut and broadly lobed. Ped. shorter or not much exceeding the leaves. Ach. packed in a globular or ovoid head. (B) P. 5 — 8. Var. peltatus Fries. — Floating le. numerous, with long stalks, subpeltate, mostly 5-lobed, submerged ones with divaricate many cut segments. Ped. longer than the le. tapering. Stigma clavate. Ach. obtuse. Frequent in ponds and ditches. St. Germans, Dougalston, and Bardowie Lochs; Frankfleld, Kelvin, &c. Var. confusus, Godr. — Floating le. with long stalks 3-lobed, submerged ones with rigid, cut segments. Ped. scarcely longer 10 1. RANUNCULACE^. than the le. Stigma tongue-shaped. Ach. compressed, narrowed upwards. "Rare, in ponds and ditches, Renfrew," Mr. Walter Gait. Var. Baudotii, Godr. — Floating le. tripartite, submerged ones with close, rigid, cut segments. Ped. thick, longer than the leaves. Ach. closely packed into a conical head, very numerous, 40 — 60. Stigma tongue-shaped, recurved. Rare. Banks of the Clyde, near Dumbarton Castle. Gourock? P. G— 8. Var. heterophyllus, Fries. — Floating le. tripartite, submerged ones divided into long multifid segments, collapsing into pencil- like masses. Ped. slender, about as long or shorter than the le. Stigma hooked. Rare. Island of Bute. Var. tricophyllus, Chaix. — Floating le. rare, upper ones sessile, submerged ones with short rigid segments. Ped. scarcely longer than the le. Pet. small caducous. Stigma oblong. Ach. laterally apiculate, compressed above. Frequent. Cumhrae, Bute, and Arran. 3. R. HEDERACEUS, L. —Ivy-Uaved Crowfoot. Stem-branched , creeping over the surface of mud, or erect when in water. Le. all broadly reniform, none capillary, lateral lobes spreading, basal curve shallow ; often marked with a dark spot. Pet. small and nai^roiOf seldom exceeding the cal. Ach. obtuse. Style lateral. Frequent in ditches, on mud, and in water. (B) P. 6—9. Paisley Canal Bank; Cathcart; Fossil; CuniT)rae, &c. 4. R. Lenormandi, Schultz. — Mud Crowfoot. Requires to be carefully examined, as it is very like the preceding. Le. sub- orbicular, basal curve deep, lobes 3 — 5, notches one-third the depth of leaf. Pet. nearly twice as large as the cal. Style nearly central. Frequent on mud or in shallow pools. (B?) P. 6—8. Possil marsh; near Shettleston; Gourock; Cumhrae, &c. 2. Flowers yellow, Le. undivided. 5. R. LiXGUA, L. — Greater Spearwort. Stem erect, 2 — 3 feet high, rooting at the lower joints, branches hollow. Le. lanceolate distantly dentate, or nearly entire. Fl. very large. Ach. minutely pitted, compressed, margined, healc recurved. Not common. Possil marsh, plentiful. (E) P. 7—9. 6. R. FLAMMULA, L. — Lcsscr Spearwort. Stem decumbent at the base, rooting, 12 — 18 in. high. Le. petiolate, varying from ovate to linear-lanceolate, nearly entire. Fl. rather small. Ach. not compressed, beak small, subulate, not recurved. Common in ditches and marshes, generally distributed. (B) P. &—d<. 1. RANUNCULACEtE. 11 7. R. FiCARiA, L. — Pilewort or Lesser Celandine. Ehizome producing fasiculated tubercles. Stem 4 — 8 in. high. Le. broadly reniform, on long petioles, crenate or bluntly toothed, lo])es spreading, sheaths of lower le. narrow, 2 — 3 on the one- flowered stem. n. a glossy yellow. \'ery common. Found in most of the woods and bushy places around Glasgow Kelvin woods, Carmyle, &c. (B) P. 3—5. Var. incumhens. — Sheaths of lower le. broad. Lobes over- lapping. Frequent. Bute very common. 8. Flowees yellow, Le. divided. A. Calyx spreading. 8. R. AURicoMUs, L. — Wood Crowfoot, Goldilocks. Stem ascending, 8 — 12 inches high. Eadical le. on long stalks, varying in form, rounded or reniform, 3-partite and cut. Stem, le sessile, divided into linear segments. Cal. pubescent. Pet. with na scales. Ach. downy. F'requent in woods around Glasgow. (B) P. 4 — 5. Kelvin woods ; Cai'myle and Kenmuir banks ; Maryhill, &c. 9. R. ACKis, L. — Upright Meadow Crowfoot, Buttercup, or Kingcup. Stem erect, 1 — 3 ft. high. Le. tripartite, or 3-cleft, segments deeply cut or toothed ; uppermost sessile, with narrower segments. Fed. hairy, round not furrowed. Cal. pubescent, Ach. compressed, beak curved. Rec. smooth. Common everywhere in meadows and pastures. (B) P. 6—7. 10. R. EEPENS, L. — Creeping Croiofoot. Stem throwing out runners, forming new plants at each joint. Le. with 3 shortly stalked segments, 3-lobed and cut, upper ones sessile, hairs long. Fed. furrowed. Eecep. hairy. Common by all roadsides, in meadows, and cultivated ground. (B) P. 5—8. 11. R. ARVENSis, L.—Corn Crowfoot. Root fibrous. Stem annual, erect, slightly branched. Le. 3-cleft, with 3-cleft or 3- partite segments. Fed. not furrowed. Fl. small, pale lemon yellow. Ach. large, covered with conical tubercles or hooked S2)ines. Very rare. Corn fields, "Bogle's hole," Hopk,; near ToUcross. (E) A. 5—7. B. Calyx reflexed. 12. R. HiRSUTUS, L. — Hairy Croiofoot. Root fibrous, annual. Stem erect or ascending. Lower le. ternate, segments 3-cleft,, lateral ones sessile. Fed. hairy ^ furrowed. Cal. hairy. Ach. tuberculated near the margin; beak very short. Rare. Occasionally on the banks of the Forth and Clyde Canal from Port- Dundas to Bowling. (E) A. 6—10. 12 1. RANUNCULACEiE. 13. R. SCELERATUS, L. — Gelenj-leaved Crowfoot. Stem erect, very thick, branched, hollow, furrowed, 1 — 2 ft. high. Radical le. petiolate, 3-cleft and cut, quite glabrous, shining, upper le. divided to the base, segments dentate. Fl. very smaD, pale yellow. Pet. with no scales. Ach. small, very numerous, wrinkled in the middle, collected into an oblong head. Not common. Banks of the Forth and Clyde Canal from Port-Dimdas to Bowling ; banks of the Clyde from Renfrew to Dumbarton, (B) P. 5 — 9. 14. R. BULBosus, L. — Bulbous Crowfoot. Stem bulb-like at the base, 1 ft. high. Le. of 3-petiolate leaflets, with 3-cleft segments, cut or serrate, upper one sessile, with few linear lobes, Ped. hairy, furrowed. Cal. hairy, Ach. with a broad hooked beak. Rec. hairy. Frequent in meadows and pastures. (B) P. 5—6. Glasgow Green, King's Park; Banks of Clyde; Gourock, — 8. 6. CRUCIFER^E. 17 5. SiNAPis. Mii^stard, 1. S. NIGRA, L. — Gom7no7i Black- Mustard, Stem branched in the upper part, 1 — 3 feet high. Lower le. large, lyrate rough ; upper ones lanceolate, entire, all stalked. Fl. yellow. Pods adpresscdj somewhat 4-angled, 1 -nerved. Rare. Only found on rulobisli or near where cultivated. Banks of Clyde near Carmyle. (E) A. 6—9. 2. S. ARVENSis, L. — Wild Mustard, Charlock. Stem erect or ascending, furrowed, 1 — 2 ft. high. Lower leaves sublyrate, upper ones sinuated and toothed. Sepals very much spread. n. large bright yellow. Pods glabrous, sometimes with reflexed hairs ; valves with 3 — 5 prominent ribs. Beaks frequently con- taining a single seed. Whole plant rough. Very common. In corn fields, &c. (B) A. 5 — 9. *3. S. ALBA, L. — White- Mustard. Stem erect, furrowed, 1 — 2 ft. high. Le. pinnatifid, stalked, variously cut and toothed. Fl. bright yellow. Pods swollen, hispid, valves with 5 ribs ; beak broad, S-edged, flattened, often with a single seed at the base. Rare. An escape from cultivation, or on rul)t)isli. Banks of Clyde below Gov an • (E) A. 6—7. 6. Sisymbrium. 1. S. OFFICINALE, Scop. — Hedge- Mustard. Stem erect, 1 — 3 ft. high. Le. pinnatifid, sublyrate, segments oblong, hairy. Fl. very small, pale yellow. Pods subulate, straight, adpressed to the stem, downy. Very common by road sides and waste places. (B) A. 6—7. 2. S. THALIANUM, HooL — Thale-Cress. Stem erect, slender, 4 — 10 in. high. L. oblong-lanceolate, attenuate at the base, slightly toothed, downy. Stem le. distant, sessile, elliptical, entire or dentate. Fl. small, white. Pods spreading , 1 -nerved, angular. Frequent. On wall tops and diy banks. (B) A. 4—5 and 9—10 Cathcart ; Tollcross; Woodside Road; Cambuslang; Gourock, &c. 7. Alliaria. Garlick-Mustard. A. OFFICINALIS, J). C— Garlic-Mustard, Jach-hy-the-Hedge, or Sauce-alone. Stem 2 — 4 ft. high. Le. rounded or triangular, cordate at the base, crenate or toothed. Fl. white. Pods smooth , 1 — 2 inches long, erect or spreading, slightly knotted with swollen seeds. Le. smelling like garlic when bruised. Frequent. Hedge banks and open places in woods. (B) B, 5 — 6. Near Govan ; hedge near Dalmarnock Bridge; Carmyle and Kenmuir ; Cambuslang; Gourock, «fcc. B 18 6. CRUCIFER^. 8. Hi^sPEKis. Bame's-Violet *H. MATRONALis, L. — Queen's-GUUflower. Stem erect, 1—3 ft. high. Le, ovato-lanceolate, acuminate, toothed. Pet. obovate. n. pale lilac or white. Pods smooth, erect, distantly beaded, pedicels round, spreading. Occasionally found, Lut only as an escape from cultivation. Camljuslang glen, lower portion; Cadder ; " In the fields near Holytown," Hopk. B. 5 — 6. 9. CheirInthus. Wall-Flower. C. cheIri, L. — Stem woody at the base. Le. lanceolate, entire, acute, arranged in tufts on the top of the branches, hairs adpressed, bi-partite. Fl. bright orange yellow. Pods suddenly contracted at the apex into a conical style. Not common. On old walls. "Ruins of Mains," Ure. "Bothwell Castle," Hopk. Dumbarton Rock, &c. P. 4 — 5. 10. CARDAMfNE. Bitter-Cress. 1. C. AMARA, Jj.— Large-floivered Bitter- Cress. Ehizome creep- ing. Stem curving upwards, then erect, 1 — 2 ft. high. Le. pinnate, leaflets 5 — 9, roundish ovate, angulate in the lower leaves; upper ones oblong, bluntly toothed. Fl. large, white. Anth. pu7'ple. In wet places, woods, and on the hanks of rivers, frequent. (B) P. 4 — S. Cart near Pollokshaws ; Gairbraid glen on the Kelvin ; Kenmuir hank ; Camhuslang ; Gourock, &c. 2. C. PRATENSis, L. — Cuckoo-Flower, Lady's-Smoch. Rhizome densely clothed with small fibres. Stem slightly zigzag, 1 — 2 ft. high. Le. pinnate, subrotund, toothed ; stem leaves narrow or linear, entire, seldom toothed. Fl. large, pale purple, sometimes white. Anth. yellow. Pods not often fertile ; small bulbs occur in wet seasons at the base of the stem. In Fossil marsh double flowers are frequently obtained. Common. In moist pastures. (B) P. 4— 7. 3. C. IMPATIENS, L. — Impatiotmd-podded Lady^s- Smock. Stem erect, 12 — 18 in. high. Le. pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, often cut or lobed. Stem leaves with narrow, acute, ciliated auricles at their base. Pet. small, narrow, or none. Pod linear. On moist rocks rare. " On rocks on the banks of the river above the Falls of Clyde," Hopk. (L) A. 5—8. 4. C. niRSUTA, L. — Hairy Bitter-Cress.. Stem branching from the base, 4 — 10 in. high. Le. pinnate, leaflets petiolate, roundish, angularly toothed. Stem leaflets narrow, nearly entire. Fl. white. St. often 4, sometimes 6. Style short and thick. Pedi- cels erect. Whole plant more or less covered with short hairs. Var. SYLVATICA. — A larger plant growing in woods. St. 6. 6. CRUCIFER^. 19 Radical leaHets smaller than the stem leaves. Pedicels patent; not so hairy as the normal form. Common. The first form occurs on wall tops and sandy soil, the second in moist shady places and woods. (B) A. 3 — 8. 11. Arabis. Hairy Rock-Cress. A. iiiRSUTA, Br. — Stem erect, stiff, 8 — 15 in. high. Rootle, oblong, tapering to the base. Stem le. semi-amplexicaul, cordate or sagittate. Fl. small, white. Pods erect, linear, with a pro- minent nerve. Rare. Banks and rocks. (B) B. 6— 8. Frequent in Cumbrac; Bute; Arran; and glens in the Campsie hills. 12. TuRRfxTS. Smooth Toiver-Mustard. *T. GLABRA, L.— Stem erect, 1— 2 ft. high. Root le. attenu- ated at the base, toothed, hairy. Le. pressed to the stem, amplexicaul, entire, smooth. Fl. yellowish white. Pods 2 — 2^ in. long, erect. Whole plant glaucous. Very rare. Old quany at Partick, and Bowling hay. (G) A. B. 5 — 7. 13. Barbar^a. Yelloiu-Rocket, Bitter Winter-Cress. B. VULGARIS, Br. — stem erect, 1— -2 ft. high, stout, furrowed, branched. Radical le. lyrate. Stemle. oval, deeply and irregularly toothed, all dark shining green. Fl. crowded, small, yellow. Pods nearly an inch long, bluntly angled. Frequent. Pastures and sides of streams. (B) B. 5—8. Banks of Kelvin, Cart, and Clyde. 14. Nastij^rtium. Water-Cress. 1. N. OFFICINALE, Br. — Commoii Water-Cress. Stem decum- bent and ascending 1 — 1| ft. high. Le. pinnate, leaflets ovate or roundish ; terminal one subcordate, sinuate-dentate. Pet. white, longer than the calyx. Pod linear, curved upwards, slightly exceeding the pedicels. Seeds in 2 rows. Frequent. Rivulets amongst stones, in ditches and streams. (B) P. 5 — 10. Paisley Canal hank; Forth and Clyde Canal; rivulets from Cathkin hills, &c. 2. W. TERRESTRE, Br. — Marsli Yelloio- Rochet. Root fibrous. Stem erect, 6—12 in. high. Le. lyrate pinnatijid, irregularly toothed. Pet. same length as the sep. , yellow. Pods ovoid or oblong ; seeds crowded, in 2 rows, in each cell of the pod. Frequent. Muddy river hanks, and watery places. (E) A. B. 6 — 10. Below Govan on the stone embankment; rivers Cart and Kelvin; Clyde upwards from Dalmarnock; Gourock, &c. B 15. CocHLEARiA. Scurvy-Grass. 1. C. OFFICINALIS, L. — Radical le. roundish or reniform, sinuate or entire, petioles long, stem le. nearly all sessile, pouch globose ovoid. Fl. white. 20 6. CRUCIFER^. Var. Danica, L. — Kadical le. reniform, somewhat lobed, stem le. mostly petiolate, triangular or 5-lobed. Seeds small. Common. On the shores of the Clyde. (B) A. P. 5—8. 2. C A'nglica, L. — English Sciirvy-Orass. Radical le. large, oval or oblong, entire, stem le. mostly sessile, with a few large teeth. Pouch elliptical, much larger than in the last, veined. Seeds large. Fleshy Plants. Frequent. Bowling, Dumbarton, &c. (E) A. B. 5—8. 16. Armoracia. Horse-Badish. 1. A. AMPHIBIA, Koch. — Leaves oblong pinnatifid or serrate. Root fibrous. Petals yellow, twice as long as the calyx. Pouch 2 — 3 times shorter than the pedicel. Stigma capitate. Banks of rivers and lochs. "Banks of Clyde, frequent. In the marsh beyond Possil. In Bardowie Loch, near the house," Hopk. I have never been enabled to find this plant in any of these stations, nor in the district. *2. A, RDSTICANA, Baumg. — Horse-Radish. Radical le. on long stalks 6 in. to a foot long, sinuate and toothed at the edges. Roots long, cylindrical, very pungent. An outcast of gardens. 17. DrIba. Common Whitlow-Grass. D. VERNA, L. — Stems numerous, 1 — Gin. high. Le. all radical, lanceolate, slightly toothed, hairy. Fl. white. Petals deeply cloven. Pouch compressed, about twice as long as broad. Common. Tops of walls, dry banks and rocks. (B) A, 3—6. Banks of the Forth and Clyde Canal at Possil marsh ; Tollcross ; Cathkin hills, &c. D. mm^alis has become plentiful in many gardens. Botanic Garden as a weed; Cumbrae, &c. 18. CAMELfNA. Gold-of-Pleasure. ^ C. SATiVA, Cr. — stem erect, 1 — 3 ft. high. Le. sagittate, lanceolate. Stem le. auricled, nearly entire, acute. Fl. small, yellow. Pouch large, on long stalks, valves reticulated. Seeds rough, pale yellowish brown. Introduced amongst flax and corn. In a field of flax near Kirkintilloch ; near Chryston; Lambhill, &c. A. 6—7. ' 19. SuBULARiA. Awl-wort. S. AQUATICA, L. — Water Awl-ivort. Scape 1 — 4 in. high. Le. nearly cylindrical, slender. Fl. few, small, white ; valves with a dorsal nerve. Seeds, 2 — 6 in each cell. Plant dull green, smooth, somewhat fleshy. Shallow margins of Alpine lakes. (S) P. 7. Loch Lomond. 20. Thlaspi. Penny-Cress. * T. ARVENSE, L. — Field Penny -Oress. Mithridate Mustard. 6. CRUCIFERiE. 21 Stem erect, branched above, 9 — 12 in. high. Le. sagittate, • toothed, smooth. Pouch very large, with a broad wing, nearly- flat. Fl. white, small. Whole plant glabrous and glaucous. Very rare. In cultivated fields. " Field on the banks of the Clyde between IDalbeth and Westhorn," Hopk.; beyond Tradeston on rubbish. (B) A. 5—7. I 21. Ib^ris. Candy-Tuft *I. AMAPwA, L. — Bitter Candy -Tuft. An outcast from gardens ; being an annual, it is seldom found in the same place for two years. Banks of Clyde; easily known by the unequal petals and bitter leaves. (G) A. 7. 22. Teesdalia. Shepherd-Cress. T. NXJDiCAULis, Br. —Stem erect, 2 — 6 in. high, with no leaves, or 1 — 2 on the lateral stems, entire or cut. Radical le. lyrato- pinnatifid. Fl. white. Petals unequal. Pouch obcordate. Very rare. Sandy and gravelly places, (E) A. 4 — 6. Sand hills, Tollcross; Finglen, R. II. Paterson; near Dumbarton, Botanical Society. 23. Capsi^lla. Shepherd' s-Purse. C. BURSA-PASTORis, D.C. — Stem erect 3 in. — 2 ft. high. Radi- cal le. varying from nearly plane to deeply pinnatifid. St. le. sessile, amplexicaul. Fl. small, white. Pouch nearly flat, wedge- shaped at the base, obcordate at the apex. Road sides and waste places everywhere. (B) A. 3—11. 24. LEPfDiUM. Pepper-wort 1. "Li. CA.Mvt^T^^j^Y.— Common Mithridate Pepper -wort. Stem erect, simple, branched above, 10 — 15 in. high. Radical le. stalked, oblong, entire, toothed, or pinnatifid. Stem le, sessile, amplexicaul, sagittate, entire or denticulate. Fl. white. Pouch ovate, covered with vesicles, scaly when dry, nearly surrounded by the wing. Style short, not much exceeding the notch. Plant covered by a greyish pubescence. Rare. On dry banks and in cultivated fields. (B) A. B. 5—8. "Langside,'' Dr. Brown; "near Drumpellier," Hopk.; near Baldernock. 2. L. SmIthii, Hook. — Smooth Field Pepper-wort. Stems ascending, branched from the base, 6 — 18 in. high. Radical le. tapering into a footstalk, elliptical. Stem le. amplexicaul, sagittate, toothed. Pouch ovate, smooth, sometimes with a few inconspicuous scales. Style twice as long as the notch. Plant green and hairy. Rare. In cultivated fields and on hedge banks. (B) P. 4—8, Old QuaiTy at Fossil; Baldernock; " near Blantyre Priory," Dr. Brown; hedges near Largs, •and in Arran. 25. Senebii^ra. Wart-Cress. S. CORONOPUS, Poir. — Swine^s -Cress. Stem branched, prostrate, 22 9. VIOLACE^. spreading, 6 — 10 in. long. Le. deeply pinnatifid, nearly pinnate^ segments of the upper leaves narrow. Fl. small, white. Pouch covered with curious wrinkles, forming tubercles on the edge. Very rare. Waste ground. Largs; Cumbrae. (E) A. 6—9, 7.— RESEDACE^. 1. Reseda. Dyers Rocket ^ Wild-Mignonette. 1. R. LUTEOLA, L. — Wild Dyer's- Weed or Weld. Stem erects simple or slightly branched. 2 — 3 ft. high. Le. long, lanceolate, entire, wavy on the edge. Cal. 4-partite, unequal. Stig. 3. Rac. long, often branched. Fl. numerous, yellowish green. Cap. sub- globular, depressed. Frequent in waste places. (B) A. B. 5—8. Clyde Iron- works and below Carmyle; Cathcart; Cambuslang; Gourock, &c. *2. R. LtJTEA, L. — Wild- Mignonette. Stem erect, much branched, 15 — 30 in. high. Le. 3-cleft, often pinnatifid, wavy on the margin. Cal. 6-partite. Pet. 6, very unequal, Fl. yellow. Cap. oblong, papillose. Very rare. Near Govan ; beyond Tollcross. (E)A. B. G— 8. a— CISTACEJE. 1. Helianthemum. Rock-Rose. H. VULGARE, Gaert. — Common Roch-Rose. Stem shrubby, procumbent. Le. opposite, oval or oblong, green above, white beneath with stellate pubescence ; stipulate*. Rac. loose, pedicels defiexed after flowering. Fl. yellow. Pet. large and broad. In dry pastures. Not common. (B) P. 7—9. " On the banks of the Mouse at Cartlane Crags; pastures about Airdrie,"' Hoplc.; "Island of Arran," Lands;. Bonnington Linn. 9.-VIOLACEiE. 1. VfoLA. Violet. A. Stems creeping. 1. V. PALuSTRis, L. — Marsh-Violet. Rhizome creeping, scaly, producing in summer a procumbent stem. Le. reniform or heart- shaped, slightly crenate. Sep. blunt; spur short. Fl. drooping. Pet. pale lilac, veined with purple. Cap. smooth. Common. Marshy places and boggy ground. (B) P. 4— 6. Possil marsh; Cathkin hills; Paisley Canal bank; Gourock; Cumbrae and Arran. 2. V. ODORATA, L. — Sweet- Violet Stem emitting runners. Le. cordate, crenate, pubescent, petioles with defiexed hairs. Sep. obtuse. Fl. nodding, deep purple, violet, or rarely white, fragrant. 9. VIOLACE^E. 23 Spur very short ; lateral pet. mostly with a line of hairs. Cap. globose, downy. Very rare. Cambuslang glen, and banks in the vicinity. Near Partick. The white variety occurs in Cumhrae; too near gardens to he considered native. (E) P. .3-4. B. Stems short, leafy. 3. V. CANiNA, Sm. =SYLVATICA, Fr.; Var. Eiviniana, Reich- OerarcVs Dog- Violet. Primary stem short, bearing no flowers, lateral ones with a well-developed stem 2 — 8 in. long, ascending. Le. broadly cordate. Stip. small, ciliato -dentate. Fl. nodding, scentless, pale blue, or purplish, spur broad, furrowed. Stigma not capitate. Cap. pointed with 3 flat sides. Plant bearing late in the season, fl. with small petals, or often apetalous, hence this state is called dimorphic. Very common. Hedge banks and woods. (B) P. 4 — 8. • 4. V. FLAvicoRNis, Sm. = PUMiLA, Hook. and Am. — Z)^7Zew2W Violet. Primary and lateral stems, 2 — 6 in. long, bearing flowers. Le. cordate, narrow, with lengthened rounded points. Stip. toothed. Fl. pale blue, spur yellowish, obtuse. Frequent. On dry lieathy or sandy places ; Cathkin and Campsie hills; Gourock, Cumbrae, Arran, &c. (B) P. 5—8. C. Stems long-branched. 5. V. TRICOLOR, L. — Three-Goloured Violet, Heart' s-ease, Love 171 Idleness, Pansy-Violet. Stem angular, 6 — 12 in. high. Le. oblong, deeply crenate, lower ones somewhat cordate. Stip. large, le.-like, lyrato-pinnatifid, terminal lobe crenate. Pet. longer than the sepals. Fl. varying in colour from yellow to purple. Stig. large, obliquely truncate. Common. In cultivated ground. (B) A. B, 6—9. Sand hills at ToUcross; Cambuslang; Cathcart; Gourock; Cumbrae and Arran. Var. ARVENSis. — Very frequent in corn fields, with petals shorter than the calyx. 6. V. LUTEA, Huds. — Mountain-Pansy. Rhizome or under- ground stems filiform, truly perennial. Stem branched and slender at the base. Le. ovate, cordate; upper ones narrow elliptical, crenate. Stip. of the lowest le. digitato-pinnatifid ; of the upper palmato-pinnatifid, terminal lobe entire. Fl. large. Pet. much longer than the cal. , varies in colour from yellow to purple. Frequent. On all our high hills. (S) P. 5—9. Cathkin and Campsie hills. Var. CuRTisii, Forst. — Phizome large, branched. Stem rough with short hairs. Fl. smaller than the species. Pet. slightly longer than the sep. Varying in colour from purple to yellow. On sandy sea beaches amongst the grass; Cumbrae; Bute at Kilchattan bay ; Arran at Brodick bay, /. G^ Baker. 24 13. CARYOPHYLLACEiE. 10— DROSERACE^. 1. Dr6sera. Sun-De'iv, Red-Rot. 1. D- ROTUNDiFOLiA, L. — Round-Uaved Sun-Dev). Leaves all radical, nearly orbicular, covered with short erect hairs, tipped with red viscid glands ; petioles with a few hairs on the upper surface. Fl. white, small, in secund racemes. Whole plant tinged with red. Frequent. In l)ogs and moist heaths. (B) P. 7—8. Cathkin hills ; Possil marsh ; plentiful in all hoggy places on hoth sides of the Firth. 2. D. A^NGLiCA, Huds. — English Sun-Dew. Le. all radical, linear-spathulate, petioles glabrous. Seeds fusiform, with a loose reticulated chaffy-coat or testa. Rare. In hogs. (S) P. 7—8. Island of Arran at the foot of Goatfell; also at Cbrriegills ; " Crutherland," Dr. Balfour. 3. D. INTERMEDIA, Hayne. — Long-leaved Sun-Dew. Smaller than last. Leaves spathulate ; base of the fl. stalks curved when springing from amongst the le. Seeds with a close rough coat. Rare. In hogs, near Inverarnan, Loch Lomond. (E) P. 7—8. 11.— POLYGALACE^. 1. PoLfGALA. Milk-ivort. p. VULGARIS, L. — Stems branched from the base, 4 — 8 in. long. Le. lanceolate alternate. Racemes terminal. Central bract as long as the pedicel, deciduous. Cal. winged, veined and coloured, green when in fruit. Cor. crested. Fl. bluish purple, pink, or white. Very common. Dry banks and heathy pastures. (B) P. 5—9. Cambuslang; Possil marsh ; Paisley Canal hank ; Cumbrae, Bute, and Arran. Var. DEPRESSA. — Lower le. mostly opposite, spathulate. Stem branched from near the middle in an umbellate manner. Kacemes few-flowered, central bract shorter than the pedicel. Common. Campsie hills; Cathkin; Bute. Arran, J. G. Baker. 12.— ELATINACEiE. 1. Elatine. Water-wort E. hexXndra, D.C— Stems matted, 2—3 iu. long. Le. oppo- site, spathulate. Fl. on short stalks, alternate, axillary, solitary. Pet. 3, obovate, rose-coloured. Caps, concave at the summit, 3-celled. Seeds cylindric, striated and pitted. Margin of ponds. Very rare. Loch Ascog and "Loch Fadd, Isle of Bute," H. & A. (E) A. 7-9. 13.-CARYOPHYLLACE^. * 1. Sapondria officinalis. Occasionally found in the district, but always got with double flowers, showing its garden origin. 13. CARYOPHYLLACE^. 25 1. DfANTHUS. Maiden-Pink, D. DELTOiDES, L. — Stems branched, slender, 6 — 10 in. high. Le. narrow, slightly rough and downy, lower obtuse. Cal. scales usually 2, sometimes 4, teeth of cal. with minute ciliae. Fl. soli- tary, rose colour or white. Pet. smooth, edge dentate. Very rare. Banks and hedges. (B) P. G— 9. Banks of Clyde, near Thankerton, Mr. Dunlop. 2. SiL^NE. Campion, Catchfiy. 1. S. ACAULis, L. — Moss Campion. Stems tufted, 2 — 3 in. high. Le. linear, acute, ciliated at the base. Fl. solitary, erect, purple, sometimes white. Pet. crowned. Cap. usually longer than the cal. Rocky places on Ben Lomond. (H) P. 6 — 8. 2. S. INFLATA, Sm. — Bladder-Campion. Stem elongated, de- cumbent at the base, 1 — 2 ft. high. Le. ovato-lanceolate, acumi- nate ; uppermost bracts membranous. Fl. in a dichotomous cyme. Cal. inflated, reticulated, whitish green. Pet. pure white, deeply cloven, lobes narrow, scales not distinct. Whole plant glaucous and smooth. Not common. Pastures and road sides. (B) P. 6—8. Paisley Canal bank; Cambuslang; banks of the Caledonian Railway, near the Townhead; around Hamilton, &c. Var. puberida. — Stem and le. closely covered with short hairs. Cal. smooth. Banks of Clyde opposite Daldowie. Very rare. 3. S. MARiTiMA, With. — Sea Bladder Campion. Stems much branched, decumbent, spreading. Le. lanceolate or spathulate, nearly fleshy. Bracts mostly herbaceous. Cyme of few flowers, very similar to the last species. Pet. crowned ivith a cloven acute scale. Common. On all our shores, from Gourock and Helensburgh to Arran. (B) P. 6—8. 3. Lf CHNis. Campion, Lychnis. 1. L. FLOS-cucuLi, L. — Ragged-Rohin, Meadow- Lychnis, Rose of Heaven, Wild- Williams. Flowering stems erect, 1 — 2 ft. high. Le. lanceolate. Fl. loosely cymose . Ped. long and slender. Cal. 10-veined, tinged with red. Pet. rose coloured, cleft into 4 ^^9' ments, with 2 bifid scales at the base of the limb. Very common. In moist pastures. (B) P. 5—7. Paisley Canal bank; Possil marsh, &c. 2. L. VESPERTiNA, Sibth. — White-Campion. Flowering stems erect, 1 — 2 ft. high, with a few spreading hairs, slightly viscid. Le. ovato-lanceolate, attenuated into footstalks. Fl. few, in a dichotomous cyme ; dioecious. Pet. pure white, or very pale rose 26 13. CARYOPHYLLACE^. colour; opening in the evening, tlien fragrant. Cap. large, as long as the teeth of the cal. , often bursting the tube, very hard, teeth erect. Not common, (B) P. 6 — 7. Borders of a field beyond Tollcross; fields on the London road; also at the sand pits, ToUcross; hedges between Motherwell and Wlshaw ; near Torrance, &c. 3. L. DiuRNA, Sibth. — Bed-Campion. Closely allied to the last species. Le. ovate, softly pubescent, slightly viscid. Fl. in a dichotomous cyme ; dioecious. Pet. red, seldom nearly white. Cal. of the mal. fl. narrow, of the fertile fl. short and broad. Cap. nearly globose, teeth reflexed. Common. In woods, and damp hedge banks. (B) P. 6 — 7. Caraiyle and Ken- muir banks ; Cambuslang glen ; Calderwood glen ; Blantyre Priory, &c. 4. Agrostj^mma. Corn-Coclde, A. GiTHAGO, L. — Stem erect, 1 — 4 ft. high, with a few ascend- ing branches. Le. linear -lanceolate, acute, 2 — 4 inches long. Fl. solitary. Fed. long. Cal. ribbed, extending considerably beyond the Cor. Pet. pale purple, scarcely emarginate. Plant covered with adpressed white hairs. Wheat fields. Not common. (B) A. 6—8. Wheat field opposite Dalbeth, south side of Clyde; Cathcart; fields on the Paisley road; plentiful in Bute; Cumbrae and Arran. 5. SAGfNA. Pearl-ivort A. Sepals, petals, stamens, styles, and teeth of cap. 4. 1. S. PKOCUMBENS, L. — Procumheut Pectrl-wort. Stems nume- rous, mostly prostrate ; central one leafy, short, erect, hearing no flowers. Le. linear, slightly fleshy, nearly flat, obtuse at the apex, suddenly contracted into a short mucro. Sep. longer than the petals, spreading when the cap. is ripe. Cap. nodding, erect when mature. Very common. On walls and dry pastures. (B) P. 5—9. 2. S. MARiTTMA, Dou. — Sea Pearl-wort. Stems numerous, slender, erect or ascending ; central stem hearing fl. Le. linear, fleshy, flat above, rounded on the back, mostly obtuse, some- times with a very slK)rt point. Sep. slightly spreading. Pet. none. Cap. erect. Plant more fleshy than the last, with a purplish tinge, quite glabrous. Frequent. On the coast; WemyssBay; Cumbrae and AiTan. (B) A. 5— 9. B. Sep., pet., and styles 5. St. usually 10. 3. S.SUBULATA, Wimm. — Awl-shaped Pearl-wort. Stems decumbent, the central one bearing no flowers ; lateral ones short. Lower le. crowded, subulate, tipped with a long point, ciliated. Ped. very long, slightly reflexed at the apex after flowering, then erect. Cal. glandular, closing on the cap. when mature. Not common, Tops of walls. (S) P. 6— 8. Shettleston ; near Tollcross ; Cross- basket; Kilmun; Gourock; Bute and Arran. 13. CARYOPHYLLACE^. 27 4. S. NODOSA, E. Meyer. — Knotted Pearl-iuort. Stems few^ central one short, producing nofl., lateral ones ascending. Le. subulate, smooth, connate, hearing tufts of young le. in their axils, all somewhat fleshy, tipped with a mucro. Fl. large, white. Pet. exceeding the cal. in length. Cap. a little longer than the sep. Frequent. In damp sandy places. (B) P. 7—8. Possil marsh ; banks of Clyde on the embankment near Renfrew; "Bowling bay," Hopk.; Gourock; Kilmun; Cumbrae ; Bute and Arran. The S- apetdla described in the district, by Hoplc. and Patr. is S- subulata. 6. HoNCKi^NYA. Sea-Purslane. H. PEPLOiDES, Ehr. — Rhizome creeping, long, slender. Le. ovate, connate, decussate, fleshy. Fl. white. Pet. shorter than the cor. Cap, exceeding the sep., large, subglobose, fleshy. Common. On shingly sea beaches all round the Firth. (B) P. 5—8. 7. ArenAkia. Sand-wort 1. A. SERPYLLIFOLIA, h.—TIiyme-leaved Sand-wort. Stems ascending or procumbent. Le. sessile, ovate, acuminate, rough and ciliated on the margin. Pet. not longer than the hairy cal . Fl. numerous, in dichotomous cymes, white, bracts leafy, some- times 6 — 7 nerved. Frequent. Dry sandy places and walls. (B) A. 6—8. Sand hills, Tollcross; foot of the walls at Carmyle bleachfield ; below the Battery, Greenock ; Cum- brae, Bute, and Arran. 2. A. TRiNERVis, L. — Three-7ierved Sand-wort. Stems 12 — 18- in. high, diffuse, weak, ascending, pubescent. Le. ovate, acute, 3, rarely 5-nerved, ciliated. Fl. in dichotomous cymes. Fed. long, curved downwards after flowering. Pet. oblong, entire^ white. Valves of the cap. reflexed. Common. Moist shady woods. (B) A. 5—6. Carmyle and Kenmuir woods; Cambuslang glen; Gourock. &c. 8. Stellaria. Stitch-wort A. Lower leaves stalked. 1. S. NEMORUM, L. — Wood Stitch-wort. Stems brittle, 1—2 ft. high. L. large ovate, slightly cordate at the base; upper le. ovate, sessile, rough above. Fl. in dichotomous cymes. Sep. with a narrow membranous margin. Pet. white, deeply bifid, nearly twice the length of the cal. Plant pale green, with soft articulated hairs. Kot common. Woods and shady places. (S) P. 5—6. Caraiyle and Kenmuir woods; Cambuslang glen; Castlemilk, &c. 2. S. MEDIA, With. — Chickweed. Stems decumbent or ascending, weak, 3 in. — 2 ft. high, with an alternate line of hairs springing from between each pair of le. Lower le. ovate, with ^8 13. CARYOPHYLLACE^. fringed petioles ; upper ones sessile. Fl. small, white, in terminal dichotomous cymes. Pet. bifid. Fruit stalks reflexed. Everywhere. Flowering at all seasons. (B) A. B. Leaves sessile. 3. S. HOLOSTEA, L. — Greater Stitch-wo7^t. Stem erect, square, very brittle, rough, with stiff reflexed hairs, 1 — 1^ ft. high. Le. linear-lanceolate, very acute, dilate. Pet. much longer than the sep. broad, ^-bifid. Fl. large, white, in dichotomous cymes. Common. Woods and hedge banks. (B) P. 4—6. Carmyle and Kenmuir woods; Kelvin woods, &c. 4. S. GLAUCA, With. — Glaucous Marsh Stitch-wort. Stem weak, 4-angled, quite smooth, 12 — 18 in. high. L. linear-lanceo- late. Sep. 3-nerved. Fl. white, not so large as the former ; soli- tary and axillary, with scariose bracts. Flsmt smooth amcl glaucous. Not common. Marshy places. (E) P. 5 — 7. Possil marsh plentiful; near Dalbeth, k. Dumbarton Rock ; below Innellan, &c. 17. HYPERICACE^. 31 3. M. ROTUNDIFOLIA, Jj.—Dioarf-Mallow. Stems prostrate, central ones ascending, 8 — 12 in. long. Le. deeply cordate at the base, roundish, with 5 — 7 shallow, rounded, creoate lobes. Fl. axillary, several from the same node, small. Pet. whitish, tinged with lilac at the apex. Carp, slightly downy, the sides smooth. Pedicels of the fruit recurved. Rare. " About Hamilton," Hopk. On rubbish, beyond Tradeston; banks of Clyde. (E) P. 6-9. 3. Alth^e^a. Marsh-Mallow. A. OFFICINALIS, L. — Stem erect, simple or slightly branched, 2 — 3 ft. high. Lower le. roundish; upper ones ovate, all plaited, 3—5 lobed, with triangular teeth, soft, with starry pubescence. Ped. axillary, 1 — 3 fl. shorter than the le. Fl. large, pale rose- colour. Very rare. Arran and Campsie. (E) P. 8—9. 16— TILIACE^. 1. TfLiA. Lime-Tree. *1. T. PAKVIFOLIA, Ehr. Small-leaved Lime-Tree. Le. rather thick, small, 1^ to 2 in. across, when young covered with stellate hairs, glabrous, with tufts of hairs in the axils of the veins beneath, scarcely longer than their petioles; branches and petioles smooth. Fr. subglobose, acuminate, " with filiform ribs, charta- ceous," H. & A. Woods. Not common, (E) T. 7—8. Only got in plantations ; these three not considered natives. Langside, Carmyle, &c. *2. T. Europe ^A, L. — Common Lime or Linden-Tree. Leaves thin, twice the length of the footstalks, with a woolly tuft of hairs in the axils of the veins beneath ; branches and petioles glabrous. Fr. woody, "with slightly prominent angles," H. d;A. AVoods. Very common. Kelvin, &c. T. 7. ■^3. T. GRANDiFOLiA, Elir. — Large-Uaved Lime-Tree. Le. large, 2^ to 3 times longer than their petioles, 3 to 4 in. across, downy beneath, with woolly tufts in the axils of the veins beneath, young branches and petioles hairy. Fr. very hard, covered with felt or down, ribs strongly marked ; when mature f to J in. long. Woods. Not common. On the Kilbride road, «fcc. T. 6 — 7. 17— HYPERICACE^. 1. Hypi^ricum. St. John's-wort A. Styles 5. * 1. H. CALYCiNUM, L. — Large-flowered St. John' s-wort. Stem shrubby, simple or slightly branched, 1 ft. high. Le. oblong, 32 17. HYPERICACE^. sessile, branches 4-angled. Fl. solitary, on peduncles shorter than the longest sepals, 3 in. across, bright yellow. St. in 5 bundles. Cap. 5-celled. Very rare. Woods above Largs. Sh. 7 — 9. B. Styles 3. St. in 5 bundles. 2. H. Andros^ 'mum, L. — Tutsan, Park-Leaves. — Stem shrubby at the base; branches compressed, J — 3 ft. high Le. ovate, sessile, obtuse. Cymes few-flowered. Sep. unequal. Fl. bright yellow, styles shorter than the stamens. Fr. fleshy, globular, resembling a berry, black when ripe, imperfectly 3-celled. Thickets and hedges. (E) Sh. 6—8. Not uncommon on the coast of Gourock: Ardentinny; Kihnun; Dunoon; Bute; Cnmhrae and Arran, *3. H. ELATUM, Ait. — Large-flowered Tutsan. Stem shrubby, branched, 2-edged above. Le. ovate, sessile. Cymes few flowered. Sep. unequal, reflexed after flowering. Pet. twice the length of the calyx. ' ' Styles nearly straight, about as long as the stamens and petals, and twice the length of the calyx," H. cO A. Hills behind Greenock? (H. & A., p. 80). Sh. 8-0. C. Styles 3. Stamens in 3 bundles. 4. H. PERFORATUM, L. — Perforated St. JohrC s-wort. Stem erect, 2-edged, 1 — 2 ft. high. Le. sessile, oblong, marked with pellucid dots, principal veins pellucid, idtimate ones opaque. Sep. lanceolate, acute. Pet. oblique, generally with black dots. Fl. bright yellow, in compact cymes. Cap. with raised lines on the back. Common. Bushy places and hedge banks. (B) P. 7—9. Banks of Clyde below Govan; Kenmuirbank; Cambuslang glen ; Gourock; Cumbrae and Arran. 5. EC. DUBiUM, Leers. — Imperforate St. John^s-ivort. Stem erect, slightly quadrangular. Le. sessile, elliptic -ovate, mostly destitute of pellucid dots, or with a few on the upper le. Veins and retkulations pellucid when held up to the light. Sep. broader than in the last, obtuse, rarely pointed. Fl. yellow. Pet. gener- ally furnished with black dots, very like the preceding. Cumbrae, Bute, and Arran. Frequent. (E) P. 7—8. 6. H. QUADRANGULUM, L. — Square-stalked St. John^s-wort. Stem stout, erect, 4-angled or winged, branched. Le. broadly ovate, with pellucid dots. Fl. numerous in corymbose cymes. Sep. erect, acuminate, with subulale points, entire. With smaller and paler flowers than the former two. Frequent. Sides of ditches and wet places. (B) P. 7. Carmyle; Kenmuir; Cambuslang; Paisley Canal bank; Gourock; Cumbrae and Arran. 7. H. HUMIFUSUM, L. — Trailing St. John's-wort. Stems slender, numerous, procumbent or prostrate, compressed, 3 — 10 in. long. Le. oblong, obtuse, sessile, glabrous, with black dots 18. ACERACE^. 33 beneath. Fl. few, subcymose, bright yellow. Sep. very unequal. Cap. half as long again as the sepals. Plant frequently tinged with red when mature. Frequent. Heathy places and dry pastures. (B) P. 7—8. Banks of Kelvin and Clyde ; Stonelaw ; Cambuslang ; Paisley Canal bank, &c. 8. H. PiJLCHRUM, L. — Small Upright St. John's-ivort. Stem erect from a decumbent base, round, glabrous, 12 — 18 in. high. Le. cordate, amplexicaul, shining, glabrous. Sep. blunt, broadly ovate, bordered with dark glands. Fl. bright yellow, tinged on the outside with red. Panicle cymose, long and narrow. Anth. red. Frequent. Dry banks, woods and heaths. (B) P. G— 7. Paisley Canal bank ; Cambuslang glen ; Kelvinside wood ; Cathkin hills ; Gourock, &c. 9. H. HiRSUTUM, L. — Hairy St. John's-wort. Stem erect from a decumbent base, round, lialry, \\ — 2 ft. high. Le. ellip- tical or oval, sessile, or slightly stalked, downy. Fl. few, in irregular dichotomous cymes, pale yellow. Sep. lanceolate, acute, fringed with dark stalked glands. Pet. with a few dark dots at the apex. Frequent. Woods and bushy places. (B) P. 7—8. Carmyle and Kenmuir banks; Kelvin; Cambuslang; Hamilton on the banks of Clyde, Gourock, &c. 10. H. ELODES, L. — Marsh St. John^s-ivort. Stem creeping and ascending, branched, round, hairy. Le. roundish, sessile, semi- amplexicaul, clothed with woolly hairs. Fl. few, in a lax cyme, pale yellow. Sep. obtuse, fringed with red stalk glands. Pet. equal-sided. Rare. Bute, near Loch Fadd. Lesser Curabrae ; " King's Cove and Loch Ranza, Arran," Lands. (E) P. 7—8. 18.— ACERACEiE. 1. A'CER. Maple. * 1. A. pseudo-plXtanus, L. — Sycamore Great Maple. Leaves very large, 6—8 in. wide, palmately 5-lobed, lobes acute, un- equally dentate or coarsely serrate. Rac. pendulous. Fl. nume- rous. Fr. a double samara, with slightly diverging wings. A large handsome tree. In woods. Doubtfully native. T. 5 — 6. * 2. A. CAMPESTRE, L. — Commou Maple. Leaves small, 2 — 3 inches wide, palmately 5-lobed, inciso-crenate. Eac. upright. Fr. as in the former, but the lobes diverge so that they are on the same plane. A small tree, of slow growth, with bark full of fissures, wood often elegantly curled with knots, a doubtful native. In woods. Not common. (E) T. 5—6. In an old garden on the Great Western Road; St. Germans Loch ; Cumbrae, &c. C 34 19. GERANIACEiE. 19. -GERANIACE^. 1. GerInium. Crane' s-hill. A. Peduncles 1 -flowered. 1. Gr. SANGUiNEUM, L. — Blootly C7'ane^ s-hill. Stem erect or ascending, 12 — 18 in. high. Le. roundish, 5 — 7-partite, lobes wedge-shaped, 3-cleft. Sep. hairy, awned. Pet. much longer than the sep., deep crimson. Carp, with bristly hairs at the summit. ^ Seeds with minute pits or dots. Not common. Dry woods and pastures. (B) P. 7. Greater and Lesser Cum- braes ; Port-Crawford ; Garroeh-head, Bute ; and Arran, B. Peduncles 2-flowered, roots perennial. 2. G. PH^'uM, L. — Dushy Crane^s-hill. Stem erect, 2 ft. high, nearly simple or dichotomously branched. Radical le. on long stalks, reniform, 5 to 7-cleft, lobes broad, acute, cut and serrated. Stem le. becoming smaller, lobes narrower and more acute. Ped. opposite the leaves. Fl. dark dull purple. Carp, hairy, trans- versely wrinkled at the top. Rare. Ptuins of Blantyre Priory; "Banks of the Cart above the Mill near Glasgow," HopJc. P. 6—Q. 3. Gr. SYLVATicuM, L. — Wood Cvanc^ s-hill. Stem erect, dicho- tomously branched above, 1 — 3 ft. high. Le. sub-palmate, 5 — 7- lobed, acute, cut and serrated. Ped. somewhat corymbose. Fl. larger than in the preceding, purple. Pet. hairy at the claws. Fil. ciliated to the middle. Carp, hairy. Seeds minutely reticu- lated. Frequent. Woods, thickets, and sides of rivers. (S) P. 6—7. Kenmuir woods; Blantyre Priory, Calderwood; Campsie, &c. 4. Gr. PRATENSE, L. — Meadow Crane^s-hill. Stem round, erect, downy, 1 — 2 ft. high. Le. 5 to 7-cleft, lobes multipartite, linear, deeply serrated, acute. Fl. very large, 1| — 2 inches across, purplish blue, with darker veins. Pet. entire or slightly notched, claws ciliate. Fil. smooth, dilated at the base. Carp, hairy. Seeds minutely pitted. Frequent. In pastures and moist thickets. (B) P. 6—9. Banks of Kelvin; Cart and Clyde ; Kenmuir hank ; shingly hanks all round the Clyde. C. Annual Plants. 5. G, LuciDUM, L. — Shining Crane's -hill. Stems ascending or decumbent, quite smooth, brittle, shining, swollen at the joints. Le. orbicular, 5 to 7-cleft segments incised, apiculate, nearly smooth, shining. Cal. pyramidal, transversely wrinkled. Pet. with smooth claws, rose-coloured. Carp, rugose. Seeds smooth. Not common. Rocks, walls, and gravelly places. (B) A. 5—8. " Blantyre Priory; Cartlane crags," HopL Bowling hay; Bute; Cumhrae and Arran. 