THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES EXPORT BOOKSELLERS 32. GAY STREET. \ w ffi (fl H W H Slow Combustion Economical Stoves FOR WARMING Churches, Schools, Public Buildings, Private Dwellings, MATHER & ARMSTRONG, 7 AND 9 GREY STREET, NEWCASTLE, having been appointed Sole Agents for Newcastle and District for the above, beg to draw your attention to their advantages : They can be charged with fuel as simply as a parlour grate. There is no unpleasant smell, and explosive gases cannot accumulate. The Stoves will burn from eight to twenty-four hours, accordiu" to si/.--, without attention. They are very economical in use, and consume less fuel in proportion to heat given out than any other Stove. The Prices are as Follows: To Warm 5000 cubic feet 6000 8000 12,000 18,000 1 10 2 2 10 3 15 5 10 To Warm 25,000 cubic feet 36,000 45,000 65,000 150,000 10 7 10 11 10 20 o Illustrated Catalogues, with full Particulars, on Application. 7 and 9 GREY STREET, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE. BOLAM'S CROWN mjl^i HOTEL, CLAYTON TJSf IIEWCASTLE-UPON- STRBET, -g^ast TYNE. ONE MINUTE'S WALK FROM THE CENTRAL RAILWAY STATION. ->$BILLIARDS. WIGS ! WIGS !! WIGS !!! Light and durable, imitating nature so close as to defy detection. A perfect fit in every case guaranteed. A large and varied assortment for Charades and Theatrical purposes. Beards, Moustaches, etc., on Sale or Hire. EXCHANGE TOILET CLUB Membership, One Guinea per annum, allowing ladies and gentlemen the privilege of coming at will, and having their hair thoroughly attended to by competent assistants. Hair Dyer and Hair Cutter. "SPONGES" for Bath or Toilet, very cheap. The largest stock in the North to choose from. _ J. PATTISON, 93 Grey Street. __ "CITY" AUCTION ROOMS, 118 PILGRIM STREET, NEWCASTLE. Mr. JAMES MURRA Y Desires to draw the attention of Householders or Tradesmen who may wish to dispose of the whole, or any portion of their Furniture or Stock, to the great advantages of his Sale Room, in respect of SIZE, LIGHT, COMFORT, AND EASY ACCESS. Any quantity of Furniture or Stock sent for to any part of Town or Count f;/. Jf desired, Cash advanced on Consignments for Absolute Sale, or bought outrijht. SALES OF FREEHOLD AND LEASEHOLD PROPERTIES, FURNITURE, MACHINERY, AND MANUFACTURERS' STOCKS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION CAREFULLY CONDUCTED. VALUATIONS FOR MORTGAGE OR PROBATE. Furniture Removed by Covered Vans to any part of the United Klngdum. FARQUHAR M. LA ING, WHOLESALE Wine anb Spirit Merchant, GRAINGER CHAMBERS, 21 GRAINGER STREET, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE. WORTH THEIR WEIGHT IN GOLD. PILLg. The best Family Medicine for all Bilious and Liver Disorders, Indigestion, Loss of Appetite, Sick Headache, Dizziness, Dimness of Sight, Costheness, etc. These Pills cleanse the Blood of all impurities, and are a never-failing cure for all the following diseases- Ague Female Irregularities Piles Asthma Fistula Scrofula Bilious Complaints Fevers of all kinds Scurvy Blotches on the Skin Headache Skin Diseases Bowel Complaints Indigestion Stone or Gravel Debility Liver Complaints Ulcers of all kinds Dropsy Lumbago Etc., Etc., Etc. YOUNG PERSONS WILL FIND THESE PILLS INVALUABLE. Sold only in Soxes at 1/li, 2/9, and 4/6 each, or free by Post for 14, 33, or 54 Stamps. Tic-Douloureux, Faceache, Toothache, Neuralgia, Ague, Nervous Headache, and all Affections of the Nerves. ELLIOTT'S TIC-POWDERS Are a certain cure for any of the above painful diseases, and have given relief in thou- sands of cases, when all other means have failed. The proprietor is continually receiving information of the beneficial effects of these powders. *' LiLIOTT'S TIC-POWDERS contain nothing of an injurious nature, but, on the contrary, are, in every respect, conductive to health. 17 Somerset Place, Gateshead, Nov. 20th, 1874. Dear Sir I have great pleasure in bearing testimony to the valuable effects of your TIC- POWDERS. I have been very much subject to Tic or Rheumatism in the face, and tried various remedies, without receiving any benefit. On having your TIC-POWDERS recommended to me, I tried them, and found them most effectual, the second Powder giving me perfect relief ; whenever I have been troubled with the pain since, I have resorted to the Powders and always found immediate relief. I am, yours respectfully, To MR. ELLIOTT. G. W. RITSON. ' Sold only in Packets, 1/H and 2/9 each, or free by Post for 14 or 33 Stamps. A REAL BLESSING TO MOTHERS. ELLIOTT'S IN FA NTS' CARMINATIVE For Children during Teething, and for all disorders of Infancy. Safe, pleasant, and efficacious. Adapted to all ages from birth upwards. Much superior to the dangerous Soothing Syrups and Teething Powders so commonly given to children. For Infantile Diarrhoea it is the safest Medicine that can be given. ELLIOTT'S INFANTS' CARMINATIVE instantly relieves the Child from the griping pain caused from wind, prevents Convulsions, corrects Acidity, cures Fevers, Fits, Sickness, and other diseases of Childhood, and gives rest, health, and comfort to both mother and child. During TEETHING no mother should be without it in the house. It gives instant relief to the little sufferer, allays inflammation, and induces quiet natural sleep from which the child awakes refreshed and invigorated. ELLIOTT'S INFANTS' CARMINATIVE has now stood the test of Public opinion, and from the increasing sale and the continued assurances of the benefit derived from its use, it can now be safely recommended to every mother and nurse as the safest and most effectual remedy for all diseases of childhood. Sold only in Bottles at 1/1 J & 2/9, or free by Post on receipt 0/15 or 36 Stamps. The above preparations are prepared only by R, ELLIOTT, PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMIST, 279 HIGH STREET, GATESHEAD, And may be had of all respectable Chemists and Patent Medicine Vendors, For Engineers, Joiners, Carpenters, Shipbuilders, Monlders, Bricklayers, Plasterers, Masons, Slaters, Painters, &c., &c. THOS. BOSTON 26, ZCsTTJIsr BOSTON'S Priced Catalogue of TOOLS A NEW ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF LATHES AND ACCESSORIES __ _ FREE ON APPLICATION. _ 822. C0., TANNERS, CURRIERS, WHOLESALE & RETAIL BOOT MANUFACTURERS, 9 BIGG MARKET, 97 and 99 SIDE, TAXXERY AXD BOOT FACTORY, BLAGDON STREET, N E WC ASTLE- O N -T YN E. Firm in the City who Manufacture and Sell direct to the oted for Cricket and Football Boots, Running Shoes, (s-'c. The Public. HE QUESTION OF THE DAY SOLVED, Nervous Debility in all Stages: T H ITS CAUSE AND CURE, Sent Free on application to any address by MESSRS. WILKINSON & CO., Medical Hall, 4 Baker's Hill, SHEFFIELD. ESTABLISHED 1830. THE "CITY' OF NEWCASTLE. Visitors to the City should make a point of Calling at M. GRAVES' YORKSHIRE HOUSE, Where they can obtain a First-Class J3UPPER AT MOST MODERATE CHARGES. 