THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 

Short-hand is an art whose usefulness is not confined to 
 any particular science or profession, but is universal. 
 
 Dr. Johnson 
 
 Had this art [Phonography] been known forty years ago 
 it would have saved me twenty years of hard labor. 
 
 The Hon. T. H. Denton. 
 
SHOET-HAKD 
 
 LEGIBLE A3 THE PLAINEST WRITING, AND REQUIRING- 
 NO TEACHER BUT THE BOOK. 
 
 A SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM OF 
 
 VERBATIM REPORTING. 
 
 BT THK 
 
 REV. W. E. SCOVIL, M.A. 
 
 EDITED BT 
 W. E. SCOVIL, JB., B.A. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 1871. PRICE $1.25. 
 
Katerei, according to Act of Congress, in the j*ear 1871, by 
 
 HY. B. ROBIN'SOX, 
 In tbe office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C 
 
IS7I 
 
 
 For the encouragement of learners, some Testimonials are here 
 annexed, which the author has received from gentlemen of known 
 position and character, who speak from actual experience, and express 
 their conviction that this Short-hand is an improvement on the systems 
 heretofore offered to the public. 
 
 From The REV. EDWARD B. NICHOLS, D.D., Rector of 
 
 Liverpool, Nova Scotia. 
 
 The facility with which your Stenography is acquired, 
 the rapidity with which it is written, and the unhesitancy 
 with which it is read, I believe to be unsurpassed. I have 
 used no other hand for all the manuscript sermons that I 
 have delivered during the last 15 years. Indeed, before I 
 was in holy orders, I found the benefit of it, both wher 
 I was a student at law, and at The General Theological 
 Seminary in New York. 
 
 From The REV. CHARLES LEE, Ph.D., Hector of Fred- 
 
 crifton, New Brunsirick. 
 
 I have used your system of Short-hand for years, and 
 do not think I can express too highly the value I have de- 
 rived from it in correspondence and in my professional 
 
 
IT TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 duties. By its aid a sermon may be written in one liour 
 instead of six, and, when written, is more legible than the 
 ordinary hand.* Besides, the ability it affords of writing 
 one's thoughts with readiness and with comparatively little 
 fatigue of hand, leads to the acquisition of a free and more 
 forcible style. The art is easily learnt, may be acquired in 
 youth as a pastime in connection with more formal studies, 
 and not much additional practice is necessary to render the 
 Short-hand Writer an efficient reporter. 
 
 From The REV. D. W. PICKETT, M.A. (formerly) Head 
 Master of the Collegiate Sc<wol, Windsor, Nova Scotia. 
 Of the superior advantages of your Stenography I can 
 speak from long experience. The comparison which I have 
 been enabled to make between it and other systems now in 
 use to some extent, and the readiness with which it has 
 been acquired by many of my acquaintance, lead me to the 
 belief that it offers greater facilities for students in attend- 
 ance upon university lectures, to the reporters for the 
 press, and to the public generally, than any other system 
 that has hitherto been published. 
 
 From ALFRED IT. DEMILL, ESQ., D.C.L., Barrister. 
 
 I bought a copy of your work, published in 1866, and, 
 struck with the truth of your objections to the Phonetic 
 system (which I had been practising for several years as 
 given by Graham in the Reporter's Manual) I abandoned 
 it, and began the study of yours. The result, I am happy 
 to say, has fully realized my expectations ; for, after learn- 
 ing it with comparatively little labor, I find it most useful 
 in my profession. 
 
 I regret the time wasted with Pitman's Phonography ; 
 but my own experience has convinced me that your system, 
 besides other advantages, requires not one-third as m;ich 
 practice to master it, and that no one desirous of a readable 
 
TESTIMONIALS. T 
 
 Short-hand will be disappointed after giving it a fair 
 trial. 
 
 From REV. GEORGE WALKER, A.B., N. Y., formerly Mas- 
 ter of the Grammar Softool in Kings Co., JV. B. 
 
 It is, I think, a happy feature in your Short-hand that 
 it joins the vowels and consonants in succession as we read 
 them, and does not depart from the usual method of spelling-, 
 except when superfluous letters are omitted for the sake of 
 brevity. It thus avoids the intricate and comparatively slow 
 expedient adopted by Taylor, Mavor, Pitman, and others, 
 which requires the writer to join together all the consonants 
 in the first place, and afterwards take his pen off repeatedly 
 to insert separate dots, or other little marks, here and there, 
 for the purpose of representing as many vowels and diph- 
 thongs as happen to be sounded in the word. 
 
 From MR. T. P. DIXON, Reporter, Hampton, N. B. 
 
 After spending some time in examining the systems of 
 Phonography published by Pitman, Bell, Thompson, and 
 others, I have satisfied myself that your Phonography, or 
 abbreviated Short-hand, while it equals, if it does not ex 
 ceed, the swiftest of them, in the ease a.nd despatch with 
 which it is written, affords more assistance in deciphering 
 the notes, which we have to commit to paper in the briefest 
 manner in taking down a discourse from the lips of a fluent 
 speaker. So far as I am capable of forming a correct opi- 
 nion on this subject, I have as yet met with no system, vying 
 with yours in conciseness, that taxes the memory of the 
 learner so little, or is likely to enable him more speedily to 
 acquire the art of verbatim Reporting. 
 
 From The REV. D. I. WETMORE, B.A., Clifton, N. B. 
 
 My estimate of your Short-hand is evidenced by. the 
 fact that, when I was a schoolmaster, I recommended it to 
 
vi TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 my pupils as the best. Judging from my own experience, 
 I believe that, a practical proficiency can be gained in it, at 
 less cost of time and study than in any other system that 
 has come under my notice, and that it is well deserving of 
 a place in our schools. 
 
 From JAMES II. THORNE, ESQ., B.A., Deputy Provincial 
 
 Secretary, Halifax, Nova Scotia. 
 
 A practical knowledge of your system of Short-hand 
 writing has given me so high an opinion of its value, that 
 1 believe it to be the very best we have ; and, as "the pen 
 of a ready writer" is essential in many professions, and ot 
 great advantage to a person in any line of life, I think that 
 your little book, in its improved state, ought to obtain a 
 wide circulation, and be generally acceptable to the public. 
 From THOMAS S. WETMORE, ESQ., A.B. (J/. D. of the 
 University of Glasgow, and Licentiate of the Royal Col- 
 lege of Surgeons, Edinburgh}, St. John, _ZV r . B. 
 Whatever may be the comparative merits of other sys- 
 tems, your Short-hand, on account of the ease with which it 
 is read and written, has deservedly gained the good opinion 
 of those who have tried it, and will, I am persuaded, find 
 favor with others in proportion as they become acquainted 
 with it. For as sailing-packets, common roads, and mail- 
 coaches, though still in use, do not meet our requirements 
 in this age of ocean-steamers, railways, and electric tele- 
 graphs ; so our common long-hand, though it cannot be al- 
 together dispensed with, will, I am confident, in time ba 
 regarded as too slow and tedious a method of writing for 
 those who can despatch their business with much greater 
 ease and rapidity by employing a good readable Short- 
 hand. 
 
 From S. J. SCOVTL, ESQ., A.B., Barrister, St. John, N. B. 
 Your Short-hand has, for many years, done me good 
 
TESTIMONIALS. vii 
 
 service in the almost interminable writing of .a lawyer's 
 office. If this, or any good system, were generally adopted 
 by professional gentlemen, it would very materially lighten 
 their labors, and save valuable time to the public, shorten- 
 ing the sittings of our courts, and expediting business which 
 is now retarded by the slow process of ordinary writing. 
 
 From J. BENNETT, ESQ., Ph.D., Chief Superintendent oj 
 
 Education for the Province of New Brunswick. 
 The system of Short-hand invented by Mr. Scovil is, I 
 believe, the best extant. The reporters educated in the sys- 
 tem are much more expert than those trained in any other 
 that has come under my notice. Having mastered it in less 
 than a year, they are living proofs of the ease with which it 
 may be acquired. 
 
 The HON. T. R. JONES, M.L.C., President of t7te Executive 
 
 Council, 2f. B. 
 
 . One of the best reporters connected without Provincial 
 Legislature is a young man, who, after studying this sys- 
 tem for twelve months, so far mastered it as to be able to 
 take down the debates verbatim . 
 

 AUTHOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 WKITING is a truly wonderful invention. It records lan- 
 guage by substituting marks or letters for sounds : and, by 
 this means, words are silently conveyed to the mind 
 through the eye, as distinctly as by the voice through the 
 ear. It is the key of learning ; and so useful for acquiring, 
 preserving, and communicating knowledge, that it is almost 
 as valuable to mankind as the gift of speech. 
 
 Common writing, however, requires so much mechanical 
 labor to form the letters, that it is confessedly inadequate 
 to record language with anything like the ease and rapidity 
 with which it is spoken ; and, therefore, persevering efforts 
 have been made to effect this desirable improvement. 
 Hence the multitudinous systems of Short-hand. 
 
 Among the earliest were the Greek signs, and these prob- 
 ably suggested to Cicero the Roman notes ; which, we learn 
 from Plutarch, consisted of little marks so brief and ex- 
 pressive that certain writers, instructed by that great ora- 
 tor, were able with them to take down a speech as delivered 
 in the senate. Cicero's freedman, Tyro, becoming famed 
 for his skill in using them, they were known by the name 
 of " Tyro's Notes," and having been taken up and improved 
 by Seneca, were, with his alterations, introduced into the 
 public schools as a useful branch of a liberal education. 
 If we can rely upon what a poet, who lived in those times, 
 has told us, this kind of writing was so swift that a Notary, 
 1800 years ago, could take down words as quickly as the 
 
PREFACE. is 
 
 most dexterous reporter of our day. I allude to one of 
 Martial's epigrams, which I give with a free transla- 
 tion: 
 
 Notarius. 
 
 Currant verba licet, manns est velocior Ulis; 
 Nondum lingua svum, dextra peregit opus. 
 
 Mart. lib. v. ep. 83. 
 
 Though fast a speaker's words may flow, 
 The tongue is for the hand too slow. 
 
 The Roman method is lost. Of English systems, " Pit 
 man's Phonography," notwithstanding several later short- 
 hands, is now the most popular, and, its enthusiastic admir- 
 ers would have us believe, so perfect that there exists no 
 necessity for change hereafter. And yet it seems to be 
 fairly open to some weighty objections, of which I will 
 mention four : 
 
 I. 
 
 The vowels are dots and minute marks which cannot be 
 joined to the other letters, but require the pen to be raised 
 from the paper every time that one of them is made, and 
 therefore impede the writing much more than good plain 
 characters in a running hand. In consequence of this radi- 
 cal defect, it becomes necessary in most words to write the 
 consonants first, and then go back to supply whatever vow- 
 els they require, carefully putting each by itself near the 
 consonant to which it ought to have been joined. Such a 
 separation of vowels and consonants would make even our 
 long hand longer ; and he must be endowed with more 
 than ordinary patience and perseverance, who learns to 
 write, without hesitation, the detached vowels, which in 
 Pitman's Corresponding Style look like specks sprinkled 
 over the page from a pepper-box. 
 
 II. 
 
 The characters are not sufficiently distinct. Every one, 
 in all but thickness is precisely like another which re- 
 
x PREFACE. 
 
 presents a different letter or sound ; and the same mark, ag 
 that for ks, varying only a little in length or thickness, 
 stands on, above, and below the line for more than fifty 
 words, out of which we must pick the one the sense re- 
 quires! This dividing of the alphabet into pairs, in which 
 one character so closely resembles the other, must lead to 
 hesitation in reading, or to loss of time in writing while 
 we give to every stroke its proper thickness. 
 
 III. 
 
 The reporting style has numberless words which have 
 nothing to show the reader whether they begin or end with 
 or without a vowel ; and it is a great task to learn the long 
 list of words represented by only one or two of their middle 
 or final letters, as p for wcep,liappy, Jwpe ; j for advantage ; 
 jy, religious ; tr, internal, etc. B and p, d and t, and other 
 letters are often written exactly alike, as mpg or mbg foi 
 humbug. 
 
 These are some of the causes why, of the many who have 
 tried, so few have been able to gain a really practical know- 
 ledge of his style of reporting. For it is as much harder to 
 recognize an abbreviation without seeing the first, or first 
 and last syllable of the word, as it is to recognize a man 
 without seeing his face, or to move a load without help at 
 the starting-point. 
 
 IV. 
 
 But that which I consider the most objectionable feature, 
 though it has many zealous advocates, is this it compels 
 us to use the phonetic, that is, this corrupt way of spelling : 
 " If eni wun in siti or kuntri wonts sum nolij ov Mz wurk, 
 find it* kwolitiz, let Mm inspekt Jiwot haz bin dun in komon 
 wurdz, or giv muni and get an egzact kopi ov liiz aistem! " 
 
 Phoneticians persuade themselves, or affect to believe, 
 
PREFACE. xi 
 
 that such spelling will eventually supersede our barbarou* 
 orthography. Meanwhile I leave it to the judgment of all 
 who are not yet wedded to any system, whether it is safe to 
 employ habitually, for daily convenience, a short-hand 
 which deviates so far from the standards of our literature, 
 and which not a few have abandoned because they found 
 that the habit of spelling phonetically and disregarding 
 prevailing usage led to vexatious mistakes and delay in 
 common writing. 
 
 Let it not be thought that I enviously detract from Pit- 
 man's merits. It was in allusion to his system that Sena- 
 tor Benton made the remark appended to the frontispiece 
 of this little book ; and though I have never met with any 
 one sufficiently master ef it to take down a lengthened dis- 
 course, word for word, from the lips of a fluent speaker, 
 still, as some by long practice learn to dispense with his 
 disconnected vowels, and to decipher their notes without 
 them, I do not doubt that such adepts use it successfully 
 for verbatim reporting. 
 
 Feeling the want of a plainer short-hand, to meet the 
 requirements of a profession in which a speaker must de- 
 cide at a glance what he is to pronounce, and has little time 
 to settle uncertainties by comparing the context, I com- 
 posed for my own use the system which is explained and 
 offered to the public in the following pages. 
 
 As our common alphabet, though not so perfect as it 
 might be, is already known by all who read and write Eng- 
 lish, I prefer retaining it, changing only the forms of the 
 letters to the simplest characters that can be joined toge- 
 ther without confusion, and adding some characters to re- 
 present those syllables and combinations of letters which 
 occur most frequently in our language. These additions 
 will amply repay the little time required to learn them ; 
 for they render the writing shorter, neater, and more lineal, 
 
xii PREFACE. 
 
 and, by doing away with the necessity for having every 
 letter represent a multitude of words, relieve the memory, 
 and tend to obviate the third objection I have made to 
 Pitman's Phonography. 
 
 " It is no uncommon thing for those who have grown 
 wise by the labor of others, to add a little of their own and 
 format their masters." I confess that, aiming at utility and 
 not originality, I have freely appropriated everything that 
 answered my purpose, and am indebted to Macaulay in par- 
 ticular for many of the characters. 
 
 Among the testimonials I have published is one from 
 Mr. Dixon, a young man who has turned his knowledge of 
 my short-hand to good account, for he writes it profession- 
 ally, and has been employed for several years by our legis- 
 latures, as an official reporter, at some $200 a month. 
 
 And now, kind reader, permit me to close with a trite 
 but appropriate valediction from Horace : 
 
 Vale .' Si quid novisti rectius istls, 
 Candidas im]>erti, si non /> utere nwcum. 
 " Farewell ! And If a better system 1 * thine, 
 Impart it frankly, or make use of mine." 
 
SHOKT-KAi\D. 
 
 Tim Short-hand is divided into two parts, Stenograph? 
 Phonography. 
 
 DEFINITIONS. 
 
 Stenography i? tliC art of writing irlth short characters, and. 
 in this system follows for the most part the usual method of 
 spelling ; while Phonography, though written with the same 
 duu'a<:;ei's, expresses with the utmost brevity the sound of 
 words, dropping every letter that can be omitted consistently 
 with a due regard to their legibility. 
 
 A Chaiacter (Ch.) is a Short-hand mark or letter. 
 
 A r'ni'i letter is a Ch. with a ring at one end : as o-' h. 
 
 A Aw/' is a Ch. with a hook at ore end : as 3 
 
 A crook has the end bent, but not hooked : as , ch. 
 
 Chs. aie said to l>l,m{. when they run into one another o 
 that the ia c t part of the first Ch. forms the first part of \\.t- 
 nexu 01 the saine stroke belongs to both : as C c*. 
 
 A Ch. is said to !K J /V/o/W, when the ring is made so flat tha. 
 the opening is oblong instead of round : as i Id. 
 
 A Ch. is said to be modij^d. when made thick, or only s< 
 altered that the original is easily known. 
 