19. geraniacetE. 35 6. G. EoBERTiANUM, L. — Herh-Robert, Stinhing Crane's-bill. Stems spreading, brittle, hairy, dichotomously braiiclied, 1 — 2 ft. higli. Le. neve7' orhicula7\ 3 to 5-cleft, with trifid, pinnatifid lobes. Cal. angular, with gland tipped hairs. Fl. small, rose-coloured. Carp, downy, reticulated, keeled. Seeds smoth. Common. Woods, thickets, and waste ground. (B) A. 5—9. Carmyle and Kenmuir banks ; CaniMslang glen, Gourock, &c. 7. G. MOLLE, L. — Dove's-foot Crane's-bill. Stems ascending or decumbent, 6 — 18 in. high, branched, spreading. Le. orbicular, divided into 7 — 9 lobes trilid at the apex. Sep. mucronate. Pet deeply bifid, claws ciliate. Fl. small, pale purple, or purplish rose. Carp, transversely lurinkled. Seeds smooth. Plant covered with fine soft hairs, hoary green. Common. Road sides and dry pastures. (B) A. 4— 8. 8. G. PUSiLiUM, L. — Small-flowered Crane's-bill. Stems de- cumbent, weak. Le. smaller, less hairy, and generally more divided than in the last. Fl. with 5 perfect anthers, small bluish purple. Pet. nearly equalling the sep., claws ciliate. Fil. ciliated at the base. Carp, ivithout transverse wrinhles. Rare. " Waste grounds about Cambuslang," Jlopk. (B) A. 6—9. 9. G. DISSECTUM, L. — Jagged-leaved Crane's bill. Stems dif- fuse, much branched, downy. Le. cut in 5 — 7 deep segments, lobes linear, 3-cleft. Fl, with very short ped., appearing sessile among the le. small, bright purplish red. Pet. deeply notched, about the length of the awned cal. Carp, not wrinkled. Seeds dotted. Common. Fields and hedge banks. (B) A. 5 — 8. 10. G. COLUMBINUM, L. — Lojig -Stalked Crane' s-bill. Very like G. diss4cfcum, more slender, and fewer hairs, deflexed on the stem as in the last. '* Ped. longer than the le., which are 5-partite, the lobes divided into many acute segments, petals entire. " ' ' Cap. even glabrous, seeds dotted," IT. d' A. " Rocky places by the road side going from Glasgow to Dumbarton," LigMf. Have never been enabled to find this plant as recorded. (E) A. 6—7. 2. Er(5dium. Stork's-hill. E. CICUTARIUM, L. — Hemlock Storh' s-bill. Stems decumbent or prostrate. Le. pinnate ; leaflets sessile, deeply pinnatifid. Ped. many-flowered. Pet. longer than the cal. Fl. in small umbels, purplish red. Beaks of fruit very long, hairy, or glabrous. Frequent. Waste sandy ground. (B) A. 6— 9. Sand hills, ToUcross ; banks on the sea shore; Bute; Cumbrae; Arran, &c. 36 CALYCIFLORiE. 20.-BALSAMINACE^. 1. Impatiens. Balsam. * I. NOLi-ME-TANGERE, L. — Yellow Bolsam, Touch-me-not. Stems succulent, branched, swollen at the joints, fragile, quite smooth, 1 — 2 feet high. Le, ovate, petiolate, coarsely serrate. Fl. large, drooping, yellow, with orange spots. Cal. spurred. Ped. 1 -flowered. Cap. bursting elastically, valves si)irally twisted when empty. Very rare. Can only be considered as an escape from gardens. Castlemilk glen; banks of the Rotten Calder above Torrance. (L) A. 7 — 9. 21.-OXALIDACE^. 1. O^XALis. Wood'Sorrel. 1. O. ACETOSELLA, L. — Commoii Wood-sorrel. Rhizome creep- ing, toothed. Le. ternate ; leaflets obcordate, 'hairy. Ped. 1- flowered. Fl. white, veins purple . Pet. 3 or 4 times as long as the cal. Seeds expelled from the capsule with considerable force. Common. Damp woods and shady places. Kelvin woods, &c. (B) P, 5. * 2. O. CORNICULATA. — Precumbeut Yellow Wood-sorrel. Stems diff'usely branched, procumbent and rooting at the base. Le. all on the stem, ternate. Stipules adnate. Ped. axillary, mostly 2-flowered. Pet. oblong-lanceolate, bright yellow. Cap. downy. Rare. " On an old wall between the Avon and Barncluith," Ilopk. Not native. A. G— 9. Sub Class 2.-CALYCIPL0R^. A. Stamens indefinite, 20 or more. Ord 24. Rosacea. — Calyx mostly permanent. Flowers regu- lar. Leaves with stipules, alternate. Fruit various, consisting of achenes, follicles, drupes^ or xwmes. Stamens 1 — ^, in Alchemilla. B. Stamens definite, fewer than W. f Flowers irregular, or petals witli incurved points. Ord. 23. Leguminos^. — Flowers papilionaceous. Fruit a legume, 2-valved. Ord. 33. Umbellifer^. — Flowers in simple or compound umbels. Stamens 5. Fruit 2-celled. I LEGUMINOSiE. 37 Ord. 28. PoRTULACACE^. — Sepals 2. Ovary superior. Leaves simple, without stipules. +t Floivers regular. a. Fruit inferior. Ord. 25. Onagrace-^. — Parts of the flower in multiples of 2. Seed vessel very long, or when short covered with bristles. Ord. 26. Haloragace^. — Leaves verticillate. Petals minute or wanting. Flowers moncecious. Water plants. Ord. 31. GROSSULARiACEiE. — Petals small, alternating with the stamens. Calyx and ovary combined. Fruit a berry, 1- celled. Ord. 34. Araliace^. — Leaves alternate. Styles several. Ovary 2 or more celled. Fruit a berry. b. Fruit superior, or sometimes half -inferior. Ord. 22. Celastrace^. — Flow^ers with a large fleshy disk closely surrounding the ovary, and covering the bottom of the calyx. Stamens 4 — 5. Ord. 29. Paronychiace^. — Leaves with membranous stipules. Fruit with a free central placenta. Styles 3 — 5. Ord. 30. Crassulace^. — Leaves fleshy. Petals and fruit in multiples of each other. Follicles many-seeded. Ord. 32. Saxifragace^. — Calyx superior, half -inferior, or inferior. Petals 5. Stamens 5 — 10. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 diverging beaks, or 1 -celled, with 3 — 4 stigmas. Ord. 27. LvTHRACEJi:. — Stamens inserted in the tube of the monosepalous calyx. Style 1. Ovary superior, 2-celled. GENERA OP CALYCIPLORiE. Okd. 22. — Celastrace^. 1. EuoNYMUS. — Cal. small, flat, 4— 5-cleft. Pet. and st. alter- nating. Style 1. Ord. 23. — Leguminosje. A. Stamens all united. Monadelphous. f Gal. of 2 sepals. 1. Ulex. — Cal. nearly as long as the cor., coloured. Pod short, thick. Le. simple. tt Cal. 2 -lipped. 2. Genista. — Upper lip bifid, lower 3-toothed. Le. simple. 38 ROSACE.E. 3. Sarothamnijs.— Teeth of the cal. very short. Style long, curved, thickened upwards. Legume long, flat. Le. ternate or simple. ttt Oal, S-cIeft, segments narroio. 4. Ononis. — Style filiform. Pod inflated, with few seeds. Le. simple or ternate. 5. Anthyllis. — Cal. inflated, covering the fruit. Le lyinnate. B. Stamens diadelplious — 9 imited and Ifree. f Leaves ternate. 6. Medic AGO. — Legume spirally twisted or falcate. 7. Melilotus. — Legume short, nearly straight, swollen, slightly exceeding the cal. Fl. in long racemes. 8. TuiFOLitiM. — Legume not exceeding the cal. Fl. in capitate heads, or short racemes. 9. Lotus. — Legume linear, nearly straight, 10—12 times longer than the cal. ft Leaves pinnate. Legume divided transversely, apparently jointed. 10. Ornithopus. — Fl. capitate, very small. Legume curved, of many joints. Peduncle with a small pinnate leaf at its apex. +tt Leaves pinnate^ witJwut a terminal odd leaflet. Legume 2-valvedj several- seeded. 11. ViciA. — Style filiform, pubescent all round, or with a tuft of hairs beneath the stigma. 12. Lathyris. — Style flattened upwards, downy on the upper side. Okd. 24. — Rosacea. Suh'Order 1. Amygdale^. — Cal. deciduous. Style 1. Carpel free, superior. Stipules free. 1. Prunus. — Drupe fleshy, nut smooth or wrinkled. Trees or shrubs. Sub-Order 2. Rose^. — Cal. persistent, inferior. Carpels distinct, or united in the dry or fleshy cal. tube. Stipules united to the petiole. A. Fruit of several distinct follicles, loith 1 — 6 seeds. 2. Spir^a. — Cal. 5-cleft. Pet. 5, roundish. Follicles opening when ripe. B. Fruit consisting of aclienes ivith long aivns. 3. Geum. — Cal. 10-cleft, outer or alternate segments minute. Awns jointed. HALORAGACE^. 39 C. Fruit of several pulpy drupes. Nuts luriuJded. Receptacle conical, or hemisphericah spongy. 4. RuBUS. — Cal. 5-cleft. Pet. 5. St. very numerous. D. Fruit consisting of small achenes, seated on a large succulent receptacle. 5. Fragaria. — Cal. 10-cleft, alternate segments smaller. Pet. 5. Style from near the base of the carpel. E. Fruit consisting of small achenes, seated on a dry, spongy, persistent receptacle. 6. CoMARUM. — Cal. 10-cleft, segments alternately smaller. Style lateral from near the top of the achene. Fl. dingy purple. 7. PoTENTiLLA. Cal. 8 to lO-clcft, outer row small. Pet. 4 — 5. Style lateral or nearly terminal. Receptacle dry, flat. F. Fruit consisting of 1 — 2 achenes, enclosed in the dry cal. tube. 8. Alchemilla. — Cal. 8-cleft, the outer segments small. Pet. none. St. 1 — 4. Style from near the base of the achene. 9. Agrimonia. — Cal. 5-cleft, tube covered above with hooked bristles. Fl. yellow. G. Fruit consisting of a fleshy cal. tube, enclosing numerous hairy achenes. 10. Rosa. — Cal. urn-shaped, orifice contracted, segments 5, long, simple or pinnate. Petals 5, large, white or red. Sub-Order 2. Pome^. — Fruit consisting of the cal. tube, and car- pels combined, forming a fleshy pome, 1 — 5 celled. Stipules free. 11. Crat^gus. — Cal. segments small, acute. Pet. 5, large. Nuts 1 — 3, bony, surrounded by the fleshy cal. tube. 12. Pyrus.— Cal. 5-toothed. Pet. 5. Styles 2—5. Fruit fleshy, with 5 cartilaginous 2- seeded cells (endocarp). Ord. 25.— Onagrace^. 1. Epilobium. — St. 8. Cal. 4-cleft nearly to the base, deciduous. Capsule very much elongated, 4-celled, many seeded. Seeds with a tuft of hairs at the apex. 2. CirCtEA. — Cal. 2-cleft, deciduous. Cor. of 2 petals. St. 2. Capsule covered with hairs. Ord. 26. — Haloragace^. 1. HiPPURis. — Cal. limb small. Cor. none. St. 1. Stigma 1, simple acute. Fruit 1 -seeded. Le. plain. 2. Myriophyllum. — Monoecious. Cal. 4-partite. Pet. 4. St. 4 — 8. Stigmas 4, sessile. Fruit composed of 4 hard carpels. Le. pectinate. 40 SAXIFRAGACE^. Ord. 27. — Lythrace^. 1. Lythrum. — Cal. tubular. Pet. 4 — 6, between the lobes of the cal. St. as many as, or twice as many as, the pet. , inserted in the tube of the cal. Capsule 2-celled. 2. Peplis. — Cal. campanulate, with 6 large and 6 small alternat- ing teeth. Pet. 6, minute, often wanting. St. 6. Style very short. Capsule 2-celled. Ord. 28. — Portulacace^. 1. MoNTiA. — Cor. 5-partite, irregular. St. 3, inserted in the throat, and opposite to the smaller segments of the corolla. Stigmas 3, almost sessile. Cap. 3-valved, 3-seeded. Ord. 29. — Paronychiace^. 1. Spergularia. — Sep. 5. Pet. 5, entire, about as long as the calyx. St. 5 — 10. Styles 3 — 5. Valves of the capsule fewer than or alternate with the sep. 2. Spergula. — Sep. 5. Pet. 5, entire, as long as the cal. St. 5 — 10. Styles 5, alternate with the sepals. Valves of the cap. opposite to the sep. Ord. 30, — Crassulace^. 1. Cotyledon. — Sep. 5. Pet. united into a tubular corolla. St. 10, inserted upon the corolla. Follicles 5. 2. Sempervivium. — Sep. 6 — 20. Pet. nearly distinct. St. twice as many as the petals. Scales laciniate. Follicles equal in number to the pet. 3. Sedum. — Sep. and pet. 5, rarely 4 or 6. St. 8 — 12. Follicles with scales at their base. Ord. 31. — Grossulariace^. 1. Ribes.— Cal. 5-cleft. Pet. small, scale-like. St. short, in- cluded in the calyx tube, or nearly so. Ord. 32. — Saxifragace^. 1. Saxifraga. — Cal. 5-cleft, or 5-partite, inferior, half-inferior, or superior. Pet. 5. St. 10, rarely 5. Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled, with 2 divergent beaks. 2. Chrysosplenium. — Cal. 4-cleft. Pet. none. St. 8 — 10. Cap. 1 -celled, with 2 beaks. 3. Parnassia.— Cal. deeply 5-cleft. St. 5, with alternating fringed nectaries, resembling stamens. Stigmas 4, sessile. UMBELLIFER^. 41 Ord. 33. — Umbellifer^. The plants composing this Order are difficult to determine, owing to the parts relied upon for the distinguishing of the Genera being very minute. The leaves are usually much cut. Flowers in umbels with bracts or involucres at the base. A simj)le umbel has the stalks from oue point, bearing flowers; in a compound umbel these stalks again bear a second series, with bracts or partial involucres at their base ; the general involucre being at the base of the first or primary umbel. The fruit is composed of 2 carpels (mericarps) joined by their faces (commissure) suspended from a bi-partite axis (carpophore), readily seen when ripe ; each carpel is marked on the back by 5 more or less prominent ribs, with ducts or receptacles (vittae) of oily or resinous matter in stripes between, sometimes wanting. Albumen horny ; being plain, furrowed, or involute on the inner face. The key here given is purely artificial; numerous divisions, although natural, are apt to confuse a student. By referring to the excellent plates of the Genera in Hooh. (t Ar. Brit. Fl. , the subject may be rendered comparatively simple. A. Fruit covered with bristly ribs or prickles. * Vittce none. Umhles simple. 2. Sanicula. — Cal, of 5, leaf -like teeth. Involucre none. 3. Eryngtum. — Umbels in dense heads. Tnvolucral leaves, 3-lobed, very large. Le. prickly. *'* VittcB single. Umbels compound. 24. Daucus. — General involucre large, mostly pinnatifid. Fruit dorsally compressed, prickles long, flat, often hooked at the apex ; interstices with bristles. 25. ToRTLis. — General and partial involucres many-leaved, small. Outer petals longer than the inner. Fruit slightly laterally compressed. B. Fruit very much compressed. a. Umbels simple. 1. Hydrocotyle. — Fruit laterally compressed, orbicular. Le. simple, peltate. b. Umbels compound. 15. Angelica. — General involucre of 2 — 3 leaves; partial ones narrow and short. Fruit with 2 wings on each side. 16. Peucedanum. — Partial involucre many-leaved. Fruit with one wing on each side, and 3 dorsal ribs on each carpel. 42 UMBELLIFER^. 17. Heracleum. — Fl. with the outer pet. large iu each umbel. Fruit with one wing on each side, and 3 very fine dorsal ribs. Vittae single, short, club-shaped. C. Fruit as long as, or one and a half times longer than, its diameter. Umbels compound. a. Vittce none. 18. CoNiUM. — General involucre of few leaves; partial of 3 short ones, on one side. Fruit broadly ovate. Carpels with 5 waved or crenated ribs. b. VittcB single. 4. CicuTA. — General involucre none; partial of many leaves. Fruit with 2 globose carpels, ribs broad and flattened. Cal, teeth leafy, prominent above the ovary. 5. Petroselinum. — General involucre of few; partial of many leaves. Fruit ovate. Carpels with 5 slender ribs. Fl. yellow. 6. Helosciadium. — Partial involucre of many leaves. Carpels with 5 prominent slender ribs. Fl. small, white. Cal. teeth minute. 12. ^THUSA. — Partial involucre of 3, very long pendant, uni- lateral leaves. Carpels with 5 broad, acutely keeled ribs. Styles reflexed. c. Vittce 2 or more hetioeen the ribs, or interior. 10. PiMPiNELLA. — Partial and general involucres none. Styles slender, divaricate or re-curved. Fruit ovate. Cal. teeth obsolete. Fl. white. 19. Smyrnium. — Partial and general involucres none. Fruit of 2 nearly globose carpels, with 3 sharp dorsal ribs. Fl. yellowish green. D. Fruit twice, or several times longer than its diameter. Umbels compound. a. Vittce none. 7. -^GOPODiuM. — Involucres none. Cal. teeth obsolete. Carpels with 5 slender ribs. 21. Anthriscus. — Partia involucre of several leaves. Carpels smooth, without ribs,, narrowed below the beak. 23. Myrrhis. — Partial involucre of several leaves. Carpels with 5 prominent acute ribs, which are hollow underneath. 20. ScANDix. — Partial involucre of 5 — 7 leaves. Fruit linear, beak very long. Carpels with 5 obtuse ribs. b. Vittce single. 8. Carum. — General and partial involucres small, sometimes none, or of one leaf. Cal. teeth obsolete. Carpels with 5 not prominent ribs. 23. LEGUMINOS^. 43 11. (Enanthe. — Partial involucre of several small narrow leaves. Cal. teeth lanceolate. CariDols somewhat corky. Fl. of the circumference barren. 22. Ch^rophyllum. — Partial involucre of many leaves. Carpels with 5 obtuse ribs. Cal. teeth obsolete. c. VittcB 2 or more. 9. Btjnium. — Fruit oblong, shortly contracted at the top. Styles erect or slightly spreading. Carpels with 5 scarcely visible ribs. 13. LiGUSTicuM. — General involucre of about 2 ; partial of many leaves. Carpels with 5 sharp ribs, expanded into slight wings. 14. Meum. — Partial involucre of many leaves. Cal. teeth obso- lete. Carpels with 5 prominent acute ribs. Ord. 34. — Araliace^. 1. Adoxa. — Cal. 3-cleft. Cor. superior, 4— 5-cleft, rotate. St. 8 — 10, in pairs; anthers 1 -celled. Berry 4 — 5-celled. Side fl. 5-cleft ; terminal one 4-cleft. 2. Hedera. — Cal. superior, with 5 teeth. Pet. 5—10. St. 5 — 10. Style simple, or 5 — 10 combined into one. Berry 5-celled and 5-seeded. SPECIES OF CALYCIFLOR/E. 22.-CELASTRACE^. 1. EuoNYMUS. Spindle-Tree. ^" E. Europe 'us. L. — Prkhwood, Pegicood, House-Berry. Branches smooth, 4-sided. Le. ovato-lanceolate, acute, indis- tinctly serrate, opposite, glabrous. Ped. compressed, shorter than the le. axillary. Fl. few, greenish white. Cap. generally 4-lobed, pale crimson when ripe, with an orange -coloured arillode. Very rare, and not belonging to the district, "Cadzow Castle," Pair. Sh, 5 — G. 23.— LEGUMINOSiE. 1. U^LEX. Furze, Gorse, Whin. U. Europe 'us, L. — Stems much branched, spreading, striate, hairy ; clothed with branching spines, with a few lanceolate le. or scales at their base ; by some considered j)etioles. Trifoliate le. only appearing immediately after germination. Bracts ovate. 44 23. LEGUMINOS^. loosely applied to the downy cal. Cor. bright yellow, wings longer than the keel, curved over at the apex. Very common. In stony places and on heaths. (B) Sh. 2—7. * U. NANUS, var. Galliiy Plan. Bracts small. Cal. with short appressed pubescence. In a Avhin hedge near Kingarth, Bute ; evidently introduced. (E) Sh. 8—9. 2. GENfSTA. Petty-Whin, Needle-GoTSG, G. A^GLiCA, L. — stems shrubby, branched, ascending, glab- rous, spinous ; spines simple, absent on the younger and flowering branches. Le. ovato-lanceolate, smooth. Rac. few-flowered, lax. Cal. smooth. Cor. yellow, with the standard and wings shorter than the keel. Shrub seldom more than a foot high. Fl. turn ^reen in drying. Rare. "Cathldn hills on the moors," J^oiJi^ "Campsie hills," Mr. Murray. B. P. 6—8. 8. Trifolium. Glover, Trefoil. A. Flowers purple or white. 1. T. HEPENS, D. — White Clover, Dutch Clover. Stems creep- ing, 3 — 12 in. long. Leaflets obcordate, serrulate, rounded or slightly notched at the apex, often with a horse-shoe mark in the centre. Stipules ovate, abruptly cusp>idate. Fl. heads on long axillary peduncles, longer than the leaves. Fl. white or tinged with pink. Cal. teeth unequal, with membranous edges, the 2 posterior ones nearly close. Pedicels reflexed after flowering. Very common. In pastures and waste places. (B) P. -5—9. * T. hy'bridum, L. — Alsike-clover. Now frequently culti- vated, and replacing the white clover. Stems ascending. Cal. teeth nearly equal, with scarcely any membrane on the edge^ the 2 posterior ones ivide apart. Fl. white or pinkish. Seeds dark green or brown. 2. T. PRATENSE, L. — Common Pur pie- Clover. Stems erect or somewhat decumbent, 1 — 2 ft. high. Leaflets oval or elliptical ; lower ones emarginate, denticulate or nearly entire. Stipules 46 23. LEGUMINOS^. membranous, with numerous veins, acuminate with an elongated point. Flower-heads sessile. Cal. hairy, lowest segment longer than the other 4, exceeding the cal. tube by one-half. Fl. dull purplish pink. Very common. In meadows and pastures. (B) P. 5 — 9. 3. T. MEDIUM, P. — Zigzag Trefoil, Cow-Glover. Stems ascend- ing or decumbent, ilexuous, branched, 9 in. — 3 feet high. Leaflets elliptical or lanceolate, apiculate, entire. Stipules herbaceous, lanceolate-acuminate. Flower-heads shortly stalked. Cal. nearly glabrous; teeth very slender, the lowest one exceeding the cal. tube one-third. Fl. purplish rose. Plant subglabrous, leaflets ciliated. Common. Pastures and road sides. (B) P. 6—9. Paisley Canal bank, &c, 4. T. ARVENSE, L. — Hare^s-foot Trefoil. Stems ascending, branched, 3 — 12 in. high. Leaflets lanceolate-obtuse. Stipules ovate or lanceolate-acuminate. Flower-heads terminal and axillary, subglobose or cylindrical, densely hairy. Cal. teeth slender, hairy, longer than the cor. Fl. small, white, turning flesh-coloured. Plant more or less hairy. Not common. In corn fields and sandy pastures. (B) A. 7 — 9. " Chatelherault, near Hamilton," Hopk. Cmnbrae; below Fairlie; Bute; and in Arran. B. Flowers yellow. 5. T. AGRARIUM, L. — Hop-Trefoil. Stems numerous, 6—12 in. long, lateral branches procumbent or ascending, central one erect. Le. shortly stalked, leaflets obcordate, finely denticulate on the upper portion; central one shortly stalked. Fl. -heads globular, at length oblong, with from 20 to 30 yellow fls. Standard not folded, deflexed, and furroiced; when old turning pale brown. Common. In pastures and on road sides. (B) A. 6 — 8. Paisley Canal bank ; Tollcross; Gourock; Cumbrae and Arran. 6. T. PROCUMBENS, 'h.—Lcsser Yelloio- Trefoil. Stems nume- rous, slender, branched, procumbent or ascending. Le. shortly stalked ; leaflets obcordate, finely denticulate on the upper por- tion, central one distinctly stalked. Fl. -heads smaller than in the last, with from 10 — 20 flowers. Standard folded over the mature legume, scarcely furrowed. Very common. In pastures and waste places. (B) A. 6—8. Paisley Oanal bank, &c. 9. Lotus. Bird's-foot Trefoil. 1. L. CORNICULATUS, L. — Common Bird' s-foot Trefoil. Stems decumbent, simple or branched, 3 — 12 in. high. Leaflets obovate, glaucous, nearly glabrous. Ped. very long. Fl, -heads umbellate, 23. LEGUMINOS^. 47 depressed, 3 — 6 flowered. Cal. with the 2 upper teeth C07ive7'ging. Standard obovate, claw dilated and vaidted near the middle. Fl. yellow. At the sea coast the leaves become fleshy. Very common. In pastures and waste places. (B) P. 6 — 8, 2. L. MA.JOR, Scop. — Narroic -leaved Bird's-foot Trefoil. Stems decumbent or ascending, branched, 1 — 3 ft. high, more luxuriant than the former, glabrous or slightly hairy. Ped. very long. Fl. -heads umbellate, depressed, 6 — 12-flowered. Standard ^mth the claiv not dilated, linear. The 2 upper teeth of the calyx diverging. Fl. yellow. Common. In meadows and by the sides of ditches. (B) P. 7 — 8. Paisley Canal bank ; Possil marsh, &c. 10. ORNfTHOPUS. BircVs-foot 0. PERPUSiLLUS, L. — stems numerous, decumbent, spreading. Le. pinnate, pinnules G — 9 pairs, oval, hairy. Fl. small, white, with crimson veins ; springing from a pinnate bract. Legumes curved upwards, beaded, resembling a bird's claw. iN'ot common. Dry gravelly and sandy soil. (B) A. 5—7. Sand-pits, Tollcross; Bowling, &c. 11. ViciA. Vetchj tare. A. Peduncles short, few flowered. 1. V. lathyroIdes, L. — Spring Vetch. Stems decumbent, spreading, 3 — 6 in. long. Le. compound, with 2 — 4 pairs of leaf- lets ; lower ones obovate or oblong, retuse with a mucro. Stip. entire, not spotted, half sagittate. Cal. teeth subulate. Fl. small, pale purple. Standard smooth. Legume compressed, acuminate, ^ to an inch long. Seeds with prominent points. Not common. Dry pastures and sandy places. Cumbrae and Arran. (P.) A. 5—6. 2. V. SATiVA, L. — Common Cidtivated- Vetch. Stem weak, climbing or ascending, 2 — 3 feet high. Leaflets in 5 — 7 pairs, obcordate; upper ones often linear, retuse and mucronate. Stip- ules toothed, often with a dark spot. Fl. axillary, in pairs, nearly an inch long ; standard lilac ; wings deep purple. Legume 2 — 3 in, long, pubescent, rarely smooth. Sides of fields where the plant has been cultivated, or amongst corn. Much used as a fodder plant. (B) A. B. 5—6. Var. angnstifolia, Roth. — A very slender plant, with narrow le. , and single axillary flowers, of a crimson or purple colour. Frequent. In sandy pastures and by road sides. (B) A. B. 5 — 7. Possil quarry; Paisley Canal bank; Gourock; Cumbrae and Arran. 3. V. SEPiUM, L. — Bush- Vetch. Stem weak, trailing or climb- ing, 1 — 2 ft. high. Le. with 4 — 8 pairs of ovate-obtuse mucronate 48 23. LEGUMINOSiE. leaflets, becoming gradually smaller to where the petiole ends in a tendril. Cal. hairy, teeth unequal. Fl. 3 — 6 in a short, unilateral raceme. Standard smooth, twice as long as the cal. , ^ — I of an inch long ; pale or livid purple. Common. In bushy places, borders of fields and woods. (B) P. 6— S. Banks of Clyde, Kelvin, and Cart. B. Peduncles elongated, many-flowered. 4. V. Cracca, L. — Tufted- Vetch, Stem weak, trailing or climbing, branched 2—4 ft. high. Le. with 8 — 12 pairs of lanceo- late leaflets. St ip. half- arrow shaped. Ped. longer than the le. , with 10 — 30 fl. in a unilateral raceme, Fl. imbricated, bright bluish purple. Very common. In hedges and borders of fields. (B) P. 6—8. Paisley Canal bank; Cathcart, downy. Leaves at the base of the stem shortly stalked, upper ones sessile, oblong-lanceolate, rounded at the base, denticulate. n. numerous, small, pale purplish-rose, similar to the last, with much smaller flowers, f of an inch in diameter. Frequent. Sides of ditches, streams, and ponds. (B) P. 7—8. Banks of Clyde ; Calderwood glen ; banks of Cart, «&c. 4. E. MONTANUM, Jj.—Broad-leaved Willow-herb. Stem erect, simple or slightly branched, 12 — 18 in. high, round with slightly raised lines. Le. shortly stalked, ovate-oblong or broadly lanceo- late, toothed, glabrous. Fl. nodding in bud. Pet. pale lilac, deeply notched. Pod 2 — 3 inches long. Common. Dry banks, walls, and liouse-tops. (B) P. G — 7. Possil road; Partick ; Carmyle, &c. C. Stigma entire. 5. E. TETRAGONUM, L. — Square- stolhed Willow-herb. Stem branched with raised lines ; 12 — 18 in. high. Le. sessile, lower ones opposite, lanceolate, denticulate, shining above. Fl. erect before expansion^ numerous, small, pale lilac. Pods 2 — 4 in. slightly incurved. Plant glabrous. Frequent. Damp ditches and watery places. (B) P. 7—8. Banks of the Kelvin; Cambuslang; banks of the Cart; Gourock, &c. Var. obscttrum, Sch. — Le. ovato-lanceolate, rounded at the base, remotely denticulate, not shming above, basal shoots, with remote le. Pods 1 — 2 in. long. Common "in the island of Arran," J. G. Baker; Bute, &c. 6. E. PALUSTRE, L. — Narrow-leaved Marsh Willow-herb. Stem erect, round, 1 — 2 feet high. Le. mostly opposite, sessile, wedge-shaped at the base, narrow lanceolate, entire or denticu- late, subglabrous. Buds drooping, obtuse. Fl. pale purple. Seeds longer and narrower than in any of the preceding. Common. In bogs and wet places. (B) P. 7—8. Possil marsh; Forth and Clyde Canal; St. Germans Loch ; Paisley Canal bank ; Gourock; Cumbrae, &c. 2. Circ^/a. Enchanter s-Nightshade. 1. C. Lutetian A, L. — Stem erect or decumbent at the base, nodes swollen, pubescent, 1 — 2 ft. high. Le. opposite, petiolate, ovate, rounded or subcordate at the base, acuminate, repand- denticulate. Eaceme mostly without bracts at the base of the pedicels. Fl. white, or tinged with pink. Ovary with bristly lioohed hairs, 2-celled. Frequent. (B) P. 6— 8. Kelvin woods; Langside wood; Carmyle; Cambus- lang glen; Gourock, Ac. 27. LYTHRACE^. 65 2. C. ALPiNA, L. — Alpine Enchanter'^ s Niglitsliade. Stem ascending, generally smooth, 6 — 10 in. high. Le. opposite, ovate, cordate at the base, petiolate, distantly denticulate, shining. Raceme generally with minute bracts at the base of the pedicels. Fl. smaller than in the former. Ovary with nearly straight hairs. 1-celled, 1-seeded. Rave around Glasgow. "Woods and .stony places. (S) P. 7— 8. "On the great burn, Hamilton wood, and at Mauchlan-hole, Kilbride," Pair. Banks of Loch Lomond and Arran. 26.— HALORAGACE^. 1. HiPPiJRis. Mare's-Tail. H. VULGARIS, L. — An aquatic plant, with simple erect stems. Le. 8 — 12 in a whorl, linear, with a hardened point. Fl. very small, in the axils of the upper le. Anthers dark red, sometimes absent. Not common. (B) P. 6—7. Possil marsh; Forth and Clyde Canal; Frankfield Loch ; hills beyond Gourock, r. Ross. Cumbrae and Arran. 28.-POIlTULACACE.aS. 1. MoNTiA. Water-Blinhs, M. FONTANA, L. — Plant with a succulent, branching stem, forming dense tufts, 1 — 2 in. high. Le. opposite, spathulate. Fl. very small, white, axillary and terminal, drooping in the bud. Seeds with pointed dots ; this is the minor variety. Marshy or damp places. Var. rividaris. Stems 3 — 5 in. Ped. axillary. Seeds with flattened dots. Watery places. Frequent. In watery places, and by cold springs. (B) A. 5 — 8. Possil marsh ; hanks of the Paisley Canal; Cathkin hills; Gourock; Cumbrae and Arran. (Glaytonia perfollata, Don. — This plant occurred as a weed in the Old Botanic Garden, Glasgow, in 1837 ; since that time it has spread considerably, and is often found as a weed in several nurseries. G. aUinoides^ Ph. , is becoming naturalized in several places, as at Gourock, Rothesay, Helensburgh, and Lanark.) 29.— PARONYCHIACE^. 1. SperguLxIria. Sandivort-Spurrey. 1. S. BUBRA, A. St. Hill. — Field-Sandwort-Spurrey. Plant with numerous prostrate branching stems, slightly hairy, com- pressed upwards. Le. flattish, with a short bristle point. Stip- ules membranous, ovate, cloven. Sep. with a scariose margin, viscid. Fl. pink, axillary. Cap. about equalling the cal. Seeds compressed, not winged, roughish. Frequent. Sandy and gravelly places. (B) A. 6—9. Sand hills, Tollcross; near Govan; Hamilton; below Greenock; Cumbrae, — 8. 2. SEMPERVfVUM„ * 1. S. TECTORUM, L. — Common House-leek. Leaves forming globular tufts like large rosettes, fleshy, glabrous, ciliate. Flower- ing stems thick, 1 ft. high. Fl. pink, sessile. Pet. 12 or more, hairy on the margin. Walls and roofs of houses in siiveral of the villages around Glasgow. P. 7. 3. S^DUM. Stonecrop. A. Leaves broad, flat. 1. S. RiiODiOLA, DC.—Iiose-7'Oot. Ehizome thick, fleshy, erect, 4 — 12 in. high, smell when drying is said to resemble roses. Le. alternate, oblong or obovate, toothed towards the apex, smooth, fleshy. Fl. dioecious, in dense corymbose cymes, yellow, sometimes tinged with red. St. 8. Carp. 4. Wet Alpine rocks and cliffs hy the sea. (H) P. 6 — 7. Hills above Loch Eck; Glen Sannox, Arran, &c. 2. S. Telephium, L. — Orpine, Livelong. Stems hard at the base, erect, 12 — 18 in. high, spotted. Lower le. obovate or oblong, tapering to the base ; uppermost le. sessile, rounded at the base, coarsely dentate, fleshy. Fl. purple, in dense, leafy, corymbose cymes. St. 10, shorter than the pet. Frequent. Hedge hanks and waste places. (E) P. 7 — 8. Cathcart; Partick; Dumbarton Castle; Cumbrae, &c. B. Leaves nearly as thick as broad (subterete). 1. Flower white or reddish. 3. S. A'NGLicuM, Huds. — English-Stonecrop. Stems decum- bent, much branched at the base. Le. ovate, fleshy, gibbous at 68 31. GROSSULARIACEiE, the base, with a small spur, crowded on the barren branches, scattered on the flowering ones. Cymes smooth, bifid. Fl. white, with red spots. Anthers red or purple. Frequent on rocks. (A) A. 6 — 8. Very plentiful on most parts of the coast from Bowling and Dumbarton to Arran, 4. S. viLLosuM, L. — Hairy -Stonecrop. Stems erect, simple, 3 — 4 in. high. Le. scattered, linear, flat above, hhxwt, not pro- duced at the base. Fl. pale rose, with a purplish tint, loosely cymose. Upper portion of the plant viscid, with glandular piibe- scence. Frequent. In wet bare places, or amongst stones on mountains. (H) A. C — 7. Cathkin and Campsie hills; above Helensburgh; Gourock; Cumbrae and Arran. 2. Flowers yellow. 5. S. ACRE, L. — Wall-pepper, Biting -Stonecrop. Stem decum- bent, shoots erect, 2 — 4 in. high. Le. imbricated, ovate, or nearly globular, fleshy, produced at the base ioto a kind of spur. Sep. very short, gibbous at the base. Pet. acute. Cyme trifid. Plant glabrous, hot and biting when chewed. Frequent. On rocks and the gravelly sea coast, from Bowling to Arran (B) P. 6—7. *6. S. REFLEXUM, L. — Crookcd Yellow-Stonecrop. Stems 6 — S in. high, decumbent, with erect branches. Le. round, subulate, spurred at the base, lower ones recurved. Sep. acute, not gibbous, Fl. numerous. " On the top of a wall, Craignethan Castle," HopJc (E) P. 7—8. 31.— GROSSULARIACE^. 1. RfBES. Currant, Gooseberry. A. Spines none. 1. R. RUBRUM, L. — Red-Currant. A well-known cultivated shrub, found in woods and hedges. Le. bluntly 5-lobed. Fl. in pendulous racemes. Berries red or white. " Avon banks, opposite Barncluith, perfectly wild?" Pair. Sides of streams and woods, Cambuslang. (I) Sh. 4 — 5. It is doubtful if any of this genus are native, although frequently found in the district. Having been in cultivation for a long period, it is now difiBcult to deter- mine the facts, 2. H. NiaRUM, L. — Black-Currant. Peadily known from the former by emitting a peculiar odour when the leaves are rubbed, arising from glandular dots on the under side of the leaf. Pacemes pendulous, lax, few-flowered. Cal. downy, slightly glandular. Berries purplish black. The wild state is found in several places around, with more acute segments to the le. than in the cultivated one, such as at Kittochside. In woods and hedges near villages. (I) Sh. 4—5. 32. SAXIFRAGACE^. 69 3. R. ALPiNUM, L. — Tasteless Mountain-Currant. Same habit as the two former. Le. cleft into 3 — 5 acute segments, inciso- serrate, smooth and shining beneath when mature. Eacemes erect, glandular, Fl. dioecious. Berries red, insipid. Plant when mature glabrous, except a few scattered hairs on the upper surface of the le . Not common. (I) Sli. 4 — 5. Blantyre Prioiy, " Cadzow Castle," Pa^fn Calder- wood glen; Stoneluw -woods. B. Shrub spinous. 4. R. Grossularia, L. — Gooseberry^ Grosset. Young branches with 1 — 3 spines at the base. Le. roundish, 3 — 5 lobed, segments rounded. Peduncles 1 — 3 fl. arising from the fascicle of young leaves. Cal. segments reflexed. Pet. small, erect. Frequent. Woods and hedges, often by the sides of streams. (I) Sh. 4 — 5. Stonelaw woods ; in a small wood on the banks of St. Germans Loch; Gonrock, &c. 32. — SAX I PR AG AC E^. 1. SAxfFRAGA. Saxifrage. A. Leaves not lobed. ■" 1. S. UMBROSA, L. — London Pride, St. PatricFs-Cahbage, None-sO'pretty . Le. all radical, roundish, tapering gradually into flat footstalks, with a cartilaginous, coarsely-toothed, or crenate border. Scape 6 — 12 in. high. PI. small pink or white, with darker dots, panicled. Cal. reflexed. Cap. superior. Certainly not native. "Bothwell wood, and by a rill above Dalziel Camp," Patr. Still existing in the latter locality. ''Banks of the Cart at Cartside, in- troduced," Hopk. P. 6. B. Geuni, L. — In a wood below Partick, evidently introduced. 2. S. STELLARis, L. — Starry -Saxifrage. Leaves tufted, spread- ing, oblong, tapering to the base, coarsely toothed. Flowering stems 3 — 6 in. high, with few white flowers, loosely panicled. Pet. ovate, clawed. Filaments subulate. Cap. superior. Frequent. On damp rocks in mountainous districts. (H) P. 7 — S. " On Campsie hills; on Dumbarton moors," Hopk. "Goatfell, Arran," Mr. Murray. Hills above Loch Eck. 3. S. OPPOSITIFOLIA, L. — Purple Mountai7i- Saxifrage. Stems creeping, much branched, leafy, in straggling tufts, 3 — 6 in. long. Le, crowded, small, opposite, ovate, blunt, with a small pore at the apex, ciliate on the margin. Fl. large, elegant, purple, ter- minal, solitary. Cap. ^-inferior. On moist Alpine rocks. (H) P. 4—5. Cora Linn, Falls of Clyde ; Ben Lomond, hills above Lochgoilhead, and in Arran. 4. S. AizoiDES, L. — Yelloiv Mountain-Saxifrage. Stems de- cumbent below, branched, flowering stems ascending. Le. alter- nate, linear 'lanceolate, ciliate, mucronate, fleshy. Fl. loosely 70 32. SAXIFEAGACE^. panic led, with downy glutinous stalks. Pet. bright yellow, with orange dots. Cap. ^-superior. Wet places on mountains. (H) P. G — 9. Hills above Loch Eck; Gourock ; Fairlie and Arran. B. Leaves lobed. 5. S. GRANULATA, L. — White Meadow-Saxifrage. Rhizome bearing many small round tubers. Stems erect, 8 — 12 in. high. Radical le. reniforni^ obtusely lobed, or crenate. Stem le. nearly sessile, acutely lobed. Fl. white, in a close terminal cyme, foot- stalks with glandular pubescence. Cap. ^-superior. Hedge banks and pastures, frequent. (B) P. 5—6. '' On the banks of the Clyde about Bogle's hole, Carmyle, and Bothwell," HopJc. Cambuslang; Calder- "vvood, Busby," Dr. Ross. 6. S. HYPNOiDES, L. — Mossy Saxifrage^ Lady^s Cushion. Stems short, with numerous barren shoots. Le. 3-cleft or entire, those of the flowering stem 8 — 5-cleft, bristle-pointed, mostly fringed. Flowering stems 4 — 8 in high, with several rather large white fl. Cap. I -superior. Frequent. In moist rocky mountainous places. (S) P. .5—7. Campsie; Dum- barton rock; Gourock; Largs and Arran. 2. Chrysosplenium. Golden-Saxifrage. 1. C. opposiTiFOLiUM, L. — Common Golden-Saxifrage. Stems much branched, spreading in leafy masses of considerable extent, 4 — 5 in. high. Le. all opposite, roundish-cordate, with a few hairs on the upper surface. Fl. in small compact cymes, sur- rounded by golden-coloured leaves. Frequent. Damp shady places; in rills on the mountains. (B) P. 4— 7. Woods on the banks of the Kelvin; Carmyle and Kenmuir banks; Cambuslang glen; Cathkin hills; Gourock, &c. 2. C. ALTEENIFOLIXJM, L. — Altemate-leaved Golden- Saxifrage. Of the same habit as the former. Le. alternate, lower ones on long stalks, sub-reniform, hairy, crenate. Fl. nearly sessile, deep yellow. Not common. In boggy places among rocks, near springs and in woods. (B) P. 4 — T). Kenmuir bank: Cambuslang glen; Calderwood; Cathkin hills, &c. 8. Parnassia. Grass of Parnassus. 3. p. PALusTRis, L. — Stem angular, 6 — 10 in. high, with one amplexicaul leaf. Radical le. cordate, on long footstalks. Fl. solitary, white. Pet. broadly obovate, hairs of the nectary white, glands yellow. Frequent. Wet pastures and bogs. (S) P. 8—10. Beyond PollokshaAvs; Cathkin hills; Possil marsh; near ^lilngavie; Craigmaddie moor; common in all boggy places on the shores of the Firth from Gourock to Arran. 33. UMBELLIFER^. 71 33— UMBELLIPER^ . 1. Hydrocotyle. White~Tot. H. VULGARIS, L. — Marsh-Pennywort. Stems creeping, slender. Le. upon long footstalks, orbicular, peltate, somewhat doubly crenate. Fl. springing from the joints along with the le. Ped. shorter than the footstalks. Umbel very small, of 5 nearly sessile fl. Common. In bo^s and marshes. Possil marsh (B) P. 5—8. Dr. Seeman considers this as belonging to Araliaceve. See Journ. of Botany. 2. SANfcuLA. Wood-Sanicle. S. EjjrotjfJa, L. — Stem ascendiog 1—1^ ft. high, leafless or with a small trifid bract. Kadical le. on long stalks palmate, deeply divided into 5 segments, lobes inciso-serrate, often ciliate. Umbels small, numerous, in little heads. Fl. white, fertile ones sessile. Frequent. In woods and thickets. (B) P. 6— 7. Kenrauirhank; Cambuslang glen ; Cathcart ; Langside woods, &c. 3. Er^ngium. Eryngo. E. MARiTiMUM, L. — Sea-Holly, Sea-Ei-yngo. Stems branched, 10 — 12 in. high. Radical le. stalked, roundish, divided into wavy spinous lobes. Stem le. sessile, amplexicaul, palmate-lobed, wavy, and bordered with spinous teeth, elegantly veined. In- volucral le. large, divided and spinous. Fl. in dense heads of a pale blue tint. Plant rigid and glaucous. Not common. Sandy sea shores. (B) P. 7—8. Fintry bay, Cumbrae; Kil- chattan bay, Bute, and Arran. 4. CiciJ^TA. Water-Hemlock, Gowbane. C. VIROSA, L. — Stems erect, 3 — 4 ft. high, hollow, arising from an erect chambered rhizome. Le. 2 — 3 times pinnate or ternate, segments narrow, acute, serrate or toothed. Umbels terminal and lateral, of many rays, accompanied by 1 or 2 ternate le. ; deadly poisonous. Not common. Frankfield and Hogganfield lochs; Bardowie and St. Germans lochs. (E) P. 6—8. 5. PETROSELfNUM. Commou Parsley. * p. SATIVUM, Hoffm. — stems erect, 1 — 2 ft. high. Le. tripin- nate, leaflets stalked, ovato-cuneate, trifid, and toothed ; upper ones ternate, narrow, entire. Umbel of 15 — 20 rays, stalked. Involucre of filiform segments. Fl. greenish yellow. Plant smooth and shining. An escape from cultivation, not considered native. " Old walls, and rock at Bothwell Castle," Pair. (B) 6—8. 72 33. UMBELLIFER^. 6. Helosciadium. Marsh-wort 1. H. NODIFLORUM, Koch, — Procunibeiit Marsh-wort. Stem procumbent and rooting at the base, flowering branches becoming erect, 6 in. — 2 ft. high. Le. pinnate, leaflets ovate or ovato- lanceolate, unequally toothed. Umbels on short peduncles, opposite to the leaves. General involucre usually absent ; partial of several small lanceolate le. Frequent. Ditches and sides of lakes. (E) P. 7—8. Bowling; Gourock; Kilmun ; Cumbrae and Arran. 2. H. TNUNDATUM, Kocli. — Least Marsh-wort Stems creeping and rooting. Le. divided into capillary segments; upper ones pin- natifid, leaflets wedge-shaped, trifid. Umbels on short peduncles, opposite to the leaves, 2-rayed, minute. General involucre none, partial of 2 — 3 small leaflets. Plant mostly submerged. Frequent. Banks of lakes and ditches filled with water. (B) P. 6 — 7. Hoggan- field, Frankfield, Bardowie, and St. Germans lochs. 7. ^GOPODiUM. Gout-Weed, Bishop-Weed. J^. PoDAGRARiA, L. — Herh-Gerarde, Ash-Weed. — Stem erect, 12 — 18 in. high. Le. on long stalks, twice ternate, leaflets ovate, acuminate, unequal at the base, sharply toothed; upper ones ternate. Umbels large, 12 — 20-rayed, with numerous white flowers. Very common. Garden hedge banks, and waste places. (B) P. 6—8. 8. Carum. Caraway, Garvi-Seed. * 1. C. Carui, L. — Stems much branched, 1—2 ft. high. Le. bipinnate, leaflets long, narrow, crossing one another. Umbels dense, of 8 — 10 rays. General involucre sometimes of 1 le., partial none. Fruit highly aromatic. Not native; got occasionally on rubbish heaps. "In the haugh, Dalbeth."' Hopk. B. 6, 2. C. VT.T.TiciJ.TuATVM, Kodh.