'N^\/N^\XN^N/%y^-'V^ p V^V^N^N^\.^>^^^V/%/N/' SOLE PROPRIETRESS- YORKSHIRE HOUSE, GROAT MARKET, NEWCASTLE. Near Town Hall. Three Minutes' Walk from Central Station. ** Gr O O 3D 333U3DS. * Works by RICHARD ELLIS, F.R.C.S. Edinburgh, Senior Surgeon Newcastle-on- Tyne Throat and Ear Hospital. READY, 12TH THOUSAND, 6D., BY POST 7 STAMPS. POPULAR LECTURE ON THE EAR AND THROAT, With Hints for the Domestic Treatment of Throat and Ear Diseases, including Affections of the Mouth and Nose. Newcastle: W. E. FRANKLIN, 4-2 Mosley Street, or from the Author, 100 fiyehill. JUST PUBLISHED, Crown 8vo, One Shilling, Cloth, One Shilling and Sixpence. DR. ELLIS'S MEDICAL GUIDE To the Principal Health Resorts of Northumberland and Durham, with Hints on Sea-Bathing. London : I/I/ALTER SCOTT, U Paternoster Square. NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE : W. E. FRANKLIN, 42 MOSLEY ST. ESTABLISHED 1796. THOMAS PROCTOR & SON, Wholesale & ^furnishing ironmongers, Steamship Outfitters and Colliery Contractors. MANUFACTURERS OF LAMPS, SHIPS' VENTILATORS, OIL TANKS, STOYE FUNNELS, AND ALL DESCRIPTIONS OF Tin and Copper Goods for Steamers and Colliery Use. A Large Stock of Deed Boxes for Solicitors, Merchants, &c, DEALERS I N CABIN STOVES, COOKING HEARTHS, ENGINEERS' TOOLS, NAILS, SHOVELS, PARAFFIN LAMPS, Paraffin and Colza Oils, Naptha, Cotton Waste, Wick, etc. Diploma of Merit awarded for Excellence of Goods at North East Coast Exhibition, TYNEMOUTH 1882. 29 SI IDE, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE. IMPORTANT TO THE AFFLICTED. THOMAS STAMP AlaDKR, flftebical Electrician & Galvanfst 140 NEW BRIDGE STREET, UST IE ~W C .A. S T L IE 3 With twenty-five years' experience, informs the Nobility, Clergy, Gentry, Medical Profession, and the Public, that this new Galvanic treatment is daily applied to patients at his Galvanic Establishment for the cure of Chronic diseases such as Rheumatism, Sciatica, Tic Douloureux, Neuralgia, Paralysis, Spinal Affections, Nervous Disorders, long standing Headaches, loss of Muscular Power, Liver Complaints, General Debility, Indigestion, Nervous Deafness, old standing Sprains, Epilepsy, etc., with marked marvellous success. As to the natural and astounding effects of his system of Galvanism, the following are a few of the many testimonials received : JOSEPH COWEN, Esq., M.P., states: Blaydon-on-Tyne, 1st Feb. 1875. I had for some weeks a very severe and almost unceasing pain in my face and head. Having heard Mr. Alder spoken of as a gentleman versed in the application of Galvan- ism in cases of Rheumatism and Tic, I put myself under his care for a time. The process he subjected me to removed the pain, and I have not had a return of the same complaint. I did not find Mr. Alder's process unpleasant, and the relief I obtained was very speedy. JOSEPH COWEN. J. LOWES, Esq., writes :- 39 Westmorland Road, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 7th March 1883. In October 1880 I had a bad breakdown, from nervous exhaustion. For about three weeks afterwards I could neither read nor write, nor make any active muscular exertion, and for about three months I was incapacitated from following my business of shorthand writer and newspaper reporter. In the spring of 1881, in the hands of Mr. T. S. Alder, New Bridge Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne, I had a few applications of Galvanism. The effect of the first was unmistakable ; I walked away with my old quick and elastic step, and have never since looked behind me, and now I can do my work quicker and easier, and am stronger than at any former period of my life. J. LOWES. From T. C. HINTON, Esq. Askdale Terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 22nd Jan. 1877. Dear Sir I have great pleasure in testifying to the efficacy of Galvanism in Paralysis. My little boy, aged four, being paralysed so much as to be unable to speak, raise his head, or walk ; in fact he was altogether powerless, when, after about a fortnight you had applied Galvanism, he began to raise himself, and in three months he was com- pletely restored to health, for which I shall always feel grateful. I am, yours truly, T. C. HINTON. HUNDREDS OF EQUALLY ORIGINAL TESTIMONIALS. To all who ever suffer from causes I can say, Do not despair whilst you have left Galvanism untried. During my many years of experience I have effected and witnessed many cures by it of persons who have tried everything else in vain ; a failure I consider the exception, and a cure the rule ; and a rare consideration of importance is, that it cannot possibly do any harm, and it, at any rate, improves the digestive organs and the tone of the general health. May I also express this hope, that they may be read by some in time to prevent them from despairing of ever regaining a pleasurable exist- ence, and after such evidence, at once to determine to avail themselves of this providential remedy. A Lady Attendant for Females. The Byker Tram Cars from the Central Railway Station pas'; every ten minutes. For information, application, or consultation, apply to THOMAS STAMP ALDER, L.D.S., MEDICAL ELECTRICIAN, 140 NEW BRIDGE STREET, NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE, HARDY & BARKAS, THE CITY CLOTHIERS, Make not only Cheap, but also Substantial CLOTHING-, and Challenge any FIRM to produce anything better than our CHAMPION TROUSERS AT 8s. lid., Made to Order, at a few hours notice, of good sound material. BOOO PAIRS Have been tested by the Public already ; and the increasing demand is the best guarantee of their quality. SEND FOR PATTERNS AND TRY THEM. SUITS AND^OVERCOATS For all Classes of the Community, equally Cheap. NOTE THE ADDRESS:- 46 & 48 NEW BRIDGE STREET, T JOHN B. BOWES, PRINTER, JUorant $ook anb Jap** $ag 39 & 41 LOW FRIAR SL, 16 & 17 FENKLE ST, "WORKS CROSS STREET., FOR WRITING PAPERS, ENVELOPES, ACCOUNT BOOKS, WRAPPING PAPERS, FOR ALL KINDS OF PRINTING, INVOICES, LETTER HEADINGS, CIRCULARS, PAMPHLETS, &c. STENOGRAPHY v. PHONOGRAPHY. From the " Tyneside Echo," oth November 1883. 