 The y-line (so called from a rinai u being implied, withoir 
 writing it, when a Ch. or word stands upon it.) is a line never 
 ruled, but supposed to touch the top of l>, c, d, and other long 
 Chs. standing on the main line 
 
2 KEY 
 
 TO EXPLANATORY MARKS, FIGURES, AND LETTERS. 
 
 Ch. stands for Character. In the Alphabet a dot is put at 
 the foot of .F, .G, and every other letter whose Ch. is drawn 
 up. If there is a dot on both sides of the letters, as with . 
 .Sttb- and .Suj>ef the Chs. are drawn both ways. 
 
 ( ) Enclose a word when its Ch. cannot stand for the same 
 letters in a longer word. 
 
 [ ] Enclose letters or words for which the Ch. is used only 
 in Reporting. 
 
 If there is not a figure or t after the letters, the first long 
 Ch. in the word rests its foot on the main line. If there is a 
 figure or t put after the word or letters, the first long Ch. in 
 the word, when followed by 
 
 1, stands on the y-line : 
 
 2, ... on the main line : 
 
 3, ... under the main line : 
 tl, crosses or hangs on the y-line: 
 
 t, ... or hangs on the main line. 
 
 See page 19. 
 
 When there are capitals after a word or termination, they 
 show what is done with the Ch. 
 A stands for afier. M stands for middle. 
 
 B ... beginning. O ... over. 
 
 C ... centre. P ... preceding Ch. 
 
 Ch's. ... characters. Ph. ... phonography. 
 
 D ... drop, or omit. R ... right side. 
 
 E ... end, or last Ch. S ... short, or a half- 
 
 F ... following Ch. length Ch. 
 
 G ... greater, or clou- St. ... stenography. 
 
 ble-length Ch. T ... termination or fi- 
 
 J ... joined to. nal Ch. 
 
 L ... left, or the upper U ... under. 
 
 side. "VV ... wide, or thick. 
 
KEY. S 
 
 In learning the system, you will often be spared the trou- 
 ble of searching the rules, if you will make yourself acquaint- 
 ed with the meaning of Uie foregoing capitals, figures, and 
 marks, which, in the Alphabet and Tables, show at sight the 
 place, size, and direction of the Ch. standing for the letter or 
 word to which the capitals, etc. are added. The following 
 examples explain the directions thus briefly given : 
 
 At p. 10, 'T' stands for 'time, to S, take t.' As time, and 
 to have no t or figure after them, they must stand on the line ; 
 but, as S shows, to is short, or half the length of take which, 
 as the f shows, is written across the line. 
 
 P. 11, in line with the fourth Ch., are Mnterf, intrt [utr], 
 G. B.' The dot at the foot of the first letter shows that the 
 Ch. is drawn upwards ; the t, that it crosses the main line for 
 inter and intr ; the [ ] brackets, that it is used only in Phonog- 
 raphy for ntr, and, as ntr has no t after it, we must put it on 
 ihe line. G shows that it is a greater or double-length Ch. ; 
 and the B, that it is used only hi the beginning, and must be 
 the first Ch. of the word. 
 
 At p. 12, line 22, are 'ing A ; ng JP ; ning OP ; [ding W,] 
 S.M,E.' Here A shows that the Ch. for ing stands after the 
 one before it, (that is, close to the end, on the right side of 
 it.) as, ~\ being, _, Itacl.ig ; JP, that for ng it is joined to 
 the preceding Ch. ; [W], that in Ph. it siands for ding by 
 making it wide or thick. The S.M,E show that the Ch. is 
 i>/iort, and is used only for ing, etc., in the middle and end of 
 words ; for whenever it begins a word it is in or en. 
 
 'S.TW or S.EW mean the Ch. is short, the termination 
 (or last stroke) wide ; or the Ch. is short, and the end wide. 
 
 'S.UEP' short and under the end of the preceding Ch. 
 
 ' S.CPL or R' Ch. short and joined to the centre of the pre- 
 ceding, on the left or right side. ' LEP ' show that the Ch. 
 is on the left side at the end of the preceding character. 
 
 ' P3 ' S-.iow that the preceding Chs. are put under the Kne, as- 
 at 32, p. 13, to imply that ngr or ngry is dropped or omitted. 
 
PRELIMINARY DIRECTIONS. 
 
 IT is quite unnecessary to learn any of the Rules or Tables 
 by rote. The best and most agreeable way to become pro- 
 ficient in this method of writing is to get some knowledge 
 of the arrangement and contents of the work by looking 
 over the pages, and then begin with copying out the Exer- 
 cises in the latter part of the book, carefully comparing 
 them with the Alphabet and Tables as you proceed, and re- 
 ferring to the Rules for direction only when you find some- 
 thing which you cannot readily understand. It may seem 
 superflousthat things are explained which you can compre- 
 hend at once by inspection. It is better, however, to have 
 all parts of the system so fully elucidated that no one who 
 tries to learn it without a master can feel the want of more 
 guidance and aid than the book affords. 
 
 Boys are very apt to waste time in writing without a 
 copy, and trying to decipher their rude essays before they 
 know how to join the letters properly. Give yourself no 
 trouble of this kind, but have patience to copy the Exer- 
 cises until you can write them correctly and freely, without 
 any paus? in going from one letter to another ; and in 
 doing this you will learn to read without hesitation. 
 
 You should not try to write fast until you can shape the 
 Ohs. correctly. Ease and speed will naturally come from 
 practice ; but a neat and legible hand, satisfactory to the 
 writer and reader, depends upon acquiring the JtalAt of ob- 
 serving the relative size and right direction of every char- 
 ter. Experience soon teaches where liberties may be taken 
 to relieve the stiffness that would sometimes result from too 
 close an adherence to the alphabetic forms. But no unne- 
 cessary stroke should be made ; for it is only a waste ot 
 time, and tends to confuse the reader, to add to the simple 
 
PRELIMINARY DIRECTIONS. 5 
 
 short-hand Chs. any of the unmeaning flourishes or super- 
 fluous marks which excursive penmen are fond of annexing 
 to the plain letters, more particularly to the capitals, in 
 common long-hand. 
 
 The pen may be held as in the hand depicted at page iii. ; 
 but some skilful reporters affirm, and I quite agree with 
 them, that the Chs. can be made in various directions with 
 much greater freedom when the pen passes up between the 
 middle and the fore finger, and is supported there by the 
 thumb, the hand being turned so that the top of the pen 
 will lean towards the right side of the paper. 
 
 The size of the letters is, as in other writing, a matter of 
 taste ; provided they are all made smaller or larger, and 
 preserve their due proportion to one another. A good 
 length for t is about the eighth of an inch ; then the lonys. 
 when put on the same line, will be as high ; the double- 
 lengths twice as high, and the shorts not mure than half as 
 high as that Ch. 
 
 Tables, showing the combination of every two Chs., 
 would have served instead of all the rules for joining them, 
 and made the system appear more simple. But such tables 
 are expensive, and it is better for a practitioner to learn by 
 copying the Exercises. 
 
 In the second part, numerous rules and devices will be 
 given for abbreviating, not because such contractions are 
 more necessary in this system than any other ; but in order 
 to furnish the learner who may be disposed to try them 
 with those which have been found to secure the greatest 
 expedition of which the art in its present state is capable. 
 
 Rules alone, however, will nevnr make a writer. By 
 comparatively little practice you may acquire a thorough 
 knowledge of Stenography, which indeed is the part, mo?; 
 useful ; but neither this, nor the best system that human 
 ingenuity can devise will make a first-rate reporter, until, 
 by exercising the hand in writing, it gains that mechanical 
 
8 
 
 PRELIMINARY DIRECTIONS. 
 
 skill which nothing else can give, and which is iadispens- 
 able for taking down the words of a ready speaker with ver- 
 batim accuracy. 
 
 The Stenography should be used when a very plain hand 
 is required ; for, though slow as compared with the Phono- 
 graphy or Reporting style, it is a ve'ry rapid hand, and can 
 be read with all the ease and certainty of common print. 
 When the lines are placed a good distance apart, and the 
 words have wide spaces between them, a page will still 
 contain more than if it were written in long hand, and can 
 be held at a much greater distance from the eye in reading 
 it ; which makes the Stenography particularly convenient 
 for the Pulpit and the Bar. 
 
SHORT-HAND, PART I. 
 
 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 THE ALPHABET on tlie next page is explained by the Key, 
 p. '2, and Notes, p. 14, and can be easily learnt by writing 
 some familiar verses, first with, single Chs., and then with 
 double and single, without joining the Chs. to one another. 
 
 NOTE. A good Short-hand must be easy, swift, and legible. If you 
 wish to compare this with other systems, some oi the best are Taylor's 
 by Ilartlinsr or Odell, Mason's by Gurney or Cooper; and the phonetic 
 systems Of Gabe'sherger and Pitman, with variations by Graham, 
 Linualcy. and Muusou. 
 
 ' 'omplete Phonoyrajihtr. a neat volume published by Munson in 
 .ries with it evidence of the pains he ha-- uiKt-n to make Pit- 
 m:i!i'f Pnonosrapliy a better reporting liand. The writing is more diffi- 
 cult to iltripiier than Pitman's Corresponding Stjle, which, he says, he 
 rdt tn-c-iiiM- its tendency is to foster a disconnected and 
 . wholly incompatible with reporting habits, and it often 
 : practice to luMy acquire the Reporting Style when the 
 writer i;as once indulged himself for any considerable time in the use 
 of the Corresponding. Munson's writing wants tiaat easy legibility 
 which is required for the pulpit and common purposes, and is eucum- 
 bered '.vi'h Pitman's disjointed marks for vowels, as numberless words, 
 .''y proper names, would be altogether illegible without them. 
 
8 ALPHABET. 
 
 Sintjle Characters . 
 
 Abe d e .f g li i j k 1 m .n 
 
 _ ^ C \ .,o /* J ._ -o _* J ^ 
 
 o p qu .r .s- t u v w x y /, u // 
 
 vj? ^ v-- f / \ ^> V L <> J> '} . 
 
 Double Characters. 
 Amp emp imp ump simp sump comp temp 
 
 1 r i i r r r t 
 
 Amb emb imb umb comb Bel .bl. Ch ch cl 
 
 X \ "\ -\ \ 3 _ v _^ < 
 com con counter Diswdes del .Englf .ulo 
 
 .Fer .fl .fn fr .Gn .gr He In .intert [ntr] Kn 
 
 O ^ *? "\ /^~ Q 
 
 /ff?Jf<^j? 
 
 Ml Ob on op .Pl'or .pi' Recon rest .rv Sh 
 
 \ 3 > ^ V > -~ /* 
 
 spec .struct .sub'f or sub Th \\ AA'li wl 
 J / /' / L V, /' / 
 
 super, t Ced sed ted ct 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 9 
 
 . 
 
 The name of every letter is written as 0:1 
 the opposite page ; but in joining the cha- 
 racters, we draw .v. sal. and super, up or 
 down ; and turn , i. 0, u, j either way. to 
 make words neat, compact, and lineal. 
 
 The dot at the foot of the letters fyngr 
 shows that they are up-strokes : all with no 
 dot (if not horizontal) are duirn-strokes. 
 
 Sonic C'hs. are initials. (viz,, the crook // ; 
 the ringed ch.des dis. and he; einp. imp, etnh. 
 iiinjl e/iijL I//. Inter enter, kn. oh. on. op. rest) 
 and have B after them in the tables, to 
 show that they -only begin words. Medial 
 and final h (if not part of a double Ch.) w 
 straight, with a dot under the middle. 
 
 The first pi can be "used alone, the other 
 cannot ; for, if written alone, it would look 
 like on : they are short curves sloping like d. 
 
 To make two letters of the same name, 
 double the length of 0, d, t, and the curves. 
 If the Ch. ends with a ring, the size of the 
 rinti only is doubled. Write long s for s.f. 
 N joined to s so as to make an angle at the 
 top or bottom, is ses, as in page 11. Ful is 
 a dot on the left at the top off : for fit If we 
 enlarge the ring and put the dot in it. 
 
*\t u 
 
 JQ t/j\A.YVAOU \ \t 
 
 , in .,,,,r>,,. Words they stand for. Doublejind^WcClw. j 
 
 A, ay 
 
 c.) another 1 
 
 , I 
 Air.p ' n 'P , 
 
 B, be 
 
 -x I 
 
 icen, begin t 
 
 .Angl t 
 
 / D 
 
 nglef B.Q 
 
 c, ce 
 
 c 
 
 ert;iin 1, come 
 
 1:1 
 
 3 
 
 ..lii-S 1 Bt 
 
 D, de 
 
 s 
 
 had,) done t 
 
 ( cr.t 
 
 
 [cut], S 
 
 ( 
 
 ^ 
 
 he, ever) 
 
 Ch 
 
 C c 
 
 hi!d B | 
 
 E ) 
 
 ^ 
 
 >naeavor 
 
 ch i church t M, E 
 
 .E 
 
 /c 
 
 for, fer, iir, fur 
 
 Cl 
 
 ;ould 
 
 G, ge 
 
 J 
 
 :;od, give j <^ 
 Com 
 
 \ comb [cmbj 
 
 H, ha | 
 
 _ 
 
 lim.lullfl 1; 
 
 Comp \ company 1, [cmp] 
 
 i. \ 
 
 
 [, Individual 1 
 
 Con 
 
 o _ 
 
 oncern [en] 
 
 I.J.igh 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 counter 
 
 
 ountry 1, [cntr 
 
 
 
 kind 
 
 
 
 
 K 1 
 
 v^ 
 
 ke, kce 
 
 <-k, efk 
 
 ct 
 
 s 
 
 -ect, -ctd , S. 
 
 L 
 
 ? 
 
 ord 
 
 
 s 
 
 dct,-dctd , S\V 
 
 M 
 
 
 them, mercy 1 
 
 Dd 
 
 \ 
 
 led, did i '. 
 
 .X 
 
 / 
 
 [not) 
 
 Dta 
 
 /O 
 
 les, [ds], 15 
 
 '<) i ow 
 
 ^b 
 
 (own.) opinion 
 
 
 ND 
 
 del, deliver t 
 
 ' jough 
 
 Vj? 
 
 o, oh! other 1 
 
 ds 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 " : 
 
 prophet 
 
 Emp 
 
 P 
 
 mph 
 
 
 V 
 
 que, quest 
 
 En 
 
 j 
 
 S.B 
 
 Jt 
 
 r 
 
 (our,) regard 1 
 
 .Engl f 
 
 , 
 
 B.G 
 
 
 / 
 
 (is, Ids, ust) 
 
 ! .Enter t 
 
 : 
 
 inter t G.B 
 
 T, te 
 
 1 
 
 time, to S, take t 
 
 .El 
 
 
 
 flame f 
 
 U, ue 1 
 
 
 upon, >-. 
 unto, w 
 
 .En 
 
 P 
 
 fin, find 
 
 V 
 
 v 
 
 (do,) very 1 
 
 Fr 
 
 ^ 
 
 from, firet 
 
 W 
 
 / 
 
 with, what 1 
 
 .Ful 
 
 / 
 
 full 
 
 X, ex 
 
 <> 
 
 e\i>ect 
 
 .Gn 
 
 J 
 
 gen, gone 
 
 .V 
 
 J 
 
 you 
 
 .Gent 
 
 J 
 
 
 i z 
 
 J 
 
 7m! 
 
 Gr 
 
 J- 
 
 great, ger 
 
$f\lU. 
 
 Double and Syllabic Characters continued. 
 
 He 
 
 
 lira 1! 
 
 t 
 
 A 
 
 
 Imp 
 
 q 
 
 Important I'. 
 
 .Sted 
 
 A 
 
 stead, "std.", S.T\V 
 
 In 
 
 j 
 
 en -.1. 
 
 .Struct X 1 
 
 [tret] 
 
 .Inter T 
 
 o 
 
 intr t 'ntr . (..1: 
 
 .Sub- 
 
 / 
 
 -illijrct. 
 
 Kn 
 
 
 
 know, knowledge, 15 
 
 .Super t 
 
 ' 
 
 [f q 
 
 Ml 
 
 ^^ 
 
 multi 1 
 
 Ted 
 
 I 
 
 -tudc, 
 
 Mm 
 
 
 mem 
 
 Th 
 
 
 ;the, t; 
 
 .Ngl 
 Ob 
 
 3 
 
 nglc G 
 object 1 ' 
 
 The 
 Tw 
 
 they) 
 
 Ook 
 
 fb 
 
 
 Temp 
 
 o tempt, "tmp" 
 
 Op 
 
 3 
 
 opportunity 1, hopet 
 
 Ump 
 
 1 
 
 Ou j 
 
 ^^ 
 
 v^P 
 
 
 VI 
 Wh 
 
 
 vel 
 why 1 
 
 .rr 
 
 I'ul- 
 
 Ppl 
 
 Pp 
 
 O^ 
 
 o 
 
 pie S 
 S 
 people 
 (!) prop !prp 
 
 \V1 
 
 
 
 wil.will 
 
 Phonography. 
 