-^Whorled-Caraway. Stem erect, slender, 1 — 18 in. high. Le. mostly radical, pinnate, with numerous capillary segments cut in such a manner as to appear whorled. Umbel terminal of 8 — 10 rays. General and partial involucres of several small linear leaflets. Very abundant in low pastures, all round the shores of the Firth, Loch Lomond, Glen Messen, &c. (A) P. 7—8. 9. BtJNiUM. Earth-nut, Pig-nut, Arnut. B. FLEXUosuM, With. — Pthizome, a single tuber. Stem erect, 1 — 2 ft. high, slender, smooth, with a few forked branches. Padical le. on long footstalks, triternate. Stem le. few, nearly sessile, with linear divisions. Umbels terminal, or one opposite. 33. UMBELLIFER^. 73 the last leaf, 8 — 10-rayed; when young, drooping. General invol- ucre of 1—3 le. Kibs of the fruit scarcely visible. Common. In woods and pastures. (B) P. 5— G. Kelvin woods; Carmyle and Kenmuir banks. 10. PiMPiNELLA. Burnet-Saxifrage. P. Saxieraga, L.— stem erect, 1 — 2 ft. high, with few le. Radical le. on long stalks, pinnate, lower leaflets on the common petiole sometimes bipinnatifid, upper ones pinnatifid, segments toothed or deeply serrate. Stem le. pinnate or bipinnate, with linear segments. Umbels terminal, of 10 — 15 slender rays. Fl. white. Frequent. Mountain pastures. (B) P. 7—9. Cathkin hills; Kittoch glen; Gourock; Inveikip; C umbrae and Arran. 11. GEnanthe. Water-Dropivort 1. CEj. riSTULosA, L. — Common Water-Drox>wort. Khizome sending out creeping runners, roots of clustered fibres or thick- ened into oblong tubers. Stem fistulose, 2 — 3 ft. high. Radical le. bipinnate, segments wedge-shaped, 3-cleft. Stem le. pinnate, only divided at the apex into a few linear segments. Umbels lax, secondary ones globular. General involucre wanting; partial of few narrow leaflets. Fruit sessile, crowned by the narrow teeth of the cal. Rare. " Bank of the Clyde at Bowling bay," Hopk. " Below Greenock," S. Murray. (E) P. 7—9. 2. CE. Lachenalii, Gmel. — Parsley Water-Dropwoi-t. Root consisting of long subclavate knobs, or long swollen fleshy fibres. Stem erect, 1 — 2 ft. high. Lower le. bi-tripinnate, leaflets linear, obovate, wedge-shaped, bluntly 2 — 3-lobed, upper ones pinnate, acute. Umbels terminal and lateral, of 8 — 12 rays ; partial umbels distinct, globular. General involucre of many le. some- times wanting. Fruit crowned by the narrow inflexed teeth of the calyx. Frequent. In marshy pastures, from Bowling and Dumbarton all round the shores of the Firth. (E) P. 7—9. 3. CE3. CROCATA, Ij.— Hemlock Water -Dropiuort. Root form- ing elongated, sessile, fleshy knobs. Stem erect, furrowed, branched, very stout, 2 — 5 ft. high. Radical le. twice, thrice, or even four times pinnate, leaflets large, ovate, wedge-shaped, deeply cut into rounded segments, toothed ; stem le. narrower. Umbels large, dense, on long peduncles. Involucral leaves small, linear. Fruit longer than its pedicel. Frequent. Marshy places by the sides of rivers. (B) P. 7. The Rouken glen beyond Thornliebank; banks of the Clyde from Cart all round the shores of the Firth to Arran. Considered a virulent poison in most localities, although not so dangerous, according to recent investigation in Scotland; better, however, to look upon it as poisonous. 74 33. UMBELLIFERvE. 12. ^THTJ-SA. FooVs-Parsley, M. Cynapium, L.— Stem erect, branched, 1—2 ft. high, striate, very leafy. Le. bi-tripinna'te, leaflets ovato-lanceolate, cut into bluntish-lobed segments, wedge-shaped and decurrent ; upper le. with linear segments, deeply cut. Umbels on long peduncles, many-rayed. General involucre none, i^artial one of 3 very long unilateral le. hanging down on one side. Plant bright green, smooth ; smelling nauseously, and highly poisonous. Frequent. Borders of fields and gardens. (B) A. 7— S. Rutlierglen ; Cath- cart; Cambiislang; Gourock; Cumbrae, &c. 13. LigtJsticum. Lovage. L. ScoTicuM, L. — Scottish- Lovage. Eoot descending deep into the soil, fusiform. Stem erect, 1 — 2 ft. high, with very few le., thick and slightly branched. Radical le. hiternate, leaflets large, ovate or subrhomboidal, dentato-serrate, slightly fleshy. General involucre of 2 — 3 linear leaves; partial ones of 5 — 7 a little longer than the rays. Frequent. On the rocky sea coasf-. (S) P. 7. Bute, Cumbrae, and Arran. 14. Mi^UM. SpigneL M. Athamanticum, Jacq. — Meu, Bald-money. Root, fusiform, crowned with coarse fibres. Stem erect with very few le. striate, 1 — 2 ft. high. Radical le. multipartite, segments very fine, appearing as if whorled, or in whorl-like clusters, dark green. Partial involucre of several small le. Fl. numerous, whitish yellow. Highly aromatic. Not common. Dry mountain pastures. (S) P. 6— 7. "Cathkin hills," ffopk. Banks of the Kittoch burn ; hills beyond Greenock above the road to Inverkip; hills above the Cloch Lighthouse. 15. Ang:6lica. Angelica. A. SYLVESTRis, L. — Wild Angelica. Stem very stout, branched, purplish, downy above, 2 — 4 ft. high. Lower le. large, bipin- nate, leaflets ovate, sharply serrate, sometimes 3-lobed, lateral ones unequal at the base. Umbels very large, terminal, with 20—30 rays. General involucre of 2 — 3 linear le. : partial of several short ones. Fl. pinkish white. Common. Moist woods and ditches, by the sides of streams, plentiful. (B) P. 7—8. Banks of Cart, Kelvin, and Clyde ; Forth and Clyde Canal bank, &c. 16. Peuci^danum. Hog's-Fennel. 1, p. PALUSTRE, Moench. — Hog's-Fennel, Milk- Parsley. "Stem furrowed, 4 — 5 feet high. Le. ternately decompound, leaflets oppo- site, pinnatifid, segments linear -lanceolate with hard points, rays 33. UMBELLIFERiE. 75 of the umbel rough. Involucres of many persistent lanceolate le. Cal. 5-toothed. M. white. Fruit with a narrow margin. Abound- ing in a milky juice, which dries to a brown resin." H. & A. This I have not seen. "In a ditch in Ardencaple wood," Ilojilc. (G) P. 7 — S. *2. P. OsTRTJTHiUM, Kocli. — Masterioovt^ Broad-leaved Hog's- Fennel. Stem erect, 2 — 3 ft. high. Le. large, biternate, leaflets broadly ovate, lobed, unequal at the base, cut, and sharply serrate, sheaths large. General involucre none; partial of a few slender le. Umbel with 40 — 50 unequal rays, Fl. white, cal. obsolete. Rare, " In an old wall at Langland House, and waste ground near Jackton," Ure. Wood helOAV Partick ; in a plantation at Lamhhill bridge; hedge at Cath- cart. P. G. 17. Heracleum. Goiv-Parsnip, Hog-Weed. H. SPHOXDf LiUM, L. — A coarse rank plant. Stem erect, 4 — 5 ft. high, angular, furrowed. Le. pinnate, leaflets cut into large segments, pinnatifid, again cut and sinuate, or coarsely serrate, rough with short stiff hairs. Umbels large. Fl. white or tinged with red, outer pet. much larger than the inner. Fruit ^a^ and^ 07'hicidar. Common. Hedges, pastures, and thickets. (B) B. 7— S. Banks of the Kelvin^ Cart, Clyde, &c. 18. CoNfuM. Hemlock C. MACULA.TUM, L. — Stem erect, much branched, 2 — 4 ft. high, hollow, striate, with purple spots. Le. tripinnate, leaflets ovato- lanceolate, segments pinnatifid, cut and serrate, acute. Umbel of 12 — 15 rays. General involucre short, variable; partial of 3 short le. turned to the outside. Plant quite smooth ; when bruised giving forth a foetid smell resembling mice. Highly poisonous; yielding a useful and powerful medicine? Frequent. Waste places about Avails near villages. (B) B. 6— 7. Cathcart; near Tollcross; Camhuslang; Crosshasket ; Gouvock to Arran. 19. Smyrnium. Alexanders. S. OlusatPvUM, L. — Stem erect, 3 — 4 ft. high, stout, furrowed. Le. triternate, upper ones biternate, with large sheaths, leaflets broadly ovate, lobed, and bluntly toothed, yellowish green, shin- ing. Umbels dense, terminal, of 8 — 10 rays, often with the central ones imperfect. Involucres none. Fl. yellowish green. Fr. large and black when pipe. Itare. Waste places and amongst ruins near the sea; Dumbarton rock;. ''Arran," Lands. (E) B. 4—6. 20. ScANDix. Shepherd' s-Needle. S. Pecten, L. — Vemts^-Comh. Stem erect, 6— 12 in. high. Le. tripinnate, cut into numerous short linear segments, light green. 76 33. UMBELLIFER^. Umbels of 8 — 10 rays. Fr. neay'ly 2 in. long, ciliated on the edge with bristles pointing upwards ; beak flattened. Rare. Corn fields and amontrst flax. " On the farms of Allington and Merry- ton," Pair. Chryston; near Kirkintilloch. (B) A. 6— 9. 21. ANTHRfscus. Beaked-Parsley. 1. A. SYLVESTRis, Koch. — Wild Beaked-Parsley. Stems branched, divaricate, 3 — 4 ft. high, slightly swelling below each joint. Le. tripinnate, leaflets ovato-lanceolate, segments deeply pinnatifid, acute. Umbels drooping at first, of 8 — 10 rays, General involucre none, partial of several ovato-lanceolate, ciliated le. Fl. white, very showy in spring, although small. Fr. linear-oblong, smooth. Common everywhere. Borders of fields and hedges. (B) P. 4— G. *2. A. Cerefolium, Koch. — Garden Bealed-Pai'sley, Chervil Le. tripinnate, leaflets ovate, pinnatifid. Umbels lateral, sessile. Fruit linear, smooth, beak half as long. "In hedges and ahout gardens frequent," Hopk. This plant appeiirs to be extinct in the district. A. 5—7. 3. A. VULGARIS, Pers. — Common- Beaked- Parsley, Burr-Cher- vil. Le. tripinnate, leaflets deeply pinnatifid. Umbels opposite the le. on short stalks. Fr. muricated or with hooked bristles ; beak smooth. Very, rare. " About Palserf," Pair. Sometimes found on rubbish aronntl Glasgow; banks of the Clyde below Govan. (B) A. 5—6. 22. CHiEROPHYLLUM. Rough-Chevvil. C. TEMULENTUM, L. — Stem erect, branched, 2 — 3 ft. high, rough, with reflexed hairs, spotted, thicken ed below each joint. Le. bipinnate, leaflets ovate, pinnatifid and toothed, with a short mucro. Umbels when young, drooping, 8 — 10-rayed. Partial involucres, 5 — 6 reflexed. Outer pet. of the umbel larger than the inner. Very common. Hedges and thickets. (B) B. 6—7. 28. Myrrhis. Sweet-Cicely. M. ODOR ATA, Scop.— Stem erect, hairy, 2—3 ft. high. Le. large, tripinnate, leaflets ovato-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, s|g- ments pinnatifid and toothed, wdth whitish markings, hairy above, downy beneath. Umbels of 8—10 rays, few seeds ripen- ing. Fl. numerous, white. Fruit large, nearly an inch long. Plant highly aromatic ; formerly cultivated. Frequent. Near villages. (I) P. 5— 6. Cathcart ; Cambuslang glen; Gourock; Cumbrae and Arran. 34. ARALIACE^. 7T 24. Daij'CUS. Carrot D. Caeota, L. — Wild-Carrot. Stem erect, hairy, springing from a whitish, fusiform root. Le. tripinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, segments acute. Umbels large, inner branches shorty outer ones long and closing after flowering, giving the umbel a round appearance, hollow or concave inside. Fruit covered with long bristles. Frequent. Borders of fields and hedges. (B) P. 6—8. Govan ; near Cambus- lang; Clyde Iron-works, on the hanks of the Clyde; Gourock; Cumhrae; Bute and Arran. 25. ToRfLis. Hedge-Parsley. T. Anthriscus, GsBrtn. — Upright Hedge- Parsley. Stem erect, with slender wiry branches, 2 — 3 ft. high, rough with appressed hairs. Le. bij)innate, leaflets lanceolate, pinnatifid, segments toothed. Umbels on long stalks, terminal, 8 — 10-rayed. Invol- ucres small, subulate. Pet. pink or white. Fr. covered with short incurved bristles; beak short, crowned by the bristly cal. Very common. Waysides and hedges. (B) A. 7 — 9, 3 4 .— A R A L I A C E ^ . 1. Adoxa. Moschatell. A. MoscHATELLiNA, L. — Tuherous - Moschatell. Khizome covered with scales, emitting runners. Stem, solitary, erect, simple 3 — 5 in. high, bearing about the middle 2 opposite ternate le. Radical le. on long footstalks, triternate, leaflets 3-lobed and cut, segments blunt, with a small apiculus. Flowers arranged in a cube, terminal one with the cor. 4- cleft, lateral ones 5- cleft. St. united in pairs. Fl. smelling of musk. Frequent. At the roots of hedges, woods and shady places. (B) P. 4 — 5. Kelvin woods; Carmyle and Kenmuir hanks; Camhuslang glen. 2. H:^DERA. Ivy. H. Helix, L. — Common Ivy. Stems very long, climbing, forming a trunk of considerable diameter, branches throwing out clasping fibres, by means of which they climb and cling, even to nearly smooth walls. Le. 3 — 5-lobed, shining, those of the flowering branches entire (not lobed). Fl. umbellate, small, pale green. Cal. teeth minute. Pet. short, bent back, incurved at the apex. Berries black. Common. Woods, on old trees, hull dings, and rocks. May he found in flower at Cathcart Castle; Camhuslang; and on a road from Greenlees Tollj leading Avest to Carraunnock. (B) Sh. 11. 78 COROLLIFLOR^. Sub-Class 3.-COROLLIPLOR^. A. Ovary inferior. 1. Ovm'y 1-ceUed and l-seeded^ or if more the cells barren, Ord. 37. Valerianace^. — Cal. limb curved inwards, unrolling into a feathery pappus, or toothed. Anthers not united. Ord. 38. DiPSACACEiK. — Cal. with an involucre or outer calyx. Anthers not united. Fl. in compact heads. Ord. 39. Composite. — Cal. with a membranous or pappose limb. Anthers combined in a tube. Fl. in heads, surrounded by an involucre. 2. Ovary 2 or more celled, if 1 -celled the fruit a berry. Ord. 35. Caprifoliace^.— Fl. cymose. Ovary 1 — 3-celled; fruit a berry. Le. opposite. Ord. 36. Rubiace^l — Le. verticillate. Stem angular. Ovary 2-lobed. Ord. 40. Campantjlace^. — St. equal in number to the lobes of the cal. and cor. Filaments broad at the base. Le. alternate. Fl. withering on the fruit. Ord. 41. LobeliacetE. — Corolla irregular. Anthers united. Style 1, fringed below the stigma. Ord. 42. VACCiNiACEiE. — Anthers opening by pores. St. 8 — 10. Fruit a berry. Le. alternate. Shrubs. B. Ovary superior. a. Ovary 4^-lobed. Ord. 51. BoRAGiNACEiE. — Cor. regular or nearly so. St. 5. Le. alternate. Ord. 55. Labiate. — Corolla irregular, mostly 2-lipped. Le. opposite. Stem square. h. Ovaries combined, ivith 1 or several cells. § 1. Flowers irregular. Ord. 54. ScrophulariacetE. — Cal. and cor. 4 — 5-lobed. St. 2 — 5. Style 1. Capsule 2-celled. Le. alternate. Ord. 56. Lentibulariace^.— Cor. 2-lipped. St. 2. Stigma 2-lipped. Ovary 1 -celled. Ord. 53. Orobanchace^.— St. 4, didynamous. Style 1. Ovary 1-celled. Leafless Plants, with scales ; parasitical on the roots of others. § 2. Flowers regular, stamens not seated upon the corolla, free. Ord. 43. Ericace^. — Anthers opening by pores. St, 8—10. Ovary seated on a disk. Le. mostly evergreeri. Ord. 44. Pyrolace^. — Anthers inverted, opening by pores. St. 10, in pairs, opposite to the petals. Ovary without a disk. RUBIACEyE. 79 § 3. Stamens seated upon the corolla, and alternating tvith its segments. Ord. 45. Aquifoliace^. — Cal. imbricated. Stigmas nearly- sessile. Ovary several-celled. Ovules solitary. Le. hard, spiny. Ord. 46. Oleace^. — Fl. diandrous. Cal. and cor. sometimes absent. Fruit dry and winged, or fleshy. Le. opposite. Shrubs or Trees. Ord. 47. ApocynacetE. — Cor. twisted. Stigma capitate, con- tracted in the middle. Follicles 2. Ord. 49. PoLEMONiACE^.— Cor. regular. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. Ord. 50. CoNVOLVULACE^.— Cal. imbricated, often unequal. Cor. with the limb plaited. Ovary 2— 4-celled. Twining plants. Ord. 52. SoLANACE^. — Cal. 5-partite. Cor. with the limb 5-cleft. Anthers opening by pores or slits. Ovary 2 or spuriously 4-celled. Ovules numerous, placentation axillary. Inflorescence mostly out of the axil. Ord. 48. Gentian ACE^. — Cor. twisted in aestivation. Ovary 1 — 2-celled, many- seeded ; placentation parietal, with the edge of the valves turned inwards. Le. ribbed. Ord. 59. Plantaginace^. — Sep., pet., and st. 4 each. Cor. thin and membranous. Filaments very long. Stigma unilateral. Flowers sometimes mouoecious. § 4' Stamens seated upon the co7'olla, and opposite to its lobes, Ord. 57. Primulace^.— Cal. 4 — 7-cleft. Cor. 4 — 7-lobed, sometimes wanting, and then the st. alternating with the cal. segments. Ovary with a free central placenta. Stigma capitate. Ord. 58. Plumb AGIN ACEiE. — Cal. plaited, persistent. Cor. deeply-cleft into 5 segments, with 5 st. seated at the base. Styles 5. Ovary 1 -celled, with 1 ovule. Flowers capitate. GENERA OP COROLLIPLORiE. Ord. 35. — Capeifoliace^e. 1. Sambucus.— Cal. limb 5-cleft. Cor. rotate. St. 5. Stigmas 3, sessile. Le. pinnate. 2. Viburnum.— Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. campanulate, or funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. St. 5. Stigmas 3, sessile. Le. simple. 3. LoNiCERA.— Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. tubular, ringent, 5-cleft. St. 5. Stigma capitate. Berry 1 — 3-celled. Ord. 36. — RuBiACEiE. 1. Galium.— Cor. rotate, 4-cleft. St. 4. Fruit dry, 2-lobed. 2. Sherardia.— Cor. funnel-shaped. St. 4. Fruit dry, 2-lobed crowned with the limb of the calyx. 80 COMPOSITE. 3. AsPERULA. — Cor. funnel-shaped. St. 4. Fruit dry, with no limb to the calyx. Oed. 87. — Valerianace^. 1. Valeriana. — Cor. 5-lobed, gibbous at the base. St. 3. Fruit 1-celled. Cal. unrolling as a pappus. 2. Fedia. — Cor. 5-lobed_, gibbous at the base, St. 3. Fruit 3-celled, crowned with the toothed limb of the calyx. OrD. 38. — DlPSACACE^. 1. DiPSACUS. — Keceptacle with spinous scales. Involucel with a thickened margin. Cal. cup-shaped, without awns. Cor. 4-cleft. St. 4. Plant rough with small prickles. 2. ScABiosA. — Receptacle scaly. Involucel membranous or minute. Cal. of 4 — 5 bristles. Cor. of 4 nearly equal seg- ments. 3. Knautia. — Receptacle hairy. Involucel terminating in four small teeth. Cal. cup-shaped, with spreading teeth. OrD. 39. — COMPOSITiE. Sub-Order 1. Cichorace/E.— Florets all ligulate and perfect. A. Pappus plumose, or on the exterior achenes scaly. Receptacle without scales. 1. Tragopogon. — Involucre of one row, connected at the base. Achenes striate, beaked. Pappus in many rows. 2. Apargia. — Involucre unequally imbricated, exterior ones small. Achenes slightly beaked .; pappus in two rows, inner feathery, outer setaceous. 3. Thrincia. — Involucre oblong, imbricated. • Achenes beaked ; pappus of the outer ones forming a short scaly cup, B. Pappus plumose. Receptacle scaly. 4. Hypochceris. — Involucre imbricated. Achenes beaked, roughly striate. Pappus with the outer row bristly; inner feathery. C. Pappus pilose, not feathery. 5. SoNCHUS. — Involucre swollen at the base, with 2 or 3 rows of imbricated scales. Achenes compressed. Pappus soft. Plants with bitter milky juice, and tubular stems. 6. Crepis — Involucre scaly at the base. Achenes nearly round, ribbed. Pappus soft, white, deciduous, sometimes brittle. 7- Leontodon. — Involucre imbricated v/ith soft scales, mostly reflexed. Achenes muricated above, suddenly contracted into a beak. Pappus on a filiform stalk. 8. HiERACiUM. — Involucre imbricated. Achenes truncate, with an entire or toothed margin. Pappus brittle, in one row, frequently brownish. Receptacle dotted. COMPOSITE. 81 D. Pappus none, or of sessile scales. 9. Laps ANA. — Involucre in one row, with a few very small ones at their base. Achenes compressed, striate. Pappus none. 10. CiCHORiUM. —Involucre of 8 — 10 inner scales, with 5 smaller ones at the base. Achenes obovate, compressed, striate. Pappus sessile, scaly. Sub-Order 2. Cynarocephal^. — Florets all tubular. Style swollen below its branches. Involucre with prickly or hardened points. A. Scales of the involucre ending in a stiff hooked point. 11. — Arctium. — Involucre globular. Pappus short, stiff and hair-like, B. Scales of the involucre sharp or prickly. 12. Serratula. — Involucre with imbricated somewhat mucro- nate scales. Achenes compressed, with an oblique base. Pappus pilose. Receptacle chaffy, scales split into linear bristles. 13. Carduus. — Involucre with spinous scales. Achenes com- pressed. Pappus pilose, sessile, united by a ring at the base. Receptacle with fimbriate scales. 14. Cnicus. — Involucre with spinous or mucronate scales. Achenes smooth. Pappus plumose, sessile, united by a ring at the base, deciduous. Receptacle bristly. 15. Onopordum. — Involucre with spreading spinose scales. Achenes 4-ribbed. Pappus pilose, rough. Receptacle deeply pitted. 16. Carlina. — Involucre with the outer scales lax, ribbed, edge spinose, inner ones leaf -like and coloured, spreading. Pappus in 1-row ; feathery, branched and deciduous. Receptacle with irregular cleft scales. 17. Centaurea. — Involucre imbricated very hard, with pectinate margins. Achenes compressed, scar lateral or oblique. Pappus short, pilose or scaly. Receptacle chaffy. Sub-Order 3. Corymbifer^. — Florets of the disk tubular and perfect, marginal ones mostly ligulate, and pistillate or neuter (rayed), or all the florets tubular (discoid). A. Florets all tubular (discoidal). 18. BiDENS. — Involucre with 2 rows of scales, outer ones leafy. Achenes crowned with about 3 spines, armed with reflexed prickles. Receptacle chaffy. Sometimes with a ligulate floret. Fl. yellow. 82 COMPOSITE. 19. Tanacetum. — Involucre imbricated. Achenes angular, ter- minating in a large disk, with a membranous margin. Ke- ceptacle naked. Sometimes with a short, trifid, ligulate floret. Fl. yellow. 20. Artemisia. — Involucre ovate, imbricated, woolly. Achenes with a minute disk. Pappus none. Receptacle naked. Fl. brownish yellow. 21. Eupatorium. — Involucre imbricated, oblong. Achenes angu- lar or striate. Pappus pilose. Receptacle naked. Heads of few purple florets. 22. Antennari A. — Involucre imbricated, the inner scales coloured at the end. Pappus pilose and clavate on the barren heads. Fertile florets filiform. Receptacle convex, naked. Heads dioecious. 23. Gnaphalium. — Involucre hemispherical, imbricated, scales membi'anous at the end. Pappus pilose. Receptacle flat, naked. Heads with marginal pistillate florets. 24. FiLAGO. — Involucre conical, imbricated, scales acuminate, scariose. Pappus pilose. Receptacle conical, scaly at the margin. Outer florets pistillate, mixed with the innermost involucral scales. 25. Petasites. — Involucre of several herbaceous scales. Pappus pilose. Receptacle naked. Scape bearing a many-headed thyrsus, subdioecious. Fertile florets filiform, in several rows, with 4 or 5 tubular barren ones in the centre ; or in heads with the florets all barren, or 3 — 4 fertile. FL purple, appearing before the leaves. B. Florets of the ray ligulate (Radiate); sometimes in Senecio the ray is absent. * Pappus pilose. 26. TussiLxiGO. — Involucre in one row, with membranous mar- gins. Florets of the ray in several rows, narrowly ligulate. Receptacle naked. Fl. all yellow, appearing before the leaves. 27. Aster. —Involucre imbricated, with a few scales on the ped- uncle. Achenes compressed Receptacle flat, naked and pitted. Fl. of the disk yellow, ray purple. 28. Solid AGO. — Involucre closely imbricated. Achenes round. Pappus in one row. Receptacle naked. Florets of the ray few. Heads numerous, yellow. 29. Senecio. — Involucre cylindrical or conical, with numerous scales at the base, brown or withered at the tip. Receptacle naked. Florets all yellow ; sometimes the ray is absent. 30. DORONICUM. — Involucre hemispherical, equal, in two rows. Pappus of the ray-florets absent. Receptacle naked, or nearly so. Fl. yellow, leaves undivided. VACCINIACEiE. 83 31. Inula. — Involucre imbricated in many rows. Pappus in one row. Receptacle naked. Anthers with 2 bristles at the base. Fl. yellow. 32. PuLiCARTA. — Involucre closely imbricated in several rows. Pappus in 2 rows, the outer a short, membranous, crenulated cup, the inner pilose, rough. Receptacle naked. Anthers -with bristles. Fl. yellow. ** Pappus none, or shortly membranous. 33. Bellis, — Involucre of about 2 rows, its scales obtuse, equal and green. Pappus none. Receptacle conical, naked. Florets of the ray white, tinged with pink ; disk yellow. 34. Chrysanthemum. — Involucre hemispherical, scales imbri- cated, with membranous margins. Achenes with a large raised border. Pappus none. Receptacle naked. Florets of the ray XQvy large. 35. Matricaria. — Involucre hemispherical, conical or nearly flat ; scales imbricated with membranous margins. Pappus none, or with a slight membranous border. Receptacle flat, or conical, naked. Ray-florets white, disk yellow. IjQ. finely divided. 36. Anthemis. — Involucre hemispherical, scales imbricated, with membranous margins. Pappus none, or a membranous bor- der. Receptacle convex or conical, chaffy. Le. finely cut. 37. Achillea. — Involucre ovate, imbricated with slightly scariose scales. Pappus none. Receptacle chaffy. Florets of the ray 5 — 10, short ; of the disk compressed with a winged tube. Ord. 40. — Campanulace^. 1. Campanula. — Cor. campanulate. Filaments dilated at the base. Stigma 2 — 5-cleft. Cap. bursting laterally. 2. Jasione. Cor. rotate, segments long, linear. Anthers coher- ing at the base. Stigma club-shaped. Cap. opening at the top. Ord. 41. — Lobeliace^. 1. Lobelia. — Corolla 2-lipped, cleft to the base on the upper side; lower lip 3-cleft. Anthers 5, united. Stigma sur- rounded by a fringe. Ord. 42. — Yacciniace^. 1. Vaccinium — Cor. ovate, campanulate, or rotate. St. 8 — 10. Berry globose, crowned by the limb of the calyx. 84 POLEMONIACE^. Ord. 43. — Ericace^. 1. Erica. — Cal. 4-partite. Cor. campanulate, often ventricose, persistent. St. 8. Cap. 4-celled, 4-valved. 2. Calluna. — Cal. double, surrounded by 4 coloured bracts. Cor. 4-cleft, bell-shaped. St. 8. Cap. 4-celled, 4-valved. 3. Andromeda. — Cal. 4 — 5-cleft. Cor. ovate or urceolate, decidu- ous. St. 8 — 10. Anthers awned. Cap. 5-celled, 5-valved. 4. Arctostaphylos. — Cal. deeply 5-cleft. Cor. ovate, deciduous^ St. 10. Fruit with 5, 1 -seeded cells. Ord. 44. — Pyrolace^. 1. Pyrola, — Cal. 5-partite. Cor. of 5 conuivent petals. St. 10. Anthers opening by pores at the base. Stigma 5-lobed. Cap* 5-valved, opening from near the base. Ord. 45. — AQUiroLiACEiE. 1. Ilex. — Cal. 4 — 5-toothed, persistent. Cor. rotate, 4 — 5-cleft. St. 4 — 5. Stigmas, 4 — 5, sessile. Berries fleshy, with about 4 stony seeds. Ord. 46.— Oleace^. 1. LiGUSTRUM. — Cal. 4- cleft. Cor. funnel-shaped. Fruit, a fleshy berry, containing 2 seeds. Le simple. 2. Fraxinus. — Cal. none, or 4-cleft. Cor. none, or of 4 petals. Fruit dry, oblong, winged at the top (a samara), 2-celled at the base, each with one seed. Le. pinnate. Ord. 47. — Apocynace.^. I. ViNCA. — Cal. 5-partite. Cor. salver-shaped, segments oblique, tube long. Stigma contracted in the middle. Fruit of 2 follicles. Ord. 48. — Gentianace^. 1. Erythr^a.— Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. funnel-shaped, limb short,. 5-cleft. St. 5. Anthers twisted. Style simple. Stigmas 2. Cap. 2-celled. 2. Gentiana. — Cal. 4 — 5-cleft. Cor. funnel-shaped, tubular at the base, limb short. St. 4—5. Stigmas 2. Cap. 1 -celled. 3. Menyanthes. — Cal. 5-partite. Cor. funnel-shaped, segments fringed within. St. 5. Cap. 1 -celled, 2-valved. Le. ternate. 4. ViLLARSiA. — Cal. 5-partite. Cor. rotate, limb 5-partite ciliated. St. 5. Cap. 1 -celled. Le. simple. Ord. 49. — Polemoniace^. 1. PoLEMONTUM. — Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. rotate, tube short. St. 5, seated upon the throat of the corolla; filaments dilated at the base. BORAGINACE^. 85 OkD. 50. — CONVOLVULACE^. 1. Convolvulus.— Cal. of 5 sep. Cor. campanulate. St. 5. Style 1. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovary 2-celled. Cells 2-seeded. 2. Calystegia. — Cal. of 5 sep. enclosed in 2 leafy bracts. Cor. campanulate. St. 5. Style 1. Stigma 2-lobed ; lobes fili- form. Ovary 1 -celled at the apex, with 4 ovnles. Twining plants. S. CuscuTA. — Cal. 4 — 5-cleft. Cor. urceolate or campanulate, 4_5.1obed. St. 4—5. Styles 2. Ovary 2-celled, with 4 ovules. Cap. bursting transversely, 2-celled. Leafless parasites. Ord. 51.— B0RAGINACE.E. A. Throat of the corolla not closed with scales. 1. EcHiUM. — Cal. in 5-deep segments. Cor. irregular, funnel- shaped. Filaments very long, uneo[ual. Style bifid. Achenes wrinkled, with a flat base. 2. PuLMONARiA. — Cal. angled, 5-cleft. Cor. funnel-shaped, regular. St. 5, filaments short. Style simple. Achenes smooth, with a flat base. 3. LiTHOSPERMUM. — Cal. in 5 deep segments. Cor. funnel- shaped, sometimes a few small scales in the throat. St. included in the tube. Style simple. Achenes smooth. 4. Mertensia. — Cal. in 5 deep segments. Cor. funnel-shaped, with minute wrinkles at the throat. St. protruded. Style simple. Achenes smooth, swollen. B. Throat of the corolla more or less closed with connivent scales or valves. 5. Myosotis. — Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. rotate x)r salver-shaped ; throat nearly closed with rounded valves. St. included, limb 5-cleft, blunt. Style simple. Achenes smooth. 6. Anchusa. — Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. funnel-shaped, tube straight. St. included. Achenes depressed, concave at the base. 7. Lycopsis. — Cal. in 5 deep segments. Cor. funnel-shaped, tube curved, limb oblique. St. included. Achenes depressed, concave at the base. 8. Symppiytum. — Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. tubular, enlarged upwards, scales in the throat lanceolate or subulate. St. longer than the tube, covered by the scales. Achenes ovate, excavated at the base. D. BoRAGO. — Cal. in 5 deep segments. Cor. rotate, scales emar- ginate. St. exserted, filaments bifid, inner point bearing the anther. Anthers connivent in the form of a cone. Achenes with an excavated base. 10. Asperugo. — Cal. with 5 small teeth, alternating with the large ones ; enlarged and depressed in fruit. Cor. funnel- shaped, scales rounded. Achenes covered by tubercles. 11. Cynoglossum. — Cal. 5-cleft, regular. Cor. shortly funnel- shaped, scales blunt. Achenes covered with muricated points. 86 SCROPHULARIACE^. Ord. 52. — Solan ACE^. 1. Hyoscyamus. — Cal. tubular. Cor. funnel-shaped, border oblique, lobes blunt. Stigma capitate. Capsule dry, open- ing by a lid, 2- celled. 2. Atropa. — Cal. 5-partite. Cor. campanulate, tube short. St. diverging. Fruit a pulpy, 2 -celled berry. 3. SoLANUM. — Cal. deeply divided. Cor. rotate; segments re- flexed. Anthers connivent, opening by 2 pores. Fruit a pulpy berry, 2-celled. Ord. 53. — OrobanchacEuE. 1. Lathr^a. — Cal. campanulate, 4-cleft, segments nearly equal. Cor. 2-lipped, the upper lip concave, deciduous. A leafless parasite. Ord. 54. — Scrophulariace^. A. Stamens 2. 1. Veronica. — Cor. irregular, rotate, 4-cle£t, lower segment small. Cap. compressed, 2-celled, dissepiment narrow. B. Stamens 5. 11. Verbascum. — Cal. 5-partite. Cor. rotate, irregular, with 5 spreading segments. St. with the three upper hairy, the 2 lower ones smooth. Cap. compressed, 2-celled. C. Stamens 4, didynamous. Calyx 4-cleft. t Upper Up of corolla broad, not compressed. 2. Bartsia. — Cal. tubular. Cor. ringent, upper lip arched, lower one in 8 nearly equal lobes. Anthers hairy. Cap. com- pressed, 2-celled, many-seeded. 3. Euphrasia. — Cal. tubular. Cor. 2-lipped, upper one broad, cleft; lower of 3 nearly equal lobes. Cap. compressed, 2-celled, many-seeded. ++ Upper lip of corolla laterally compressed. 4. Rhinanthus. — Cal. inflated. Cor. ringent ; lower lip plain 3-lobed. Cap. compressed, blunt, 2-celled. Seeds numerous, compressed, margined. 5. Melampyrum.— Cal. tubular. Cor. ringent; upper lip with reflexed edges ; lower one furrowed, 3-cleft. Cap . obliquely acuminate, compressed, 2-celled; cells 1 — 2-seeded. D. Stamens 4, didynamous. Calyx 5-cleft. 6. Pedicularis. — Cal. inflated. Cor. ringent; upper lip laterally compressed, arched; lower one plain, 3-lobed. Capsule com- pressed, acute. LABIATE. 87 7. ScROPHULARiA. — Cal. 5-lobed. Cor. subglobose; limb small, of 2 short lips ; upper one 2-lobed, with a scale below and within, lower one 3-lobed. Cap. 2-celled, 2-valved. 8. Digitalis. — Cal. of 5 leafy segments, unequal. Cor. large, bell-shaped, oblique, 4 — 5-lobed. Cap. ovate, acuminate, 2-celled, many-seeded. 9. Antirrhinum. — Cal. 5-partite. Cor. personate, gibbous at the base, lower lip 8-cleft, with a projecting palate closing the mouth. Capsule 2-celled, opening by 2 or 3 pores. 10. LiNARTA. — Cal. 5-partite. Cor. personate, spurred; lower lip 3-cleft; mouth closed by a projecting palate. Capsule 2-celled, opening by valves or teeth. OrD. 55. — LABIATiE. A. Stamens 2. 1. Lrcopus. — Cal. tubular, 5-cleft. Cor. tubular, 4-cleft; limb nearly equal. St. diverging. B. Stamens 4, nearly equal. Corolla scarcely 2- lipped, shorter than the stamens. 2. Mentha. — Corolla nearly regular, tube scarcely longer than the calyx. 3. Thymus. — Cal. 2-lipped, 10— 13-ribbed. Cor. with the upper lip straight, lower one patent and tritid. Fl. whorled or capitate. 4. Origanum. — Cal. with 5 equal teeth, 10 — 13- veined; throat hairy. Cor. with the upper lip nearly straight ; lower patent- 3-cleft. Fl. in leafy spikes or heads. «5. Teucrictm. — Cal. tubular, nearly equal. Cor. with the upper lip bifid, apparently wanting ; lower one patent, 3-lobed. St. much exserted from between the lobes of the upper lip. Fl. yellowish white, in 1 -sided racemes. 6. Ajuga. — Cal. nearly equal, 5-cleft. Cor. with the upper lip very short or wanting, entire or emarginate ; lower one large, trifid. St. much exserted. Fl. bright, blue in whorls. C. Stamens 4, didynamous. Corolla 2-lipped, upper one longer, and arching over the stamens. f Calyx not 2-lipped. 7. Ballota. — Cal. funnel-shaped, with 5 broad mucronate teeth, 10-ribbed. Cor. with the upper lip concave ; lower 3-lobed, middle lobe largest, emarginate. 8. Leonurus. — Cal. tubular, 5-toothed; teeth stiff, 2 lower ones rather the longest. Cor. with the upper lip nearly flat ; lower with 3-blunt lobes. Achenes triquetrous. 88 PRIMULACEiE. 9. Galeopsis. — Oai. tubular, with 5 spinescent teeth ; 2 upper ones somewhat longer. Upper lip of cor. arched ; lower oue 3-lobed, with 2 teeth on its upper side. Anthers bursting transversely. 10. Lamium. — Cal. campanulate, 5-toothed, 10-ribbed, teeth nearly equal. Upper lip of cor. arched, throat inflated ; lower lip patent, 2-lobed, with 1 or 2 teeth on each side at the base. Anthers burstmg longitudinally. 11. Betonica. — Cal. ovate; teeth 5, acute. Cor. with a bng tube; upper lip ascending; lower one patent, trifid, its middle lobe entire. Anthers bursting longitudinally. 12. Stachys. — Cal. campanulate, 10-ribbed, teeth 5, acuminate, nearly equal. Cor. with the upper lip concave, arched, entire ; lower one 3-lobed, the 2 lateral ones reflexed. Anther cells diverging. 13. Nepeta. — Cal. tubular, many-ribbed, teeth acuminate. Upper lip of cor. straight, emarginate or bifid ; lower 3-cleft. St. approaching in pairs. Anther cells diverging. ft Calyx evidently 2-lipped. 14. Calamintha. — Cal. 13-nerved, throat mostly hairy. Cor. with the upper lip straight, nearly flat ; lower one patent, 3-cleft. Filaments expanding at, the top into a sub -triangular connective. 15. Prunella. — Cal. with the upper lip flat, truncate, 3-toothed; lower one bifid. Upper lip of cor. arched, nearly entire, lower one 3-lobed. Filaments bifid, one tooth bearing the anther. 16. Scutellaria. — Cal. ovate, lips entire, nearly closed after flowering; upper lip with a concave, dorsal tooth. Cor. 2-lipped; upper one arched; lower trifid, Ord. 56. — Lentibulaeiace^. 1. Pinguicula. — Cal. 2-lipped, lower one bifid, upper 3-lobed, Cor. ringent, spurred. St. 2. Stigma sessile. Fl. blue. 2. Utricularia. — Cal. bipartite; upper lobe entire, lower often notched. Cor. personate spurred. Stigma 2-lipped. FL yelloiu. Obd. 57. — Peimulace^. 1. Primula. — Cal. tubular, 5-toothed. Cor. salver-shaped, tube cylindrical, widening at the insertion of the stamens. St. 5, included in the tube of the corolla. Stigma globose. Cap. opening by 10 teeth. 2. Glaux.— Cal. bell-shaped, 5-partite, coloured. Cor. none. St. 5, inserted at the base of the calyx. Cap. globose, 5-valved. 3. Lysimachia. — Cal. 5-partite. Cor. rotate, tube short. St. 5, scarcely hairy. Cap. 5— 10-valved. 35. CAPRIFOLIACEiE. 89 4. Anagallis. — Cal. 5-partite. Cor. rotate with no tube. St. 5, hairy. Cap. opening by a lid. 5. Centunculus. — Fl. 4-partite. Cor. with a spreading limb, tube inflated. Cap. opening by a lid. 6. Samolus. —Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. salver-shaped, tube short, with 5 scales or barren stamens alternating with the lobes. St. 5 from near the base of the corolla tube. Cap. ^-superior, opening by 5-valves. OrD. 58. — PLUMBAGINACEiE. 1. Armeria. — Cal. funnel-shaped, plaited, membranous. Pet. united at the base, bearing the stamens. Styles 5, distinct, hairy. Fl. capitate. Ord. 59. — Plantaginace^. 1, Plantago. — Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. with an ovate tube; limb 4-partite, reflexed. St. 4, with long filaments, seated on the corolla. Cap. opening transversely, 2 — 4-celled, 2 — 4-seeded. 2. Littorella. — Fl. monoecious. Barren fl. on a long peduncle. Cal. of 4 sepals. Cor. 4-cleft. St. 4, with long filaments. Fertile fl. sessile. Sep. 3. Cor. oblong. Style very long. Cap. with one seed. SPECIES OF COROLLIFLOR/E. 35.— CAPRIPOLIACE^, 1. Sambi^cus. Elder. 1. S. E'bulus, L. — Banewort^ Dwarf -Elder. Stems erect, 2 — 3 ft. high, angular and furrowed, herbaceous. Le. pinnate ; leaflets 7 — 11, lanceolate, serrate, 2 — 6 in. long, with a stipule or leaf on the stem, at each side of the common petiole. Cymes v/ith 3 principal branches. Fl. white, with a reddish tint outside. Anth. purple. Berries black. Very rare. " On the roadside between Kittochside and Carmunnock," Ure. Still existing. " Lane between Milngavie and Douglaston," HopJc. (E) P. 7 — 8. 2. S. NIGRA, L. — Common-Elder, Boortree. A small tree, with spreading branches. Le. pinnate, leaflets mostly 5 or 7, ovate, 90 36. RUBIACE^. acute, sharply serrate. Cymes with 5 principal branches. Fl. numerous, cream-coloured, odour disagreeable. Fr. purple or black. Frequent. Woods and waste places. (B)T. G— 7. Kelvinside wood; Stonelaw; Catlieart, &c. 2. VibtJrnum. Ouelder-Rose. 1. V. O'PULUS, L. — Common Guelder- JRose. A small tree, with smooth branches. Le. large, 2 — 3 in. broad, 3 — 5-lobed, subcordate at the base, acuminate and coarsely toothed ; leafstalk with 2 or more sessile glands at the top. Cymes large. Fl. white, outer ones large, neuter. Berries reddish purple, globular. Frequent. Woods and coppices. (B) Sli. T. 6— 7. Langside wood ; hanks of the Kelvin; Cannyle and Kenmuir banks; Cambuslang; tlie Rouken glen, &c. 2. V. Lantana, L. — Wayfaring-tree, Mealy Guelder-Rose. A large shrub, much branched ; shoots and le. when young covered with down. Le. ovate, cordate at the base, serrate, veined and downy beneath, upper side sparingly so ; pubescence stellate. Cymes dense. Fl. small and white. Berries oblong, purplish black. Rare. Dunglass glen, H. & A. (E) Sli. 5—6. 8. LoNfCEEA. Honeysuckle. L. PERiCLf MENUM, L. — Common ffoueysuckle, Woodbine. Stems woody, twining and climbing over hedges, often to the extent of 15—20 feet. Lower le. slightly stalked; upper ones closely sessile, oval, distinct. Fl. in terminal heads, sessile. Cor. pale yellow, red externally about IJ in. long. Berries red. Frequent. In woods and thickets. (B) Sh. 6—9. Banks of the Kelvin ; Kenmuir "bank; beyond Rutherglen at Stonelaw; Cambuslang glen, &c. 36.— RUBIACE^. 1. Galium. Bedstraw. A. Flowers yellow. 1. Gr. VERUM, L. — Yelloio- Bedstraw, Ladies' -Bedstraw, Cheese- Rennet. Stems decumbent and ascending, 6 — 12 in. high. Le. small, linear, deflexed, margins revolute, downy beneath ; 6 — 8 in a whorl. Fl. small yellow, in a dense panicle. Fr. smooth. Common. Dry sandy banks and pastures. (B) P. 7— 9. Sand hills, Tollcross ; Paisley Canal bank, — 8. 5. M. VERsicOLOB, Eeich. — Yellow and Blue-Scorpion-Grass. Stem slender. Le. narrow, slightly pointed. Cal. closed when in fruit, more than half 5-cleft, longer than the erect pedicels. Fl. very small, limb of cor. shorter than its tube ; colour of the expanding fl. yellow, turning blue as the racemes unroll. Frequent. Banks and moist meadows. (B) A. 4 — 6. Possil marsh; beyond Rutherglen ; Tollcross ; Gourock, &c. 6. M. COLLIN A, Hoffm. — Early Field-Scorpion-G^-ass. Very like the former. Cal. ventricose when in fruit, open, as long as tlie diverging jyedicels. Cor. with the limb shorter than its tube. Fl. very small, an unchangeable blue. On Sandy banks and wall tops. (B) A. 4—5. May be found common as it be- comes better known ; have frequently gathered plants coming near the character ascribed to this, but they were too near M. arvensis. 6. AnchiJsa. Alkanet * 1. A. OFFICINALIS, Ju.— Common Alkanet. Stem 1 — 2 ft. high, with coarse stiff hairs. Le. oblong-lanceolate, hispid. Spikes unilateral. Fl. crowded. Bracts small, leafy as long as the cal. Cor. large, deep purple or blue, scales hairy. Very rare. " Uddingston," H. A-. (E) A. B. G— 8. 2. A^TROPA. D'wale, Deadly-Nightshade. A. Belladonna, L. — Stem herbaceous, erect, 3 ft. high, smooth, or slightly downy. Le. large, ovate, entire, accompanied by a smaller one from the same point. Fl. axillary, drooping, peduncles short. Cor. large, lurid purple. Berry large, globular, shining black; poisonous. Very rare. An outcast of gardens, or on ballast heaps. " Banks of the Cart near Cathcart Mill," Dr. Brown. (E) P. 6—8. 3. SoLANUM. Nightshade. 1. S. Dulcamara, L. — Bitter-Sweet, Woody-Nightshade. Stem woody at the base, fiexuose, climbing. Lower le. cordate-ovate ; upper ones hastate or lobed at the base. Fl. in corymbs, opposite the le. or extra-axillary, drooping. Cor. purple, with 2 green spots at the base of each segment. Anthers large, yellow. Berries small, ovate, red. Not common. (B) Sh. 6 — 8. Banks of the East-burn, Cambuslang; near Eastfield;;Inchinnan bridge; Gourock; Cumbrae and Arran. * 2. S. NfGRUM, L. — Black- Nightshade. A smaller plant than the last, 1 ft. high. Le. stalked, ovate, bluntly and coarsely toothed. Fl. in small lateral cymes drooping. Cor. small, white. Berries globular, black. Very rare. A rubbish plant, or a garden outcast. (E) A, B. 6 — 11. Banks of the Gareloch; near Largs; Cumbrae. 