39 Westmorland Road, Neweastle-upon-Tyne, 3rd November 1883. STI; I have great pleasure in answering your straightforward and business- like, letter of this day's date. It is true that I am issuing a new work on stenography, and inasmuch as it will, I hope, shortly bo published, say within a month, you will be able shortly to answer for yourself your questions as to its "advantages over Pitman's system," and whether "it is less complicated, more easily acquired, or better adapted for verbatim reporting ? " You ask, "in what time, with average intelligence, will your system be mastered ? " To this I reply that, with an average amount of intelligence, you can master the rules and principles in half-an-hour, and the details by the application of an hour a-day for a week. To apply both principles and details to verbatim reporting must depend upon individual capacity and application. I myself, forty years ago, and before I had seen the best system of steno- graphy, learnt Pitman's system ; on comparison, at that time I thought stenography the best, and forty years' test and practice has more than con- firmed the opinion I then formed ; I think stenography is less complicated, can be more easily acquired, and more easily written and read than Pitman's phonography. The system of stenography I am publishing is my own, and is written by myself, by Mr. Thomas Lawson, who recently succeeded me as chief reporter to the At'/rcaxtli' Daify Journal; by Mr. George, of the same staff, and of the corps of Messrs. John Moore & Son, shorthand writers, Parliament Street, London; by Mr. Andrew Carr, jun., late of this town, and now in "The Gallery ; " by Mr. T. W. Reed, editor of the Leeds Mercury ; and by others. I am, Sir, yours faithfully, J. LOAVKS. Mr. W. T. Allan, 12 Stewart Place, Gateshead-on-Tyne. "We heard the other day of a well-known politician and member of parlia- ment who was employing a portion of his holidays in studying shorthand, and in time to come he will doubtless find that his studies have been of great service. It is a pity, indeed, that shorthand is not more generally taught in our schools. Many people are deterred by its intricacies, and Avhat is really wanted is a simple and yet serviceable system. It is interesting, there- fore, to know that Mr. J. Lowes, of Newcastle, the doyen of North Country reporters, will issue within a month a new work descriptive of a system of stenography of Avhich he is the author. The system has been largely in use in the North of England for the past thirty years. Pall Mall Ga~<1te, 8th Nov. 1883. STENOGRAPHY, OR SHORTHAND WRITING: WITHOUT A MASTER. BY JOHN D. LOWES, TWENTY -TWO YEAUS CIIIKF REPORTER, "NEWCASTLE DAILY JOURNAL." ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL. LONDON : WALTER SCOTT, 14 PATERNOSTER SQUARE, AND NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. [AND ALL BOOKSELLERS.} I88 3 . MY apology for adding another to the many systems of Shorthand is that the art deserves more attention than it receives, and that I have carried it farther than those from whom I received it. I do not mean that I have discovered any principles which had not been laid down by my predecessors, from Dr. MAYOR, in the last century, to Mr. GEO. BRADLEY, in the present. MR. BRADLEY was editor of a well-known newspaper, the Newcastle Guardian, and not only an expert w Shorthand writer, but also the author of the best system *> I have seen, and I have seen and examined nearly a hundred. Writing by sound is the basis of all ; but, in oc assigning the simplest signs to the sounds most frequently occurring in the English language, I believe I have carried the principle further than anyone else. m ^ As now published, this system is the result of test and practice begun forty years ago ; and it is published in the oj hope that others will find Shorthand as pleasant and *" profitable as ii has been to me. 39 WESTMORLAND ROAD, NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNF,. 3d September 2883, ALPHABET. WORDS REPRESENTED. a a, an, and b c be, been, bee, boy, by, buy, buoy, ebb c (no c : same sound as s, or k) d ) aid, add, day, do, die, due, odd e every f \ of, off, if, fie, foe, for, from g ^ age, ago, again, against, go, good, god h ^_ he, has, have, had, hay, how, high, him i eye, I, impossible j .=_ jy j ust > judge k ~ can, could, knew, oak, ache, key / / all, ail, ale, ill, eel, oil m .- am, aim, may, me, my, most, among, amongst ;/ ^ in, inri, on, own, know, no, nigh, not o , oh, owe, opportunity p o pay, place, point, put, up, upon (j ^ question r / air, are, ire, err, her, our .v as, ass, ease, ice, is, ooze, see, sigh, so, us, use / | aught, at, ate, it, ought, tie, tea, to, too, toe u 7 whatever i' \ eve w CA awe, was, way, we, weigh, will, with, woe, would x (same sound as k, or ks) y / aye, yea, ye, you, your, yours z (same as s) / full stop a is a point, at the line [supposed] ; b, a hail circle ; c sounds the same as s or /, and is written accordingly ; d, a half-circle ; e, a point, below ; f, a lint- ; , a loop and line ; h, a hook and line ; /, a point, above ; / is written the same as g ; k, a half circle ; /, a line, begun from the top ; m> a loop and line ; , a half-circle ; o, a tick, below, struck down- wards ; p, a loop and line ; q, a loop and line ; r, a line, begun from the bottom ; s, a line ; /, a line ; u, a tick, above, struck downwards ; v is written the same as/ ; w, a loop and half-circle ; x is written the same as k, or, when strongly sounded, as in tax, ks . y. a hook and line ; z is written the same as j? . full stop, a line twice the length of /. DOUBLE, TREBLE, AND QUADRUPLE CONSONANTS. bn c bean, bin, boon bb ( babe ck / change, church, each, much, such dd ) dead, deed, died, did kk ^ cake, kick, cock, cook mm cr maim itd } end nn ^ known, none, nun, onion, union o-n ^ 1 or /gain, gone, join, Jane, John, June jn -- ) ph \ (.same sound as f) pp p pipe, pope, pup pr <) par, pare, pair, pear, poor, power, pure sli 9 ash, show, shy, shall, shouH English, Englishman shabby shade, shod they, thy, thou, though, them, that, this without, month, something unworthy wd *> wade, wed, wide, wood wh *- what, which, who, whom, why ivk -> walk, weak, week sir ? star, starry, stair, stare, strange, stir, store, storey, strong, strength thr /y author, ether, either, other, their, there, thorough, through, therefore prpr (J prepare, proper bb, dd, kk, and nn are formed by doubling the size of the half-circle for the single letter ; ch, pr, and two forms of th, are, in each case, a line and loop ; gn, orj'n, is a loop and half-circle ; mm, pp, andflrfir are formed by doubling the size of the circle of the single letter ; nd is a half-circle, begun at the bot- tom ; sh is a loop and half- circle ; shb is the sh com- bined with the b ; shd is the sh combined with the d ' , th (first) is a hook and line ; second and third th is a loop and line ; wh is a hook and line ; wd is the w and the d combined ; wk is the w and the k com- bined : str and thr are each a loop and line ; for prpr the size of the loop of pr is doubled. Having two characters for sh, and two for th, are for ease of joining ; as, A earth; <\ death; e ship ; ^ shipper. RULES FOR WRITING, 1 . Join all the letters of a word from beginning to end. 2. Except when necessary, omit all vowels in words, and all silent consonants. 