 
 Amb 
 Bod 
 
 ? 
 
 i 
 
 About 
 again 
 
 Recon 
 
 < 
 
 r rcu 
 
 * <T,Cpt 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 an, and 
 
 Bnt 
 
 .Uamp 
 
 X 1 
 
 rmp 
 
 ~ .Y\ 
 2 I.str 
 
 d 
 
 \ 
 
 beyond T 
 Christian 
 
 .Ramp 
 .Hv 
 
 rt 
 
 r 
 
 - 
 
 .= Mstr 
 j. .Xstr 
 
 7 
 
 i 
 
 'lier 
 if 1 
 
 Sh 
 
 </ 
 
 shall 
 
 ''_ IV-tr 
 
 ~^> 
 
 * 
 
 it 
 
 Simp' 
 Specf 
 Sump' 
 
 r 
 r 
 
 symp 
 
 a Ord B 
 S Trd 
 "'- Tret S 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 n 
 
 TT, 
 
 o 
 
 nevertheless 
 
 ding 
 notwithftuu- 
 
 of, might 1 
 
 JBd 
 
 A 
 
 / "\Vsd-, said, S 
 
 Whl 
 
 o' 
 
 
 often 
 
 [.Ses- 
 
 K4 
 
 (says) [s-s] S 
 
 wn 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 which 1 
 
1 _ al.i- 
 
 [bl, bid W S.M.E 
 
 ' 
 
 Ullll'-. 
 
 ibis; ^.:,i.r. 
 
 
 -b!y, b!y 
 
 S. K 
 
 * ^ 
 
 abted-, bled 
 
 [bldBj M,L 
 
 - ~\ 
 
 ability, bility 
 
 5LK 
 
 1 
 
 aught, 
 
 
 7 / \ 
 
 ;on [ercry so/T c-shun, s or z-shun or -zhun] S. JCPL 
 
 8 >x- 
 
 cessions, sessions 
 
 ;?ery so/? c-shuns, s or z-shuns] S. JCPL 
 
 .1 
 
 ction, ection, exion 
 
 [every hard -c shun or k-zhunl S. JCI'L 
 
 10 ^t 
 
 ctions, ections, L-xious 
 
 S. JCI'L 
 
 11 No 
 
 del, die 
 
 M,E 
 
 12 /^" 
 
 .ferancf, ferenoe 
 
 
 13 ^.ferences 
 
 
 
 .fessioual 
 
 
 15 /Q 
 
 .flciency 
 
 M,E 
 
 16 ^ 
 
 .ficient 
 
 M,E 
 
 17 /O 
 
 .fore 
 
 
 IS > 
 
 fully orj LEP 
 
 ; y fulness 
 
 W J 
 
 .gence 
 
 .'gntsf, gncef] S. 5f,E 
 
 ao -^ 
 
 graph, grapliy 1, ography 1, grapherf >i,K 
 
 :>! ' 
 
 .opraj. . 
 
 
 : ' 
 
 mgA; ngJP 
 
 ningOP [ding TT] S. M,E 
 
 
 Ings A; ngsJP 
 
 ningsOP [dings WJ S. M.1I 
 
 L'4 < 
 
 ingi-d A ; uged JP 
 
 S 
 
 
 on 
 
 
 
 
 S. .! 
 
 
 ong 
 
 
 
 
 S. JCPR 
 
 ^ 
 
 y lly 
 
 
 
 
 S. 
 
 
 it>, Ily;lidityW, afl 
 
 '1 short s/or lities, Hies ; liditk-s \\' 
 
 29 < logical, ological; logy 1, 
 
 ology 1 
 

 30 N ment UEP ; meutsAp; mented AV,UEP : nment OP; >.M i: 
 
 :;i , ness, -i-y nesses 
 
 [ngr, ngry, nography, nographer, DT and j 
 :;:; S*Q ock 
 
 34 a pus and erery slius 
 
 HO 5 ousness and ivery shusness 
 36 i ,out 3 
 ;: >-* -pel -pelted W pld AY. For pi alone use the first character .S.M,E 
 
 35 ) | pidity AV p ity 
 
 39 reat'joixed to upper side of rings [rst, rsty 1 ; rstd AV 
 ' jo r -rve, rved 
 
 11 / '']'*:: JP 
 
 42 / I'.. M.i: 
 
 43 / : .selves- 
 
 44 ^ f hip JCI'K 
 
 40 [thrl. 
 
 . tion, sion crcry fhunAE; ution UEP tution ;t-tion UEP 
 47 *- tions, sions every shunsAE; utions UEP t-tions I'EP 
 i I live- S.UEP, tivity UEP, add short sybr lives, tivi: 
 
 .true: [t re, tret] S 
 
 ! 50 ward or omit the dot ami make. th<. utrvi 
 .sards 
 
 J lest [1st '. M can be added to any ring-Ch. by making the ring a ; 
 hook, that is leaving tin- ring a'little open instead ol' closing it. 
 Jf l.ndd EAA". Add d to a ring-C'h. by making the ring a loop, that 
 is--ih:t: ning it a little ; but the loon must begin or end the word. ' 
 liy thickening the stroke, d is added to auy short < !i. 
 
 It it stands on the 1 or the '-2-line, 
 
 Thickening the beginning of a long Ch. adds r/: thickening its 
 end adds ril\ thickening the whole or middle adds ni or ri. 
 
 Shortening a longC'h. adds at. 
 
 * I>raw;( from 11 to L in B, but from L. to R in M and E of 
 words, making an angle iu joining. 
 
NOTES ON THE ALPHABET. 
 
 1. No character is provided for q without u, because it is 
 always followed by u, qu being' in fact a consonant which, 
 cannot be pronounced, in any word, without the help of a 
 vowel, as in quitting. Nor has it been thought necessary in 
 the syllabic characters to distinguish dis from dcs, in from 
 en, inter from enter, symp from simp, and engl from angl; 
 and the same liberty may be taken in other cases when the 
 spelling is different, but the sound is nearly or exactly the 
 same, as in struc, struct; spec, spect;&nd the various termina- 
 tions sounding like shun, as tion, sion, etc. The exact ortho- 
 graphy, if required, can be shown by writing the single in- 
 stead of the syllabic characters, and in all such cases care 
 must be taken not to leave any reader acquainted with the 
 characters room for a moment's hesitation. 
 
 2. All the horizontal characters, except the short bl, are 
 drawn from left to right, and none of them is more than 
 half as high as those which, like t, d, s, are perpendicular or 
 sloping. D, c, d, f, g, I, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z, are of 
 one height, and are called long letters ; those which are 
 longer are called double lengths, &sangl, inter, sub, and have 
 G after them to show that they are of greater length, while 
 those that are shorter have S after them, to signify that they 
 Are short, or not more than half as long as the long letters. 
 
 t. The long curved characters are the quarters of a large 
 circle, the upper half of which makes r, b, and the lower 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 15 
 
 half v, y. We never make the half of the large circle stand 
 for one letter, but we take another circle of only half the 
 diameter, and divide it by a perpendicular line for c and ob, 
 and by a horizontal line for e, which, with a ring on the 
 right, becomes o. A. small ring is divided horizontally i'or 
 u, and quartered for rv, on, in, and pi. 
 
 4. Initial Ji is a crook ; but middle or final h is a straight 
 line like a, with a dot under the centre. Comp, comb, C'.mi, 
 nnyl, rest, final ch, and the termination ness are also crooks, 
 while/"/ 1 and the terminations ous and ousness are hooks. Gr, 
 ad, ss, st, are the two single Chs. made half-size, and joined 
 together. Sub is twice and super half the height of s, and 
 .super stands so as to make the first long Ch. in the word 
 
 cross the line. 
 
 5. Ruled lines are not absolutely necessary ; but, in learn- 
 ing the reporting hand, it is better to have a ruled line, in 
 order to indicate more accurately the proper position for 
 the characters. 
 
 6. There are no capitals ; they can be easily indicated by 
 two short lines under or over the letter. 
 
 7. The ingenious student may derive some assistance from 
 the foregoing observations in remembering the forms of the 
 different Chs. ; but perhaps, after all, they may be most easily 
 learnt by simply copying the exercises and referring to the 
 alphabet. To join Chs., see " Rules for Writing Stenogra- 
 phy," after the Sign-Tables. 
 
 NOTE BY THE EDITOR. 
 
 THOUGH many attempts have been made to have every simple 
 elementary sound represented by a distinct letter, EO one has suc- 
 ceeded in inventing a sufficient number of simple characters that can 
 be easily distinguished from one another, and rapidly joined together, 
 so as. to form a fair, lineal, and cursive hand for stenographic pur- 
 poses. Dr. Lindsley, in his Tachygrapfiy, has succeeded in joibiug 
 many of the vowels and diphthongs to the consonants ; the curious 
 
16 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 may judge for themselves how he has succeeded in other respects. 
 There are many laborers in the field, and he who makes any real im- 
 provement in this important art will find it duly appreciated in this 
 utilitarian age. 
 
 PUNCTUATION. 
 
 The usual stops are employed, excepting only the period 
 or full-stop, which is made thus +. For a comma, a long 
 straight line, like sub, drawn down under the line, is the 
 most distinct. In reporting we have no time to insert stops, 
 but leave spaces, and add them afterwards at leisure. 
 
 NUMBERS. 
 
 Our common Arabic figures are themselves short-hand 
 numerals, and for most purposes sufficiently expeditious. 
 Shorter characters are here given for those who prefer to 
 use them in reporting. The short up-stroke of the figure 
 one can be omitted when joined to other figures. The or- 
 dinals first, second, third, etc., are known by being written 
 across the line. When figures are mixed in writing, it is 
 better to leave a space between it and them, and to let the 
 first figure lap or stand half its length above the line on 
 which the rest are written. 
 
 1234567890 
 
SIGNS. 
 
 1. It is the practice in all systems of Short-hand, instead 
 of writing the most common words at full length, to repre- 
 sent them by one or more of their leading letters. Such 
 abbreviations are here called Signs. All the Chs. in the 
 foregoing Tables are the signs of the words set opposite 
 to them. They there consist of only one Ch. ; but it con- 
 tributes greatly to promote expedition, to represent some 
 other words by fewer Chs. than naturally belong to them : 
 and we may even use a few Arbitraries with advantage, as 
 a f for the cross, and a circle for the wurld. These, with 
 words that seemed to requirt notice on account of some 
 peculiarity in the union or position of their Chs, have all 
 been collected into one list, in alphabetical order, and may 
 for convenience be referred to under the general name of 
 Signs. 
 
 2. The most useful begin with Capitals, and some of 
 them, printed entirely in capitals, are so essential that they 
 are never to be written in full, but always represented by 
 the Chs. in the List. The Stenographer will find that 
 those without capitals are worth remembering ; and the 
 Reporter, that those in [ ] are also worthy of his attention : 
 for, of course, the more signs the writer employs, the 
 easier it will be for him to follow a speaker. 
 
 3. The same abbreviation (like Dr. for doctor and 
 
 may sometimes stand, in one position, for two 
 different words, without any danger of our mistaking the 
 one intended, especially when they are not the same parts 
 of speech. When two Signs are given for the same word, 
 the Stenographer can take his choice ; the shortest is the 
 best for the Reporter. 
 
18 SIGNS. 
 
 4. A short s, or any termination, may be joined to a 
 Si tin or taken from it, when the word differs, in this respect, 
 trnin that in the List ; and it matters not how much it may 
 alter the spelling, it is sufficient to add the termination to 
 the simple sign, if pronouncing the sign with the additional 
 letters will give the word its proper sound ; thus, -we add 
 to the Ch. for country to obtain the sound of countries or 
 country's, and ly to very for verily. 
 
 ."). A word included in ( ) must be written in full when 
 it forms a part of another, as come in comet ; but the Sign 
 may be used with safety in its own compounds, as income, 
 welcome. Some words, whose signs are often, but not 
 always, used in longer words, are in this List in ( ), though 
 they are not marked thus in the Alphabet ; as, come. 
 
 G. To add d or ed to a Sign, if it is a ring-letter, we can 
 make the ring a loop ; if it is short, or shortened, or if any 
 part of the first long Ch. in the word stands below the one 
 or the 2-line, we have only to thicken the Ch. ; but if it 
 is a long up or down-stroke standing on the one or the 
 '2-line, we join the Ch. for d to the Sign. We may move 
 a word standing on either line so that its first long Ch. will 
 cross the line, and then add d to the long down-strokes by 
 thickening them. It is, however, better not to move it, 
 but to write the d, if the same Ch. stands below either line 
 for another word. 
 
 7. By putting a Ch. on the y-line, final y is added to it 
 without, writing the y; but we can set a Sign on the y-line 
 even if y is not added, and it will cause no confusion unless 
 a y after the sign would make a word. The Signs of most 
 words ending in h, e, r, d, cross or stand under the 2 line. 
 
 8. A T indicates that the Ch. opposite to it does not 
 usually stand for that word, but will at times be found con- 
 venient to represent it in Phrase-Writing. BW direct that 
 the first Ch., MW that the middle Ch., and EW- or TW 
 that the end or termination be made wide or thick. 
 
AN 
 
 ALPIIABETICAL LIST OF ALL THE 
 
 mm 
 
 WITH A FEW 
 
 If no figure or | is set after the word, its Sign (or first long up 
 or down-stroke,) stands on the ruled line, '2: but whenever it is 
 followed by 1 its Sign must stand on the y-line, 
 
 3 - below - 2 - 
 
 - t - cross or hang on - 2 - 
 
 - fl cross or hang on y - 
 Short marks on the lines which separate the columns give the 
 
 position of line 2, the only one ever ruled. Chs. without thu-e 
 marks aro on 2. 
 
 The j line is never ruled, but is supposed to run along the 
 tops of the long Chs. standing on the 2-line- 
 
 dT Words marked tl ending in THF.R require all their Chs. to 
 be short A:, if horizontal, below the y-line. 
 
 ABLE S, 
 
 ability 
 
 ABLY S 
 
 ABOUT 
 
 above 
 
 absurd, absent T3 
 
 V 
 
 T accept*. -ecl+TW 
 "T Accompany 1 
 T nccomplislit, -ed f 
 5 according 
 / According as 
 j Accordingly 
 _J According to 
 
.SIGNS 
 
 In Accordance with -> 
 Account 1 
 Accounted 1 
 
 [accustom t, -edtTW] T/1 -) i 
 Acknowledge T 1 
 
 acquaint, -ance t 
 adopt*, [adpt+] 
 Adv B, -autage t, BW 
 afti-r S 1 
 
 .vards BS 
 
 . ACAIVST I 
 i & again 
 Agriculture t 
 
 .Itural t 
 
 All B 1, al B 1 <J 
 
 almighty I ^ 
 
 alphabet 1 ~3 f 
 
 alphabetical 1 
 al-n 1 
 Always 1 TS 
 
 \ 
 
 Ameri-ca 3G, -can 3Q 
 Among TS 
 amongst 
 amphitheatre f 
 ampli-fy l, -tudef 
 AND, An, any I 
 answer 3, -ed SV*f 
 
 ancestor f 
 
 angels t, angles t 
 
 angelic t 
 
 anniversary I 
 
 anonymous t 
 
 ANOTHER'S TS I 
 
 apologies 1, -irize 1 
 
 architect t, -ure t 
 
 archbishop 
 
 (ARE, OCR, or S,i 
 
 aristocra-t, -tic.-cy 1 ,TS 
 
 aristocracies 1, arrests 
 
 ( As S , Has S ) 
 
astonish * 
 
 astronomy 1 , -ieal 1 
 Atmospher-et, -icf 
 attorney-general 1 
 
 .'-.I . ;r,i, ' 
 
 auxiliary 1, axle-tree t 
 
 B 
 
 Babylon t TS 
 
 bankrupt 1, -cy 1 
 
 l;:i|i!isc', baptism 
 
 baptist s 
 
 BK, BKKX, Br 1 
 
 Because ". Begin t 
 
 behold, beheld t 
 
 -.'x-lirved t T\V 
 een *. bct-.vixt 1 
 
 T-cyo!i'.l 1. behind 
 
 Bishop 
 
 Bless, B',.^,1 YV' 
 
 Brethren 
 
 "1 
 
 SIGNS 21 
 
 v [British BW] 
 
 y Brought, brother Stl 
 
 j (BcT) 1 (both) 
 
 V^ by and by 1 
 
 c 
 
 __ California t 
 
 (Q calcul 
 
 (CAN), or with nn dot 
 
 ^p CANNO: 
 
 C caa-didatef, -dlestick 1 
 
 ( [<-'P cpt, cap-ital, -tain] 
 
 C_ catholic 
 
 C Certain 1, -1y W 1 
 
 ^ Character*, chapter 
 
 Q_ h characteristic 4 - 
 
 1 ' ClIILI>, C 
 
 (Q / children of Israel 1 
 
 X Christ, Multiply S 
 ) 
 
 7 X Christian, -ity 1 
 
 /3 >> Christians, christianize 1 
 
SIGNS 
 
 y-o 
 
 o 
 c 
 
 $ 
 
 E. 
 