53.— OROBANCHACE^. 1. LATHRiE'A. Toothwort. L. SQUAMA.RIA, L. — Stem erect, 6 — 10 in. high, with no true le. , but covered with fleshy, tooth- like scales. Bracts ovate or lanceolate. Fl. drooping, in a dense one-sided spike or raceme. 120 54. SCROPHULARIACE^. Cor. light bluish, or flesh coloured, with red streaks. A succu- lent plant. Colour pale pink. Very rare. Parasitical on the roots of hazels, &c, (E) P. 3—5. Carmyle wood, below the village. On the same spot for two seasons in May. 54— SCROPHULARIACEiE. 1. VeronIca. Speedwell. A. Spikes or racemes terminal. 1. V. SERPYLLiFOLiA, L. — Tkyme-leaved Speedwell. Stems in leafy tufts, rooting below, then erect, 3 — 5 in. high. Le. ovate or elliptical, obtuse, very slightly crenate, mostly smooth. Fl. in elongated racemes, lower bracts large, leaf-like. Cor. small, pale blue or nearly white, with dark veins. Cap. broader than long, smooth or slightly hairy. Style long. Very common. Roadsides and pastures. (B) P. 5—7. 2. V. ARVENSis, L. — Wall- Speedwell. Stems ascending, some- times erect and simple, 3 — 6 in. high. Le. cordate-ovate, toothed. Bracts longer than the fl. lanceolate, sessile. Fl. pale blue or nearly white, sessile, pedicels only present when in fruit. Cap. compressed, with rounded lobes, ciliate on the edge. Seeds 12 — 14, compressed. Style short. Very common. In fields, on walls, and in gardens. (B) A. 4—7. Cathcart, Rutherglen, and Tollcross. B. Racemes axillary. 1. Plant glabrous. 3. V. SCUTELLATA, L. — Marsh-Speedvjell. Stems spreading and ascending, 6 — 12 in. high, weak. Le sessile, linear-lanceo- late, slightly and distantly toothed, with the teeth directed backwards. Racemes alternate, pedicels slender, reflexed after flowering. Fl. flesh-coloured, with dark blue veins. Cap. flat, broad, and deeply notched. Frequent. In hoggy places. (B) P. 7— 8. Possil marsh; Frankfield and Hogganfield lochs; Gourock to Arran. 4. V. Anagallis, L. — Water-Speedwell. Stems thick, hollow, 1 — 2 ft. high. Le. sessile, lanceolate, mostly toothed, clasping the stem. Racemes opposite, long and many-flowered, sometimes glandular. Fl. small, pedicellate, pale blue. Cap. oval, slightly notched. Plant slightly succulent, especially the stem. Not common. Wet ditches and ponds. (B) P. 7— 9. " Near Flenders, beyond Bushy," Dr. Ross. Cumbrae, Bute, and Arran. 5. V. Beccabunga, L.—BrooJclime, Wallinh. Stems procum- bent, rooting at the joints. Flowering stems ascending. Le. shortly stalked, elliptical, obtuse, slightly toothed, rather fleshy. 54. SCROPHULARIACE^. 121 Racemes opposite, short, often not tonger than the le. Fl. deep brilliant blue. Cap. roundish, slightly notched. Common. Wet ditches, streams, and ponds. (B) P. 5—9. Possil marsh; Paisley Canal hank, &c. 2. Plant more or less hairy. 6. V. OFFICINALIS, L. — Common Speedwell. Stems much branched, creeping and rooting at the joints, 8 — 15 in. long. Le. ovate, or obovate, toothed, shortly stalked. Spikes or racemes erect, much longer than the le. Fl. nearly sessile, pale blue. Capsule obcordate. Very common. Banks and pastures. (B) P. 5—7. 7. V. MONTANA, L. — Mountain-Speedwell. Stem weak and trailing, rooting at the joints, hairy all round, 12 — 15 in. long. Le. broadly ovate, serrate, stalked. Kacemes loosely flowered, slender. Fl. few, pale blue. Cap. orbicular, flat, notched, minutely toothed, and ciliate on the edge. Frequent. Woods and shady places. (B) P. 4 — 7. Carmyle and Kenmuir woods; Kelvinside; Langside; Gourock; Campsie, &c. 8. V. Cham^'drys, L. — Germander-Speedwell. Stems pro- cumbent at the base, weak, 12 — 15 in. long, loith two opposite lines of hairs running down from between each pair ofle., alternating at each node. Le. shortly stalked, cordate-ovate, deeply crenate, or incisso-serrate, wrinkled. Racemes many-flowered, much longer than the leaves. Fl. large, clear bright blue ; very handsome. Common. All over the country, on nearly every hedge hank. (B) P. 5—6. C. Flowers axillary, solitary. Stems procumbent. 9. V. HEDER^FOLiA, L. — Ivy-leaved Speedwell. Stem weak, trailing. Le. slightly fleshy, petiolate, cordate, with 5 — 7 large lobes, middle one broad and rounded. Cal. segments broadly cordate, ciliate. Cor. pale blue. Cap. swollen, smooth, with 4 ovides. Seeds concave on the under side and wrinkled. Common. Corn fields and neglected gardens. (B) A. 5 — 8. Rutherglen; Carmyle; ToUcross, &c. 10. V. AGRESTis, L. — Green Procumbent- Speedwell, Stems procumbent or prostrate, much branched, 3 — 10 in. long. Le. shortly stalked, ovate, toothed or inciso-serrate. Peduncles scarcely as long as the le. Cal. with oblong segments. Cor. small, pale blue or white. Cap. swollen. Seeds 4 — 5 in each cell, con- cave on the under side, rough. Very common. A weed of cultivation in fields and gardens. (B) A. 4 — 9. *11. V. BuxBAUMii, Ten. — Buxbaum's- Speedwell. Similar to the last, but larger and more hairy. Fl. as large as V. Chamsedrys, 122 54. SCEOPHULARIACE.E. bright blue. Cap. with divaricate lobes, compressed upwards, keeled, seeds about 8 in a cell. Very rare. In gardens and fields; Cumbrae as an outcast. (E) A. 4—9. 2. Bartsia. Bartsia. 1. B. viscosA, L. — Yellow Viscid- Bartsia. Stem erect, rigid, 8 — 12 in. high, wliole plant viscid. Le. lanceolate, deeply serrate or toothed. Floral le. alternate. Fl. axillary, forming a termiual spike. Cal. tubular. Cor. yellow, lower lip longer than the upper one. Anthers hairy. Not common. (A) A. 6—10. Gourock; Ardencaple; and in fields coming towards Dumbarton. 2. B. Odontites, Huds. — var. serotina. — Red-Bartsia. Stem erect, 8 — 12 in. high, with branches curving upwards. Le. lanceolate, toothed, narrow at the base, lower ones opposite, upper alternate. Bracts shorter than the fl. Racemes unilateral. Cal. campanulate. Cor. reddish purple. Anthers slightly hairy. Capsule oblong. Common. Fields and roadsides. (B) A. 6 — 8. Var. verna. — Le. broad at the base; branches straight, ascend- ing. Bracts longer than the flowers. Frequent. In corn fields. Bute; Arran, /. G. Baker. 8. Euphrasia. Eye-hright. E. OFFICINALIS, L. — Common Eye-hriglit. Stem erect, branched, 2 — 8 in. high. Le. opposite, sessile, ovate, deeply toothed. Fl. axillary, forming a leafy spike. Cor. white or tinged with purple, veined, and marked by a yellow blotch in the throat, lower lip with emarginate lobes, the upper one spreading. Capsule oblong. Common. Pastures and on heaths. (B) A. 5— 9. Near Cambuslang ; Cathkin hills; Paisley Canal bank, &c. 4. Ehinanthus. Yelloiv-Rattle. B,. Crista-Galli, L. — Common Yelloiu- Battle. Stem erect, simple or branched, 1 — 2 ft. high. Le. opposite, lanceolate, coarsely toothed. Fl. in a loose leafy spike. Cal. inflated, con- tracted at the mouth. Cor. yellow, lower lip with 3 spreading lobes; upper lip with bluish, blunt lobes. Capsule orbicular. Seeds large, flat, when ripe lying loose, and rattling on the fruit being shaken. Common. Meadows and pastures. (B) A. .5 — 7. 5. Melamp^rum. Cow-Wheat. M. pratense, L. — Common Yellow-Cow- Wheat. Stem with spreading opposite branches, 6 — 12 in. high. Le. lanceolate, 54. SCROPHULARIACEiE. 125 sometimes with a cordate base; floral ones distant, toothed at the base. n. in pairs, axillary, distant, all turned to one side, spreading horizontally. Cor. pure yellow, lower lip projecting. Frequent, Woods and thickets. (B) A. 5—8, Falls of Clyde; Calderwood glen; Campsie glen; near Milngavie ; Gourock; Cumbrae and Arran. 6. PedtculIris. LousewoTt 1. P. PALusTRis, L. — Marsh- Lousewort, Red-Rattle. Stem erect, much branched from above the base, 1 — 2 ft. high. Le. pinnatifid, segments bluntly lobed. Fl. crimson, in the axils of leafy bracts. Cal. slightly hairy, ribbed, broadly ovate, lobes of 2 crenate, irregularly cut or jagged segments. Cor. with 2 pro- jecting teeth near the middle of the upper lip. Frequent. Marshes and wet meadows, (B) A. P. 5—9. Possil marsh; Gourock to Arran, 2. P. SYLVATICA, L. — Pasture- Lousewort. Stem prostrate or spreading, branching from the base, 3 — 6 in. high. Le. pinnatifid, segments deeply cut, Cal. quite smooth, reticulated with green veins, unequally cut in 5 nearly leafy segments. Cor. rose- coloured, sometimes nearly wliite, up'per lip tvithout any teeth in the middle. Common. Moist heathy pastures. (B) P, 4 — 7, Possil marsh; Cathkin hills; Gourock to Arran. 7. ScROPHULARiA. Figivovt. 1. S. NODOSA, L. — Knotted- Figivort. Rhizome large, knotted. Stem erect, shaiply quadrangular, 2 — 3 ft. high. Le. large, broadly ovate, subcordate, pointed, doubly crenate, or acutely serrate. Panicle composed of loose cymes, with small lanceolate bracteas. Sep. with a narrow membranous margin. Fl. greenish purple, scale in the upper lip slightly notched. Frequent, Woods and moist hedges, (B) P. 6—8. Langside; banks of the Cart, Clyde, and Kelvin ; Gourock to Arran. 2. S. Ehrharti, C. a. Stev. — Ehi^harV s- Fig wort. Stem erect, with 4 leafy wings, 2 — 5 ft. high. Le. ovato -lanceolate, or ob- long, rounded at the apex, sharply crenate, serrate at the base. Bracteas acute. Cymes lax. Sep. with a broad scariose border. Fl. dark purplish green, scale in the upper lip of the cor. emargi- nate, slightly crenate with diverging lobes, about three times broader than long. Cap. nearly orbicular. Very rare. Banks of the Cart at Inchinnan bridge. (E) P. 7—9. 3. S. A43UATICA, L. — Water-Figwort. "Cymes dense, corym- bose, bracteas linear, obtuse, scale of the upper lip roundish- reniform entire. Capsule pointed." Rare, Watery places. (E) P. 7—8. "Ditch at the old mansion-house, Jerviston," Pair. 124 54. SCROPHULARIACE^. *4. S. VERNALis, L. — Ye2low-Figwort. Stem erect, 1 — 2 ft. high, whole plant hairy. Le. cordate, acute, coarsely toothed. Bracts leafy. Cymes axillary. Fl. yellow. St. louger than the tube of the cor., without any scale m the upper lip. Very rare. P. 4—6. " Walls of Bothwell Castle," Dr. Walker in Fl. Scotica. 8. DigitIlis. Foxglove, FoWs-glove. D. PURPUREA, L. — Purple-Foxglove. Stem erect, 2 — 4 ft. high. Lower le. on long stalks, ovato -lanceolate, crenate, downy, coarsely veined. Fl. in a long unilateral raceme, large, elegant and droop- ing, purple, marbled with white inside. Cap. pointed, surrounded by the leafy segments of the cal. , uppermost one narrow. Fl. rarely flesh-coloured or white. Frequent. Hedge banks, walls, and open woods. (B) P. 6—8. Cadder Wilderness; Baldernock; Calderwood glen ; Hamilton woods; Gourockto AiTan. 9. ANTiRRHfNUM. Snapdragon, Calves -Snout. * A. MA JUS, L. — Great Snapdragon. Stem erect, 1 — 2 ft. high. Le. lanceolate or linear, entire, opposite or alternate. Fl. racemose, Sep. ovate, blunt. Cor. large, purplish red or white, opening when pressed on the side by the finger and thumb. Very rare. On old buildings. P. 7—9. " Walls at Barncluith and at Chatelherault," Pair " Mugdock Castle," Ilopk. 10. LinIria. Toadflax. * 1. L. Cymbalaria, Mill. — Ivy-leaved Toadflax. Stem fili- form, trailing and rooting, 1 — 2 ft. long. Le. cordate, stalked, 5-lobed, quite smooth. Fl. small, solitary, axillary, pale blue or lilac, with a yellow palate. A garden outcast. "Old walls, Bothwell Castle," Hopk. P. 5—9. Garden walls in various places. 2. L. VULGARIS, Moench. — Yellow Toadflax. Stem erect, 1 — 2 ft. high. Le. crowded, linear-lanceolate, glaucous-green. Fl. racemose, large, yellow, with an orange lower lip, spur long and pointed. Ped. with a few glandular hairs. Peloria var. is a curious monstrosity, cultivated in gardens, having a regular cor. with 5 spurs. Frequent. Hedges and borders of fields. (B) P. 7—10. Cambuslang ; banks of the Kelvin ; banks of Clyde above Dalmarnock bridge ; on the railway banks near Eastfield ; Gourock to Arran. 3. L. MINOR, Desfon. — Least Toadflax. Stem erect, simple or branched, 3 — 4 in. high. Le. linear-lanceolate, blunt, with a slight glandular down. Fl. few, small, axillary and solitary. Ped. 3 times as long as the cal. Cor. small, spur short, blunt. Fl. pale purple, lower lip yellowish. Very rare. (E) A. -5-10. Sandy corn fields at Tollcross. " Old walls, Barn- cluith," Hopk. 55. LABIATiE. 125 11. Verbascum. Mullein. V. Thapsus, L. — Shepherd's Club, High-Tapei% Cow^s Lung- wort. Stem erect, 2 — 4 ft. high. Le. densely woolly on both sides, decurrent, lower ones stalked, 6—8 in. long, crenate. Fl. in a long, dense sr)ike. Cor. concave, about twice as long as the cal., golden yellow. Filaments of the 2 longest st. smooth, the other 3 covered with white wool. Not common. Banks and thickets. (E)B. 6— 8. " On old walls, Calderwood," Ure. " Banks of the Clyde below Renfrew," Hopk. Railway hank near East- field; Kilmun; Fairlie; C umbrae and Arran. 55— LABIATE. 1. Lfcopus. Gipsy-Wort. L. EuE,op^'us, L. — Stem erect, slightly hairy, 1 — 2 ft. high. Le. shortly stalked, ovato -lanceolate, deeply toothed or pinnatifid, especially at the base, wrinkled. Fl. very small, numerous, in dense axillary clusters, whitish, with purple dots. Not common. Ditches and river banks. (B) P. 6 — 9. Forth and Clyde Canal ; Gourock; Cumbrae; Bute and Arran. 2. M:entha. Mint. 1. M. SYLVESTRis, L. — Var. alopecuroides, Hull. — Horse-Mint. Le. "roundly cordate-oval, serrate, silky beneath. Spikes short, dense, bracts subulate. Fruit, cal. contracted at the mouth. Scent sweet." Brodick, Dr. Balfour. Lamlash, /. G. Baker, who considers it a garden outcast, *2. M. viRiDis, L. — Spear-Mint. Le. sessile, oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, smooth above, with a few hairs and glandular dots beneath. Spikes several, slender. Fl. smooth ; smell very pungent. This being much cultivated is often found growing in the vicinity of dwellings, especially watery places; near Hamilton; Largs; Bute and Arran. 3. M. AQUATICA, L.— Water Capitate-Mint. Stem branched, 12 — 18 in. high. Le. stalked, ovate, slightly heart-shaped, or rounded below, serrate, pubescent or slightly hairy. Fl. in dense oblong or round terminal clusters^ occasionally with a few whorls in the axils of the upper le. Cal. tubular, with triangular teeth, and fine points, hairy as well as the pedicels. Frequent. Marshes and river banks. (B) P. 8—9. Paislej', and Forth and Clyde Canal banks ; Kelvin; Gourock to Arran. 4. M. SATiVA, L. — Marsh Whorled-Mint. Stem spreading at the base, then erect, or ascending. Le. stalked, elliptical-ovate, serrate, more or less hairy. Fl. in dense axillary whorls, mostly 126 55. LABIATE. confined to the upper le. Cal. tubular, triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, hairy as well as the pedicels. Frequent. Wet places and river banks. (B) P. 7 — 8. Banks of Clyde I nchinnan bridge; Hamilton, above the bridge ; Gourock to Arran. Var. rubra, hairs confined to the upper part of the cal. , lower j^ortion and pedicels smooth. Banks of a small stream below Lamlash, amongst bushes. Var. paludosa, Sole. Stem and le. hairy ; upper whorls of fl. very close, with small bracts ; resembles aquatica. In marshy places, amongst Hazel-bushes and Alders, at Lamlash, /. G. Baker. 5. M. ARVENSis, L. — Corn- Mint. Stems spreading, branched, 6 — 12 in. high; similar in appearance to the former. Le. stalked, ovate, serrate. Fl. in axillary whorls, mostly absent in the terminal le. Cal. bell-shaped, teeth triangular, as broad as long, with spreading hairs. Very common. In corn fields. (B) P. 6—9, 3. Thymus. Wild-Thyme. T. SERPfLLUM, L. — Stems procumbent, rooting, branched, wiry at the base, 6 — 12 in. long. Le very small, ovate or oblan- ceolate, obtuse, entire, narrowed into the fringed base. Fl. capitate, on the apex of the ascending flowering stem, usually 6 in a whorl. Cor. purple. Cal. mostly hairy. Fragrant. Very common. On all our mountains and dry heathy pastures. (B) P. 6 — 8. Var. Chamoidrys, Fr. — Stems ascending, barren shoots lateral. Le. larger, ovate, abruptly narrowed into the fringed petiole. Fl. in one or more whorls beneath the terminal head, flowering shoots exceeding the barren ones. On heathy banks ; not so plentiful as the species. 4. ORfGANUM. Common Marjora7)%. O. vulgIre, L. — Stem erect, 1 — 2 ft, high, hairy. Le. stalked, ovate or ovato-lanceolate, slightly toothed or waved, thinly covered with hairs. Fl. in globular compact heads, usually trichotomous. Bracts tinged with purple. Cal. with nearly equal teeth, hairy inside the mouth. Cor. twice the size of the cal., purple. Fragrant. Not comm.on. Dry bushy places, banks and hilly pastures. (B) P. 7 — 9. Ken- muir bank; Rotten Calderin several places; Falls of Clyde ; Spout of Ballagan, &c. 5. TetJcrium. Wood-Oermander. T. ScoRODONiA, L. — Wood-Sage. Stem ascending or erect, 10 — 15 in. high. Le. stalked, oblong, cordate at the base, coarsely toothed, pale green below, wrinkled and downy. Fl. 55. LABIATE. 127 in pairs, forming a one-sided raceme. Bracts small. Cor. yellowish white. Cal. with the upper tooth broad and slightly turned back. Frequent. Woods and dry hedge banks. (B) P. 7 — 8. Tollcross; Cambus- lang; Cathkin hills; Gourock, &c. 6. A^JUGA. Bugle. A. REPTAXS, L. —Common Bugle. Stem throwing out creeping scions at the base, solitary, 6 — 10 in. high. Le. obovate, sinuate or broadly crenate, narrowed into a stalk. Floral le. or bracts sessile, upper ones coloured. Fl. in axillary whorls, the upper ones close together. Cor. blue, rarely white. t Common, Moist pastures and woods. (B) P. 5 — 6. Carmyle and Kenmuir banks ; Kelvinside wood, &c. 7. Ballota. Blach-Horehound. B. NIGRA, L. — Stem erect, hairy, branched 2 — 3 ft. high. Le. stalked, ovate or cordate, coarsely toothed. Bracts linear. Fl. in dense axillary clusters, shortly stalked. Cal. teeth broadly ovate, suddenly acuminate, tipped with a mucro, reflexed. Cor. short, purple. Plant covered with short hairs, having a dis- agreeable odour. Very rare. Waste places near towns; "Cathcart Castle," Hopk. (E) P. 6—10. 8. LEONtJRUS. Motherwort. * L. Cardiaca, L. — Stem stiff, much branched, 2 — 3 ft. high, slightly downy. Le. stalked, lower ones deeply cut into 5—7 lobes, toothed. Floral le. narrow, wedge-shaped at the base, 3-lobed, uppermost ones entire. Fl. in crowded whorls, forming an interrupted spike. Cor. pink or nearly white, upper lip very hairy. Very rare. Waste places. P. 7—9. "Craignethan Castle," Hopk. "Near Corehouse, Lesmahagow," Patr. 9. Galeopsis. Hemp-Nettle. 1. Gr. Tetrahit, L. — Common Hemp- Nettle. Stem erect, hispid, swollen below the joints, 1 — 2 ft. high. Le. ovate or oblong, acuminate, serrate, hispid. Fl. in whorls, numerous. Cal. teeth twice as long as the tube. Cor. tube of the same length as the cal. , purple or white. Very common. Cultivated ground, and in woods. (B) A. 7—9. 2. Gr. VERSICOLOR, Curt. — Variegated Hemp-Nettle. A stronger and coarser plant than the last, of nearly the same character in foliage. Cal. teeth shorter than the tube. Cor. very large, yellow, with a purple spot on the lower lip ; upper one large, roundish- oval. Very common. In cultivated ground. (S) A. 7—9. 128 55. LABIATE. 10. Lamium. Dead-Nettie, 1. L. iLBUM, L. — White Dead-Nettie. Stems decumbent or ascending, branched, flowering stems 8 — 12 in. high. Le. stalked, ovate, cordate at the base, acuminate, coarsely crenate. Fl. in close axillary whorls. Cal. teeth long, spreading. Cor. white, with a ring of hairs inside, upper lip long, arched. Frequent. Waste places and hedges. (B) P. 5 — 9. Near Partick Mills, on the banks of the Kelvin; hedges opposite and above Clyde Iron-works; banks of the Cart near Langside ; Busby, Dr. Ross. A variety is found below Partick, in an old quarry, with white fl., and leaves with white blotches^ Var. maculatum, with purple fl., small le., and white blotches, is found near Barncluith, Hamilton; often the outcast of gardens. 2. L. PCJRPUREUM, L. — Red Dead-Nettle. Stem spreading, branched, 6 — 10 in. high, lower le. small, orbicular, on long stalks; upper ones shortly stalked, ovate, heart-shaped, crenate, with a silky hairiness, and purplish tint. Fl. in axillary whorls. Cal. teeth as long as the tube, spreading. Cor. with the lateral lobes of the lower lip, having 2 fine teeth, tube slightly curved below, tvith a ring of hairs within; colour purplish red. Very common. In cultivated and waste ground. (B) A. 2—11. 3. L. iNCfsuM, Willd. — Cut-Leaved Dead-Nettie. Stem branched, 6 — 12 in. high. Le. all stalked, cordate, inciso- dentate; upper or floral ones deeply cut, wedge-shaped at the base. Cal. teeth spreading, as long as the tube. Cor. reddish purple, with a straight tube, 7ialced within. Frequent, In cultivated ground. (B)A. 4— 6. Cathcart; Rutherglen, &c. 4. L. INTERMEDIUM, Frics. — Intermediate Dead- Nettle. Lower le. stalked, obtuse, inciso-crenate ; upper or floral ones reniform- cordate, obtuse, sessile. Cal. teeth spreading, longer than the tube. Cor. reddish-purple, with a straight tube, and a slight ring of hairs within. Not so common as the preceding. Cultivated fields. (S) A. G — 9. Cathcart; Cambuslang; Gourock; Cumbrae and Arran frequent. 5. L. AMPLEXiCAULE, L. — HenUt Dead-Nettle. Le. roundish cordate, wrinkled, bluntly inciso-crenate, floral ones sessile, clasping the stem. Cal. teeth slightly longer than the tube, closing when in fruit. Cor. remarkable for its fine deep rose- colour, tube long and slender, naked within, seldom expanding, with no teeth on the lateral lobes of the lower lip. Frequent as a weed in gardens around Glasgow: Cathcavt; Rutherglen; Cambuslang; Gourock; Cumbrae . 2. GastInea. Spanish Chestnut, Sweet Chestnut. * C. VULGARIS, Lam. — A noble tree when old and well grown ; a fine example may be seen in front of Buchanan House on the banks of Loch Lomond. Le. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serra- tures large and tipped with a mucro, smooth on both sides, 5 — 8 in. long. Barren fl. in a spike. Fertile ones with a prickly involucre. Common. In plantations, Garscube, &c. T. 5 — 7. 8. Qu^RCUS. Oak. Q. RoBUR, L. — British Oak. A well-known tree, of very slow growiih, with numerous curving branches. Le. sessile or shortly stalked, oblong-obovate, deeply sinuate, blunt, mostly glabrous. Male fl. in a loose catkin or spike. Fruits 2—6 in a long stalked spike. Q. pedunculata, Willd. This is the common Oak of our mountain glens, woods, and plantations. (B) T. 4—6. Var. sessiliflora, Salisb. — Le. with footstalks varying from ^ to 1 in. "Fruits solitary or clustered, either closely sessile on the branch or borne on a short peduncle, very rarely attaining an inch," Benth. Occasionally in plantations with the preceding. 4. C(5rylus. Common Hazel-Nut C. AvELLANA, L. — A shrub, sometimes a small tree. Le. broadly cordate or orbicular, pointed, downy beneath. Stipules oblong, blunt, young twigs downy. Catkins appearing before the le. Barren ones 1 — 2^ in. long, drooping. Fertile fl. on the same branch as a red-tipped bud. Fruit in clusters, with a torn involucre. Common. In woods and thickets. (B) Sh. 2— 4. Banks of the Kelvin; Car- myle ; Cambuslang glen, &c. 5. Carpinus. Common Hornbeam. C. Betulus, L. — A tree of moderate size, with numerous 154 CONIFERS. slender branches. Le. plaited when young, in maturity ovate, acute, doubly-serrate, downy in the axils of the veins underneath. Barren catkins sessile, about l|-in. long, arching. Fertile ones slender, very long in fruit; scales deeply 3-lobed. Frequent. In plantations. (E) T. 5. Banks of the Kelvin, by the stream leading to the grinding mill. Sub-Class 5.— GYMNOSPERM^. Ovaries apparently naked. Perianth none. OrD. 74. — CoNIFElliE. Sub-Order 1. Abietine^. — Flowers in catkins. Ovules inverted in the axil of a membranous scale. PuUen curved, with two granular extremities. 1. PiNUS. — Monoecious. Male catkins crowded. Anthers 2-celled, seated on the under side of the scale. Female flowers in a many-scaled cane. Scales bearing the 2 inverted ovules on the upper surface. Sub-Order 2. Cupressine.e. — Barren flowers in catkins. Fertile ones in catkins or solitary. Ovules erect. PuUen globular. 2. Juniper us. — Dioecious. Anthers 4 — 7, 1 -celled, seated on the lower edge of the scales. Fertile fl. few, the 3 upper connate scales becoming a fleshy berry. 3. Taxus. — Dioecious. Male catkins oval; scales peltate, with 3 anthers below. Fertile flowers with imbricated scales at the base of a fleshy disk, with a solitary erect ovale. Fruit a small berry. 74.-CONIPER^. 1. PfNUS. Fir. P. SYLVESTRis, L. — Scotch-Fir. An evergreen tree of consider- able size, with reddish bark, and a dense head ; branches curved. Le. in pairs, from a scaly fimbriate sheath, long, narrow, rigid. Young cones recurved, mostly in pairs, about as long as the le. Scales hard, with a thick point when young, disappearing when the cone is ripe. Common. In woods; only native in the Highland forests. (S) T. /5— 6. PETALOIDEiE. 155 2. JuNfPERUS. Juniper. J. COMMUNIS, L. — Common Juniper. An evergreen shrub, much branched. Le. 3 in a whorl, spreading, linear, with a mucronate point, keeled below, channelled above, glaucous. Berries globular, Shorter than the le., dark purple, with a bloom. Frequent. Woods and heaths. (B) S. 5—G. Mugdock woods; around Miln- gavie ; Kilraun ; Gourock, &c. Var. Nana. — Stem procumbent, le. short, about as long as the fruit. Frequent. On mountains. 3. Taxus. Yew. T. BACCATA, L. — Common Yew. A tree of very slow growth, often with a divided trunk, attaining a great size, with dark ever- green foliage. Le. crowded, arranged in 2 rows, on opposite sides of the branch, linear, acute, shining dark green above. Fl. axillary, dioecious. Fruit consisting of a bright red juicy cup, not covering the seed; considered poisonous. Le. noxious and poisonous to cattle. Frequent. Mountainous woods and plantations. Very fine in the woods at Roseneath. (E) T. 3. Woods at Mugdock; Hamilton. CLASS 11. MONOCOTYLEDONS OR ENDOGENS. Sub-Class 1.— PETALOIDE^. A. Ovary inferior. Ord. 75. Hydrochaiiidaceje. — Flowers usually dioecious. Peri- anth regular, 3 outer segments herbaceous. Floating plants. Ord. 76. Orchid acetE. — Perianth of 6 segments, very irregular. Flowers gynandrous. Anther 2-celled, united with the style. Ord. 77. Iridace^. — Perianth in six divisions. Stamens 3. Anthers opening outwards. Leaves usually equitant. Ord. 78. Amaryllidace^. — Perianth in 6 divisions. Stamens 6. Anthers opening inwards. Leaves fleshy. 156 ORCHIDACELE. B. Ovary superior, 1. Floivers mostly perfect. Per iantJi regular. Ord. 79. Trilliace^. — Leaves reticulate, not articulated with the stem. Perianth of 8 segments, in 2 rows. Filament extend- ing beyond the anther. Ord. 80. LiLiACE^. — Perianth of 6 segments, petal-like, usually highly-coloured. Stamens 6. Anthers opening inwards. Ovary .3-celled. Ord. 81. JuNCACE^. — Perianth of 6 segments, stiff, glume-like, or coloured internally and herbaceous. Stigmas 1 — 3. Ovary 1— 3-celled. Ord. 82. AlismacEuE. — Perianth of 6 segments, the inner 3 often petal-like. Stamens 6 — 9, or more. Ovaries 3—6, or of numerous achenes. ^. Flowers mostly imperfect. Perianth seldom present. Ord. 83. Typhace^. — Monoecious. Flowers in dense heads or spikes. Spatha none. Perianth ? of 3 scales or hairs. Stamens 1 — 6. Ovary solitary, 1 -celled. Leaves rigid, sword-shaped. Ord. 84. Arace^. — Flowers arranged upon a spadix, either enclosed in a convolute spatha, or flat and continuous with the scape. Ord. 85. Lemnace^. — Leaves or fronds floating on the surface of the water. Stemless. Flowers on a spadix, surrounded by a spatha, springing from below the edge of the fronds. Ord. 86. Naiad ACE^. — Submerged or floating plants. Flowers in a loose spike or spadix. Perianth scale-like, or none. St. 1 — 4. Ovaries 1—4. Ovules usually solitary. Leaves very cellular. GENERA OP PETALOIDE^. Okd. 75. — Hydkocharidaceje. 1. Anacharis. — Leaves verticillate. *' St. 9." Fertile flower, with a long filiform tube. Stigmas 3. Ord. 76. — Orchidace^. 1. Malaxis. — Sepals broad, widely spreading. Lip very small, without a spur. Pollen masses in 2 pairs, connected at their apex. Germen twisted. 2. Epipactis. — Perianth spreading. Petals shorter than the sepals. Lip. free from the column, contracted in the middle, the terminal portion broad and petaldike. Germen straight, pedicel twisted. LILIACE^. 157 3. LiSTERA. — Sepals broader than the petals. Lip. narrow, 2-lobed at the apex. Anther sessile. Leaves 2, opposite. 4. Neottia. — Sepals broadly ovate. Lip somewhat hollowed at the base, 2-lobed at the apex. Anther sessile. Leaves none. Hoot of numerous fleshy fibres. 5. Orchis. — Perianth with nearly equal segments, converging. Lip turned down, 3-lobed, spurred. Glands of the. pollen masses in a little bag. Pollen in waxy masses. Flowers purple. 6. Gymnadenia. — Only differs from the former by the glands of the pollen masses being naked. Spur very long. Floivers purple. 7. Habenaria. — Perianth converging. Lip 3-lobed or entire, spurred. Anther cells either distant and parallel, or diverging at the base. Flowers yellow or greenish. Okd. 77. — Tridace^. 1. Iris. — Perianth 6-cleft, the 3 alternate segments reflexed. stigma petaloid, covering the three stamens. Ord. 78. — Amaryllidace^. 1. Narcissus. — Flowers from a terminal spatha. Perianth with a campanulate crown, or nectary, and 6 spreading segments. 2. Galanthus. — Flowers from a terminal spatha. Outer seg- ments of the perianth longer than the inner, spreading ; the 3 inner emarginate. Ord. 79. — Trilliace^. 1. Paris.— Sep. 4. Pet. 4. St. mostly 4. Berry 3— 5-celled. Ord. 80. — Liliace^. 1. Ruscus. — Flowers dicecious. Perianth 6-partite, spreading. Filaments combined in a tube, with 3 anthers on the top, sometimes 6. Fertile fl. Style 1, surrounded by sterile filaments. Flowers on the centre of the leaves. 2. CoNVALLARiA. — Flowcrs on a scape, campanulate, drooping, St. 6. Stigma 1. Fruit a berry. 3. PoLYGONATUM. — Perianth tubular, 6-cleft at the a^Dcx. St. 6, inserted in the perianth. Stigma 1. Fruit a berry. 4. Agraphis. — Perianth tubular campanulate, segments reflexed at the apex, combined below. St. 6. Filaments decurrent on the segments of the perianth. 5. Allium. — Flowers in umbels, enclosed in a membranous spatha. Perianth with 6 distinct segments. St. 6, inserted at the base of the perianth. Capsule triangular. 158 ARACEiE. 6. OuNiTHoaALUM. — Perianth of 6 spreading segments, jDersistent St. 6, with, flattened filaments. Leaves linear, channelled. 7. Gagea. — Perianth spreading, of 6 segments, distinct. St, 6. Filaments filiform. Fl. yelloiv, corymbose. 8. Tulip A. — Perianth campaniilate. Segments 6, free from the base, acute, and "bearded at the apex." Style 0. Stigma 3-lobed. 9. ToFiELDiA. — Flowers in racemes, with 3 small connate brac- teoles. Perianth 6-partite, with the st. seated on the base. Styles 3, with obtuse stigmas. Fl. small, 2^CLle yellow. OrD. 81. — JUNCACE^. 1. JuNCUS. — Leaves nearly cylindrical. Perianth glumaceous. St. 6, inserted into the base of the segments. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. 2. LuzuLA. — Leaves iiat, generally hairy and soft. Perianth nearly glumaceous. St. 6. Stigmas 3. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved, 3- seeded. 3. Narthecium. — Perianth coloured on the inside, segments narrow, spreading. Filaments woolly. Capsule pyramidal, 3-celled at the base, 3-valved. Seeds appendaged. Flotuers yellow. Ord. 82. — Alismace^. 1. Alisma. — Flowers perfect. St. 6. Carpels arranged in a circle, or in a globular head. 2. Sagittaria. — Flowers monoecious. St. numerous. Fertile fl. with many compressed carpels forming a head. 3. Triglochin. — Flowers perfect. St. 6. Anthers almost sessile. Stigma sessile, feathery. Ovaries 3 — 6. Ord. 83. — Typhace^. 1. Typha. — Flowers monoecious. Spadix cylindrical. Stamens surrounded by a few hairs. Filament 1, with 3 anthers. Fertile fl. with a stalked ovary, surrounded by hairs. 2. Sparganium. — Flowers monoecious. Barren and fertile flowers in globular heads. Perianth of 3—4 segments or scales. Fruit sessile. Ord. 84. — Arace^. 1. Arum. — Spatha convolute, enclosing the spadix. Fertile fl. at the base. Perianth none. Berry 1 -celled. Anther sessile, 2-celled. 2. AcoRUS. — Spadix sessile. Spatha leaf -like, flat. Perianth of 6 scales. St. 6. Ovary 3-celled. 76. ORCHID ACE^. 169 OkD. 85. — LEMNACE.E. 1. Lemna. — Spatha membranous, urceolate. St. 1 — 2, distinct, Anthers 2-celled, didymous. Ovary 1 -celled. Ord. 86. — Naiadac^. 1. PoTAMOGETON. — Flowers perfect. Perianth of 4 scale-like segments. St. 4. Anthers sessile. Ovaries 4. Stigmas Zannichellia. — Flowers monoecious, axillary. St. 1, filament lopg. Perianth none. Fertile flower. Perianth of 1 scale. Ovulus 4. Stigma peltate. Zostera. — Stamens and pistils arranged in 2 rows upon one side of a spadix. Spatha sheathing. Anther 1. Ovary 1. Stigmas 2. Groioing in the sea. SPECIES OF PETALOIDE>E. 75-HYDROCHARIDACE^. 1. Anacharis. Anacharis. ''A. x\lsinastrum, Bab. — Long-Floivered Anacharis. Stems entirely under water, 1 — 2 ft. long. Le. 3 — 4 in a whorl, oval- oblong, blunt, minutely serrulate. Female fl. sessile in the upper axil of the le. Spatha tubular, 2-lobed. Peri, slender, 2 — 3 in. long. Male fl. not known in this country. Frequent. In ponds, overrunning many of the streams, and now becoming a pest in canals. Supposed to be introduced from America, but how remains unknown. Pond at Gadder House ; Forth and Clyde Canal ; Possil marsh. P. 7— 10, 76— ORCHIDACE^. 1. MalIxis. Bog-Orchis. M. PALUDOSA, Sw. — A small weak plant, 3 in. high, rising from a little tuber. Le. radical, oval, concave, extremely papillose. Fl. in a small greenish spike, 2 sep. erect, the third recurved. Lip superior, concave, acute, shorter than the sep., embracing the column by its base. Very rare. In spongy bogs. (B) P. 7 — 9. Near the head of Loch Lomond, and in the island of Arran. 2. Epipactis. Helleborine. I E. LATIFOLIA, Sw. — Bi'oad-leaved Helleborine. Stem erect, 1 — 3 ft. high. Le. broadly ovate, strongly ribbed, lower ones 160 76. ORCHIDACE^. clasping the stem. Fl. in a one-sided raceme, upper bracteas shorter than the half -drooping fls. ; lower ones loDger. Cor. yellowish and green, with a dingy purple marking. Ovary straight, stalk twisted. Frequent. In woods. (B) P. 7—8. Eastfield and Stonelaw woods; on the lianks of a small stream a little south of Bothwell bridge; Dougalston; " Netherton braes," Br. Boss ; wood on the east of Gourock, &c. 2. E. GRANDiFLORA, Sm. — La7^ge White Hellehorine. Stem 12 — 18 in. high. Le. ovate or ovato-lanceolate. Fls. erect, in a loose spike or raceme. Bracts longer than the ovary, lower leaf- like. Sep. erect, obtuse. Cor. white or cream-coloured. Lip with the upper lobe recurved. Ovary twisted. Very rare. Of this I know nothing, never having seen fresh specimens. " At Loch Ranza, Arran," Light. (E) P. 5—6. 3. E. ENSiFOLiA, Sw. —Narrow-leaved White Hellehorine. Stem 12 in. high. Le. nearly distichous, lanceolate, upper ones narrower. Bracts much shorter than the ovary. Sep. erect, narrow, pointed. Fls. erect, white. Lip small, obtuse, or slightly pointed, with a yellow spot inside. Rare. Mountainous woods; near Invercloy and Whiting bay, Arran. (E) P. b—Q. 3. LfsTERA. Twayblade. 1. L. OVATA, Br. — Common Twayblade. Stem 12 — 18 in. high. Le. 2 opposite on the stem, broadly ovate, 2 — 4 in. long. Raceme long and slender. Flowers rather distant, yellowish green. Lip long, narrow, bifid, Bracts short. Frequent. Pastures and woods. (B) P. 5—7. Paisley Canal bank ; wood on the banks of St. Germans Loch ; Gourock to Arran. 2. L. CORD AT A, Br. — Heart-leaved-Twayblade. Stem 4 — Sin. high (the former in miniature). Le. 2, opposite on the stem, cordate, f of an inch long. Raceme short, lax. Fl. greenish brown. Lip linear, 2-cleft, segments long and narrow. Frequent. Mountain moors. (S) P. 6—8. In a wood on the east side of Gourock, and on the hills; Bute ; Cumbrae and Arran. 4. Ne6ttia. Bird's-Nest. !N". NiDUS-A Vis, L. — Root consisting of many thick clustered fibres. Stem 8 — 12 in. high. Le. none, scales loose, sheathing, pale brown. Spike dense, many-flowered. Fl. dingy brown. Lip linear-oblong, deeply cleft in 2 diverging lobes. Rare. Shady woods. (B) P. 5 — 6. " Calderwood glen,"' Dr. Ross. Below the Cloch lighthouse. " Cartlane crags," Mr. Dunlop. 5. O Orchis. Orchis. A. Root-knobs, 2 undivided. Bracts 1 -veined. 1. O. MASCULA, L. — Early Purple-Orchis. Stem 8 — 12 in. 76. ORCHIDACE^. 161 high. Le. elliptic-lanceolate, often spotted with purple. Fl. in a loose oblong spike, purple; base of the lip whitish, spotted. Lip crenate, middle lobe emarginate, side lobes broad and short. Spur rather longer than the ovary. Upper sepal and petals converging. Frequent. In meadows and pastures. (B)P.4. Below Cathkin hills ;" Kittoch glen," D7\ Ross. Very plentiful at Gourock and all round the shores of the Firtli. B. Root-knobs 2, palmate. Bracts 3 or more veined. 2. O. LATIFOLIA, L. — Marsh-Orchis. Stem mostly hollow, 8 — 12 in. high. Lower le. oblong, blunt, sometimes with purple spots. Lower bracts longer than the fl. Outer sepals spreading. Lip obscurely 3-lobed or toothed, sides reflexed. Spur thick, shorter than the germen. A more luxuriant plant than the next, with deeper-coloured fl., varying from purple to crimson; often in low damp pastures at the coast, of a brick-red colour. Common. In marshy meadows and wet rich soils. (B) P. G — 7. Fossil marsh. Paisley Canal bank ; Gourock to Arran. 3. O. MACULATA, L. — Spotted Palmate-Orchis. Stem mostly solid. Lower le. ovato-lanceolate, upper linear-lanceolate, often with purple spots. Lower bracts longer than the germen. Sepals all spreading. Lip plain, deeply 3-lohed, crenate. Spur shorter than the germen. Usually a slender plant, with pale purple or nearly white fl., variegated with deeper flexuose markings. Very common. In meadows, open woods, and on heaths. (B) P. 5 — 7. Paisley Canal hank; Cathkin hills ; Cambuslang; roadsides to Crossbasket; Gourock to Arran. 6. Gymnad:^nia. Fragrant-Gyninadenia. Gr. CONOPSEA, Br. — Eoot-knobs palmate. Stem 8 — 12 in. high. Le. linear-lanceolate. Spike cylindrical. Bracts 3-veined. Lateral sep. spreading. Lip 3-lobed, lobes equal, entire, blunt. Spur slender, twice the length of the germen. Fl. purple, sweet-scented. Frequent. On heathy pastures in hilly countries. (B) P. 6 — 8. Cathkin hills; " near Milngavie," Hopk. Plentiful all round the heathy shores of the Firth, 7. Habenaria. Butterfly -Orchis. A. Spur short. 1. H. viRiDis, Br. — Frog-Orchis, Oreen-Habenaria. Eoot- knobs lobed. Stems 4 — 6 in. high. Lower le. ovate, obtuse. Spike short, with greenish-brown fl. Bracts longer than the ovary. Sep. and pet. converging. Lip linear, 3-lobed, or 2, and the cent7'e lobe reduced to a simple tooth. Spur 2-lobed, inflated. Rathe runcomm on around Glasgow. " Daldowie woods,'' Dr. Brown. ' ' Dougal- ston," //oi?^-. In dry hilly pastures; Gourock to Arran not uncommon. (B) P. 6—8. 2. H. ALBiDA, Br. — Small White-Habenaria. Root-knobs entire. Stem 4 — 8 in. high. Le. oblong, blunt. Spike dense, 162 78. AMARYLLIDACE^. cylindrical. Fl. small, yellowish white, fragrant. Sep. converg- ing, ovate, concave, very small. Lip 3-cleft, middle-lobe longest Spur short, obtuse. Not common. Mountain pastures. (S) P. 6—8. " In a hilly pasture above Castlemilk," Hopk. " Campsie hills," Mr. Murray. Hills helow Gourock ; Kilmun ; Bute and Arran. B. Spur very long. 3. H. BiFOLiA, Br. — Butterfly -Orchis. Root-knobs oval, en- tire. Stem 10 — 15 in. high, with a pair of opposite ovate le. from near its base, upper stem le, small lanceolate or reduced to scales. Spike long, loose. Fl. white with a greenish tint, or pure white, fragrant. UpiDcr petals and back sep. arching or connivent. Lip linear, entire. Spur slender, twice as long as the ovary. Anther cells parallel. Frequent. Moist meadows and heaths. (B) P. 6 — 8. " About Douglaston and Kenmuir," Hopk. Possil marsh; Paisley Canal bank; Cathkin hills; Gourock to Arran. 4. H. CHLORANTHA, Bab. — Great Butterfly -Orchis. Very little difference exists between this and the former ; the present plant is usually taller and stronger, growing in moist woods. Anther cells twice the width asunder at the base from what they are at the apex. Stigma very broad. Frequent. Moist woods and thickets. (E)P. 5— 8. Calderwoodglen; Dougal- ston woods; Gourock ; Cumbrac and Arran. 77— IRIDACE^. 1. I'ris. Iris, Yellow-Flag. I, PsEUD-ACORUS, L. — Ycllow Water-Ii'is, Yellow Flower-de- luce. Rhizome thick, horizontal, acrid. Stem erect, 2—4 ft. high. Le. sword-shaped, bases clasping each other, equitant. Large segments of the peri, beardless, reflexed; smaller ones oblong, erect, less than the petaloid stigmas. Flowers 2 — 3, rising from a sheathing bract, large, deep yellow. Capsules large, bluntly 3-angled. Seeds large, angled. Very common. Along the banks of rivers and in marshy meadows. (B) P. 5_7, Banks of the Forth and Clyde Canal, &c. Iris fcetidissima. — Foetid-Iris, Gladdon. Frequently escaping from gardens, as in Cumbrae. Flowers smaller than the last, dull blue or pale yellowish white. Le. foetid. 78.— AMARYLLIDACE^. 1. Galanthus. Snoivdrop. * G. NIVALIS, L. — Scape 3 — 8 in. high. Le. 2, linear, keeled, short at the time of flowering, lengthenmg as it comes to maturity. 80. LILIACEJE. 163 glaucous. Fl. single, rising from a terminal spatha, drooping, outer segments pure white, oblong; inner ones about half as long, greenish at the point, slightly scented. An introduction, but perfectly naturalized in many places. Gairbraid; Castle- milk and Calderwood glens; between Gourock and Inverkip, at Sir Michael Shaw SteAvart's Kennel. P. 2 — 3. Narcissus Pseudo-narcissiiSf L. — Daffodil. Kittoch glen, and Dunoon; not wild. See H. & A., p. 444. 