3. Write according to sound, and not according to spelling. MODES OF CONTRACTION. There are several modes of contraction. Many words and phrases are shortened by being divided into Prefixes and Terminations, and this contrac- tion is shown by the letters being disjoined, and placed one above the other, as circumstance, written _. ; and House of Commons, written -^ PREFIXES. d ) de, di, distin, discon, dissatis, disinter f \ fellow, for h _ hend, hension, hensive, hyper, i incom, incompre, incon, incontro, imper, impor, impro, impru, intel, inter, intra, intro, intru k -s contra, contro, contri, compre, compri, compro, countr, counter, kingd m g uish // 4_ held, hold, hend, hensive k ^ elude, elusive, country, creatures o x ordinary / j> plant, plete q / quil-ity-ized a _ scribe, scription, citizen, stance, stant-iiil, stand, stinct-ion / / tent, tract, tunate-ly ARBITRARY TERMINATIONS. a ing ; thus r : b eating, ^= saying, F paying, J praying ment ; thus : moment, j parliament, o cian, sion, tion ; thus : v^ physician, session, J option Other Modes of Contraction are : 1. By omitting subordinate words, such as of and the ; 2. By placing above or below the line the initial letter of words; as, ^ ignorance; ^ concern, and by putting letters through each other; as, - Prime Minister; ^ with regard to ; 3. By writing only so much of a word as will lead to the whole ; as, -> sufficient ; 4. By writing words colloquially : as, ^ you'll have been ; and 5. iiy joining pronouns and auxiliary verbs : as. ^ we would have been 10 Examples of each of these modes of contraction are given ; and Reporters, knowing that very much depends upon context, adopt for themselves all or any of these modes. The examples of contractions given, according to each mode, are what I myself have been in the habit of using during the past five-and-twenty years. Figures are one form of shorthand ; and numbers are best written in them. ARBITRARY CONTRACTIONS. x consider, Christian. x Christianity. -f- Christ. ] Jesus Christ. | Christ Jesus. -+_ sometimes. -f at the same time, o one, once. ones. O world. Scripture. ^ Holy Ghost. o opponent. Jo plaintiff. d defendant. / advantage. independent. //, et cetera. EXAMPLES. THE LORD'S P R A Y E K. Our Father, which art in heaven, Hallowed be > T A ^ <-. -r C Thy Name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done / ^"~ / /^ rcr- c~^ C 4aa-earth, As it is in heaven. Give us this day our 01 / \ S daily bread. And forgive us our trepasses, As we p c/) A - / forgive them that trespass against us, And lead us \r\ / rt- - { - not into temptation ; But deliver us from evil ; For - -i ^ c - \ > \ Thine is the kingdom, the power, and the glory, For *.-'*- f ' ^ \ ever and ever. Amen. v y/ I'SALM Ixvii. God be merciful unto us, and bless us, and shew - c ^n ^ ^ _ 3 us ihe light of His countenance, and be merciful unto f N * " ~O c ^A ^ us ; that Thy way may be known upon earth ; Thy //^cr-C^y P X / saving health among all nations. Let the people -i * - / - / r / praise Thee, O God ; yea, let all the people praise I- * , - S f / J i, Thee. O let the nations rejoice and be glad ; for // , ( - ^ c r \ Thou shalt judge the folk righteously, and govern the / 5 w X, nations upon earth. Then shall the earth bring forth ^> P A/ ) A c/^\A her increase ; and God, even our own God, shall give / ^r~ v / ^ 5 -^ us His blessing. God shall bless us, and all ihe ends _-r/^9 c __-/ r ^s> / ^- of the world shall fear Him. Glory be to the Father, O 9 V ._/ ^ c I > and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost ; as it was in / - / ^ . I ^ ^ the beginning, is now. and ever shall be, world * V 3 C O without end, Amen, 13 I. CORINTHIANS. *iii. 1 1 CORINTHIANS xm. 1. Tliougli I speak with the tongues of men and of ungels, and have not charity, I am become as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal. And though I have the gift of prophecy, and understand all mysteries, and all knowledge ; and though I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains, and have not charity, I am nothing. And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor, and though I give my body to be burned, a .d have not charity, it proh'teth me nothing. Charity suffereth long an- is kind ; charity envieth not ; charity vaunteth not itself, is not puffed up doth not behave itself unseemly, seeketh not her own, is not easily provoked, thinketh no evil, rejoiceth not in iniquity, but rejoiceth in the truth ; beareth all things, believeth all things, hopeth all things, endureth all things. Charity never faileth ; but whether there bo prophecies, they shall fail ; whether there be tongues they shall cease ; whether there be knowledge, it shall vanish away. For we know in part, and we prophesy in part. But when that which is perfect is come, then that which is in part shall be done away. When I was a child, I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child ; but when I became a man, I put away childish things. For now we see through a glass darkly ; but then, face to face, Now, I know in part ; but then shall I know even as also I am known. And now abideth faith, hope, charity, these three, but the greatest of these is charity. 14 POPE TO ATTERBURY. O cr> 'A /v/- '- -/ I/or, / ^ ^ __ , C r, / , \ xL ' /^ ^ ^ /V \ \ cA /CA\ ---.,- ^^_ ^^ '^,^/p -x^ /^/-- , /\ - V ^-^ /<: / */vy -,, /=^ / \\ j', . /^ -Q/. ^ C /c-X)//^ 9-^ ^S*, ^T- L f \V7 ( POPE TO ATTERBtJRY. Once more I write to you, as I promised, and this once, I fear, will be the last. The curtain will soon be drawn between my friend and me, and nothing left but to wish you a long good night. May yon enjoy a state of repose in this life not unlike that sleep of the soul which some have believed is to succeed it, where we lie utterly forgetful of that world from which we are gone, and ripening for that to which we are to go. If you retain any memory of the past, let it only image to you what has pleased you Lest ; sometimes present a dream of an absent friend, or bring you back an agree- able conversation. But, upon the whole, I hope you will think less of the time past than of the future, as the former has been less kind to you than this latter infallibly will be. Do not envy the world your studies ; they will tend to the benefit of men against whom you can have no complaint I mean of all posterity, and perhaps, at your time of life, nothing else is worth your care. What is every year of a wise man's life but a censure or critic upon the past ? Those whose date is shortest live long enough to laugh at one half o*' it. The boy despises the infant, the man the boy, the philosopher both, and the Christian all. You may now begin to think your manhood was too much of a puerility, and you will never suffer your age to be but a second infancy. The toys and bubbles of your childhood are hardly now more below you than those toys of our riper and of our declining years the drums and rattles of ambition and the dirt and bubbles of avarice. At this time, when you are cut off from a little society, and merely a citizen of the world at large, you should bend your talents not to serve a party, or a few, but all mankind. Your genius should mount above that mist in which its participation and neigh- bourhood with earth long involved it. To shine abroad and to heaven, ought to be the business and the glory of