 Christ Jesus 
 
 ( 'hrist Jesus our Lord T* 
 
 ( h. J. our Saviour -/7 
 
 Ch. the Lord, crystal ^ 
 
 Christ mas TS /$ 
 
 Church 3, chapel I : 
 circle 3, circular :'. 
 Circum, [cnt S, sent S] 
 Circum-cise 1, -stance 
 Circumcision 1 
 
 Circumstantial C 
 
 Cli-riry 1. colonel C 
 
 (COME,) committee t 
 Companion, Company 1 (" 
 
 CONCERN, Consider 3 c 
 
 condition a~ 
 [congratulate 3, -d 3T W] C 
 
 congregation 8 ^ ' 
 
 congregationalists 3 C^-j 
 
 conscience 38 rr 
 
 \ 
 
 V 
 
 cr 
 
 Cr 
 
 \ 
 t 
 
 1-t 
 t 
 
 t. 
 
 f-c/l 
 
 conscientious " S 
 Conse-quence 1, -quentl 
 
 consequential 1 
 contemp-t, -late t 
 
 contra, Counter , [cntrl 
 [contribute f] 
 
 contradict EW, -ed EW 
 contradiction MW 
 contradictory 1 MW 
 contradicts MW. TS 
 conveuien-t, -cet 
 correspondf 
 
 correspondcn-t, -ce +,TS 
 COULD, cultivate t 
 [cdnt SW, couldn't SW] 
 Countr, Country I 
 Cross, the cross 
 crossed t EW 
 crucit-y 1, -ied I EW 
 cnicifixiou L 
 [custom +"J 
 
SIGNS 
 
 I) 
 
 danger 3, Day , $ UP \ 
 
 defendant TS \*> 
 
 degree OP, degrees OP 
 
 deliver t, -ance S3 ^o 
 
 deliberation f X ' 
 
 description 
 
 denomination 
 
 despatch*, -edtTW 
 
 DID, [t had done tj, G 
 
 differen-t, -ce, ") 
 
 Difficult 1,-ylJ 
 
 discharge , -ed TW 
 
 Disciple TS 
 
 Disciples 
 
 displeasure , displace t 
 
 Distinguish t, -edtTW N/1 - 
 
 (Do, very 1) 
 
 (Does)V down 
 
 (DoNEt. HAD), Divide t x " 
 
 N^' 
 X 
 
 \J 
 \ 
 
 J 
 
 (East,) episcopal ;; 
 Each other's 
 [East Indies] 
 
 eccentric TS, -itylTS 
 ecclesiastic, -al 
 econo-mical, -my 1 
 [Edinburgh 3] 
 Education W 
 E g}'Pt v-^ Egyptians 
 
 electric 
 
 electricity I 
 empha-sis, -tic 
 empoverish t, -edtW 
 Endeavor, (either + 1 S) 
 endureth 
 
 "England t, angel t 
 English t 
 Englishman f 
 Entert, Inter +, Intrt, B 
 
SIGNS 
 
 equalled W, equal 
 Imperial 1, Esquire UEP 
 establish*, -edt TW 
 Et csetera, &c. 
 cteru-al 1, -ity TS 1 
 Europe 3, -an 3 
 evangelical 
 evangelist 
 Ever, Every 1) 
 
 ^ever & ever 
 
 Ever-lasting, -ything 1 
 
 every other 1, each oth. 3 
 
 examination 
 
 Example , expli 
 
 Except 3, Expect 
 exchange , exchequer! 
 
 executor!; exemplary 1 
 
 executrix t 
 
 Exercisef, -dfW 
 explanation 1 
 
 
 H 
 
 r 
 
 extinguish 't, -ed f TW 
 Extr, EXTRA, expl 1 ,JF 
 Extraordinary 
 extrava-gant, -gancet 
 
 F 
 
 fa, fin . find, fine 
 fa-miliart , -cutty 1 
 
 ,FoR, foreE; also for 
 \ FER FIR. Fv^when the 
 , e, i, U, have the sound of 
 ' short e, or short U. 
 
 Flamet,' influence 3 S 
 Flagrant TS 
 Follow, FOR 
 /o formf, firm t [frnf] 
 
 ~, forasmuch as f TS 
 o o 
 
 2? Frederictou t, friend 
 I frequen-t TS, -cy t TS 
 
 ? FROM, fire t, fear 
 
 /c, father St \.\.Aft< r any Ch . 
 thr is impliedifthe jtrccfd- 
 inc/Chs. be shortened&^l] 
 
 /o FULL or a dot LEP 
 > FULLY, /fulfil 
 
a 
 
 Generation 
 
 gent S, gents 3 S 
 
 General l,Give,-n, (Gor>) 
 
 George 1G, [grgfG.] 
 
 Gone 
 
 Glorify 1 
 
 good ; govern t, -or t 
 
 Gospel 
 
 graphic T 
 
 GREAT, gratitude t 
 
 greater 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 G. B. & Ireland 
 
 H 
 
 (HAD, DoNEt) 
 
 half 1, hundred UP 
 hallelujah 3 
 [hand, handed W 
 handkerchief 1 
 
 SIGNS 25 
 Happiness, happy 1 
 
 J 
 
 J 
 
 J 
 
 S\ 
 
 _A 
 
 (HAVE) 
 
 ^ (HE, Ever, Every 1) 
 Heaven, Henry 1, hear 
 
 o heathen 1 , hemisphere 3 
 
 - f- (Her f, OUR, or S) 
 -r Herself t 
 X (His), has S 
 < HIM, hippo, how , B 
 < - Himself 
 
 (holy, house of) JLFC 
 Holy Ghost 
 Holy Spirit t 
 house of assembly 
 ' Q house of commons 
 ^ /*> However, [^ how he] 
 *\ (honor 3 S, t-able, S) 
 hunger 3, hypocrisy 1 
 Y - humble t TS 
 ^ . humiliation 
 

Kentucky 1, Kingdom 3 
 
 Kind, [kerchiff 1] 
 
 Knees TS 
 
 Knew 
 
 knock 
 
 Know, -n, Knowledge 
 
 L 
 
 Language t 
 large t, learn 
 latitude, altitude 1, TSW 
 lawful 
 
 legislate t, legislature f 
 legiMat-orfc 4 -, -v. 
 length, lengthen 4 
 LKT, Lieutenant 
 f Let us 
 If Let us not 
 [Liverpool] TS 
 Logical T, Logj' T 1 
 
 SIGNS 
 
 J long, -itude 
 
 J longest 
 
 J LORD 
 
 J-o Lord Jesus t 
 
 J-7* L. J. Christ 
 
 <J loyal' 
 
 M 
 
 J- 
 J 
 
 J 
 
 d 
 
 K 
 
 V' mag-istrate t, -azine t 
 
 ^> magna 1, magni 1 (Eian) 
 
 V^> magnanimous 1 
 
 V^ magnificent 1 
 
 V s Many 1, manufactured 
 
 ' "V manuscripts TS t 
 
 "Ji mathenlatic, -al 
 X may be 
 
 ^} melancholy 
 
 "^ member +, remember t 
 
 o~ merchant t, Mr. 
 
 V7 merchandise 1 
 
 ^ My 1, Mercy 1, Them 
 
M 
 
 might 1, mighty 1 
 
 mightest 1, mightiest 1 
 million UP, middle W t 
 Mississippi 1 
 
 mistakef. mistakenf 
 Moreover 
 
 most 
 
 mortality 
 
 [(mucht)] 
 
 multi 1, Multitude 1 
 
 Multitudes 1 TS 
 
 Multipl-y8, -iedEW 
 
 (Must) 
 
 H 
 
 Nature, INTEK t, Intro t 
 Necessity 1, never 
 Necessary x/ none 
 Nevertheless 
 neigborhood TW 
 New Brunswick 
 
 SIGNS 
 
 Newfoundland t 
 
 ?~\ New Hampshire t 
 
 A* New Orleans t 
 
 J New York f 
 
 . North Carolina t 
 
 9 \ Ix number t, 
 
 ^ ^no longer f.^nodoubtt 
 
 fl Nothing, I nor 
 
 77 Notwithstanding 
 
 vi- 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 ^ O, (Oh ! ), origin 3, [orgn]3 
 
 D Ob B, Bility T, obey 1 
 
 D Object, observe f 
 
 ^ objected, obeyed 1 
 3 objectionable 
 
 2) objections, -serrations t 
 
 \^y occasion 
 
 j occasional 
 
 , occasion-ally I, -ing 
 
 occasions 
 
o'clock 
 
 Of, offend 3, offence 3 o 
 
 offer 3, offered W 3 j 
 
 offensive f < \ > _- 
 
 office, \of course 3 C 
 
 official G 
 
 often, oftenerS <= 
 
 oftenest = 
 
 Ohio 3, *f own opinion f^> 
 
 OnB, honors -. 
 
 (one first t / 
 
 Only 1 S, ly TUP - 
 
 Op ,-en, Opportunity 1 <D 
 hope ( 
 
 opinion, (organ 3, own) r~d 
 
 (or S, Our) r 
 
 Ord B, order B, -ed EW -\ 
 ordinary 1 
 
 ostentatious 
 
 ff 
 
 (other 1.) otherwise 1 
 
 (Ouoirr) 
 
 ^ oxight to, Ottawa 
 
 SIGN3 ^ 
 
 (Our, hour) 
 
 (OCRS, hours) 
 
 , (Our S 3), -ward S 3 W 
 
 QS Out of, out of the world Q 
 
 Over OP or OF, S 
 -_ Over a 
 ^ oysters TS 
 
 P 
 
 pamphlet 
 paragraph t 
 Particular t , person! 
 
 ->> peculiar t, pecuniary 1 
 
 -y~ Perfect 1 
 
 "0 [ pr Pl- perpendicular f 
 
 -^_ Philadelphia* 
 
 ^ [philanthrop-ic 1 -y 1] 
 
 ^\_ Philoso-pher, -phy 
 
 -x_ phonogra-pher 3, -phy 3 
 
 -^ Physiciana 
 
 places, pleasure, 9 
 
 O 
 
80 
 
 Pleasures, please, S 
 Plenipotentiaries 1 TS 
 politic 1 
 politician 
 
 popularity 1, People 
 Possible 
 Possibly 
 powerful 
 Possibility 
 practicable t 
 practicability 
 practical 
 practice 
 presbyterian 
 present 
 
 Principal t, principle t 
 probability TG 
 progress 
 
 Prophe-t ?r ' -cy * 
 [protestants] BW 
 
 SIGJSB 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 vc 
 
 ->. 
 <C 
 
 providen-cet.-tialt, TW 
 Public, publican t 
 
 ^ public I, V "y publish 
 
 (Hi 
 
 ^ Qua-lify 1 , -rter 3, Quest 
 
 Qualification 1 
 
 Qualifications 1 
 ,? quantity 1 
 
 I 
 ^_ Receive 
 
 ^\ recognis-e, [-ancef] 
 Reconcile, reckon 1 
 Reconsider 3, -cd 3 EW 
 . Tecon-ciliat'u,-siderat'n3 
 -. redemption 
 
 
 . 
 
 Regard 1, reflect t 
 regenerate t, regret 
 regeneration t 
 resolve t, response! 
 
 -/7 
 
 _ _ resolution f 
 
responsibility t 
 
 reverend 
 
 Righteous, judicious t 
 
 Righteousness 
 
 5 round about 
 
 S 
 
 sacraments 
 
 Bacrificet, scribe, sec'y 1 
 SAID SW, [\ said] 
 satisfactory, satisfy,! 
 same 
 
 T Saint John 
 f Saint Paul 
 Saviour, Sovereign 1 
 S. Christ 
 S. J. Christ 
 schoolmaster t 
 school /,. scholar t 
 Scriptural 
 Scripture, says S 
 
 ~C - 
 
 SIGNS 81 
 
 \ 
 
 selfishly 
 
 serve TS, Servant T3 
 Several, k. service 
 SHALL, SHOULD t 
 shoulder t 
 
 significan-t, -ce T8 t 
 simplify 1 
 
 [so 1] some 1 , super f S 
 society 1 TS 
 somebody 1 
 something 1 
 sometimes 1 
 somewhat 1 
 spec, spect, [spc, spot] 
 spirit -f, j -ual f 
 Sub-ject, -scribe f 
 sub-jection, -scription f 
 Substance t 
 substantial 
 substantially t . - - 
 
 *- 
 
 r- 
 
 si 
 
82 
 
 suggest, signify 1, -aturet 
 BurprisetS, -dtSTW 
 sympa-thy 1, -thetic 
 
 SIGNS 
 
 b/ Thus, this with no dot 
 
 Tilings, ings T 
 <D thro', thro' the world G 
 
 symptom, simplicity 1 
 
 T 
 
 tabernacle tt_ (take)t 
 
 Temp-t, -orary 1, -oralt G 
 
 Temptations 
 
 umpcrt, -anceSS 
 
 temperance society 1 
 
 thank f, think f 
 
 thanksgiving t 
 
 THAT, Thousand t 
 
 THE, THEE, THY 1 
 
 Their, There 
 
 Them 
 
 Therefore 
 
 THET 
 
 these TS, thinks 
 
 Thote 
 
 r 
 
 k 
 
 i- 
 
 I/ 5 
 
 cp Throughout S 
 
 | Time, trans 1, textf 
 
 , To S, [t to do SW, atJB 
 
 *\ to-day BS or i 
 
 i Together 
 
 J tongue, lively UP 
 
 ] Toward EW ' 
 
 \J transgress 1 
 - V? trespass t 
 
 II 
 
 ^s unanimous t 
 _ Under UP 
 -_ underst-a'nd,-oodW,UEP 
 
 u\ undoubted TW 
 
 ^ f U. S. of America t 
 
 Y Universal 
 
 V universally 
 
/TV 
 
 V 
 
 University 
 unmistakable t 
 (UNTO), universe 
 (Up) ^ (UPON) 
 (Uat), [uset] 
 
 V 
 
 Valley 1, voluntary S 1 
 value, volunteer +> vol.t 
 vengeance t 
 
 (Very 1), virgin t Vs -_ 
 
 Virginia i ^ " 
 
 W 
 
 (WAS), whose f & 
 
 Washington f & ' 
 
 Ward, or W with no dot { 
 
 r West Indies Cj 
 
 WITH, What 1, whom t ^ 
 
 whomsoever t, Why t <^ 
 
 Wherefore </* 
 
 WHICH 1, WILL, well / 
 
 SIGNS 
 
 V d which w ill 1, who will 
 
 "YLH j Wilderness 
 
 &f WilUngness 
 
 I [without 3 S] 
 
 O WORLD, The world 
 O iii the world 
 
 O into the world 
 O* Out of the world 
 O round the world 
 (D throughout the world 
 
 ./ Would, or S with no dot 
 
 Yesterday 
 Yesterday's, Yours t 
 You,-rf, -ng 1, yearf 
 [fyouS.fyourS] 
 Yourself 
 Yourselves 
 
 z 
 
 Zeal, [Xenophon t] 
 
NOTES ON THE SIGNS. 
 
 1. When we say that a word is a sign, we mean that 
 the character for the sign-word is to be written just as it is 
 in the list. One hundred of these signs make more than 
 ene-half of all we have to write in taking down any dis- 
 course or debate. Hence the importance of having short 
 signs to represent these constantly recurring words. 
 
 2. I might have gone on adding to the list till we had 
 as many signs as are to be found in " Pitman's Reporter's 
 Companion," takingonly the most expressive and convenient 
 letters in each word ; as, c-cation for communication; P S-cy, 
 Provincial Secretary; Can-y, Canterbury; H-x, Halifax ; 
 N-S\, Nona Scotia; M-a-*s, Massachusetts; Tens-eS, Ten- 
 nessee; S-W\, Switzerland; P-a\, Pennsylvania; and the 
 phrases, that tJie, that thy, that they, might be written with 
 a double t like the sign tlutt, but in other respects the same 
 as the, thy, and they. It is needless, however, for the steno- 
 grapher to overload his memory with such arbitrary con- 
 tractions, as he can have as many signs as he pleases merely 
 by writing the words according to the rules of Phono- 
 graphy ; as, p-pltion, population ; congr-g-tion-l, congregct- 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 35 
 
 tional ; s-n-gg, synagogue ; comp-r-nd, comprehend . comp-r- 
 nxion, comprehension ; adding the short cty to the sign 
 multiply for multiplicity, etc., etc. 
 