79.-TRILLIACE^. 1. Paris. Herb-Paris, True-Love, One-Berry. p. QUADRiFOLiA, L. — Stem erect, 12 — 15 in. high. Le. usually 4 in a whorl, large, ovate, acute. Ped. single, springing from the centre of the le,, terminating in a greenish yellow fl., tinged with purple. Peri, of about 8 segments, outer ones linear-lanceolate, inner subulate. Berry bluish black. Rare. A doubtful native. (B) P. 5— 6. "Banks a little above Caldei-wood," Ure. "Plantation above Netherlee works," Z);*. Ross. Jerviswood; woods at Lennox Castle ; near Kilsyth. 80.-LILIACE^. 1. KiJscus. Butcher' s-Br 007)%, Knee-Holly. *Il. ACULEATUS, L. — A rigid shrub, much branched, 2 — 3 ft. high, evergreen. Le. ovate, acuminate, ending in a rigid point. Fl. small, white, springing from the middle of the le. , with a small scariose bract at its base. Berry red. " Very rare. Bothwell woods," Hopk. (G) Sh. 3—4. 2. CoNVALLARiA. Lily-of-t he- Valley. C. MAJALis, L. — Scape 8—12 in. high. Le. 2 together, ovato- lanceolate, rising from a scaly sheath. El. racemose, pure white, nodding, shallow, bell-shaped, with the apex of the segments recurved, fragrant. Berries red, globular. Very rare. A doubtful native. (B) P. 5—6. " Woods at the Falls of Clyde," Hopk. Cartlane crags. " Waste places about Barncluith," Fatt\ 3. PoLYGONATUM. Solomon's- Seal. p. MULTIFLORUM, All. — Stem nearly erect, 1 — 2 ft. high. Le. alternate, ovate -elliptical, half-clasping the stem, quite smooth, turning to one side. El. on short branching ped. turned to the 164 80. LILIACEJE. opposite or lower side of the stem from the le. Peri, long, nar- row in the middle, white, with green tips. Filaments and style downy. Berries dark bluish purple. Veiyrare. In woods, " On the ruins of Mugdock Castle," J7o;>l\ "Woods at Bothwell," Pair.; " Corehouse woods," Mr. Dunlop. Cathcart. (E) P. 5—6, 4. A'GRAPHis. Blue-Bell. A. NUTANS, Link. — Wild Hyacinth. Scape 8—12. in. high. Le. long, linear, channelled. Fl. blue, drooping, in a one-sided raceme, with 2 small linear bracts at the base of each, fragrant. Segments of the peri, revolute at the apex. Very plentiful. In woods and thickets. (B) P. 4—6. Kelvin Avoods; Car- myle, &c. 5. A'LLiUM. Onion, Garlic, Leek *1. A. ScHCENOPEASUM, L. — CJuves, Chive-Garlic. Stems tufted, naked, or with 1 le. 9 — 12 in. high. Le. long, narrow, cylindrical, tubular. Umbel many-flowered, globose, without bulbs. Spathas 2, ovate, pointed. St. half the length of the lanceolate segments of the peri. Fl. purplish. Very rare. Island of Arran. Certainly left by cottars, when turned off their holdings, as at East Glen Sannox, Arran. (L) P. 6 — 7. 2. A. viNEALE, L. — Croiv-Garlic. Stems 1 — 2 ft. high. Le. long, narrow, cylindrical, tubular. Umbel bearing numerous bulbs, along with a few fl. Spatha of 1 le. , point long and slender. St. longer than the reddish peri. Very seldom bearing fl. Not common. Waste places. (E) P. 6. "In Daldowie woods," Dr. Brown. Banks of Clyde above Carmyle, and on a hank below it, amongst some trees; Dunglass rocks; Cumbrae and Arran. 3. A. URSiNUM, L. — Broad-leaved Garlic^ Ramsans. Scape about 12 in. high, triangular. Le. thin, flat, ovato-lanceolate, tapering into a footstalk. Fl. in a loose umbel, of about 12 white fl. Spathas 2, ovate, quickly falling off before the fls. expand. Peri, spreading. Segments lanceolate. Le. when bruised smell- ing strongly of garlic. Frequent. Moist woods and hedge banks. (B) P. 4 — 6. Carmyle ; Cambus- langglen; Cathkin woods; Campsie glen, most abundant; Gourock, &c. 6. Oenithogalum. Star of Bethlehem. *0. UMBELLATUM, L. — Gommon Star of Bethlehem. Stem 8 — 10 in. high. Le. long, linear, grooved, acuminate, weak. Fl. corymbose, with a lanceolate bract at the base of each. Peri. white, with a narrow green line on the outside of each segment. Very rare. Meadows and pastures. P. 5 — 6. " Border of a field at Barncluitli," Patr. Banks of the river Cart ; an escape. 81. J UNCAGED. 165 7. Gi-GEA. Gagea. Gr. LUTEA, Ker. — Yellow Gagea. Scape slender, angular, about 6 in. high. Le. linear-lanceolate, flat, longer thau the scape. Bracts 2, linear-lanceolate, longer than the umbellate fls. Seg- ments of the peri, obtuse, green outside, yellow within. Very rare. " Woods near Hamilton," Patr. (I) P. 3—5. 8. Ti^LiPA. Tulip, T. SYLVESTRis, L. — Wild Tulip. stem with 2 — 3 linear- lanceolate le., 8 — 12 in. high. Fl. yellow, slightly drooping in bud, erect when mature, with a slightly fragrant smell. Segments of the peri, ovato- acuminate, hairy at the apex. St. with a tuft of hairs at the base. Very rare. Ruins of Blantyre Priory, seldom producing fl. ; Orchard at Orbiston; " Field at Smiddy croft," Patr. P. 4. 9. ToFiJ^LDiA. Scottish-Asphodel. T. PALUSTMS, Huds. — Rhizome slightly creeping. Stem smooth, 4 — 6 in. high. Le. tufted, equitant, sword -shaped. Ovary 3-lobed. Seeds numerous. Boggy places on mountains. Ben Lomond. (H) P. 7—8. 81.-JUNCACEiE. 1. JiJncus. Rush. A. Leaves none. Barren scapes resembling leaves, flowers all apparently lateral. 1. J. COMMUNIS, Meyer. — Common Rush. Scapes sheathed at the base by a few brown scales, soft, faintly striate, shining, with an internal loosely cellular pith, 2 — 3 ft. high ; barren scapes of the same character, but bearing no fl., fertile scapes with a lateral panicle of brown fl. St. usually 3. Var. effusus. — Panicle usually diffuse, pale brown. Cap. not mucronate. Var. conglomeratus. — Panicle mostly close and globose, dark brown. Cap. mucronate. Very common. Marshy ground and undrained pastures. (B) P. 7. 2. J. GLAiJcus, Ehr. — Hard Rush. Scapes sheathed at the base by a few brown scales, rigid, deeply striate, mostly glaucous, 1| — 2 ft. high. Fl. in a lax, lateral panicle. Cap. elUptic-ohlong, mucronate. St. 6. Frequent, Damp pastures. (E) P. 7. Road to Rohroyston ; near Auchinearn around Baldernock; Cathkin hills; Gourock; Cumbrae and Arran. 166 81. JUNCACILE. 3. J. MARiTiMUS, Sm. — Lesser Shaiy-Sea Rush. Scapes rigid, ending in a stiff sharp pointy 1—2 ft. high. Bract at the base of the loose panicle, dilated below, with a sharp point, mostly a little longer than the flowers. Cap. elliptical, mucronate. St. 6. Salt marshes. Frequent in Bute, Cumbrae, and Arran. (B) P. 7—8. B. Flowers terminal, leaves all radical. 4. J. SQUAHRosus, L. — Heath-Rush, Goose-Corn. Scape simple, erect, very stiff, 6 — 12 in. high. Le. grooved, spreading, rigid, very numerous, not half the length of the scape. Panicle terminal, compound, not much branched. Segments of the peri, with scariose edges. Cap. elliptical, ovate. Very common. On all moors and heaths. (B) P. 6—7. 5. J. TuiGLUMis, L. — Three-flowered Rush, Scape simple, erect, 4 — 6 in. high. Le. linear-subulate, channelled, bitubular, with dilated sheathing bases, grassy-like and short. Fl. generally 3 in the capitate head. Outer bract not longer than the fl. Cap. elliptical, acute. Rare. Boggy rills leading into the Cnocan burn, on the ascent of Goat Fell, Arran. (H) P. 7—8. C. Stems leafy. Leaves jointed with pith. 6. J. ACUTTFLORUS, Ehr. — Sharp-flowered Jointed Rush. Stems 1—2 ft. high. Le. sub-compressed, sheathing at the base. Panicle compound, in repeatedly clustered knots of 5 — 6 flowers. Segments of the peri, unequal^ lanceolate, nearly as long as the narrow, sub-acuminate, pale brown capsule. Very common. In boggy meadows, (B) P. 6 — 8. 7. J. LAMPROCARPUS, Ehr. — Shining -fruited Jointed Rush, Sprot. Stems 12 — 18 in. high. Le. compressed, sheathing at the base. Panicle compound. Clusters large, 6 — 14-flowered. Segments of the peri, equals acute, shorter than the ovate or oblong, mucronate, shining, dark brown capsule. Frequent. Boggy meadows and water sides, (B) P. 7 — 8. Banks of Clyde at Carmyle; Bardowie loch ; banks of the Kelvin ; Gourock to Arran. 8. J. OBTUSIFLORUS, Ehr. — Blunt-flowered Jointed Rush. Stems 1 — 2 ft. high. Le. round. Panicle compound. Clusters 3 — 6-fl. Segments of the peri, all obtuse. Caps, ovato-acute, trigonous, pale brown. Rare. In a bog on the road from Greenock to Inverkip ? (E) P. 8. 9. J. ULiGiNosus, Sibth. — Lesser-Bog Jointed Rush. A very variable plant, often found floating in water, and spreading in large masses, or small and erect, sometimes creeping. Stem often bulbous at the base. Le. setaceous, slightly grooved, internal 81. JUNCACE^. 167 joints very faint. Panicle nearly simple. Peri, with the outer segments acute, inner blunt. Cap. oblong, obtuse, mucronatCf pale brown. Anthers equalling their filaments in length. Common. Bogs and marshy ground. (B) P. 6—8. Frankfleld and Hoggan- field lochs; Fossil marsh; Gourock to Arran. D. Stem leafy. Leaves not jointed. 10. J. TRiFiDUS, L. — Three-flowered Rush. Stems densely tufted, 2 — 6 in. high, erect, very slender, with 1 le. near the top, fringed on the sheath. Sheaths at the base mostly awned. Heads sessile in the centre of 2 leafy bracts, 1 — 3-flowered. Peri, acute, longer than the beaked capsule. Very rare. Rocky places ascending Goat Fell, AiTan. (H) P. 7—8. 11. J. COMPKESSUS, Jacq. — Round-fruited Rush. Stems erect, slender, slightly compressed at the base, 1 — 1| ft. high. Le. linear, channelled. Panicle terminal, generally shorter than the bract. Fl. scarcely clustered. Peri, shorter than the roundly ovate, shortly mucronate capsule. Rare. Damp places. "Hamilton," Pa^/-. Hills ahove Gourock. (B) P. 6— 8. 'Va.v. ccenosus. — Pauicle generally longer than the bract. Peri. as long as the oval-oblong strongly mucronate capsule. Common. Salt marshes from Gourock to Arran (E)P. 6— 8. 12. J. BUFONius, L. — Toad Rush. Stems numerous, leafy, rej)eatedly forked, 4 — 8 in. high. Le. slender, filiform, setaceous, grooved. Fl. solitary, scattered, mostly sessile, unilateral. Seg- ments of the peri, acuminate, with scariose edges, much longer than the oblong obtuse capsule. Very common. Waste places and moist ditches. (B) A. 8. 2. LiJzuLA. Wood-Rush. \. L. SYLVATTCA, Bich. — Great Hairy Wood-Rush. A large coarse plant with stems 1^ — 2 ft. high. Le. linear-lanceolate, striate, shining, hairy on the edges, above 12 in. long. Panicle compound, large, loose. Fl. in clusters of 2 — 3 each. Segmeuts of the peri, bristle -pointed. Cap. of nearly the same length, ovate and mucronate. Common. In woods and on sandy rocks; Kelvinside woods; Carmyle, &c. (B) P. 5—6. 2. L. PiLOSA, Willd. — Small Hairy Wood-Rush. Stems slender, erect, 6 — 12 in. high. Le. linear, mostly radical, fringed with long white hairs. Panicle slightly branched, spreading. Ped, 1 — 3-flowered, slender, bent bach when in fruit. Cap. blunt, rather longer than the peri. Seeds with a curved crest. Frequent. In woods and on shady hanks. (B) P. 3 — 5. Kelvinside woods; Kenmuir hank, «&c 168 82. ALISMACE^. 3. L. CAMPESTRis, Willd. — Field Wood-Rush. Stem erect, 4 — 6 in. high. Le. linear, hairy. Panicle ovate, densely flowered or in stalked clusters. Peri, acuminate, longer than the blunt apiculate capsule. Seeds with an appendage at the base. Fila- ments 6 times shorter than the anthers. Seeds nearly globular. Var. congesta, 8 — 20 in. high. Filaments half as long as the anthers. Seeds twice as long as broad. Fl. in clusters. Common. Dry pastures, moors, and woods. (B) P. 4 — 6. 4. L. spiCATA, D.C. — Spiked Mountain Wood-Hush. Stems 3 — 8 in, high. Le. narrow, slightly grooved, hairy on the margins of the sheaths. Bracts membranous, mucronate. Spike dense, oblong, nodding. Segments of the peri, narrow, bristle -pointed, about as long as the elliptical-pointed capsule. Seeds with a very inconspicuous appendage. Very rare. High mountains, Ben Lomond. (11) P. 7. 3. Nakthj^cium. Bog -Asphodel. N. ossiFRAGUM, Huds. — Lancashire Bog-Asphodel. ' Stem stiff, 6 — 12 in. high, with several leafy scales. Le. in tufts, clasping one another at the base (equitant), with raised parallel veins. Fl. racemose, pedicels with 2 bracts, one at the base and another above the middle. Segments of the peri, spreading, bright yellow inside, green on the back, persistent. Common. Wet moors and on mountains. (B) P. 6—8. Possil marsh; Cath- kin hills, &c. 82.-ALISMACEiE. 1. ALfsMA. Water-Plantain. 1. A. Plantago, L. — Greater W ater -Plantain. Scape 1 — 3 ft. high. Le. on long footstalks, ovate, or narrow lanceolate, some- times subcordate at the base. Panicle in whorls, very much branched, bracteate. Fl. pale rose-colour, outer segments green. Fruit consisting of achenes, arranged in a circle^ round a broad axis. Common. In ditches, lakes, and margins of rivers. (B) P. 6 — 8. Possil marsh ; Paisley Canal, &c. 2. A. RANUNCULOiDES, L. — Lesscr Water- Plantain. Scape 8^ — 12 in. high, with simple branches, of 1 — 2 whorls. Le. on long footstalks, narrow lanceolate. Fl. larger than in the last, pale purple or nearly white. Heads of fruit globose ; achenes spreading in all directions, acute, 4 — 5-ribbed. Not common. Turfy bogs and sides of lakes. (B) P. 5—9. " Marsh beyond Possil," Hopk. Bute, Cumbrae, and Arran. 83. TYPHACE^. 169 2. SagittIria. Arroiv-Head, S. SAGITTIFOLIA, L. — Commoii Arroiv-ffead. Scape 1 — 2 ft. high. Le. all radical on long stalks, arrow-shaped, 6 — 8 in. long, basal lobes as long as the terminal one. Fl. white, in distant whorls, branches short, inner segments of the peri, twice as large as the 3 outer. St. numerous. Rare. Margins of rivers and ditches. (E) P. 7—8. Banks of the Cart at Inch- innan bridge; Forth and Clyde Canal. A doubtful native. 3. Trigl(5chin. Attoiv- Grass. 1. T. PALUSTRE, L. — Ma7'sh Arroiv-Grass. Scape 8 — 10 in. high. Le. linear, fleshy, with a slight groove, sheathing at the base. Spike slender, lax. Fl. small, yellowish green. Fruit of 3 linear carpels, combined by a central axis, when ripe resembling an arrow-head. Frequent. Marshy places and wet meadows. (B) P. 6 — 8. Possil marsh; Frankfield and Hogganfield lochs ; Gourock to Arran. 2. T. MARiTiMUM, L. — Sea-side Arrow-Grass. A stronger plant than the last, differing in its fruit being composed of 6 ovate carpels, combined by a central axis. Common. In salt marshes, from Bowling to Arran. (B) P. 5 — 9. 83.-TYPHACE^. 1. TfPHA. Cafs-tctil, Reed-mace. 1. T. LATiFOLiA, L. — G7'eat Reed-mace. Stem erect, 3—6 ft. high. Le. linear, nearly flat, very long sheathing at the base. Fl. in a continuous spike, fertile ones on the lower portion. Ovaries densely packed, cylindrical, turning nearly black when ripe, barren fl. at the apex of the spike. Anthers closely packed, with 1 or 2 membranous bracts. Very rare. Borders of ponds and lakes. (B) P. 7—8. "In a bog on the banks of the Clyde, about 2 miles east of Hamilton," Hopk. In an old arm of the Kelvin at Cadder House; Lochlibo; "Lochs near Corehouse," Mr. Dunlop. Inchinnan bridge; "Whiting bay, Arran," Lands. 2. T. ANGUSTIFOLIA, L. — Lesser Reed-mace. Smaller than the last. Le. linear, narrow, channelled below, dark green. Sterile and fertile spikes slightly separate, cylindrical, the latter reddish brown. Very rare. Pools and ditches; near Auchmeddan," Mr. Dunlop. (E) P. 7 — 8. 2. Spaeganium. Bur-reed. 1. S. RAMOSUM, Huds. — Branched Bw-reed. Stem erect, 170 84. ARACEiE. branched on the upper part, 2—3 ft. high. Le. long, Imear, triquetrous at the base, upper ones with broad sheathing bases. Fl. in spherical heads, lower ones fertile, upper barren, forming a hind of panicle at the apex of the stem, surrounded by leaves. Plant grass green, readily mistaken for an Iris. Common. In stagnant ditches and streams. (B) P. 7. Forth and Clyde Canal; in a ditch, west of Cadder Avilderness; beyond Rutherglen, &c. 2. S. SIMPLEX, Huds. — Unhranched Upright Bur-reed. Le. weak, and often floating, triangular at the base, narrow. Fl. stem simple, slender. Heads of fl. distant, lower one fertile, shortly stalked, next 2 fertile and sessile; upper 3 barren. Frequent. In ditches and stagnant water. (B) P. 7. Forth and Clyde Canal ; Fossil marsh; Frankfield and Hogganfield lochs; Paisley Canal; St. Germans loch, &c. 3. S. MINIMUM, B2i.u\i.— Small Bur-reed. Le. long, narrow, linear, plain and pellucid, floating on the surface of the water. Fl. stem slender, simple. Heads of fl. few, only 1 sterile. Fruit sessile, with a short beak. Frequent. Lakes and stagnant water. (B) P. 7. Forth and Clyde Canal ; Frankfield loch; and from Gourock to Arran. 84.— ARACE^. 1. A^RUM. Cuckoo-pint A. MACULATUM, L. — Cuckoo-pint, Waike-Bobi7if Lords and Ladies. Le. all radical, sagittate-hastate, lobes at the base blunt or acute, often with purple spots, footstalks very long. Spatha convolute, 6 — 8 in. long, tapering to a point, contracted above the base. Spadix with ovaries at the base, next the sessile st. above these probably sterile ovaries, terminating in a purple club. Berries scarlet ; whole plant very acrid. Not common. In woods and under hedges. (E) P. 4—5. "Bothwell woods; Avon at Barncluith," IIopJc. Craignethan Castle; Crookston Castle; Cadder wilderness ; Bute and Cumhrae. 2. A^CORUS. Sweet-Flag. A. Calamus, L. — Common Siveet-Flag, Sweet-Sedge. Rhizome large, thick, aromatic. Le. linear, erect, sword-shaped, 2 — 3 ft. long. Scape two-edged, prolonged beyond into a spatha, with the spadix appearing as if lateral, sessile, and covered with fl. Stem and le. sweet-scented when bruised. Very rare. In an old arm of the Kelvin at Cadder House; "Castle Semple loch," H.&A. Corehonse. (E) P. 6. 86. NAI ADAGES. 171 85.~-LEMNACE^. 1. L]6mna. Duckweed. 1. L. TRisuLCA, L. — Ivy-leaved Duckweed. Fronds thin, h — I of an inch long; narrow, suddenly tapered at the base, blunt, and minutely toothed at the apex; young fronds springing out at right angles from the old ones, on two opposite sides at the base; root single, covered by a terminal sheath (calyptrate). Rare. Ponds and still waters. (E) A. 6—7. Very plentiful in Fossil marsh and the Forth and Clyde Canal. 2. L. MINOR, L. — Lesser Duchweed. Fronds broadly oval, compressed, succulent, 3 or 4 together, 1 — 2 lines long, with a single root covered by a sheath (calyptrate). Very common. Stagnant water, covering the surface in large masses. (B) A. 7. 3. L. POLYRRHiZA, L. — Greater DucJcweed. Fronds nearly orbi- cular, flat, 3—4 lines in diameter, purple underneath, roots numerous, calyptrate. Fl. have not been found in Britain. (For description of fi., see HooJc, <£• Am., 8th ed, p. 4'^7.) Very rare. On the surface of stagnant water. Forth and Clyde Canal at the new and old wood hasins, west from Port-Dundas. (E) A. 4. L. GiBBA, L. — Gibbous Duchiveed. Frond nearly flat above, very convex, spongy and pellucid white beneath, cells very large; root solitary, calyptrate; size a little larger than in L. minor. Rare. Stagnant water. At the same stations as the former and mixed up with it. (E) A. 6—9. 86.— NAIADACEiE. 1. PoTAMOGi^TON. Poudweed, A. Leaves all submerged. * Leaves opposite; stipides none. 1. P. DENSUS, L. — Opposite-leaved Pondweed. Le. short, arranged in 2 rows, thiu, pellucid, amplexicaul, broadly lanceolate, keeled below, with a strong midrib, aud 2 parallel veins on each side. Fed. very short, reflexed after flowering, bearing 2 — 3 fl. Nuts rounded and smooth. Not common. Lakes and ditches. (E) P. 6—7. "Bardowie loch," HopJc. " Clyde below Hamilton bridge," Pair. Near Blantyre mills. ** Leaves alternate, stipulate. 1. Leaves linear. 2. P. PusiLLUS, L. — Small Pondweed. Stems slender, slightly compressed, much branched. Le. very narrow, linear, acute, with 172 86. NAI ADAGE JE. 3 obscure veins. Ped. 2 — 3 times longer than the rather lax spike. Nuts few, oblique, keeled. Frequent. Canals and ponds. (B) P. 6 — 7. Possil marsh; Paisley Canal Forth and Clyde Canal ; also in many old quarry holes. 3. P. gramIneus, It.— Grassy Pondweed. A stronger plant than the last, with broader le. , linear, obtuse, with a small point, 3-veined and connected by small obscure elongated reticulations. Ped. scarcely longer than the ovate or oblong dense spike. Nuts obovate, with a blunt keel. Rare. Canals and ponds. (E) P. 7—8. Bardowie loch ; " In the Clyde," Ure; Possil marsh :Forth and Clyde Canal. 2. Leaves ovate or lanceolate. 4. P. CRiSPUS, L. — Curly Pondioeed. fStem compressed, often 2 — 3 ft. long. Le. lanceolate, waved and serrate^ li to 2 in. long, midrib with one slender vein on each side. Ped. elongated, bear- ing 3 — 6 small fl. Nut with a long beak. Frequent. Lakes and rivers. (B) P. 6 — 7. River Clyde; Forth and Clyde Canal ; very plentiful in the Paisley Canal. 5. P. PERFOLiixus, L. —Perfoliate Pondiveed. Stem round, 3 — 4 ft. long. Le. ovate, amplexicaul, pellucid. Ped. rather thick and short. Nut rounded on the back when fresh. Frequent. Lakes and rivers. (B) P. 7. Paisley Canal; rivers Clyde and Cart; Hogganfield loch ; Forth and Clyde Canal, &c. 6. p. LUCENS, Jj.— Shining Pondiveed. A large plant. Le. 4 — 6 in. long, elliptic-lanceolate, suddenly contracted at the apex into an acute or cuspidate point, margin rough or denticulate. Stipules large, with 2 dorsal wings. Ped. elongated, swelling upwards. Spikes cylindrical, densely flowered. Common. Lakes and rivers. (E) P. 6—7. Plentiful in Clyde. 7. P. NiTENS, Weber. — Bright Pondiveed. Stems round, slen- der, branched. Le. 1^ in. long, crowded on the stem, lanceolate, 4 amplexicaul, pellucid, margin wavy ; the upper ones broader and blunt, petiole short. Stipules memjDranous, ^ the length of the le. Ped. short and stout, thickened upwards. Fruit when dry with 3 ridges on the back. (Journal of Bot., vol. ii., p. 325.) " Loch Ascog, Bute," Mr. G. E. Hunt. P. 8. B. Upper leaves floating, petiolate. 8. P. HETEROPHfLLUS, Schreb. — Various-leaved Pondweed. Floating le. elliptical, petioles longer than the blade. Lower le. sessile, lanceolate, tapering at both ends, denticulate, with a short apiculus. Stipules strongly ribbed. Ped. thickened upwards. Nut blunt on the back. Frequent. Ponds and ditches. (B) P. 6 — 7. "In Bardowie loch, east side,"' HopTc. Rivers Clyde and Cart ; Forth and Clyde Canal, &c. 86. NAIAD ACE^. 173 9. P. RUFESCEiNS, Schr Sid.— -Reddish Pondtveed. Floating le. on short stalks, coriaceous, oblong or lanceolate, lower or sub- merged le. lanceolate, tapering at both ends, not apiculate, with chain-like network at the midrib. Stipules 7iot winged. Ped. not thickened upwards. A much larger plant than the last, with the upper le. tinged with red. Not cornraon. Canals and ditches. (B) P. 7. Fossil marsh ; Forth and Clyde Canal, &c. 10. P. NATANs, L. — Broad-leaved Pondweed. Floating le. elliptical, 4 — 5 in. long, coriaceous with numerous veins, on long- stalks, submerged le. linear, thin, often wanting. Stipules closely sheathing, very large. Ped. thick. Spike cylindrical, dense. Nuts large, keeled when dry. The le. become elongated and narrow in rapid streams. Common. In rivers and stagnant Avater. (B) F. G — 7. Frankfield, Hoggan- field, Bardowie, and St. Germans lochs; Cumbrae and Arran. 11. P. OBLONGUS, Viv. — Ohlong-leaved Pondvjeed. Known better from the last by its size than by any characters that can be given to it, being always small. Upper le. oblong-elliptical, lower le. linear, often absent. Ped. equal. Spike dense. Nut small, faintly keeled when dry. Common. In ditches nearly dry in summer, and on the surface of peat bogs^ (B) P. 7. Fossil marsh; Cathkin hills ; Frankfield and Hogganfield lochs ; Gourock to Arran. 2. Zannich^llia. Horned Pondweed. Z. PALusTRis, L. — Stems long, slender, branched, and floating. Le. opposite, linear, entire, with a small membranous sheathing stipule. Fl. axillary from a membranous bract. Fertile ones shortly stalked. St. with a long white filament. Nut when ripe ten with a toothed keel. Rare. Rivers and ditches, (B) A. 5—8. "In the Clyde near the ford, Bogie's hole," Hopk. "Below Hamilton bridge," Patr. Forth and Clyde Canal beyond Kilsyth. 8. ZosT^RA. Grass-wrack, '' Alva-marina!' 1. Z. MARINA, L. — Broad-leaved Grass-wrack. Ehizome creep- ing. Le. flat, long, linear, 3 — 5 -veined, sheathing at the base. Flower-bearing le. with a sheathing spatha covering the fl. and spadix. "Ped. of the spatha thick, shorter than the spadix." Fl. in 2 rows. St. and pistils alternate. Fruit st7iate. Var. augustifdlia, le. narrow, short, 1 — 3- veined. **Ped. of the spatha slender, as long as, or longer than, the spadix," H. d: A. Very common. In the sea, and on banks at low water. (B) P. 7 — 8. The fibre of the le. has been proposed as a substitute for cotton. The narrow form on, mud banks and in salt water ditches. 174 87. CYPERACEiE. 2. Z. :nana, Koth. — Dwarf Grass-wrach. Much smaller than the last. Le. narrow, short, 1- veined. Spadix short, few-flowered, with a transverse band to each ovary. Fruit smooth. " Between Fairlie and Hunterston Point, covering hundreds of acres," Dr. W. Atmott. On the opposite shores of Cumhrae not so common. (E) P. 4—8. Sub-Class 2.— GLUMACEiE. Ord. 87. CyPERACE^. — Flowers perfect or unisexual, enclosed in the axil of a bract or glume, arranged in spikelets. Perianth none or replaced by scales or bristles. Stamens 3, seldom 2. Style deeply divided into 2 or 3 stigmas. Ovary simple, 1 -celled, lenticular, when the style has 2 stigmas; triangular when it has 3. Stems solid. Leaves with the sheaths closed. GraminetE. See Order 88. GENERA OP CYPERACEiE. A. Flowers perfect. 1. ScHCENUS. — Spikelet 1 — 4-flowered. Glumes 6 — 9, lower ones empty. Style 3-cleft. Spikelets sessile, in compact terminal heads. 2. Rhynchospora. — Spikelets few-flowered. Glumes 6 — 7, im- bricated on all sides. Bristles 10, or sometimes 12. Nut compressed. 3. Blysmus. — Spikelets on a zigzag rachis, closely arranged in 2 rows, with bracts. Glumes imbricated on all sides. Bristles 3—6. Nut plano-convex. 4. Eleocharis. — Spikelets solitary, terminal, many-flowered. One or two of the lowest glumes empty, forming bracts. Nut croioned with the broad base of the style. Bristles 3 — 6. 5. IsoLEPis. — Spikelets many-flowered, solitary, or clustered. Glumes closely imbricated on all sides. Style deciduous. Bristles none. 6. SciRPUS. — Spikelets solitary or fascicled. Glumes imbricated all round, equal, or the lowest larger, nearly all fertile. Bristles about 6, sometimes with recurved teeth. Style deciduous. 7. Eriophorum. — Spikelets many -flowered. Glumes imbricated all round. Bristles becoming long and silky. Nut triquetrous. B. Flowers imperfect. 8. Carex. — Flowers unisexual, on the same or on difi'erent spike- lets. Glumes imbricated on all sides of a many-flowered spikelet. Achene or nut enclosed in the urceolate perigynium, the style protruding at the top. 87. CYPERACEiE. 175 SPECIES OF CYPERACE/E. 1. ScHCE NUS. Bog-rush. S. Is'iCtJRICANS, L, — Black Bog-rush. Stems tufted, wiry, 10 — 12 in. high. Le. setaceous, stiff, with shining dark brown sheaths at the base. Bracts of 2 — 3 brown scales, the outer one with a setaceous leafy point. Spikelets collected into a head, shorter than the bracts. Gl. dark brown, with a prominent rough keel. Common. On wet moors, from Gourock all round the Firth. (B) P. 6 — 7. 2. Rhynch6spora. Beak-rusk R. ALBA, Vahl. — WJiite Beak-rush. Stems slender, forming dense grassy tufts, 6 — 12 in. high. Le. narrow, short and subu- late. Spikelets whitish, in a compact corymb, with 2 or 3 smaller ones on long ped. from the axils of leafy bracts. Bristles with declining teeth. Stamens 2, filaments slender. Not common. (B) P. fi— 8. "Loehrigg Shotts," Patr. Ahove Rashfield, Kllmun ; hills ahove Gareloch ; hogs on the hills above Gourock ; Arran. 3. BLf SMUS. Blysmus. 1. B. COMPRESSUS, Panz. — Broad-leaved Blysmus. Stems 4—8 in. high. Le. linear, narrow, flat, rough on the edges and keel. Spike terminal, consisting of 10 — 12 shining brown spike- lets, with a long leafy bract at the base. Gl. reddish brown, striate. Nut orbicular, flat, with a long persistent style, shining. Frequent. Marshy sea shores of the Firth. (E) P. 6—7. Below Greenock; near Largs and Fairlie. 2. B. RUFUS, Link. — Narrow -leaved Blysmus. Stems slender, rigid, 6 — 10 in. high. Le. short, very narrow, grooved, not keeled^ smooth. Spike terminal, of about 8 spikelets. Bracts mem- branous, dark shining brown, outer one not so long as the spike. Gl. dark brown, not striate. Nut ovate, larger than in the last, opaque. Frequent. Marshy sea shores of the Firth. (S) P. 7. Boggy place on the hanks of the Clyde at Kilpatrick and Bowling hay; marshy shore ahove Kllmun. 4. Eleocharis. Spihe-rush. 1. !E. PALusTRis, Br. — Creeping Spike-rush. Rhizome creeping. Stems erect, nearly round, 6 — 12 in. high, with short sheathing scales at the base, leafless. Spikelets terminal, solitary. Gl. brown, with scarious edges, green on the midrib, outer one largest. Nut crowned with the ovate, persistent base of the style, appearing as a small tubercle on the top. Bristles usually 4. Very common. Banks of rivers, lakes, and ditches. (B) P. 6—7. Banks of Clyde at Dalmarnock hridge; Cart; Kelvin, &c. 176 87. CYPERACE^. 2. E. MULTiCAULis, Sm.—Many-stalked Spihe-rush. Smaller than the last, and densely tnfted, some of the stems barren, resembling leaves. Spikelets smaller. Nut triquetrous, crowned with the triquetrous base of the style. Bristles usually 6. Frequent. In marshes. (B) P. 7. Near Largs; Cumbrae, Bute, and Arran. 3. E. ACicuLARis, Br. — Least Spike-rush. Very small and slender, 2—3 in. high. Stems setaceous. Spikes very small, ovate, acute. Nut obovate-oblong, compressed, ribbed and striate, crowned by the almost globose base of the style. Bristles 3 — 4. Not common. Sides of lakes in moorish and damp sandy places. (E) P. 7 — 8. "Plentifully about Bardowie loch," Ilopk. Brother loch, Mearns; Island of Arran. 5. IsoLEPis. Mud-rush. 1. I. FLUITANS, R. Br. — Floating Isolepis. Stems compressed, either floating in pools or forming matted masses on the margin, branched and jointed. Le. linear, sheathing at the base. Spikelet terminal, oval, with few fl. Bract with no leafy point. Gl. obtuse, keeled. Stigmas 2, Nut compressed obovate. Not common. Pools of water and still lakes. (B) P. 6 — 7. "In Frankfield and Bardowie lochs," Hopk. Gourock, Cumbrae, Bute, and Arran. 2. I. SETACEA, B. Br. — Br Istle-stalTced Mud-rush. Stems slender, 2 — 3 in. high, densely tufted. Le. short, setaceous. Spikelets 2 — 3, apparently lateral, from the leaf-like bract forming a con- tinuation of the stem, 3 — 4 times longer than the spikes. Gl. dark brown, with a green midrib. Nut ribbed and furrowed. Frequent. On the edges of muddy pools and gravelly places. (B) P. 7— S. Possil marsh; banks of Clyde from Gourock to Arran. 3. I. Savii, Schultes. — Savins Mud-rush. Very like the pre- ceding but still more slender, 4 — 6 in. high, glaucous, outer bract seldom exceeding in length the 2 — 3 small spikelets. Nut with very minute rough points. Rare. Wet bogs in the island of Arran. (A) P. 7. Var. monostachys, with one small spikelet, longer than the bract.— Island of Arran. 6. ScfRPUS. Gluh-rush, Bulrush. A. Stem round. Spikelets lateral. 1. S. LACusTRis, L. — LaTce Club-rush, Bulrush. Stems erect, 2 — 8 ft. high, thick below, gradually tapering upwards. Spikelets numerous, in a compound panicle. Bract appearing as a con- tinuation of the stem. Gl. smooth, notched at the top, fringed at the base. Anthers bearded at the end. Nut obovate, bluntly trigonous. Style trifid. Frequent. In lakes and ivers. (B) P. 7 — 8. Possil marsh; river Kelvin at Bamulie bridge. 87. CYPERACE^. 177 2. S. Tabern^montani, Gmel. Glaucous Club-rush. Very- near the former in its general character. Panicle shorter. Gl. rough with raised dots, fringed. Anthers not bearded. Styles bifid. Nut convex on one side, roundish oblong. Very abundant. On both sides of the Clyde, between Renfrew and Bowling bay. (E)P. 6— 8. B. stem triangular. Spikelets terminal. 3. S. MAEiTiMUS, L. — Salt-marsh Club-rush. Rhizomes some- times tuberous, mostly creeping. Stems acutely triangular, 1 — 3 ft. high. Le. long, flat, acuminate. Spikelets clustered, with several leafy bracts. GL notched, with a fine point between. Stigmas usually 3. Nut trigonous, smooth. Frequent. In salt marslies. (B) P. 7— 8. Bowling; Dumbarton; shore from Wemyss to Largs; Cumbrae and Arrun. 4. S. Sylvaticus, L. — Wood Club-rush. Stems 2 — 3 ft. high, with broad linear le. Spikelets small, ovate, in compound ter- minal cymes. Bracts several, lower ones large, leafy. Gl. blunt, with a small point, being a continuation of the keel. Stigmas 3. Frequent. In moist woods. (B) P. 7. "Bothwell woods and Hamilton," llopk. "Kenmuir bank; Kelvinside wood; banks of the Cart at Inchinnan; Busby," Dr. Ross. C. Stem round. Spikelets terminal. 5. S. PAUCIFLORUS, Lightf. — Chocolate-headed Club-rush. Stems tufted, 6—8 in. high, slender, striate, sheaths at the base tight, leafless; barren stems numerous. Spikelets few-flowered. Gl. keeled, edges membranous, 2 outer ones enclosing the spike, only half its length. Nut longer than the hispid bristles, finely reticu- lated, terminated by the longish base of the style. Frequent. Moors and boggy heaths. (B) P. 7— 8. "Moors above Dumbarton," JFopJc. Hills above Greenock; Gourock; Largs; Cumbrae and Arran. 6. S. c^SPiTosus, L. — Scaly Club-rush, Deer's-hair. Stems densely tufted, 3 — 9 in. high, slender, striate, sheaths at the base lultlb subidate le. Spikelets small. Gl. membranous, pointed 2 outer ones about as long as the spikelet, ending in leaf-like points. Nut shorter than the bristles, oblong, smooth, acute. Very common. On all our heaths. (B) P. 6 — 7. 7. Eriophorum. Cotton-grass, Cotton-sedge. A. Spike solitary. 1. E. VAGINATUM, L. — Hare's-tail, Cotton-grass. Stems tufted, 10 — 15 in. high, round at the base, angular at the top. Le. long, setaceous, upper sheath inflated. Spike ovate, olive green, bristles numerous, at length appearing as long cottony tufts, forming an oblong, white silky head. Frequent, In bogs and on moors. (B) P. 3 — 5. Frankfield loch; " Mearns moor," Dr. Ross; hills above Gourock; Inverkip; Kilmun to Arran. M 178 87. CYPERACE^. B. Spikes more than one. 2. B. LATIFOLIUM, Hoppe. — Broad-haved Cotton-grass, Stem 1 — \\ ft. high, triangular in its upper half. Le. linear, nearly flat, contracted above the middle into a triaogular point. Spikelets several, 'rising from leafy bracts, usually with long rough peduncles. Bristles 2 or 3 times as long as the spikelets, forming white silky tufts. Rare. " Bonnington woods," Dr. Arnott. (B) P. 5—6. 3. E. ANGUSTIFOLIUM, Rotli. — Narrow-leaved Cotfon-Grass. Stems 10 — 15 in. high, bluntly angular. Le. linear, channelled, triangular above the middle. Spikelets several. Ped. smooth, bristles 3 — 4 times as long as the spikes, forming white silky tufts. Very common. In bogs and wet moors. (B) P. 5—6. Cathkin hills ; Possil marsh, "&c. 8. CIrex. Carex, Sedge. Synopsis of the Species. A. Spikelets solitary, terminal. Stigmas 2. Sp. 1 — 2. B. Spikelet solitary, terminal. Stigmas 3. Sp. 3. C. Spikelets several, androgynous. Stigmas 2. Sp. 4 — 12. * Base of the Spikelets barren. Sp. 4 — ^• ** Apex of the Spikelets barren. Sp. 8 — 12. D. Terminal spikelets barren, lower fertile. Stigmas 2. Sp. 13—17. E. Terminal spikelet barren, mostly solitary. Stigmas 3. Sp. 18—33. f Fruit hairy, downy, or scabrous. Sp. 18 — 22. +t Foniit smooth; beak entire. Sp. 23 — 25. ttt Fruit smooth; beak bifid. Sp. 26—33. 1. Fertile spikelets erect. Sp. 26—29. 2. Fertile spikelets drooping or pendulous. Sp. 30 — 33. F. Terminal spikelets 2 or more barren. Stigmas 3. Sp. 34 — 37. A. Spikelet solitary, terminal. Stigmas 2. 1. C. DioiCA, L. — Creeping separate-headed Carex. Dioecious. Rhizome creeping. Stems erect, 6 — 8 in. high. Le. very narrow, rough. Spikelets brown, barren ones linear, fertile, ovate. Fruit slightly spreading, contracted into a short point, rough on the margin near the top. Not common. In spongy bogs. (S) P. 5 — 6. Gourock hills; Inverkip; C umbrae and Arran. 2. C. PULiCARis, L. — Flea Carex. Androgynous. Stems tufted, 3 — 6 in. high. Le. slender. Spike with the barren fl. on the top. 87. CYPERACE^. 179 Fruit horizontally spreading wlien ripe, shining, dark brown, tapering at the base and apex, compressed. Glumes deciduous. Frequent. In bogs. (B) P. 5—6. Cathkin hills; Possil marsh: Gourock; Cumbrae and Arran. B. Spikelet solitary, terminal. Stigmas 3. 3. C. PAUCiFLORA, Lightf. — Few-flowered Car ex. Androgynous. Stems decumbent at the base, 5 — 6 in. high, with long creeping runners. Le. narrow, the upper ones sheathing the stem. Spike- lets few-fl., the upper mostly barren. Fruit pale, spreading or reflexed, narrow, round, striate, and pointed. Glumes deciduous. Not common. On moors. (H) P. 6 — 7. Discovered on the ascent of Goat Fell in A.vvQ.ii, "by Light foot; " Ben Lomond," 2?r. Walker; "Ne-dr Glasgow,''' Hudson. C. Spikelets several. Androgynous. Stigmas 2. ^^ Base of the spikelet barren. 4. C ovALis, Gooden. — Oval-spilced Oarex. Stems tufted, 12 — 18 in. high, triangular. Spikelets 4 — 6, close together, oval. Bracts small. Glumes acute, brown, margins pale. Fruit flat, with a h7'oadj rough, membranous margin ; beak bifi:d. Common. In moist meadows. (B) P. 6. 5. C. STELLULATA, Goodcn. — Little-pricHy Carex. Stems tufted, 6 — 12 in. high, triquetrous. Le. slightly shorter than the stem. Spikelets about 4, the uppermost ones contiguous, when ripe spreading like a small star. Fruit ovate, larger than the glumes ; beak long, bifid, serrate on the margin. Common. In marshy places. (B) P. 5—6. 6. C. cuRTA, Gooden. — White Carex. Stems forming large tufts, 10 — 12 in. high, angular. Le. long. Spikelets 4—8, the uppermost approximate. Bracts small. Glumes ovate, membran- ous. Fruit erect, ovate, plano-convex, with a small point, longer than the glume. Plant having a white appearance, especially the spikelets. Very common. In most of our bogs. (B) P. 6. Possil marsh ; Frankfield and Hogganfield lochs, &c. 7. C. REMOTA, L. — Distant-spiked Carex. Stems slender, pale green, bluntly angular, 1 — 2 ft. high. Le. slender, long, narrow, channelled. Bracts leafy, long and narrow. Spikelets very small, distant below, upper ones close. Gl. oblong, membranous. Fruit ovate -acuminate, tapering into a bifid point, rough on the upper part, longer than the glumes. Frequent. In moist shady woods. (B) P. 6. Gairbraid glen and banks of the Kelvin; Kenmuirbank; Gourock; Cumbrae and Arran. * Apex of the spikelets barren. 8. C. PANICULA.TA, L. — Great-pauicled Carex. Root forming large tufts. Stems stout, 2 — 5 feet high, triangular, rough. Le. 180 87. CYPERACE.E. broad, very long. Bracts short, ovate, acute. Spikelets nume- rous, panicled ; brandies long, diverging. Fruit ovate, flat on the front, swollen on the back, with a deeply bifid , fringed beak. Xot common. In marshes and bogs. (B) P. 6. " Kenmuir and banks of the Clyde at Ncav Kilpatrick," Hopk.; Cumbrae and Arran, 9. C. TERETiuscuLA, Gooden. — Lesser-panicUd Carex. A smaller plant than the last, 1 — 2 ft. high, with the spikelets com- pound and contracted. Stem bluntly angular [trigonous), slender, rough above. Le. narrow, glaucous. Bracts small, membranous, ovate, acute. Fruit ovate, convex on the back, faintly nerved. Beak shortly bifid, ivinged, and serrulate on the edge. Rare. In boggy meadows. (B) P. 6. " In a bog on the banks of the Clyde, 2 miles beyond Hamilton," Hopk. Little Cumbrae; Arran. 10. C. vuLPiNA, Jj. — Great Carex. Stem 2 — 3 ft. high, sharply triquetrous, rough. Le. broad, margin scabrous. Spikelets simple, crowded, large, green. Outer bracts with fine leafy points. Glumes shorter than the fruit, mucronate. Fr. plano-convex, ovate-acuminate. Beak bifid, finely serrate. When ripe the fruit spreads considerably. Frequent. Wet shady places. (B) P. 6. "Banks of the Clyde," Ure; Bute; Cumbrae and Arran. 11. C. MURICATA, L. — Greater -prickly Carex. Stems 1 — 2 ft. high, with rough angles. Le. narrow, shorter than the stem. Bracts small, setaceous. Spikelets 4 — 6, mostly crowded in a terminal spike, or with the lower ones rather distant. Gl. mucronate, brown. Fruit ovate-acuminate, plano-convex ; beak broad, flat, ivith sharp edges, finely serrate, bifid; spreading when ripe ; yellowish brown. Not common. Gravelly and marshy pastures. (B) P. 5-^6. " Rock below Cathcart Castle," 2). -Dora. Near Inverkip ; Cumbrae and Arran. 12. C. ARENA.RIA, L. — Sea Carex. Rhizome creeping, often 10 — 12 ft. long ; sending up stems at intervals of 4 — 8 in. Stems triangular, rough, 6 — 10 in. high. Le. slightly keeled. Spikelets clustered, sessile, upper ones barren, lower fertile, intermediate ones barren at the end. Lower bract leaf-pointed, slender, the tipper resembling glumes. Fruit flattened, ovate, bifid, with a winged serrulate margin, shorter than the acuminate glume. Common. On the sandy sea shores. (B) P. 6. Near Helensburgh; Dunoon; Cumbrae and Arran. D. Terminal spikelets barren, lower fertile. Stigmas 2. 13. C. VULGARIS, Fries. — Common Carex. Rhizome slightly creeping. Stems laxly tufted, weak, and acutely triangular, 10 — 12 in. high, rough toioards the top. Le. narrow, rolled in- wards when dry. Barren spikelets 1 — 2, fertile 3 — i, compact, sub -sessile, cylindrical. Lower bract leafy, not sheathing, with a 87. CYPERACEiE. 181 small darh auricle at its base. Gl. elliptical, obtuse, shorter than the fruit, dark purple, with a slender green keel. Fr. elliptic, plano-convex, nerved nearly to the apex; beak short, entire. Common. In wet pastures. (B) P. 5 — 6. Possil marsh. 