your present situation. Remeinber it was at such a time that the greatest lights of antiquity dazzled and blazed the most, in their retreat, in their exile, or in their death. But, why do I talk of dazzling or blazing ? It was then that they did good, that they gave light, and that they became guides to mankind. These aims alone are worthy of spirits truly great ; and such, I therefore hope, will be yours. Resentment, indeed, may remain, perhaps cannot be quite extinguished, even in the noblest minds. But revenge never will harbour there ; higher principles than those of the first, and better principles than those of the latter, will infallibly influence men whose thoughts and whose hearts are enlarged, and cause them to prefer the whole to any part of mankind, especially to so small a part as one's singL self. Believe me, my lord, I look upon you as a spirit entered into another life as one just upon the edge of immortality, where the passions and affections must be much more cxaltc-d, and where you ought to despise all little views, and all mean retrospects. Nothing is worth your looking back ; and, therefore, look forward, and make, as you can, the world look after you, but take care that it be not with pity, but with esteem and admiration. 16 Address by SIR WILLIAM ARMSTRONG, C.B. X - \\^/t_-^o\ <--v \ ^~~ / -u, / -^r .p 3 ^ -, V x % V 9 \ x ; / c ^. / / -, / - y - . <\ - / /) L 9 * r / / \ /-) cr> ^ o V / \ ^ <=y\./ -? IS 7 / / -> "T V / 9 c / ^ ' ~ j M/ N r -v / , , , "H, x > > cr-/ \ ,/ / v s _ / -vr - y ^ vj V / // v^ / L ^ L ^> /- - IS K \^ 3 / V^' x ^ - '^/ n_ 6 /) ^ ^ . X^\ y A, . / / / V 20 SO X CO '* & I Oo \ r > \ A \ \ v- ^ / 6 ^ ^ / c^ p M: X C - ^ N -, * 7 \ t\ \ ' ,, 9 2J ADDRESS by SIR WILLIAM ARMSTRONG, C.B., on " Social Matters, Past, Present, and Future? delivered at the Annual Conference of the Northern Union of Mechanics' Institutes, Elswick, Newcastle-tipon-Tyne, August 1883. GENTLEMEN In the address delivered to you at Alnwick by Lord Percy in 1878 lie remarked that men are always more sensible of the ills they labour under than of the blessings they enjoy. This is true in all the affairs of life. However much we mitigate the ills we suffer, our discontent at what remains continues unabated. I do not mean to say that discontent with our surround- ings is without its use,, seeing that it spurs us on to improve our condition ; but we do not in general recognise our progress, and we therefore scarcely do ourselves justice. Material progress is more palpable than moral progress, and therefore less liable to be ignored ; but history shows that, while this country has been advancing in science and the useful arts, and thereby enabling itself to maintain a population enormously increased in number and yet better fed, better clothed, and better housed than at any former period, it has also been improving almost as .rapidly in its social and moral condition. To go no further back than the early part of the last century, we find that the state of morality and the habits of the people of this country were incom- parably worse than at present. At that period bull-baiting, bear-baiting, cock-fighting, and cock-throwing, were the favourite sports of the people. The gentry were ignorant, coarse-mannered, and dissipated. Profligacy nd a false sense of honour, leading to frequent duels, were distinctive of men of fashion. Housebreakers and highwaymen the Jack Sheppards and Dick Turpins of the day were popular heroes. Street outrages were of constant occurrence, with the lower classes for plunder, and with the higher for amusement founded on drunken revelry. The criminal laws were of the most sanguinary desciiption, there being no less than 160 offences punishable with death. Executions, therefore, were fearfully numerous, and the depraved taste of the day rendered them enjoyable spectacles to all classes of the people. Those dens of villainy called sanctuaries, in which criminals could take refuge from justice, were not yet wholly abolished. Debtors were imprisoned until they could satisfy their creditors to the uttermost farthing, and were subject to the most scandalous extortions and oppressions on the part of their jailers. The sanitary state of the prisons, both for debtors and felons, was so bad as to give rise to frequent outbreaks of jail-fever, which often spread with destructive effect far beyond the prison walls. The severities practised in the- Army and the Navy were shocking, and kidnapping for the latter was a usual practice. The slave-trade was not only sanctioned by public opinion, but was protected and encouraged by Acts of Parliament, 22 and it is computed that 70,000 negroes were yearly torn from their homes and sold into slavery by English traders. In and out of Parliament jobbery and corruption were universal. Charitable institutions were rare, and the sufferings of the poor were treated by the ruling classes with indifference. The penal and disabling laws against Catholics and Dissenters were atrocious. Perpetual imprisonment on the evidence of a paid informer was the penalty on a Catholic priest discharging the functions of his office. In Ireland the oppression of the Catholics was carried to such an extreme that they were deprived of all political rights, were excluded from nearly all professions, and were denied the right of educating their children in their own faith. Their prelates were banished and forbidden to return under pain of death in the horrible form_ affixed to high treason. In Scotland religious fanaticisra reigned supreme amongst the various sects calling themselves Christian, and gave rise to alternate persecutions, always shamefully violent and vindictive, If we turn from this picture and contemplate the state of things at the present day, we see what a contrast is presented in our favour. Surely we may indulge ourselves by taking stock of our present moral condition, and appreciating the enormous gains we have made during this brief historical period. Nor has this moral amelioration been confined to our own country or to the period I have surveyed. All Europe has been improving, and if we carry our retrospect still further back we quickly come to the time when multitudes of wretched old women were burnt for witchcraft when insane people were treated as demoniacs or beings outside the pale of humanity when prisoners who refused to plead were slowly pressed to death by increasing weights upon their bodies when confessions of guilt were wrung from innocent people by torture, and when the same means were used to extort false accusations when religious persecutions assumed the dimensions of national devastations when wars were waged for mere spoliation, and when mercy to the vanquished was the exception and not the rule. Still going back in time, we pass through the feudal period, characterised by grinding oppression and savage laws, when nearly every occupation but