 3. Very many of our signs have all the characters they 
 require to express the words according to the Phonographic 
 rules, and therefore would not appear in any reporting list 
 of signs. I have given them, however, for the use of those 
 who desire convenient abbreviations for writing steno- 
 graphy. Of this class are absent, acquaint, angels, angelic, 
 believe, both, brother, but, condition, contradict, contradiction 
 -or?/, description, did, disciple, does, down, education, English, 
 judge, knock, long, loyalists, public, etc., which are all con- 
 venient for an experienced writer. The learner, will, of 
 course, use only the principal signs, which are easily known 
 by the type in which they are printed, for instance : 
 
 4. " ABLE," being a word of primary importance, is 
 printed altogether in capitals. This sign is in reality the 
 short bl, like a half-length a, and is suggestive of the ter- 
 mination ; as, [_ table, /_ sable. To add d to it, either make 
 the character thicker, or joia d to the left end ; as, ~ abled. 
 
 5. " In accordance with," see page 20. As only the first 
 letters of this phrase are capitals, its sign (Iu-a ) is one of 
 Secondary importance ; the w stands on the line, as the rule 
 of position requires, because it is the first long character. 
 
 G. " America 3 G, -can 3 G." Proper names begin with 
 capitals, and we are not to infer from the large initials thai 
 such words occur more frequently than those which in the 
 list begin with small letters. If the writer would select 
 the most labor-saving abbreviations, let him first learn the- 
 signs of those words which are altogether in capitals, then 
 of those beginning with a large letter, and pay no regard 
 to the words in [ ], which are of little use except in the 
 hurry of reporting. The sign for " America " is A-a, undtr 
 the line, as the 3 shows, and the G requires the Ch. to be 
 
36 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 greater, that is, twice as long as single a. No obscurity 
 can arise from using precisely the same sign for " Ameri- 
 can," as it is not easy to find a sentence in which one word 
 could be mistaken for the other. 
 
 7. ".( As S, Has S)." This sign, page 20, is a short s on 
 the line, and we see by the ( ) that it is not to be used for 
 as and has when they are 'parts of other words ; we must 
 write, for instance, a-s-k, and not s-k for ask. 
 
 8. "Bishop," p. 21, is represented by bp crossing the 
 line ; and " baptize, baptism," by bp, with the last letter on 
 it. The position of the line is represented by the tick on the 
 double line dividing the columns. Take care to make bp 
 twice as long as b or p. 
 
 9. " In B, ing A E, ng J P, S," page 26. The B here 
 shows that the Ch stands for in at the beginning of a word : 
 for ing,aftcr the Ch before it at the end; and for ng if joined 
 to the preceding Ch.; the S shows that the Ch.is short. 
 
 10. At page 24 we have "father S f 1." which shows 
 that the/ for father is short, and crosses the 1 or y-line. 
 This sign belongs to an abbreviating rule, given at page 
 13, No. 45, thus, " [ther D T, S f 1]," signifying that, in 
 Phonography, to add ther, we must drop the termination 
 ther, shorten all the preceding Chs, and write them across 
 the 1 or y-line. 
 
 11. The sign ever is a large e : at the end of words it 
 turns cither way ; but when it is alone, it stands as in the 
 table, and it is well to put a dot under the left end of it, to 
 distinguish it from the pronoun - he. [The e and for 
 foand you, in phrase-writing, turn either way, but standing 
 alone e always turns down, and v up.] 
 
 12. " You, r f, ng 1, year f." This shows that y stands 
 for you on the line, your and year across the line, and young 
 above the line. If the learner intends to acquire the re- 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 37 
 
 porting hand, he should at once use the small u instead of 
 y for you. 
 
 13. The student should notice that there is an angle in 
 the ring oT the sign angelic where the c is joined to the angl; 
 that the sign for judge has a large ring, as if spelled juje, 
 and that the ring in/<?r/ and fulf should be twice as large 
 as the ring of/. The looped/ with a dot in it is the sign 
 for fulfilled, and elect-y for electricity. The iny can be 
 joined with an angle to the sign some, for something. 
 
 14. The foregoing examples will enable the learner to 
 understand the signs by referring to the " Key and Alpha- 
 bet," and it will be found that these signs can be read more 
 easily than those of any systems which do not give the ini- 
 tial and final vowels when sounded. Thus : if, in the sen- 
 tence, " lie is one of the aristocracy," we write, as we do, 
 ti-i-st-y for aristocracy, it is a more suggestive contraction 
 than r s tk, which is given in a system which has no con- 
 necting vowels. 
 
 ARBITRARIES. 
 
 Some Phonetic authors boast of having no arbitrages, 
 while multitudes of their signs seem really to belong to 
 that class ; for what can be more arbitrary than such con- 
 tractions as gw for language, jr, for larger, nfor under, etc., 
 etc.? Arbitrarics are not absolutely necessary, but I have 
 admitted a few, which will soon find favor as the shortest 
 signs for particular words. They consist of characters 
 joiped together in an unusual manner, and occasionally of 
 a common letter or fanciful mark ; as, H about, . . again, o of, 
 the world, J. together, etc. 
 
 449463 
 
38 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 RULES FOR WHITING STENOGRAPHY, WITH 
 REMARKS UPON THE CHARACTERS. 
 
 1. Phonetic systems require us to write only such Betters as 
 jive the sound of words ; but as the habit has an inevitable 
 t^uiirucy to leai many at length to doubt how to spell cor- 
 rectly, I prefer deviating but little from the established 
 orthography. The learner is reminded that he should give 
 his attention chiefly to the exercises, as the writing of them 
 will teach him the substance of the directions here given, 
 more quickly and pleasantly than if he were to commit to 
 memory these dry and formal rules. Tabular words in [ ] 
 are not used in Stenography. 
 
 2. It is a common complaint with those who have tried 
 " Pitman's Phonography," that it is hard to identify hia 
 characters if hastily written, and that time is lost in giving 
 them their proper thickness. 
 
 The force of this objection will be felt by any one rapidly 
 writing one hundred marks of the simplest kind, promis- 
 cuously thick and thin ; for he will find that there is a sen- 
 sible loss of time in writing them with sufficient care to 
 distinguish the thick from the thin. Gouraud, in the intro- 
 duction to his " Cosmophonography," published 1850, haa 
 many just remarks upon this and kindred subjects. 
 
 For this reason, I have choaen alphabetic characters of 
 such shape that they can be distinguished without regard 
 to their tbickn^PS. 
 
 :!. K and Qu are properly horizontal curves (like Pit- 
 mau's m and n), uo deeper or higher than ^, e, but spread- 
 ing twice as much. If we mark them in Stenography with 
 a dot, we need not be particular as to their size. 
 
 4. U, which is a horizontal half-ring, is rarely found at 
 the end of English words, and we have a medial [not 
 used in Phonography], so that there can be no mistake if 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 39 
 
 in Stenography, we write medial and final e as small as u. 
 But, as it is not always easy for beginners to preserve the 
 relative size of horizontal carves, they are advised to put a 
 dot over A', under qn, and in >t, uutil they can read their 
 writing readily without it. The dot renders these charac- 
 ters distinct, however carelessly they may be written. 
 
 5. R is a large quarter-circle, or, as is sometimes more 
 convenient, a straight stem with a crook at the top like rest, 
 but r is always an up stroke, and rest a down-stroke. 
 
 (3. Ex is always a perpendicular wave line beginning 
 like c : take care, therefore, never to begin it like b. 
 
 7. The short bl and pi, when not initial, are drawn from 
 left to right ; but (except before c, and characters taking 
 the direction of down-stroke*) when they begin words they 
 are drawn from right to left, so that their left ends may be 
 joined to the next characters. See examples in the exercises. 
 For initial bla, we make bl'&s long as a, drawing it from 
 right to left. 
 
 8. POSITION. The first long Ch., when there is one, 
 rests its foot where we wish the word to stand. If the 
 word is to be written on the line, the letters must be so 
 joined as to let the first lony character stand on the line: 
 and when we find 1, 2, 3, or f after any termination or short 
 Ch., the meaning is that the first tony Ch. (in the word to 
 which the termination or short Ch. belongs) stands in the 
 position indicated. The first long Ch. of no word, unless it 
 is one of the signs or ends in y, can stand higher than on 
 the 2-line. When the Chs. are all shorts or horizontals, the 
 lowest of the first two down-strokes rests its foot where a 
 long Ch. would stand. S, t, and the ringed dis, when fol- 
 lowed by a consonant, take the position of short characters. 
 
 9. As the object is to combine legibility with brevity, 
 we can let the Chs. a, b, c, d,f, g, i, I, m, n, o, p, s, t, v, x, 
 stand also for ay, be, ce, de, ef, ge, igJi, d, em, en, ough, pe, es, 
 
40 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 te, ve, ex; but the vowel is not omitted in Stenography when 
 its absence would leave any doubt as to the word intended. 
 Thus, while we may write da, ma, sa, b, si, for day, may, 
 say, be, sigh, and mn for men, we must add e to b in beat, 
 and prefix e to n in mien. We can drop the vowel between 
 two characters whenever it has the sound of short e, as d-tli, 
 death; loc-l, local; bas-n, basin ; rand-m, random ; harb-r, 
 harbor; sr, sir, etc. This can cause no ambiguity or hesi- 
 tation, the vowel to be supplied having always the same 
 sound. 
 
 10. Final y is implied without writing it, by putting the 
 word on the y-line, which is so called because final y is ad- 
 ded in reading the Chs. upon it. Thus, b, m, th,fl, an, ever, 
 when put on the y-line are read by, my, thy, fly, any, every. 
 This line, which is confined in Stenography to words which 
 can be written by one, two, or three characters requiring 
 no vowels to be joined to them, is used in reporting when- 
 ever we can thereby shorten a word ; and supplies (what is 
 wanting in the reporting style of most systems) the means 
 of always knowing with certainty when y is to be added to 
 the written characters. Words ending in ay drop the y, 
 and stand on the main line, because the y is silent : da on 
 the y-line would be clayey. 
 
 11. Each of the Chs. in the alphabet, except anglorengl, 
 enter or inter, and super, naturally, when it is alone, stands 
 with its lowest part resting upon the line ; but, as a sign 
 for a particular word, the Ch. is at times displaced ; as, d 
 across the line for done. 
 
 12 To preserve the compactness and lineality of the 
 writing, it is generally best to draw s, sub, and super, so as 
 make an acute angle with the character after them ; but 
 they must be drawn down both before and after r ; and 
 wben final, up after w and i. /Sand t may be long or short 
 as is most convenient in the first part of a word ; but must 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 41 
 
 always be long before the double characters ct and re ; and 
 t always long at the end of a word. Final s, if short, usually 
 sounds like 2. 
 
 13. When e, i, o, , begin words, and are followed by a 
 straight stein, their ends point down before an ascending, 
 and up before a descending stroke. The vowels must never 
 be so joined as to alter the shape or name of the preceding 
 character. It is neater to let the end of e point up, when 
 the word begins with eg, or ey ; aud down, in cb, ep, or ev. 
 The ends of f, o, u, are always turned down, so as to point 
 towards the bottom of the paper, after/, fl, gr, r, the crook 
 ch, and all down-strokes except the ringed ch, th, v, w, and 
 w h. 
 
 NOTE. The t/-dot put to a, i, and the consonants, is all they require 
 for u in the middle of word-, but sometimes the curve and dot are pre- 
 ferable. Initial e is always turned so as to make an angle in joining d, 
 m, r, s, '. it'.and Chs. beginning like them. 
 
 14. The ascending and descending Chs., that have not S 
 or Q after them in the tables to show that they are shorter 
 or grc'iti-r, are all of one height ; and when they are joined 
 by vowels or short characters, if one ascends and the other 
 descends, or tire versa, they blend, or the second long char- 
 acter is shortened so as to prevent it extending higher or 
 lower than the first : thus, in read, the d ends when it conies 
 to the line on which r begins. 
 
 15. F being an up-stroke, the following character is 
 joined to the upper part of the ring. The ringed dis being 
 a down-stroke, the next character is joined to its foot ; it 
 cannot stand alone because it would be like/ ; it is a conveni- 
 ent initial before ascending and horizontal characters, while 
 the double stroke dis is, in general, neater before down- 
 etrokes. and used with them in all positions. 
 
 16. For is always represented by// and this use of /as 
 
42 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 a Byllabic Ch. is found, after a little practice, to contribute 
 to ease in reading as well as writing, jp'also stands forfer, 
 fir, fur, when they are short and pronounced alike, but 
 never for the long sounds fere, fire,fure. 
 
 17. The crook ch, not being an initial, is a convenient 
 arbitrary for the pronoun it. And here we may notice that 
 we always put e for the pronoun he ; th, for the ; and the 
 for they ; i.e., 'they are what we call Signs. 
 
 18. The crook ord, among Phonographic Chs., p. 11, is 
 the sign or prefixed to d, and may be used as a syllabic 
 initial in Stenography if preferred to three single letters. 
 
 19. When two consonants of the same name come to- 
 gether without a vowel between theni, we usually write 
 but one ; if we double them, as directed on page 9, they im- 
 ply that a vowel is to be understood between them ; as dd, 
 for ded or did; mm, for mem, etc. In double and syllabic 
 characters, if we enlarge the ring of n in inter, it becomes 
 intern ; the syllabic/, in the same way, becomes forf, as in 
 forfeit ; while the enlarging of the rings of [cl, dl, vl, wt] 
 sh and temp adds I with its vowel ; as, shell, temple. 
 
 20. Rings are of two sizes, single and double. The 
 single ring should be made as small as will be distinct ; for, 
 if we double the size of an initial ring, we prefix un to the 
 character: thus, q important becomes (j unimportant; 
 while, as seen by the last rule, the enlarging of the final 
 ring adds another letter to the character. 
 
 The only exception to this rule is p, whose ring if 
 doubled makes pp, and if trebled in size prp: see Chs. 
 page 11. 
 
 21. Initial un may be expressed by a short n before a 
 straight horizontal line or down-stroke, and this n is short- 
 ened until nothing of it remains but the ring, before b, ob, 
 op, fr, all up-strokes, hooks, crooks, and horizontal curves. 
 
 When the next Ch. begins with a ring, we have only to 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 43 
 
 double the size of that ring ; and when we have to make 
 one, it must generally be on the same side of the next Ch. 
 as if it had been a long n. 
 
 The ring un and super can even go before the initials ; 
 but for unen a long n is best, with the ring un on the left 
 side of the lower end. 
 
 To write un before the ringed dis, merely change the 
 ring of dis to the left side, instead of enlarging it. 
 
 22. For aver or under, we draw a short horizontal mark 
 over or under the next Ch.in the same or following word. 
 Thus, for overlay we put the mark over the I, and for under 
 a we draw.it under the left end of the a. See oner a, p. 29; 
 moreover, p. 23. t 
 
 23. PREFIXES. We may in the beginning of words 
 write 
 
 b for bene. m for magni* t for trans.* 
 
 c " circum. ml " multi.* a " extra, 
 
 h " hypo. o " omni. [x " expt]* 
 
 Those marked * stand above the line. 
 The b for bene is useful only before /, as, b-f actor, bene- 
 factor. 
 
 For circumc, we repeat the c, as in circumcision (p. 20), 
 and thus distinguish it from double c, which is only a larger 
 half circle. 
 
 ?4. The syllabic character He is used for all words be- 
 ginning with He and Hea. 
 
 25. The short s for super must be written in such a 
 manner as to make the first long character cross the line ; 
 as, super with b across the line for superb. 
 
 26. It will occasionally be found plainer to separate a 
 sign from the rest of the word, especially one that has with 
 at the beginning or of at the end ; as, ^ without, i/ 10 
 thereof. 
 
 27. Suffix sub. Sometimes, by attaching tub, we can 
 
44 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 intimate, without writing, that certain words, of relative or 
 opposite meanings, are read after the one we have just 
 finished; as, male sub, for male and female; brotJter sub, 
 brother and sister ; hither sub, hither and thither ; above sub, 
 (tboce and below ; men sub sub, men, women, and children : so, 
 Ui\d and water ; pen and ink; kingdom of heaven; Great 
 Britain and Ireland, p. 25 ; etc. 
 
 CHARACTERS SHORTENED AND BLENDED. 
 
 When Chs. are joined together, they are so blended that 
 the writing is greatly shortened, in ways easily remember- 
 ed, without interfering at all with its legibility. 
 
 1. All words can be written without thickening the Chs. 
 
 2. But, by thickening k, qu, ch, and g, or any long down- 
 stroke in a word standing on the 1 or 2-line, \ve add to them 
 the sound of erd, and in this way can express four or five 
 letters by one character : thus, 6, c, to, thickened, become 
 bird, curd, word; he becomes herd or heard, etc.; and by 
 prefixing medial u to these thick Chs., we change the erd 
 into ured, as cured, insured. 
 