14. C. niGiDA, Gooden. — Rigid Carex. Stems 4 — 6 in. high, triangular, rough at the top. Le. short, flat, rigid, re volute when dry. Barren spikelets 1, fertile 2 — 4, nearly close together, sub- sessile, cylindrical, compact. Bracts small, leafy, with a small black subrotund auricle. Gl. purple, with a green keel. Fr. elliptical, obtuse, plano-convex, without veins. Beak obsolete. Frequent. On the tops of our highest mountains. (H) P. G — 8. Ben Lomond; Goat Fell, Arran, &c. 15. C. ACUTA, L. — Slender-spiked Carex. Stems tufted, 2 — 3 ft. high, triquetrous, rough at the top. Le. long, broad, flat, sheathing, becoming revolute on the edge. Barren spikelets 1 — 3, fertile 3 — 4, slender, long and acute, sometimes barren at the top, lower one stalked, attenuate at the base. Bracts leafy, lower one often longer than the stem, with long auricles. Gl. narrow- lanceolate, as long as the fr., dark with a green keel. Fruit oblong, lenticular, veined, pale green, with rusty stains. Beak short, entire. Frequent. Marshes and borders of rivers. (B) P. 5. Banks of Clyde above Carmyle; Kenmuirbank; Gourock; C umbrae and Arran. 16. C. AQUATiLis, Wall. — Var. Watsoni, Syme. — Water Carex. Stems tufted 1| — 3 ft. high, trigonous. Le. very long, flat. Bracts leafy, much longer than the stem. Barren spikelets mostly 2, fertile 3 — 4, densely flowered, lower ones slightly tapering below, pale. Glumes short, with a greenish midrib. Fruit adpressed, broadly oval, lenticular, not ribbed. Nut obovate, with a short beak, narrowed below. Banks of Clyde; several stations from Dalmarnock bridge to Hamilton; long known, but considered a state of C. casspitosa or stricta. 17. C. SAXATiLis, L. — Busset Carex. Rhizome creeping. Stems 6 — 8 in. high. Le. keeled, triangular at the apex. Barren spikelets mostly solitary, fertile ones ovate, lower one stalked. Bracts leafy, sheaths none. Gl. dark purple, tipped with ivhite. Fruit ovate, inflated, obscurely veined, dark purple, longer than the glume. Beak short bifid. Frequent. Near springs on our highest mountains. (H) P. 6 — 7. Ben Lomond. E. Terminal spikelets barren, mostly solitary. Stigmas 3. (Sometimes 2 in 20 and 21.) t Fruit hairy, downy, or scabrous. 18. C. PiLULiFERA, L. — Round-headed Carex. Stems tufted, slender, 6 — 12 in. high. Le. short, weak. Barren spikelets solitary, fertile about 3, approximate, subglobose, almost sessile. 182 87. CYPERACE^. Bracts short, sheaths none. Gl. ovate-acuminate, brown. Fruit with a raised rib at the apex, nearly globular, downy. Beak minute, bifid. Frequent. In heathy pastures. (B) P. 6. "Moors, Kilbride," Ure. Cathkin kills; Craigmaddie moor; hills ahove Gourock ; Kilmun; Cumbrae and Arran. 19. C. PR^'cox, Jacq. — Vernal Carex. Rhizomes creeping. Stems stiff, 3 — 12 in. high. Le. short, harsh, and broad. Barren spikelet solitary, fertile 1—3, close together, oblong, lowest shortly stalked. Bracts small, leafy, with a short sheath. Gl. broadly ovate -acuminate. Fruit small, shortly beaked, trigonous, covered with minute down. Common. Dry pastures and heaths. (B) P. 4 — 5. Amongst whins in a pas- ture at Buttery-hurn loch; Cathkin hills; from Gourock to Arran. 20. C. FiLiFoRMis, L. — Slender -leaved Carex. Bhizome creep- ing. Stems 12 — 18 in. high. Le. slender, margins involute when dry. Barren spikelets 2, fertile 2 — 4 distant, shortly stalked, upper nearly sessile. Bracts leafy, long, narrow, and shortly sheathing. Gl. of the fertile spikelets oblong-ovate, cuspidate. Fruit downy, oblong-ovate, tapering into a deeply-divided beak. Very rare. Boggy marshes. (S) P. 5. Dunloskin loch, near Dunoon. 21. C. HfRTA, L. — Hairy Carex. Bhizome creeping. Stems leafy, 1 — 2 ft. high, more or less hairy in all its parts. Le. flat, hairy. Barren spikelets 2 — 3, fertile 2 — 3, remote, stalked. Bracts long, leafy, lowest one with sheaths, equal to the peduncles of the lowest spikelet. Gl. elliptic-lanceolate at the ciliate point. Fruit ovate-oblong, tapering into a long deeply-bifid beak, tawny, covered with sliort spreading hairs. Frequent. Wet pastures and damp woods. (B) P. 5 — 6. Baldernock; Ken- rauir hank ; Bowling ; Gourock ; Cumbrae and Arran. A variety is found "near Innellan, with the lower sheaths scarcely half as long as the stalks, fertile spikelets loose-flowered, compound at the base," //. & A. 22. C. GLAUCA, Scop. — Glaucous Heath Carex. Bhizome creeping. Stems 8 — 12 in. high, Le. short, curved, glaucous. Barren spikelet 1—3, fertile 2 — 3, erect, at length slightly drooping. Bracts leafy, scarcely sheathing. Glumes ovate, acute,^ dark brown. Fruit obtuse, with a very short beak, rough, caused hy depressed points. Common. Marshy places and wet moors. (B) P. 6. Possil marsh; Cathkin hills, &c. tt Fruit smooth. Beak entire. 23. C. PANiCEA, L. — Pink-leaved Carex. Stems tufted, erect? smooth, 12 — 18 in. high. Le. short, broad, glaucous, edges rough. Barren spikelet solitary; fertile mostly 2, distant, erect, stalks longer than the sheath, loosely flowered. Bracts leafy, sheath- ing at the base. Gl. oblong, dark brown, with a green keel. 87. CYPERACEiE. 183 Fruit swollen, obtuse, without veins j greenish brown. Beak verj^ short. Common. In bogs and marshes. (B) P. 6. Possil marsh ; Frankfleld loch, &c. 24. C. PALLESCENS, It.— Pale Oarex. Stems tufted, leafy at the base, triquetrous, rough above, 12 — 18 in. high. Le. slightly downy. Barren spikelet single, sessile, light brown; fertile 2, rarely 3, ovate, stalks longer than the sheaths, approximate. Bracts leafy, shortly sheathing, Gl. mucronate. Fruit ovate- oblong, swollen, veined, obtuse with no beak, or very short. Not common. Marshy places. (B) P. 6, Crossbasket ; marsh near Milngavie. 25. C. lImosa, L. — Mud Carex. Rhizome creeping, 8 — 12 in. high. Le. narrow, channelled, rough on the edge. Fertile spike- lets 2, on long peduncles, slightly drooping. Lower bract leafy, without a sheath, or with a scarious auricle. Gl. ovate- acuminate, dark brown. Fruit compressed, elliptical, strongly ribbed, not distinctly beaked. Rare. Marshes at Bowling, the late Wm. Gourlie, Esq. (S) P. 6. Var. irrigua, Hoppe. — Le. broader, flat, short, rough at the triquetrous point. Lower glumes long and narrow, upper broader and shorter, midrib pale brown. Fr. faintly ribbed. " Bogs and marshes, near Lanark," Mr. Dunlop. tt+ Fruit smooth. Beah bijid. 1. Fertile spikelets erect. 26. C. EXTENSA, Gooden. — Long -hracteate Carex. Stems tufted, smooth, about 12 in. high. Le. long, stiff, erect, convolute. Barren spikelet 1, fertile 3 — 4, nearly sessile, almost close together. Bracts leafy, lowest one nearly horizontal, often 4 — 5 in. long, convolute. Glumes slightly mucronate. Fruit swollen, ovate, ribbed, tapering into a smooth, bifid, conical beak. Frequent. In marshes on the sea coast. (B) P. G. Skelmorlie; near Largs; Cumbrae and Arran. 27. C. ELAVA. — Yelloiv Carex. Stems densely tufted, 6 — 12 in. high, obtuse-angled. Le. broad, flat. Barren spikelet 1, fertile 1 — 3, sub-sessile, globose or oval. Bracts leafy, scarcely sheathing, at length spreading or deflexed. Glumes blunt. Fruit ovate, swollen, ribbed; beak deflexed and tapering, rough-edged. Nut minutely punctate. Frequent. In turfy bogs and pastures. (B) P. 5— G. Cathkin hills; Possil marsh; Gourock; Cumbrae and Arran. Var. (Ederi. — Spikelets close together. Beak long, rough- edged, straight. Fruit sm.iller than in the species. 28. C. FULVA, Gooden. — Tawny Carex. Stems slightly tufted, about 12 in. high, acutely triangular, scabrous. Le. narrow, flat. 184 87. CYPERACEiE. Barren spikelet 1, fertile mostly 2, not close together, lower one on a long peduncle exceeding the sheath. Bracts leafy, with long sheaths. Gl. oxute. Fr. swollen, ovate, ribbed, smooth; beak long, rough-edged, bifid. Frequent. In boggy places. (B) P. 6. Craigmaddiemoor; hills above Bowling ; Gourock to Arran. Var. speirostachya. — St. trigonous, rough at the top; fertile spikelets on long peduncles ; fruit more strongly ribbed. Frequent. On the hills above In verkip; Cumbrae and Arran. 29. C. DiSTANS, L. — Loose Carex. Stems smooth, 8 — 15 in. high. Le. flat, narrow. Barren spikelets 1 — 2, with obtuse glumes; fertile ones 2 — 3, remote, erect, oblong; lowest peduncle longer than the sheath, upper ones included. Bracts sheathing, leafy, lowest sheath enclosing about half of the peduncle. Gl. mucronate; brownish. Fruit ovate, trigonous, faintly ribbed, pellucidly punctate. Beak rough, bifid. Very rare. In muddy marshes near the sea ; Cumbrae and Arran. (B) P. 6. 2. Fertile spikelets drooping, or pendulous. 30. C. BiNERVis, Sm. — Green-ribbed Carex. Stems rigid, tri- angular, 12 — 18 in. high. Le. short, hard. Barren spikelet 1, fertile mostly 3, lower one distant, on a long peduncle. Bracts leafy, lowest one with a long sheath, enclosing the peduncle to within threefourths of the top. Glumes of the barren spikelet obtuse, of the fertile ones mucronate, and rough at the point, with a greenish midrib. Fruit ovate, tinquetrous, with 2 sub- marginal green ribs. Beak long, rough, and deeply bifid. Nut brown, rough. Common. On dry heaths. (B) P. 6. Steps station beyond Millerston; Cathkin hills; moors above Kilpatrick. From Gourock to Arran. 31. C. L^viGATA, Sm.— Smooth-stalked beaked Carex. Stems smooth, 2 — 3 ft. high. Le. broad, flat. Barren spikelets mostly solitary. Fertile ones remote, on long peduncles, slightly droop- ing, cylindrical. Bracts leafy, with elongated sheaths. Glumes acute on the barren triquetrous spikelet ; on the others acute and purple, with a pale centre. Fruit ovate, triangular, tapering into a long, rough, deeply-bifid beak, nut yellowish, smooth. Rare. Marshes and moist woods. (B) P. 6. "Arran," Lands ; and in Cumbrae. 32. C. SYLVATiCA, Huds. — Pendulous Wood Carex. Stems tufted, weak, very leafy, 1 — 2 ft. high. Le. flaccid. Barren spikelet solitary; fertile 3—4, slender, loose-flowered, drooping. Bracts leafy, sheathing. Glumes ovate, acute, membranous, with a green keel. Fruit smooth, elliptic, tapering into a long beak. Frequent. In moist woods. (B) P. 5 — 6. Langside wood ; near Cambuslang ; Blantyre Priory ; Kilmum; Gourock to Arran. 88. GRAMINE^. 185 33. C. PENDULA, Huds. — Great Pendulous Garex. Our tallest species, 3 — 6 ft. high. Stem stout, triangular. Le. very long, about half an inch broad. Barren spikelet solitary, fertile 4 — Q, cylindrical, 4 — 5 in. long, pendulous, densely flowered. Bracts leafy, lower one sheathing. Gl. ovate, mucronate, brown, with a green keel. Fruit small, elliptic, with a short trigonous emargi- nate beak. Rare. Wet woods and moist shady places, (B) P. 5—6. "By the Clyde al30ve Blantyre Priory, and above Barncluith," Fair. Kenmuir bank, near the Marriage-well ; Gourock, F. Terminal spikelets 2 or more barren. Stigmas 3. 34. 0. AMPULLACEA, Goodcn. — Slender-beaked Garex. Stems tufted, 1 — 2 ft. high, angles blunt. Le. long, channelled^ glaucous. Barren spikelets 2 — 3, fertile 2 — 4, distant, cylindrical, with short peduncles. Bracts leafy. Gl. lanceolate. Fruit subglobose, inflated, suddenly contracted into a long, narrow, bifid beak. Frequent. Wet hogs and marshes. (B) P. 6. Possil marsh ; Bardowie loch; Gourock hills; Cumhrae and Arran. 35. C. VESICARIA, L. — Short-beaked Bladder Garex. Stems nearly 2 ft. high, acutely triangular^ rough near the top. Le. broad, green. Barren spikelets 2 — 3, fertile 2 — 3, remote, cylindrical. Bracts long, leafy. Gl. lanceolate. Fruit ovate, inflated, gradually narrowing into a subulate beak. Frequent. Wet hogs and marshes. (B) P. 5—6. Possil marsh; Bardowie loch; "Busby," Dr. Ross. 36. C. PALUDOSA, Gooden. — Lesser Gommon Garex. Stems 2 — 3 ft. high, with rough angles. Le. broad, rough, keeled, green. Barren spikelets 2 — 3, fertile 3, cylindrical. Bracts long, leafy. Gl. narrow, pointed. Fruit compressed, not inflated^ ovate or oblong, striate; beak short, spreading, 2-lobed. Common. Banks of rivers and marshes. (B) P. 5—6. Banks of Clyde, Cart, and Kelvin. 37. C RiPARiA, Curt. — Great Gommon Garex. Stem 3 — 4 ft. high, angles rough. Le. very broad. Barren spikelets 3 — 5, with awned anthers; fertile 3 — 4, long, cylindrical, acute. Bracts leafy, very long. Gl. acute. Fruit oblong-ovate, convex, with a very short emarginate beak. Frequent. Sides of rivers and ditches. (B) P. 5. "Banks of Clyde at Car- myle and Kenmuir," Hopk. Banks of Cart, &c. Ord. 88— GRAMINE.aE. Stems usually hollow, jointed; nodes solid, with one leaf to each. Leaves alternate, with sheaths split on one side, having in the axil at the base of the linear blade a small membranous ligule. Flowers in spikelets, arranged on a rachis, in spikes, 186 88. GK AMINES. ' racemes or panicles. Each spihelet is usually composed of 2 (or 1, rarely none) outer imbricated empty glumes; these contain 1 — 2 or more perfect florets; sometimes imperfect, often rudimentary or neuter ones are produced. Each j^o?'e^ is composed of 2 chaffy glumellas, enclosing the essential organs (usually 3 stamens, 1 style, and 2 stigmas); the lower or outer one with a central midrib or keel; the inner (supposed to be 2-united) having 2 lateral ones. Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 minute scales (sometimes 1 or none) at the base, called lodicules. Fruit l-seedecl (a caryopsis) , closely covered by the pericarp, sometimes the glumellas adhere to the seed. KEY TO THE GENERA OF GRAMINEiE. A. Style and stigma 1. Glumes none. Gen. 1. B. Styles or stigmas 2. Stamens 3 (rarely 1). Gen. 2 — 30. 1. Spikelets with 1 perfect floret. Gen. 2 — 10. * Inflorescence dense, panicle close and spike-like. Gen. 2 — 6. ** Inflorescence a loose branched panicle. Gen. 7 — 10. 2. Spikelets with 2 perfect florets. Gen. 11—18. t Glumellas without awns. Gen. 11 — 13. ft Glumellas awned. Gen. 14 — 18. 3. Spikelets with 3—4 perfect florets. Gen. 19—26. 4. Spikelets with numerous florets, mostly sessile, upon opposite sides of the rachis. Gen. 27 — 30. GENERA. A. Style and stigma 1. Glumes none. 1. Nardus. — Spikelets sessile, unilateral, with 1 -floret. Spike simple. B. Styles or stigmas 2. Stamens 3 (rarely 1). Gen. 2—30. 1. Spikelets with 1 perfect floret. * Inflorescence dense, panicle close and spike-like. 2. Alopecurus.— Glumes without awns. Glumella one, witli a long dorsal awn from below the centre. 3. Phleum. — Glumes with a short terminal awn. Glumellas membranous, awnless. 4. Anthoxanthum. — Glumes very unequal. Glumellas equal, awned at the back. Stamens 2. 5. PsAMMA.— Glumes and glumellas awnless, hairy at the base. 6. Phalaris.— Glumes awnless, keel expanded into a wing. Glumellas awnless, ^'* Inflorescence a loose branched panicle. 7. DiGRAPHis. — Glumes and glumellas awnless, the latter with two hairy scales at the base. 88. GRAMINE^. 187 8. Agrostis. — Glumes awnless, outer one largest. Glumellas membranous, very uu equal, or the inner wanting, occasion- ally with a small tuft of hairs at the base. Awn dorsal, sometimes none. 9. Milium. — Glumes nearly equal, smooth on the keeJ, flattish on the back. Glumellas nearly as long as the glumes, awnless, smooth, hard and shining when enclosing the mature fruit. 10. Melica. — Glumes broad, with several nerves. Glumellas awnless, smooth, outer one 7-ribbed. Sometimes 2-fiowered. 2. Spikelets with 2 perfect florets, t Glumellas without awns. 11. MoLiNiA. — Glumes shorter than the glumellas, acute, lowest 1 -nerved ; second floret on a bristle-like peduncle. 12. Catabrosa. — Glumes obtuse, shorter than the florets, outer one very small. Glumellas truncate, margin scariose. 13. KcELERiA. — Panicle close, spike-like. Glumes unequal. Outer glumella entire, acute, 3-ribbed. ft Glumellas awned, 14. HoLCUS. — Glumes nearly equal. Glumellas enclosed within the glumes. Lower floret with a long footstalk. 15. Atra. — Glumes nearly equal. Glumellas hairy at the base, outer one awned at the back, seldom protruding beyond the glumes. 16. Arrhenatherum. — Glumes unequal. Lower glumella with a long twisted gCDiculated awn from near the base, with stamens only ; glumella of the upper perfect floret with a very short awn from a little beneath the summit. 17. AvENA. — Glumes membranous, many-ribbed. Glumellas cartilaginous, hairy at the base, outer one awned from a little beneath the centre. Awn twisted at the base and bent. Sometimes 3-flowered. 18. Sesleria. — Glumes nearly equal, outer one with a very short awn from the summit. Outer glumella with 3 — 5 teeth, middle one bristle-like and rough. Often more than 2-flowered. 3. Spikelets with 3 — 4 perfect florets. 19. Cynostjrus. — Inflorescence a unilateral spike-like raceme, with a pectinated bract at the base of each spikelet. 20. Dactylijs. — Panicle in several dense, subsecund tufts. Glumes unequal, hairy. Glumella with a minute awn from below the summit, ciliate on the back. 21. Phragmites. — Panicle large and spreading. Florets enve- loped in long silky hairs. Inner glumella half the length of the outer. 22. Triodia. — Glumes and glumellas nearly equal, the latter hairy at the base, awnless, outer glumella 3-toothed. 188 88. GRAMINE^. 23. Briza. — Glumes and glumellas obtuse, awnless, outer glu- mella boat -shaped, 3-ribbed. Panicle lax and spreading. 24. PoA. — Spikelets compressed, awnless, ovate or linear, some- times cylindrical. Glumes unequal. Lower glumella 3 — 7, veined, compressed, scariose at the apex, bluntish, rarely- pointed. 25. Festuca. — Panicle lax or coarctate. Spikelets many -flowered. Glumes unequal. Outer glumella-lanceolate, acute or awned from a little below the tip; lateral veins converging and vanishing below the apex ; inner glumella minutely ciliate on the ribs. 26. Bromus. — Spikelets compressed, many-flowered. Glumellas rounded on the back, membranous at the summit, 2 of the lateral nerves uniting, and forming a long dorsal awn from a little below the bifid point. 4. Spikelets with numerous florets, mostly sessile, upon opposite sides of the rachis. 27. Elymus. —Spikelets in pairs from the same joint of the rachis. Glumes 2, both on one side of the spikelet, outer glumella ciliate on the midrib. 28. Triticum. — Spikelet with its side next the rachis. Glumes 2, nearly equal. Glumella minutely ciliate on the ribs. 29. Brachypodium. — Spikelet with its side next the rachis, very shortly stalked, distant. Glumes opposite, unequal. Upper glumella coarsely fringed on the ribs. 30. LoLiUM. — Spikelet with its back to the rachis. Glume 1, opposite the rachis, or if 2, the inner small. SPECIES OF GRAMINE/E. 1. NIrdus. Mat-grass. "N. STRicTA, L. — stems densely tufted, wiry, erect, 6 — 12 in. high. Le. involute, setaceous, stiff and bristle-like, suddenly bent from their sheaths. Spike long, slender. Spikelets uni- lateral, in 2 rows. Glumella narrow with a long point. Very common. On moors and heaths. (B) P. 6. Possil marsh; Cathkin hills; from Gourock to Arran. 2. Alopeci^rus. Fox-tail-grass. 1. A. PRATENSis, L. — Meadow Fox-tail-grass. Stem erect, smooth, 1 — 2 ft. high. Sheaths of the upper le. somewhat in- flated. Spike 2—3 in. long, cylindrical. Outer glumes with short hairs on the keel and lateral ribs. Awn projecting more, than half its own length beyond the apex of the glumella. Very common. Meadows and pastures. (B) P. 5 — 6. 88. GRAMINE^. 18^ *2. A. AGRESTis, L. — Slender- Fox-tail-grass. Stem erect, 12 — 18 ill. high, rough above. Sheaths not loose. Spike slender, of a purplish colour, attenuated at the apex. Glumes almost smooth, united to the middle. Awn upwards of tivice the length of the glumella. Occasionally introduced with grass seed. Banks of Clyde below Govan. (E) A. 5—11. 3. A. GENICULATUS, L. — Floating Fox-tail-grass. Stems pro- cumbent at the base, bent at a few joints {geniculated), smooth. Sheaths smooth and striated, upper one inflated. Spike 1 — 2 in. long, compact. Glumes united at the base, outer ones hairy on the keel. Awn projecting half its length beyond the glumella. Very common. Pools and marshes, or on dry places. (B) P. 5—8. 8. Phl^um. Oafs-tail-grass. p. PRATENSE, L. — Common Cafs-tail-g7'ass, Timothy -grass. Stem erect, 1 — 3 ft. high. Le. soft. Spike cylindrical, compact, 1 — 4- in. long. Gl. truncate, with a bristle-like awn terminating the ciliate mid-nerve or keel. E^adily known by the spike being harsh to the touch. Common. In meadows and pastures. (B) P. 6—10. •i. AnthoxInthum. Vernal-grass. A. ODORATUM, L. — Sweet-scented Vernal-grass. Stem slender, round and polished, 8 — 12 in. high. Le. hairy at the base. Spike- like panicle closely-flowered, interrupted below. Gl. acute, more or less hairy, especially on the keels, large one 3-ribbed. Glu- mellas of the perfect floret awnless ; odorous when drying. Very common. Woods and pastures. (B) P. 6—10. 5. PsAMMA. Sea-Reed. p. ARENARIA, K. & S. — Commou Sea-Reed, Marram, Mat-weed. Rhizome creeping. Stem stiff, erect, 2 — 3 ft. high. Le. narrow, involute, sharply pointed, stiff and glaucous. Panicle spike-like, 5 — 6 in. long, tapering to each end. Gl. compressed, stiff and chaffy. Glumellas, each with a tuft of hairs at the base. Frequent. Sandy sea shores. (B) P. 7. Cumbrae, Bute, and Arran. 6. Phalaris. Canary-grass. * P. Canariensis, L. —Cultivated Canary-grass. Stem erect, leafy, 1 — 2 ft. high. Panicle ovoid or globular, variegated with green and white. Gl. remarkable for their winged keel. Glu- mellas hardened and shining on the caryopsis when mature. ■ About manure heaps. Not native. A. 7. 190 88. GRAMINE^. 7. DfGRAPHis. Reed-grass. D. ARUNDiNACEA, Trin. — Common Reed-grass. Ehizome creep- ing, tufted. Stems 2 — 4 ft. high. Le. broad and long. Panicle large, 6 — 8 in. long, of numerous spikelets, at first close and spike- like, spreading when in flower, often tinged with purple. Gl. keeled^ but not winged. Glumellas with 2 linear tufts of hairs at the base. (The ribbon-grass, or gardene^^^s garters of the gardens, is a variegated state of this grass. ) Very common. Sides of rivers and marshes. (B) P. 7—8. 8. Agrostis. Bent-grass. 1. A. CANiNA, L. — Brown Bent-grass. Rhizome creeping. Stem slender, slightly decumbent at the base, then erect, 10 — 15 in. high. Le. linear, with smooth sheaths; ligule long, acute. Panicle close, spreading w^hen in flower. Outer glumella jagged or toothed at the summit ; inner minute or wanting. Aion twisted, slightly exceeding the glumella. Very common. Moist heaths and peaty pastures. (B) P. 6—7. 2. A. VULGARIS, With. —Fine Bent-grass. Rhizome slightly creeping, tufted. Stem erect, 12 — 18 in. high. Le. rather short ; sheaths smooth; ligule very short, obtuse. Panicle spreading, pnrplish brown; branches smooth ish. Pedicels minutely toothed. Gl. nearly equal, shining, lower one toothed on the upper part of the heel. Glumellas 2, thin and pellucid, without an awn. Var. aristata, with an awn. Var. pumila, 2 — 3 in. high, often awned. Very common. Banks and pastures. (B) P. 6—7. The dwarf state is very common on the hills in Bute; Cumhrae and Arran. 3. A. ALBA, L. — Marsh Bent-grass, Fiorin. Rhizome, slightly creeping, tufted. Stem ascending, 1 — 2 feet high. Le. rather short; ligule long and acute; sheaths rough when rubbed down- wards. Panicle contracted ; branches hispid, erect after flowering. Large gl. toothed to the base. Outer glumella 5-nerved, seldom awned. Very common. Marshy places and roadsides. (B) P. 7 — 8. Var. stolonifera is the Fiorin-grass, creeping and rooting at the base, common on roadsides. Var. maritima. — Stems procumbent, rooting at the joints, panicle lobed. On sand by the sea shore. Frequent in Cumhrae and Arran. 9. MfLiUM. Millet-grass. M. EFFusuM, L. — Spi^eading Millet-gra^s. Root fibrous. Stems tufted, erect, smooth, and glossy, 3 — 4 ft. high. Le. with striated 88. GRAMINE^. 191 sheaths ; ligule obtuse. Panicle large, loose, subverticillate ; lower branches dpflexed. Glumellas concave, hard and shining when covering the ripe fruit. Frequent. In moist shady woods. (B) P. 5—6. "Woods, Hamilton and Lanark," Hopk. Gairbraid glen; banks of the Kelvin ; Langside wood, &c. 10. Mi^LiCA. Melic-grass. 1. M. UNIFLORA, Retz, — Wood Melic- Grass. Ehizome creep- ing, tufted. Stems erect, slender, 12 — 18 in. high. Le. soft, flat and broad, acute, sheath rough, striated, bearing a few slender hairs on the upper part. Panicle of few spikelets, slightly droop- ing; spikelets containing 1 perfect floret, and an inner neuter one on a short stalk. Frequent. In shady woods. (E) P. 5 — 7. Kelvin on the bank above the grinding mill; Kenmuirbank; Cambuslang glen ; from Gourock to Arran. 2. M. NUTANS, L. — Mountain Melic-grass. Stem slender, erect, 1 — 2 ft. high. Le. flat, erect ; ligule short, obtuse. Raceme one- sided, with 10 — 15 drooping 2-flowered spikelets; neuter florets stalked. Gl. ovate, nerved, brown or purple, with scarious pale edges. Rare. In woods. (S) P. 5 — 6. Bonnington Falls and Cartlane crags. " In a plantation opposite Bushy mills," Dr. Ross. 11. MoLfNiA. Purple-Molinia. M. c^RULEA, Moench. — Rhizome tufted, very hard. Stems erect, loith one joint near the base, 1 — 2 ft. high. Le. mostly radical, long, flat, acute, with hairs on the upper or inner surface, Panicle erect, long, when in woods often 10 in. high, narrow and close, bluish purple. Outer glumella 3-ribbed; seldom more than 2, sometimes 1 -flowered. Common. On all our moors. (B) P. 7— S. Cathkin hills ; Cadder wilderness ; from Gourock to Arran. 12. Catabr6sa. Whorl-grass. C. AQUATiCA, Beauv. — Water Whorl-grass. Rhizome creeping, or often floating, and sending up erect flowering stems. Le. short, flat, obtuse, soft and light green. Panicle Aorled, spread- ing. Glumellas scariose, or slightly toothed at the apex. Rare. Pools and river banks. (B) P. 5-— 6. "In a wet field to the east of Gilbertfield Castle," Hopk. In a wet ditch near Crossbasket. Var. littoralis, small, spikelets 1 -flowered. On the sea shore in moist shady places. Cumbrae, Bute, and Arran. 18. KcELi^RiA. Crested Hair-grass. K. CRISTATA, Pers.— Root fibrous. Stem 6—8 in. high. Le. tufted, smooth or downy, margins more or less hairy. Panicle 192 88. GRAMINE^. very close, interrupted below, .1 — 2 in. long. Inner glumellas white and silvery, with a green keel, outer ones shining on the edge. Rare. Dry pastures. (B) P. 6—7. "Abundant at Jerviston," Pair. On a grassy bank by the sea shore below Fairlie. 14. HoLCUS. Soft-grass. 1. H. LANATUS, L. — Meadow Soft-grass. Rhizome creeping. Stems 1 — 2 ft. high, clothed as well as the le. with a soft down, giving the plant a pale appearance. Panicle erect when young, spreading in flower, tinged with purple. Gl. ohtuse, sometimes with a short point below the apex. Awn of the barren floret curved when ripe, in the form of a fish-hook, concealed by the glumes. Very common. Pastures and woods. (B) P. G — 7. 2. H. MOLLIS, L. — Creeping Soft-grass. This comes very near the last, not so downy, but with long hairs on the nodes, pointing downwards. Awn of the barren floret projecting beyond the acute glumes, geniculated. Frequent. Pastures and hedges. (B) P. 7. Langside wood ; near Cambus- lang ; from Gourock to An-an. 15. AfRA. Hair-grass. A. Lower glumella truncate, jagged. 1. A. c^^spiTosA, L. — Tufted Hair-grass. Root fibrous. Stems tufted, erect, 2 — 4 ft. high. Le. linear, acuminate, rough on the margin and upper surface. Sheaths rough; ligule long. Panicle much branched, close and drooping at first, afterwards spreading and erect, silvery-grey, 6 — 8 or 10 in. long, branches rough. Outer glumellas with the aivn inserted at the base, and of the same length. Very common. Moist places and sides of ditches. (B) P. 6—7. 2. A. ALPiNA, L. — Smooth Alpine Hair-grass. This is by many considered a variety of the former, with short le. , sheaths smooth. Awns arising from above the middle of the glumellas, and not extending beyond the apex; often viviparous, 6 — 12 in. high. On the tops of our highest mountains. (H) P. 6— 7. Ben Lomond. 3. A. FLEXUOSA, L. — Waved Hair-grass. Stems slender, 12 — 18 in. high. Le. convolute; ligule truncate. Panicle loose ; lower branches waved; spikelets shining. Gl. rough on the mid- rib. Awn tivisted, arising from near the base, and extending considerably beyond the apex of the glumella. Common. Heaths and hilly woods. (B) P. 7. Banks of the Forth and Clyde Canal; Cathkin; and all the hills around. 88. GRAMINE^. 193 B. Lower glumella bifid. 4. A. CARYOPHf LLEA, L. — SUverij Hair-grass. — Stems tufted, erect, 6 — 8 in. high. Le. very slender, short and narrow. Panicle erect, loose, spreading; branches 3-forked; spikelets clustering towards the apex, silvery grey. Awn longer than the glumella, arising from a little beneath the middle. Frequent. Gravelly places and pastures. (B) A. 6—7. Possil road; Paisley- Canal bank; sand hills, Tollcross ; Bowling, &c. 5. A. PR^'cox, L. — Early Hair-grass. Stems tufted, 2 — 4 in. high, erect. Le. short, very fine, setaceous; sheaths slightly inflated. Panicle very small, close, seldom more than an inch long; spikelets few, acute at the base, pale silvery green. Awn arising from a little above the base, longer than the glumes. Frequent, Sandy hills and gravelly places. (B) A. 5—6. Tollcross and Gourock. 16. Akrhenathj^rum. False Oat-grass. A. AVENACEUM, Beauv. — Root fibrous and slightly knotted. Stem erect, 2 — 3 ft. high, nodes smooth. Le. few, flat, roughish. Panicle loose, 6 — 8 in. long, lower branches rising from the rachis in fives. Awn long, twisted and geniculate, from a little above the base of the outer glumella. Var. hidhosum. Stem with large bulbs at the base, nodes downy. Common. In hedges and pastures. (B) P. 6—7. Banks of the Kelvin ; Lang- side wood, &c. 17. Av^NA. Oat, Oat-grass. 1. A. EATUA, L. — Wild-Oat Haver. Stem erect, 2— 3 ft. [high. Le. flat, linear, lanceolate; ligule obtuse or emarginate. Panicle erect, few-flowered; spikelets penduluous. Gl. membranous, many- ribbed. Glumellas acute, outer one with several reddish brown hairs at the base. Awns long and twisted, abruptly bent^ about the middle. Very rare. Corn fields, (B) A. 6—8. Near Uddingston. 2. A. STRIGOSA, Schreb. — Bristle-pointed Oat. Very like the common oat. Branches of the panicle secund ; glumellas ending in bristles or short aivns; considered by many as a degenerate form of the common oat. Frequent. In corn fields. A. 6— 7. Tollcross; Cadder; Cathcart; plentiful in Bute, Cumbrae, and Arran. 3. A. PRATENSis, L.—Narroic -leaved Oat. Rhizome tufted. Le. often scabrous on the surface, involute. Spikelets 3 — 5, fl. Panicle slightly compound, often simple and lax. Glumes with few nerves ; lower floret not so long as the large glume. Drv pastures and heathy mountainous places; hills ahove Largs and Fairlie- Arnif). (B) P. 6—7. 194 88. GRAMINE^. 4. A. PLA.NICULMIS, Schmd.—Flaf -stemmed Oat. "Panicle erect, compound, interrupted, spikelets erect, nearly cylindrical, linear-oblong of 5 — 7 florets, lower floret longer than the longest glume, le. scabrous, broadly linear, suddenly acute, minutely serrate, sheaths flat, sharply carinate, scabrous, lower part of the culm slightly compressed, two-edged." " Glen Sannox, on the ascent of Goat Fell from Loch Rannoch, Isle of AiTan,"" Mr, Stewart Murray, 1826, late curator of the Glas. Bot. Garden, //. d: A., p. 566. P. 7. In the "Manual of British Botany" this is given as a variety of A. pratensis. 5. A. PUBESCENS, L. — Doivny-Oat. Rhizome slightly creeping. Stem erect, 1 — 2 ft. high. Lower le. flat, downy on the edge; sheaths covered with long soft hairs. Panicle erect, with rough branches, nearly simple, spikelets erect, glumellas scarcely ex- ceeding the glumes. Very rare. Dry pastures. (B) P. 6—7. Cathkin hills; "Banks of the Cart opposite the mill," Hopk. 6. A. ELAVESCENS, L. — Yelloiv-Oat. Stem erect, about 1 ft. high, nodes with a circle of deflexed hairs. Lower le. and sheaths hairy; ligule very short, obtuse. Panicle much branched, the lower-ones rising in fives; spikelets yellowish, small. Gl. unequal. Glumellas with downy pedicels, outer one ending in 2 terminal bristles. Awn twisted and bent. Very rare. Dry pastures. (E) P. 7. Below Fairlie on the sandy pastures; Island of Arran ; sometimes inti-oduced with seed. 18. Sesli^ria. Blue Moor-grass. S. c^RULEA, Scop. — Rhizome creeping, densely tufted. Stem ' 6 — 18 in. high, slender, light green. Le. very short, linear, obtuse, terminating in a minute rough point. Panicle ovate, shining, bluish grey. Outer glumella with the midrib rough, and terminating in a short point. Anthers prominent, of a bleached yellow, with purple tips. Very rare. On mountains. (H) P. 4 — 6. Ben Lomond plentiful. 19. Cynosij'RUS. Crested Dog's-tail-grass. C. CRISTATUS, L.— Root fibrous. Stems tufted, erect, wiry and very tough. Le. narrow, acute, rough on the upper surface, smooth and glossy below. Panicle spike-like; spikelets secund, with pectinated bracts at the base of each. Glumellas Shortly awnecl. Often viviparous on mountains. Very common. Dry pastures. (B) P. 7. 20. Dactylts. Rough Cock's -foot-grass. D. GLOMERATA, L. — Root fibrous. Stcms tuftcd, erect, rough, about 2 ft. high. Le. broad, linear, acuminate, rough, edges 88. GRAMINE^. 195 minutely tootlied. Panicle in one or several tufts, dense, spread- ing and divaricate ; rachis and branches rough ; spikelets thickly- clustered. Outer gl. and glumella strongly heeled, the latter ciliate on the back. Very common. Woods and pastures. (B) P. 6 — 7. 21. PHRAGMfTES. Common Reed. P. COMMUNIS, Triu. — Rhizome long and creeping. Stem thick, 4 — 8 ft. high, round and smooth, bearing numerous, broad, linear- lanceolate le. Panicle very large, when young of a chocolate colour, at length light brown, from the mingling of silky hairs. Spikelets several-flowered. Perfect ones enveloped in long silky hairs. Frequent. Margins of rivers and ditches. (B) P. 7— S. Abundant on the banks of Clyde, from Eenfrew to Dumbarton ; Bute and Arran. 22. Tri6dia. Decumbent Heath-grass. T. DECUMBEXS, Beauv. — Stems tufted, slighty procumbent, 5 — 12 in. high. Le. narrow, rough towards the points; sheaths hairy; ligule a tuft of hairs. Raceme few-flowered. Pedicels smooth, erect. Spikelets large, about 4-flowered. Gl. smooth, very firm, membranous at the edge. Glumellas ending in 3 teeth outer one prominent. Frequent. On dry heaths and pastures. (B) P. 7. Dry portions of Possil marsh; near Cambuslang; Catlikin liills ; from Gourock to Arran. 23. BRfzA. Qnaldng -grass. B. MEDIA, L. — Common Quahing -grass. Root fibrous, tufted. Stem erect, slender, 12 — 18 in. high. Le. short, flat, acute, roughish on the inner surface; ligule truncate, short. Panicle loose and spreading; branches slender, divaricate. Spikelets pendulous, purplish with green or white edges, very smooth, broadly ovate, with about 7 swollen florets. Not common. Meadows and pastures. (B) P. 6. "About the ponds, Dougal- ston ; abundantly at the entrance to the Falls of Clyde ; about Airdrie," Hopk. '•'• Barncluith," Patr. Baldernock. 24. P6a. Meadow-grass. A. Spikelets linear or oblong. 1. P. AQUATICA, L. — Reed Meadow-grass. Rhizome creeping. Stems slightly compressed, thick, 4—8 ft. high. Le. broad, linear, rough on the edges and keel. Panicle large, much branched and spreading, often 12 in. long, branches rough 196 88. GRAMINILE. Spikelets very numerous, 5 — 10-flowered, linear-oblong. Gl. small, unequal, thin and 1 -nerved. Glumellas with 5 — 7 ribs, scariose on the margin. Frequent. Sides of rivers, ponds, and ditches, (E) P. 7 — 8. Banks of the Forth and Clyde Canal; Fossil marsh; river Cart, near the bridge beyond Shawlands. 2. P. FLuiTANS, Scop. — Floating Meadow-grass^ Manna Group- grass. Rhizome creeping. Stems decumbent, weak but rather thick and succulent, 1 — 3 ft. high. Le. linear-lanceolate, more or less folded when young, older ones floating on the surface of the water; sheath striate nearly smooth. Panicle erect, slender, very long ; branches few. Spikelets linear, leaning all to one side of the rachis, 8 — 20-flowered, from i to 1 in. long. Glumellas with 5—7 ribs. Very common. Ditches and stagnant pools. (B) P. 7—8. 3. p. MARiTiMA, Huds. — Sea Meadow-grass. Ehizome creep- ing. Stems decumbent at the base, very rigid, round and smooth, 8 — 12 in. high. Le. involute, short-pointed, glaucous. Panicle nearly simple, erect. Spikelets linear, mostly turned to one side of the branches, 6 — 8-flowered. Lower glumella faintly 5-nerved, apiculate, purplish, slightly silky at the base. Common. Sea coast, in damp places. (B) P. 7. From Dumbarton, all round the Firth. 4. P. COMPRESSA, L. — Flat-stemmed Meadow-grass. Rhizome creeping. Stems decumbent at the base, 8 — 12 in. high, com- pressed, bearing 4 — 5 le. ; uppermost node about the middle of the stem; upper le. the same length as its sheath. Panicle slightly spreading ; branches generally in pairs. Spikelets oblong, of 5 — 7 obtuse florets, slightly webbed, with silky hairs on the keel of the outer glumella, 3 -nerved, or in a variety called P. j)olynoda, 5-nerved. Very rare. On walls and barren places. (B) P. 6—7. "Walls about the old oaks," Fair. On the top of a dry wall, Possil road ; Corriebura. B. Spikelets ovate. 5. P. PRATENSis, L. — Smooth-stalked Meadow-grass. Rhizome creeping. Stem erect, round and smooth, 12 — 18 in. high. Le. flat, acute, roughish on the edges and inner surface ; upper sheath much longer than its le. ; ligule obtuse; sheaths smooth striated. Panicle spreading; spikelets ovate, with 3 — 4 webbed-florets. Glumella with 5 nerves, more or less hairy on the keel and lateral nerves. Very common. Meadows and pastures. (B) P. 6—7. 6. P. TRiviALis, L. — Roughish Meadow-grass. Stem 1 — 2 ft. high. Ligule long and acute ; s/iea^/is row^/A. Marginal nerves of the outer glumella without hairs; excepting these characters, very like the former species, and as common. Very common. Meadows and pastures. (B) P. 6—7. 88. GRAMINE^. * 197 7. P. ALPiNA, L. — Alpine Meadow-grass. Root fibrous. Stems tufted, slightly swollen at the base. Le. short, broadly linear, obtuse, upper le. "folded, compressed, and rounded behind tlie point ^^^ ligule oblong, obtuse, of the lower ones short, blunt- Panicle erect, spreading when in flower; branches short and slender. Spikelets broadly ovate, of 3 — 5 acute florets, not webbed; outer glumella with the lower half of the 3 ribs silky, mostly viviparous. Common. On the highest mountains. (H) P, 6— 7. Ben Lomond and Arran ? 8. P. NEMORALis, L. — Wood Meadow-grass. Rhizome slightly creeping. Stems weak, erect, 1| — 2 ft. high. Le. with smooth striated sheaths, upper one not longer than its le. ; ligule short, obtuse. Panicle slender, slightly drooping, branches roughish; spikelets of 3 — 4 florets, slightly webbed. Outer glumes with the dorsal and marginal ribs hairTj, the intermediate ones smooth. For an analysis of the numerous species and varieties made out of this variable grass see H d; A., p. 553. Common. Woods and shady rocks. (B) P. 6 — 7. 9. p. ANNUA, L. — Annual Meadow-grass. Root fibrous. Stems tufted, procumbent at the base, compressed. Le. bright green, soft, blunt and often wavy ; the uppermost sheath longer than its le., smooth, compressed; ligule oblong, acute. Panicle loose and spreading. Spikelets oblong-ovate, of 5 — 7 florets. Gl. rough on the keel. Glumellas not webbed, 5-ribbed, all more or less silky. Very common. Cultivated and waste places. (B) A. 4 — 9. 25. FestiJca. Fescue-grass. A. Lower leaves very narrow. 1. p. BEOMOiDES, L. — Barren Fescue-grass. Root fibrous. Stem tufted, erect, slender, smooth and bare of le. on the upper half. Le. narrow, convolute. Panicle slender, unilateral, con- tracted. Spikelets of 5-awned florets. Gl. very unequal, rough on the keel, Glumellas 5 -ribbed, lower one rough on the upper part, terminating in a long, slender, roughish awn^ often twice as long as the floret. Monandrous. Not common. Dry pastures and walls. (B) A. 6. Dry places in Possil marsh ; sand hills at Tollcross; banks of a railway at Wellshot; Gourock to Arran. 2. p. oviNA, Jj.— Sheep's Fescue-grass. Root fibrous. Stems tufted, erect, 4 — 10 in. high, slightly angular, rough below the panicle. Le. short, rigid, involute. Panicle narrow, nearly secund, branches rough. Spikelets of 4 — 7 florets. Awn short. Triandrous. Very common. Dry hilly pastures. (B) A. 6. Var. vivipara is merely the viviparous state found on high mountains. Common. Bute, Cumbrae, and Arran. 198 ■ 88. GRAMINE^. Var. duriuscula. — Tufted or slightly creeping. Stems 1 — 2 ft. high, with a few of its le. flat, angled and somewhat glabrous below the panicle. Common. In moist pastures and rich soil. Var. 7nibra. — Stems often nearly 2 ft. high, from an extensively creeping rhizome, many-angled, and smooth below the broad panicle. Le. of the stem broader and flat when dry, becoming somewhat involute. Frequent. In light sandy soils. (B) P. G. Common. In Bute, Cumbrae, and Arran. B. Leaves broader than the stem. 3. P. SYLVATICA, Vill. — Reed Fescue-grass. Ehizome creeping. Stems tufted, erect, 2 — 3 ft. high, round, furnished at the base with large, broad, acute, more or less polished scales. Radical le. broader than the upper stem one. Ligule prominent, obtuse. Panicle subsecund, much branched, 4 — 6 in. long. Spikelets of 3 — 5 acute, awnless florets. Gl. very narrow;, unequal, outer glumella 3-ribbed, rough ; the dorscd rib serrated Us ivJiole length. Very rare. In mountainous woods. (S) P. 7. "On Kenmuir hank," D?: Broim. 4. p. PRATENSis, Huds. — Meadow Fescue-grass. Root fibrous. Stems erect, round, smooth, and striated. Le. linear-lanceolate, flat, rough at the point. Panicle close, subsecund, never divari- cate. Branches in pairs from the rachis, the principal one com- posed of several spikelets, with an axillary branch of seldom more than one spikelet, the lower ones joined, to the 'principal branch. Spikelets 5 — 10-flowered ; outer glumella 5-ribbed, central one often forming a very short awn from a little below the membranous extremity. Common. In wet meadows and on river hanks. (B) P. G— 7. Var. loUacea. — Branches reduced to a solitary spikelet placed alternately on the rachis, sessile or shortly stallied, having the back of the spikelet to the rachis with 2 glumes. Not common. Banks of rivers ; plentiful on the hanks of Clyde at Dalheth, 5. P. ELATiOR, L. — Tall Fescue-grass. Stems forming large tufts, 3— 5 ft. high. Le. broad. Panicle diffuse, much branched, mostly in pairs, each with several spikelets, divaricate in flower- ing, sending its lower branches to one side, afterwards erect. Spikelets 5 — 6-flowered. Outer glumella with its dorsal rib ending in a small awn from a little below the apex. Very common. Banks of rivers and moist pastures. (B) P, 6—7. Banks of the Kelvin, Cart, and Clyde. 