that of arms was deemed ignoble, and when wager of battle and ordeal of fire were the approved methods of deciding questions of right and justice. Then our retrospect carries us through the dark ages of history, when the light of civilisation became almost extinct, and was only kept alive by the institutions of the Catholic Church, to which our grateful acknowledgment is due for the part it acted at that period. Next we come to the horrible time of the later Roman Empire, distinguished by its unbridled sensuality and its hideous cruelty when Roman patricians, and even Roman ladies ; as well as the Roman popu- lace, gloated over the bloody fights of gladiators in the amphitheatres, and with up-turned thumbs decreed the slaughter of every vanquished combatant who failed to minister sufficiently to their cruel pleasure. Still worse, when human beings (often martyrs to religion; were worried to death by wild beasts or subjected to every variety of torment at the public games for the entertain- ment of the people. If we continue to travel back in time beyond this hideous period, we come to the better epoch of the Roman Common wealth, when civic virtues and a strong sense of duty were in the ascendant ; but in 23 the stoic virtue of that age there was no place for those emotional virtues which Christianity inculcates, and which are so highly esteemed at the present day. In ancient Greece, also, there was a better state of things than prevailed at a later date. We have there the spectacle of a people unsurpassed either before or since in the practice of the fine arts, and in the cultivation of metaphysical philosophy ; but science and the useful arts still lay dormant, and we find little in the moral character of the Greeks to excite our sympathy or admiration. A few steps further back and history fades away into barbarism. From all this we may perceive that, although fluctuations may occur, the natural course of human affairs is one of amelioration, and that we are not justified in affixing the stigma of pessimism to the order of nature in its relation to humanity, as some modern writers are inclined to do. And now let us return from the contemplation of the past to that of the pre- sent. One thing which distinguishes the age in which we live is its spirit of toleration. There is probably no one cause which has been so fruitful of suf- fering and injustice as the constant attempts which have been made for 1500 years to coerce belief on religious subjects. In Roman Catholic countries, wh ere infallible authority is acknowledged in matters of faith, persecution may have some show of a logical basis ; but in Protestant countries, where the right of private judgment on spiritual subjects in conceded, prosecution for alleged error of belief is as irrational as it is wicked. Happily, prosecution, even in Catholic countries, has now almost entirely died out ; but denunciation, which is closely akin to it, still remains, even in our own enlightened National Church. But even in this case it is only as a relic of antiquity that the for- mulary which is chiefly chargeable with the offence finds a place in the beauti- ful Liturgy of the English Church. Christianity has grown more Christian since the Athanasian Creed was composed. Compare its damnatory clauses with the well-known words of a modern poet : " Let not this weak, unknowing hand Premitne Thy bolts to throw, And deal damnation round the land On each I judge Thy foe," then say which are most in accordance with the Christian spirit. Another prominent feature in the morality of this day is the repugnance to cruelty of every kind, whether inflicted on men or animals. In the last century vivisection was practised in the most reckless and unnecessary man- ner, and scarcely a protest was raised against it. Now its practice, although mercifully performed under anaesthetics, is regulated by legislation, and there is danger of the restrictions upon it being carried to such an unreasoning length as to make the mitigated sufferings of animals of greater consideration than the advancement of medical and surgical knowledge, by which alone the diseases of humanity can be counteracted or alleviated. So also with regard to corporal punishment, which in the last century was inflicted in the most pitiless manner, both in the Army and Navy as well as on civilian offenders. Now it is abolished in both services, and even the whipping of a schoolboy or 24 the moderate flogging of a hardened criminal is apt to meet with unmeiite censure. Nothing can more strongly indicate the growth of the emotiona virtues than this aversion to cruelty ; hut it must be confessed that there is danger of its being carried too far, and degenerating into a weak sentiment- ality, unsuited to the rough world in which it is our destiny to live. But the thing which pre-eminently does honour to the present century is the great educatioaal movement which has originated within very recent years, and is still undergoing development. It is not only that school education is provided for and enforced, but Mechanics' Institutes and Free Libraries have everywhere arisen to afford the means of following up the elementary education received at school. Sufficient time has not yet elapsed to enable us to judge of the effects of the movement. That it will do much good is unquestionable, but that the good will be unmixed with harm is by no means certain. There is an inveterate tendency in public opiniou to push a good thing too far, and I think there is danger of men being over-educated for the humbler positions which must be filled by great numbers of the popula- tion. That elementary education ought to be universal may be freely ad- mitted, but it is of far more importance that children should be thoroughly grounded in rudiments than that they should be pushed beyond them. Those who possess exceptional powers will always be enabled, by the facilities no\v everywhere afforded, to practice self-education in after-life to any extent that may be required to satisfy their aspirations : but to attempt too high a standard at school will not only tend to produce a distaste for menial offices, but will involve keeping the pupils at school beyond the time at which the business of life should be commenced. This, I think, is to be deprecated, and that, as a rule, school education for the mass of the people should not be pro- longed beyond the limit prescribed bj tenderness of age, and consequent xinfitness for labour. I am unwilling to touch upon the question of religious education, but I cannot avoid doing so without appearing to ignore its importance. In the vast majority of cases religious belief is determined by parentage and it is very right that it should be so, seeing that it is impossible for a child to renounce the religion of the family without doing violence to those ties of the early home which generally exercise so favourable an