 3. By thickening any other horizontal or any short Ch., 
 we add d to it (see adoantage, p. 20) ; but this is seldom 
 done in Stenography, except in initial ind. 
 
 4. Sd, st, and the double 8 for ses can be made short, and 
 * and can often be shortened before other letters ; but a 
 short final s has always the sound of z : thus, we write a 
 with short s for as, and with long s for ass. 
 
 5. S before t becomes a mere crook, but in rbt is long. 
 also becomes a crook before m, ml, v, vl. See exercises. 
 
 6. If we put medial u over the centre of con, it becomes 
 noun ; if over tho ring, it becomes cun. In the same way, 
 medial u changes cl, dl, fn, ft-, into cul, did, fun, fur, 
 the u in fur having the long sound of ?/, as infurioit*. 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 45 
 
 7. We add I to e, ch, d, v, w \centr}, sh, spec, and temp, 
 by joining to them the ring of I without its stem ; the two 
 rings meeting in ih and temp merely make the ring larger 
 for shl, tempi. See cl, dl, tl. wl, in the alphabet. 
 
 8. In the same manner, the ring of m is sufficient, at the 
 end of a word, on the right of I, p, cl, Tl, or sh. 
 
 9. Two Chs. running in the same direction, often blend 
 or coalesce without confusion, especially if the first begins 
 and the next ends with a hook, crook, or ring ; as ee, co, eu, 
 re, ro, ru, ve, w, we, wo, ye, yo, ek, ke, ok, ook, ou, ue, eu, quo, 
 ttio, hi, he-i, amp-l, comp-l, empJ,, imp-l, etc. 
 
 If eu or tie do not sound like u, but make two syllables, 
 as in suet, they do not blend, but the u-dot must be put at 
 the end and not in the curve of e. 
 
 10. We can shorten a and i if we wish to show that the 
 vowel is short, or that the next consonant is doubled ; as in 
 latter, litter, to distinguish them from later, lighter ; but as 
 the sense always directs to the right word, this distinction 
 is hardly worth mentioning. 
 
 11. As at can be added to any ring Ch. by changing the 
 ring to a hook, so, after a ring, st can be added to ng, by 
 turning the ng up like a hook. See longest, page 21. 
 
 12. It and fl run with an easy-flowing line, without an 
 angle, into/, y, n, g, r. For this purpose, in joining rf, the 
 stem of / should be slightly bent, so as to include both 
 letters in one curve, as seen in therefore, wherefore, pages 
 32,33. 
 
 NOTES ON THE TERMINATIONS 
 
 A Termination is one or more letters at the ending of a 
 word. 
 
 We have seen that a final y, when there is not a special 
 termination including it, is expressed without writing it by 
 
46 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 patting the previous character on they-line, and that words 
 ending in ay do not change their position, but drop the y 
 because it is silent, ay having the same sound as a. 
 
 The liberty of omitting silent letters should be very 
 sparingly exercised in Stenography, for we find that the 
 silent vowel is often required to give the word its proper 
 sound, as the e in bite, or to prevent us from getting into 
 the habit of misspelling in common writing. On this ac- 
 count, it is better not to omit the silent a in season, sea, tea, 
 etc. The obscure o in season can be dropped with much less 
 danger of forgetting the cor/ect spelling. 
 
 E in the middle and end is better to be only about half as 
 large as it is in the beginning of words ; but when it stands 
 alone or is an initial, it should be about the size it is in the 
 alphabet. 
 
 The Terminations in the list or table, at page 12, all con- 
 sist of two or more letters, which occur with such frequency, 
 in the same order, that it becomes an object to represent 
 these endings more briefly than by writing a separate Ch. 
 for every letter. Tion is an ending of this sort, and in such 
 frequent use that we have represented it by the simplest 
 possible mark a dot and have explained it fully in its 
 proper place. 
 
 Many of th terminations are not represented by new 
 Clis., but the alphabetic letter which is most prominent in 
 the termination is merely modified, that is, it is altered in 
 shape, so that it can still be easily identified and remember- 
 ed ; as, b in bility, and I in lity and lest. 
 
 Most of the terminations can be used for the same letters 
 coming together in the middle as well as the end of words, 
 acd those which can be so used have M, E, after them, for 
 middle and end. 
 
 There is no reason why the crook ch should not have 
 been put in the table of terminations, except that the page 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 47 
 
 was full, and it was thought beet to show the middle and 
 final c7t directly after the initial. 
 
 Unless there are explanatory capitals in the table to 
 direct otherwise, the termination is to be joined to the pre- 
 ceding letter in the easiest and most natural manner. 
 
 When the eye runs over the Chs. representing the ter- 
 minations, it is seen that several are alike in shape ; as Nos. 
 1, 9, 25 ; 2, 26 ; 8, 22, 27 ; 8, 37, 47 ; and 9, 36, 48, 49 : but 
 the explanatory capitals, at the ends of the lines, show that 
 each stands in a different position, or is attached to the pre- 
 ceding Ch. in a different manner from those resembling it, 
 and thus becomes perfectly distinct from every other. 
 
 It is usual, with short-hand authors, to make the alpha- 
 betic letters serve for prefixes and affixes ; as, n for en or in , 
 enter or inter, and to depend upon the context to find out 
 the signification ; but it will be noticed that, without any 
 sacrifice of brevity, we have provided for these very common 
 syllables, sometimes by modifying the alphabetic Chs., and 
 sometimes by introducing new ones ; so that the words all 
 speak for themselves, and do not depend upon others to en- 
 able us to distinguish them. In reporting, these new and 
 the modified Chs. add greatly to the perspicuity of contrac- 
 tions. 
 
 Next to tion, the most useful terminations are able, ing, 
 ly, ous, now, with their adjuncts: the rest, though of minor 
 importance, soon recommend themselves to the writer, 
 when he finds them shorter, neater, and more convenient 
 than single letters. 
 
 We will follow the terminations as numbered in the 
 table, and give a hint or caution as often as it may seem 
 likely to be of any advantage to a beginner. 
 
 No. 1. Able, ble, is a horizontal line not more than half- 
 as long as a. It usually requires the next Ch. to be joined 
 to the left end of it : s and sh, however, are more conveni- 
 
48 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 ently joined to the right end, as the angle should never be 
 greater than a right-angle where bl and s meet. 
 
 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, being terminating Chs. that have no 
 direction to the contrary, are joined, like other letters, to 
 the right side of the preceding Ch. 
 
 Ably, bly. This termination is the short bl with a 
 quarter-ring like a comma under it. 
 
 6. Aught is represented by aut. 
 
 7, 8, 9, 10. For Session, cession, etc., the .short marks in 
 the table are to be joined to the centre of the preceding Ch., 
 to the left side of an up or down-stroke, to the upper side of 
 a horizontal Ch. 
 
 14, 15, 16. These are composed of / with I, c, and t 
 joined, contrary to custom, to the left and under part of its 
 ring ; and whenever the next Ch. is connected with / in 
 this manner, the sound shen or shun is implied between the 
 two Chs. Thus, if we join able or d to the under part of the 
 ring of/, we tave fashionable or fashioned. 
 
 15. Fully is an / with the termination ly on the left side 
 of the ring. When a word ends with fill or fully, we can 
 dispense with the /, and put the dot or ly on the left side, a 
 little above or below the preceding character, or in the last 
 hook, crook, or ring. 
 
 19. Q-e nee is a short g, and falls under a general rule in 
 Phonography, which requires the g to be shortened, and 
 the first long Ch. to be written across the line. See No. 56, 
 p. 13. 
 
 20, 21. When ogrnpJiy is joined to g in geography, th 
 two g's do not blend, as g's commonly do, but make two 
 curves. It is on the y line, because it ends in y. The same 
 sign on the line would be graphical or oyraphicai. 
 
 22. This Ch. ia the same as the initial in. It never 
 stands for in at the end of a word, nor for ing at the begin- 
 ning. As a termination, it is not joined to the preceding 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 49 
 
 Ch. for ing. If joined, it stands for ng ; as in a<ii<fiig. By 
 completingthebalf-rinfr.it becomes ngxt ; as in amongst 
 p. 20. By tbe same changes i n its position and thicken 
 iug it, we may imply that m, n, aad d are prefixed to in;, 
 just as they are to shun. These changes and contractions 
 are convenient for reporters, but ning only should be at- 
 tempted by inexperienced writers. 
 
 i."). 26. These marks are joined to the centre of the pre- 
 ceding Cu., on the right side : as the caps. JCPR show. 
 
 27. This quarter-ring forty, and with a short 8 for lies. 
 is usd only at the end of words, and stands under the end 
 of the preceding character. 
 
 JS. Tins Cu. for Ity or lity, is I modified by moving the 
 ring to the left, on the line, so as not to touch the down- 
 stroke. It we thicken the down-stroke, it stands for Udity ; 
 and adding s to the light Ch. it becomes <V 
 
 In like manner, ty, or ity and idity, can be added to any 
 Ch. with a final ring, by moving th^ir rings tt> the left for 
 ty or it;/, and thickening the down-stroke for dity, as in 
 pidity, No. ?>S. If the ring Ch. is horizontal, or the ring 
 ends on the right side, it, is sufficient to divide the ring be- 
 fore taking off the pen. 
 
 The ty may be changed to try by enlarging the ring so 
 as to contain a little ring resting against the middle of the 
 Ch. ; as, in sultry. 
 
 30. This piece of m is set UEP (i.e., under the end of 
 preceding Ch.) for final ment, and AP (after it) for ments. 
 Hent, but not ment-i, can be used as a medial Ch., and is set 
 likeiiort. Put over the Ch., it becomes nments. 
 
 31. The end of ness points up, and the end of c?i points 
 down. It is joined like ch, and we add a short s drawn 
 down, to make nesses, just as we add a short s drawn up 
 after clt, for 
 
 32. These Phonographic terminations are implied with" 
 
50 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 out writing them, by putting the preceding Chs., or first 
 long Ch. in the word, under the line. 
 
 33. This is o and k blended, and may stand for ock ; in 
 ook, the ring of the o must be enlarged. 
 
 34. 35. The ends of these hooks should be long, and 
 point to the left. 
 
 36. This short t for out can only begin and end words 
 in which out makes a whole syllable. It is joined to the 
 beginning, but disjoined at the end, and stands close under 
 the line. 
 
 36. The short pi is used with s for the ending pies. 
 
 43/43. The s in self&nd selves may generally be omitted, 
 and the dot put over the preceding Ch. for self, and at the 
 centre on the left side for selves. 
 
 44. For ship, the beginning of p is joined on the right 
 side to the centre of the last down-stroke. By adding short 
 rs to it, it becomes shippers. 
 
 45. Ther ia implied when we drop the termination, 
 shorten all the preceding Chs., and write the word juat 
 under or across the #-line. 
 
 46,47. THE TERMINATION TION OR SHUN. 
 
 1. A dot at the end of the preceding character, on the right 
 side, stands for tion, sion, and every other terminatien that 
 has the sound of shun ; under the preceding Ch., it stands 
 for ution or tution ; over an up-stroke, or over the end of a 
 horizontal, for ention ; and after, or over the middle, for 
 emtion. The changing of the dot to a quarter-ring (or 
 curve, like the first pi) adds s, and makes the plural shuns. 
 
 NOTB. The learner will observe that m and are prefixed to shun by 
 changing the position of the dot. In the same way m and n may be 
 prefixed to ing and mtnt, by changing the position of those termina- 
 tions. 
 
 2. If we put the dot before the last Ch. at the middle of 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 51 
 
 an up-stroke, or on the left side on a line with the foot of a 
 down-stroke, we read shun with a short a or e before the Ch., 
 or before the last consonant if the dot stands before a double 
 Ch. ; as, dot I for tional. 
 
 3. Before a modified Ch., like lity, we put the dot before 
 the middle of the Ch., and read the tion with a short a be- 
 fore the termination : thus, lity, with a dot before the middle 
 of the I, becomes tionality. 
 
 4. The contractions given above may content the Steno- 
 grapher ; but the Reporter will find it convenient to go far- 
 ther, and use a heavy dot for dtion ; so that his shun table 
 will be as follows: 
 
 A dot will stand if light if heavy 
 
 On the right, at the end for tion ; dtion. 
 
 Under the end, " uiion, ttion ; dution. 
 
 At the middle, on the right,") 
 . if an up or down-stroke, I " mtion ; mndtion. 
 
 or over the middle of a [ " mntion. 
 
 horizontal. 
 Over the end of an up-stroke ~| 
 
 or horizontal, or on the! . -,*,/,,, 
 
 right at the top of a down- \ '" llon > ndtwn ' 
 
 stroke. j 
 
 5. When there is no m or n before dtion, we may express 
 the d by modifying the preceding Ch., instead of using the 
 heavy dot. A shun dot can never be put before, but may 
 be put after a short Ch. Then the dot for (mtion would 
 stand as high as the top of the short Ch., and higher for 
 ntioti, 
 
 NOTK. The learner will find numerous examples of the foregoing 
 rulos in the Exercises. 
 
 48. The short disjoined t is put under the end of the pre- 
 ceding Ch. for tine, and the long t for ticity. 
 
 49. The short t for truct always follows a long s, and 
 makes the syllabic Ch. strut or struct ; we thicken the t ia 
 
S3 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 strutted, as is done for ted in the alphabet. It may be 
 noticed that, at page 11, the termination tude stands oppo- 
 site to ted, to show that the same td is the best contraction 
 we can make for tude when we do not choose to write it in 
 full. 
 
 50, 51. The w and s should be the same length inwards, 
 and the w should have a dot under it, or be thickened. 
 
 52. We can add est to a ring letter by changing the ring 
 to a small hook, and ster by enlarging the ring without 
 -closing it ; as, later, inster, nster. See page 11. 
 
 53. In the middle of words, rings and loops are all the 
 same, and we make whichever happens to join most easily, 
 but if we change an initial or final ring to a loop, we add dto 
 that Ch. This contraction, though useful in Phonography, 
 is not so plain as writing d ; but may safely be used in 
 Stenography for ed, when the context of itself would lead 
 us to add the ed, even if we did not see it written ; as, He 
 has turned. 
 
 54. 55, 56. [These, excepting cent and gent before given, 
 are used only in Phonography.] To these we may add ch 
 for Chester, and a large g, that is, gg, for gogue. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS. 
 
 1. Capitals have Chs. in no way different from the small 
 letters. \\ hen we wish to mark the occurrence of one, we 
 put two short horizontal marks, close together, under the 
 Ch. To show that a word is in capitals, we draw under it 
 3 lines for large, and 2 for small capitals. A wave-line 
 under a letter, and a straight line under a word, will show 
 them to be in italics. 
 
 2. The smaller the rings and ends of the crooks, the 
 more neatly and speedily the Chs. can bo formed. When e 
 ollows n, the n should be inclined a good deal, or its ring 
 will be out of proportion. The fault of beginners generally 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 58 
 
 is that they do not slope the inclined Chs. enough, and in- 
 cline those that ought to stand upright. 
 
 3. READING. If an inexperienced reader is at a loss to 
 know where one Ch. ends and the next begins, he must pro- 
 ceed as in common writing, and go as far as possible to make 
 up the first letter. It would not do in long-hand to separate 
 the o from the rest of a, d, or g, nor the first part of TO or w 
 from the last ; so in short-hand the line and ring or other 
 parts must go together whenever they can be united to form 
 one character. 
 
 4. Until you become familiar with the Chs., you may, 
 in any word in which you think there can be any doubt, 
 where two Chs. meet, mark the point by drawing a short 
 vertical or horizontal line across them, making its ends of 
 equal length on both sides. The eame mark is drawn across 
 t to blend or shorten ai ; as, ^-C hair. * 
 
 5. WHITING FROM DICTATION. The reader should first 
 pronounce the word distinctly. If there is in it a syllable 
 represented by a syllabic Ch., he should name, and not 
 epell, that syllable ; and when the letters are to be repre- 
 sented by a double Ch., they should be named in rapid suc- 
 cession, and a distinct pause should be made at the end of 
 every Ch., whether single, double, or syllabic ; as >/! in- 
 itruc-tive ; *-/* con-structed ; \A de-struc-tion. If it is a 
 sign as, '. temptation ; after pronouncing it, he says, " Sign 
 temp-shun." If it is not ou the main line, as company, he 
 says, " Sign comp on the y-line," or as the case may be. 
 
 5. Examples are better than oral teaching, and the 
 learner will find that, though the explanations may often- 
 times seem intricate, the things themselves are very simple 
 as soon as he examines the illustrations. 
 
 6. As the Stenographer inserts every letter that is neces- 
 sary to prevent the slightest hesitation in reading, he 
 cannot go forward at the railway speed he may attain by 
 
54 
 
 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 adopting tbe abbreviations supplied by the following 
 
 Phonography. Com- 
 paring his progress, 
 however, with that 
 of those \rho write 
 only long-hand, it is 
 not unlike that of a 
 man.travelling along 
 
 at his ease, drawn by a good roadster ; while theirs is that 
 
 of helpless pedestrians, who must spend many more hour? 
 
 in laboriously performing the same journey. 
 
PART II. 
 
 PHONOGRAPHY; OR, VERBATIM REPORTING. 
 
 WE have evidence that the Jews had carried rapid writ- 
 ing to a high degree of perfection at a very early period of 
 their history. In the words, "My tongue is the pen of a 
 ready writer," the Psalmist plainly intimates that the 
 scribes of his day could write words as rapidly as they 
 could be uttered by the tongue. The following transla- 
 tion of some lines from the poet Ausonius, in praise of an 
 expert writer in the time of the Emperor Gratian, confirms 
 the quotation given in the preface, from Martial's Epi- 
 grams, with regard to the dexterity of the Roman notaries: 
 
 ' wondrous art ! though from my lips 
 
 The words like pattering hailstones fall, 
 Thine ear hath caught them every one, 
 Thy nimble pen portrayed them all. 
 
 "My words no sooner are pronounced 
 
 Than on thy tablets they appear; 
 My mind cannot keep equal pace 
 With thy light fingers' swift career." Gouraud. 
 
 No reporter of modern times can do more, as reapecta 
 rapid writing, than these extracts show was done by the 
 ancient Hebrew and Roman scribes. 
 
56 PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 A Phonetic Alphabet, by which all the simple articulate 
 sounds of the human voice (which are less than a hundred) 
 could be unmistakably expressed, might be invented ; and, 
 if it were universally adopted, would be one of the most 
 useful applications of writing ever given to the world. 
 But it is an imposition for any author to lead his readers 
 to suppose that he has invented Chs. so short, plain, and 
 simple, that words can be written as rapidly as uttered and 
 properly pronounced, by persons ignorant of the speaker's 
 language. If, therefore, by Phonography we understand 
 the art of expressing the sounds of a language by Chs., 
 each of which always represents the same elementary 
 sound, it becomes evident, the moment we examine any 
 modern system of shorthand used for reporting, that it has 
 no claim whatever to the title of phonography. It has 
 been shown in the preface, p. x., that, in one of the latest 
 systems, the same Chs. not only represent many words 
 very dissimilar in sound, but that the sign oftentimes has 
 not the slightest approximation to the sound of the word 
 it represents. In fact, the reporting style of all the so-called 
 phonetic systems gives quite as little help towards the true 
 pronunciation of many of the signs, as is given in Wiliiain's 
 Stenography (a handsome octavo published in 1826), which 
 contains some two hundred columns of words, each repre- 
 sented by one or two initial letters, with some other letter 
 chosen at random and not at all contained in the word 
 itself. 
 
 This system introduces the phonetic principle only when 
 it contributes to shorten the writing ; as, laffor laugh. 
 
 In the Stenography, I have preferred a plainly legible 
 style to one for writing as many words as possible in a 
 limited time. All who have learned that fuller and, as 
 compared with common writing, very expeditious method, 
 are able to read, not only their own manuscript, but that of 
 
PHONOGRAPHY. 57 
 
 any correspondent who writes it with tolerable accuracy, 
 more easily than if it were long-hand. If the student, there- 
 fore, learns only the Stenography, he will be amply com- 
 pensated for his pains, and indeed will have acquired that 
 part which is of the most practical use in the everyday 
 business of life. 
 
 But if he is ambitious to acquire the art of making a 
 verbatim report of speeches, lectures, sermons, and debates, 
 he must learn what we, for convenience, term Phonogra- 
 phy ; or he may begin it as soon as he has learnt from 
 Stenography how the Chs. of the alphabet and terminations 
 are joined together ; for the Chs. are the same in both, and 
 he who knows so much of Stenography can acquire the 
 Phonography with comparatively little labor. 
 
 It is true the writing will not be as plain as Steno- 
 graphy, and will require more practice to read it as readily ; 
 but it contains more elements of legibility than reporting 
 hands usually do, and is more readable than any of those 
 which omit the initial and final vowels. 
 
 It is sufficient, when the utmost despatch is required, as 
 in following a speaker, to be able to make out with cer- 
 tainty what we commit to paper so hastily, and it is sur- 
 prising how soon one learns to read words if only the ini- 
 tial and final vowels are given with the consonants. 
 
 Phoneticians systematically misspell words according to 
 their sound, as ahur and slmger, for sure and sugar; and 
 substitute k and s for the hard and soft sounds of c / often 
 t for 'I, etc. If any one really prefers such spelling, he can 
 use it in this system, whereas in theirs it is the only 
 method ; for most of them have no Ch. for c, and are com- 
 pelled to write k or s for c ; in many instances, v for/, g 
 forj, t for d.f for ph, s for z, k for qu and hard di, a habir, 
 dangerous for those who wish to remember the true ortho- 
 graphy in ordinary writing. 
 
RULES FOR WRITING PHONOGRAPHY 
 
 1. Write words with only the vowels and consonants 
 heard in .pronouncing them ; and drop every middle vowel, 
 as well as every one which is not distinctly sounded at the 
 end, unless it is included in a syllabic Ch. or termination. 
 When the vowels flow so smoothly into the consons.nts 
 that we can write them without losing time, a distrustful 
 writer is at liberty to insert them in any doubtful word to 
 make it more readable ; as, i in riyht or height, and o in 
 thought or quote. When a vowel is heard at the beginning 
 or end, it must generally be written, except in ex. 
 
 2. The letters, Chs., and words contained in [ ] brackets, 
 as also the Supplementary Chs. at the foot of p. 11, now 
 come into common use. 
 
 NOTE. The consonants in [ ], in p. 11, are those the Ch. stands for 
 in Stenography, and the Ch. represents them whenever we find them 
 following one another in the same order, whatever may be the inter- 
 vening vowels. In reading, we shall find that the eame rowels which 
 belong to the Ch. in Stenography will frequently give us the right 
 word. Thus, comp becomes cmp, and may, therefore, stand for camp ; 
 but in more than 9 cases out of 10, comp will be the only syllable that 
 will make sense with the context. 
 
PHONOGRAPHY. 59 
 
 3. That there may be no mistake, we here take from p. 
 10, etc., the syllables represented by syllabic Chs., in which 
 the vowels can be dropped. Amp becomes in the after 
 part of words mp with any vowel before it ; Cent becomes 
 c n t ; Com, cm; Comb, cmb ; Comp, c mp ; Con, en ; Coun- 
 ter, c ntr [Ctd is used only in the end of words; Dct in all 
 positions, and also for final dctd]; Dis or des, ds; Inter, 
 when the Ch. crosses the line, is initial entr or intr ; but 
 when it stands on the line, it drops the vowel, and becomes 
 initial n t r ; Ngl is the same as angl, only when ngl begins 
 a word it must stand on the line ; Pp may have its ring 
 enlarged and be used for p r p ; Recon, r c n ; Rest, r st ; 
 Ramp, r mp; Spec or spect, sp c or sp ct ; Sted, 8 td; Struc 
 or struct, str c or str ct ; Sub, 8 b ; Super, s p r, which re- 
 quires the word to be so placed that the first long Ch. will 
 cross the line ; Ted, t d (which now stands at the end of 
 words for t d and 1 1 d), requires s, whether before or after 
 it, to be short ; Temp, t mp. The Supplemental Chs. are 
 read, though not written, with intervening vowels. 
 
 4. When two letters of the same name meet, write but 
 one ; as, ms for mess ; se, see ; btr, better ; er, err. 
 
 5. But when two consonants of the same name have one 
 or more vowels between them, write both consonants, as 
 nn for nun or none; err for error. 
 
 6. The consonants that are silent or not heard very dis- 
 tinctly are omitted ; as, c before k in sick ; p and I in 
 psalm; w in write. H, even when sounded, is rarely neces- 
 sary in the after-part of words, unless it belongs to a double 
 character. 
 
 7. (1.) Dm&j be added to any initial and final ring Ch., by 
 changing the ring to a loop, and another d may be added 
 by thickening the end of that loop ; see >u?(J. Xo. 53, p. 13. 
 
 (2.) Thickening A', q, ch, and y, or any long down-stroke 
 standing ou the 1 or 2 line, adds rd or rt rd if we thicken 
 
60 PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 the end, rt if we thicken the beginning rd or rt if we 
 thicken the whole or the middle of the Ch. 
 
 (3.) The thickening of a short or horizontal Ch. adds d to 
 it in all positions. We must except k, q, and the hori/on- 
 tal ch, which belong to the previous rule. In the termina- 
 tions tfon and ing, the d is put before the tion and ing, BO 
 that, when thickened, they become dtion and ding. 
 
 (4.) The thickening of a long down-stroke, not standing 
 on the 1 or 2 line, adds only d to it. 
 
 (5.) In modified Cbs. like m^m or lity, if we thicken the 
 Ch. we must read the rt or rd immediately after the first 
 letter, as mrtm for maritime, Idty for lidity. 
 
 NOTB. If any one is dissatisfied with the abbreviations made by 
 this or any other rule, he can write the words as in Stenography, 
 only leaving out the middle vowels. 
 
 8. Nt is added to any short or shortened Ch. whenever 
 it is required to complete the sense. 
 
 9. In a short or shortened Ch., written across or nder 
 the line, nee or nts is added whenever it is required to com- 
 plete the sense : thus, by shortening he and writing it 
 under the line, it becomes hence. 
 
 10. As it is sufficient to put the dot for full in the last 
 hook or ring, so we can put it in the crook of nts for fvl- 
 nt9*, as ..3 
 
 11. If another Ch. is added to the arbitrary of, it is so 
 joined as not to look like a ring Ch., as in some signs, j>. 
 29 : it is, however, almost as easy to write o and /. For 
 speed, we may sometimes write fr for phr, and/ for ph. 
 
 12. When ; follows short re in the after-part of a word, 
 they make an angle in joining ; but the angle is not neces- 
 sary in beginning a word, as the line shows where they 
 unite ; as, rt?r* (7 for rivers. 
 
 13. It is often an object with a Phonographer not to loe 
 
PHONOGRAPHY. til 
 
 even the time required for making a dot ; we therefore 
 omit the dot in k, qu, and u : the e and it should be quite 
 small, 80 as not to spread more than half as much as k and 
 qu. The u retains the dot in the signs vfion and unto. 
 
 14. Of between words can be implied by putting the last 
 close to the first. We may sometimes lap one over the 
 other, as, in the phrase some of tJtem, the m may stand under 
 the . 
 
 15. When the intermediate vowels are dropped, the 
 same consonants will not ^infrequently come together and 
 represent different words : but the sense of the passage will 
 enable the reader, with such help, to select the right word, 
 and not only so, but one letter or syllable will often be suf- 
 ficient to suggest the word; or he may even altogether 
 omit words in well-known phrases and sentences. It may 
 seem to a novice impossible for any one to make out manu- 
 script written agreeably to all the, rules for Reporting, but 
 every art and science seems difficult until practice makes 
 it easy ; and those who adopt the most abbreviated style of 
 Phonography, in time read it with a facility surprising 
 even to adepts in' Stenography. 
 
 16. The Terminations have been explained under the 
 head of "Notes on the Terminations;" and observe, that 
 those which in the table have no [ ] brackets, never change 
 their vowels: thus, the Ch. ous, p. 13, No. 34. which stands 
 also for ahux, can only be used when the word really ends 
 in ous ; as, ar shns, gracious. 
 
 17. When the table gives no syllabic termination to 
 shorten a word ending in y, that word must be written on 
 the y-line. 
 
 18. S joined to short thick ted (which now stands for td, 
 and in the aft.er-part of words for ttd) is always short ; as 
 in tied for stead, stayed; or sttd * for stated, situated; but 
 must be always long before t in strnrt and strutted. 
 
62 PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 19. S is long in ay, and short in ies, ise ; and all words 
 with these endings are written on the y-line. 
 
 20. If we write short s and t in words beginning with 
 those consonants, long s and t will signify that the ini- 
 tial vowel a or e is dropped, as, ss n, for assassin. It is bet- 
 ter, however, not to use the initial short s in words below 
 the line, as it would there interfere with super. 
 
 21. If we drop ngr, etc., p. 13, No. 32, and put the pre- 
 ceding Ch. under the line, we must recollect that s is not 
 shortened before a termination but when it is the last con- 
 sonant in a word ; therefore, if we write ms under the line 
 for messenger, s will be long, and if we add s for messen- 
 gers, the last s will be short. This is a rule of very wide ap- 
 plication, enabling us to express by one Ch. a large num- 
 ber of words consisting of many letters ; as anger, danger, 
 ginger, hunger, linger, manger, ranger, singer, vinegar, 
 changer, etc. 
 
 22. Short rat like rest (p. 13, No. 39) is only the begin- 
 ning of long rest, and is joined in the same way by drawing 
 it towards the left ; as, brstr ~Jf for barrister. 
 
 23. When ness or ly follows tive, the ness or ly should 
 be joined to the tive. See tively after tongue, p. 32. 
 
INSERTION OF DISCONNECTED VOWELS. 
 
 Those systems which have no connecting vowels, en- 
 deavor to supply the want of them by various contrivances, 
 of which the simplest, though not the most helpful to the 
 reader, is the putting of a dot or comma wherever a vowel 
 or diphthong is required. Others provide a distinct mark 
 for the sound of each vowel ; and, though we have no occa- 
 sion for such a method, we will here give similar marks, 
 which will enable any one to transform our Phonographic 
 notes into a hand very like that which, in Pitman's Pho- 
 nography, is called The Corresponding Style. 
 
 They are not of much value in our system ; still, as the 
 dropping of the middle vowels in the hurry of Reporting 
 will now and then leave a word doubtful, we may at our 
 leisure here and there supply the place of a missing vowel 
 with one of these marks, in notes which are intended to be 
 laid aside for perusal, when perhaps, the subject will have 
 been forgotten. It will be sufficient to write the easier 
 form of each vowel, as in the first line, unless in some rare 
 word we wish to show the exact sound. They are inserted 
 like medial '/. 
 
64 PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Very little use, we imagine, will be made of these vowel- 
 marks, but they will serve as an example of the only man- 
 ner in which the whole vowel notation of some systems ia 
 expressed. 
 
 The marks sound like the vowels in the words under 
 them. 
 
 a e i o ii oc oi.' ou. lia a. A 
 THIN - r i o . w v / t. ^- -r 
 
 b<rt, bet. bit, bot, "bid, foot, oil, oul, assaage^-oA, alL 
 
 a e i o u oo 
 THICK. _ <% I O - \ 
 mate mfto, rmte, mote, male. fool. 
 
 NOTE. In a double or syllabic Ch., the dot or mark is pat at the 
 centre on the left without touching the Ch. A vowel between two 
 Chs. must have its mark at the top of the first Ch. if they are joined at 
 the top, and at the foot if joined at the foot. When the vowel is at 
 the head, it i* better to put the mark!* on the left than directly over it. 
 
 In pointing:, that mark is affixed which best expresses 
 the sound ; as, ft sought. If two vowels come together, 
 they are put side by side ; as, Ni defiant. Write '-p* hitrh. 
 
 HOW TO READ REPORTING HAND. 
 
 In case of doubt, e or some other vowel is inserted be- 
 tween the consonants, and the syllables are then pronoun 
 ced distinctly ; thus, for terror, written frr, we read terer ; and 
 this, with the sense of the passage, will always, alter a little 
 practice, direct us to the right word. 
 
 When a contracted Ch. blends with that before it, the 
 last is the shortened one, and must be read accordingly ; 
 as, ^v pronounce, ^ iiisuigents, both of these words 
 being written across the line. 
 
PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 PHRASE WRITING. 
 
 65 
 
 To prevent loss of time by raising the pencil from the 
 paper, the Reporter may unite two, three, or four short 
 words or signs, whenever they will join neatly with- 
 out running too far away from the line or confusing the 
 reader. In doing this, the last word that is not on line 
 2, must keep its place ; and if any of them belong on 
 line 2, they can be moved, if necessary, to enable those 
 not on it to preserve their proper position. If all are on 
 the line, they stand just as if they were one word. Thus, 
 the last Ch. in by thy stands on the y-line. In ^, as they 
 Tiate not, the Chs. stand as if all one word. 
 
 1. Shorten have to Jiave not only after e, i, o, u, y, that 
 it may not interfere with able. The signs he and 1 turn 
 either way in phrases. 
 
 2. Drop the in the middle of phrases ; as, in-last place. 
 
 3. A word immediately repeated is expressed by repeat- 
 ing the separated termination ; as, - Jioly, holy, lioly. 
 
 4. If we shorten sub, we read or for and ; as, ~^/ 1 more 
 or less. 
 
 5. Short to stands alone or begins a word or phrase. 
 
 NOTB. See exercises for farther examples. 
 
66 
 
 PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 CONCLUDING REMARKS. 
 
 The instructions and rules for writing both the Corre 
 spending and Reporting Hands have been made thus full 
 in order that any one taking up the work may be able to 
 acquire a knowledge of this useful art without being 
 obliged to have recourse to a teacher. A few exercises have 
 been prepared for the purpose of showing in a practical 
 way how the various characters and terminations are most 
 conveniently joined. By copying these exercises a few 
 times, the student will become acquainted with the con- 
 tractions and the mode of abbreviating much more readily 
 than in any other way. After he has mastered these he 
 will find no difficulty whatever in writing anything ha 
 may be disposed to attempt. 
 
EXERCISES 
 
 IK 
 
 STENOGRAPHY AXD PHONOGRAPHY ; 
 
 WITH 
 
 EXAMPLES AXD KEY. 
 
 Al f re jlainmam. 
 
KEY 
 
 The key to the exercises of the different plates is here 
 given. Observe that the vowels printed in italics are not 
 written, being implied in the sound of the consonants. A 
 few of the medial U'B have been omitted by the engraver. 
 The student will readily see from other worde how they 
 are written in those which require them. 
 
 PLATE I. STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 1. Ass, as, ye, say, we, see, si, so, sue, sour, 
 s ough t, s ee d, at e. 
 
 2. Hat, has, he a t, hot, hole, hone, lane, 
 mine, moan, gr o a n. 
 
 3. R i s ing, c e a s ing, d a r ing, fr ee ing, g o ing, 
 hea r ing, he mm ing, hea 1 ing, ha s t ing, hea t ing. 
 
 4. H igh ly, d e a r ly, m e a n ly, p oo r ly, s qu a r e 1 y, 
 qu i e t ly, qu i t e, t r u ly. 
 
 5. T able, 1 abel, en able, B i ble, d ou ble, t r ou ble, 
 f ee ble, p r o b able, n o ble, s igh t ly. 
 
 6. B e n d R, t n, m en, m a n, w i n, wine, won, 
 wear ing, worm ing, b iting. 
 
, KEY TO EXAMPLES. 
 
 7. Amp ly, emp ire, imp ou n d, imp oat, imp u r e, 
 imp o s<? d, hamp er, simp \e, comp e\, con temp t, a ttemp t, 
 \ amp. 
 
 8. Amb e r, emb r o i de r, imb r ue, comb i n ed, 
 coinp a re, comp ou n ded, comp 1 ai n, comp u te. 
 
 9. Comp u ted, amp u t a te, t able, comp u ted, 
 imp u ted, r e p u ted, bel fr ey, bl a n d, ble n d, 
 bl a m e. them, bl o t. 
 
 10. Ch ee r, ch e r i ah, r i cb, a u ch, a cb, e, a n a t ch. 
 t ou cb ing, wretch ed. 
 
 11. Countermanded, counter p o i a e, countersink, 
 en counter, en counter ed, dea ire, dia 1 i ke, clay. 
 
 12. Cl o y, cl o t, clot ted, cl e a n, cl e a r, cl en, n a ing, 
 cl o th ing, cl imb ing, coals. 
 
 PLATE II. STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 1. Comui o tiona, del union, comp en aa tion, eonati tu- 
 tion, consti tution al, un conati tu tion al, rea rv a tion. 
 e mul a tion. 
 
 3. Expectation?, fruition, undulation, addle, r e- 
 1 a tion, un p r o feaaional, comp 1 ection, e 1 ec tionp. 
 
 :!. Unable, undone, unknown, un a een. unbind, 
 un i n aured or un in aured, un de n i ably. 
 
 4. Undes i r able, un t aught, un a o 1 d, un a ee n, 
 un a ough t. un objec tion able, objec tions, object, allu - 
 aion. 
 
 ">. Un comp 1 a i uing, w inged, s ions, un aub dud, 
 nn substantial, un cl e a, nn r e a 1, un m a nn e r ly. 
 
 6. Un time ly, un en 1 igh ie ned, un profit able, un - 
 fore s ee n, un tr u ly, un con aciouaneaa, un open ed, 
 un 1 a mented, s ection. 
 
70 KEY TO EXAMPLES. t 
 
 7. Unheard, un happiness, un rest r a 5 n<? d. per- 
 B u a. sion, ac tion able. 
 
 8. With hold, condemnation, die en g a ge d, under- 
 stand. 
 
 9. Un ob t r u s i v e, un s igh t ly, in sub o r d i n a 
 tion, un con 8 u me d, temp le. 
 
 10. Temper, [temporal,] pup i 1 s, pi ough a. 
 
 11. Bene f a c to r s, pi igh t, bl igh t, bl igh ted, 
 ble n ded, bel o ve d, simp erai, extr a, circum ference. 
 
 12. Magni tude, multi tude, hypo the n u s e, hypo - 
 c r i t e, omni b u s, o val, c ities. 
 
 PLATE III. STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 1. Ten able, a ssem bly, com for t able, in comp a r - 
 able, v i si bly, dis abled, en abled, s t ables. 
 
 2. In s tability, a bly, d aughter s, 9 1 augh tered, 
 ac cession, inter cession, con cession, con cessions, conn ec- 
 tion, conn ections. 
 
 3. De f ection, a ff ections, a ff ection ate, n ee dl e e, 
 su/ferance, in ferences, r e ference, con fessional. 
 
 4. De ficiencies, in e u fficient, be fore, ful ly, ful nes, 
 man ly, con tin gence, con t i n gent. 
 
 5. Wil fulness, th ough t fulness, tel f graph, ge o- 
 graphy, geographical, geographies, s ing ing, d u r ing, 
 de ny ing. 
 
 6. Fl ings, t u r nings, w inged, b r ings, 1 ion, 1 ions, 
 amp ly, simp ly, true. 
 
 7. G u i Ity, r e a lities, v a lidity, the ological, the o- 
 i fir m a meat, fer rnented, 1 a mented, ration. 
 
 8. II igh ness, wit nesses, [a ngry, s te nographv , 
 
E!EY TO EXAMPLES. 71 
 
 p ho nography,] d ock, auibt tioue, saga clone, e p e - 
 clone. 
 
 9. Righteousness, con sciousness, con ecioue, out, 
 out er, die pel, die polled, pi igb t, pi igh ted, et u pidity, 
 opp reesed. 
 
 10. Dreeeed, b reost, c rest, m e rest, d i rest, b reoste,, 
 p ressed, bea rest. 
 
 11. Imp rove inent, [in spec tion, de scrip tion,] my - 
 self, thy self, your self, your selves, tbem selves, him self, 
 our selves 
 
 12. W o r shipp er, worship, [author, author ize, 
 author ized, author ity, neither,] n a tion, s t a tione, 
 in \c ntion, in te ntion, a ssuinp tion, comp u 1 sion. 
 
 13. Con sump tive, rest i tution, des t i tution, con - 
 t e ntions, de struc tive, in struc tive, recon structed, in - 
 ward, r e wards. 
 
 PLATE IV. STENOGRAPHY 
 
 1. By, my, thy, any thing, every, bw ry, me rry, 
 fury, try, dry, beau ty, emp ty, country, countries, 
 many. 
 
 2. De ny, dc n i a 1, si ngle, m i ngle d, angle d, 
 natnr al, inter n al, in te n d s, enter ed, in terred. 
 
 3. Kn ee, kn ee 1, kn i t, kn ock, kee n, dis mal, 
 ob B t i n a t e, opp o s i t e, t able s. 
 
 4. PI &y, pi igh t, pi igh ted, pi o I, pi ai n, st a ve e, 
 s t ee pie s, s t i pwl ate, pi a n e t e. 
 
 5. N a pie s, t i pple s, re p e a 1, robe, r o bb r r 
 r o tte n, s ay s. 
 
 6. Con struct, con structed, rest ore, rest ed, re- 
 solve, &h o t, eh a r e s, sh e dd ing, sh o r e. 
 
72 KEY TO EXAMPLES. 
 
 7. Sh u n, dull, cull, b u rr, mul e s, mul b e rr y, 
 mul e t.ee r, sh a ve s, said. 
 
 8. P r a i eed, struct u re, stones, sub m i t, sub 
 v e r s i v e, subjects, sub te n d s, sub ie rf u g e. 
 
 9. Substance s, sub o r n ed, sub ra i ss i ve, th u 8, 
 th is, th o se, wh e n, wh ere. 
 
 10. Swelling, super fine, in vul ne r able, bra ced. 
 con t en ted, e \e ct, coun ctl, coun sel. 
 
 11. Cunning, supernatural, spit, spotted, shawl, 
 w o m en. 
 
 12. Re s i gn ed, des i gn ed, deseen ded, genuine, 
 gen i a 1, fl igh t y, compl i c a ted. 
 
 PLATE V. STENOGRAPHY. 
 St. John's Gospel, chap. i.. verses 1-12. 
 
 PLATE VI. PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 1. Their names were written on tablets far more dur- 
 able than brass and marble. 
 
 2. Empire, emperor, tarry, bearer, basin, cousins, class, 
 close, closed, dearer, foretell or fertile, suffer, stated. 
 
 3. Situate, spot, safe, send, sir, gain, guide, game, jug. 
 bees, formal, enters, compete. 
 
 4. Impute, dis trac ted, dusted, lasted, latitude, late, 
 committed, competed, amputate, amputated, strive, strew, 
 stern, sin or sine, drug. 
 
 5. Lean, object, singled, mingled, minds, lines, passes, 
 possesses, potters, leggo-type. 
 
 6. Stamps, settle, sell, pinea, pest, misses, Moses, pepper 
 proper, pot, potted, gun, shot. 
 
KEY TO EXAMPLES. 73 
 
 7. Shelter, shell, burned, subdue, subterfuge, submis- 
 sively, gained, spend, smell, tried. 
 
 8. Stirred, sturdy, steady, steed, straight or strait, com- 
 press, repress, distress, sempstresses, dresses, lighted. 
 
 9. Superfine, countermand, umbrage, embryo, lamp- 
 lighter, tempter, fright, free, natural, naturalist, sujier- 
 natural, snail. 
 
 10. Set, support, spiral, takes, dissuade, subdue, suborn, 
 submissive, subtended, seize, males, females, dented. 
 
 11. Situate, steed, settle, sell, spare, spares, spared, 
 spiritual, spiritualist, suiite, summer, demur, demurred, 
 defer, defied. 
 
 12. Interred, varied, pride, tarred, cried, dried, short, 
 mart, smart, smeared, salaried, sobered, subdued, com- 
 prised, disease, seedy. 
 
 13. Trod, broad, marred, hypocrisy, abode, encountered, 
 scoundrel, tedious, tread-mill, adequate, inadequate. 
 
 14. Addition, universal, traced, embraced, dust, dis- 
 tance, fountain, fountains, found, fondle, foundation, tired. 
 
 15. Morning, evening, restitution, station, situation, 
 destination, determination, illumination, examination, irrit- 
 ation, ordination, subjection. 
 
 PLATE VII. PHONOGRAPHY. 
 St. John's Gospel, chap, x., verses 1-10. 
 
 PLATE VIII. PHONOGRAPHY. 
 1 Corinthians, chap, xiii., verses 1-9. 
 
 PLATE IX. PHONOGRAPH?. 
 
 1-6. On the 10th of June, 1871, a bronze statue, which 
 had been placed in Central Park, in honor of Professor 
 Moree, the inventor of the electric telegraph, was unveiled 
 
74 KEY TO EXAMPLES. 
 
 by the Governor of Massachusetts, in the presence of Morse 
 himself and several thousand spectators. The Governor of 
 New York began the appropriate addresses which were 
 delivered on the occasion ; and Morse received from all 
 quarters congratulations by the telegraph, which is now 
 the means of instantaneous communication with people 
 throughout the world. 
 
 7. The love of money is the root of all evil. Take heed 
 and beware of covetousness. 
 
 8. The unbelieving Jews stirred up the people, and 
 made their minds evil-affected towards the brethren. 
 
 9. Northern and southern hemispheres. Do this in 
 remembrance of Me. 
 
 10. Recommendation, shelled, dazzle, empty, ministers, 
 ministry, accent, infant, fountain, finance, inform. 
 
 11. Varieties, plenty, city, definite, shortest, circulation, 
 calculation, acquit, acquittance, deliverance, lame. 
 
 12. Almost, free-will, fore-knowledge, busy, boys, babies, 
 babes, dressed, transitory, Switzerland. 
 
PLATE 1. 
 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 1 '/ -7 ^ Z t A 4,^ 
 
 " X, 
 
 4 v_ v^---- "w./, 
 
 4 
 
 5 L I. x. 
 
 (5 ^xV V V 
 
 " \ U 
 9 | ^ L 
 
 10 ( /" " 5 
 
 \ rtnT^' - \ 
 
 12 C. 
 
PLATE 2 . 
 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 1 , 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 v A- "V. ~x /}.. 
 
 V\ 
 
 5 
 
 6. i 
 
 7. Q. 
 
 9 - 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 /7 A A 
 
 o/ * tX 
 
 V = 
 
 rf 
 
 > 
 
 " 
 
3 
 
 PLATE 3 . 
 
 \A 
 
 6 . 
 
 7> 
 
 8. 
 
 r 
 
 X-^x 
 
 v = 
 
 v- ] v 
 
 v 
 
 f 
 
 13 
 
 V, X 
 
PLATE 4, 
 
 v ;? r 
 
 r \ x v 
 
 
 7 .<^ -X "C -V 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
PLATE 5 
 
 i ^ y i t , . t t v 
 
 ^_ L/ 
 
 V o 
 
 ^ 
 
 q o 
 
 V 
 
 Q . o 
 
 . 
 
PLATE 7. 
 
 V 
 
 \ 
 
 i v r 
 
 ' 
 
 
 xt 
 
 "I L 
 1 L 
 
 q / i / , 3 . , 
 
 1 L_ x> ^v L 
 
 ^l 
 
 :"^ V 
 
PLATE X. 
 1 Curiuthuiin. Thirteenth C 
 
 v 
 
 XI 
 
 : 1 
 
 " 
 
 / 
 
1. 
 
 2. ., 
 
 4. 
 
 PLATE 9. 
 
 PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 ix.;- 
 
 y -/^ i 
 
 /< o< VJ 
 
 f 
 
 v 
 
 <^\s. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Testimonials, . . . iii 
 
 Preface, ... viii 
 
 Definitions, 1 
 
 Key, 2 
 
 STENOGRAPHY 7 
 
 Alphabet and Characters, 10.11 
 
 Terminations 12, 13 
 
 Notes on the Alphabet, ' . . . 14 
 
 Punctuation and Numbers, 16 
 
 Sims, 17 
 
 Notes on the Signs, 34 
 
 Arbitraries, 37 
 
 Rules for Writing Stenography, ......... 38 
 
 Position 30 
 
 Prefixes 43 
 
 Characters Shortened and Blended, 44 
 
 Notes on the Terminations, 45 
 
 Termination TION, 50 
 
 Miscellaneous Kemarks, 52 
 
 Reading, 53 
 
 Writing from Dictation 53 
 
 PHONOGRAPHY, 55 
 
 Rules for Writing Phonography 58 
 
 Insertion of Disconnected Vowels, 63 
 
 How to Read Reporting Hand, 64 
 
 Phrase Writing C5 
 
 Concluding Remarks, 66 
 
 Key to Exercises, 69 
 
 Exerci-es, 75 
 
SCOVlL's 
 
 44 Union Square, .V. 1' 
 
 // Teacher" t.v not necessary for the acquirement 
 of this method of Short- Hand. Hut as the a.wr st- 
 ance of a guide is of vast benefit to the tourist 
 in his travels, so an instructor, in this branch of 
 education , will lead t/te student t o a practical 
 application of the art in a much briefer period 
 than if he attempt it alone. The Editor is there- 
 fore prepared to receive young Gentlemen (it ///,v 
 residence; or give private lesson* to gentlemen 
 and ladies at their own homes. Lessons will also 
 he given BY LETTER, to tli-ose who desire such 
 instruction, and cannot find it convenient to 
 attend c/ asses. A course of .twenty-fire lessons 
 will render the student thoroughly conversant 
 with the whole system, and ena-hJe Jiint to write 
 witJiout difficulty. 
 
 OF NSTRUCTION 
 
 5 Lessons, 
 15 
 25 
 
 $5.OO 
 IO.OO 
 2O.OO 
 
 W. E. SCOVIL, A.M., 
 
 Editcr. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 Los Angeles 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 
 
 ?orm L9-25m-9,'47(A5618)444 
 
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 LOS ANGELES 
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 1871