6. p. GiGANTEA, Vill. — Tall- bearded Fescue-grass. Root fibrous. Stem erect, 3—4 ft. high. Le. broad ; ligule unequal, 88. GKAMINEiE. 199 auricled, reddisli brown. Panicle large, loose, inclining to one side. Spikelets lanceolate, 3 — 6-fiowered. Gl. very unequal, outer one 3-ribbed. Lower glumella 5-ribbed, dorsal one ter- minating in a long awn, which passes behind the membranous apex, inner one with 2 marginal ribs minutely fringed. Freqiient. Shady woods and moist hedges. (B) P. 7 — 8. Clyde Iron-works; Carrayle and Kenmuir woods ; Kelvin woods; Gourock to Arran. 26. BromiJs. Brome-grass. A. Lower glume 1 -veined, upper 3 — 5- veined. 1. B. ASPER, L. — Hairy Wood Brome-grass. Koot fibrous. Stem erect, round, 3 — 6 ft. high. Le. broad, the lower ones hairy; sheaths striated, with hairs pointing downwards; ligule obtuse and torn. Panicle drooping, with long branches, slightly divided. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, of 6 — 10 distant florets, hairy. Lower glumella 5 — 7-ribbed, longer than its awn, outer one of the lowermost floret about twice the length of the smallest glume. Frequent. In woods and hedges. (B) A. B. 6 — 7. 2. B. STERiLis, L. — Barren Brome-grass. Stems erect, 1 — 2 ft. high. Le. broad, flat, downy. Sheaths striated, slightly pubescent. Panicle drooping, branches long, slightly divided. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, of 6 — 8 distant, rough florets. Outer glumella 7-ribbed, shorter than the long awn, spreading during and after flowering. Frequent. Waste ground and hedges. (B) A. 6. In hedges when entering Old Cathcai-t; Rutherglen; roadside at Shawfield Toll; Cambuslang; from Gourock to Curahrae. B. Lower glume 3— 5- veined, upper 7 — 9- veined, * 3. B. SECALINUS, L. — Smooth Rye Brome-grass. Stems erect. Le. hairy. Panicle loose, nearly simple, spreading when in fruit, slightly nodding. Spikelets oblong, with about 10 distant florets. The glumellas not overlapping by their edges the florets above; when in fruit, rolled in at the margin. "The apex of the large glume, midway between its base, and the summit of the second floret" on the same side. Outer glumella roundly hidentate at the apex. Awns flexuose, shorter than the florets. Rare. In corn fields, introduced with seed. (B) A. 6—7. Possil road ; Toll- cross; grass fields heyond Pollokshields, 4. B. COMMUTATUS, Schrad. — Tumid Field Brome-grass. Stem erect. Le. and sheaths hairy. Panicle at first erect, loose, and slightly drooping in fruit. Spikelets oblong-lanceolate, rough, loosely-flowered. " Apex of the large glume midway between its base and the summit of the second floret on the same side." 200 88. GRAMINE^. Lower glumella, only slightly overlaiDping the next when in fruity 9-vemed, of the same length as its straight awn. Plant greyish green. Not common. Corn fields and waste places. (B) B. 6—7. New Kilmarnock road beyond Shawlands; banks of the railway at Eastfield. 5. B. RACEMosus, L. — Smooth Brome-grass. Stem erect, 8 — 16 in. high. Le. downy. Eaceme smooth, erect in fruit, seldom panicled. Spikelets smooth, ovate, somewhat polished, of a light green, rough to the touch. Apex of the large glume midway be- tween its base and the summit of the second floret on the same side ; central ribs distinctly toothed on the upper half. Frequent. Pastures and roadsides. (B) A. B. 6. Keppocli hill ; Cathcart ; Paisley Canal hank; from Gourock to Arran. 6. B. MOLLIS, L, — Soft Brome-grass. Stems erect, 6—18 in. high, whole plant downy, hairs on the stem pointing downwards. Panicle erect, sometimes racemose. Spikelets ovate, darkish green. The summit of the large glume midway between its base and the apex of the third floret on the same side. Gl. and florets hairy, not toothed on the central rib. Very common. Fields and waysides. (B) A. B. 6. *7. ^. A.-KV±^^i^, \i.— Taper Field Brome-grass. Stems erect. Le. more or less downy. . Panicle spreading, slightly nodding in fruit ; a few of the lower peduncles elongated, slightly branched. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, of a purplish tinge. Apex of the large glume scarcely midway between its base and the summit of the second floret on the same side. Aiuns spreading^ larger than the glumellas. Very rare. A ruhhish plant in this locality. A. 7 — 8. Possil road and beyond Tradeston. 27. El^mus. Lyme-grass, E. ARENARius, L. — Khizome creeping extensively and binding the sandy soil. Stems 3 — 4 ft. high, smooth. Le. glaucous, involute. Glumes downy. Glumellas of the same length as the glumes, inner one bifid at the apex. Not common. Sandy sea shores; Brodick Bay, Dr. Syme; coast by Kildonan. (B) P. 6—7. 28. TEfTicUM. Wheat, Wheat-grass. 1. T. REPENS, L. — Couch-grass, Creeping Wheat-grass. Rhi- zome creeping extensively, throwing up stems from nearly each node, 1 — 4 ft. high. Le. mostly flat, with short hairs on the ribs of the upper surface, not covering the hollows between. Spike elongated, rachis rough. Spikelets arranged on a zigzag rachis, 88. GRAMINE^. 201 4— 8-flowered. Glumes 5 — 7-ribbed, awned or awnless. Outer glumella acuminate, or witli a short awn, 5-ribbed ; whole plant often glaucous. Very common. Hedges and fields. (B) P. 6—8. Var. littorale, with involute le. and the rachis of the spike smooth on the edge ; glumellas acute or awned ; plant glaucous. Common. On the sea shore; Cumbrae and An-an. 2. T. JUNCEUM, L. — Rushy Sea Wheat-grass. Rhizome creep- ing. Stems decumbent at the base, 12 — 18 in. high. Le. involute, linear, acute ; hairs on the ribs of the upper surface covering the hollows between. Spike long, rachis smooth, very brittle. Spike- lets distant, 4 — 6-flowered. Glumes smooth, obtuse or with an apiculus, many ribbed, the central one running to one side. Glumellas obtuse, smooth and polished, 5-ribbed ; the middle oije sometimes forming a small blunt point. Whole plant glaucous. Frequent. On sandy sea shores. (B) P. 7 — 8. Var. laxum. — Le. flat, with involute e.dges, ribs on the upper surface, rough with minute sharp points. Spikelets rather close, 5 — 8-flowered ; rachis not brittle, smooth, or minutely toothed. Glumes obtuse or mucronate, about 7-ribbed. Common. On the sea shore ; Cumbrae and Arran. 3. T. CANiNUM, Huds. — Fibrous-7'ooted Wheat-grass. Root Jihrous. Stems tufted, erect, smooth. Le. broad, rough on both sides. Spike elongated, rachis rough on the edges. Spikelets sessile, close, 4 — 5-flowered. Glumes nearly equal, roughish, awned, 3 — 5-ribbed. Outer glumella of the lowermost floret equal in length to the glume, 5-ribbed, acuminate, furnished with a long slender awn. Frequent. Woods and banks. (B) P. 7. Partick in an old quarry; Carmyle and Kenmuir woods; hedges near Cathcart; Cambuslang glen, &c. 29. Brachyp6dium. False Brome-grass. B. SYLVATTCUM, Bcauv. — Slender False Brome-grass. Root fibrous. Stem erect, 2 — 3 ft. high. Le. flat, broad, and linear; hairy on the upper surface. Sheaths hairy; ligule blunt. Spike drooping, spikelets distant, long, nearly round when young, com- pressed when old. Gl. 7-ribbed. Outer glumella somewhat hairy, 7-ribbed. Awns of the upper florets longer than their glumellas. Frequent. In woods and hedges. (B) P. 6 — 7. Kelvinside; Carmyle and Kenmuir woods; Cambuslang glen ; from Gourock to Arran. 30. LoLiUM. Bye-grass. 1. L. PERENNE, Jj.— Perennial or Beardless Rye-grass. Root 202 FILICES. fibrous, producing leafy barren shoots. Stems erect, 1 — 2 ft. high, leafy below. Spike 6 inches, sometimes 1 foot long, spikelets distant, when growing in rich soil compound, or with the spikelet, very closely set. Florets 3 — 10, with a large solitary glume as the base. Glumellas usually awnless. Very common. Meadows, pastures, and waysides. (B) P, B. 6—7. *2. L. Italicum, A. Braun. — Italian Bye-grass. Roots with leafy barren shoots. Spikelets 6 — 14- flowered. Lowest glumella with a long slender awn. Never found except near where it lias been cultivated, as at Carmyle. 3. L. TEMULENTUM, h.—Damel. Roots fibrous, witJiout barren shoots. Stems tufted. Le. flat, rough. Spike erect. Spikelets of 4— 5-awned florets. Gl. about the same length as the spikelets. Glumellas short, swollen, with the tumid fruit, mostly awned. Poisonous. Very rare. Cornfields. (B)A. 6— 9. Waste corner of a field at Shettleston. CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. CLASS III. ACOTYLEDONS OR ACROGENS. Sub-Class l.-PILICES. Flowerless plants bearing seeds or spores, inclosed in spore cases or capsules, arranged in clusters {soi^i), on the back of the leaves or fronds ; sometimes on the margin or in the axil ; in others radical or in terminal spikes. OrD. 89. — POLYPODIACE^. Capsules arranged in clusters on the back or edge of the frond, surrounded by an elastic ring. Fronds circinate when young. LYCOPODIACE^. 203 GENERA OP PILICES. A. Sori dorsal or within the dorsal margin. Tribe 1. POLYPODIES.— Sori without an indusium, circular or nearly so. 1. PoLYPODiUM. — Sori large circular, golden yellow. 2. Cryptogramme. — Sori. marginal, at length uniting, and covered by the reflexed margin of the frond. Barren and fertile fronds distinct. Tribe 2. ASPIDIES. — Sori nearly circular, covered by an indusium. 3. AspiDiUM. — Sori circular or reniform, covered by an indusium. 4. Cystopteris. — Indusium springing from beneath the sori. Tribe 3. ASPLENIEiE. — Sori linear or oblong, covered by an indusium. 5. AsPLENiUM. — Indusium opening on one side. 6. ScoLOPENDRiUM. — Indusium opening by a slit along the centre. 7. Ceterach. — Indusium erect, concealed by scales. Tribe 4. PTERIDES. — Sori covered by a marginal indusium or cuticle of the frond. 8. Pteris. — Sori linear, continuous on the margin of the frond. 9. Blechnum. — Sori distant from the margin. Barren and fertile fronds distinct. B. Sori in marginal involucres. Tribe 5. HYMENOPHYLLEiE.— Sori in a marginal cup or involucre. 10. — Trichomanes. — Sori within a cup-shaped involucre. 11. Hymenophyllum. — Sori within a 2-valved involucre. OeD. 90. — OSMUNDACEJE. Capsules arranged in clusters at the extremity of the frond;, ring obscure. Fronds circinate when young. 1. OsMUNDA. — Capsules in branching spikes. OrD. 91. — OPHIOGLOSSACEiE. Capsules arranged on a separate branch of the frond ; ring obso- lete. Fronds straight when young. 1. Ophioglossum. — Capsules on a single spike. 2. BoTRYCHiUM. — Capsules on a branched spike. Ord. 92. — Lycopodiace^. Capsules sessile in the axils of terminal leaves, arranged as. spikes, or in a cavity at the base of the leaves; ring obsolete. Fronds straight when young. 204 89. POLYPODIACE^. 1. Lycopodium. — Stems leafy. Capsules in terminal spikes. 2. IsoETES. — Leaves all radical. Capsules in the thickened base of the leaves. Ord. 93. — Marsileace^. Capsules globose, seated in the axils of the leaves at the root ; ring obsolete. Fronds circinate when young. 1. PiLULARiA. — Character same as the order. Ord. 94. — Equisetace^. Fructification in terminal spikes consisting of peltate scales, under each of which are several capsules, containing spores sur- rounded by four elastic filaments. 1. Equisetum. — Character same as the order. SPECIES OF FILICES. 89.-POLYPODIACE^. 1. PoLYPdDiUM. Polypody. 1. P. VULGARE, Jj.— Common Polypody. Rhizome thick, woody, covered with scales. Stipes smooth. Frond 6 — 12 in. high, deeply pinnatifid; segments linear-oblong, toothed or plain. Sori round, orange-coloured when ripe, green when young. Very common. Walls and trunks of trees. (B) P. 6 — 9. Kelvinside wood; Cannyle, &c. 2. P. Phegopteris, L. — Mountain Polypody. Beech -fern. Rhizome creeping. Stipes long. Fronds 8 — 16 in. high, pinnate, pinnse narrow, lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, acuminate, lowest pair, pointing forwards and downwards, gradually diminishing from near the base to the apex, segments denticulate, ciliate ; veins and midrib hairy. Sori inserted near the margin of the seg- ments. Frequent. In damp woods. (S) P. 6—8. Frequent near Hamilton; Calder- wood glen; Dougalston woods; from Gourock to Arran. 3. p. Dryopteris, L. — Tender three-branched Polypody^ Oak- fern. Rhizome extensively creeping, black and wiry. Stipes long, with large scales at the base. Fronds 6 — 10 in. high, quite 89. POLYPODIACE^. 205 smooth, tender bright greeD, ternate, divisions pinnate, the two lateral and lower portions not so large as the terminal one, on slender stalks ; segments obtuse ; slightly crenate. Sori near the margin. Frequent. On dry shady banks. (S) P. 7. Cadzow, on the banks of the Avon, plentiful; near Camhuslang; banks of the Calder; banks of the Kelvin; DougaJ- ston ; Gourock to Arran. 2. Cryptogramme. Rock-brake. C. CRiSPA, Br. — Parsley-fern, Curled Rock-hrahe. Rhizome densely tufted. Stipes long, brittle. Fronds 6 — 12 in. high. Barren ones bi-tripinnate, segments wedge-shaped, deeply -toothed at the apex. Fertile fronds linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, margin recurved. Sori circular, covered by the margin of the frond. Plant resembling a tuft of parsley. Not common. Amongst rocks in mountainous countries. (H) P. 7. Ben Lomond; Neilston pad; 10 miles along the Drymen road ; " hills above Kilraun,"^ Wm. Simpson ; Glen Sannox, Arran ; Campsie hills. 3. AspfDiUM. Shield-fern. § A. POLf STicuM. — Indusium orbicular, attached by the centre (peltate). 1. P. ACULEATUM, Sw. — Gommon Prickly Shield-fern. Rhizome short, thick, covered with the remains of former years' stipes. Fronds with short chaffy stipes, broadly lanceolate, bipinnate^ pinnules obliquely curved, tapering to a wedge-shaped base, forming an acute angle, very shortly stalked, lower one on the upper side next the main rachis longer than the others, upper base enlarged into an auricle ; margins serrate, spinulose ; rachis chaffy. Frequent. Woods and hedge banks. (E) P. 7. Calderwood glen; below Gourock; Bute and Arran. V"ar. lobdtum. — Frond narrower than the last, more rigid, with scarcely any footstalk to the pinnules, "when starved pinnate, "^ often with the margin strongly spinose. Common. Moist woods and shady banks. (B) P. 7. Hamilton; Calderwood glen; Cambuslang glen; Cathcart; Crofthead; Kelvindock; from Gourock to Arran. 2. P. ai^gjjlLre, Willdi.— Angular-leaved Sldeld-f em. Rhizome short, thick. Stipes short and chaffy. Fronds 2 — 3 ft. high, flexible, distinctly bipinnate ; pinules next the main rachis scarcely larger than the rest, all lobed on the upper side, obtuse or acute, deeply serrate, spinulose ; base forming an obtnse angle, distinctly stalked, lying more at right angles to the rachis than the former; altogether a more luxuriant plant. Not common. Woods and hedge banks. (E) P. 7. Helensburgh; Woods at Skelmorlie very plentiful; several glens below and towards Largs; Cumbrae; Bute and Arran. 206 89. POLYPODIACEiE. § B. Lastrea. — Tndusiiim orbicular-reniform, attached by the sinus. 3. L. Oreopteris, Sw. — Heath Shield-fern^ Mountain-fern. Rhizome tufted. Stipes short. Fronds erect, 2 — 3 ft. high, pinnate ; pinnsB linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid, becoming gradually smaller from the middle of the frond to the base ; segments entire, obtuse, glandular beneath. Sori confined to the margin of the segments. Indusium very small. Colour yellowish green ; fragrant when bruised. Very common. Heaths and mountain pastures. (B) P. 7. Cathkin hills; Calderwood glen; on all the hills bordering the Firth. 4. L. FiLix-MAS, Sw. — Male-fern. E-hizome slightly decum- bent or nearly erect. Stipes densely scaly. Fronds growing in circular tufts, bipinnate; pinnae linear-lanceolate; pinnules obtuse, with a broad base, serrated or incised and toothed, but not spinu- lose ; rachis covered with brown scariose scales. Sori confined to the upper half of the frond. Very common. Shady banks and woods. (B) P. 6—7. Var. incisa, Moore. — Pinnules wide apart from each other, oblong-lanceolate, rather deeply incised, with a slight auricle at the base, fronds taller and of more erect growth than the former. Frequent. In the woods around Glasgow. Var. producta, Moore. — Fronds upwards of 3 ft. high. Pinnules elongated, gradually tapering to a point, deeply pinnatifid and lobed, the lobes serrated ; basal pinnules cut more than half way down to the midrib, attached by a short stalk ; altogether a finer and more completely developed state of incisa. Frequent in woods ; Garscube; Gadder wilderness ; Gourock; Bute and Arran. Y a,r. paleacea, Moore; Borreri, Newm. — Very rigid, and densely scaly on the stipes, rachis, and veins of the pinnules. Indusia with the edges incurved. Frequent. In Cumbrae and An'an. 5. L. CRISTATA, Sw. — Crested Shield-fern. Stipes scaly. Fronds erect, glabrous, 1 — 2 ft. high, linear-lanceolate, pinnate; pinna? elongato -triangular, pinnatifid, segments curved towards the apex of the pinna, crenate, with mucronate teeth. Sori large ; indusium flat, entire. Very rare. In boggy heaths. (E) P. 8. Bog beyond Crofthead. 6. L. DiLATATA, Sw — Broad Prichly Shield-fern. Stipes long, covered with lanceolate, acuminate scales, brown in the centre. Fronds 2 — 5 ft. high, ovate-lanceolate or subdeltoid, bi- or tri- pinnate, lowest pinnae sub-deltoid, unequally pinnate, this inequality gradually disappearing until about the middle of the 89. POLYPODIACE^, 207 frond where they become equal sided ; the stipes, rachis and under side of the fronds often covered with glands ; pinnules mostly deeply pinnatifid, divisions ending in a sharp tooth. Indusium fringed with marginal stalked glands. Common. Moist woods and moors. (B) P. 8—9. Langside wood; Gadder wilderness. Very fine. Var. 8pinulosa, Presl. — Stipes 9 — 12 in. long, with pale acute scales, not dark in the centre. Fronds lanceolate, bipinuate, lower pinnae subdeltoid ; pinnules ovate-oblong, deeply cut, serra- tions spinulose ; under surface glandless. Indusium with no mar- ginal glands. Frequent. Lochlibo ; lianks of Loch Lomond, near Tarbert ; Mugdock woods, Mr. George Thomson. (E) 8 — 9. Var. recurva, Newm. ; oimida, Brack. — A smaller plant than the last, about 12 in. high, rigid, with a curled look. Frond triangular in outline ; pinnules concave above, glandular below, spinoso-serrate ; scales of the stipe long, narrow, and laciniate. Indusium with a few long teeth. Frequent. On the face of the old sea cliffs all round the Firth; plentiful between Brodick and Corric, also below Lamlash. (A) P. 8—9. Var. glandulosa, "N'ewm. — A very glandular plant is found agreeing in most particulars with this variety. Khizome de- cumbent. Fronds upwards of 2 ft. high, oblong-lanceolate ; the lowest pinnse are twisted into nearly a horizontal plane, pointing forward, forming an acute angle with the rachis. Stipes, rachis, and under surface of the frond, densely covered with stalked glands ; scales dark in the centre ; lowest pinnae broad and unequally deltoid, pinnules ovate -lanceolate, pinnatifid almost to the midrib. Indusia fringed with glands. Cadder wilderness; Bute and Arran. Var. nana, Newm. — A smaller plant than the last, slightly glandular, 12 to 18 in. high, 6 in. wide. Fronds ovate or broadest at the base, bipinnate, pinnae often of equal length to above the middle, then suddenly tapering to a point, spreading, slightly acuminate, lowest unequal-sided, the next nearly equal. Pinnules somewhat convex, basal ones stalked, next decurrent. Sori small, nearer the midrib than margin. Indusia with stalked glands. Stipes thickly clothed at the base with scales having a dark centre, very few on the rachis. Frequent. Cadder wilderness ; Bute and Arran. Var. colUna, Newm. — Stipes green above, tinged with purple at the base. Fronds 1 — 2 ft. high, dark green, nearly erect, ovato- lanceolate, mostly glandular below. Pinnse distant below, close above, spreadiug, the lowest pair shorter than the next above, and unequally deltoid, all the rest equal sided, not acute at the 208 89. POLYPODIACE^. apex ; pinnules convex, deeply pinnatifid, terminating in 3 equal teeth, giving the pinnule an obtuse appearance. Indusia fringed with glands. Frequent. In Bute and Arran ; glen at Colintraive. Var. pumila, Moore. — A dwarf plant with subdeltoid or ovato- deltoid fronds, bipinnate, pinnules blunt, slightly glandular beneath ; scales pale but often two-coloured. Colintraive ; Bute and Arran. Var. dumetorum, Sm. — Frond 12 — 18 in. long, oblong-ovate or elongate-triangular ; glandular underneath especially on the veins; lowest pinnas pointing forward ; pinnules oblong-ovate, sometimes convex, with broad incurved coarse teeth, tipped with a bristle. Scales few except at the base of the stipes, pale brown, centre scarcely darker in colour, edge often fringed with small points. Sori large, generally covering the under surface of the frond. Indusia fringed with stalked glands. Cadder wilderness ; Colintraive glen ; Bute and Arran, TJiomas Moore. 4. Cystoptekis. Bladder-fern. C. FRAGiLis, Bernh. — Brittle Bladder-fern. Rhizome shortly creeping. Fronds tufted, 8 — 12 in. high, lanceolate, bipinnate ; pinnules slightly stalked, oblong-ovate, cuneate at the base, pinnatifid or deeply serrate ; segments toothed ; rachis winged. Sori distant from the margin. Spores covered with sharp teeth. Frequent. Clefts of rocks and walls. (B) P. 7. Barncluith garden, Hamilton; Cadzow; Falls of Clyde; Campsie glen: Calderwood and Cambuslang glens; banks of tlie Kittoch burn ; from Gouroek to Arran. Var. dentata. Scarcelj'' bipinnate; pinnules broad below, sessile, ovate or oblong, bluntly toothed. Sori near tlie margin. Spores covered with warts. Rare. "Tarbert, by Loch Lomond," H. the centre of a head of flowers in the Composite^. Dissected, cut into a number of narrow segments. Dissepiment, the partitions, divisions or septa in an ovary. Distichous, arranged in rows on the two opposite sides of an axis. Distractile a stamen having a long unequal connective, with a fertile cell at the one end and the other barren, as in Salvia. Divaricate, widely spreading. Divergent, objects gradually separating from a centre. Dorsal, attached to the back; belonging to the back. Double, applied to flowers when the stamens or other organs are turned into petals, as in the double Ranunculus, Roses, &c. 222 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. Drupe, a single-seeded fruit, fleshy, with a hard stone, as in the cherry, plum, and peach. Duramen, the heart-wood or ripened portion of exogenous trees. EcHiNATE, spiny like a hedgehog. Elliptic, oval but acute at each end. Elongated, lengthened out. Emarginate, having a small notch at the end. Embryo, the rudiments of the young plant as enclosed in the seed. Embryo -sac 5 the cavity in which the germinal vesicle is developed in the nucleus. Emerged, a water plant having its summit only above the surface. Endocarp, the inner layer of the pericarp, as in the stone of the cherry, the core of the apple, &c. Endogens, plants having the stem composed of confused woody bundles, with cellular tissue between, both forming a cylin- drical caudex. Endosmose, the phenomenon of two liquids of unequal density separated by a membrane, mingling and becoming of equal density ; passing inwards. Endosperm, the albumen of seeds. Endostome, the opening through the tegmen at the micropyle. Endophleum, the inner bark or liber. Ensiform, shaped like a sword with a straight blade. Entire, said of any organ not cut or divided, or of a leaf not cut or toothed, but plain on the edge. Epicalyx, an outer calyx, composed of either sepals or bracts. Epicarp, the outer covering of the fruit, as the skin of the cherry, peach, and apple. Epidermis, the external cellular layer covering leaves, flowers, and young branches. Epigynous, organs apparently seated upon the ovary. Epipetalous, growing upon the petals. Epiphytes, plants growing upon others. Equitant, leaves folded and embracing, or clasping each other, as in the Iris. Erect, standing perpendicular to that from which it springs. Erose, gnawed or bitten, irregularly toothed. Et^rio, the aggregated little drupes in the bramble. Etiolated, blanched by being deprived of light. ExALBUMiNOUS, witliout albumen, as in the pea. Excurrent, extending beyond the point. Exogen, plants with the wood deposited in concentric rings or circles, forming a cylindrical trunk. ExosMOSE, passing outwards. See Endosmose. Exostome, the opening through the testa at the micropyle. Exserted, stamens are so when extending beyond the corolla. Exstipulate, having no stipules. GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 223 ExTRA-AXiLLAHY, buds or flowers not produced in the axils. ExTRORSE, anthers opening outwards from the pistil. Falcate, bent like a sickle. Farinose, having a mealy surface. Fasciculate, arranged in a bundle, springing from nearly the same point. Fastigiate, having a pyramidal form, from the branches being nearly parallel to the stem. Feather- veined, veins passing from the midrib to the edge of the leaf. Feathery, resembling a feather. Fibrous, composed of many small fibres. Filament, the stalk supporting an anther. Filiform, like a thread. Fimbriated, fringed at the margin. Fistulous, hollow as in the stems of grasses. Flabelliform, in the form of a fan. Flagellum, a creeping stem, producing rooting buds, as in the straioherry. Flexuose, undulating, or zigzag in direction. Floccose, covered with woolly tufts. FoLiACEOUS, having the colour and consistence of leaves. Follicle, a small one-celled free carpel, dehiscing by the ventral suture only. Foramen, a small opening or pore, as in the ovule. Fornicate, arched or vaulted over. Forked, dividing by twos. FoviLLA, the granular contents of the pollen grain. Frond, the leaf in Ferns. Fructification, all parts composing the fruit. Fruit, the seed vessel and contents when ripe. Fruticose, shrubby. Fugacious, soon falling off. Funiculus, the cord attaching the ovule to the placenta. Funnel-shaped or Infundibuliform, tubular below, gradually widening upwards. Furcate, forked, dividing into two branches. Fusiform, spindle-shaped, tapering to each end from a thick* centre. Galeate, arched and concave like a helmet. Gamosepalous, a calyx of one piece. Gamopetalous, a corolla of one piece. Gelatinous, having the consistence of jelly. Geniculate, bent like the knee. Germen, the ovary. Gibbous, swollen at the base on one side. Glabrous, smooth, without hairs. 224 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. Gland, a secreting organ often raised above the surface, some- times internal. Glandular hairs, hairs tipped with a gland. Glans or Nut, the fruit of the oah; acorn. Glaucous, a bluish green mingled with white, as the bloom on the ripe plum or grape. Globose, round or spherical. Glomerule, a small rounded cyme in which the flowers are close together. Glumellas, the inner scales inclosing the stamens and pistil in Glumes, the outer scales of the spikelet in Grasses; the scales of the Sedges including the flowers. Glutinous, viscid, adhesive. Granulated, having a rough surface of small projecting points or grains. Gvmnosperms, plants in which the pollen comes in immediate contact with the naked ovule without the intervention of style or stigma, as in the Coni/erce. Gynandrous, stamens and pistil united in a column. Gynophore, a stalk bearing the ovary above the calyx. Habit, the general bearing or aspect of a plant. Hairs, fine conical expansions of the epidermis. Hastate, halbert-shaped, furnished at the base with two diver- gent lobes. Head, flowers collected closely together, surrounded by an involucre. Helmet, the hooded or arching upper part of a corolla. Herbaceous, the green succulent parts of plants which are not woody; usually applied to plants the stems of which die annually. Hermaphrodite, stamens and pistil in the same flower. Hesperidium, the fruit of the orange. Heterochromous, when the ray is of a difierent colour from the disk, as in Bellis. Heterogamous, when the florets of the disc are perfect, and those of the ray female or neuter. HiLUM, a scar on the base of the seed, left by the breaking away of the funiculus or podosperm. Hirsute, having long distinct hairs. Hispid, having strong stiff hairs. Histology, the microscopic study of tissues. HoMOCHROMOUS, whcu all the florets are of one colour, as in Leontodon. HoMOGAMOUs, when all the florets are perfect, as in Leontodon. HoMOTROPOUS, an erect embryo. Hooded, the arching upper part of a petal. Hybrid, a mule, produced by the crossing of two species belong- ing to one genus. GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 225 Hypanthodium, the expanded receptacle of the fig. Hypocraterifokm, shaped like a salver ; a flower with a long tube and a flat limb. Hypogynous, inserted beneath the ovarium. IcosANDRiA, having 20 or more stamens inserted on the calyx. Imbricated, overlying each other as the tiles on a house. Immersed, plants sunk under water. Impari-pinnate, ending in an odd leaflet. Imperfect, an organ incapable of performing its functions. Incised, cut down to the middle. Included, not extending beyond the corolla. Incumbent, the radical applied to the back of the cotyledons. Incurved, bending inwards. Indefinite, stamens exceeding twenty, an uncertain number, not readily counted. Indehiscent, not opening, not splitting when ripe. Indeterminate, flowering from the circumference to the centre, centripetal. Induplicate, when the edges of an organ are curved slightly in- wards in aestivation. Indusium, the membranous covering of the clusters or sori in Ferns. Inferior, an ovary below calyx is said to be inferior. Inflexed, bent inwards. Inflorescence, the disposition and arrangement of flowers. Infundibuliform, funnel-shaped. Innate, an anther inserted upon the filament. Inserted, growing upon an organ, as a stamen upon the calyx. Internode, the space between two joints. Interpetiolar, stipules springing from between the petioles of opposite leaves. Interruptedly-pinnate, small pinngg placed alternately with large ones. Intine, the inner coat of the pollen grain. Introrse, when the anther opens next the pistil. Involucre, the bracts at the base of an umbel, or surrounding the capitula in compound flowers, sometimes a single organ distant from a simple flower. Involucel, the involucre of the secondary umbel. Involute, rolled from the back inwards. Irregular, flowers in which symmetry of parts is wanting. Isomerous, when the organs of a flower are each composed of an equal number of parts. Joints, the spaces between the nodes or joinings. Jugate, leaves joined in pairs. Keel, the lower petal or carina in papilionaceous flowers. p 226 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. Kidney- SHAPED, heart-shaped, with the apex rounded. Knee, bent like the knee-joint. Labellum, Label, the lower lip in Orchids. Labiate, Lipped, flowers having two lips. Laciniated, irregularly cut into narrow segments. L^vis, smooth, even. Lamella, little plates. Lamina, the limb or blade of a leaf, petals, &c. Lanate, woolly. Lanceolate, a spear-shaped leaf, narrowly elliptical, and gra- dually tapering to each end. Lateral, placed on the side, not in the middle. Latex, the elaborated contents of the laticiferous vessels. Lax, loosely arranged, not compact. Leaflets, the lesser divisions of compound leaves. Legume, a single one-celled carpel, seeds arranged on the ventral margin, dehiscing by the dorsal and ventral sutures. Lenticels, small brown rugose markings on the epidermis of some stems. Lenticular, having the form of a double convex lens. Lepis, a scale. Liber, the inner layer of the bark composed of fibrous tissue. Endojyhleum. Lignine, the woody matter which thickens the cell-wall. Ligulate, strap-shaped, a floret with parallel sides, as in the Dandelion. Ligule, a membrane at the top of the sheath in grasses. Limb, the flat part of a leaf or petal. Linear, long and narrow, with parallel sides. Lobe, the division of a leaf or other organ. Loculament, a cavity in an ovary. LocuLiciDAL, fruit opening through the back of a carpel. LoMENTUM, a kind of legume or pod which, when ripe, breaks off at the joints. Lunate, crescent-shaped, or like the new moon. Lyrate, a pinnatifid leaf with the terminal lobe large, and the rest successively smaller. Marcescent, when withered not falling off. Medullary- rays, plates of muriforni cellular tissue connecting the pith and the bark. Medullary-sheath, a ring of spiral vessels surrounding the pith or medulla. Membranous, thin and flexible as in a membrane. Mericarp, the one-half of the fruit in Umbelliferoe. Mesocarp, the middle portion or fleshy part of the plum, cherry, &c. Mesochilium, the middle portion of the labellum in Orchids. GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 227 Mesophlceum, the cellular envelope of the bark or middle layer, composed of prismatic cells. Mesophyllum, the soft internal cells of a leaf. MiCROPYLE, the small opening into the young ovule, the organic summit. * Midrib, the large vein in the middle of a leaf. MoNADELPHOUS, stamcns united in one bundle. MoNiLiFORM, constricted at regular intervals, as in a string of beads. MoNOCOTYiEDONS, having but one cotyledon in the embryo, if more, alternate. MoxcECious, stamens and pistils in different flowers, but on the same plant. MoNOS, One, in composition Mon and Mono. MoNOSEPALOTJs, MoNOPETALOUS, calyx or corolla formed of one piece. MucRONATE, terminating in a stiff point or mucro, from a broad base. MuLTiFiD, cut into many segments. MuRiCATE, covered with small raised points or excrescences. MuRiFORM, cellular tissue, like bricks in a wall. Naked, flowers without any floral envelopes ; seeds apparently without any covering. Natant, floating. Navicular, hollowed in the form of a boat. Nectary, a portion of the flower which secretes honey. Nervation, arrangement. of the veins in a leaf. NiTiDUS, smooth and shining. Node, that portion of a stem from which the leaves are developed. Nodose, having many small knots. Nucleus, the body which gives origin to new cells ; the central portion of the young ovule. Nucleolus, a clear spot in the nucleus of cells. Nut, seeds with a dry hard coat, one-seeded, and seated in a cup- shaped involucre, also the small, hard seed in Gyperaceoi. Ob, a prefix meaning that an object is reversed. Oblong, about 3 times longer than broad and obtuse at the ends. Obovate, reversely ovate. Obtuse, blunt, having no point. Obvolute, the half of a folded leaf receiving the half of another folded in a similar manner. OcHREA, a tubular stipule sheathing the stem. Opaque, not transparent. Opposite, rising from opposite points on the same stem, or stamens facing the petals. Orbicular, a leaf d early round. Orthotropal, an ovule retaining its original position without 228 GLOSSAKY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. being curved; the micropyle at the apex with the hilum and chalaza blended in one at the base, as in polygonum. Oval, an ellipse rounded at each end, broadest in the middle, and about twice as long as broad. Ovary, that part of the pistil in which the youiig ovules are situated. Ovate, shaped like an Qgg ; broadest below the middle. OvATO-LANCEOLATE, a compound of two terms, signifying the form as being between ovate and lanceolate. Ovule, the young seed contained in the ovary. Pagina, applied to the surface of a leaf. Palate, the projecting part of the lower lip in a personate corolla, which closes the entrance to the tube. Palmate, divided about half way down and spreading like the opened hand. Pandup.iform, shaped like a fiddle. Panicle, a raceme with its pedicels branched a second time, paniculate like a panicle. Papilionaceous, a pea-shaped flower, said to resemble a butterfly, the large posterior petal is named the vexillum or standard ; the two side ones are the alee or wings ; and the lowest or inferior two joined in one piece, the carina or keel. Papillose, covered with small soft excrescences. Pappus, a crown of soft, silky hairs, feathers, or scales, termina- ting the fruit in Gompositm. Parenchyma, the cellular tissue of plants. Parietal, attached to the walls of the ovary. Pari-pinnate, compound pinnate leaves terminating in a pair. Partite, divided into deep lobes, or cut nearly to the base of an object. Patent, widely spreading. Pectinate, split into narrow segments as in a comb. Pe])Ate, palmate leaves, with the two outer lobes again deeply cut into the base. Pedicel, the secondary branches of a peduncle. Peduncle, the primary flower-stalk. Pellucid, bright, nearly transparent. Peloria, an irregular flower becoming regular; a phenomenon occurring in several flowers, such as Linaria. Peltate, when the petiole is attached to the disc instead of the margin. Pendulous, drooping. PENICILLA.TE, having the tufted appearance of a hair-pencil. Penni-nerved, nerves branching regularly from the midrib to the edge of the leaf, resembling a feather. Pepo, the fruit of the gourd or melon. Pentangular, having five angles with five flat faces. Perennial, plants flowering for several years. GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 229 Perfect, having stamens and pistils in the same flower, and in a perfect state for performing their functions. Perfoliate, when the stem is surrounded by the base of the leaf, so that the former appears to pass through it. Peri, a prefix to many words signifying around. Perianth, when the calyx and corolla are not distinguishable, or either is absent. Pericarp, the covering of the seeds in the form of a seed-vessel. Perigone, the covering of the seeds in the carices. Perigyxous, when the corolla and stamens are inserted in the calyx. Perisperm. See Albumen. Persistent, remaining, not falling off. Personate, a corolla in the form of an ancient mask, having two lips, with a palate closing the entrance into the tube. Petals, the divisions of the corolla. Petiole, the stalk or support of a leaf. Phanerogamous, Phanerogamia, visibly furnished with stamens and pistils. Phyllodium, a dilated petiole in the form of a leaf. Phyllotaxy, the laws which govern the arrangement of leaves on the stem. Physiology (vegetable), the study of the vital functions of plants. Pilose, covered with long scattered hairs. Pinn^, the leaflets of a pinnate leaf. Pinnate, a compound leaf, having leaflets arranged on each side of a common petiole. PiNNATiFiD, a simple leaf deeply cut into segments from the margin nearly to the midrib. Pinnule, the leaflets of a bipinnate leaf. Pistil, the ovary, style, and stigma, occupying the centre of the flower. Pith or Medulla, the soft cellular tissue occupying the centre of the stem in Exogens. Placenta, the part of the ovary to which the ovules are attached. Placentation, the arrangement of the placenta ; axillary, when the carpellary leaves meet in the centre or axis; parietal, when the carpellary leaves are joined by the edges or curve inwards but do not meet in the centre ; free central, when the placenta rises in the centre as a column to which the seeds are attached. Plicate, folded or plated. Plumose, resembling a feather. Plumule, the central bud lying between the cotyledons in the embryo. Pod, a one-celled, two-valved seed-vessel. Podosperm, the small cord or stalk of the ovule by which it is attached to the placenta. Pollen, the small granules contained in the anther cells : pollen 230 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. tube, a small tube emitted by the pollen grain when api)lied to the surface of the stigma, and communicating with the ovules. PoLLiNiA, the pollen masses in Orchids. Polyadelphous, stamens united into three or more bundles. POLYANDROUS, having twenty or more stamens. PoLYSEPALOUS, PoLYPETALOUS, calyx or coroUa composed of many segments. Pome, an apple or pear ; a many-seeded fleshy fruit, crowned by the calyx. Porous, having apertures or small roundish holes. Posterior, the part of a flower next the axis. Prickles, hardened sharp processes belonging to the epidermis. Primordial, usually applied to the first leaves or flowers. Primine, the outer coat of the ovule. Prismatic, having the form of a prism. Procumbent, lying on the ground. Proembryo, the green leafy body emanating from the spores of Ferns. Proliferous, producing many young plants at the base. Prosenchyma, fibrous tissue with acute extremities, or woody fibre. Prothallus, the germ frond of a fern on which the fertilizing organs are produced. See Proembryo. Pruinose, covered with a granular secretion, giving a fine bloom to several fruits. Pubescent, having closely adpressed, short, soft hairs. PuLViNATE. in the form of a cushion. Pulverulent, covered with fine powdery dust. Punctate, marked with minute spots or dots. Putamen, the hardened endocarp, as the stone of the cherry, &c. Pyriform, pear-shaped. Quadifarious, arranged in four rows. Quaternate, arranged in fours from one point. Quinary, arranged in fives, QuiNQUEFiD, divided into five. Raceme, flowers as in a spike, but with pedicels. Rachis, the central stem on which the flowers are seated in Grasses; the petiole of a pinnate leaf bearing the leaflets;. also the mid-stalk of the frond in Ferns on which the pinnae are situated. Radiate, wheu the flowers of the circumference are larger than those of the disk, and spread like rays, as in the Daisy. Radical, springing from the root. Radicle, the point in the embrj^o from which the root grows. Ramenta, little brown scales on ferns. Rainiuli, small twigs, or little branches. GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 231 Raphe, in seeds, a projecting cord covered by the testa, connect- ing the hilum and chalaza. Raphides, crystalline bodies met with in the cells of many plants. Receptacle, the enlarged extremity of the axis bearing the flowers. Reclinate, the extremity curved downwards. Recurved, curved backwards. Reflexed, bent backwards. Regular, having all the parts equal and of similar form. Reniform, kidney-shaped, broadly cordate at the base, round at the apex. Repand, with a sinuous wavy margin. Repens, creeping. Resupinate, twisted so that the under becomes the upper surface. Reticulated, as in the veins of a leaf when they anastomose, forming a net. Retrorse, directed back from the point of an organ. Retuse, blunt at the point, with a shallow notch in the middle. Revolute, margins rolled back as in some leaves. Rhizome, an underground creeping stem. Rhomboid, with a somewhat produced angle about the middle on each side, the petiole being attached to one of the acute angles. RiNGENT, a two-lipped, gaping corolla. Rootstock, a thick short rhizome. Rosaceous, flowers having petals with very short claws, as in the Roses. Rosette, leaves arranged in numerous close circles. Rostrate, prolonged in the form of a beak. Rotate, wheel-shaped, a monopetalous corolla with the tube scarcely longer than the flat limb. Rudimentary, an organ imperfectly developed. Rugose, coarsely wrinkled. RuGULOSE, finely wrinkled. Ruminated, mottled with foldings and windings as in the Nut- meg. RuNCiNATE, where the lobes of a widely pinnatifid leaf are directed backwards. Runner, a shoot lying flat on the ground and rooting at the end. Sac, a small bag. Saccate, in the form of a small bag. Sagittate, arrow-shaped ; furnished with two acute lobes point- ing backwards. Salver-shaped, a corolla with the tube longer than the flat limb. Samara, a fruit with dry membranous wings much prolonged, as in the ash. Sarcocarp or Mesocarp, the fleshy part of fruits, or middle layer of the pericarp. 