influence on the moral character through life. If the parents be sufficiently rich to pay for the edu- cation of their children, they have the option of sending them to denomina- tional schools where their own tenets are recognised : but when they cannot afford the necessary expense, and the State steps in and insists upon the child being educated at the public expense, the difficulty arises as to what the religious part of the instruction shall be, for it is impossible to provide for every variety of religious opinion held by the parents. A great deal of rancorous controversy has been raised upon this question, which is obviously one which can only be met by compromise ; and as we hear so much less of the difficulty now than formerly, we may conclude that by mutual concession a modus vivcndi has been arrived at. In connection with the religious aspect of education the important question also arises as to whether it will increase or diminish diversity of belief and 25 general scepticism. There can be no doubt that education, by bringing the reflective faculties into play, disposes men to be critical in their beliefs. In these days of almost universal toleration the fullest freedom of discussion is permitted upon the most sacred questions so long as it is conducted in a spirit consonant with the solemnity of the subject. The literature which deals with such topics is greatly on the increase, and will continue to increase with the growing demand which extended education will create. Both sides of every debateable point will be presented, and men will more and more exercise their reason upon matters concerning which they have hitherto been chiefly guided by authority. What the effect of this untrammelled criticism may be I will not venture to predict ; but of this we may rest assured, that the religious element in the human mind will not be uprooted. The star- filled heavens and a sense of man's responsibility were things which filled the philosophic mind of Kant with awe. The thoughts which they inspire will always lead men out of the narrow sphere of their own experiences into the boundless region of mystery which surrounds them, while the fear of the future will ever be associated with wrong-doing. Nor does it seem possible that mankind will ever accept as their creed that all the beauties, the harmonies, and the adaptations of Nature, down to the very constitution of matter, are the outgrowth of blind causation, or that the innumerable coincidences necessary to the existence of a complex and orderly universe can be rationally explained on the fortuitous basis of eternal duration. Still less are they ever likely to concur in believing that the supremacy of the human mind over matter, its profound speculations and its imaginative creations, together with its passionate emotions and aspirations, are all reducible (both as cause and effect) to mere atomic motion, and that Chemistry and Mechanics lie at the root of all things. Until such creeds gain the ascendency, men will reason from their own minds to an infinite mind, and religion will continue to exercise an elevating influence on our race. To speak generally on the question of human progress, there seems to be no reason for taking a desponding view. The world will never be a paradise least so in densely populated countries ; but we may take comfort in think- ing that misery emanating from our own vices is on the decrease. At the present moment the greatest evil that we in this country labour under is that of intemperance, to which it is not too much to say that half the crime, poverty, and misery of the country is attributable. The waste of national resources which it involves is as great as its demoralising effect. According to the average of recent years, the annual sum spent upon alcoholic liquors is about 130 millions sterling, which appears to be about as much as the cost of all the beef and the bread we consume in a year. If we concede everything that can be said in favour of alcohol used in moderation, it would be impossible to justify our spending upon a stimulant even one-fourth as much as we spend upon the two chief articles of our food. But, to be liberal, let us say that forty millions a-year might be beneficially appropriated to the supply of alcoholic liquors. Even under that admission we have to deplore a waste of ninety millions a-year, the chief part of which is sacrificed to the demon of drunkenness. We have also to take into account the cost of the crime, 26 pauperism, idleness, and impaired powers of work, which follow in the train of intemperance. Although the amounts chargeable under these and other heads may be somewhat indefinite, they are not the less real, and statisticians place them at an appalling figure. In short, taking everything into con- sideration, the burden of drink, in a mere financial sense, probably weighs twice as heavily upon the nation as its Imperial taxation. It is gratifying, however, to observe that the tide does at length appear to have turned in favour of temperance. Amongst the wealthier classes Fashion has raised its potent voice against inebriation, and with other co-operating causes has almost banished it from that section of society ; but amongst the poorer classes it is unfortunately still commonly regarded as excusable, or even as commendable, when associated with good fellowship. But under the re- fining influence of education and the strenuous efforts at suppression which are now being so laudably made by all our religious communities we may look for the establishment of a better atmosphere of opinion in the class which is now chiefly chargeable with intemperance, and when that takes place drunkenness will meet with surrounding discouragement, and repulsion will prove its irresistible foe. Having thus endeavoured to place before you some of the salient features of past and present morality, I might extend my remarks at equal length to the region of the future, in which there is room for endless speculation ; but under this head I shall confine myself to pointing out certain rocks ahead in the shape of unsolved problems, the issue of which it is extremely difficult to foresee. The rapid growth of our population is adverse to moral development, and, by increasing the competition for existence, it tends to the increase of poverty. The population of this country has more than doubled itself in the last fifty years, and, according to the best estimate that can be formed, it will be doubled again in the next seventy or eighty years. We are already over- crowded at the great centres of population, and the maintenance of the people is so completely beyond the productive capacity of the land, that nearly half the food we consume has to be imported from abroad. It is alarming to think what would become of us if the commerce upon which we are so entirely dependent should from any cause be interrupted ; but if our position be critical now, with our thirty-five millions of inhabitants, what will it be in the middle of the next century, when we may anticipate a population twice as great as the present ? Even then we shall be going on increasing in numbers, unless previously overtaken by disaster, and a crisis must apparently come, when further multiplication must be controlled by legislation, whatever violation of liberty and sentiment may be involved. In a state of nature, famine and pestilence keep down excessive increase, but we use all our ingenuity and our energies to banish those visitations without supplying any milder substitute. It is customary to speak of emigration as the remedy, but emigration is already in full operation, and does extremely little in reducing the increase. Moreover, the people of the countries available for emigration are multiplying almost as fast as we are, and in some cases even faster, so that the vacant places of the earth available for man's habitation are being rapidly filled. If, therefore, the growth of popula- 27 tion be not arrested, the time must come when emigration on a large scale must cease for want of places to go to, unless, indeed, we resort to the old expedient of force, and fight for possession of available ground ; but this would be incompatible with the continued progress of morality. There is also another population difficulty which demands consideration. In a highly civilised and compassionate state of society there is a benevolent tendency to bolster up the weak and infirm, or in other words, to save the inferior members of our race from the extinction which nature would decree. By so doing, we act in diametrical opposition to that policy of selection which, in the management of domesticated animals, works such amazing improvement in their qualities. A degeneracy of our species, either mental or physical, would be deplorable ; but how to prevent it under the mild sway of philanthropy, or how to take advantage of the principle of selection for the further development of our powers, is beyond my ability to conjecture. We can only hope that time and the growth of knowledge will bring a solution of this and other social problems, 448436 What useful things spring up around, As time progressive flies ; Creating in each human breast Both wonder and surprise ; The Penny Post, the Railway Train, The Telephone as well, Have all produced a wond'rous change, As chroniclers can tell. 1 Science and skill, their efforts shall unfold, And give us miracles as yet untold ; A PINCH OF SNUFF, though simple, may contain, Sufficient matter to assuage great pain." [From an old poem, A.D. Ibbs. It seems of marvels we have not Just witnessed half enough, The Electric Light the Telephone- Then comes " ELECTRIC SNUFF." This is the greatest blessing known, The marvel of the age ; For it can cure distressing ills, And cruel pangs assuage. Amidst the thousands of Testimonials which have been received in favour of this valuable discovery, we would particularly allude to one, from which we make an extract ; and as it is from a distinguished member of the literary world, it is worthy of notice. To Mr. Handysides. SIR As an author of fifty years standing, I can speak in the highest terms of your Electric Nervine Snuff, and briefly sum up its merits in a few words. In hours of mental depression it cheers the spirits, in reviving the over-taxed brain it is infallible, in cases of Toothache, Tic, and Neuralgia it is electric-like in its effects, whilst in Nervous complaints and fits of melancholy its effects are wonderful, for it dissipates all gloomy thoughts, invigorates the frame, and gives sound and refreshing sleep. The above facts, which I can vouch for, are drawn from personal observation. I am, Sir, Author of Harriet Stanton, Wreck of the Royal Charter, Loss of the Princess Alice, d-c., &c. 6 Parr Street, Hoxton, London. The Editor of one of the leading Metropolitan Journals thus writes to Mr. Handysides. Sir Words cannot express, nor the imagination picture, the wonderful effects that are produced by a single pinch of your Electric Nervine Snuff. After writing very often for hours, I sometimes begin to feel giddy in my head, but a pinch always relieves me ; and in an incredibly short space of time I feel no effects whatever of this frightful and annoying sensation : I recommend all writers to try it. 20th June 1879. DEAR SIR I had Neuralgia twenty-four weeks, with great noises and pains in the head, and confined to my bed for nine weeks two days of that time insensible ; could not get any ease. I tried everything, and then sent in with the carrier for a bottle of your Snuff, which has cured me, and I have not had it since. Benton Square, Long Benton. WM. JOHNSON SYKES. A single spark may fire a town, A flash of lightning kill, Yet HANDYSIDES' ELECTRIC SNUFF Maintains its virtues still. ONE PINCH will cure distracting Tic, Neuralgia, Toothache, Cold ; Two minutes will suffice, and thus 'Tis worth its weight in gold. HANDYSIDES 1 ELECTRIC NERVINE SNUFF will in two minutes cure Neuralgia, Toothache, Tic, Rheumatism, Pains, and Cold in the Head. Mr. F. Richardson, 26 St. George Street, Battersea Park Road, London, S.W., writes, April 21, 1880 : " I had suffered from toothache for sixteen years, and the third or fourth pinch of your Snuff cured me in less than five minutes." In Bottles, Sold by all Chemists, 7;d , Is. Id, and 2s. 9d. Fancy Boxes for the Pocket, Is. 3d. each. Post Free, Is. 3d., 3s., and Is. 4!d. MANUFACTURED ONLY BY W. HANDYSIDES, 68 GRAINGEK STREET WEST, It clears the brain of every jot Of idle whims and fancies ; It makes you cheerful, light, and gay, And life itself enhances ; Though fabulous it may appear, We cannot say enough In praise of that electric power Which is in NERVINE SNUFF. The young can take it without fear, The aged without doubt : Of this be sure, 'twill quickly find Your varied ailments out ; A WORD (we read of) to the WISE, Is often found enough ; And so be sure you get at once The " ELECTRIC NERVINE sv"-"' ON, HENRY A. M MANUFACTURER OF WATERPROOF GOODS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. 848. SPORTSMAN'S HUNTING, RIDING, AND SHOOTING COATS, LEGGINGS, CAPS, GAME BAGS, CARTRIDGE POUCHES, GUN COVERS, Etc. ANGLER'S FISHING STOCKINGS AND TROUSERS, BROGUES & GARTERS, FISHING BAGS, FISHING SUITS, ETC., COMPLETE. SURGICAL ARTICLES OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. TRUSSES AND ARTIFICIAL APPLIANCES. ELASTIC STOCKINGS, BANDAGES. TOURIST'S AND TRAVELLER'S BAGS, PORTMANTEAUS, KNAPSACKS, CANTEENS, GROUND SHEETS, WRAPPERS. LAWN TENNIS-The Largest and best Selections in the North of England. TENNIS BATS, BALLS, POLES, NETS, PRESSES AND SETS COMPLETE. ALL PRICES. Cricket Bats, Stumps, Balls, and other Requisites. Good Value. BODY BELTS, HOSPITAL AND BED SHEETINGS, NURSING APRONS, &c. 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