232 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. Sarmentose, producing long runners. Scabrous, rough with little blunt projections. ScALARiFORM, tissue having bars in the form of a ladder. Scales, minute leaf -like bodies. ScANDENT, climbing by means of supports. Scape, a radical peduncle bearing no leaves. SoARious, thin, dry, and membranous. Sclerogen, the hard lining to woody cells. ScORPioiDAL, curved as in the shell of a snail, or the tail of a scorpion. Secund, turned to one side. Seed, the matured ovule containing an embryo. Sepals, the segments of the calyx. Septa or Dissepiments, the divisions of the seed-vessel. Septicidal, a seed-vessel opening through the septa or partitions. Septifragal, when the outer walls of the carpels break away from the septa, and open by the dorsal sutures. Serrate, toothed like a saw. Serrulate, very small teeth. Sessile, a leaf with no petiole. Seta, a bristle or slender straight prickle in roses and brambles, a bristle tipped with a gland. Sheath, the lower part of a leaf or petiole that encircles the stem. SiLicuLA, a short pod, not over twice as long as broad. SiLiQUA, a long pod, several times longer than broad. Simple, not branched, not compound. Sinuated, having large blunt lobes. Solitary, growing single. SoROSis, the compound fruits of the mulberry and pine-apple. SoRUS, a cluster of capsules or sporangia on the back of Fernsi. Spadix, a fleshy spike of sessile male and female flowers. Spatha, a large bract covering a spadix; a membranous envelope to flowers when in the bud. Spathulate, shaped like a spathula; a leaf enlargingf rom the base. Spermatozoids, small moving spiral bodies contained in anthe- ridia, or the male organs of Ferns. Spike, an axis with numerous sessile flowers. Spikelet, a small group of flowers, inclosed by one or two glumes, as in the Grasses. Spindle-shaped. See Fusiform. Spine, or Thorn, an abortive branch terminating in a sharp point, connected with the wood, hence persistent. Spinulose, covered with minute spines or prickles. Spiral vessels, fine membranous tubes with a spiral fibre coiled internally. Spongiole, the cellular extremity of rootlets. Sporangium, a capsule containing spores. Spores, the reproductive bodies in Cryptogamia, analogous to the seeds of the higher plants. GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 233 Spur, processes resembling horns, produced at the base of the calyx or corolla. Squarrose, spreading at nearly right angles to the stem. Stamen, usually formed of a filament and anther ; the male organ of a flower. Staminodium, a scale or barren stamen ; in Orchis the two lateral and sterile stamens. Standard, the posterior petal in papilionaceous corollas. Stigma, the viscid apex of the style to which the pollen adheres. Stipe, the footstalk of the frond in Feins, on which no leafy portion is produced. Stipitate, furnished with a stipe. Stipules, leafy appendages at the base-of the petiole. Stolon, Stoloniferous, bearing creeping stems rooting at the joints, where young plants are produced. Stomata, minute openings in the epidermis of plants. Stri^, very fine lines on the surface. Strigose, covered with small stiff hairs, often swollen at the base. Strobilus, a cone, the aggregated fruit in the Conifers. Style, the stalk which supports the stigma, arising from the ovary. Stylopode, a fleshy disk or thickening of the base of the styles in the Umhelllfei'ce. Sub, almost, scarcely ; a prefix, as in subrotund, signifying nearly round. Suberose, corky, of the nature of cork. Submerged, a plant entirely covered with water. Subulate, awl-shaped, tapering from a prismatic base to a sharp point. Succulent, filled with juice and fleshy. Sucker, an underground shoot rooting at the end, and then pro- ducing an serial stem. SuLCATE, furrowed, marked with deep grooves. Superior, above; when the calyx or corolla are seated on the ovary, they are said to be superior. Suspended, an ovule is said to be suspended when it hangs down from the top of the loculament by a small attachment near to the apex ; when it hangs from the apex it is then pendulous. Suture, the line formed by the cohesion of two parts. Syconous, the multijile inflorescence of the^^. Symmetrical, an organ when divided in equal halves by a vein or rib ; equal-sided ; a symmetrical flower is when all the rows are of equal numbers and alternating, or where the parts of one whorl are multiples of those of another. Tail, the long feathery or hairy termination of certain fruits. Tap-root, one which penetrates deep into the soil without dividing, but emitting small fibrils. 234 GLOSSAKY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. Tegmen or Secundine, the inner covering of the ovule lying under the testa. Tegmenta, the outer covering of buds during winter. Tegumenta or Integumeist, the outer covering of an organ, as the cellular covering of leaves, or the covering of seed, &c. Tendrils, the curliug organs by which some plants climb. Tenuis, delicate, slender, thin. Tercine, the third inner covering of the ovule. Terete, nearly round on a transverse section. Ternary, the arrangement by threes. Ternate, a compound leaf with three leaflets from the same point. Testa, the outer covering of the seed ; primine. Testaceous, of the consistence of a shell. Tetrad YNAMOUS, having four long stamens and 2 short. Tetragonal, having four angles. Thorn, a woody abortive branch, often bearing leaves. Throat, the orifice of the tube in a calyx or corolla. Thyrsus, a bunch ; a panicle having narrow ends, dense and broad in the middle. ToMENTOSE, covered with cottony felted hairs, or white down. Tomentum, dense white curled hairs. ToRULOSE, presenting successive swellings. Torus, the receptacle on the end of the peduncle. Trachea, trachenchyma ; vessels with one or more spiral fibres. wound spirally in their interior. Transverse, arranged across. Triangular, with three angles and three flat faces. Trichotomous, dividing by threes. Tricostate, three-ribbed. Trifarious, arranged in three rows. Trifid, divided into three, but not more than halfway to the Trifurcate, divided into three forks. Trigonous, having three angles with the sides convex. Tripartite, deeply divided into three. Triquetrous, having three angles with the sides concave. Triternate, three times ternate. Truncate, blunt, as if cut ofl". Tube, a tube formed by the cohesion of calyx, corolla, or stamens. Tuber, an underground fleshy expansion of the stem ; bearing buds ; with a store of starch for their support, as in the Potato. Tubercles, little swellings or knobs. Tubular, hollow, nearly cylindrical. Tunic, a coat, the covering of the seed. Tumid, swollen. Turbinate, shaped like a top. Turgid, puff"ed up, swollen. Two-edged, having two sharp edges. GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 235 Type, a plant supposed to represent the most strongly character- ized genus or species of an order or family. Umbel, having the peduncles rising from a common centre, as in the UmhellifercB. Umbilicus, the hilum or scar of the seed. Umbonate, having a protuberance in the centre as in a shield. Uncinate, furnished with a curved or hooked point. Undulate, waved or sinuous. Unguis, a claw, the narrow base of a petal. Unilateral, on one side, leaning to one side. Unisexual, when flowers are either male or female, Urceolate, shaped like a pitcher, contracted at the mouth. Utricle, a seed with a loose bladdery covering. Vagina, the sheathing portion of leaves. Valves, the opening divisions of a seed-vessel. Valvate, an organ joined by its edges, opening by valves. Veins, the thickened branching vessels as they occur in leaves. Vernation, the manner in which leaves are folded in the bud. Versatile, the filameut attached to the back of the anther which swings freely. Verticil, Verticillate, organs arranged in a whorl. Vesicle, in the form of a small bladder. Vessels, the tissue of plants composed of tubes terminating in obtuse or tapering ends. Vexillum or Standard, the broad back petal in a papilionaceous corolla. Vexillary, in the aestivation of papilionaceous corollas, when the vexillum covers the other parts of the flower. Virgate, in the form of a small switch. Viscid, clammy. ViTT^, the linear receptacles of oil in the fruit of the UmbeUiferce. Viviparous, bearing young plants in place of flowers or fruit. Voluble, a stem or tendril twining round other stems for support.. Warted, covered with small protuberances. Wedge-shaped, cuneate ; shaped like a wedge. Whorl, organs arranged in a circle round an axis. Winged, having a leafy or membranous border. Wings or Al^, the two lateral petals in pea-shaped flowers. Zoned, having stripes or belts. Zigzag, bending from side to side. 236 INDEX SUB-CLASSES, OEDEES, AND GENEEA. PAGE Aceraceae, ... ... 33 Anthemis, Acer, 33 Anthoxanthum, ... Achillea, ... ... 109 Anthriscus, ' Aconitum, ... 13 An thy His, Acorus, ... 170 Antirrhinum, Acotyledons, ... 202 Apargia, Acrogens, ... ... 202 Apocynaceae, Adonis, ... 9 Aquif oliaceae, Adoxa, ... 77 Aquilegia, ^gopodium, ... 72 Arabidese, ^thusa, ... ... 74 Arabis, Agraphis, ... ... 164 Araceae, ... Agrimonia, .., 58 Araliaceag, Agrostemma, ... 26 Arctium, ... Agrostis, ... ... 190 Arctostaphylos, Aira, ... 192 Arenaria, ... Ajuga, ... ... 127 Armeria, ... Alchemilla, ... 58 Armoracia, AlismacesB, 168 Arrhenatherum, ... Alisma, ... 168 Artemisia, AUiaria, . . ... 17 Arum, Allium, ... ... 164 Asperugo, ... Alnus, ... 149 Asperula, Alopecurus, ... 188 Aspidieae, ... Alsinese, ... 6 Aspidium, Althaea, ... ... 31 Asplenieae, Alyssine^, 5 Asplenium, Amaryllidaceae, . 162 Aster, Anacharis, 159 Athyrium, Anagallis, ... ... 133 Atriplex, ... Anchusa, ... ... 117 Atropa, Andromeda, .. 112 Avena, Anemonese, 2 Anemone, ... ". '.'.'. 9 Ballota, Angelica, ... ... 74 Balsaminaceae, ... Antennaria, 103 Barbarea, INDEX. 237 Bartsia, ... PAGE ... 122 Cheiranthus, PAGE ... 18 Bellis, .. 107 Chelidonium, ... 14 Berbericlacese, ... 13 Chenopodium, . . . ... 139 Berberis, ... ... 13 Chefiopodiacea3, ... ... 139 Betonica, ... ... ... 129 Chrysanthemum, ... 107 Betula, ... 149 Chrysosplenium , ... 70 Betulacese, ... 149 Cichoraceee, ... 8a Bidens, ... 102 Cichorium, ... 98 Blechnum, ... 211 Cicuta, ... 71 Blysmus, ... 175 Circrea, ... 64 Boraginacea?, ... 115 Cistacese, ... 22 Borago, ... 118 Clematideae, 2 Botrychium, ... 212 Clematis, 8 Brachypodium, . . . ... 201 Cnicus, ... loa Brassica, ... 16 Cochlearia, ... 19 Brassiceoa,. ... 4 Com arum, ... 56 Briza, ... 195 Compositae, ... 94 Bromiis, ... ... 199 Coniferas, ... 154 Bunium, ... 72 Conium, ... ... 75 Convallaria, ... 163 Cakile, ... 15 Convolvulaceae, . . . ... 114 Calamintlia, ... 130 Convolvulus, ... ... 114 Callitricliacefe, ... ... 147 Corolliflorae, ... 78 Callitriche, ... 147 Corydalis, ... 15 Calluna, ... ... Ill Corylus, ... 153 Caltba 12 Corymbifera3, ... 81 Calyciflorse, ... 36 Cotyledon, ... 67 Calystegia, .. 115 Crambe, ... ... 15 Camelina, ... 20 Crassulaceae, ... 67 Camelinese, 5 Crataegus, ... 62 Campannlacea3, . . . ... 109 Crepis, ... 96 Campanula, ... 109 Crucif erae. ... 15 Caprifoliace?e, ... 89 Cryptogamous, . . . ... 202 Capsella, ... 21 Cryptogramme, ... ... 205 Cardamine; ... 18 Cupulifer^e, ... 153 Cardiius, ... ... 99 Cuscuta, ... ... 115 Carex, ... 178 Cynarocephalse, ... ... 81 Carlina. ... ... 101 Cynoglossum, ... 118 Carpiims, ... 153 Cynosurus, ... 194 Cariim, ... 72 Cyperacese, ... 174 Caryophyllacese, . . . Castanea, ... ... 24 ..-. 153 Cystopteris, ... 208 Catabrosa, ... 191 Dactylis, ... 194 CelastracGc^b, ... 43 Daphne, .. 145 Centaurea, ... 102 Daucus, ... ... 77 Centunculus, ... 133 Dianthus, ... ... 25 Cerastium, ... 28 Digitalis, ... ... 124 Ceterachj ... ... 210 Digraphis, ... . 190 Chcerophyllum, ... ... 76 Dipsacus, ... 93 238 INDEX. PAGE Dipsacaceae, ... 93 Geranium, Doronicum, .. 106 Geum, Draba, ... 20 Glaucium, Droseracese, ... 24 Glaux, Drosera, ... 24 Glumaceae, Gnaplialium, Echium, ... ... 115 Gramineae, Elseagnacese, ... 148 Grossulariacese, ... Elatinace£e, ... 24 Gymnadenia, Elatine, ... 24 Gymnospermae, Eleocharis, ... 175 Elymus, ... ... 200 Habenaria, Empetracea3, ... 146 Haloragaceae, Empetrum, ... 146 Hedera, ... Epilobium, .. 63 Helianthemum, Epimedium, ... 13 Helleboreae, Epipactis, ... 159 Helleborus, Equisetacese, ... 214 Helosciadium, Eqnisetum, .. 214 Heracleum, Erica, ... Ill Hesperis, Ericaceae, ... .., Ill Hieracium, Eriophoruiu, ... 177 Hippophse, Erodium, ... ... 35 Hippuris, ... Eryngium, ... ... 71 Holcus, Erythreea, ... 113 Holosteum, Euonymus, ... 43 Honckenya, Eupatorium, ... 103 Humulus, Euphorbiacese, ... ... 146 Hydrocharidaceae, Euphorbia, ... 146 Hydrocotyle, Euphrasia, ... 122 Hymenophylleae, Hymenophyllum, Fagus, ... 153 Hyoscyamus, Fedia, ... 93 Hypericaceae, Festuca, ... ... 197 Hypericum, Filago, .. 104 Hypochceris, Filices, ... 202 Fragaria, ... ... 56 IheriSy Fraximus, ... ... 113 Ilex, .., Fumariaceae, ... 14 Impatiens, Fumaria, ... ... 14 Inula, Iridaceae, Oagea, ... 165 Iris, Galanthus, ... 162 Isoetes, Galeopsis, ... 127 Isolepis, Galium, ... ... 90 Genista, ... ... 44 Jasione, ... Gentianacese, ... 113 Juncaceae, Gentiana, ... ... 114 Juucus, Geraniacese, .. 34 Juniperus, INDEX. 239 Knautia, ... PAGE ... 94 Melampyrum, Koeleria, ... ... 191 Melica, Melilotus,... Labiatse, ... ... 125 Mentha, Lamium, ... 128 Menyanthes, Lapsana, .. 98 Mercurialis, Lastrea, ... ... 206 Mertensia, Lathrsea, ... ... 119 Meum, Lathyrus, ... ... 49 Milium, Lavatera, ... 30 Molinia, ... Leguminoste, ... 43 Monochlamydea?, Lemnaceae, ... 171 Monocotyledons, ... Lemna, ... 171 Moutia, Lentibulariaceae, . . . ... 131 Myosotis, ... Leontodon, ... 96 Myricacese, Leonurus, ... 127 Myrica, Lepidinese, 5 Myriophyllum, ... Lepidium, ... ... 21 Myrrhis, ... Ligusticum, ... 74 Ligustrum, Liliaceae, Linaceae, Linaria, ... Linum, Listera, ... Lithospermum, ... Litorella, ... ... 113 ... 163 ... 29 ... 124 ... 29 ... 160 ... 116 ... 135 Naiadaceae, Narcissus, Nardus, ... Narthecium, Nasturtium, Neottia, ..[ Nepeta, ... Lobeliacese, ... ... 110 Nuphar, Lobelia, Lolium, ... 110 .. 201 Nymphaeacese, Nymphgea, Lomentosas, 3 Lonicera, ... 90 (Enanthe, ... Lotus, ... 46 Oleacese, Luzula, ... 167 Onagraceae, Lychnis, 25 Ononis, Lycopodiacese, ... ... 213 Onopordum, Lycopodium, ... 213 Ophioglossacese, Lycopsis, ... 118 Ophioglossum, Lycopus, ... ... 125 Orchidacese, Lysimachia, ... 132 Orchis, Lythracese, ... 65 Origanum, Lythrum, ... 65 Ornithogalum, Ornithopus, Malaxis, ... ... 159 Orobanchaceas, Malvacese, ... 30 Osmimdacese, Malva, ... 30 Osmunda, ... MarsileacesD, .. 214 Oxalidacese, Matricaria, ... 107 Oxalis, Medicago, ... ... 45 Oxyria, 240 PaiDaveracese, Papaver, ... Par iet aria, Paris, Parnassia, . . . Paronychiacese, Pedicularis, Peplis, Petaloida3, Petasites, ... Petroselinum, Peucedanum, Plialaris, ... Phleum, . . . Phragmites, Pilularia, ... Pimpinella, Pinguicula, Pinus, Plantaginacea), Plantago, ... Plumbaginaceae, Poa, Polemoniacese, Polemonium, Polygalaceae, Polygala, ... Polygonacese, Polygonatum, Polygonum, Polypodiacese, Polypodiese, Polypodinm, Polystichum, Populus, . . . Porfculacacese, Potamogeton, Potent ilia, Primulacese, Primula, . . . Prunella, ... Prunus, Psamma, . . . Pteridese, ... Pteris, Pulicaria, ... Pulmonaria, Pyrola, Pyrolacese, INDEX. PAGE . 14 Pyrus, 14 Quercus, ... . 148 . 163 70 . 66 . 123 . 66 . 155 . 104 . 71 74 . 189 . 189 . 195 . 214 . 73 . 131 . 154 Radiola, . . Eanunculeae, Eanunculacese, Eanunoulus, Eaplianus, Eeseda, ... Eesedacese, Ehinanthus, Ehynchospora, Eibes, Eosacepe, ... Eosa, Eubiacete, Eubus, Eumex, ... Euscus, . 134 Sagina, . 134 Sagittaria, . 134 Salicacese, ... . 195 Salicornia, . 114 Salix, . 114 Salsola, ... 24 Sambucus, . 24 Samolus, ... . 141 Sanicula, .., . 163 Sarothamnus, . 141 Saponaria, . 202 Saxif raga, ... . 203 Saxifragace93, .. 204 Scabiosa, ... . 205 Scandix, ... .. 152 Schoenus, ... .. 66 Scirpus, ... .. 171 Scleranthacese, . .. 57 Scleranthus, . 131 Scolopendrium, . . 131 Scrophulariacese, . . 130 Scrophularia, .. 49 Scutellaria, .. 189 Sedum, .. 203 Semper vivum, .. 211 Senebiera, ... .. 107 Senecio, ... .. 115 Serratula, ... .. 112 Sesleria, ... .. 112 Sherardia, INDEX. PAGE Sileneae, 6 Tragopogon, Silene, ... 25 Trichomanes, Siliculosse, 5 Trif olium, Siliqiiosse, 4 Triglochin, Sinapis, ... 17 Trilliace^e, Sisymbriea?, 4 Triodia, Sisymbrium, ... 17 Triticum, ... Smyrnium, ... 75 Trollius, Solanaceje, ... 119 Tulipa, Solamim, ... 119 Turritis, ... Solidago, ... 105 Tussilago, ... Souchus, ... 95 Typhacese, Sparganium, . . ... 169 Typha, Spergula, ... ... 67 Spergularia, ... 66 Ulex, Spiraea, ... 50 Ulmaceae, Stachys, ... 129 Ulmus, Stellaria, 27 Umbellif erae, Suaeda, ... 141 Urticacefe, Subularia, ... 20 Urtica, Symphytum, . . .. 118 Utricular ia, Tanacetum, ... 103 Vacciniacese, Taxus, .. 155 Vaccinium, Teesdalia, . 21 Valeriana, Teucrium, ... 126 Valerianaceae, Thalamiflor^e, 1 Verbascum, Thalictrum, 8 Veronica, ... Thlaspidese, 5 Viburmim, Thlaspi, ... 20 Vicia, Thrincia, ... .. 95 Villarsia, ... Thymelacea), ... 145 Vinca, Thymus, ... ... 126 Violaceae, ... Tiliaceae, ... 31 Viola, Tilia, ... 31 % Tofieldia, ... 165 Zannichellia, Torilis, ... 77 Zostera, 241 INDEX TO THE POPULAE ENGLISH NAMES. PAGE PAGE Abele, . 152 Beech, ... 153 Adder's -tongue, ... . 212 Beech -fern. ... 204 Agrimony, ... 5^ 5—103 Bell-flower, ... 109 Alder, . 149 Bent-grass, ... 190 Ale-hoof, ... . 130 Betony, ... 129 Alexanders, . 75 Bilberry, ... 110 Alkanet, IK 3—117 Bindweed, 114_142 All-seed, ... 30 Birch, .. 149 Alva-marina, . 173 Bird- cherry, ... 50 Anacharis, . 159 Bird's-foot, ... 47 Andromeda, . 112 Bird's-foot trefoil, ... 46 Anemone, ... 9 Bird's Nest, ... 160 Angelica, 74 Bishop-weed, ... 72 Apple, 62 Bistort, .. 141 Arnut, 72 Bitter-cress, ... 18 Arrow-grass, . 169 Bitter-sweet, ... 119 Arrow-head, . 169 Blackthorn, .. 49 Ash, . 113 Bladder-fern, ... 208 Ash-weed, 72 Bladderwort, ... 131 Aspen, 152 Blaeberry, ... 110 Asphodel, . 168 Blue-bell, ... 164 Asphodel, Scottish, . 165 Blue-bottle, .. 102 Avens, . 51 Blysmus, ... ... 175 Awl- wort, . 20 Bog-asphodel, ... 168 Bog-myrtle, 149 Bald-money, 74 Bog-rush, ... ... 175 Balsam, 36 Bogbean, ... 114 Barberry, ... 13 Boortree, ... 89 Barren-strawberry, 57 Borage, ... 118 Barrenwort, 13 Bracken, ... ... 211 Bartsia, . 122 Brake, ... 211 Basil, . 130 Bramble, ... 51 Beaked Parsley, ... 76 Brandy-bottle, ... 13 Beak-rush, . 175 Bristle-fern, ... 211 Bear -berry. . 112 Brome -grass, ... 199 Bearbind, ... . 115 Brooklime, ... 120 Bedstraw, 90 Brookweed, ... 133 INDEX. PAGE Broom, .. 44 Cleavers, ... Buckbean, .. 114 Clematis, ... Buckthorn, Sea, ... ... 148 Cloudberry, Buck- wheat, ... 142 Clover, Bugle, ... 127 Club -moss, Bugloss, ... 115—118 Clubrush, Bullace-tree, ... 49 Cock's -foot-grass. Bulrush, ... ... 176 Codlins-and-cream, Burdock, ... ... 99 Cole-seed,... Bur-Marigold, . 102 Colt's-foot, Burnet-Saxifrage, ... 78 Columbine, Bur-reed, ... 169 Comfrey, ... Butcher's -Broom, 163 Convolvulus, Butter-bur, ... 104 Corn-cockle, Buttercup, 9 Corn-marigold, Butterfly Orchis,... ... 161 Corn-flower, Butterwort, ... 131 Corn -salad, CorydaHs,... Cabbage, 16 Cotton-grass, Cah^es'-snout, ... 124 Cotton-thistle, Campion, ... 25 Couch-grass, Canary -grass, ... 189 Cowbane, .. Candy-tuft, ... 21 Cowberry, Caraway, ... ... 72 Cow-parsnip, Carex, ... 178 Cow's -lungwort, ... Carline-thistle, . . . ... 101 Cow- wheat. Carrot ... 77 Cowslip, ... Carvi-seed, ... 72 Crab-apple, Catchfly, ... 25 Crakeberry, Catmint, ... ... 129 Cranberry, Cat's-ear, ... ... 95 Crane's-bill, Cat's-foot, ... 103 Cress, ... ... 1 Cat's -tail-grass, ... ... 189 Crested hair -grass, Cat's-tail, ... 169 Crosswort, Celandine, 11—14 Crowberry, Centaury, ... ... 113 Crowfoot, Ceterach, ... ... 210 C uckoo - flower, ... Chaffweed, ... 133 Cuckoo-pint, Chamomile, ... 108 Cudweed, ... Charlock, ... 16—17 Currant, ... Cheese-rennet, ... 90 Cherry, ... 49 Daffodil, Chervil, ... 76 Daisy, Chestnut, ... .. 153 Dame's Violet, ... Chickweed, ... 27 Dandelion, Chicory, ... 98 Dane wort. Chives, ... 164 Darnel, Cicely, ... 76 Dead-nettle, Cinquefoil, ... 57 Deer's-hair, 243 244 INDEX. PAGE Devil's-bit Scabious, ... 93 Dewberry, ... ... 53 Dock, 143 Dodder, 115 Dog's-tail-grass, 194 Dropwort, ... ... 50 Duckweed, 171 Dutch-myrtle, ... ... 149 Dutch -rushes, ... ... 215 Dwale, 119 Dyer's Eocket, 22 Earth-nut, 72 Earth-smoke, 15 Eglantine, 60 Elder, 89 Elecampane, 106 Elm, 148 Enchanter's-nightshade, 64 Eryngo, 71 Everlasting, 103 Eye-bright, 122 False Brome-grass, 201 False Oat-grass, 193 Fennel, '. 74 Ferns, 204 Fescue-grass, 197 Feverfew,... 107 Field-madder, 92 Figwort, 123 Filago, 104 Filmy-fern, 211 Fiorin, 190 Fir, 154 Flax, 29 Flea-bane, J 07 Fleawort, ... 105 Flower-de-luce, ... 162 Flowering-fern, ... 212 Fool's-parsley, 74 Forget-me-not, ... 116 Folk's -glove, 124 Foxglove, 124 Fox -tail-grass. 188 French Willow, 63 Fumitory, 14 Furze, 43 Gagea, 165 Gale, Gardener's-garters, Garlic, Garlic-mustard, ... Gean, Gentian, ... Geranium, Germander, Gill, Gipsy-wort, Gladden, ... Glasswort, Globe Flower, Goat's -beard, Gold-of-pleasure, Golden Rod, Golden Saxifrage, Goldilocks, Good King Henry, Gooseberry, Goose-foot, Goose-corn, Goose-tongue, Goose-grass, Gorse, Gout-weed, Gowan, Grasses, ... Grass-wrack, Grass of Parnassus, Greek-vaierain, . . , Grim-the-collier, . . . Gromwell, Grosset, ... Ground Ivy, Groundsel, Grey-mill, Guelder-rose, Gule, Gymnadenia, Habenaria, Hag-berry, Hairbell, ... Hair-grass, Hard-fern, Hart's-tongue, Haver, Hawk-bit, PAGE ... 149 .. 190 ... 164 ... 17 ... 50 ... 114 ... 34 ... 126 ... 130 ... 125 ... 162 ... 141 ... 12 ... 94 ... 20 ... 105 ... 70 ... 11 ... 139 ... 69 ... 139 ... 166 . . 109 ... 92 ... 43 ... 72 ... 107 ... 188 ... 173 ... 70 ... 114 ... 97 ... 116 ... 69 ... 130 ... 105 ... 116 ... 90 ... 107 ... 161 ... 161 ... 50 ... 109 173—192 ... 211 ... 210 ... 193 ... 94 INDEX. 245 PAGE Hawk's-beard, 96 Hawk-weed, 96 Hawthorn, ... ... 62 Hazel-nut, 153 Heart's-ease, ... 23 Heath, Ill Heather, Ill Heath -grass, ... ... 195 Hedge -parsley, 77 Hellebore, ... ... 12 Helleborme, 159 Hemlock, .. ... ... 75 Hemp-agrimony, . . . 103 Hemp-nettle, 127 Henbane, 119 Herb-Bennet, ... ... 51 Herb-Gerarde, 72 Herb-Eobert, 35 Herb-twopence, 133 High-taper, 125 Hind-berry, ... ... 52 Hog- weed, 75 Holly, 112 Honeysuckle, 90 Hop, 148 Horehound, 127 Hornbeam, 153 Horned Pond weed, ... 173 Horned-poppy, 14 Horse-radish, 20 Horse-tail, 214 Hound's-tongue, 118 House-leek, ... ... 67 Hyacinth, 164 Impious-weed, 104 Ivy, 77 Iris, 162 Jack-by-the-hedge, ... 17 Jacob's Ladder, 1 14 Jagged Chickweed, ... 29 Jointed-charlock, ... 16 Juniper, 155 Kidney-vetch, 44 Knapweed, 102 Knautia, ... 94 Knawel, 141 Knee -holly, PAGE 163 Knot-grass, 142 Lady-fern, 208 Ladies' Bedstraw, 90 Lady's Cushion, 70 Lady's-fingers, ... 44 Lady's-mantle, ... 58 Lady's-smock, 18 Lamb's-lettuce, 93 Lancashire Bog-asphodel, 168 Laurel, 145 Leek, 164 Leopard's-bane, ... 106 Lesser-celandine, 11 Lily-of-the-valley, 163 Lime-tree, 31 Linden-tree, 31 Ling, 111 Liquorice, 44 Livelong, ... 67 Lobelia, 110 London-pride, 69 Loosestrife, 132 Lords and Ladies, 170 Lousewort, 123 Lovage, 74 Lucerne, 45 Lucken Gowan, 12 Lungwort^ 115 Lychnis, ... 25 Lyme-grass, 200 Madder, ... 92 Madwort, ... 118 Maiden Hair Spleenwort, 187 Maiden-pink, 25 Male -fern, 206 Mallow, 30 Manna Croup-grass, 196 Maple, 33 Mare's-tail, 65 Marjoram, 126 Marram, 189 Marsh -Cinquef oil. 56 Marsh Marygold, 12 Mar sh -Penny wort, 71 Marsh-trefoil, 114 Marsh-wort, 72 Masterwort, 75 246 INDEX. PAGE PAGE Matfelon, ... ... 102 Oak-fern, ... 184 Mat-grass, ... 188 Oat-grass, 193 Mat-weed, ... 189 Oat, 193 May, ... 62 One-berry, 162 Mayweed, ... 108 Onion, 164 Meadow-grass, ... .. 195 Orache, . . . 140 Meadow-rue, 8 Orchis, ... 159—160 Meadov/- sweet, . . . ... 50 Orpine, 67 Medick, ... ... 45 Osier, 150 Meldweed, ... 139 Osmund, . . . 212 Melic-grass, ... 191 Ox-eye Daisy, 107 Melilot, ... 45 Oyster Plant, 116 Mercury, ... 146 Meu, ... 74 Paigle, 132 Michaelmas -daisy, ... 105 Pansy, 23 Miles, ... 139 Paris, 163 Milfoil, .. 109 Park-leaves, 32 Milk-parsley, ... 74 Parsley, . . . 71 Milkwort, 24—132 Parsley-fern, 205 Mill-mountain, . . . ... 30 Parsley-piert, 58 Millet-grass, ... 190 Pea, 49 Mint, ... 125 Pear, 62 Mithridate Mustard, ... 20 Pearl-wort, 26 Molinia, ... ... 191 Pegwood, ... 43 Moneywort, ... 133 Pellitory, ... 148 Monk's-hood, ... 13 Penny -cress. 20 Monk's-rhubarb, .. 144 Penny-wort, 65—67 Mo on wort. ... 212 Pepper, ... 143 Moor-grass, ... 194 Pepper-wort, 21 Moschatel, ... 77 Periwinkle, 113 Motherwort, ... 127 Persicaria, 143 Mountain Ash, . . . ... 63 Petty- whin. 44 Mountain -fern, . . . ... 206 Pheasant's Eye, 9 Mountain -sorrel. ... 145 Pig-nut, ... .., 72 Mouse-ear-chickweed, ... 28 Pile wort, ... 11 Mud-rush, ... 175 Pill- wort, ... .. 214 Mugwort, 90—103 Pimpernel, 132—133 Mullein, ... ... 125 Plantain, ... 134 Mustard, ... ... 17 Plum, 49 Navel- wort, Navew, ... 67 ... 16 Polygonum, Polypody, Pondweed, 141 204 171 Needle-gorse, Nettle, Nightshade, Nipple-wort, 44 ... 147 ... 119 ... 98 Poor Man's Weat Poplar, Prickwood, her-glass, 133 152 ... 14 43 None-so-x3retty, . . . Non-such, 69 ... 45 Primrose, Privet, ... 131 113 Oak, ... 153 Purging Flax, 30 INDEX. PAGE Purple Loosestrife, ... 65 Scale-fern, Purslane, ... 140 Scorpion-grass, Scurvy -grass. Quacking-grass, ... ... 195 Sea-Blite, Queen of the Meadow, ... 50 Sea-Gilliflower, ... Quill -wort, ... 213 Sea-Holly, Sea-Kale, Kadish, ... 16 Sea-Milkwort, Ragged Eobin, . . . ... 25 Sea-Pink, ... Ragwort, ... 105 Sea-Purslane, Ramsons, ... 164 Sea-Reed, Rapeseed, ... ... 16 Sea-Rocket, Raspberry, ... 52 Sedge, Red -Campion, .. 26 Self-heal, Red-rattle, ... 123 Sheep's-Bit, Red -rot, ... 24 Shepherd's-Club, Reed, ... 195 Shepherd's Cress, Reed-grass, ... 190 Shepherd's Needle, Reed-mace, ... 169 Shepherd's Purse, Rest Harrow, ... 44 Sherardia, Rhubarb, ... ... 144 Shield fern. Ribwort Plantain, . 134 Shore- weed, Roan-tree, ... 63 Silver- weed, Robin-run-the-hedge, . . 92 Skullcap, ... Rock-brake, ... 205 Sloe, Rock-cress, ... 19 Snake-weed, Rock-rose, ... 22 Snapdragon, Rocket, 15-19 Sneeze-wort, Roe-buckberry, . . . ... 52 Snowdrop, Rose, ... 59 Soft-grass, Rose-root, ... 67 Solomon's-seal, Rose of Heaven, . . . ... 25 Sorrel, Rowan-tree, ... 63 Sourock, ... Rush, .. 165 Sow-thistle, . Rye-grass, ... 201 Spearwort, Speedwell, Sage, ... 126 Spignel, S*. Patrick's Cabbage, ... 69 Spike-rush, St. John's -wort, ... ... 31 Spindle-tree, ' Sallow, ... 149 Spiraea, Sallow-thorn, ... 148 Spleen wort, Salsafy, ... 94 Sprot, Salt -wort,... 132 141 Spurge, Sand-wort, ... 27 Spiirrey, Sanicle, ... 71 Star of Bethlehem, Sauce-alone, . 17 Star of the Earth, Saw-wort, ... 99 Star-thistle, Saxifrage, ... 69 Starwort, ... Scabious, .,. ... 93 Stitch- wort, 247 248 INDEX. PAGE Stone-crop, ... ... 67 Stork's-bm, 35 Strawberry, ... ... 56 Succory, 98 Sun-dew, 24 Sweet-briar, ... ... 60 Sweet-flag, 170 Swine's-cress, ... ... 21 Sycamore, ... ... 33 Tansy, 103 Tare, 47 Teasel, 93 Tent-wort, .. ... 210 Thale-cress, 17 Thistle, 99 Thrift, 134 Thrincia, 95 Throat-wort, 110 Thyme, 126 Thyme-leaved Flax-seed, 30 Timothy-grass, 159 Toad-flax, 124 Toad-rush, 167 Toothwort, ... ... 119 Tormentil, 57 Touch-me-not, 36 Tower-mustard, 19 Traveller's Joy, 8 Trefoil, 45 True-love, 163 Tulip, 165 Turnip, ... 16 Tutsan, 32 Tway blade, 160 Umbelliferous Jagged Chickweed, 29 Valerian, ... ... 92 Venus' Comb, 75 Vernal-grass, ... 189 Vetch, 47 Vetchling, 49 Villarsia, 114 Violet, 22 Viper's-bugloss, 115 Virgin's -bower, ... ... 8 Wake-robin, 170 Wall-flower, 18 Wall-Pennjrwort, Wallink, ... Wall-pepper, Wall-rue, ... Wart-cress, Wart-wort, Water-Blinks, Water- Cress, Water-Dropwort, Water-Hemlock, Water-Lily, Water-MiKoil, . Water-Plantain, . Water-Purslane, Water-Starwort, Water -wort. Way -bread. Wayfaring Tree, Weather-glass, Weld, Wheat-grass, Whin, White-rot, White-thorn, Whitlow-grass, Whorl-grass, Whortleberry, Wild-Chamomile, Wild Mignonette, Wild Radish, Willow, ... Willow Herb, Wind-flower, Winter-cress, Winter-green, Wolf's-bane, Woodbine, Woodruff, Wood-Rush, Wood- Sage, Wood-Sorrel, Woundwort, Wych- hazel, Yarrow, . . . Yellow-Rattle, Yellow-Rocket, Yellow-flag, Yew, APPENDIX. APPENDIX. The characters of the Plants mentioned in the Appendix have been derived chiefly from Sir Joseph Hooker's *' Students' Flora of the British Islands." Ord. 1.— RANUNCULACE.^. Helebokus. Hellebore. ( * H. ViRiDis, \^.—Orten Hellebore. Radical leaves digitate, not developed till after flowering ; leaflets 5 — 7, narrow, serrate, sessile. El. few, drooping, \\ — 2 in. diam. Sepals green, spread- ing. Petals 8 — 14, small, shorter than the stamens. Pistils 3. Style straight, subulate. Fruit a follicle. Kiire. Woods. (E) P. 2—3, Bothwell woods ; Craigend; Toward. Ord. 5.-FUMARIACE^. FuMARiA. Fumitory. F. PARVIFLOKA, Lamk. — Diffuse. Leaf segments flat or slightly channelled. Sepals ovate or linear-lanceolate, toothed, -^q — ^ as long and not half as broad as the corolla tube, lower petal abruptly enlarged at the tip; pedicels erecto -patent, equal to or exceeding the bracts; fruit globose-rugose when dry, with 2 pits at the top. Very rare. Roadsides. (B) A. 5—8. Ardencaple. Ord. 6 :— CRUCIFER^. Draba, L. Whitlow-grass. D. RuPESTRis, Br. — Rootstalk slender. Le. ^ — i-in., oblong- lanceolate, ciliate, rarely toothed. Stems one or more, erect, 1 — 2 in., slender; their leaf sessile, stellately pubescent. Fl. \ in. diam., few, petals white. Pod | in. oblong, obtuse; stigma subsessile. Very rare. Alpine rocks. (S) P. 7—8. Loch Oss. 252 APPENDIX. D. INCANA, L. — Rootstalk woody. Stem 6 — 14 in. Kadical le. short, | — 1 in., densely rosulate, toothed; cauline many, sub- erect, amplexicaul. Eacemes many-flowered. Fl. ^ in. diam., white. Pod ^ in., variable. Rare. Alpine rocks. (B) P. 2—6. Ben Lomond ; Loch Oss. D. MURALis, L. — Rootstalk slender. Stems 1 — 2 ft., flexuous, sub-erect. Radical le. small, obovate, stellate, hispid ; cauline few, broader. Fl. | in. diam., white. Raceme short, lengthen- ing towards maturity. Pods i in., flat, linear-oblong, horizontal, on pedicels longer than themselves. Rare. Walls. (B) A. 4 — 5. Airdrie; Bothwell; Cumbrae; Botanic Gardens, as a weed. CochleIria, L. Scurvy-grass. C. Alpina, Wat. — Radical and cauline le. as in C. officinalis, pod rhomboid, oblong, and narrowed at both ends. Rare. Summit of mountains. (H) P. 5— 8. Ben Lomond; Ben Yoirlich. LEPfDiUM. Cress, *L. Latifoltum, L. — Rootstalk, stoloniferous. Stem 2 — 4 ft. branched, leafy. Leaves, long, narrow, upper ones sessile, glaucous. Flowers small, in short dense corymbs. Pod. | in., on short pedicels. Very rare. Walls. (E) P. 6—8. Bothwell Castle. Ord. 12.-CARYOPHYLLE^. ArenXria. Sandwort. A. VERNA, L. — Rootstalk woody, branched, matted. Leaves ^ in. 3-nerved. Flowering branches slender, few-flowered. Fl. ^ in. diam. , white ; pedicels slender, glandular ; petals, oblong, equal in length to sepals. Capsule longer than petals. Very rare. Dry Alpine rocks. (H) P. 4—7. Ben Lomond. Silene. Catchfly. S. NOCTIFLORA, L. — Softly pubcsccnt, viscid above. Le. lanceolate, 3—4 in., stalked below. Fl. one or few, 2-sexual, erect. Calyx long, narrow in flower ; nerves green. Petals rosy within, yellow outside, 2-fid, incurved by day. Scales truncate. Capsule as long as and often rupturing the calyx. Fl. often at night very fragrant. Very rare. Sandy fields, (B) P. 7. Cumbrae; Largs. APPENDIX. 253 SAGf NA. Pearl- Wort S. SaxatiliSj Wim. — Distinguished from the 5-merous forms of S. procumbens only by the longer Avhite petals, erect styles and longer capsules with appressed sepals. Very rare. Alpine rocks. (H) P. 5 — 7. Ben Lomond, CERASTfuM. Chickweed. C. Alpinum, L. — Habit of C. arvense. Leaves broader, liowers fewer and broader, f — 1 in. , with scarcely any glands ;. capsule twice as long as sepals. Very rare. Alpine rocks. (B) P. 5 — 7. Ben Lomond ; Ben Vorlich. Ord. 27.-ROSACEiE. PoTENTfLLA. Cinque-foH p. PROCUMBENS, CI. — Rootstalk woody, branches leafy at the top. Leaves 1 — 3 in. , hairy, glaucous ; leaflets ^ in. obovate 3 — 5- toothed at the tip. Fl. ^ in. diam., few, yellow. Sepals lanceolate, acute, bracts linear. Frequent. Alpine rocks. (H) P. 5— 7. Ben Lomond ; Ben Vorlich, &c. P. Salisburgensis, Hae. — Stems ascending, leaves digitately 5 — 7 foliolate, leaflets obovate or cuneate, deeply crenate or serrate usually above the middle, fl. several yellow ; achenes smooth, glabrous. Very rare. Alpine rocks. (H) P. 5—6. Ben Lomond. Ord. 28.-SAXIPIlAGE^. Saxifraga. Saxifrage. S. Nivalis, L. — Rootstalk small. Leaves ^ — 1 in. diam., subcoriaceous, red beneath ; petiole 1 — 2 in. Scape 3 — 6 in. erect, simple. Fl. ^ in. diam. white, in capitate, 4 — 12-flowered cymes. Seps. connate purple. Plant with glandular hairs on the leaf margins, bracts, scape, and pedicels ; elsewhere glabrous. Very rare. Alpine rocks. (H) P. 7—8. Ben Lomond. Ord. 32.-ONAaRACEiE. Epil6bium. Willoiv-herb. E. ALPiNUM, L. — Stem with 2 pubescent lines, ascending 3 — 9 in., slender. Le. ^ — | in., opposite, oblong, few on short stalks. Flowers 1 — 3, pendulous, rose-coloured, ^ — | in. diam. Capsule 1 — 1| in. , glabrous. Very rare. Alpine rills. (S) P. 5—7. Ben Lomond. 254 APPENDIX. Ord. 38.-CAPRIPOLIACE^. LoNiCJ^RA. Honeysuckle, * L. Caprifolium, L. — Stem twining. Leaves glaucous, lower ones stalked ovate, upper ones triangular connate. Bracts large connate. Calyx-limb short, persistent. Corolla as in L, Per. Berries scarlet. Very rare. Woods. (I) P. 5—6. Calderwood glen. Ord. 53.— SCROPHULARIACEJE. Ver6nica. Speedivell. V. Saxatilis, L. — Stems woody; branches many, 2 — 4 in., ascending with leafy barren shoots. Le. obovate-oblong, I — | in. , coriaceous, teeth few or none. Pedicels stiff, ^ — I in. Sepals linear, oblong, shorter than capsule. Fl. i in. diam., bright blue, very beautiful. Style short, slender ; capsule i in. , oblong ; seeds flat. Very rare. Alpine rocks. (H) P. 5 — 9. Ben Lomond. MELAMPfRUM. Coiu-wheat. M. Sylvaticum, L. — Habit similar to M. pratense, but flowers suberect ; bracts always quite entire ; calyx-teeth spreading ; corolla smaller, shorter, deep yellow ; its tube curved and capsule not deflexed. Very rare. Alpine woods, (B) P. 7—8. Inversnaid. Ord. 5S.-PRIMULACE.ffi TrientIlis. Chicktveed, Winter-green. T. EuropA4, L. — Stem wiry, slender, 4 — 8 in., leafy at the top. Le. 1 — 2 in., shining, rigid, obtuse, narrowed into short petioles. Fl. erect, few; peduucles 1 — 3 in., filiform; sepals linear, subulate ; corolla | in. diam. , lobes, ovate, acute ; capsule size of a pea, valves deciduous. Very rare. Alpine woods. (H) P. 5 — 7. Inversnaid'; Arran, Bryee. ORCHIDAOE^. GoODfERA. Gr. REPENS, Br. — Rootstalk slender, matted, creeping. Stem 4 — 8 in., slender, glandular. Le. ovate, dark green, 1 in., nerves reticulated. Spike slender, bracts lanceolate. Flowers :| in., cream white. Very rare. Fir woods. (S) P. 6 — 7. Near Troon, APPENDIX. 255 JUNCACEJE. LuzuLA. Wooclrush, L. Spicata, D.C. — Rootstalk slender, stolons, short. Stems slender, 6 — 12 in. Le. short, hairy on sheath, recurved, narrow channelled ; cauline few, short. Cymes drooping, short, spike- like. Bracts silvery. Fl. | in. shorter than bracts, but longer than the elipsoid apiculate capsule. Seeds oblong, with an obscure white basal appendage. Very rare. Mountain heaths. (H) P. 6 — 7. Ben Voirlich. ALISMAOEJE. Bt^tomus. Flowering Rush. * B. Umbellatus, L. — E-ootstalk stout ; le. 3-quetrous, 3 — 4 ft. base sheathing twisted. Fl. many, umbellate, 1 in. diam., rose- colour. Stamens 9, anthers red, carpels 6, beaked, stigma sessile red, follicles 6. Very rare. Marshes (E) P. o— 7, Possil marsh, Ingles and Hogarth. TYPHACEJS. Sparganium. Bur-reed. S. Natans, L. — Stem floating, 1 — 3 ft., suberect in flower, leafy, flaccid. Le. | — i in. diam. , flat. Heads racemose, stigma tongue-shaped, drupe stalked, beak long. Very rare. Ditches, lochs. (H) P. 8—9. Loch Oss. PILICES. AspfDiUM. Holly-fern. A. LoNCHiTis, Sw. — Rootstalk tufted, oblique, scaly. Fronds linear-oblong, pinnate, tufted, 6 — 24 in., bright green, coriaceous, glabrous except on scaly stipes, rachis and veins beneath. Pinnae many, ^ — 1 i^-> ovate, base auricled and obliquely rhomboid, falcate, acuminate, spinuloso-serrate. Sori on 2 — 3 rows on each side of midrib. Very rare. Alpine rocks. (H) P. o— 8. Very luxuriant on Ben Lomond. Ben Vorlich dwarf. Pt^ris. Bracken. P. GR AGILE, PatersoD. — Rootstalk delicate, subterranean, creeping. Stipes 1 — 2 ft., thin, pale green at the base. Fronds very delicate, 2-pinQate, pubescent ; pinnules sessile ; veins free, 2-forked ; sori not known. Perhaps a delicate variety of P. AQUILINA. Very rare. Woods in glens. (S) P. 5—8. Glen Rosa, Arran. ' 256 APPENDIX. LYCOPODIACEJE. Lycopodium. Club-moss. L. INUNDATUM, L. — Stems short, 2 — 6 in,, closely appressed to the ground. Le. secund, though mserted all round the stem, lanceolate, entire, dark green, midrib indistinct. Cones 1—3 in., fusiform, on strict, erect, leafy branches, the leaves of which are erect, scales erect, subulate, longer than the leaves ; base dilated, toothed. Very rare. Heaths. (H) P. 7—8. BenLomoit^; Inversnaul. L. ANNOTiNUM, L.— Habit of L. clavatum, but less branched, branches constricted here and there; le. more lax, obscurely 5-farious, sometimes spreading, linear -lanceolate. Scales of obtuse sessile cone broadly ovate, toothed, abruptly acuminate. Very rare. Rocks and stony Alpine moors. (H) P. 6 — 8. Ben A'oirlicli ; Ben Lomond. Those plants marked thus * have beeu introduced, and cannot be considered natives of the district. R. H. PATERSON. ^ap-root 7rw7uI^/br7/^ yas^-iezz^a^ ^ cor^i^caZ j/7^l&/b7^?ny. -lu^ieroz^s OTmi^la^^ .EAiZ6^772^ ^Jiic?^?t/^r /J ar^ida^^d a^r^ia^ X6 Z7 IruiPZ^i^^r ^(TTTTprssssa /^ T^iOTlC^Oi // /^ ZO ti6freii& dic-^w^jr/wus triyoTzal Uo^ed^sd^. U'Z>Z^^€d 23 Z^ Z5 <:;?/^/ 7M7 o'l^/zjouae zmdricaie. e_^i6itant 4- tu/is^d. LEAVES verticill6Ue. 6lecu6sate. ^ /O /^e^lcUo. con?i^it&. ds^^rre^i/!; a7/2p^^^i(7azd /^ ^ sTi^atkm^ z?nd7'ioaled. dzS^6?l02AS Jksci/;i/^^ate. /^ Z^ j?elta/d^. Lpi^^ro^z67zd . &z/€cte. ol/oz^^e. i7 (n/al. ofloTif. Iz'/iear. SicdidaCd 6pai(^?iula^. trioTi^idar rkoTTi^oid ^ -^ #^*' ■ ;^ J^i?zk-skqpsd. T^se-sTiaped. J^&tcci spurred^ ^ihi/oics- WilloK/ /f Q^ikelec. /^ STAMENS J)iadelp?ious ous (9lurnella. Z^idynamous J^ollinia. /^ ? PISTIL termiTtal Z5 Z(y 2/ lateral Msilar s-yrccciri^tnis. 2M^ /ree-cmtral Z^ axillaTy. ap'Of?a7yous j?arietal. Man k Fergoson, li&.. ortJwtropal. a/uitropal "Wl aiTTi^k/tropal jyeruiidoiLS- suspended. /(9 septi/rayal // ^Jrjkm7Ci^ur/v Crem^oaTjO. locidioid^il C6i;/yopsis. septcoidal f3 // J?ri^a ^a^ca-. J^6^7m/7rc T' J^olli^le. Jye^urr^ (^a^Tzara 2/ {J{zpsuls Z3 Pi/xiduiTn- . J:/m/-jr//o. ^ ^1 ilifi a/i7^7?zer^ THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL PINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.00 ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. LIBRARY, COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, DAVIS UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA 5m-9,'39 (1359s) 36545 qK308 Hennedy, R. H4 The Clyde i jdale flora* 1878 y ^ /y<3y^/^^c/y v^' ^. / ^7S' LIBBABY, OOIiLBGB OF AGRIOTJLTUBB, DAVIS UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA