mm
 
 A CHRONOLOGY 
 
 OF 
 
 MEDICINE 
 
 Being a Historical, an Antiquarian, & a 
 
 Curious Survey of the Birth & Growth of Medicine 
 
 from the Earliest Times to the Present Day 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 JOHN MORGAN RICHARDS 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY THE TYPOGRAPHIC ETCHING COMPANY. 
 
 LONDON 
 BAILLIERE, TINDALL, AND COX 
 
 20, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND 
 [PARIS, MADRID] 
 
 1880
 
 PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES.
 
 
 TO 
 
 THE HON. DEMAS BARNES, 
 
 OF NEW YORK, 
 
 MY FIRST EMPLOYER IN THE BUSINESS WITH WHICH 
 
 HIS NAME HAS SO LONG AND SO HONOURABLY BEEN IDENTIFIED 
 
 IN THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 TO WHOSE TEACHING AND EXAMPLE AS A MERCHANT 
 
 I HAVE EVER REGARDED MYSELF AS MAINLY INDEBTED FOR THE 
 
 HAPPY SUCCESSES OF MY LIFE, I GRATEFULLY INSCRIBE 
 
 Eljts Uolume 
 
 IN GLAD REMEMBRANCE OF HIS TIMELY COUNSEL 
 
 AND UNWEARIED KINDNESS 
 
 "WHEN DAYS WERE DARK AND FRIENDS WERE FEW." 
 
 81.22SV
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 ^pN preparing this work for publication I 
 was animated by a desire to place before 
 the general public such a work on the 
 rise and progress of medicine, In all Its depart- 
 ments, as should be popularly readable. Avoiding 
 all technicalities, I have sought to show how the 
 healing art first grew up, and how through the 
 centuries It has advanced, with slow but certain 
 steps, until, In spite of opposition engendered by 
 Ignorance, and fostered by superstition, medicine 
 has triumphed over all difficulties, freed herself 
 from all trammels, and won for herself the first 
 position amongst the sciences.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 With one thing I have been deeply impressed, 
 and that is the singular fact that two of the most 
 important branches of modern medical science 
 originated in the earliest historical ages ; and that 
 two of the most debased developments of igno- 
 rance and superstition survive at the present day. 
 In the first instance I refer to the clinical lectures 
 given by the medical priests of Egypt, and the 
 physicians of Greece ; and to the existence of an 
 official Pharmacopoeia in Egypt and in Italy. 
 Clinical instruction was not given in England until 
 the seventeenth century ; and the earliest English 
 edition of the Pharmacopoeia was published in 
 1618. In the same way a belief in the efficacy 
 of amulets, charms, and talismans, which was held 
 in Egypt, and in Saxon England, still lingers 
 amongst the rogues of London, and a month ago 
 a thief was taken up who had in his pocket a 
 piece of coal which he carried from a belief that 
 it would save him from arrest. The belief in 
 witches, also, which grew up in the Middle Ages,
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Still prevails in many districts of England ; and 
 last week a poor old woman in Cornwall was 
 carried to her grave by men in their shirt sleeves, 
 because she was supposed to have bewitched 
 several people. 
 
 In dealing with modern medicine my attention 
 has been chiefly but not exclusively directed to 
 the share borne by Englishmen in the pro- 
 gress of science. I have consulted all leading 
 works upon the subject, which are contained 
 on the well filled shelves of the British Museum 
 and other libraries, but I do not think it neces- 
 sary to recite their titles now, particularly as 
 in every case where I have taken an extract I 
 have acknowledged my authority. 
 
 The work is so arranged as to admit of 
 further extension with regard to existing medi- 
 cines which are acknowledged by the profession 
 to be of good repute. A close search of the 
 Calendars of the State Papers has yielded 
 much interesting matter and a fuller life of
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Linacre than has ever before appeared ; and 
 I am indebted to Mr. W. D. Selby, Superin- 
 tendent of the Search Room, for a few remark- 
 able recipes. The beautiful portrait outlines 
 have been taken (by permission) almost exclu- 
 sively from the collections preserved in the 
 Library of the Royal College of Surgeons. In 
 the investigations necessary for the work, and 
 in the general collection of matter, I am largely 
 indebted for assistance to Mr. John B. Marsh, 
 of London, without whose help I could not have 
 produced this book. 
 
 JOHN MORGAN RICHARDS. 
 
 Great Russell Street, 
 London, 1880.
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE, 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 SLOW GROWTH OF MEDICINE AS A SCIENCE — HIPPOCRATES — 
 PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS — VAIN PURSUITS FALSE AIDS. 
 
 N an historical survey of medicine it is 
 f^f impossible to avoid a feeling of surprise 
 that the science of healincf should have 
 made very slow progress in ancient and in 
 mediaeval times. Architecture, at a very early 
 period of the world's history, attained unparalleled 
 splendour; and sculpture produced never-to-be- 
 equalled examples in the works of Phidias 460 
 years before the Christian era. Yet neither the 
 architect of the Temple at Karnak, nor the 
 sculptor of Zeus, knew by what mechanism they 
 
 B
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 opened their eyes or raised their arms. When, 
 650 years later, Solon uttered the maxim, '' Know 
 thyself," he indicated the only great problem 
 which had baffled study, and was beyond demon- 
 stration, whether as regarded the mental or the 
 physical powers of man, and more than two 
 thousand years were to elapse before the circu- 
 lation of the blood was correctly described. In 
 tracing the progress of medicine from ancient to 
 modern times, the course of civilization must be 
 followed from east to west. The philosophers 
 who laid the correct bases for acquiring all know- 
 ledge, failed to discover the true foundation on 
 which to rear the science of medicine. 
 
 Hippocrates, the ablest and most renowned 
 medical practitioner of antiquity, in declaring that 
 '' our natures are our own physicians," discovered 
 the first germ of medical truth, but he left the 
 mysterious world of application unexplored. The 
 age of philosophical schools passed away without 
 their laying down even so much as the lines to 
 be followed in order to advance the study of 
 medicine. Centuries were wasted in an endea-
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 vour to discover the vital principle of life and 
 health, and centuries more in the vain pursuit of 
 a universal remedy for all diseases — the search 
 for this panacea has, indeed, scarcely terminated 
 yet. When, with the progress of civilization, the 
 paramount importance of a correct system of 
 medicine was acknowledged, the science suffered 
 in another way. Religion became her patron, 
 but only to reduce healing to a superstition ; the 
 State tried to succour her, but only to circum- 
 scribe her usefulness and fetter her advance, and 
 Politics wooed her only to bring persecution and 
 banishment to her votaries. In order to fulfil 
 her mission amongst mankind Medicine only 
 yielded her beneficent secrets to those who pur- 
 sued their investigations for the sole purpose of 
 healing. She was superior to the claims of party, 
 beyond the control of armed power, and not 
 subordinate to religion. It was only when other 
 sciences waited upon Medicine that she opened 
 her breast and disclosed Chemistry, the hand- 
 maid for whose coming Healing had waited 
 thousands of years. Yet Chemistry, as the sister
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 science, has not been acknowledged quite two 
 hundred years, and it is therefore no presump- 
 tion to suppose that with her aid discoveries will 
 be made in the art of healing for centuries to 
 come.
 
 ANCIENT MEDICINE. 
 
 ASSYRIA PHCEXICIA EGYPT — THE JEWS INDL\_^CHINA: 
 
 (iREECE ROME — \YESTERN AND EASTERN EUROPE.
 
 W^^^^r^^^i^^SWi^^^^^^^^^P^: 
 
 m^^Mm^^m^K 
 
 MEDICINE IN ASSYRIA. 
 
 S S Y R I A was the earliest parent 
 of the arts and sciences, but her 
 memorials are so scanty that the 
 historian has failed to discover from them to 
 what degree of excellence she rose in the practice 
 of medicine ; and Egypt, with an embarrassing 
 richness of records, has usurped the more honour- 
 able position. In Assyria the priests were the 
 physicians, and their method consisted largely 
 of the application of magical arts, combined 
 with a limited use of compounds extracted from 
 herbs. More than this is not known.
 
 vMSawiiii 
 
 MEDICINE IN PHCENICIA. 
 
 HE Phoenician writings on medicine 
 are contained In Sanchuniathou's 
 '* History of the Nation," and these 
 manuscripts are believed to be of the same age 
 as the Ayur Veda of India. Their medical 
 system bore a nearer resemblance to the Egyptian 
 method than to that of any other nation ; but no 
 records exist from which any details can be ob- 
 tained. They admitted an enormous number of 
 deities Into their Pantheon, and the art of healing 
 was no doubt exercised by the priest.
 
 MEDICINE IN EGYPT. 
 
 HE earliest recorded facts relating to 
 the practice of medicine refer to 
 Egypt — the cradle of civilization, the 
 birth-place of all the arts and sciences. 
 
 A kinor of the first 
 
 dynasty is reputed to have 
 
 written a work on anatomy ; 
 
 showing that considerable 
 
 progress must have been 
 
 made at that time in the 
 
 study of the human frame. 
 
 The character of the work 
 
 is not known ; probably it ^"'^ ''■^^' 
 
 only related to the preparation of the body for 
 
 the process of embalming. In the fabled origin 
 
 of Egypt, Osiris, the good king, who taught 
 
 VOTIVE TABLET FOR CURE OF 
 THE EAR.
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 the people agriculture, and enacted wise laws, 
 is represented as always accompanied by Hermes, 
 the great physician, the author of six books on 
 medicine, which were preserved in the chief 
 temple. The king and the physician were types 
 of the two essential qualities necessary to secure 
 prosperity and happiness : sovereign goodness 
 and sovereign healing — the king labouring for 
 the happiness of the people, and the physician 
 curing all their diseases. Subsequent monarchs 
 not only encouraged medical study, but also 
 wrote upon the subject. This royal patronage 
 ultimately led to State control being exercised 
 over physicians ; and, finally, the practice of 
 medicine fell into the power of priests, in whose 
 hands it rapidly degenerated into a superstition. 
 We are indebted for many details regarding the 
 practice of medicine in Egypt, to the researches 
 of Sir J. G. Wilkinson and to the learning of 
 Dr. Birch, as displayed in his editorial notes to 
 Wilkinson's '' Manners of the Ancient Egyptians." 
 The physicians of Egypt devoted themselves to 
 special branches of the art, after a general rudi-
 
 MEDICINE IN EGYPT. n 
 
 mentary training. First in number and in im- 
 portance were those who prescribed for diseases 
 of the eye — the most common and the most 
 serious malady from which the nation suffered. 
 Others attended to the ear, the skin, and all dis- 
 eases of the head. The dentists attained to ereat 
 excellence in their department — a fact repeatedly 
 confirmed by the examination of the teeth of 
 the oldest mummies brought to this country. 
 
 Affections of the bowels formed another 
 special study, while the disorders of portions of 
 the intestines came under the care of distinct 
 physicians. Nor was the practice of medicine 
 confined exclusively to men, because women were 
 trained to attend cases of childbirth from the 
 earliest ages. Though the Egyptians had ex- 
 ceptional opportunities for medical observations 
 in the course of embalming the dead, which was 
 part of a physician's duties, their deductions were 
 entirely wrong, because the action of the blood 
 and the nervous power were attributed to vessels 
 in the head. Observations were kept of the 
 effect of certain processes in patients ; but the
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 State, instead of directing continuous study of the 
 human system, laid down a system of treatment 
 for all known diseases, the observance of which was 
 imperative upon the physicians, and if any depar- 
 ture were made from the recognized rules, and 
 the patient died, the physician was held liable 
 to criminal prosecution. If, on the other hand, 
 the patient died, and it was proved that no 
 departure had been made from the public formula, 
 the physician was held free from blame. Bearing 
 this in mind, Pliny remarked that in Rome there 
 was no law to punish the ignorance of a physician, 
 who was the only man that could kill another 
 with impunity. 
 
 Perhaps it was owing to the fact that the 
 medical writings of Hermes were kept in the 
 great temple that in subsequent ages copies of 
 the medical laws and certified observations were 
 preserved in the chief temples throughout the 
 land ; and this may also have led, at a still later 
 period, to the priesthood establishing temples for 
 the worship of particular deities, and obtaining 
 contributions from people who were desirous of 
 being cured of their diseases.
 
 MEDICINE IN EGYPT. 
 
 Those who were allowed to practise medicine 
 in Egypt, w^ere paid salaries out of the public 
 treasury ; and they were liable to do certain 
 services free. For instance, they might be sum- 
 moned by the king to attend the army on an 
 expedition, or they might be despatched on a 
 foreign journey by direction of the monarch. 
 
 An Egyptian physician, in the reign of 
 Rameses XII., was sent by the king to cure the 
 Princess of Bakhtan ; and Cyrus and Darius 
 both sent ambassadors to Egy-pt to bring back 
 medical men. 
 
 Sculptured representations of surgical processes 
 have been found on many occasions ; but of the 
 actual treatment followed very little has been 
 discovered. The country was rich in herbs, 
 many of which were endowed with high curative 
 powers, and their employment in medicines which 
 were manufactured is mentioned by many profane 
 writers, as well as in the Scriptures. Homer 
 describes Egypt as a country whose fertile soil 
 produced an infinity of drugs; while Jeremiah 
 in his Lamentation sinofs : " O virorin daughter
 
 14 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 of Egypt, in vain shalt thou use many medicines, 
 for thou shalt not be cured." Herodotus says 
 " every place is full of doctors in Egypt ; " and 
 Pliny assumed that that proved the country was 
 subject to many diseases, apparently unconscious 
 of the fact that every portion of the human 
 body had its own specially appointed doctor. 
 
 The treatment varied according to the occu- 
 pation and residence of the afflicted. Those 
 who lived in the corn-growing regions paid 
 special attention to their health. For three days 
 in every month they subjected themselves to a 
 course of medicine, believing that a preventive 
 treatment was the best. It was generally held 
 that all illnesses proceeded from inattention to 
 diet ; and if a short abstinence did not produce 
 the desired result, then suitable remedies were 
 administered. These were generally emetics, or 
 slight doses of medicine. Herbs, animals, and 
 minerals were all laid under contribution by the 
 physicians. The curatives in use were clysters, 
 drinks, fumigations, and plasters. Their draughts 
 were mixed, boiled, and strained. The combination
 
 MEDICINE IN EGYPT. 
 
 of the drugs was usually effected with water, but 
 sometimes beer, milk, oil, or wine, was used. Honey 
 was always employed to sweeten, and the draught 
 was taken hot at ni^ht and in the morning. 
 
 At what period medicine fell into the hands 
 of the priesthood is not known, but in a country 
 where gods were very easily multiplied, it is 
 not to be wondered at that an interested class 
 should seek to assio^n the blessino^s of healinof to 
 
 o o o 
 
 the interposition of deities. Temples arose in 
 every city and town, dedicated to one or other 
 of the gods, who were supposed to preside over 
 separate portions of the body, and the practice of 
 medicine was debased. When the priests in at- 
 tendance at these temples became impoverished, 
 they sent some of their number into the country 
 with a flag of their deity, to collect alms from 
 those who suffered in that portion of the body 
 under the special supervision of the temple god. 
 But the Egyptian physicians finally shook off all 
 the fetters with which they were enslaved, and 
 in the school of Alexandria established the 
 scientific study of the art on an enduring basis.
 
 MEDICINE AMONG THE JEWS. 
 
 HERE are three passages in the Old 
 Testament referring to the practice 
 of medicine before Israel went into 
 Egypt. They are found in Gen. xxv. 26, Gen. 
 XXXV. 17, and Gen. xxxviii. 27, 28. These were 
 midwifery cases, and in two instances distinct 
 mention is made of a midwife who attended. 
 When the Israelites settled in Egypt they found 
 the women invariably acted as midwives there, 
 and throughout the sojourn in that land, which 
 lasted 430 years, this practice was observed by 
 the Hebrew women. The first reference to 
 physicians, which occurs after the sojourn in 
 Egypt commenced, is in Gen. 1. 2, when, seven- 
 teen hundred years before the birth of Christ, 
 *' Joseph commanded his servants the physicians
 
 MEDICINE AMONG THE JEWS. 17 
 
 to embalm his father, and the physicians em- 
 balmed Israel." Nearly two centuries later 
 Pharaoh, fearing the increase of the children 
 of Israel, ''spake to the Hebrew midwives, of 
 which the name of the one was Shiphrah, and 
 the name of the other Puah : and he said, If 
 it be a son then ye shall kill him," Exod. i. 15, 16. 
 These two passages at the beginning, and the 
 other at the close of the sojourn in Egypt, show 
 that the Israelites were acquainted with and 
 practically followed the Egyptian method of 
 medicine ; and there can be no doubt that they 
 carried the practice with them into the desert, 
 and that it w^as revived after their settlement in 
 Palestine. 
 
 The references to diseases, appliances, and 
 curatives, which abound in the Old Testament, 
 therefore, partly illustrate still further the Egyptian 
 method, to which are added a limited number of 
 new processes, some of them divinely inspired. 
 
 Circumcision was one of these, which was prac- 
 tised by the Israelites throughout the sojourn in 
 Egypt, and the people of that country learned it 
 
 c
 
 i8 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 from them. When the IsraeHtes came out of 
 Egypt and became settled, the profession of physic 
 was a part of the duty which devolved upon an 
 order of the Levites — certainly not the highest 
 order, whose whole duty was comprehended in the 
 most sacred office of the priesthood — but physic 
 was not exclusively practised by the Levites. 
 These Levitical physicians do not appear from 
 any portion of the Old Testament to have dis- 
 covered any disease peculiar to them as a nation, 
 nor to have adopted any special medicine of 
 remarkable renown ; but they simply carried out 
 those rules which they had previously learned in 
 Egypt. The fact of many diseases and many 
 medicines being mentioned in the Bible gives 
 us a clearer conception of the state of the art in 
 Biblical times, both in Egypt and in Palestine, 
 than is afforded by the papyri and stone monu- 
 ments of the Egyptian period. With regard to 
 the former, excluding such diseases as are speci- 
 fically recorded as of Divine infliction, we have 
 mention of the following : ophthalmia, '' Leah was 
 tender-eyed," Gen. xxix. 17; '' consumption, and
 
 MEDICINE AMONG THE JEWS. 19 
 
 the burning ague," Lev. xxvi. 16; "fever," '' in-^ 
 flammation," ''an extreme burning," Deut. xxvlii. 
 22; ''a rising," ''a scab," ''leprosy," "a boll," "a 
 burning boll," " plague of the scall," " sores," Lev. 
 xIII. ; " the botch of Egypt," " the emerods," " the 
 scab," "the Itch," Deut. xxvIII. 27; "the scurvy," 
 Lev. xxl. 20; "Issue of blood," Lev. xv. 19; "a 
 sore botch " in the knees and In the lees, from " the 
 sole of the foot unto the top of the head," Deut. 
 xxvIII. 35; "palpitation of the heart," Gen. xlv. 
 26; "epilepsy," Mark Ix. 18; "withered hand," 
 Matt. xli. 10; and "palsy," Luke v. 18. Mention 
 Is also made of other classes of persons suffering 
 in various ways. Thus In the record of those 
 who are not " to offer the bread of his God," 
 Lev. xxl. 19, 20. mention is made of men blind, 
 lame, flat-nosed, " possessing anything super- 
 fluous," "broken-footed," "broken-handed," "crook- 
 backt," dwarfs, and having a blemish In the eye. 
 
 With regard to the known medical remedies, 
 and the Instruments or methods made use of, 
 mention Is made of "eye salve," Rev. HI. 18, and 
 of a lump of figs laid for a plaster upon the boil
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 of King Hezekiah, Isa. xxxvlii. 21. References 
 are also made to " an aul " for boring ears, 
 Exod. xxi. 6; "lancets," i Kings xviii. 28; "a roller 
 to bind," as applied to a broken limb, Ezek. xxx. 
 21 ; "a sharp stone," Exod. iv. 25; and ''sharp 
 knives," Joshua v. 2. 
 
 Their chemical knowledge comprehended the 
 reduction of gold to powder, as shown by Moses 
 when he burnt the golden calf in the fire, " and 
 ground it to powder," Exod. xxxii. 20, and a 
 knowledge of the effect produced by " vinegar 
 upon nitre," Prov. xxv. 20. 
 
 The efficacy of bathing and washing in water 
 is several times referred to — " bathe his flesh in 
 running water," Lev. xv. 15 ; "Go and wash in 
 Jordan seven times, and thy flesh shall come 
 again to thee, and thou shalt be clean," 2 Kings 
 V. 10 ; and frequent bathing was prescribed by 
 the Jewish ritual. The pools mentioned both 
 in the Old and New Testaments are the earliest 
 historical references to public bathing-places. 
 
 In further proof of the established character 
 of medical science in Biblical times, the art of
 
 MEDICINE AMONG THE JEWS. 21 
 
 the apothecary is twice mentioned in Exod. xxx. 
 25, and 35 ; " the ointment of the apothecary" is 
 spoken of in Eccles. x. i ; and ''the powders of 
 the merchant" are referred to in the Song of 
 Solomon iii. 6, which proves that the apothecary 
 obtained some suppHes from distant places. 
 
 Their sanitary regulations were perfect and 
 most elaborate, because divinely inspired ; so, as 
 a nation, the art of the physician in Palestine, free 
 from state control, attained a greater degree of 
 perfection than was known in Egypt. 
 
 What progress was made during the separate 
 existence of the Jews as a nation there are no 
 means of judging ; but after Christ came the 
 scientific study of miedicine w^as altogether aban- 
 doned. The miracles of our Lord, shown in the 
 healing of the sick and the cure of bodily infirmi- 
 ties, led to a belief that the physicians in their 
 difficult and disagreeable processes were all 
 wrong, and that the true remedial mode was by 
 prayer, fasting, and faith. 
 
 There are about seventeen cases of the cure 
 of sickness by our Saviour, and these were of
 
 22 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 the most varied character, including the issue of 
 blood, blindness, lameness, leprosy, and palsy, 
 deafness, dumbness, and dropsy; in fact, "as many 
 as touched the hem of His garment" were made 
 whole. Moreover, our Lord imparted to His dis- 
 ciples power " to heal all manner of sickness and 
 
 SHE TOUCHED THE HEM OF HIS GARMENT. 
 
 all manner of disease ; " and the apostolic records 
 prove that they went out " and anointed with 
 oil many that were sick, and healed them," 
 healing everywhere, says Luke ix. 6 ; and though 
 the disciples sometimes failed, as Matthew re- 
 cords (xvii. 14-18), it was the exception and 
 not the rule.
 
 MEDICINE AMONG THE JEWS. 23 
 
 Our Saviour's example and teaching led to 
 the most determined efforts being made by the 
 Christian Churches, as they arose, to be con- 
 sidered the sole procurers and dispensers of 
 health to all sick people ; and pagan nations 
 also claimed for the priests of their deities the 
 exclusive right of healing power. The result 
 for a time was that medicine made no advance, 
 and the most profound ignorance continued with 
 regard to the causes of disease and the proper 
 means of cure.
 
 MEDICINE IN INDIA. 
 
 HREE hundred years after the physi- 
 cians of Egypt embalmed Israel, and 
 fourteen hundred before Christ, skilled 
 writers in India compiled a summary of all the 
 medical writings in existence. 
 
 This was called the ''Ayur Veda," and is the 
 most ancient of the sacerdotal medical writings. 
 The book was divided into eight portions, and 
 each dealt with a separate branch of the science. 
 A medical caste among the Hindoos, called the 
 Vaidya, took their name from this ancient medical 
 compilation. There also arose among the Hin- 
 doos a class called the Rishis, who travelled from 
 place to place healing the sick, and who were 
 accompanied by students, to whom they lectured 
 upon the cases that came before them. It formed
 
 MEDICINE IN INDIA. 25 
 
 a part of the training of these students to take 
 notes of the lectures they heard, and many of the 
 treatises prepared from their notes are still in 
 existence. Hindoo medicine never attained any 
 fame ; and English methods and practice are now 
 rapidly displacing the regulations of the ''Ayur 
 Veda."
 
 g 
 
 i 
 
 P 
 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
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 s 
 
 Q 
 
 MEDICINE IN CHINA. 
 
 H E practice of medicine in China has 
 always been debased. In the earliest 
 times the art was in the hands of 
 priests of a low order, who had no knowledge 
 of anatomy or surgery. These pretended to dis- 
 cover the seat of disease by the pulse, the eyes, 
 nose, tongue, ears, or voice, and they sought to 
 effect cures by causing vomiting or purging. They 
 administered medicines compounded of various 
 herbs, and frequently mixed seventy or eighty in a 
 dose, destroying the natural effect altogether. Tra- 
 ditions exist which show that surgery at a very 
 early period attained great perfection. There 
 is a story preserved of a surgeon, one Chinquei, 
 who, prior to the Christian era, removed diseased 
 viscera from the lower part of the abdomen of a
 
 MEDICINE IN CHINA. 27 
 
 patient, which was opened for that purpose, and 
 the patient speedily recovered after the operation. 
 But the secrets of the practice were quickly lost, 
 and Ignorant barbers bled, scarified, or set frac- 
 tured limbs. The physicians believed that the 
 human body was composed of five elements, 
 water, fire, wood, metal, and earth ; that health 
 was maintained only so long as the elements were 
 perfectly balanced. A doctrine very similar to 
 this prevailed In the philosophical medical schools 
 of Greece. The Chinese knew nothing of che- 
 mistry, nor had they any theory as to the circula- 
 tion of the blood. A preparation made from 
 singara was their panacea for all human Ills ; and 
 seventy-five different combinations of It are pre- 
 served in the Chinese pharmacopoeia. Diseases 
 w^ere very common amongst the people, especially 
 a contagious form of leprosy ; cutaneous diseases 
 were also of frequent occurrence, yet they are not 
 known to have suffered from anything resembling 
 the great plagues which have devastated other 
 portions of the world, and their happy exemption 
 from these is thought to be owing to the love of
 
 28 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 ventilation in their houses, to their use of strongly 
 scented drugs, and burning odoriferous woods. 
 They are not known ever to have had medical 
 schools ; and any one who had read a certain 
 number of medical writings was allowed to prac- 
 tise. The English methods are now slowly 
 permeating China.
 
 MEDICINE IN GREECE 
 
 '-'^^'^^'^'^-^^^AS mythologlcally attributed to the 
 god ^sculapius, son of Apollo and 
 Coronls. His temples were to be 
 found all over Greece, and no other deity in 
 Grecian mythology shared with him his medical 
 attributes. The sites chosen for his temples were 
 suggestive ; they were in all cases outside the 
 town or village, on hill-sides, and near springs 
 of water. 
 
 The principal seat of his worship was Epi- 
 daurus, where his temple was surrounded by an 
 extensive grove of trees, abounding with serpents. 
 These, the emblems of health and life, were also 
 kept in his temples. The temple at Epidaurus 
 is supposed to have been erected twelve hundred 
 years before Christ. His worshippers were sick
 
 30 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 people, and those in health by whom they were 
 loved. When the sick folk were made well they 
 hung up tablets on the walls of the temple, on which 
 were recorded the name and age of the patient, 
 the disease and its symptoms, and the medicines 
 administered which effected the cure. These 
 tablets, flattering to the vanity of the priestly 
 physicians, laid the basis for a subsequent sys- 
 tematic study of diseases, their symptoms, and 
 their treatment. 
 
 The mythical origin of Greek medicine selects 
 Melampus as the first who practised the medical 
 art in Greece ; and he is believed to have 
 acquired his skill by a divine revelation. Near 
 to his house there stood an oak tree, in whose 
 trunk a serpent made its nest. The servants 
 of Melampus killed the old serpent, but their 
 master would not suffer the young ones to be 
 molested, and he fed them daily with his own 
 hands. One day he slept beneath the shade of 
 the oak, and the young serpents creeping about 
 him licked his ears. When he awoke, he found 
 to his astonishment that he could discern the
 
 MEDICINE IN GREECE, 31 
 
 uses of inanimate things — herbs, minerals, and 
 all dumb animals. He began at once to apply 
 this knowledge to the service of his fellow- 
 creatures, and kings and princes became his 
 patients. Iphicles, son of Phylacus, consulted 
 him on his want of issue, and Melampus told him 
 to scrape the rust off his fathers knife in water, 
 and drink portions of the water during ten days. 
 Iphicles followed these instructions and became 
 the father of Podarces and Protesilaus. Both 
 myths thus refer the earliest discovery of medi- 
 cine to the interposition of divine providences. 
 
 The priests in charge of the ^sculapian 
 temples were supposed to have special medical 
 powers imparted to them. They were regarded 
 as descendants of the god, and were called Ascle- 
 piadse, and though the practice of medicine 
 remained in their hands for nearly eight centu- 
 ries, it made very little progress from a scientific 
 point. During these centuries medicine was re- 
 garded as indissolubly connected with religion, 
 and the temples were at one and the same 
 time places of worship and hospitals for the sick.
 
 32 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 Six hundred years before Christ the philosophical 
 schools of Greece arose, and speculative theories 
 of every kind had their beginning. These ab- 
 sorbed the attention of the ablest men, and no 
 attempts were made to penetrate any of the 
 secrets of nature. Of the temples reared to the 
 worship of ^sculapius the most celebrated were 
 those at Rhodes, Epidaurus, Cnldos, and Cos. In 
 them medical priests carried out their healing 
 practices, which combined a little enchantment 
 with a great deal of faith and an abundance 
 of water, applied after the hydropathic method, 
 and grateful patients hung their votive tablets 
 for generations, until 750 years had passed 
 away. 
 
 Hippocrates, of Cos, was born 450 years B.C. 
 He was the father of medicine, and the founder 
 of medical literature and science. 
 
 Cos was an island, one of the Sporades, lying 
 at the mouth of the Ceramic Gulf, and opposite 
 to Halicarnassus. The chief city stood on the 
 north-eastern side of the Island, in a situation 
 commanding lovely views, and near it was the
 
 MEDICINE IN GREECE. 
 
 33 
 
 ^■Esclepieum to whose worship the whole island 
 was consecrated. 
 
 The chief families claimed their descent from 
 the priests of the temple, and one amongst them 
 
 HIPPOCRATES. 
 
 was Keraclides, a professed physician. His son 
 was Hippocrates, who was thus born of the sacred 
 family. In early youth Hippocrates was edu- 
 cated under his father's superintendence by the 
 priests in the temple, and afterwards by Hero-
 
 34 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 dicus, the physician of Selymbria, in Thrace, 
 while Gorgias of Leontini instructed him in the 
 art of rhetoric. When he arrived at mature age 
 he embraced the philosophy of Pythagoras, as 
 taught by Heraclitus of Ephesus, namely, that 
 fire was the primary form of all matter, and that 
 by the contact and combination of its particles, 
 which were in perpetual motion, the four elements 
 of nature were produced. 
 
 He was the first student of medicine who 
 examined the recorded cures as set forth in the 
 votive tablets which had accumulated at the 
 temple, and to his methodical examination of 
 these cases, his early successes in Cos were 
 attributed. But he did not rest satisfied with 
 his home triumphs ; and during many years he 
 made extensive journeys in foreign countries, 
 studying and practising, so that his fame spread 
 throughout all the kingdoms bordering upon 
 Greece. 
 
 The principles he afterwards laid down for 
 the guidance of physicians are still at the founda- 
 tion of medical science. He held and taught that 
 
 I
 
 MEDICINE IN GREECE. 
 
 the basis of all knowledge was the accurate obser- 
 vation of actual phenomena, and that the correct 
 generalization of phenomena should be the sole 
 foundation of reasoning. If speculative theories 
 were in opposition to the records of careful obser- 
 vations, then theories were to be regarded as of 
 less value than observations. 
 
 In his works the descriptions of particular 
 diseases, where they can be traced, are found to 
 be correct to nature. His practice was very 
 successful, and won for him fame and riches ; yet 
 at this time anatomy was not generally practised, 
 physiology was unknown, and a few vegetable 
 substances only, yielded the medicines he used. 
 He was the first to describe some of the functions 
 and powers of the human body, and thus laid 
 a base for physiology as a new study. He 
 announced the existence of a power within the 
 living human being, which he styled '' nature," 
 that influenced the w^hole frame, and held that the 
 '' nature " of man was always striving by its own 
 methods to maintain the body In health : " Our 
 natures are the physicians of our diseases," was
 
 36 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 one principle he laid down. He held that the 
 origin of all disease was in the fluids of the 
 system, and this became the foundation of 
 humoral pathology. He was the first to declare 
 that there were " crises " in the progress of 
 diseases, and the tendency of nature to effect 
 a cure at certain stated periods. These crises 
 were manifested by the bowels or the skin, and 
 his observations on the regulation of these led 
 to the most valuable discoveries. He was also 
 the first to urge that changes of temperature and 
 atmosphere, and the seasons, all had separate and 
 special influences on the progress and character 
 of diseases, and caused a liability to particular 
 sicknesses at certain fixed seasons of the year. 
 
 In his personal practice he used purgatives 
 very extensively and administered a great variety. 
 He used the lancet, the scarificator, and the 
 cupping glasses, administered injections, and in- 
 serted issues. He makes frequent mention in his 
 writings of liniments, ointments, and plasters, 
 and laid great stress upon the importance of 
 regulating the diet of sick persons. Yet Hippo-
 
 MEDICINE IN GREECE. yj 
 
 crates had little If any knowledge of anatomy, and 
 was entirely ignorant of the relation which sub- 
 sists between the vital parts. The principles 
 which he laid down became for many centuries 
 the distinguishing features of Individuals, sects, 
 and schools ; and time which should have been 
 devoted to independent research was wasted in 
 discussing subtle points, such as the exact amount 
 of aid which should be given to nature when a 
 crisis came in a disease, and whether nature 
 should not rather be assisted to resist disease. 
 The theory of the fluids, their character, and 
 their influence, which became the science of 
 humoral pathology, was universally adopted, and 
 exercised sw^ay over the science of medicine until 
 the commencement of the eighteenth century. 
 Finally he detached medicine from philosophy, 
 and made it an independent science. 
 
 The age of Hippocrates w^as one of the most 
 remarkable that the world has ever known. In 
 his time Pericles flourished, and won for the 
 Greeks their greatest military triumphs ; and 
 Socrates taught his followers to believe in the
 
 38 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 immortality of the soul. To the example of 
 Pericles the world owes many military successes, 
 and to the teachings of Hippocrates and Socrates 
 the true scientific bases of philosophy and science. 
 At the period when Hippocrates flourished the 
 study of science had been almost snatched by 
 the philosophers from the exclusive control of 
 the priests, and they soon became antagonistic 
 to each other. 
 
 The influence of Hippocrates upon the science 
 of medicine was made apparent in his own time 
 by the rise of the sect of dogmatists about 400 
 B.C. The members of this sect held that the 
 first duty of the physician was to become ac- 
 quainted with the structure and the functions of 
 the several parts of the human body, and that 
 the next was to understand the action of the 
 remedies that were proposed to be applied. 
 
 The last of the Asclepiadae, and the successor 
 of Hippocrates in medical fame, was Praxagoras, 
 also a native of Cos. He belonged to the sect 
 of the dogmatists, and, following out their teach- 
 ing, studied anatomy and physiology very closely,
 
 MEDICINE IN GREECE. 39 
 
 SO as to attain great celebrity. He is the author 
 of observations on the pulse. One of his pupils 
 was Herophilus, a native of Chalcedon, in Bithynia, 
 on the coast of the Propontis, nearly opposite 
 to Byzantium. He forms the connecting link 
 between the physicians of Greece and those of 
 the new Egyptian school founded at Alexandria. 
 On the division of the empire following the 
 death of Alexander the Great, Ptolemy Soter ob- 
 tained the government of Egypt, and took up his 
 residence in Alexandria. Under his rule this 
 city quickly rose to the point of eminence in- 
 tended for it by Alexander, and as a commercial 
 city it became the most celebrated in the world. 
 To him is due the credit of founding the library 
 and museum, which made the city as celebrated 
 for the sciences as it became for commerce. 
 His son and successor, Ptolemy Philadelphus, 
 followed in his father's footsteps, and in their 
 reigns Alexandria, as a seat of learning, was 
 raised to permanent fame. They invited to 
 the city the most learned men of the age, and 
 amongst the most celebrated men who resided
 
 40 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 there were — Demetrius, of Phallerus, the orator ; 
 Euclid, the mathematician ; Stilpo, of Megara, the 
 philosopher ; Theodorus, of Cyrene, the Atheist ; 
 the poet Phlletas, of Cos ; the grammarian Zeno- 
 dotus ; the painters Antlphllus, Apelles, Timo- 
 charis, Arlstarchus, and Aratus. These men, 
 with many others as illustrious, were maintained 
 at the public cost, and they founded a school of 
 learning which existed for nearly a thousand 
 years. The library which was collected at the 
 expense of the state contained copies of all the 
 scientific and philosophical works in existence. 
 In all there were 400,000 volumes, embracing 
 90,000 distinct works ; and still the books in- 
 creased to such an extent that the Temple of 
 Serapis was made a second library, and here 
 42,800 volumes were accumulated. 
 
 Nearly a century later Eumenes II., king 
 of Pergamus, an ally of the Romans and a 
 most enlightened sovereign, founded a library In 
 his chief city which rose to be a rival to that of 
 Alexandria. The formation of this library gave 
 rise to the first use of parchment as the medium
 
 MEDICINE IN GREECE. 41 
 
 for preserving the works of the philosophers. 
 In the school formed by the library Galen first 
 studied medicine. This library was, after an 
 existence of nearly a century and a half, given 
 by Antony to Cleopatra, by whom it was united 
 to those at Alexandria. 
 
 This city also became celebrated as the seat 
 of one of the seven Churches, and St. John 
 refers to It not only as a place where the Christians 
 were persecuted, but as the seat of idolatrous 
 worship, which Is thought by commentators to 
 mean the worship of the serpent in the temples 
 of Ascleplus. 
 
 In the school of Alexandria medicine was 
 for the first time made a special study, freed from 
 the control of priests or the state, and delivered 
 from the entanglements of philosophy. The 
 advance made by the science was most pro- 
 nounced. Anatomy received special consider- 
 ation, and schools were opened for that branch 
 of study in which dissection was carefully taught. 
 
 Herophllus of Chalcedon, in Bithynia, has 
 always been regarded as the link uniting the
 
 42 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 Greek with the Alexandrian schools of medicine. 
 He first studied at Cos, having for a master the 
 renowned Praxagoras, and thence proceeded to 
 Alexandria In the lifetime of Ptolemy I., and at 
 that monarch's invitation. At the time of his 
 arrival in the city, the philosopher DIodorus 
 Cronus had met with an accident by which one 
 of his shoulders was dislocated. Herophllus re- 
 duced the dislocation, and was afterwards induced 
 by the solicitation of the king and the learned 
 men to take up a permanent residence in the 
 city. He devoted himself to the study and 
 teaching of anatomy, and is regarded as the 
 founder of scientific anatomy and physiology. 
 He was the first to teach the anatomy of the 
 nervous system, and the principles of neurology, 
 and the first to teach that the brain was the seat 
 of thought. He declared the true functions of 
 the motor and sensitive nerves, and his name 
 is indissolubly connected with the study of 
 anatomy In the torcular Herophill. As an 
 anatomist he has the reputation of being the 
 most ardent of his day, dissecting animals as well
 
 MEDICINE IN GREECE. 43 
 
 as human subjects, and tradition declares that he 
 actually dissected some criminals while they were 
 alive. Though so much in advance of all his 
 contemporaries, yet Herophilus could not alto- 
 gether shake off the philosophical training of his 
 youth, and wasted much valuable time in en- 
 deavouring to make his discoveries agree with 
 the acknowledged formularies of the time. The 
 most important contribution to science which he 
 left behind him was a treatise on the pulse. He 
 was, on account of his important labours, regarded 
 as one of the founders of the Alexandrian school 
 of medicine. 
 
 Erasistratus was another eminent physician 
 of Alexandria in the time of Ptolemy I., and a 
 contemporary of Herophilus. He was a native 
 of Julis, in Ceos, and studied at Cnidos. For 
 some time he lived at the court of Seleucus 
 Nicator, king of Syria, where he won great fame ; 
 but attracted by the invitation of Ptolemy I., he 
 proceeded to Alexandria, where he pursued the 
 study of medicine with great ardour to extreme 
 old age. Like Herophilus he devoted the prin-
 
 44 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 cipal portion of his time to the study of anatomy, 
 and he is included in the tradition which declares 
 that criminals were sometimes dissected alive by 
 the physicians of Ptolemy I. So far as the forms 
 of his practice are known he is said to have 
 favoured a dietetic regimen, administering power- 
 ful remedies sparingly, and only occasionally using 
 the lancet ; he was the first to introduce the use 
 of chicory for hepatic affections. 
 
 Ptolemy II. took delight In the study of 
 natural history, and formed collections of rare 
 animals in the city, which led to the eager pur- 
 suit of that science also in some of the schools. 
 
 Phlllnus of Cos, a Greek physician of emi- 
 nence, who flourished at the time of Ptolemy II., 
 was the reputed founder of a new sect known 
 as the Empirlcl. He Insisted that the sole guide 
 of a physician should be experience in personal 
 observation, or the observations of others. The 
 empirics were thus the direct opponents of the 
 dogmatists ; both sects numbered distinguished 
 members, and for many centuries a bitter and 
 fruitless controversy waged between them, and
 
 MEDICINE IN GREECE. 45 
 
 the direct advance of the science was greatly 
 hindered. Some of the members of the family 
 of Herophilus, practising physicians, established 
 medical schools at Laodicea, a city on the coast 
 of Syria, and at Smyrna, where was one of the 
 two out of the seven Churches of Asia, which 
 St. John addressed without rebuke. 
 
 Fifty years after the death of Herophilus, in 
 the third century B.C., Serapim, a physician of 
 Alexandria, attained considerable note. He at- 
 tached himself to the Emplrici, and has the 
 reputation of having extended the basis of the 
 system first made known by Philenus. After 
 the lapse of a century, the reputation of Serapim 
 over-mastered that of Philenus, and he was 
 mistaken for the discoverer of the system. He 
 Is said to have been of a controversial turn of 
 mind, and to have written against some of the 
 principles laid down by Hippocrates, but no 
 fragment of any such composition has survived. 
 Another distinguished member of this sect was 
 Heraclides. He was born at Tarentum, a famous 
 Greek city standing on the west coast of Calabria,
 
 46 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 and, devoting himself with great assiduity to 
 the practical study of medicine, he advanced the 
 principles of general pathology, discovered many 
 useful remedies, and performed with success 
 many surgical operations. 
 
 MIthrldates the Great, king of Pontus, who 
 died in 63 B.C., the author of one of the most 
 sanguinary massacres of ancient times, by which 
 80,000 Romans and Italians lost their lives, has 
 had his name associated with an antidote to 
 poison, but it is not known that he was the 
 discoverer of it. The king was constantly in 
 dread of being poisoned, and took the antidote 
 (atherlaca) so frequently that when at last he 
 desired death and took poison. It produced no 
 effect upon him, and he was indebted to one of his 
 soldiers for the stroke which ridded him of life. 
 
 For two centuries before Christ there began 
 to be invented pharmaceutical compounds, some 
 of which became famous and retained a place in 
 the Pharmacopoeia until the eighteenth century. 
 One of these was the discovery by Damocrates 
 of a mixture still bearing his name, and composed
 
 MEDICINE IN GREECE. 47 
 
 of forty-four Ingredients ; and the philenlum, so 
 named after Heramlus Philo, was a sedative 
 compound, the basis of which was opium. 
 
 In the first century before Christ the study 
 of the science of medicine in Alexandria began 
 to dechne. Great opposition arose amongst the 
 mixed population of the city to the practice of 
 anatomy ; obstacles were interposed by the rulers 
 of the city, and the professors and teachers, 
 abandoning all practical and scientific study, 
 became absorbed in the discussion of speculative 
 theories. The library suffered severely from fire 
 when Julius Caesar was besieged in the city, 
 but was subsequently replenished by the contents 
 of the library at Pergamus. Nor was the fame 
 of the medical school greatly lessened until many 
 centuries after the birth of Christ, when Arab 
 domination succeeded to that of Rome. The 
 eminence of the school as a seat of Greek learnino- 
 then passed away.
 
 MEDICINE IN ROME, 
 
 HE Roman people produced no native 
 physician of eminence until more than 
 five centuries had passed away from 
 the foundation of the city. At first the heads of 
 families practised medicine amongst the members 
 of their household, as in the earliest ages among 
 the Egyptians and the Jews. Cato the Elder, 
 two centuries before the birth of Christ, was the 
 physician of his family, and the tradition is 
 preserved that his wife died from his ignorant 
 treatment. He administered his remedies in 
 association with the use of words, like the 
 Anglo-Saxon physician of a thousand years later. 
 Greek schools were then at their highest fame, 
 but as a Roman, Cato was imbued with an in- 
 curable hatred of everything of Greek origin, and
 
 MEDICINE IN ROME. 49 
 
 caused all Greek professors to be driven from 
 Rome, exempting only the physicians. That 
 hatred of everything having a Greek origin 
 existed for centuries ; and two hundred years 
 after the death of Cato, Pliny the Elder exhibited 
 an aversion as strong as Cato's to every one from 
 Greece. But in his wonderful Natural History, 
 he was wise enough to avoid this exclusiveness, 
 and embodied many curious and a few valuable 
 things which he extracted from Greek writings. 
 The Romans first became conscious of their want 
 of medical knowledge during the occurrence of 
 a plague in 187 B.C. Their people died without 
 any method being put into operation to check 
 the ravages of the disease. The city resolved 
 to delay no longer their neglect of medicine ; 
 and a deputation of six was sent to take counsel 
 with the men of Epidaurus. Their suit was 
 successful, and the priests of the celebrated 
 ^sculapian temple gave them a sacred serpent, 
 emblem of the god, with which they returned to 
 Rome. On approaching the city the serpent was 
 given its liberty, and at the spot where it landed 
 
 E
 
 50 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 a temple was erected to the worship of ^scu- 
 laplus. Hence arose, as In Egypt, India, amongst 
 the Jews, and in Greece, the priestly domination 
 over the exercise of the healing art. 
 
 How long the priests maintained their control 
 cannot be ascertained, but it was for a much 
 shorter period than in any other country. The 
 first physician who is known to have settled in 
 Rome was a guest of the city, a Greek named 
 Archagathus, upon whom the Senate conferred 
 the proud distinction of citizenship, and whom 
 they installed at the expense of the state in a 
 shop standing in the Acilian Causeway. 
 
 The extension of Roman power over all the 
 surrounding countries naturally drew to the great 
 capital the learned men of every profession ; and 
 thus her schools rose rapidly into existence and 
 fame. One of these learned strangers was 
 Asclepiades, born at Prusa, in Bithynia, who, 
 having studied at Athens and Alexandria, set 
 himself up as a teacher of rhetoric 90 B.C. in 
 Rome. Athens was the principal choice of the 
 Roman nobility whither to send their sons for 
 
 i
 
 MEDICINE IX ROME. 
 
 education, and a professor who had come from 
 that city was naturally received with honour at 
 Rome. Asclepiades was not long in discovering 
 that medicine was the study most favoured, and 
 he abandoned rhetoric altogether, and, having 
 mastered all the knowledo:e of medicine to be 
 learned in the city, commenced practising as a 
 physician. Casting aside all the medical theories 
 then adopted, he sought to establish, upon a 
 speculative basis, a new medical school. He 
 studied the system most popular with the cul- 
 tured Romans, the atomic theory of Democritus 
 and Epicurus, and applied it to account for the 
 presence of disease in the human frame. Upon 
 the regulation of the pores of the skin depended 
 the maintenance of health. There was much 
 originality and a certain amount of truth in his 
 teaching, and the popular theory of the pores 
 of the body is derived from him. He deserves 
 credit also as the inventor of the shower bath. 
 He was a strons: believer in the advantages re- 
 
 o o 
 
 suiting from a free use of cold water, and he was 
 the first to attempt a classification of diseases by
 
 52 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 distinguishing between those which were acute 
 and those which were chronic. 
 
 Themison, who flourished 60 B.C., was one 
 of the pupils of Asclepiades. He was born at 
 Laodicea, in S^^ria, famous for its medical school. 
 His course of practice was very simple, and easily 
 acquired. He taught that for each day the 
 patient should have a special diet according to 
 the character of the disease from which he 
 suffered, and that every disease required one 
 particular treatment. This gave rise to a new 
 medical sect — the Methodici. 
 
 After Themison, Thessalus, a native of Tralles, 
 in Asia Minor, acquired a certain amount of 
 notoriety, more by his bold audacity than from 
 any learning or skill he possessed. He affected 
 to perfect his pupils in six months, and drew 
 after him a great following of youths of limited 
 education and of low birth, and after taking them 
 with him to visit patients for half a year, he 
 gave them each a written authority to practise 
 as a physician. 
 
 Soranus, a native of Ephesus, studied in the
 
 MEDICINE IN ROME. 53 
 
 school of Alexandria, and afterwards practised In 
 Rome. He was of the sect of the Methodic!, 
 and gave up the study of medicine for that of 
 anatomy. 
 
 Cselius Aurelianus, a famous Latin physician, 
 was born in Numidia, and was a follower of 
 the Methodlci. He was a painstaking writer, 
 and many of his books still survive. One Is 
 upon acute diseases, and another on chronic 
 diseases. These are valuable from the fact that 
 they embody the opinion current in his day. 
 With him there faded the distinctive existence 
 of the Methodic!. 
 
 Cornelius Celsus, who is supposed to have 
 flourished under the reigns of Augustus and 
 Tiberius, was one of the most talented of the 
 Roman school. One of his works on medicine 
 still exists, having enjoyed a well-deserved repu- 
 tation. This is divided into eight subjects : two 
 dealing with diet, two devoted to internal diseases, 
 two to external diseases, and two to surgery. The 
 most common and best known remedy In a case 
 of hydrophobia was first suggested by Celsus : it
 
 54 
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 was to Immerse the patient in a bath of cold 
 water several times at short intervals. 
 
 With Claudius Galenus Rome attained her 
 highest fame as a medical school, and at his 
 
 death there followed a swift decline. In his time 
 science had commenced to woo medicine, but the 
 promise of distinction was quenched by a rude 
 military power which would not suffer science to 
 exist.
 
 MEDICINE IN ROME. 55 
 
 Galen was born at Pergamus, a.d. 130. 
 NIcon, his father, was an architect and geome- 
 trician, and he carefully directed the education of 
 his son, intending him to become a philosopher. 
 But when Galen was in his seventeenth year 
 Nicon had a dream, which caused him to dedicate 
 his son to the profession of medicine. After 
 studying for three years, Nicon died, and Galen 
 soon afterwards began to travel for purposes of 
 further study. He went to Smyrna, where he 
 studied under Pelops the physician, and he 
 afterwards went to Corinth and Alexandria. 
 After nine years had been consumed in this way 
 he returned to Pergamus, and was appointed 
 physician to the School of Gladiators. Six years 
 were spent in his native place, in the course of 
 which his reputation became widely acknow- 
 ledged, and then, on the occurrence of some local 
 commotions, he proceeded to Rome. His superior 
 talents soon attracted public acknowledgment ; 
 but he was unhappy in the period chosen for 
 his visit, and after four years he returned once 
 more to Pergamus. But the Emperor Marcus
 
 56 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 Aurelius, unwilling to lose the personal services 
 of so renowned a physician, summoned him to 
 return to Rome ; and when the emperor set out 
 to conduct the war on the Danube, he com- 
 mitted his son Commodus, then only nine years 
 of age, to the care of Galen. During this 
 period Galen, being a man of indefatigable in- 
 dustry, compiled a cyclopaedia of medical litera- 
 ture, which was regarded as the text book of 
 medicine for upwards of thirteen centuries. 
 Finally, in his old age, Galen returned to Per- 
 gamus, where he is supposed to have died in 
 his seventieth year. 
 
 Galen never would ally himself with any 
 one of the medical sects in existence in his 
 day, and ridiculed those who affected to belong 
 to any one of them. He taught his followers 
 to select from each sect those principles which 
 their own experience approved, and confine them- 
 selves to none. With Galen medicine as a 
 science perished in Rome. Military force alone 
 sustained the empire, and as it hated science 
 in all her forms, she soon succumbed. The
 
 MEDICINE IN ROME. 57 
 
 Emperor Caracalla first drew sword against the 
 votaries of science ; and after many cruelties In 
 Italy, he eclipsed all former deeds by plunder- 
 ing Alexandria, massacring the most famous of 
 her professors, and forbidding all discussions In 
 public. Under such an emperor literature, medi- 
 cine, religion, and science became thoroughly 
 debased.
 
 MEDICINE IN WESTERN AND 
 EASTERN EUROPE, 
 
 HEN medicine revived in Western 
 Europe It was as a debased ad- 
 junct of the Christian rehglon. 
 
 In Eastern Europe medicine still survived as 
 a distinct and honourable science, and a partial 
 revival took place in the city of Constantlne the 
 Great, a.d. 328. 
 
 Orlbasius, who was repeatedly appointed 
 Quaestor of Constantinople, was a well-known 
 medical commentator. He was born at Per- 
 gamus, received his education under Zeno at 
 Sardis, and became a member of the court of 
 Julian the Apostate. He flourished a.d. 360. 
 As a writer upon medical questions he was 
 careful and laborious, and his works abound with 
 references to writers that have escaped the notice
 
 IN WESTERN AND EASTERN EUROPE. 59 
 
 of Galen. Oribasius Is supposed to have com- 
 piled upwards of seventy books, and by request 
 of the emperor their contents were summarized 
 In one. 
 
 After the conversion of the Emperor Theo- 
 dosius, by the intervention of St. Ambrose, a.d. 
 390, the official destruction of paganism followed. 
 Bishop Theophilus, of Alexandria, acting upon 
 the emperor's decree, captured the pagan temple 
 of Serapis, and destroyed the invaluable collection 
 of works forming the library. This was the 
 beo^Innlnof of the decline of Alexandria as a 
 great seat of learning. The Christians were also 
 strongl)^ opposed to the pursuit of anatomy, and 
 another difficulty was thereby interposed to the 
 advance of science, which was made apparent In 
 the medical writings of those who followed. 
 
 At the beginning of the fifth century there 
 lived Nemesius, Bishop of Emesa, who wrote 
 a famous treatise, entitled " The Nature of Man," 
 in whose papers, since Harvey demonstrated the 
 circulation of the blood, some learned men have 
 affected to find a very near approach to the
 
 6o A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 same discovery ; but no original claim has been 
 seriously made in his behalf. 
 
 Subsequent writers, until military despotism 
 finally extinguished learning, exhibited a strange* 
 falling off; the flow of originality was befouled, 
 no fresh discoveries were made, and the science 
 existed on the traditions of previous years. 
 
 Aetius of Amida, who flourished a.d. 500, 
 made a large collection of secret remedies, and 
 in doing so preserved names of Egyptian and 
 Persian physicians otherwise unknown ; but these 
 are of little value, while the remedies that are 
 original are to be administered under the influence 
 of rites, spells, and incantations. 
 
 Alexander of Tralles, who flourished a.d. 540, 
 was a Christian medical writer of some originality, 
 but a great believer in the combination of magic 
 and incantations with medicine. In his works 
 the name of Osthanes, one of the Persian Magi, 
 is preserved. 
 
 Procopius, the historian, born at Caesarea 
 A.D. 500, has left on record so many valuable 
 notes on medicine that scholars have thought
 
 IN WESTERN AND EASTERN EUROPE. 6i 
 
 he must have been a physician. In the course 
 of a very busy Hfe he acted as assessor to 
 BeHsarius In Armenia, was present In the Persian 
 wars, took part In the expedition against the 
 Vandals In Africa, and was also a participator 
 in the Gothic war In Italy. He wrote the history 
 of his own times, in which he mentions the names 
 of the most famous physicians of his acquaint- 
 ance, and takes special pains to chronicle their 
 triumphs. From him comes a description of 
 the great plague of a.d. 543, which, coming out 
 of Egypt, spread throughout the world, and 
 carried off 10,000 victims a day during its stay 
 In Constantinople, where the historian w^as at 
 that time residing. 
 
 In the person of Paul of Egina, the science of 
 medicine In the East realized her final triumph. 
 He was the most distinguished physician of the 
 Greek school, and In his works the latest develop- 
 ment of medical knowledge was enshrined. 
 While he was still living, the forces were In 
 preparation for the utter overthrow of all scientific 
 teaching and study.
 
 62 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 About the year a.d. 6io, Mohammed pro- 
 claimed himself as a prophet, and a few years 
 afterwards entered upon his career as a con- 
 queror. Eight years after his death, in the 
 Caliphate of Omar II., the Arabs invaded Egypt 
 under Amru, and captured Alexandria after a 
 siege, A.D. 640. In 641 Rome recovered posses- 
 sion of Alexandria ; but the city fell once more 
 into the hands of Caliph Om.ar II. by the valour 
 of Amru in 646. Then, by order of the Caliph, 
 the schools of literature, philosophy, and science 
 were broken up ; and the enormous library, 
 according to tradition, was used to feed the 
 furnaces attached to the city baths. 
 
 The most famous philosophers and teachers 
 in Alexandria fled from the troubled city, and 
 carried with them their learning. In this way 
 medical science was carried once more into 
 Greece and to Southern Italy. 
 
 As soon as the Caliphs had established their 
 government, they sought by the patronage of 
 arts and sciences to found schools of learning 
 in their dominions, and medical schools grew
 
 IN WESTERN AND EASTERN EUROPE, 63 
 
 up under their care in India and Tartary. 
 Translations of the leading medical writings 
 were made into Syriac and into Arabic, and 
 the Caliphs became munificent patrons of the 
 most skilful physicians. George Bactishma, an 
 Arab physician, who attended the Caliph Abu 
 Jaafer Al Mansur (the founder of Bagdad) through 
 a serious illness, received as his reward ten 
 thousand gold pieces. 
 
 Under the Caliphate of Haroun-al-Raschid, 
 Bagdad became adorned with schools and col- 
 leges, and the city gave shelter to many thousands 
 of learned Christian exiles from other countries. 
 In his reign, Alexandria regained some of her 
 fame as a seat of medicine ; and the patriarch 
 of that city, a celebrated physician, visited Bagdad 
 to prescribe for one of the Caliph's wives, who 
 had fallen sick. One of the most distinguished 
 Arab physicians was Mesue, the son of a druggist 
 who studied under Gabriel Bactishma, the son 
 of George, and he was employed by the Caliph 
 to translate into Arabic all the medical works 
 that could be found.
 
 64 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 Rhazes, a native of Persia, born in a.d. 852, 
 settled in Bagdad as a physician when thirty 
 years of age. His modern fame is based on the 
 fact that he was the first physician who wrote 
 upon small-pox and measles, and his work was 
 so highly esteemed in his own time that it 
 was translated into Greek, by order of one of 
 the emperors. 
 
 Haly Abbas, a.d. 980, a prolific Arabian 
 writer, left an elaborate description of the 
 medical writers of his country. 
 
 Avicenna flourished about the same time as 
 Abbas, and his fame as a physician was founded 
 upon a work called " The Canon," which was a 
 text book amongst the Arabs for nearly three 
 centuries, and in Europe It was highly esteemed 
 throughout the Dark Ages. During Avicenna's 
 time the distant provinces of the empire were 
 severed from the Caliphate, and the military 
 element assumed supreme power. Henceforth 
 the progress of science In all Its branches was 
 stayed. Ultimately the advancing Turk swarmed 
 over Bagdad, and science disappeared.
 
 IN WESTERN AND EASTERN EUROPE. 65 
 
 When the Arabs penetrated Spain in a.d. 
 711, and had estabHshed themselves in that 
 country, the rulers became liberal patrons of the 
 arts and sciences ; schools of learning were 
 established, and libraries founded, but their 
 medical schools did not produce any great names 
 until the beginning of the twelfth century. 
 
 Avenzoar, a man of noble birth, rich, and a 
 Jew, coming of a family of noted physicians, was 
 the most original observer produced in Spain. 
 He flourished a.d. 1180, at a time when power 
 was rapidly falling into the hands of Christians. 
 When the Moorish rule was utterly broken it 
 was succeeded by a Christian government domi- 
 nated by priestcraft, and then, by the aid of 
 the Romish Inquisition, the pursuit of science 
 was utterly quenched.
 
 MEDIEVAL MEDICINE, 
 
 SAXON LEECHDOM — THE DARK AGES.
 
 SAXON LEECHDOM. 
 
 'HILE yet the Dark Ages were 
 brooding over Europe, Saxon 
 England was struggling to master 
 the elements of the science of medicine. The 
 domination of Rome passed away w^th the 
 abdication of Augustus in a.d. 476. Ten years 
 previously the first Bishop of Rome had been 
 elected ; and while the nations of Europe were 
 fighting against the inroads of the northern 
 barbarians on the one hand, and the Moslems 
 on the other hand, the priests of Rome were 
 spreading the principles of the new faith in 
 every direction. The barbarians and the Mos- 
 lems alike quenched all scientific study, and 
 learning became an adjunct of faith. There 
 naturally followed a great hindrance to the pro-
 
 JO A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 gress of science generally, and medicine was alto- 
 gether enslaved. The priest became the physi- 
 cian, and medicine was debased by superstition. 
 
 When the earliest priests of Rome brought 
 faith and medicine to England, they found that 
 the science of healing had professors and a 
 literature of its own already. The major por- 
 tion of the Saxon remedies were at that time 
 surrounded with superstitious rites, and the priests 
 wisely substituted forms of prayer for pagan 
 incantations, and in this way medicine was in- 
 wrought with the new religion. In a work 
 entitled " Leechdoms, Wortcunning, and Star- 
 craft of Early England," in two volumes, pub- 
 Hshed under the authority of the Master of the 
 Rolls, and edited by the Rev. O. Cockayne, M.A., 
 the most complete account appears of the prac- 
 tice of medicine in Saxon times. 
 
 The leech books edited by Mr. Cockayne were 
 written for the use of medical practitioners ; and 
 the words, " as leeches know how," frequently 
 made use of prove that medicine was made a 
 study. The herbs of the garden, the field, and
 
 SAXON LEECHDOM. 71 
 
 the forest afforded the Saxons their chief materials 
 for heahng all sicknesses ; but they also occa- 
 sionally drew remedies from birds and animals. 
 
 ANGLO-SAXON MOTHER AND INFANT. 
 
 Upwards of fifty well-known herbs are amongst 
 those mentioned in the books, and of foreign 
 drugs upwards of twenty are named. When 
 they laid birds or animals under contribution they 
 treated them with great cruelty. Thus a love- 
 charm was furnished by the hyena, but the 
 portion required had to be taken from the animal 
 while alive ; the heart of the mole was to be 
 swallowed while palpitating ; the heart of the 
 hen was to be applied while warm ; the warty 
 excrescences from the fore legs of animals cured
 
 72 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 epilepsy ; the long tooth of a black dog, extracted 
 when alive, or a wasp tied to a man while living, 
 was a cure for fever ; portions of the chameleon 
 were useful in certain cases, if chopped off 
 during life ; the tongue cut from a living fox was 
 most efficacious ; and teeth drawn from a young 
 deer, while living, were famous cures. 
 
 In a selection of herbs for the use of the patient 
 minute directions were given in order to secure 
 the herb at its best. The modern feverfew had 
 to be pulled from the earth with the left hand 
 while the patients name was spoken aloud, and 
 the collector was warned not to look behind him 
 while he drew forth the herb ; some herbs had to 
 be gathered with the right hand thrust through 
 the left armhole of the coat ; and one herb, the 
 mandrake, had the power of moving from place 
 to place when the herbman was looking for it. 
 
 Incantations were also made use of, some of 
 which now seem ludicrous in the extreme. In 
 order to staunch the flow of blood a man had 
 to say, ''Stupid on a mountain went, stupid, stupid 
 was." To draw a bone from a man's throat the
 
 SAXON LEECHDOM. 73 
 
 physician had to insert his '* medicinal " finger 
 (ring finger) into the patient's mouth, and say, 
 " I buss the Gorgon's mouth." Still more simple 
 was the cure for a stomach ache, when the 
 physician placed his hand on the man's belly and 
 said, " Stolpus tumbled out of heaven." The 
 simplest of all, however, was the direction for 
 avoiding the stomach ache altogether by putting 
 the left shoe on first. 
 
 When the Anglo-Saxons wanted to trace 
 stolen or strayed cattle, they dropped burning wax 
 into the hoof-marks, and pronounced certain 
 words of pagan meaning. These practices were 
 only slightly altered by the priests. Before the 
 herbman went in search of the herbs that were 
 wanted he was taught to kneel before the altar ; 
 and when the herb was found it had to be 
 reverently placed beneath the altar for a fixed 
 period before being used. The pagan incanta- 
 tion was changed for a sentence taken from 
 Holy Writ, for a few " Aves " or " Paternosters," 
 or for the names of some of the saints ; and 
 when the farmer wanted to recover his cattle, he
 
 74 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 took a candle lighted from the altar, and sang a 
 certain number of psalms over the footprints of 
 his lost beast. 
 
 Bede was a firm believer in the common 
 usages of the Saxon leech, and he held that cer- 
 tain individuals had the power of raising storms. 
 
 Amulets were also much favoured amongst 
 the Saxons as specifics against diseases, and 
 special virtues were supposed to be contained in 
 red-and-white stones occasionally found in the 
 brood nestlings of swallows. 
 
 The custom which now prevails of planting a 
 bush of holly in a courtyard or a garden, dates 
 from the Anglo-Saxons, when the holly was sup- 
 posed to preserve the household from being 
 bewitched. 
 
 Surgical operations were confined to the use 
 of the lancet, and to splints ; and a number of 
 surgical remedies of a very rude character are 
 preserved in the leech books. 
 
 An excellent conception of what Saxon leech- 
 dom comprised will be gathered from the follow- 
 ing extracts : —
 
 SAXON LEECHDOM. 75 
 
 For Sleep. — Lay a wolfs head under the pillow, the un- 
 healthy shall sleep. 
 
 For Foot Disease. — A new goat's cheese laid on relieveth 
 the sore. 
 
 For Swollen Eyes. — Take a live crab, put his eyes out, 
 and put him alive again into water, and put the eyes upon the 
 neck of the man who hath need ; he will soon be well. 
 
 For Jowl Pain. — Burn a swallow to dust, and mingle 
 him with field bees' honey ; give him that to eat frequently. 
 
 For Pain in the Maw. — Boil pitch in cow milk, remove 
 the pitch, let him sip a little warm ; soon the man will be well. 
 
 For Joint Pain. — Sing nine times this incantation there- 
 on, and spit thy spittle on the joint : " Malignus obligavit : 
 angelus curavit : dominus salvavit." It will soon be well with 
 him. 
 
 In case a Man be Lunatic. — Take a skin of mereswine 
 or porpoise, work it into a whip, swinge the man therewith, 
 soon he will be well. Amen. 
 
 A Surgical Operation. — If a man's head pan, or skull, be 
 seemingly iron-bound, lay the man with face upward, drive two 
 stakes into the ground at the armpits, then lay a plank across 
 over his feet, then strike on it thrice with a sledge beetle ; 
 the skull will come right soon. 
 
 Another Surgical Operation. — If a man's bowel be out, 
 pound galluc, vavcvg through a cloth into milk warm from the 
 cow, wet thy hands therein, and put back the bowel into the 
 man, sew up with silk ; then boil him for nine mornings galluc, 
 that is comfrey, except need be for a longer time ; feed him 
 with fresh hen's-flesh. 
 
 This " Leechdom " proves that the works of 
 several eminent Greek physicians were known in
 
 76 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 England, either in the original or in a Latin 
 translation. 
 
 Amongst famous Saxon leeches mentioned in 
 the work are Bald, Cild, Dun, and Oxa ; and 
 Bede mentions one Cynifrid, who opened a 
 tumour for Atheldryth, queen and abbess, in 
 A.D. 679, though without restoring her to health. 
 
 The practical study of anatomy was unknown 
 to the Saxon leeches. 
 
 Alfred the Great was so impressed with the 
 importance of cultivating a knowledge of medi- 
 cine, that he sent an embassage to Helias, the 
 Patriarch of Jerusalem, about a.d. 885, soliciting 
 a few useful recipes, and those which were sent 
 are recorded in the '' Leechdom," where it is 
 also mentioned that the drugs recommended by 
 Helias were those commonly sold in the Syrian 
 drug shops. 
 
 This work presents a curious survey of medi- 
 cine in Anglo-Saxon times, but it has done 
 nothing to advance our knowledge of diseases 
 and their relief.
 
 THE DARK AGES. 
 
 OR a space of nearly eight hundred 
 years, art, hterature, and science can 
 scarcely be said to have had any 
 existence In the civilized world. This period 
 stretched from the seventh to the fifteenth cen- 
 turies. The hordes that fell upon the Roman 
 empire were barbarians, and under their sway 
 the higher characteristics of civilization disap- 
 peared. As the empire crumbled, neighbouring 
 nations rose upon the prey, many petty states 
 became great by what they absorbed, many 
 new kingdoms arose, and during these cen- 
 turies no klno^dom or state found leisure to 
 encourage learning. Still there were portions 
 where the sciences w^ere nursed, as In Arabia, 
 and in some cities of Egypt, Greece, and Italy,
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 from whence, when the time came, the light 
 of knowledge was once more to diffuse itself 
 throughout the civilized globe. But learning 
 found no patronage in rulers of states, or in 
 the monarchs of kingdoms ; war absorbed every 
 other pursuit. A philosopher, or a scientist, who 
 became distinguished, made himself the object 
 of persecution. The advance that had been 
 made in medicine quickly became debased, and 
 the causes of disease were all referred to super- 
 natural influences. These were only to be in- 
 terpreted by astrology, and to be controlled by 
 magic. But neither of these had their origin 
 at this period ; astrology and magic were the 
 perverted forms of science and nature which 
 had existed from the first beginnings of men. 
 The astrologers and the magicians ultimately 
 resorted to a kind of scientific method, which 
 was afterwards termed alchemy, and this finally 
 gave birth to the creation of chemistry, the 
 most powerful adjunct of medicine that has ever 
 been discovered. During the Dark Ages, the 
 Christian religion grew to be a great controlling
 
 THE DARK AGES. 79 
 
 power, not only in states, but with regard to 
 learning, and at first the Romish Church fostered, 
 and next opposed, the progress of scientific re- 
 search. 
 
 Astrology, from the earliest ages, was asso- 
 ciated with the art of the physician ; and in 
 the Dark Ages their alliance naturally became 
 once more closely renewed. In Saxon times 
 the leech was not considered of any account 
 unless he was an astrologist as well. But it 
 was not difficult to assume the knowledge. By 
 studying the growth of medicinal herbs and 
 plants, it was easy to associate the ripening of 
 their virtues with phases of particular stars ; 
 hence certain plants were only to be gathered 
 when a star was rising, or at its prime, or 
 setting, or in conjunction with some other star, 
 or in particular relation with the moon. The 
 direct influence of a star upon that portion of 
 the human body affected by a particular disease, 
 which a selected herb cured, was not an unnatural 
 assumption. Hence the principal stars were sup- 
 posed to rule over a distinct part of the human
 
 8o A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 frame. This superstition continues amongst 
 modern astrologers to the present day, and 
 Southey, in 1834, in "The Doctor," describes 
 an astrological picture common a century and 
 a half before his time. The man's body was 
 governed by zodiacal signs : Aries had alighted 
 upon his head, Taurus was seated across the 
 neck, the Gemini were astride a little below his 
 right shoulder, the Lion was on the thorax, 
 Capricornus regulated the knees, and Aquarius 
 both legs. At the introduction of Christianity, 
 saints were made to take the places of the 
 stars ; to St. Otilia was assigned the govern- 
 ment of the head, St. Blasius the neck, St. 
 Lawrence the back and shoulders, and Saints 
 Burgarde, Rochus, Quirinus, and John had the 
 control of the feet, shins, and knees assigned to 
 them. Still, while prayer was made to the 
 saints for cures, the stars were consulted as much 
 as ever with regard to the probability of a 
 return to health, and their government of the 
 medical herbs was universally acknowledged. 
 For many centuries after the priesthood, as a 
 
 ^
 
 THE DARK AGES. 8i 
 
 class, had given up the study and practice of 
 medicine, an acquaintance with the stars was 
 regarded as an Important element in the edu- 
 cation of a physician. 
 
 The stars and the saints were alike injurious 
 to the advance of medicine. By the succession 
 of the saints to office, the priests, who were the 
 only physicians, were enabled to retain a great 
 hold upon the people, whose bodies and souls 
 were thus In their keeping. The result was that 
 the priests became wealthy by the gifts they 
 received from rich patients, and the work of the 
 Church was more and more neglected. Nor did 
 this long escape the attention of the best friends 
 of the Romish religion ; and the Council of Lao- 
 dlcea, A.D. 366, forbade the priesthood from study- 
 ing and practising astrology, or binding the soul 
 by amulets. But this did not bring about the 
 desired change. The priests were the most 
 popular physicians ; money was poured into their 
 churches, and religion was Impaired ; so at the 
 Lateran Council, held a.d. 1123, a decree was 
 made, forbidding priests and monks from going
 
 82 
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 to the bedside of the sick other than as minis- 
 ters of rehgion. This did not bring about the 
 alteration which was wanted : and other decrees 
 were made. In a council at Rheims, held a.d. 
 „3i monks were prohibited from frequenting 
 schools of medicine, and they were directed to 
 confine their practice to the limits of their own 
 
 monastery. 
 
 At a Lateran Council which took place a.d. 
 1139 the monks and priests were threatened 
 with the severest penalties, and suspension from 
 ecclesiastical functions, if they followed the prac- 
 
 tice of medicine. _ 
 
 In 1 163, Pope Alexander III. prohibited 
 monks and priests from studying medicine and 
 law, and those who did so were threatened with 
 excommunication. 
 
 In 1 215, Pope Innocent III. directed an 
 
 anathema against surgery: no priest was to 
 
 perform any operation where steel or fire were 
 
 used, and the benediction was to be refused to 
 
 . all who practised surgery. These measures did 
 
 not wholly effect a separation between medicine
 
 THE DARK AGES. 
 
 83 
 
 and the Church, but it quickly followed upon a 
 Bull being issued, permitting those priests who 
 practised medicine to marry. Ever since that 
 time the professed physician has been a layman. 
 
 A MEDIEVAL SPIRIT.
 
 MODERN MEDICINE. 
 
 ASTROLOGY AND MEDICINE ALCHEMY AND CHEMISTRY — AMU- 
 LETS, CHARMS, AND TALISMANS WITCHCRAFT MEDICINE 
 
 UPON THE CONTINENT HOSPITALS APOTHECARIES AND 
 
 GROCERS — SURGEONS AND SURGERY MIDWIFERY MEDI- 
 CINE IN THE STATE PAPERS QUACKS AND QUACKERY' — 
 
 MEDICINE IN OLD NEWSPAPERS MEN WHO HAVE AD- 
 VANCED MEDICINE.
 
 
 
 ASTROLOGY AND MEDICINE, 
 
 HE influence of the stars over cases 
 of sickness continued to be accepted 
 for several centuries after the Dark 
 Ages had passed away. Chaucer, in his descrip- 
 tion of a physician, says — 
 
 " With us there was a doctour of phisike ; 
 In al the world was thar non hym lyk 
 To speke of phisike and of surgerye, 
 For he was groundit in astronomie. 
 He kept his pacient a ful gret del 
 In hourys by his magyk naturel ; 
 Wei couth he fortunen the ascendent 
 Of his ymagys for his pacient." 
 
 Fabian Withers, speaking of physicians, says, 
 '' So far are they distinct from the true knowledge 
 of physic who are ignorant of astrology, that they
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 ought not rightly to be called physicians, but 
 deceivers ; for It hath been many times experi- 
 mented and proved that that which many phy- 
 sicians could not cure or remedy with their 
 greatest and strongest medicines, an astronomer 
 hath brought to pass with one simple herb by 
 observing the moving of the signs." 
 
 In a little book printed In 1664, and entitled 
 '' The Husbandman's Practice, or Prognostica- 
 tions for Ever," there is the following reference to 
 this subject : — '' Good to purge with electuaries, 
 the moon in Cancer, with pills, the moon in Pisces, 
 with potions, the moon in Virgo ; good to take 
 vomits, the moon In Taurus, Virgo, or the latter 
 part of Sagittarius ; to purge the head by sneezing, 
 the moon being in Cancer, Leo, or Virgo ; to stop 
 fluxes and rheumes, the moon being In Taurus, 
 Virgo, or Caprlcorne ; to bathe when the moon 
 Is In Cancer, Libra, Aquarius, or Pisces." Other 
 instructions followed, regulating by the sun, moon, 
 and stars, every incident of every-day life, at 
 home or abroad, in the country house or on the 
 farm.
 
 ASTROLOGY AND MEDICINE. 
 
 Modern science has happily relegated the 
 heavenly bodies to their own great spheres ; and 
 these superstitions of past ages now sway the 
 minds of a few ignorant people only.
 
 ALCHEMY AND CHEMISTRY. 
 
 HE arts of the magician and the sor- 
 cerer, and the use of amulets and 
 charms, attained great celebrity in 
 the Dark Ages, nor are they wholly rooted up 
 at the present day. In modern witchcraft, 
 magic and sorcery are united and debased ; 
 while amulets, the knowledge of their potency 
 having been forgotten, now serve as adornments 
 for the person, the household, the garden, or the 
 field. The magician and the sorcerer meddled 
 with medicine, but their triumphs belong rather 
 to the recital of the marvellous than to a veri- 
 table history. It was not until both classes were 
 united in the alchemist, the parent of immortal 
 chemistry, that medicine falls under an obligation 
 to them. Pursued at first from a love of riches,
 
 ALCHEMY AND CHEMISTRY. 91 
 
 alchemy gave its first fruits to medicine ; yet 
 many centuries elapsed before the enormous 
 power which it discovered was fully recognized 
 by the physician. During the Dark Ages 
 alchemy was the igjiis fatuus of the philosopher, 
 luring him ever onward, urging further trial to 
 compass an impossible achievement, and reward- 
 ing him occasionally with a discovery of far more 
 vital consequence than that which the philo- 
 sopher's stone was imagined to possess. Alchemy 
 made many good chemists, a few physicians, and 
 an enormous number of quacks. 
 
 Alchemists were of two classes — those who 
 sought for a method of transmuting base metals 
 into gold and silver, and those who wanted to 
 find the elixir of life. After the Middle Ages 
 had passed, the transmutors of metals were said 
 to be searching for the philosopher's stone, which 
 would, it was supposed, at a touch effect the 
 transmutation of any metal, and change common 
 pebbles into valuable gems ; and those who 
 sought the elixir of life, warned by the failure of 
 all preceding alchemists, affected to be in search
 
 92 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 only of a medicine that should cure all diseases. 
 But with whatever object the alchemist worked, 
 he was preparing for the students of nature 
 appliances and rules by which chemistry ulti- 
 mately came into existence. Alchemy was first 
 practised by the Arabians towards the middle 
 of the eighth century, and there resulted at once 
 an enormous advantage to chemical knowledge. 
 Abu Mussah Jaafer Al Sofi Geber has the credit 
 
 of having been the first to practise alchemy in 
 Arabia ; and to him and his followers the world 
 is indebted for the discovery of the process of 
 distillation, and the art of preparing extracts. 
 The Arabians were also the first to introduce the 
 use of sugar into pharmacy for the purpose of
 
 ALCHEMY AND CHEMISTRY. 93 
 
 medical uses. When the Arabs conquered Egypt 
 alchemy found a congenial home amongst the 
 learned Egyptians. 
 
 Five centuries before, in compliance with an 
 edict issued by Diocletian, all the ancient books 
 which treated of the transmutation of metals were 
 burnt, and the science was abandoned ; but the 
 Arabians restored to Egypt what the Romans 
 had taken away ; and alchemy was nourished by 
 her, to be in after years imparted to every civilized 
 nation. Of those who pursued alchemy as a 
 means of discovering the philosopher's stone there 
 is no need to say much. They were for the most 
 part ignorant adventurers who sought to profit 
 by the credulity of weak-minded people ; and the 
 readiness with which monarch after monarch, in 
 every kingdom of Europe, encouraged them in 
 their pretended researches, is one of the most 
 astounding phenomena of the Middle and still 
 more recent ages. 
 
 Artephius, who flourished a.d. 1130, sought 
 both for the philosopher's stone, and the elixir 
 of life. He was a gross impostor, because he
 
 94 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 professed by his wonderful medicine to have 
 prolonged his own life for a thousand years. A 
 work he wrote on the transmutation of metals 
 was republished in France in 1 612. 
 
 Albertus Magnus, Bishop of Ratisbon, who 
 flourished about 1230, was another of the early 
 alchemists whose name attained great celebrity ; 
 and so was Roger Bacon, the Franciscan friar, 
 who became famous by his discovering the com- 
 position of gunpowder. 
 
 Raymond Lully, a native of Majorca, and 
 born A.D. 1234, became very famous for his 
 acquirements In alchemy and medicine. He was 
 Invited to England by Edward I., and was 
 credited with having discovered not only the 
 philosopher s stone, but the elixir of life. When 
 he was eighty years of age he was stoned by 
 some Mahommedans at Bouglah, and died on 
 his voyage home, 13 15. 
 
 Arnold, of Vllleneuve, who flourished about 
 the same time as Lully, became celebrated as an 
 alchemist and a physician. He was accused of 
 practising magic, and was persecuted by the 
 Inquisition.
 
 ALCHEMY AND CHEMISTRY. 95 
 
 To the experiments of these and many other 
 men of like genius during the Dark Ages, medi- 
 cine owes the discovery of mercurial preparations, 
 and the experiments with antimony which led 
 to their use by the physicians In the fourteenth 
 century. 
 
 Magic and sorcery also flourished during this 
 period, and the most eminent magicians and 
 sorcerers were also believed to be astroloofers, 
 alchemists, and physicians. The Church of Rome 
 dealt with the professors of all these black arts, 
 but was never able wholly to eradicate them, and 
 at the present day they have their representa- 
 tives In the vulgar conjurors and fortune-tellers. 
 
 Alchem.y became Increasingly popular as the 
 Dark Ages passed away ; and in England the 
 Parliament of Henry IV., becoming alarmed lest 
 the philosopher's stone should be discovered, and 
 the king be able to do without supplies and the 
 advice of his faithful Commons, passed an act 
 declaring the multiplying of gold and silver to 
 be felony. 
 
 There are, however, many circumstantial facts.
 
 96 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE, 
 
 showing that the sovereigns of England would 
 have poured high honours upon any one who had 
 been fortunate enough to discover so useful a 
 secret as that of changing baser metals into gold, 
 or transforming ordinary pebbles into precious 
 stones. Even learned men, who were excellent 
 chemists, held the same pleasant belief. The 
 State Papers show that even Queen Elizabeth, 
 shrewd as she was, had hopes of learning the 
 secret. In 1565 there was a rogue named Cor- 
 nelius de Lannoy, alias De Alneto, who offered 
 to produce fifty marks of pure gold for the queen, 
 upon certain conditions. He obtained his con- 
 ditions, and in July, 1566, was comfortably in- 
 stalled at the Tower. Every appliance belonging 
 to the queen was at his service, but great delay 
 took place. An inquiry was made from the 
 Lieutenant of the Tower, and he reported that 
 Lannoy confessed he had greatly abused the 
 queen's confidence and begged for mercy. Lan- 
 noy was put into confinement, and the autumn 
 of the same year petitioned the queen to be set 
 at liberty, promising that he would without delay
 
 ALCHEMY AND CHEMISTRY. 97 
 
 put in Operation his wonderful elixir for making 
 gold. What was the precise order taken with 
 regard to him is not known, but he must have 
 been set at liberty about the close of the year. 
 The only other reference to him occurs in Cecill's 
 Diary, under date February 10, 1567, where it is 
 recorded, " Cornelius de la Noye, an alchymist, 
 wrought in Somerset House, and abused many in 
 promising to convert any metal into gold." 
 
 The queen was not then cured of her belief 
 in the possibility of compounding this elixir of 
 gold; for in 1567 she carried on a long corre- 
 spondence with a merchant at Lubeck, in whose 
 house one Clement Ouldfield, an English alche- 
 mist, had died, leaving her three glass bottles 
 containing three chemical mixtures by which gold 
 could be produced. These bottles are described 
 as '' one of Sol, one of Luna, and the other of 
 Mercury." Peterson proposed to hand these 
 bottles over on payment of ^500 ; and the 
 cautious queen stipulated that she should see 
 them first, and if within six months she thought 
 proper to keep them, the money should be paid.
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 There is evidence to prove that the bottles were 
 sent to England, and Peterson wrote several 
 letters when the six months had elapsed, com- 
 plaining that he had neither received the money 
 nor had the bottles returned to him. 
 
 At this time there were some men of good 
 position in the city of London who encouraged 
 alchemy, because it enabled them to counterfeit 
 the coins used in foreign countries where they 
 traded. But these roguish alchemists are not to 
 be confounded with those who honestly thought 
 that by alchemical pursuits they could produce 
 eold, or the elixir of life. 
 
 Paracelsus, who was born at Einsiedel, in 
 Switzerland, in 1493, really rendered invaluable 
 services to the progress of experimental che- 
 mistry, but he marred much of the honour 
 that he would have had in his lifetime by his 
 bombast. He was elected Professor of Medicine 
 of Basle ; and had the effrontery to burn in 
 public the standard works of medicine then in 
 use. He styled himself the Monarch of all 
 Physicians, but his enemies called him King
 
 ALCHEMY AND CHEMISTRY. 99 
 
 of Quacks. Of him it is reported that he pub- 
 licly declared the hair on the back of his head 
 knew more than all other physicians put together; 
 that the buckles of his shoes were more learned 
 than Galen or Avicenna ; and that his beard 
 possessed more experience than all the Academy 
 of Basle. Such a boaster had never been known 
 before. He avowed that he had compounded 
 the tincture of life, yet he afterwards died at the 
 age of forty-eight in the hospital of St. Sebastian, 
 at Saltzburg, in Germany, in 1541. Yet he 
 greatly advanced chemical knowledge, and was 
 the first to show how to apply chemistry to 
 medicine. Tinctures, essences, and extracts by 
 his teaching superseded the syrups, treacles, and 
 decoctions previously in use.
 
 MEDIy^VAL MIXTURES. 
 
 IR WALTER RALEIGH claims re- 
 membrance for his ''Great Cordial," 
 which he compounded in the Garden 
 House 1 of the Tower of London during his 
 second and long imprisonment. This cordial 
 acquired great fame, and excited the attention 
 not only of learned physicians at home, but 
 throughout Europe also. Henry IV. of France 
 ordered Lefevre, his physician, to write a treatise 
 upon it for the benefit of the French nation. 
 In England no medicine became so famous as 
 '' Raleieh's Cordial,"— it was everywhere regarded 
 as the great panacea for all diseases, and a large 
 number of well-authenticated cures were really 
 effected by its use. Queen Anne (wife of James I.) 
 
 1 Now No. 8, Parade Square, inhabited by a Warder. 
 
 I
 
 MEDIEVAL MIXTURES. loi 
 
 declared that it saved her from death upon one 
 occasion ; and when Prince Henry was taken 
 111, she Insisted that he should take doses of it ; 
 but the physicians were tardy, and the cordial 
 failed to save the Prince's life. Notwithstanding 
 this, the queen never lost faith in '' Raleigh's 
 Cordial," but administered it herself to her son 
 Charles (afterwards the first king of that name), 
 and he so imbued those about him with his praise 
 of Its healing virtues, that Charles II. would 
 take no other medicine. This cordial was the 
 result of experiments made by Raleigh, extending 
 over many years ; and though he made known 
 many others for specific ailments, the compo- 
 sition of the '' Great Cordial " only has been 
 preserved in medical works to the present time. 
 The late Mr. Hepworth Dixon says Mt was "a 
 blending of pearl, musk, hartshorn, bezoar stone, 
 mint, borrage, gentian, mace, red rose, aloes, sugar, 
 sassafras, spirits of wine, with twenty other things." 
 Whatever virtue there was in It can now be ob- 
 tained from fewer sources ; but Raleigh had to 
 
 * Her Majesty's Tower.
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 discover for himself the power of everything he 
 used. His devotion to chemical pursuits while 
 in the Tower is a proof of his remarkable genius. 
 He was imprisoned on a charge of conspiring 
 to raise Arabella Stuart to the throne, which was 
 utterly unfounded ; and he was, in reality, the 
 victim of Spanish intrigues. Philip HI. saw in 
 Raleigh a constant menace to the designs of 
 Spain. He had taken part with the Dutch 
 against the Spaniards ; he discovered that portion 
 of America which he named Virginia in honour 
 of his royal mistress, Queen Elizabeth, and he 
 founded there a Free State ; he took an active 
 part in attacking the Spanish Armada ; he con- 
 ducted an expedition to Guiana, to the great 
 terror of Spain ; and he acted as admiral in the 
 expedition against Cadiz. The death of Eliza- 
 beth brought about the opportunity for which 
 Spain waited. James I. wanted peace ; his 
 ministers were receiving bribes from Philip HI. 
 Raleigh was rich, powerful, the envy of many 
 about court, and his enemies triumphed over 
 him. On July 12, 1603, he was sent to the
 
 MEDIEVAL MIXTURES. 103 
 
 Bloody Tower ; in the same year he was tried 
 and condemned to death, but James did not dare 
 to carry out the sentence, and he languished for 
 thirteen years a prisoner. His dungeon in the 
 Bloody Tower ^ was too damp for him ; he fell 
 ill, and petitioned the king for a better lodging. 
 As there w^as in the garden below a fowl-house, 
 made of laths and plaster, built against the wall, 
 he was removed thither, where his health was 
 soon restored ; and after a long fret against his 
 confinement, he devoted himself with all the 
 great power of his genius to study ; abstract 
 sciences, chemistry, history, navigation, politics, 
 and warfare, filled up his leisure hours, and 
 Raleigh's name and fame became great in the 
 nation. His political advice took the ears of all 
 the people ; his discoveries won for him renown 
 amongst scientific men throughout Europe, while 
 his cordials and medicines wrought marvellous 
 benefits amongst all classes. In the " Garden 
 House" he constructed a furnace, with still, retort, 
 and receiver ; the shelves were occupied with 
 
 ^ Then called " Garden Tower."
 
 I04 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 bottles containing the essences of countless herbs. 
 *' These phials of his," said Sir Thomas Wilson, 
 " contain all the spirits in the world except the 
 Spirit of God." These spirits were the first fruits 
 of his study and labour ; the next step was the 
 discovery of new medicines. The ''Great Cordial" 
 was compounded by Raleigh after three or four 
 years had passed in experiments ; and it was 
 preceded by his " Guiana Cordial," of the com- 
 position of which nothing is now known. Of 
 other discoveries of his, such as the distillation of 
 fresh water from salt water ; of the visitors who 
 came to solicit a sick potion ; of the crowds who 
 thronged the quay to see him walk along the top 
 of the wall to dinner, we have no space to write. 
 
 Although the virtues of the " Great Cordial " 
 have long since been superseded by better and 
 simpler compounds, Raleigh's genius in producing 
 it is worthy of record ; and a glance at his friends 
 in the Tower will be of interest. 
 
 In 1605 there was brought to the Martin 
 Tower, Henry Percy, ninth Earl of Northumber- 
 land, who was doomed to outstay Raleigh as a
 
 MEDIEVAL MIXTURES. 105 
 
 prisoner. He was a nobleman of great scientific 
 attainments. Of kindred tastes with Raleigh, 
 they were permitted to see each other frequently ; 
 and the Earl sat for hours at a time in the little 
 Garden House, watching Raleigh conducting his 
 experim.ents. Three friends of the ''Wizard 
 Earl," as he was called, also frequently accom- 
 panied him ; these were called his Magi. They 
 were Heriot the astronomer, and Warner and 
 Hues the mathematicians. Heriot was the first 
 man in Europe to see the satellites of Jupiter, and 
 he noted the spots on the sun's surface before 
 Galileo saw them. The Magi came and went as 
 they chose, so that the Earl and Raleigh were 
 kept well informed of political and court changes ; 
 and when they grew tired of the gossip of the day, 
 they had the discoveries of Raleigh, the mathe- 
 matical researches of the Wizard Earl and two 
 of the Magi, and the observations of Heriot, to 
 occupy their thoughts. Nor were the soothing 
 and softening influences of good women and of 
 beautiful children absent from the Garden House ; 
 for Bessie Raleigh lived in the Tower, with Wat,
 
 io6 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 their eldest son (he who afterwards was killed at 
 Guiana under his father's eye), and Carew, her 
 second son, was born there. The Countess of 
 Northumberland, too, who could not agree with 
 her husband at Sion House or Petworth Castle, 
 shared his imprisonment in the Tower with- 
 out regret, bringing their children with her, — 
 Algernon, who became the tenth Earl of North- 
 umberland ; Henry, who became Lord Percy of 
 Alnwick ; Dorothy, who became the mother of 
 Algernon Sydney ; and Lucy, afterwards the 
 friend of Strafford and of Pym, and the heroine 
 of scores of love verses. So, with the laughter of 
 beautiful children ringing in his ears, and the love 
 of a faithful wife ever cheering him, Raleigh 
 worked in his Garden House with his still and 
 his pen ; talked with his imprisoned friends of 
 new discoveries in the heavens ; distributed his 
 cordials far and wide ; encouraged the foundations 
 of Free States in far distant lands, and added 
 greatly to his own reputation and to the honour 
 of the land which gave him birth. 
 
 The discoveries made by the alchemists were
 
 MEDIEVAL MIXTURES. 107 
 
 of too valuable a character to cause the work of 
 the alchemist to be lightly spoken of. Men laugh 
 at the mad folly which led them to devote their 
 lives to the search after the philosopher's stone ; 
 but there were not a few who, after Paracelsus, 
 devoted their whole energies to the discovery 
 of chemical compounds, to be used alone in 
 medicine. Medical chemistry may be said to 
 have been founded in 1450 ; yet it is a singular 
 fact that, owing to the prejudice existing against 
 the alchemists, chemistry was not elevated into 
 the branches of natural science until 1775. From 
 that period her progress has been rapid and 
 continuous.
 
 AMULETS, CHARMS, AND 
 TALISMANS. 
 
 HE use of amulets and charms in cases 
 of sickness, and to ward off diseases, 
 became very popular during the 
 Middle Ages, and retained a positive value among 
 physicians down to the seventeenth century. 
 Even at the present day many amulets and 
 charms are still made use of, in exactly the same 
 way that they were upwards of a thousand years 
 ago, but for very different purposes from those 
 for which they were originally designed. 
 
 An amulet, when once obtained, was tied on 
 to the particular part which was affected by 
 disease, and not removed until a cure was effected. 
 In a case of ague it was tied to the arm ; for 
 rheumatism in the lees the amulet was fastened
 
 AMULETS, CHARMS, AND TALISMANS. 109 
 
 to the thighs ; for affections of the chest, throat, 
 neck, or head, it was suspended from the neck. 
 
 Amulets were of infinite variety. They con- 
 sisted of bits of bones from birds, animals, or 
 human beings ; much virtue was associated with 
 teeth taken from deer, dogs, foxes, or wolves ; 
 roots of herbs were frequently used ; leaves of 
 certain trees were often rolled into balls and 
 worn ; for all pains of the head a certain cure 
 was to wear a rope with which a man had been 
 hanged ; and a cure for colic was to carry about a 
 red or white stone taken from the broodling nest 
 of a swallow. 
 
 After the death of Mary Queen of Scots, an 
 inventory was taken of her goods, which is now 
 in the Public Record Office, and one article found 
 was a small gold-stoppered glass bottle containing 
 a white stone. 
 
 Another cure for ague was to wear three 
 spiders suspended round the neck. Elias Ash- 
 mole, in the year 1681, records the following in 
 his diary : '' April 11. I took early in the morning 
 a good dose of Elixir, and hung three spiders
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 about my neck, and they drove my ague away. 
 Deo Gratlas ! " Great reliance was also placed 
 in the efficacy of letters, words, or signs written 
 on parchment or paper, which were rolled up and 
 tied to the person. These amulets were recom- 
 mended by so-called learned men so late as the 
 seventeenth century. 
 
 Charms differed from amulets in that it was 
 not necessary to wear them constantly, and their 
 virtue was not lost if they were only carried 
 occasionally. A bit of red coral was a charm 
 against fits, and this belief was the origin of 
 hanging round a child's neck the coral chain. 
 Coral was also supposed to have the power of 
 charming away evil spirits, so that small pieces 
 were carried by men ; and when adornments 
 came to be worn, a bit of coral found an honoured 
 place in the sleeve, or attached to a button. The 
 holly also was endowed with a double charm, 
 keeping off disease and evil spirits ; and this led 
 to its being planted in the gardens or yards of 
 houses, where it retains a place to the present day 
 on account of ancient usage and personal beauty.
 
 AMULETS, CHARMS, AND TALISMANS. in 
 
 Illustrations might easily be multiplied, but these 
 must suffice. The use of amulets and charms 
 caused a ready belief in the power of relics. The 
 Church was too wise to uproot the popular faith ; 
 she adopted the symbols and sanctified them. In 
 the same way the droning of unintelligible words 
 over wounds, or over the tracks of lost cattle, 
 was changed for the singing of a psalm or the 
 utterance of a Paternoster. In the gay time of 
 Pepys even, there was a strong belief in the 
 power of charms ; and In his Diary he gives the 
 followlnor form of words as a cure for a burn : — 
 
 " There came three Angels out of the East, 
 The one brought fire, the other brought frost ; 
 
 Out fire ! in frost ! 
 In the name of the Father, and Son, and Holy Ghost. 
 
 Amen." 
 
 Talismans consisted of bits of parchment or 
 paper, and pieces of metal or glass, with words 
 wTltten or engraved upon them. They differ 
 from amulets because they may be deposited in 
 any place without losing their efficacy ; the 
 amulet, on the contrary, must always be worn 
 about the body. Talismans were of two kinds,
 
 112 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 astrological or magical. Hebrew characters were 
 very commonly used, and so were the Hebrew 
 numerals. The word Abraxas was very popular, 
 because it was supposed to denote a power which 
 ruled over three hundred and sixty-five other 
 powers ; Abracadabra was another word very 
 much worn as a cure for ague and other 
 diseases.
 
 WITCHCRAFT. 
 
 NOTHER product of the Dark Ages 
 was witchcraft. When doctors became 
 scarce, woman sought the healing 
 herbs of the field, and did her utmost to mitigate 
 the sufferings of her friends and neighbours. But 
 the Church denounced this innovation, and though 
 she had divorced the physician from the priest, 
 she denounced the woman healer as a witch, and 
 singled her out for the most exquisite tortures. 
 The cry was soon heard from one end of the 
 Continent to the other, A *' witch-finder " became 
 a profession, and in tolerant Germany, enlightened 
 France, and free England, thousands of poor 
 women and young children, the old, the lame, 
 the blind, the girl of fifteen and the boy of four- 
 teen, were murdered because they were supposed
 
 114 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 to be witches. It is no part of our purpose to 
 recite stories of the cruelties practised upon these 
 poor creatures ; we simply mention the fact, and 
 pass on to record the numbers supposed to have 
 been put to death in the first half of the fifteenth 
 century — at Treves, 7000; Bamberg, 1500; and 
 Wurtzberg, 800. By the beginning of the six- 
 teenth century, the mania for witch-hunting had 
 reached Geneva, and 500 were put to death in 
 three months, 1000 perished by fire in the diocese 
 of Como in 1524, 900 were burnt in Lorraine. 
 When this fearful mania reached England, it 
 ravaged the homes of the poor and helpless for 
 nearly two centuries ; and it has been estimated 
 that 30,000 unhappy creatures perished before 
 the folly and wickedness of such proceedings 
 dawned upon the people. Scotland, in like 
 manner, was affected, and thousands of lives were 
 taken ; while at Salem, New England, nineteen 
 persons were hanged for witchcraft in 1692.
 
 MEDICINE UPON THE CONTINENT. 
 
 N the age of Alfred, medicine was studied 
 on the continent in all the religious 
 
 ^^ houses, and the most celebrated physi- 
 cians held abbacies and bishoprics. It was con- 
 sidered a science specially adapted to the study 
 of nuns ; and after the time of Charlemagne, 
 greater facilities were furnished for the study of 
 the science at all the religious houses than had 
 prevailed before. There seemed to have dawned 
 a very promising era on the world, but the pagan 
 hordes, sweeping out of the north with resistless 
 fury, succeeded at last in settling down upon the 
 most promising provinces of Northern Europe, 
 and the gloom of the Dark Ages thickened over 
 the fairest portion of the world. 
 
 The Arabs in Asia, Africa, and Spain en-
 
 ii6 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. j 
 
 , , _^ k 
 
 couraged all the sciences, medicine amongst tho 
 number, during this period. Gario Pontus, the: 
 Greek physician, founded at Salerno, in the south 
 of Italy, a medical school, which rose to high 
 celebrity and maintained that reputation from the 
 eighth to the thirteenth centuries ; and the old 
 Greek spirit and culture lingered in a few other 
 towns of Italy. Constantine, of Carthage, was 
 one of the professors at Salerno about 1050. He 
 travelled through Egypt, Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, 
 and India, studying the sciences, and was the 
 most learned man of his age. In 1087, Con- 
 stantine died a monk. 
 
 Between the eleventh and the fourteenth cen- 
 turies the cathedral schools all over the world 
 advanced rapidly in importance, and successive 
 Popes granted them the charters of universities. 
 The cultivation of the sciences was sedulously 
 adopted, and in the teaching of medicine the 
 Greek and Arabian books were adopted as the 
 basis of instruction. At this period the power 
 of the priest was supreme ; and attempts made to 
 obtain greater religious freedom led to the creation
 
 MEDICINE UPON THE CONTINENT. 117 
 
 ind infliction of the Inquisition. To this period 
 jelong Albertus Magnus, a prelate high in favour 
 at Rome, and Roger Bacon, a poor Franciscan 
 priest. Mondini, Professor of Medicine at Bo- 
 logne, A.D. 13 16, resumed the pubHc teaching of 
 practical anatomy ; and Arnold de Villeneuve 
 discovered alcohol. One of the most learned 
 physicians in the middle of the thirteenth cen- 
 tury was Chanliac, who acquired Greek and 
 Arabic, and summarised in his writings all the 
 medical knowledge of the aofe. 
 
 o o 
 
 The severe repressive measures adopted by 
 Rome towards all those who aspired to push 
 discovery into the domain of science, led to a 
 general cessation of all efforts ; and, lacking 
 advance, there followed a decline of science which 
 continued for nearly a century. 
 
 During this decay in literature, commerce was 
 preparing for greater achievements than the world 
 had ever before known. Flourishing cities had 
 grown up on the coast line of every kingdom, 
 wealth began to accumulate, and men longed for 
 greater freedom of thought and more indepen-
 
 ii8 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 dence. The corporate bodies everywhere were 
 trying to attract to their cities and towns men 
 of eminence in science and Hterature, but the 
 supply was scanty. Constantinople was full of 
 learned men, but they were not to be tempted 
 from the city. War, however, accomplished what 
 money had failed to obtain. Constantinople was 
 captured by the Turks in 1453, her colleges and 
 schools were closed, and her learned men driven 
 out of the city. Her learned teachers had ample 
 choice ; all the cities of Italy issued invitations 
 to the refugees ; and wherever they settled there 
 sprang up schools of learning, in which the old 
 Greek philosophy found a new home, and made 
 fresh incursions. Students flocked to Italy from 
 all parts of Europe, and learning found a lasting 
 basis for revivals. At this time the greatest dis- 
 covery in aid of all scientific study was made ; 
 and learned men recognized in paper and type 
 the mightiest power ever invented for the spread 
 of knowledge. Rags and lead had served long 
 enough the ambitious purposes of man, and, for 
 the future, by a slight transformation, they were
 
 MEDICINE UPON THE CONTINENT. 119 
 
 destined to fulfil the noblest offices of God. 
 Printing was invented just in time ; the old philo- 
 sophical books were rapidly perishing, every 
 year they were becoming more scarce ; the monks 
 cared little to copy any but devotional writings, 
 and to this timely discovery we owe the preser- 
 vation of -such works as, by their genius and truth, 
 had survived until that time. The impetus which 
 printing gave to study, and the advantages which 
 it conferred upon all the arts and sciences cannot 
 be over estimated : they were prodigious. Ac- 
 quaintance with one or two languages served a 
 learned man henceforth, whereas formerly he had 
 to acquire the tongue of every country in which 
 he studied. A student now began at twenty to 
 study things which he could not have touched 
 before his fortieth year previously. Printing 
 shortened study by many years ; and all the 
 sciences advanced with huge strides instead of 
 the slow steps which had formerly characterized 
 their progress. This was necessary in order to 
 overcome the force that was about to be opposed 
 to them, which grew up in Rome, and was per-
 
 I20 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 sonified by the Pope. Religion regarded science 
 as an adversary, and sought to repress the growth 
 of knowledge. But science had enlarged men's 
 minds, men longed to be freed from the fetters 
 imposed by faith, and the era of conflicts began, 
 ending in Reformation. First in Italy, and 
 afterwards in Germany, the clergy were opposed 
 by the laity ; and from the day that Luther nailed 
 his theses to the church door of Wittemberg the 
 supremacy of the priests declined. Science was 
 found not only to be in accord with revealed 
 truth, but to be the surest foundation on which to 
 build the prosperity of a nation. Schools and 
 universities were multiplied throughout Europe ; 
 the middle classes and even the poor sought 
 eagerly to share in the advantages of education. 
 The Reformation, which opened the doors of 
 knowledge to all classes, established equal rights 
 for all men before God and the law ; and to the 
 reformed nations medicine fled as to havens of 
 security which no other countries in the world 
 possessed. 
 
 Confining our attention almost exclusively to
 
 MEDICINE UPON THE CONTINENT. 121 
 
 the progress of medicine in England, it must be 
 borne in mind that in the middle of the fifteenth 
 century no medical school existed in this country. 
 At that time, the only medical practitioners were 
 illiterate monks, who studied theology and medi- 
 cine together, and practised the latter under a 
 licence granted by a bishop. Their system was 
 not much in advance of Saxon leechdom, and in 
 many cases, particularly where superstitious rites 
 and incantations were made use of, it was very 
 much inferior to the honest herb-practice of the 
 leech.
 
 HOSPITALS. 
 
 HE hospital is as old as the practice 
 of medicine by the priests of Egypt, 
 though the buildings in which the 
 sick lay were not known by that name. Those 
 suffering from serious maladies were received by 
 the priests into the medical temples, and there 
 received personal attention. Each day the priest 
 examined his patients, and gave the youthful 
 probationers who attended him clinical instruc- 
 tion — such as It was. This course was also pur- 
 sued in Greece and at Rome. A record was 
 also kept on a metal tablet of each case, the 
 disease, and the treatment ; these, when they had 
 accumulated, served the priests as a basis on 
 which to apportion distinct treatment to each 
 disease. Bethesda, in Jerusalem, comes within
 
 HOSPITALS. 123 
 
 the designation of a public hospital. These in- 
 stitutions became commonly known in the first 
 centuries of the Christian era. One at C^sarea, 
 in A.D. 370, was richly endowed, and of immense 
 
 
 
 THE POOL OF BETHESDA. 
 
 dimensions. Next in celebrity was the hospital 
 of Chrysostom at Constantinople. There were 
 twenty hospitals in Rome alone in the ninth 
 century, though some of them may have been 
 more of a philanthropical than a wholly medical 
 character. In Greece, all the temples devoted to 
 medicine w^ere hospitals as well. Haroun-al- 
 Raschid V., Caliph of Bagdad, attached to each
 
 124 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 college in that city a spacious hospital. Wherever 
 the Christian missionaries of Rome penetrated 
 and established a monastery or a nunnery, there 
 they also planted a hospital. In this way the 
 hospital soon became known all over Europe. 
 Of the London hospitals, St. Bartholomew was 
 founded by Rahere in 1 546 ; Bethlehem was 
 founded in 1547 ; St. Thomas's in 1553 ; and the 
 Small-Pox Hospital in 1746, Of others it is 
 needless to speak.
 
 :-^^PS 
 
 »■ 
 
 
 APOTHECARIES AND GROCERS. 
 
 N Biblical times the merchants who im- 
 ported spices, carried also balm for hurts, 
 ^^^^ and herbs for medicine, and this connec- 
 tion between drugs and groceries continued until 
 the rise of the Greek school of medicine. The 
 practice of Greece was followed and improved in 
 Rome ; and the apothecaries performed distinct 
 and important functions until the Dark Ages 
 came. Grecian and Roman physicians dispensed 
 their own medicines. As the materia medica of 
 these days consisted almost wholly of herbs, the 
 physician employed others to collect them, and in 
 this employment a large number of people were 
 engaged. The herbs which grew in distant 
 places were collected in like manner by poor 
 people, and forwarded to the cities, and in this
 
 126 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 way there gradually grew up a distinct trade in 
 herbs. In the course of time, the dealers in 
 herbs began to compound medicines for their own 
 sale, and laws were made regulating the trade. 
 If any herb-dealer sold poison, even by mistake, 
 he was severely punished ; herbs or prepared 
 medicine for cattle were to be sold only by one 
 class, others sold spices as well as herbs, while 
 not a few confined themselves to the sale of 
 prepared medicines. The African physicians are 
 supposed to have been the first to give up 
 compounding their own medicines ; and in the 
 eleventh century this became the general practice. 
 Then there appeared the apothecary's shops, 
 which In all large cities were open to the 
 inspection of the physician, where medicines were 
 kept in stock, made up from a list of legally 
 authorized prescriptions. The book of receipts 
 most commonly used was called the Antldolarium ; 
 and It contained amongst many others prescrip- 
 tions of Galen, Avicenna, Actuarlus, and Mesue, 
 the Arabian physician. When apothecaries' 
 shops were first introduced Into the cities of
 
 APOTHECARIES AND GROCERS. 127 
 
 Europe, they were established at the expense 
 of the pubHc, and were the property of the 
 magistrates. Their increase was forbidden with- 
 out a special order, which was rarely granted. 
 The first mention of an apothecary in England 
 w^LS in the year 1545, when a London apothecary 
 attended Edward III. in an illness he had while 
 in Scotland. The apothecaries were united with 
 the grocers as a company in 1345, and it was not 
 until 161 7 that they were separated, and made 
 a distinct company. Several references to this 
 appear in the section '' Medicine in the State 
 Papers." The earliest pharmacopoeia published 
 in England was in 161 8.
 
 
 SURGEONS AND SURGERY. 
 
 irEi 
 
 iuf 
 
 )wma 
 
 idout 
 
 It . 
 
 HE practice of surgery is coeval witl-^ 
 the association of men in families ; 
 and probably the first exercise of 
 healing was in the form of what would be now 
 termed a surgical operation. Throughout the 
 Hebrew and Egyptian periods there was no 
 distinction made between the work of the surgeon 
 and the physician ; and In the first century of the 
 Christian era, a Sanscrit medical writer laid it 
 down, that It was only by '' the association of 
 medicine with surgery " that the perfect physician 
 was formed. There is no doubt that the two 
 professions were united in the same individual, 
 until the growth of nations, and the prevalence 
 of wars, brought the work of the surgeon into 
 prominence. Homer endows his heroes at the
 
 SURGEONS AND SURGERY. 129 
 
 siege of Troy with a knowledge of medicine and 
 practical surgery. In the Iliad we read that 
 Eurypylus, when wounded with an arrow, thus 
 addressed Patroclus : — 
 
 " But thou, Patroclus, act a friendly part. 
 Send to my ships, and draw this deadly dart. 
 With lukewarm water wash this gore away, 
 With healing balm the raging smart allay. 
 Such as sage Chiron, sire of pharmacy, 
 Once taught Achilles, and Achilles thee." 
 
 When also Menelaus was wounded in the side 
 by an arrow, Machaon, the son of the Grecian 
 ^sculapius, after washing the wound and soaking 
 out the blood, applied a dressing to appease the 
 pain, of the juice of roots bruised, the principal 
 remedy then known. 
 
 " Then sucked the blood, and sovereign balm infused. 
 Which Chiron gave, and ^sculapius used." 
 
 The true history of surgery commenced with 
 Hippocrates ; as it is known that he reduced 
 dislocations and set fractures. He also knew 
 how to produce counter irritation and the actual 
 cautery. What were the earliest forms of in- 
 struments used in surgical cases are not known.
 
 I30 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 The tombs and mummies of Egypt have never 
 yielded one surgical instrument. Hippocrates 
 mentions the ambe, which he used for reducing 
 dislocated bones, and that is the earliest instru- 
 ment with which we are acquainted. He also 
 made use of a small trepan, a saw with a circular 
 motion, and a jagged saw. In the first century 
 before Christ, Asclepiades performed the opera- 
 tion of laryngotomy ; and Autyllus left on record 
 directions for a timid operator. Celsus, a.d. 15, 
 taught a mode of cutting for the stone, which 
 operation was practised by Ammonios and Phi- 
 lagnos. Archigenes, at the end of the first century, 
 declared that the Greek physicians knew how to 
 tie an artery. Complete sets of surgical instru- 
 ments have been recovered from the ruins of 
 Herculaneum and Pompeii. There were eighty- 
 nine specimens of pincers, several varieties of 
 probes, hooks to the number of fourteen, a trident 
 for cauterising, a silver lancet, a spoon, cupping 
 vessels, and eight steel or iron knives for various 
 surgical purposes. There was also an instrument 
 for tapping the dropsical, which has been described
 
 SURGEONS AND SURGERY. 131 
 
 by Celsus and Paulus ^gineta. No alteration 
 was made in the form of this instrument until the 
 middle of the seventeenth century. The employ- 
 ment of splints for broken limbs was practised by 
 the Saxons. The Arab surgeons are distinguished 
 for their cruel use of fire in their practice. In 
 the wars of the Middle Ages the wounded in 
 battle fared very badly ; their sole attendants 
 being the priests selected to accompany the armies, 
 chiefly because of their medical knowledge. Beck- 
 mann states that one, Nicholas Colnet, acted as 
 field-surgeon with the English army in France, 
 under Henry V. in 141 5. He was bound to 
 furnish three archers as an escort, and was allowed 
 ^40 a year, and twelve pennies a day subsistence 
 money, while each of his archers received ;/^20 a 
 year, and six pennies a day. The chief surgeon 
 was one Morstede, w^ho had to equip fifteen men, 
 three as archers and twelve as surgeons. His 
 salary was ^40 a year, and twelve pennies a day ; 
 while his archers and assistant surgeons had ^20 
 a year and six pennies a day. Both Colnet and 
 Morstede had a share of prisoners and plunder.
 
 132 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 Similar arrangements prevailed amongst all the 
 continental nations, differing only in slight details. 
 In England, the surgeons about the thirteenth 
 century practised such low occupations as drawing 
 teeth, blood letting, and shaving. They were 
 made into a company by the name of " The 
 Barber Surgeons," in 1308, and raised into a cor- 
 poration in 1460; and when Edward IV. died, 
 "at the request of the Freemen of the Mystery 
 of Barbers of the City of London using the 
 mystery or faculty of surgeons, grant was made to 
 them that the said mystery, and all the men of 
 the same mystery of the said city, should be one 
 body and perpetual community." In 15 12, an 
 act was passed to prevent any besides barbers 
 practising surgery within the City of London and 
 seven miles round, excepting such as had been 
 examined by the Bishop or Dean of St. Paul's 
 Cathedral. This connection was partially severed 
 in 1540, by Henry VIII., when an act was passed 
 which provided " that no person using any shaving 
 or barbery in London, shall occupy any surgery, 
 letting of blood or other matter, except only draw-
 
 SURGEONS AND SURGERY. 133 
 
 ing of teeth." The connection between the two 
 was continued until 1745, and then they were 
 wholly separated. Until this separation had been 
 partially effected, the surgeon was regarded as 
 occupying a scientific position very much inferior 
 to that of the physician, who decided when it was 
 necessary to call In the services of the surgeon, 
 and what surgeon should be employed. The 
 physicians at that time took apothecaries with 
 them when they visited rich patients ; and they 
 exercised the right to compound their own medi- 
 cines if they thought proper.
 
 
 MIDWIFERY, 
 
 If^ROM the earliest ages of the world 
 down to the sixteenth century, was in 
 the hands of women. The earliest 
 reference In history to a difficult operation in 
 midwifery was one in which a midwife was en- 
 gaged. In Egypt, Greece, Rome, Eastern and 
 Western Europe, in England and in France, 
 women were invariably agents in midwifery cases. 
 About the time of the institution of the Royal 
 College of Physicians In London, 1 5 1 8, midwifery 
 began to be practised by physicians, and Dr. 
 Harvey is known to have attended cases in 1603. 
 At a very early period in England, midwives 
 were authorized by the bishops, under certain
 
 MIDWIFERY. 
 
 circumstances, to baptize infants at their birth, 
 and this practice only ceased in consequence 
 
 BIRTH OF RICHARD BEAUCHAMP, EARL OF WARWICK, 138 
 
 of the opposition of the Puritans. The sage 
 femme of Marie di Medicis published in 1609
 
 136 
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 a collection of obstetrical observations, and, In 
 1668, a formal treatise by Francis Maurlceau, chef 
 accoucheur to the Hotel DIeu, In Paris, laid a 
 stable foundation for the science and art.
 
 SEARCH ROOM AT PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE. BUST OF FIRST LORD ROMILLY. 
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 
 
 HESE fugitive ana are the siftings 
 of the calendars of State Papers, 
 pubhshed under the direction of the 
 Master of the Rolls, chiefly, but not exclusively, 
 relating to apothecaries, surgeons, and phy- 
 sicians holding appointments in the households 
 of Henry VII., Henry VIII., to 1524; Queen 
 Elizabeth from 1562, James I., Charles I., the 
 Protectorate, from 1649 to 1654; and Charles II.,
 
 138, A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 from 1660 to 1667. The period between 1524 
 and 1562, and the years of the Commonwealth, 
 have not yet been completed. 
 
 Entries relating to the same subject follow 
 one another. 
 
 A Royal Practitioner. 
 
 In the Preface to the accounts of the Lord High Treasurer 
 of Scotland, 147 5-1 498, it is recorded that James IV. took 
 much interest in surgical operations, and had the repute of 
 possessing considerable medical knowledge, ajid some dexterity 
 as a surgeon. On one occasion, when in the neighbourhood 
 of Cupar Angus, he visited a man " new schorne of the staine," 
 an operation seldom attempted at that time. Occasionally the 
 king bribed his servants to permit him to perform on them 
 such simple operations as blood-letting and drawing of teeth. 
 Thus, there is a payment to Domynico " to gif the king leve 
 to lat him blood." In May 1491, "a leyche that leyt the 
 king blud " received eighteen shillings for his fee. 
 
 HENRY VII. 
 
 1485, Sept. 28. — Frutze. Benedict, grant) for life to the office 
 
 ary of ;£^o a year; 
 ip of the place called 
 
 of King's Physician, with a sa ; 
 
 also grant for life of the keepersl 
 
 " le Prince Wardrobe." 
 i486, Dec. 15. — Lanister. Walter, Xht King's Physician, 
 
 annuity of £^0 by the hands oil his wife. 
 1487, July 10. — Altoftes. William, off Atherston, principal 
 
 surgeon for the King's body. 1 
 
 m
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 139 
 
 HENRY VIIL 
 
 15 iQ, March 23. — Veyrery. John, King's Chief Surgeon, forty 
 
 marks. 
 15 10, Sept. 13. — More. Marcellus de la, the King's Surgeon, 
 
 annuity of forty marks during pleasure. 
 
 15 13, August 6. — More. Marcellus de la, to be Serjeant of the 
 
 King's Surgeons, with wages and precedence, as cus- 
 tomary since the reign of Edward IV. 
 
 1510, Dec. 4. — Fabyan. Thos., Veterinary Surgeon for the 
 King's Horses, during good conduct twelve pence a 
 day. Paid out of subsidies in the port of London. 
 
 1 5 10, Dec. 7. — Bubham. Richard, King's Apothecary, annuity 
 of ^10. 
 
 15 14. — Surgeon's pay in the Field, 8^. a day, same as an archer. 
 
 1 5 14, May 16. — Browning. Henry, protection for, appointed 
 
 to serve in the war. Given to M. de la More. 
 
 15 14, June 16. — Wages of a Surgeon, sixpence a day. 
 
 1514. — x^ccording to the law of arms Surgeons were "unhar- 
 nessed " in the Field. 
 
 15 19, March 10. — Vernando. Dr., Physician to Catharine of 
 Arragon, consort of Henry VHL, received half a 
 year's salary, ^-^t^ 6i-. 8^. 
 
 Surgery a Handicraft. 
 
 15 19, Nov. 7. — Roos. Thomas, of London, Surgeon, bound 
 over not to molest Balthazar de Guercius, or pursue 
 an information late put into the King's Exchequer, 
 . till he proves that surgery is a handicraft. Roos 
 attempts to prove this by authority of Chiron at the 
 siege of Troy. Goes on to say, " It rests princi-
 
 I40 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 pally in the manual application of medicine, as in 
 stanchying of blod, serchying of wounds with irons 
 and with other instruments, in cuttying of the senile 
 in due proporcyon to the pellicules of the brayne 
 with instruments of iron, cowchyng of catharacts, 
 takyng out bonys, singing of the flesshe, launchying 
 of bocchis, cuttyng of apestumes, burnyng of cankers 
 and other lyke, settyng in of joynts and bynding of 
 them with ligatures, lettying of blod, drawyng of 
 tethe with such other like, which restyth onely in 
 manuall operation, princypally with the hands of the 
 workman," and this fellow wanted to remain against 
 law or license, etc. 
 1522, March 16. — Guercius. Balthazar de, denization for, a 
 native of Italy, and Surgeon to Queen Catherine. 
 
 1523, April 18. — Incorporation of the Physicians of London. 
 
 1524, May 6. — Smyth. Roger, licence for, citizen and grocer 
 
 of London, to practise physic and surgery in all parts 
 of the realm. 
 
 A Cellarer's Recipes. 
 
 In a manuscript account of the Cellarer of the Abbey of 
 Bardney, in Lincolnshire, 15 28-1 53 2, are the following 
 curious recipes : — 
 
 A Medicine for the Axes [Aches]. — Take the juice of 
 camomile, or else the juice of wormwood, and a quantity of 
 sugar and good ale, and drink nine days, and the Patient shall 
 be whole by the grace of God. 
 
 For Stawynshyng of Blood. — Take the powder of a frog 
 roasted and dried ; or else the wool of a hare chopped small ;
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 141 
 
 etiam deponantur testiculi in aqua frigida ; or cleave a hen in 
 two, and lay her hot to the wound, and it will staunch. 
 
 For a Blow. — Take a Httle cummin and dry wormwood, 
 and seethe them in white wine or claret, and with a linen 
 cloth dip therein, and it will soak out the blood. 
 
 For the Same. — Take a little beef, hot when it is killed, 
 and lay to it twice or thrice. 
 
 QUEEN ELIZABETH. 
 
 1562, November. — Mary, Queen of Scots, informs Queen 
 Elizabeth that Dr. Fernel, the Physician who gave 
 her a wash for small-pox, is dead. 
 
 1565, May 22. — Barrowghs. Mr., his licence to practise physic 
 was against the statutes of the University. 
 
 1568, Jan. II. — Grey. Lady Catherine, ill, wants Dr. Symonds 
 
 to visit her. 
 
 1569, June. — Francis. Dr., had access to Mary Queen of Scots 
 
 in her illness. 
 
 1569, June. — Francis. Dr. Thomas, wTote to Sir Thomas 
 
 Cecil respecting the health of Lord Shrewsbury. He 
 travelled to Chatsworth in an open litter, drank a 
 quart of metheglen, and then, " loquaci delirio la- 
 borabit." 
 
 1570, Feb. 6. — Vavasour. Dr., and Lee, Dr., alleged Papists, 
 
 two Doctors of Physic. 
 1575, May. — Wymes. Humphrey, Apothecary. A receipt for 
 
 certain drugs, to the French Ambassador's man, and 
 
 to Dr. Good. 
 1575, May. — Good. Dr. James, confined in the Tower, was 
 
 examined about some stuff sent to the Scottish 
 
 Queen for her health, which was paid for by the 
 
 French Ambassador.
 
 142 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 1 58 1. — Goodoums. William, Serjeant Surgeon, 40 marks a 
 year. 
 
 1583, Oct. — Ambrose, Earl of Warwick, to the Masters of 
 
 Requests. Shows that Edward Skeels was the Earl's 
 Surgeon, and he was involved in a trial with Edward 
 Owen, supports the interests of Skeels. 
 
 1584, June. — Cabry sent as a present to Secretary Walsingham, 
 
 two boxes of " treacle of Cairo.'''' 
 1 61 1. — Goodoums. William, warrant to pay his Majesty's 
 
 Serjeant Surgeon 500 marks for his house adjoining 
 
 Somerset House, bought for improving the gallery 
 
 there. 
 161 1. — Baker. George, one of Her Majesty's Surgeons. 
 
 Dr. Roger Lopez. 
 
 [Roger Lopez, a Portuguese Jew, served in the Spanish 
 Armada, was captured by the English, and made 
 Physician to Queen Elizabeth.] 
 
 1589, July 12. — Lopez, Dr. Ruy, to [Sir Francis] Walsyngham. 
 His suit for a licence to import aniseed and sumach 
 for thirty-one years has been denied. Has served 
 Her Majesty for the space of three years. Desires 
 relief in his present necessity. 
 
 1592. — Lopez. Dr. Roger, or Ruy, Portuguese Jew, Physician 
 to Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 1593, July 3. — Robert Zinzan to Lord Burghley : wants to be 
 made Surveyor of Refiners of Sugar ; and states that 
 others have had grants, like Dr. Lopez for aniseed. 
 
 1594. — Lopez. Old Dr., is in the Tower, for intelligence with 
 the King of Spain. 
 
 1594. — Lopez. Dr., heads of the indictment against him : He 
 conspired the death of the Queen in 1590. Nov.
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 143 
 
 1 591, treacherously accepted a jewel from the King 
 of Spain. Undertook to poison the Queen, Feb. 
 20, 1593. Undertook to kill the Queen for 50,000 
 crowns, to be paid by the King of Spain, 30th Sept., 
 
 1593- 
 
 1594, Feb. 28. — Summary of indictment against Dr. Lopez : 
 " Cursed Bull of Pius V., the cause of all the 
 Queen's troubles. The Pope attempted to turn 
 the navy, to seduce the nobility, and to poison the 
 Queen. Lopez, a Jewish Doctor, permitted often 
 access to her person. He was waiting for a portion 
 of the money to come, when he would have attempted 
 it." All these charges were proved to the great satis- 
 faction of the judge, jury, and hearers, and by confes- 
 sion of Lopez himself. 
 
 1594, Feb. 28. — Lopez was tried at the Guildhall before the 
 Lord Mayor, Robert, Earl of Essex, and others. 
 Convicted and attainted. 
 
 1594, March 14. — Lopez has kept his bed [in the Tower] since 
 his trial. 
 
 1594, April 14. — Licence to Robert Alexander, and Richard 
 Mompesson, two esquires of the Stables, of the sole 
 bringing in of Aniseed and Sumack, paying the 
 ordinary customs. 
 [Lopez was hanged at Tyburn, June 7, 1594]. 
 
 1590, June 28. — Baihe. Dr., one of Her Majesty's Physicians 
 
 in Ordinary. 
 1594, Jan. 2. — Cranedge. Harry, a Physician captured at a 
 
 house where a mass was preparing for the priest. 
 
 The priest escaped. 
 1594, Feb. 16. — Pischerus. Dr. Michael, Physician to the 
 
 Marquis of Brandenburg.
 
 144 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 JAMES I. 
 
 1603, October i. — Grant by Queen Anne of the keepership of 
 Somerset House in the Strand, with all orchards, 
 walks, and gardens ; reserving to John Gerard, of 
 London, surgeon and herbalist, the garden plot 
 formerly leased to him. 
 
 1605, Jan. 25. — Grant to the Company of Barbers and Sur- 
 geons of London, a new Charter and confirmation 
 of their ancient lands and liberties. No butcher, 
 tailor, etc., to embalm dead bodies, but only Chirur- 
 geons. 
 
 George Sheires. 
 
 1605, Sept. 8. — Sheires. George, warrant to pay him as one of 
 the King's Apothecaries, and his servitor of odori- 
 ferous things, all sums due for physic, delivered by 
 him for Prince Henry, Charles, Duke of York, and 
 other the King's children. 
 
 CHARLES I. 
 
 1625, Nov. 2. — Sheires. George, to be paid not more than 
 
 ;£6o per annum for " physical provisions " for the 
 King's poor servants. 
 
 1626, Aug. 13. — Sheires. Mr., Apothecary to the King. 
 
 JAMES I. 
 
 1608, Dec. — Mary, widow of Lewis Lamyre, his Majesty's 
 Apothecary. Her husband lost an estate in the 
 King's service worth ;£"5ooo, and died ^1600 in 
 debt. Has nothing, and her husband not buried.
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 145 
 
 The Apothecaries' Company. 
 
 161 1. — Notice relative to the losses sustained by the Company 
 of Grocers on account of the separation of the 
 Apothecaries from them. 
 
 1 61 1. — James I. to the Lord Mayor of London. Having 
 recently granted a Charter to the Apothecaries to 
 become a Company, for the sake of avoiding the 
 abuse of unskilful persons, he understands that they 
 refuse to enrol the Charter. Orders their immediate 
 conformity, and the establishment of the Company 
 "in the free practice of Government." 
 
 161 7, Dec. — Requests to be made by the Recorder of 
 London to the King, on behalf of the Grocers' 
 Company, and of those Apothecaries who still re- 
 main with them, that he would reunite the companies 
 by a new Charter, with authority to reform abuses, 
 or at least would not compel all Apothecaries to 
 separate from the Grocers, and join the new Com- 
 pany. That [in asking this they were not actuated] 
 by the inconvenience of the new Charter so much 
 as the disabling of an ancient Corporation, giving 
 foreign Apothecaries the same licence as English, and 
 begetting confusion in other companies. 
 
 1612. — Craig. Dr., Physician to the King. 
 
 1613, Nov. 18. — Allen. Abraham, grant to, of the office of 
 
 Surgeon to the King, in place of John Nasmyth, 
 
 deceased. 
 
 1615, Jan. — Primrose. Duncan, grant to, of the office of one 
 of the King's Physicians for life.
 
 [46 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 1616, Dec. 14. — Primrose. Duncan, grant to, of the office of 
 Chief Surgeon to the King for Hfe. 
 
 1 61 6, Sept. 28. — Hay. Archibald, grant to, of the office of 
 
 Surgeon to the King for life. 
 
 Dr. James Chambers. 
 
 161 7, March 14. — Chambers. James, warrant to pay, one of 
 
 the King's Physicians, ;£"2 5o as a free gift. 
 
 1 6 19, July 9. — Chambers. James, grant of the office of Physi- 
 cian in ordinary for life. 
 
 1 6 19, Dec. — Chambers. Dr., Physician to the King. 
 
 1624, Oct. 4. — Chambers. Dr. James, and J. W. Rumler, the 
 King's Apothecary, were at an Inn near Kenilworth 
 Castle, and being angry because they found no pro- 
 visions they pretended to burn the sign, when one, 
 Toucher, said they might travel three days in Scotland 
 and find no food nor lodging. 
 
 161 7. — Silvester. Michael, page to the Queen, is a suitor to the 
 King for ^30, moiety of a debt for ^^{^60 due by Dr. 
 Thos. Bonham, for practising physic for a year with- 
 out licence from the College of Physicians. 
 
 The Apothecaries' Company. 
 
 1 6 18, April 26. — Proclamation commanding all Apothecaries 
 to compound their medicines after the directions of 
 the Pharmacopoeia Londoniensis, lately compiled by 
 the College of Physicians of London. 
 
 1620, August 4. — Proclamation confirming former orders that 
 no medicines be compounded within seven miles of 
 London except by the Company of Apothecaries in
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 147 
 
 London, and according to the Pharmacopoeia Lon- 
 doniensis ; also that the recent order in Chancery, 
 settling the differences between the Grocers and 
 Apothecaries, be observed. 
 1621, Feb. — Petition setting forth that the Charter to the 
 Apothecaries was injurious to the Grocers and to 
 the Vendors of distilled waters, and praying for an 
 alteration. The late Lord Chancellor Ellesmere 
 refused to seal the patents as long as he lived, but 
 it was done by the present Lord Chancellor. 
 
 1623, April 9. — Petition of the Master and Wardens of the 
 
 Apothecaries, for the King's letter of recognition, that 
 Gideon Delaune [? Launey] assistant of the Company, 
 who is likely to be elected Master, may be made free 
 of the city, in order to avoid any difference that may 
 arise from his want of this privilege. 
 
 1624, April 19. — Act of Incorporation of the Apothecaries of 
 
 London, " for avoiding of deceipts and abuses in 
 making and compounding of phisicall receipts and 
 medicines, and for the suppressing of empiricks and 
 unskilful practizers and professeurs of the art or mis- 
 terie of Apothecaries, in and about the city of 
 London." 
 1624, May 25. — The King explained to the Lord Mayor and 
 Aldermen of London that he passed the patent to the 
 Apothecary Company from his own judgment, for the 
 health of his people, knowing that Grocers are not 
 competent judges of the practice of medicine. He 
 intends to make good his well-founded act, and his 
 intentions are to be made known to the Speaker, that 
 his Majesty may preserve his proper right to take 
 care for the good of his people. — Secretary Conway to 
 Solicitor-General Heath. 
 
 M
 
 148 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 1624, May 28.— An address of the Commons to the King, pre- 
 senting the grievances of which they request redress ; 
 the third was the incorporation of the Apothecaries of 
 London as separated from the Grocers. 
 
 The King in his reply, dated May 29, says, "he 
 intends to maintain the Apothecaries' Company 
 separate from the Grocers, who have no skill in their 
 wares, and he complains of the rashness of the 
 Commons in attacking patents without due exami- 
 nation. 
 
 1624, June 2.— The King declares that the erection of the 
 Apothecaries into a Company is a general good. 
 
 1624, July 2.— Warrant to the Company of Apothecaries to pro- 
 ceed in the due execution of their Charter, separating 
 them from the Grocers' Company, notwithstanding 
 proceedings in the House of Commons. 
 
 College of Physicians. 
 [College of Physicians, Incorporated 15 18.] 
 
 1621, Dec. — The University of Oxford requested that the 
 
 Doctors of Physic should not be prejudiced by any- 
 thing in the Statutes of the College of Physicians in 
 London. 
 
 1622, July 2.— Note of the desire of the College of Physicians 
 
 for power to punish offenders against their statutes, 
 through defect of which many complaints are made. 
 
 Letter to the Lord Mayor of London to aid the 
 College of Physicians to reform and suppress un- 
 learned practitioners in the city, and within seven 
 miles of it. 
 
 Letter also to the President and Censors of the 
 
 n
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 149 
 
 College of Physicians, authorising them to appoint 
 regular practitioners. 
 
 1625, March. — Petition of the College of Physicians to the 
 King. Some of the nobility of the Kingdom having 
 proffered large contributions towards establishing a 
 garden for trees, plants, and fruits, etc., pray that his 
 Majesty will further the undertaking, and permit 
 them to make choice of a fitting site for the said 
 garden. 
 
 1627, July 23. — A complaint brought to the Council against 
 the farmers of the alum works, on account of the 
 loathsome vapour from these works, to the great 
 annoyance of the inhabitants within a mile compass, 
 tainting the pastures, and poisoning the very fish 
 in the Thames river. Referred to the College of 
 Physicians. 
 
 CHARLES I. 
 
 The Barber-Surgeons. 
 
 1627, March 3. — Petition of the Masters or Governors of the 
 Mystery and Commonalty of Barber Surgeons of 
 London to the King. Under Charters of previous 
 Kings they have attained to as good knowledge of 
 their art as any nation whatsoever, and also bred 
 up many able young men ; but care should be 
 taken to suppress the impostors, " alients," and 
 unskilful persons, who daily lurk about the city of 
 London. Pray for renewal of their Charter, with 
 power to suppress unskilful practisers in the art of 
 Surgery.
 
 I50 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 'o- 
 
 Under-written a minute of the King's granting the 
 prayer of the petition, with a reference thereon to the 
 Attorney-General. 
 
 1629, Aug. 8. — The differences between the Physicians, Apothe- 
 caries, and Barber Surgeons are agreed, and a new 
 Charter to be granted to the Barbers and Surgeons 
 containing fourteen new regulatious. Tliese differ- 
 ences were settled by Lord Keeper Coventry. 
 
 16.^2, Dec. 8.— The King, to the Masters, Wardens, and 
 Assistants of the Company of Barbers and Surgeons, 
 to elect a learned Doctor of Medicine to read a 
 lecture on Surgery, every Tuesday, as formerly hath 
 been done by Dr. Gwynn, 
 
 JAMES I. 
 
 16 1 8, July. — Frederick. Mr., the King's Surgeon. 
 
 1619, Dec. 30. — Proclamation forbidding the planting of 
 
 Tobacco in England and Wales, being most unwhole- 
 some to that imported, and as causing the use of it to 
 spread into the country parts of the Kingdom. 
 
 A certificate of the College of Physicians showing 
 that Tobacco grown here is unwholesome. 
 
 1620, May. — Biggs. Thomas, Surgeon, petitions the Council. 
 
 His profession not affording him maintenance because 
 of late times it is so much practised in the country by 
 ladies and other gentlewomen, he planted an acre of 
 tobacco, in ignorance of the late proclamation, and 
 finding himself liable to damage, has come up from 
 Nottinghamshire to sue for pardon. 
 1620, July 20. — Macalo. John, grant to, Physician to the 
 King, of a pension of ;^ioo per annum.
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 151 
 
 1 62 1 — Bayley. Dr., Cheadle. Dr., two medical men men- 
 tioned. 
 
 1622, March 20. — A warrant from the Earl of Oxford addressed 
 
 to Captain John Pennington, to press Thomas Tom- 
 linson, surgeon, to serve in the ship Victory^ then at 
 Plymouth, and to go on board at once. 
 
 1623, June 16. — Testimony of Dr. Moundefore, President of 
 
 the College of Physicians, London, Dr. Henry Atkins, 
 and others, confirming the testimony of the Cambridge 
 University in favour of Dr. Wilson's abilities as a 
 Physician, 
 
 CHARLES L 
 
 1625.— Harris, M.D., Mr. W. 
 
 1625. — Medical Report on the sickness of some Nobleman, and 
 the course of treatment adopted. Signed by Doctors 
 Michael Malescotius, Henry Blackwood, and John 
 Durel. 
 
 1625, August 31. — Andrews. Michael, grant to one of His 
 Majesty's Surgeons in Ordinary, and to Mary, his wife, 
 and the survivor, of a pension of ^150 per annum. 
 
 Impressing for the King's Service. 
 
 1625, September 4. — Certificate of the Mayor and Justices of 
 
 New Sarum, that William Goodridge pressed to 
 serve as a Chirurgeon in the x\rmy at Plymouth, has 
 borne the office of Mayor, and is now an Alderman 
 of that city. He is about the age of three score ; is 
 subject to gout and stone ; and has not sufficient skill 
 for his Majesty's Service. 
 
 1626, July. — Petition of the Surgeons pressed into the Fleet, 
 
 that if there are to be no Physicians or Apothecaries,
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 they may have an allowance to provide " physic and 
 surgery." 
 
 1626, August. — The Surgeons beg that every Surgeon may 
 
 spend the money allowed for himself in his own 
 way, namely, ^10 for physic, and ^7 10^. imprest 
 money. Mr. Wooddall had bought such medicines 
 as were only suited to his own practice. 
 
 1627, April 20. — Petition of the Mayor and Commonalty of 
 
 Plymouth. The sick, hurt, and infected people in 
 their hospitals and elsewhere, suffer much for want of 
 Surgeons, of whom the Cadiz Expedition, and the 
 late mortality, have left the town destitute. The fear 
 of being pressed debars able persons of that kind 
 from living among them. Pray that Frederick 
 Christian, and John Davies may be freed from being 
 pressed, so long as they shall be employed for the 
 ^ town and hospital. 
 1627, Oct. 16. — Wishes honest Dr. Moore had been with them 
 at St, Martin's, Isle of Rhe, where the Duke of Buck- 
 ingham had an army for the relief of the place, 
 instead of his Scots doctor, who put the whole army 
 in alarm every other night. 
 
 1627, Nov. 2 2.-^The Master of the Company of Surgeons of 
 
 London, has imprested six of the Company to go 
 down to Portsmouth. Some of them are to go to 
 Portsmouth, and some to Plymouth, to attend the 
 wounded men from the expedition to Rhe. 
 
 1628, April 26. — Petition of Abigail, widow of Walter Priest, 
 
 to George, Duke of Buckingham. Deceased was 
 employed during the expedition to the Isle of Rhe, 
 as Surgeon to the Duke. Died since his return, 
 leaving the petitioner with two small children with 
 slender means. Wants to receive the money due for
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 153 
 
 her husband's services. Endorsed with an order for 
 the payment. 
 
 1628, April. — The King orders the Barber-Surgeons to impress 
 a certain number of Surgeons to be employed in the 
 Fleet. 
 
 1628, June 25. — The Surgeons of the ships haunt the taverns 
 every day, and are making extravagant demands. 
 
 1636, March 16. — Officers of the Navy to the Council. 
 Surgeons being presently to be appointed for the 
 ships employed in the present service, and John 
 Woodall was paid ^2^50 and impressed, but now 
 being a prisoner in the Fleet, ask for his release, 
 or they must take some other order for the service. 
 
 1636, March 23. — The Officers had given order to the Master 
 and Wardens of Barber-Surgeons Hall, to press 
 Surgeons for the ships of the first fleet, to appear 
 before the officers of the Navy, at the Meeting 
 House in Mincing Lane, on Friday, April i, for the 
 Vice-Admiral and Rear-Admiral to be satisfied of 
 their sufficiency. Council ordered that ^10 should 
 be given to purchase physical drugs for every of 
 the King's ships ; ^5 for every Merchant ship ; ^3 
 for every Newcastle ship, to be paid into the hands 
 of the Company of Barber-Surgeons, who were to see 
 the same carefully bestowed. — Whitehall. 
 
 John Wolfgang Rumler. 
 
 1624. — Rumler. J. Wolfe, Apothecary: name mentioned. 
 
 1625, Oct 8. — Rumler. John Wolfgang, one of the Apothe- 
 caries in ordinary, grant for life of the office of 
 Apothecary to the household, with the fee of ^£"40 
 per annum, and bouge of Court.
 
 154 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 Grant to him for life of the office of compounding 
 and serving all sweet waters, powders, and other 
 odoriferous things, for the service of the King and 
 Queen, with the fee of twenty marks per annum. 
 
 1627, March 21. — Rumler. John W., the Apothecary in 
 ordinary attendance upon the Queen, to have his 
 diet, as formerly, or an allowance of 6^. 2>d per day 
 in lieu thereof 
 
 1627, Nov. 6. — Grant to John W. Rumler, for life, of the office 
 of Apothecary in ordinary to his Majesty, with the 
 fee of £j\o per annum, as the same was granted to 
 Jolliffe Lounes, deceased. 
 
 Also a warrant to the Treasurer of the Chamber to 
 pay him for physical and odoriferous drugs for the 
 use of his Majesty's person. 
 
 1634. — The King to the Lord Treasurer. John Wolfgang 
 Rumler, one of the Apothecaries in ordinary, and 
 appointed to deliver all physical and odoriferous 
 parcels for the household, being about to relinquish 
 his former place, and to be joined with George 
 Sheires in the execution of his place for the House- 
 hold, the King continues to him the benefits of his 
 former patents, the execution of the place only 
 excepted which he had bestowed upon Jolliffe 
 Lounes. The Lord Treasurer is therefore to suffer 
 his bills by the King, already signed, to pass the 
 Seals without further hindrance. 
 
 1626, April 4. — Walker. William, surgeon, warrant to pay 
 ^£50, as the King's gift to him for embalming the 
 body of King James.
 
 MEDIC I XE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 155 
 
 1626, August 13. — Wolfe. Mr., grant to, the sole execution of 
 the office of Apothecary to the Queen's household 
 with the same allowance as Mr. Sheires, Apothecary 
 to the King. 
 
 626, Nov. 8. — Collins. Dr. John, grant to, of the office of 
 Physic Professor in the University of Cambridge for 
 life, with the fee of ^40 per annum, in the place of 
 John Gostlin, deceased. 
 
 1627, April 7. — "WTiyte. John, had given poison contrary to 
 law ; and Anthony Browne employed by the College 
 of Physicians to apprehend him was refused assist- 
 ance by John Fletcher, a constable. 
 
 1627, June 2. — x\tkins. Henry, and Chambers, Thomas, 
 
 certify that Sir Edmund Hampden, prisoner in the 
 Gate-house, was dangerously sick, and required fresh 
 air, and the help and counsel of the best Physicians. 
 
 Dr. James Chambers. 
 
 1628, May 5. — Chambers. James, petition of one of the 
 
 Physicians in ordinar)^ to the King. The late King 
 [James I.] granted the Petitioner and John Brooke 
 for their lives the office of Receiver of Fines and 
 Forfeitures due on penal laws, on certain terms, but 
 in*seven years made little profit. Prays for a new 
 grant on other terms, which is ordered by the King. 
 1630, August 15. — Chambers. Dr. James, to Secretary 
 Dorchester, acquainting him with the arrangements
 
 156 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 existing in the Nursery of the young Prince, [after- 
 wards Charles IL] on one of his Nurses being seized 
 with ague and threatened jaundice. The Prince 
 thrives well. He has neither sucked, nor wakened 
 but once all that night, and is yet asleep. His favor 
 and complexion amend daily. Agues rather sharp 
 and frequent. The Lady Governess has had two 
 smart fits. She has rested well all last night, and is 
 now in good temper. He attends Dr. Mayerne's 
 coming (who was married yesterday,) to consult for 
 her relief. 
 1633, Feb. — Chambers. Dr., one of the King's Physicians. 
 
 1628, May 6. — Leighton. Mr. Alexander, Dr. of Medicine, 
 at his house on the top of Puddle hill, beside the 
 Blackfriars Gate, near the King's Wardrobe. — Super- 
 scription on a letter written by his son, Robert, then 
 a boy at Edinburgh High School, afterwards Arch- 
 bishop Leighton. 
 
 1629, June 25. — Quincey. John, surgeon, London. 
 
 1629, June 30. — Andre. Michael, warrant to pay, one of the 
 King's surgeons, all monies paid in by his procure- 
 ment on account of a subsidy granted to King James 
 in the seventh year of his reign until they should 
 amount to ^1000, which was the sum granted him 
 by the late King. 
 
 1629, Dec. 4. — Dixon. John, Chirurgeon General. 
 
 '4
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 
 
 157 
 
 Sir Theodore de Mayerne. 
 
 [This celebrated Physician was born at Geneva, September 
 28, 1573; he obtained his M.D. degree at MontpelHer. 
 1597 ; and became Physician to Henry IV. of France 
 about 1600.1 
 
 
 1 61 1, June 17. — Grant to Dr. Theodore de Mayerne, late 
 Physician to the French King, of the place of 
 Physician in Ordinary to the King and Queen, fee 
 ;^4oo a year, and annuity of jQ20o to Marguerite 
 Elburgh de Boetzler, his wife. 
 
 1623, July 17. — Mayerne. Dr., prescribed asses' milk for Sir 
 
 Dudley Carleton. 
 
 1624, July 19. — Mayerne. Dr. Theodore de, grant to, King's 
 
 Chief Physician, leave of absence from his person, 
 and exemption from all taxation to subsidies. 
 
 1624, July 24. — Mayerne. The King's Physician, knighted. 
 
 1625, July 8. — Mayerne. Sir T., made keeper of the Home 
 
 Park.
 
 158 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 1625, Nov. 21. — Mayerne. Sir T. de, Order to pay, Chief 
 
 Physician to the King, ^100 on the ist January, for 
 his New Year's gift. 
 
 1626, Jan. 4. — Mayerne. Sir T., renewed grant of the office of 
 
 Chief Physician in ordinary to the King with Hcence 
 to continue his place of Counsellor and Physician to 
 the French King, and a dispensation of his personal 
 attendance except upon command. 
 
 1629, Dec. 21. — Conway. Lord President, one of Dr. May- 
 
 erne's patients. 
 
 1630, March 31. — Poincteau. Jean, petition of Petitioner is 
 
 a son of the celebrated jurisconsult John Poincteau, 
 who was a native of St. Andrews, in Scotland, but died 
 in France. Being desirous to see the place of his 
 forefathers he prays permission to pass and repass to 
 the same, and to show and distribute to the public 
 certain remedies of his invention. 
 
 Referred to Mons. De Mayerne, the King's 
 principal Physician. 
 
 1630, April I. — Mayerne. Sir T., reported that the Petitioner 
 having been by profession a Mountebank, both in 
 France and England, was last year sent from Hampton 
 Court to the College of Physicians of London, by 
 whom his remedies were rejected. His petition 
 should be refused, or if he persists in asserting the 
 excellence of his Medicines he should prepare them 
 in the presence of persons skilled in the art. 
 
 1630, April 5. — Poincteau. Jean, petition from, sets forth that 
 his Medicines had been examined by the College of 
 Physicians, who had given him permission to sell his 
 antidote against all poison, and his balm for recent 
 wounds, which since October he had disposed of 
 with great success in London, Oxford, and Norwich.
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 159 
 
 Prays for a pass to Scotland, with permission to sell 
 his medicines for two months in every town going 
 and coming. 
 
 Petition referred again to the College of Physicians ; 
 and the College reported that they had examined his 
 antidote and balm, and should no way hinder him 
 from obtaining his Majesty's favour. 
 
 Further reference to Sir T. Mayerne and Dr. 
 Lester, the King's Physicians. 
 
 1630, April i6. — Royal Hcence to Jean Poincteau to visit the 
 place of his father's birth in Scotland, and to sell and 
 distribute his medicines on the journey. 
 
 1630, April 23. — Mayerne. Sir Theodore, and Lister. Dr. 
 Matthew, to the King. They have examined and 
 tested the antidote and balm of Jean Poincteau, and 
 think them likely to be useful. The antidote was 
 tried successfully on two persons, one bitten by a 
 viper, the other poisoned by sublimate of mercury. 
 
 1630, April 30. — Colin, Earl of Seaforth, was in a continual 
 course of physic, under Dr. Mayerne. 
 
 1630, Oct. 26. — Lord President Conway moves for leave to put 
 
 himself into the hands of Dr. Mayerne to finish the 
 course of medicine he was taking. 
 
 1 63 1, Jan. 17. — Margaret, Lady Savile, writing to Secretary 
 
 Dorchester, " wishes him to make use of some other 
 physician than Dr. Mayerne." Sir Henry Neville 
 and the writer's nephew, Levingstone, assured them- 
 selves that his physic shortened their days. 
 1 63 1, March, 30. — A report in French, presented by the King's 
 direction to the Council, signed by Sir T. Mayerne, 
 David Bethune, and Matthew Lester, the King's 
 Physicians in ordinary. They give advice upon a 
 variety of points of sanitary regulation, and
 
 i6o A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 especially recommending the institution of a Cham- 
 ber or Office of Health, and the erection of four or 
 five hospitals, or pest houses, one distinguished 
 beyond the rest, to be established at Chelsea, near 
 the College of Controversy, or towards Padding- 
 ton, by the side of the stream which runs in that 
 district. 
 
 1 63 1, April 30. — Secretary Dorchester was in the hands of 
 Dr. Mayerne. 
 
 1633, May 14. — Mayerne. Sir Theodore, to Secretary Winde- 
 bank. The Attorney General has sent the writer a 
 patent prepared in favour of his wife, by the King's 
 order, signified by Secretary Coke ; begs Windebank 
 to procure the King's signature before he puts his 
 foot in the stirrup for Scotland. 
 
 1633, Nov. 9. — On a note, in the handwriting of Nicholas, 
 relating to business to be transacted by the Lords of 
 the Admiralty, these words : — " Sir T. Mayerne's 
 patent for oysters against the jurisdiction of the 
 Admiralty." 
 
 1633, Nov. 16. — The question again before the Admiralty, when 
 it was noted that they could not get a copy of Mr. 
 Murray's patent. 
 
 1635, Oct.— Mayerne. Sir T., lived in St. Martin's-in-the 
 Fields. 
 
 1635, Nov. — Lady Mayerne received ^£'50. 
 
 1636, March 24. — Mayerne. Sir T., and Cadman. Dr., re- 
 
 ceived a grant of privilege for fourteen years for sole 
 exercise of a new way of distilling strong waters, and 
 making vinegars, viz., out of cider, perry, and buck, 
 whereof they are the inventors, representing rent of 
 ;£io to his Majesty. 
 1636, April. — Mayerne. Sir T., name appears on a list of
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. i6i 
 
 those in default for Ship Money. Afterwards paid 
 
 1638, September 30. — Petition of the Society of Apothecaries 
 of London to the Council. Petitioners crave assist- 
 ance to regain their right infringed upon by a late 
 Charter of Incorporation of the Distillers. 
 
 1638, September 30. — Sir Theodore Mayerne, First Physician 
 
 to the King and Queen, Sir William Brouncker, one 
 of the gentlemen of the Privy Chamber, and Thomas 
 Cadyman, Physician to the Queen. Answer of the 
 above to the Petition of the Apothecaries : That 
 the Charter granted to the Apothecaries was limited 
 to the preparations in the Pharmacopoeia Londoni- 
 ensis, and such others as physicians should prescribe ; 
 but that the trade of the Distillers existed long before 
 the grant of the Charter to the Apothecaries, and 
 that the Charters granted to Sir Theodore Mayerne 
 and others were for new inventions. The Lords are 
 called upon to admonish the Apothecaries to content 
 themselves with their proper trades, to speak with 
 reverence of the Lords, to acknowledge their teachers 
 and superiors the Physicians after a more respective 
 manner, to think of nothing more than to furnish 
 their shops well, and to use diligence about their 
 patients. 
 
 1639, Feb. 4. — Petition of the Lord Mayor of London to the 
 
 king : objecting to enrol the Charter of Distillers, and 
 to give them and their apprentices admittance into 
 the freedom of the city. They found that most of 
 the members w^ere members of several Companies 
 also. They also find that the Vintners, with the 
 Wine-merchants, Barber Surgeons, and Apothecaries 
 who were empowered to distil "hote" waters, and
 
 1 62 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 make vinegar, would be deprived of that liberty by 
 the Company. 
 
 Endorsed to the effect that his Majesty is not 
 satisfied with the reasons given, and if the Lord 
 Mayor cannot furnish better reasons he is forthwith to 
 cause the said charter to be enrolled. 
 
 1636, June 24. — Pass for Jaques de Mayerne, son of Sir 
 Theodore Mayerne, Isaac Chouart, and Daniel Tres- 
 well, to go to Sir Theodore's house near Geneva, and 
 to take with them two servants. 
 
 1636, June 25. — Mayerne. Sir T,, writing to secretary Nicholas 
 from Twickenham Park, complains that the passports 
 to quit England have lately been very much 
 enhanced in price. . . . Mr. Willis required 50^., 
 besides a fee to himself, and a further sum for the 
 seal, and some gratuities for the porter and others. 
 Having never paid more than 20^. before, and io^\ 
 for the seal, sends his passport back until he under- 
 stands that an increased rate of charges has been 
 ordered by the Council. 
 
 1638, March 20. — Mayerne. Petition of Sir, as physician to 
 both their Majesties, Sir William Brouncker, and Dr. 
 Cadman, physician to the Queen, together with the 
 distillers of spirits, aqua vt'tcB, strong waters, vinegar, 
 and " beer egar " makers, within London and West- 
 minster, and twenty-one miles round. Divers peti- 
 tions have been presented by distillers for obtaining 
 several incorporations, and upon several references 
 their differences have been fully debated. Now with 
 unanimous consent they all jointly petition for one 
 incorporation, with certain powers, which are here 
 briefly stated. Pray direction to the Attorney 
 General to prepare a bill accordingly. Endorsed : 
 Reference to the Attorney General as prayed.
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 163 
 
 1638, May T2. — Lady Margaret Fleming named as a patient 
 of Sir Theodore Mayerne. 
 
 1638, June 22. — Mayerne. Sir Theodore, to the Count d' 
 Amont [Lord Livingstone of Almond]. A long 
 letter of medical advice. Lord Livingstone must not 
 believe that the remedies he is using have been 
 useless, although he has not yet experienced any 
 benefit arising from them. Recommends him to use 
 " Spa-waters," and especially to go to the waters of 
 Knaresborough, which are sharp, vitriolic, and 
 ferruginous, if in his own country there are no 
 similar waters. Wishes him to drink these waters in 
 increasing quantities, beginning with four glasses, or 
 40 ozs., by the day, and augmenting the amount day 
 by day until he is able to take ten glasses, or 100 
 ozs., which would be enough to do him good, although 
 some people run on to 120 ozs. or 150 ozs. 
 
 1638, August 16. — James, Lord Livingstone of Almond, at 
 Harrogate, sends word to Dr. Mayerne that he had 
 remained a fortnight at these waters with little good. 
 
 1638, August. — Grant of incorporation to Sir Theodore de 
 Mayerne, Sir William Brouncker, Dr. Cadman, and 
 others, for distilling strong water, and making vinegar 
 in London and within twenty-one miles thereof, by 
 the name of the Master, Wardens, Assistants, and 
 Commonalty of Distillers of London, with various 
 customary powers. No others to practise this trade 
 unless they have served seven years apprenticeship. 
 They are to have the right of searching the premises 
 of all who sell these wares, and to examine the 
 materials for making them, and the measures, and to 
 destroy unwholesome waters and vinegars. To have 
 the right of search over all brewers for such low
 
 1 64 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 wines as they distil, and their materials, and finding 
 them musty or unwholesome are to destroy them, 
 but the Brewers are not to be impeached in distilling 
 their worts and drugs into low wines. 
 1639. — The Company of Distillers complain to the king that 
 the Lord Mayor has not yet enrolled them a free 
 corporation, and asking that it should be done 
 without further delay. Showing that the Barber- 
 Surgeons and Apothecaries were ordered by the 
 lords to practise distillation so far as their own deeds 
 were concerned, and no further. 
 [Sir Theodore de Mayerne died at Chelsea, March 15, 1655.] 
 
 Robert Herring. 
 
 1630, July 30.' — Herring. Robert, Barber Surgeon, Petition to 
 the King. Has served the late and present King for 
 ten years, in Denmark, the Palatinate,' and at Cadiz. 
 During his absence one, John Stanford, being killed 
 the Coroner's Quest found one, Robert Herring, a 
 person unknown to the petitioner, guilty, who was 
 thereupon indicted and outlawed. The petitioner 
 fearing to commit himself into the power of law, 
 prays for a reference to the Attorney General, to 
 prepare a pardon. Reference made accordingly to 
 the Attorney General to enquire all particulars. 
 
 1630, July 30. — Report of Attorney General Heath to the 
 King. That though the petitioner cannot give full 
 satisfaction in the negative that Herring might not 
 have killed the party mentioned in the interim, 
 between some of his employments ; but whoever 
 did it, it was divers years since. Petitioner has 
 been at Cadiz, Rhe, and Rochelle. He had been
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 165 
 
 long employed in the King's service, and was not 
 prosecuted by any. 
 
 Endorsed : The Attorney General ordered to pre- 
 pare a pardon. 
 
 1630, Nov. 25. — Bethune. Dr. David, one of the King's 
 Physicians, warrant to pay;2{^4oo, without account. 
 
 1630. — Primrose. Dr. James, to the King. Many being con- 
 strained to go out of the kingdom to learn Physic, 
 offers, if the King will institute a lecture in West- 
 minster or London, to teach the same four times a 
 week without payment. 
 
 Touching for the King's Evil. 
 
 1 63 1, April 10. — John, Lord Poulett, sent a child, a little girl, 
 
 to the King to be touched for the King's Evil, and 
 she has come home safely, and mends every day in 
 health. 
 
 1632, Jan. 15. — Godre. Bois, a Frenchman, prisoner in the 
 
 King's Bench, takes upon him to cure the King's 
 Evil, and daily a great concourse of people flock to 
 him, although it is conceived that if such cures have 
 been it is rather by sorcery and incantation than 
 by any skill he has in physic. 
 
 Endorsed : The Lord Chief Justice of the King's 
 Bench is to call him for examination, to be indicted 
 for cosenage. 
 1632, June 7. — Sir Thomas Richardson, Lord Chief Justice 
 of the King's Bench, to the Council, thinks there is 
 not sufficient evidence to convict Bois Gaudre of
 
 1 66 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 cosenage or sorcery, but thinks he has committed a 
 contempt worth punishment, ill taking upon him to 
 cure the King's Evil. He has imprisoned him, of 
 which he complains bitterly. 
 
 Following this opinion is the evidence taken : 
 William Davies, porter of the Marshalsea : About 
 two years past James Philip Gaudre came to be a 
 prisoner in the Marshalsea, and about a year ago 
 took upon him to cure the King's Evil. Notice was 
 taken of his skill by reason of a little child whom the 
 said James Philip did cure. Has seen him spit upon 
 his hand, and rub the sores therewith, crossing it 
 with his hand, and afterwards hanging a little piece 
 of paper about the necks of the patients. Has known 
 seven score come to him in one day to be cured, and 
 many have told defendant they found ease by him. 
 Before he took upon him to cure that disease he 
 was very poor, and lived upon the alms of the basket ; 
 but since, he has been seen to have good store of 
 money. A smith from St. Giles's in the Fields paid 
 him 25^. for a glass of water. Informant has often 
 seen him refuse to drink in the morning, and he said 
 if he drank or ate in the morning he could do no 
 good in touching and curing that disease. Given 
 January 28. 
 1632, June 7. — Examination of James Philip Gaudre, Knight 
 of St. Lazare, in France. Is a Frenchman, and has 
 been in England for seven years, chiefly at Sir 
 Thomas Wolseley's house, whose daughter he married, 
 until two years past he was arrested for debt. By 
 his experience in Surgery has recovered many poor 
 persons of the King's Evil, some before his Majesty 
 touched them, and some after, in healing up their 
 
 fli
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 167 
 
 sores. Never made any benefit by his skill, other 
 than sometimes those whom he had done good to 
 would give him a Capon, or small sums paid by 
 him for herbs, and other things. He gives inward 
 medicines, which causes the sick person to purge and 
 sweat, and also applies poultices and plaisters to the 
 sore. Used his skill often in France, and cured 
 many. Did not cure any in England until Mid- 
 summer last, when a poor man, who had but one 
 son, who was sick of that disease, made moan to 
 him, and he cured him. Thinks that by reason he 
 is the youngest of seven sons, he performs that cure 
 with better success than others, except the King, 
 Has cured well-nigh two hundred since December 
 last. The Surgeons hereabout are very ignorant of 
 that malady. Denies that he ever spat on his fingers, 
 and crossed the sore. The words on a paper, which, 
 for no reason, he hangs about their necks are, '' In 
 nomine Jesu Christi, ipse sanctur." Has no skill 
 in sorcery, witchcraft, or enchantment, nor ever used 
 any such thing. Has spent some time in the study 
 of philosophy, and physic, and of mathematics, to 
 understand fortifications. 
 1662, July 4. — Proclamation [Charles H.] appointing the 
 times for touching for the King's Evil to be from 
 Allhallowtide to a week before Christmas, and the 
 month before Easter, and ordering all who come to 
 bring certificates from the Vicar and Churchwardens 
 where they dwell that they have not been touched 
 before for that disease. 
 
 Regulations for touching for the King's Evil : That 
 the Serjeant Surgeon in waiting give tickets onlv 
 to the apparent cases, those doubtful to be further
 
 i68 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 examined ; the people to be taken as they come, 
 except at general healings, when those that come far 
 are to be first taken ; tickets only to be given to those 
 that have the Evil, and to none in Whitehall, and no 
 fee to be demanded of the Surgeon. 
 
 Lewis le Myre. 
 
 1 63 1, March 25. — Grant to Lewis le Mire of the office of 
 
 Apothecary to the Prince, with the fee of ^40 per 
 annum, surrendered by John Wolfgang Rumler, 
 Apothecary to the late Queen Anne. 
 
 1632, June I. — Myre. Lewis le, petition of Apothecary in 
 
 Ordinary to his Majesty and to the Prince and 
 Princess, to the King. Served the King's father 
 and mother for many years, in which time he served 
 in divers provisions for their services, and "all the 
 accompliments for the embalmation of both their 
 Majesty's bodies," being the greater part of his estate, 
 all of which he is unpaid, and, thereby, much in debt. 
 He has also supplied for the households of the Prince 
 and Princess, many of whom have been sick, " many 
 medicaments, perfumes, sweet odours, and odoriferous 
 waters." Prays special warrant for payment. 
 
 Ordered to be paid : the Lord Treasurer was 
 to advise how it could be conveniently paid. 
 
 Another petition of same date from Lewis le 
 Myre, saying that he was sworn his Majesty's 
 Apothecary in Ordinary, at the King's coming to 
 the Crown, and asks for diet in kind according to 
 his patent. 
 
 1633, March 3. — Myre. Lewis le, petition of, Apothecary in 
 
 Ordinary to the King of France and the Princesses, to 
 the King. Sets forth that various sums are due to
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 169 
 
 him for provisions, for embalming the body of the 
 King's mother, for necessaries suppUed to the house- 
 hold of the Prince and Princess, for his diet unpaid, 
 and his annuity of ^40 four years behind. Prays 
 reference to the Lord Treasurer, Lord Chamberlain, 
 Lord Cottington, and Sir Henry Vane, or any of them. 
 
 Reference ordered to the Lord Treasurer and Lord 
 Cottington. 
 1633, Nov. 30. — Myre. Lewis le. Apothecary in Ordinary to 
 the King and Royal children. Petition to the King. 
 Notwithstanding the King's directions so often 
 reiterated for petitioner's satisfaction for embalming 
 the King's mother, and the arrears of his diet, and 
 for attendance on the Royal children, yet he has 
 not nor can receive one penny, to his utter undoing. 
 Prays that he may be satisfied. 
 
 Reference to take order for its settlement. 
 
 1632, Dec. 6. — Charles I. has had the small-pox, and is in a 
 fair way of recovery. 
 
 1633, March 5. — Lister. Matthew, the King's Physician, 
 certified that Sir William Ashton was unable to eat 
 fish, and so Archbishop Abbot granted him a licence, 
 with his wife Anne, and any five other persons' whom 
 he might invite to his table, to eat meat on prohibited 
 days. 
 
 1633, May 14. — Nicholas. Dr. Matthew, Chaplain to the King, 
 writes a letter to his brother, Edward Nicholas, in 
 which he relates minutely the circumstances of an 
 accident to his cousin Ned, the son of Edward, while 
 at school. In some boys' sport Ned had been dragged
 
 lyo A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 down backwards by a school-fellow, who, rolling above 
 him, broke his arm. Describes the care taken by 
 the Schoolmaster, Pinkney [of West Dean] and by 
 B urges, the bone setter, " a plain countryman, ^vhose 
 only skill is much experience." 
 
 1633, Oct. 2. — Hickes. Thomas, Bill for medicine suppHed to 
 Edward Nicholas. Following are extracts : a dose 
 of purging pills, 2s. 6d. ; a purge for your son, 35. ; 
 a purge for your Worship, 3^. 6d. ; a glass of chaly- 
 beate wine, 4^. ; total amount, ^2 12^. 6d. 
 
 [A pill at this time was about the size of a walnut.] 
 
 1635, Jan. 10.^ — Hickes. Thomas, Apothecary, Bill for medi- 
 cine for Nicholas and his wife. Among the items is, 
 ''ingredients for China broth, 5^." 
 
 1635, July 25. — Hickes. Thomas, Apothecary, Bill for medi- 
 
 cines supplied to Nicholas and his wife. Among the 
 items are : a dose of pills for night for Mrs. Nicholas, 
 IS. ; a purge potion, 3^. 6d. ; an emplaster for the 
 neck, i^. 6d. ; a purge for your Worship, 35-. 6d. ; a 
 preparative apozeme, 2s. 6d. ; a powder to fume the 
 bed clothes, 4s. Total, ^2 2s. 6d. ; receipted. 
 1633, May 23. — Thomas, Earl of Arundel and Surrey, to Sir 
 Henry Vane, Comptroller of the household. The 
 Lord Treasurer has that night been in a continual fit 
 of the stone, with some aguish distemper which Dr. 
 Hervye [? Harvey] conceives to be only an accident of 
 the fit of the stone, and so does the writer, out of 
 what he has often felt. 
 
 1636, Jan. 27. — Andrewes. Michael, his Majesty's Surgeon, 
 
 got a grant of a forfeited bond for ^200, which 
 became forfeited to the crown because a man to 
 whom the bond was given committed suicide.
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 171 
 
 An Office of Health for London. 
 1637, Aug.— The Royal College of Physicians to the Council. 
 Report on all such annoyances as they conceive 
 likely to increase the sickness in this populous city. 
 They were :— i. The increase of buildings by 
 which multitudes are drawn hither to inhabit. 2. 
 Inmates by whom houses are so pestered that they 
 become unwholesome. 3. Neglect of cleansing the 
 common sewers and town ditches, and permitting 
 standing ponds in inns. 4. The uncleanness of the 
 streets. 5. Laystalls so near the city, especially on 
 the north side. 6. Slaughter-houses. 7. Bur}ang 
 of infected persons in churches and churchyards in 
 the city. Overlaying the churches with burials so that 
 many times they take up bodies to make way for 
 more burials. 8. Carr>dng up funnels to the tops 
 of the houses from privies and vaults. 9. Selling 
 musty corn, and baking bread thereof, and brewers 
 using unsound malt. 10. Butchers selling unsound 
 cattle. II. Tainted fish. They suggest the forma- 
 tion of a Commission or Office of Health, which has 
 been found useful in Spain, Italy, and elsewhere. 
 
 The College Defied. 
 
 1637, Dec. I.— Affidavit of George Brome, beadle of the 
 College of Physicians, London, and Richard Boot- 
 well, merchant tailor of London. One Twigg, near 
 the Custom House, who takes upon him to admin- 
 ister physic, was by Brome required to come to the 
 College to answer before the President and Censors, 
 and Brome showed him a Council warrant to that
 
 1/2 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 effect, but he refused, and reviled Brome, and the 
 warrant, and the President, and the College. 
 
 1637, Dec. 28. — Grant of 2s. per day for keeping his Majesty's 
 
 garden doors at Whitehall to Henry Middleton, 
 during life. 
 
 Grant of the offices of distiller of sweet herbs and 
 waters, and the keeping of his Majesty's library to 
 the same, during life. 
 
 Grant of the office of Serjeant-at-Arms to the 
 same, with the fee of i2d. per diem, during life. 
 
 The Physicians and the Apothecaries. 
 
 1638, April II. — Answer of the President and College of 
 
 Physicians of London to a petition of the Apothe- 
 caries to the Council. The delays complained of in 
 the petition have arisen from the service of his 
 Majesty and the sickness. Since February 6, 1636, 
 the apothecaries have never stirred. To the few 
 grievances annexed to the petition the doctors 
 • answer : i. No Fellow of the College keeps an 
 Apothecary in his house, although by law they 
 might so do. 2. In forty years, not above eight 
 have been discommoned, and of these five were 
 brought for judgment before the Star Chamber, 
 whereby the Lords may discern whether the College 
 had not good cause so to do. 3. They never 
 searched, nor destroyed any drug, but as by Act 
 of Parliament is prescribed. 4. Anonymous names 
 are sometimes given to known things, else the 
 patient might suffer sometimes in his fame, and 
 sometimes for other causes. This grievance is
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 173 
 
 added, not that they can be grieved therewith, but 
 that they must show even before the Lords their 
 respect to the College to be none at all. 
 
 1638, June II. — Allott. Dr., St. John's College, Cambridge, 
 
 " a rare practiser both in physic and surgery." 
 
 Adrian Metcalfe. 
 
 1639, March 16. — Grant of the office of Apothecary in Ordi- 
 
 nary to his Majesty [Charles I.], with th'e fee of £^o 
 per annum, to Adrian Metcalfe, in reversion to John 
 Wolfgang Rumler, who now holds the same. 
 
 1639, Dec. 21. — Grant of the office of providing and serving 
 all perfumes and sweets for the use of the King and 
 Queen, to Adrian Metcalfe, for his life, in reversion 
 after George Sheires and John Wolfgang Rumler, 
 with the several fees of 20 marks apiece as they 
 now have. Also the office of Apothecary in Ordinary 
 to his Majesty's household granted to Francis Met- 
 calfe and Adrian IMetcalfe successively for their lives, 
 in reversion after George Sheires, with the like fees 
 and allowances as Sheires now enjoys. 
 
 1639, Dec. 21. — Warrant to the Treasurer of the Chamber 
 for payment of all bills for physical and odoriferous 
 perfumes, sweet waters, and the like, for his Majesty's 
 servants below stairs, to Adrian Metcalfe, his Ma- 
 jesty's Apothecary, to begin from Michaelmas last, 
 and to continue during pleasure, the said bills being 
 first subscribed by one of his Majesty's Physicians, 
 or the Principal Officers where those parcels were 
 delivered, which employment George Sheires, his 
 Majesty's Apothecary, lately had.
 
 174 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 1639, May 10. — George Viscount Chaworth, Sheriff of the 
 County of Nottingham, is in the Physician's hands, 
 and cannot live unless he immediately repairs to 
 Bristol and uses the waters of St. Vincent's Rock, 
 which they conceive, with the assistance of the bath, 
 the only means left for his recovery. Asks per- 
 mission to go. Certificate of Sir Theodore Mayerne, 
 and John Moor. 
 
 3649, Dec. 31. — Meeting of Council of State. Dr. Paget 
 recommended as Physician to the Tower. Appoint- 
 ment confirmed Feb. 5, 1650. 
 
 THE COMMONWEALTH PERIOD. 
 
 GOVERNMENT SURGEONS AFLOAT AND ASHORE. 
 
 Laxton, the Apothecary. 
 
 1650, August I. — Laxton. Thomas, Apothecary, to furnish ten 
 medicine chests for Ulster, and twenty for the Lord 
 Deputy, at £,1$ per chest. That Surgeons' Hall 
 view the chests and judge of their goodness and 
 their price. 
 
 1650, August 16. — Laxton's drugs were approved by Dr. 
 Waidson for the use of the Garrison at Kilkenny. 
 
 1650, Oct. 28. — Warrants from the Council of State and 
 Admiralty Council to pay Laxton interest at eight 
 per cent, on ;£'45o 155-. and £21"] 10s. 8^., unless 
 he is paid within six months after delivery. 
 
 Surgeons and their Ships. 
 
 3649, April 13. — Allen. Richard, selected. 
 1649, Dec. 28. — Rawlins. Robert, appointed to the Constant 
 Wat wick.
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 175 
 
 1650, Oct. 27. — Brooke. Peter, claimed compensation for his 
 
 chest of surgery, and clothes detained by Captain 
 Pearce. 
 
 1 65 1, Feb. 8. — To John Bishop and Charles Heaman, Sur- 
 
 geons of the Crescent, and the A^ine and Joyce ^ ^1420 
 for curing 380 sick men and maimed soldiers, sent 
 on board their ships at the Firth, by command of the 
 Lord General — jQ^ for each. 
 
 1652, Nov. 4, — Kersh. Samuel, Surgeon of the Falcon. 
 
 1653, March 23. — Lynde. Matthew, Surgeon of the Raiiibow. 
 1653, June I. — Napkin. Roger, late Surgeon of the Anthony 
 
 Bonadve?itiire^ petitions for allowance to fit himself 
 for service, having lost medicaments, instruments, 
 and books value ;^4o, when his ship was taken in a 
 fight with the Dutch. 
 
 The Council of State direct the Navy Commis- 
 sioners to make speedy payment to petitioner of 
 
 £^^- 
 
 1653, Jan. II. — Price. Mr., late Surgeon of the Foresight. 
 
 1653, Jan. II. — Adam. Jno., Surgeon of the Garland. 
 
 1653, June 14. — Williamson. John, Master- surgeon of the 
 Discovery. 
 
 1653, June 16. — West. Mr., Surgeon to the Kentish Frigate. 
 
 1653, Oct. 24. — Report on the petition of Mary, widow of 
 Jno. Freeberry, Surgeon of the Bo7iadventii7-e, that 
 the ^28 I2J-. (id. out of the gratuity of ^^50 granted 
 her was for medicines to recruit his chest and for the 
 expense of his sickness and burial, supplied by Mr. 
 Layland, at Leghorn. With note by her, requesting 
 a speedy reply, being far from home and having 
 three fatherless children. 
 
 1653, ^ct- — Petition of Ann, widow of Captain Wm. Rouse, 
 commander of the Portland, to the Council of State
 
 176 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 for relief, being left with ten children in a destitute 
 condition ; her husband died by a shot through the 
 head in an engagement with the Dutch on 31st 
 July last. Certificate by Henry Jackson and John 
 Haslelock, surgeons, on a post-mortem, that Rouse 
 died of the said wound, 28th Oct., 1653. 
 
 1653, Dec. 9. — Semester. Richard, Surgeon of one of the 
 State's ships. 
 
 1653, Dec. 9. — Bush. Paul, Surgeon to the Dolphin. 
 
 165 3, Dec. 9. — Price. Andrew, Surgeon of the Foresight. 
 
 1653, July 7. — The Master and Wardens of Barber-Surgeons' 
 Hall have appointed Thos. Harding, Danial Sneaton, 
 Thos. Hastier, and Isaac Smythyes, Surgeons to the 
 Fleet. 
 
 1653, July II. — Loes. John, Surgeon to the Westergate. 
 
 1653, July 20. — Smithes and Hasler, Surgeons to the Rainbow 
 and Andrew. 
 
 1653, Aug. 10. — Shewell. Thomas, of Bristol, Surgeon of the 
 Paradox. 
 
 1653, Aug. 22. — On the petition of Richard Hughes, Surgeon 
 of the Samuel Bonadventtire^ for remuneration for 
 being instrumental in regaining the Phoiiiix from the 
 Dutch, recommended that he be allowed jQzt^ for 
 his services as an encouragement to others. The 
 Navy Commissioners recommended pa3^ment to the 
 Admiralty Commissioners. 
 
 1653, Sept. 29. — Smyth. John, Surgeon of the Mermaid. 
 
 1653, Oct. 5. — Thompson. Walter, Surgeon of the Expedition. 
 1653. — Jeffes. William, Surgeon to the Cat Pink, lost all he 
 
 had, value ^£"30, when she was taken in April. 
 
 1654, Feb. 17. — George. Thomas, Surgeon of the Victory. 
 1654, Feb. 21. — Linde. Math., Surgeon of the Sovereign.
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 177 
 
 Surgeons with the Army or on Shore. 
 
 1 649, Xov. — Wye. Richard, Surgeon in Ordinary at Chatham. 
 
 1649, May. — Biggs. Thomas, Surgeon in the Yard at Deptford 
 
 and Woohvich. 
 
 1650, April 6. — Order of the Admiralty to pay to Anthony 
 
 Stephens, Surgeon, ^25 \os. 6d. for the cure of 
 several hurt and wounded men who were brought 
 on shore at Portsmouth. 
 
 1650, May 15. — Council of State resolved that the Surgeons of 
 each regiment of horse may have ^10 apiece to 
 furnish themselves with horses and furniture to carry 
 their chests; and the same pay for each horse as 
 private Troopers. 
 
 Each Surgeon to have an additional sum of ;^5 for 
 furnishing their chests with medicine, the present 
 allowance being about ^10 for each chest. 
 
 1650, Oct. 15. — A Physician to be attached to the Northern 
 Garrisons, to have 6s. Sd. per day. 
 
 1650, Sept. 10. — Wales. John, Surgeon to a troop of dragoons 
 
 raised by Major Thomas Rippon. 
 
 1 65 1, May 13. — Waterhouse. Dr. Joseph, for his entertain- 
 
 ment as Physician to the Army in Ireland received 
 
 1652, June 17. — Stryall. Dr. Adam, received ;£"3o for travel- 
 
 ling expenses of himself and family to Ireland to 
 reside as Physician. 
 
 1652, Aug. — Paid to William Cullen, Mayor of Dover, for 
 
 the care of the wounded, both English and Dutch, 
 at Dover, and for the doctors' bills, j;£S;^ igs. ^d. 
 
 1653, March 25. — Stevens. Anthony, of Portsmouth, Surgeon 
 
 to the Navy Garrison. 
 1653, June 13. — Petition of Michael Barnes, Surgeon to the
 
 178 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 Council of State, for an order for payment of an 
 allowance to his mate. Was appointed to attend 
 upon the maimed soldiers at Portsmouth, and al- 
 lowed both a mate and assistant, both of whom he 
 was forced to pay ; but cannot get the pay allowed 
 as others, because he is not free of Surgeons' Hall, 
 and is thereby disappointed of other employments, re- 
 duced to poverty, and must perish with his wife and 
 children if not relieved. 
 1653, June 20. — Barons. Mr., a Surgeon, and Godfrey, a Sur- 
 geon, at Portsmouth. 
 
 General Blake and his Wounds. 
 
 1653, May 21. — Order from the Admiralty Commissioners to 
 the Navy Commissioners to make a brll for £c^o to 
 John Haslelock, Surgeon, for attending to cure 
 General Blake of wounds received in the last en- 
 gagement. 
 
 1653, July 6. — Robert Backborne, Walderswick, near South- 
 wold, to the Admiralty Committee. General Blake 
 came on shore last night. I and Captain Limbrey 
 repaired to his quarters, where we found him in a 
 very weak condition, full of pain, both in his head 
 and left side, which had put him into a fever, besides 
 the anguish he endures by the gravel, insomuch 
 that he has no rest night or day, but continues 
 groaning very sadly. This place affords no accom- 
 modation at all for one in his condition, there being 
 no Physicians to be had hereabouts, nor any to 
 attend him with necessary applications. Mr. Hasle- 
 lock, his surgeon, is with him for the present, but 
 expects to be called on board from us. Should not 
 
 \
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 179 
 
 Dr. Whistler be speedy down to him, and he removed 
 from this place, where it is impossible he should take 
 any rest if he were inclined ? 
 
 ^•^SJj July 8. — General Blake went on shore sick two days 
 since, and as his condition is very dubious, I think 
 Dr. Whistler's repair to him at Walderswick will be 
 very seasonable and welcome. 
 
 1653, August 8.— General Monk to the Admiralty Committee. 
 Dr. Whistler has come down, and I have sent him 
 to look after the sick and wounded men at Harwich, 
 Ipswich, Southwold, Dunwich, and Yarmouth. 
 
 Dr. Thos. Beaumont, for attendance on 21 men, to 
 be reduced to ^10 loi-., part being charged in a 
 former account ^£16 os. od. 
 
 Peter de la Pier, surgeon, of Canterbury, for 12 
 Dutch prisoners, sick in Canterbury Church 
 
 ^8 5^. 6d. 
 
 John Wren, surgeon, medicines for 42 Dutch 
 prisoners, from nine ships . . . ^^29 4^-. 6d. 
 
 George Simpson, providing them with necessaries, 
 2nd March to 31st July . . . ^5 los. od. 
 1653, Sept. — Bills sent in by John Lee, J^Iayor of Canterbury, 
 of the surgeons and others for attendance on the 
 sick and wounded seamen and Dutch prisoners, from 
 March to Sept., 1653, viz : 
 
 P-oberts. Nathaniel, apothecary, for medicines for 
 46 English, advised by Dr. Colder . ;^88 18^. 7^. 
 
 Colder. Dr. John, for attendance on 42 of the 
 above men, 59 days at 15^. a day . ;£'44 55-. od. 
 1653, Oct. 3. — Dr. Whistler to accompany Ambassador White- 
 locke on his Embassy to Sweden, as Physician. 
 
 o
 
 i8o A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 1653, Oct. 14. — An order for payment of ;£^ioo to Dr. 
 Bathurst, who was sole attendant physician to Dr. 
 Whistler at Ipswich and Harwich, from 17 th June to 
 5th October. 
 
 1653, Oct. 17, — 'The charge of the surgeons is ^^3 15^. a day 
 at Yarmouth. 
 
 1653, Nov. 26. — Petition of Hump. Cole, a surgeon, to the 
 Council of State, for allowance of his charges and 
 pains in going to Yarmouth by order of Col. Goffe, 
 to the assistance of the wounded men sent on shore 
 from after the last engagement with the Dutch, 
 received los, a day for his time while there, but did 
 not receive his allowance, and now the Navy Com- 
 missioners refuse them. 
 
 1653, Dec. 23. — The Commissioners for sick and wounded to 
 the Admiralty Commissioners. Sending the accounts 
 of the BaiHff of Southwold, for disbursements for 
 sick and wounded men and Dutch prisoners, amount- 
 ^i^g to ;^i8i9 3J-. 4^. ; and there is a balance of 
 £l^9 y- 4^- due; mo men have been entertained, 
 and ;£ss los., being i^. each man, has been paid to 
 the prejudice of the State. £ilo is charged for 
 attendance, ;£ 80 for conduct money, and ^160 for 
 surgeons and travelling charges, and many other 
 over-charges requiring investigation. 
 
 1653, Dec. — The Mayor of Canterbury sends an account of 
 Israel Jacob, apothecary, for medicine, etc. supplied 
 for Dutch prisoners ; with certificate of the demand 
 of Dr. Wm. Jacob, of;£"i2 for visiting them. 
 
 1653, Dec. — The Commissioners for sick and wounded. Re- 
 quest the Admiralty Commissioners to pay ;£2> is. 
 to Wm. Hay worth, surgeon, for 175 days' services
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. i8i 
 
 with the sick and wounded at Ipswich, from June lo 
 to December 2. 
 
 1654, Jan. — From the Admiralty Commissioners to the Navy- 
 Commissioners on certificate of the Commissioners 
 for sick and wounded. They are to make out a bill 
 to Math. Winde, Surgeon, of Ipswich, for ^58 10^. 
 for attendance on the sick and wounded put on shore 
 there from the Fleet. 
 
 1654, Feb. 6. — Shawe. Robert, and Duckinfield, Rd., to 
 the Admiralty Commissioners, were appointed to 
 look to the wounded at Yarmouth. 
 
 1654, Feb. 14. — 'The Commissioners for sick and wounded 
 recommend the Admiralty Commissioners to pay 
 jQid 14^., being ten groats a day each, to John 
 Skinner and Robt. Seaman, Surgeons, of Harwich, 
 from Aug. 7 to Sept. 26 last, for their pains. 
 
 1650, Feb. 7. — Castle Elizabeth, Jersey. Promise by Charles II. 
 that Tobias Whittaker, M.D., having served him very 
 faithfully as Physician in Ordinary, when he settles 
 his household servants, shall be sworn and settled 
 Physician to the Household, with all the dues, rights, 
 and privileges appertaining thereto. Signed by the 
 King, and countersigned by Secretary Nicholas. 
 
 1660, Sept. — Grant to Dr. Tobias Whittaker, of the office of 
 Physician in Ordinary to the Household; fee, £s^ 
 a year. 
 
 165 1, Oct. 2. — A recipe in French by Signor Cardossi for a 
 syrup to cure lung disease and cough, by which in 
 thirty days those given up by the Physicians will be
 
 1 82 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 restored to health, and by continuing for thirty days 
 more, will be confirmed. 
 1660, April 26. — John Windebank, M.D., to have license to go 
 further from his house in pursuance of his profession 
 than the limits for delinquents. 
 
 Dr. Timothy Clarke. 
 
 1660, May 21. — Warrant to the Board of Green Cloth to 
 increase the allowance to Dr. Clarke, now sole 
 Physician to the Household, to i2i". a day, from the 
 allowance heretofore paid to the late Dr. Whittaker. 
 
 i660y Dec. — Grant to Dr. Timothy Clarke, of the office of 
 Physician in Ordinary to the Household; fee, ^50 
 a year. 
 
 1663, March 7. — Commission to Dr. Timothy Clarke, Phy- 
 
 sician in Ordinary, to be physician to the new raised 
 Forces within the Kingdom. 
 
 1664, Dec. — Warrant to the Board of Green Cloth to increase 
 
 the allowance to Dr. Clarke, appointed Physician to 
 the Household in place of Dr. Whittaker, deceased, to 
 1 2s. a day, the same allowed to other Physicians in 
 Ordinary. 
 1667, June. — Warrant for a grant to Dr. Timothy Clarke of 
 the place of second Physician to his Majesty, void by 
 decease of Dr. Quatremaine; fee, p^^ioo a year. To 
 serve as first physician on death or surrender of 
 Dr. Bates. 
 
 Francis Metcalf. 
 
 1 660. — Petition of Francis Metcalf, Apothecary in Ordinary to 
 
 the Household, for continuance in the said office, to 
 
 which he was appointed eighteen years ago. Lost his 
 
 waggon of medicines, etc., at Naseby; had his ofl^ice 
 
 ii
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 183 
 
 at Whitehall plundered; and not having ;^io left in 
 the world, was forced to compound for liberty and 
 livelihood, but has ever remained faithful. 
 
 Certificate by Peter Newton that Francis Metcalf 
 was sworn Apothecary for the Household, at York, 
 June 17, 1642. 
 1 66 1, August. — Petition of Francis Metcalf, Apothecary in Or- 
 dinary to the Household, to the King, that his suspen- 
 sion from office, entered in the Signet office, may be 
 withdrawn, he being again sworn in, after a full hear- 
 ing of Mr. Solby's claim, was appointed in 1639 ; 
 has ;^2,ooo arrears due ; was plundered in the wars 
 in which his father. Sir Francis Metcalf, was mur- 
 dered, and his five brothers all died. 
 
 Dr. Wm. Quatremaine. 
 
 1660, July. — Grant to Dr. Wm. Quatremaine of the office of 
 second Physician in Ordinary; fee, ;2^ioo a year. 
 
 1663, Nov. 6. — Petition of Dr. Wm. Quatremaine to the King 
 for a grant of three fourths of three hundred acres of 
 fen land called Gatcomb Haven, near Portsmouth, re- 
 covered by him from the sea ; also for confirmation 
 of the other fourth purchased by him from those to 
 whom it was leased for 99 years at fourpence an 
 acre. 
 
 1663, Dec. 22.— The King to Sir Edwd. Alston, President of 
 the College of Physicians. Recommends Dr. Quatre- 
 maine, one of his Physicians in Ordinary, to take 
 such rank in the College as may comport with his 
 relation to the Royal person, and be agreeable to the 
 justice and honour of the College.
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 1660, May. — Petition from Edward Dawtrey, M.D., for restor- 
 ation to his place as Physician to his Majesty. Was 
 sworn in to the late King's service at Oxford ; at- 
 tended him till the battle of Naseby ; and had been 
 imprisoned and rained for causing his Majesty's 
 Worcester declaration to be printed and published. 
 
 1660, May. — Petition for a warrant for Martin Llewelyn, M.D., 
 for the place of Physician Extraordinary, granted 
 him at request of the Duke of York. 
 
 With note from the Duke to Sec. Nicholas, that 
 the King consents thereto. 
 
 1660. — Dr. William Dun, of Aberdeen, Physician in Ordinary 
 in Chemistry to the French King, to be sworn 
 Physician in Chemistry to his Majesty. Served 
 under the Marquis of Montrose in Scotland ; was 
 exiled, and promised a place in the household 
 abroad, but failing this, through sickness, lived by his 
 practice, and so prospered, that Dr. Vallot recom- 
 mended him to the King of France, whither he is to 
 return, after recovering his lost patrimony in Scotland. 
 
 1660, June. — Petition of Dr. Samuel Bispham for the place 
 of Physician to his Majesty, being the only surviving 
 Physician of the late King ; spent ^7,000, and lost 
 ;£'io,ooo more, besides the loss of practice, in an 
 embassy which he undertook to France, Geneva, 
 Florence, and Venice, in 1643. 
 
 1660, August. — Petition of John Watson to the King, for ad- 
 mission to the place of Serjeant-Surgeon, as held by 
 his father under the late King, which is his right by
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 185 
 
 course; was Army Surgeon in the late wars, and, 
 in January, 1644, sworn Surgeon in Ordinary, and 
 is almost ruined by imprisonment, plunder, seques- 
 trating, and distraining. 
 1660, August. — Grant to John Watson of the office of Surgeon 
 in Ordinary ; fee, £^\o a year. 
 
 1660, July. — John Chase, his Majesty's Apothecary. 
 
 1660, Sept. — He petitions for a lease, or rental of 205., of a 
 
 small parcel of land next the tennis court in St. 
 
 James's fields. . . . Granted as to garden for plants. 
 
 166®, July 28. — Warrant for a grant to Dr. Walter Charleton, 
 Physician to the late King, of the office of his 
 Majesty's Physician in Ordinary. 
 
 1660, July. — Grant to Dr. George Bate of the office of first 
 Physician in Ordinary; fee, ^100 a year. 
 
 1660, July. — Grant to Dr. John Baker, of the office of Physi- 
 cian in Ordinary ; fee, ;^ioo a year. 
 
 1660, August. — Grant to Dr. Samuel Barrow, of the office of 
 Physician in Ordinary; fee, ;^ioo a year. 
 
 1660, August. — Grant to Dr. Charlton of the office of Physi- 
 cian in Ordinary; fee, ^100 a year. 
 
 1660, Sept. — Grant to Dr. Robert Morrison of the office of 
 King's Physician and chief Herbalist in the Physic 
 Garden, Saint James's Fields, and Overseer of all the 
 Royal Gardens at Hampton Court.
 
 1 86 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 1660. — Petition of George Solby for the place of Apothecary 
 to the Household, granted him February 20, at Brus- 
 sels, but from which one Metcalf tries to dispossess 
 him, and has offered him ;£^2 5o to relinquish his 
 right. 
 
 THE RESTORATION. 
 
 SURGEONS AFLOAT AND ASHORE. 
 
 1 66 1, March 19. — Manestee. Robert, Surgeon to Captain 
 John Beere. 
 
 1 661, May 4. — Whitwell. Thos., Surgeon to the Welcome. 
 
 1 66 1, June 3. — Bigg. Jas., recommended by the Barber 
 Surgeons' Company to the Commander-in-Chief of 
 the Garland, as a skilful Surgeon. 
 
 1 66 1, July 27. — Goldingham. Thos., Surgeon of the Gains- 
 borough in 1657 and 1658. 
 
 1 66 1, Oct. 14. — Certificate by Sir Edward Alston, President, 
 and four other Fellows of the College of Physicians, 
 that they have examined and approved Richard 
 Clampe, who has practised medicine in Lynn Regis. 
 
 1 66 1, Dec. 21. — Woodroffe. Timothy, practises physic at 
 
 Henry Birkett's, in Gilgarra. 
 
 1662, March 28. — Captain R. Hodges to the Navy Commis- 
 
 sioners. Is not satisfied with the Surgeon appointed 
 him by the Hall, as he has never been in the West 
 Indies : wishes to take Phil. Dingley instead. 
 1662. — Certificate by Dr. George Thomson, and four other 
 physicians to Thos. Horsington's fitness for medical 
 practice. 
 
 1663, March 14. — Wye. Wm., served as Surgeon in the 
 
 Dolphin from 1659 to 1663. 
 
 1664, March 8. — Captain John Tyrwhitt desires to have Henry 
 
 Grimes as surgeon.
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 187 
 
 1664, Oct. 7. — Bushell. John, a Surgeon on board of the Fleet. 
 
 1664, Oct. 18. — Thicknes. Ralph, and Thos. Hollier, wardens 
 of Surgeons' Hall, complain of surgeons taken abroad 
 without the approbation of the Surgeons' Company. 
 
 1664, Oct. 31. — Downs. Wm., Surgeon to the Resolution. 
 
 1664, Nov. 24.— Solby. Mr., may well be trusted with the sole 
 
 fitting of all surgeons' ships for the Navy. 
 
 1665, March 24. — South. James, Surgeon of the Guinea, has 
 
 disappeared. 
 
 1665, April 6. — Rider. Hugh, writes to Rd. Reynolds, clerk 
 of the Surgeons' Company, about his misfortunes and 
 losses as Surgeon to the Nonsuch lately wrecked. 
 Begs to be allowed to retire because he is sick. 
 
 1665, April 24. — Pearce. Mr., Surgeon-general to the fleet. 
 
 1665, May 5. — The Master Surgeons chosen for the hospital 
 ships are Edmund Higgs and William Smart, 
 experienced surgeons employed in the last Dutch 
 war. Must have three mates to each ship. 
 
 1665, May II. — PistoU. Mr., Surgeon of the Tiger, on his 
 way to London to account to the Board for absence 
 from his ship. 
 
 1665, May 17. — Brooke. Peter, Surgeon of the Happy 
 Entrance. 
 
 1665, May 24. — Certificate by the Masters and Wardens of 
 Barber Surgeons Hall, of the goodness and reasonable 
 prices of a list provided by Mr. Solby of drugs, instru- 
 ments, etc., provided for Mr. Smart's chest, as sur- 
 geon of one of the hospital ships. 
 
 1665, June 21. — Downs. W^m., Surgeon of the Swift-sure, and 
 Robert Peirse of the Resolution. 
 
 1665, July 18. — Nash. Robt, Surgeon of the Yarmouth. 
 
 1665, August 9. — Burleigh. James, Surgeon to the Great Gift. 
 
 1665, Sept. 7. — Nixon. Peter, Surgeon to the Little Gift.
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 1665, Oct. 18. — Chandler. Stephen, Surgeon of the Revenge. 
 
 1666, Jan. 12. — Jackson. Mr., Surgeon of the Clove Tree, 
 
 and Mr. Giles of the Hilversome, wish to exchange 
 
 ships. 
 1666, Jan. 20. — Bush. Paul, Surgeon of the Hind. 
 1666, Jan. 22. — Chandler. Mr., Surgeon of the Resolution. 
 1666, Jan. 22. — Pearce. Robert, Surgeon of the Revenge. 
 1666, Feb. 19. — Clarke. Matthew, Surgeon of the Prince 
 
 Royal. 
 1666, Feb. 19. — Nash. Thos., Surgeon of the Providence. 
 1666, April 21. — Morrison. Ralph, Master-surgeon of the 
 
 Fairfax. 
 1666, April 21. — Flatman. John, Surgeon of the Victory. 
 1666. — Dyke. Humphrey, Surgeon of the Leopard. 
 
 1666, Sept. 14. — Commission for Walter Rosse to be Surgeon 
 
 to the Duke of Monmouth's regiment. 
 
 1667, Jan. 2. — Husband. Thos,, Surgeon of the Antelope. 
 1667, Jan. 24. — Pearce. J., Surgeon-general. 
 
 Dr. Nicholas Le Fevre. 
 
 1660, Nov. 15.— Warrant for a grant to Nicasius Le Febvre of 
 the place of Chymist to the King, with the fee of 
 £\<^Q a year. 
 
 1660, Dec. — Grant to Nicholas Le Fevre, of the office of Pro- 
 
 fessor of Chemistry and Apothecary in Ordinary to the 
 Royal Family, fee £,\^o a year. 
 
 1 66 1, Oct. 19. — Note of a warrant required for the ship 
 
 Fortune, laden with thirty-six packs of the instruments 
 and chemical preparations of M. Le Febvre, Professor 
 of Chemistry to the King, with mention of exemption 
 from payment of 5^-. per ton, and forbearance of 
 search till discharged at St. James's, many of them
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 189 
 
 being spirits, oils, and essences, which might be 
 spoiled by opening. — Order granted. 
 
 1 66 1, Dec. — Grant to Nicholas Le Fevre of the office of Pro- 
 fessor of Chemistry and Apothecary in Ordinary to 
 the Royal Family, fee^i5o a year. 
 
 Evelyn in his Diary under date Sept. 20, 1662, 
 says ; " I presented a petition to his Majesty [Charles 
 II.] about my own concerns, and afterwards accom- 
 panied him to Monsieur Febure, his chymist [and 
 who had formerly been my master in Paris], to see 
 his accurate preparation for the composing Sir Walter 
 Raleigh's rare cordial ; he made a learned discourse 
 before his Majesty in French on each ingredient." 
 
 1663, March 14. — Petition of Nicasius Le Fevre to the King, 
 for wages, allowances, etc., due to him as Apothecary 
 to the Household since 1660, of which he has as yet 
 received nothing. With reference thereon to the 
 Board of Green Cloth, and their report that there is 
 but one Apothecary allowed for the Household, and 
 the place is settled on John Jones, who has ^60 a 
 year, and ;£" 1 2 board wages. 
 
 1663, April 29. — AVarrant to the Board of Green Cloth to add 
 
 to the present household allowances ;£" 60 a year for 
 board wages, and ;£" 1 2 a year for bouche of Court to 
 Nicasius Le Fevre, as Apothecary to the Household, 
 with;£"4 19^-. 6d. for fuel for the laboratory. 
 
 1664, Feb. — Petition of Nicasius Le Fevre to the King, for 
 
 continuance of the grant oi £/\. i^s. 6d. monthly, for 
 the firing of the laboratory, which the Board of Green 
 Cloth have refused to pay since December last. 
 1664, Feb. 15. — Warrant for the payment of arrears due to 
 Nicasius Le Fevre of his allowance of ^60 a year for 
 board wages, ;£"i2 for bouche at Court as Apothecary
 
 I90 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 to the Household, and;£"4 19^. 6d. a month for fuel 
 for his laboratory. 
 
 1663, March 20. — Order for a warrant to pay to Nicasius Le 
 Fevre £^0 a year as Apothecary to the Household. 
 [Appointed 31st Dec. 1660.] 
 
 1666, Dec. I. — Petition of Nicasius Le Fevre to the King for 
 an effectual order for payment, with arrears of his 
 monthly allowance for his laboratory, and for his 
 office of Apothecary and Chemical Professor. The 
 Board of Green Cloth stated the salaries were paid 
 till the settlement of the Household in Dec. 1662, 
 when only one apothecary being allowed, no provi- 
 sion was made for him. 
 
 With memorandum of a warrant for his payment. 
 
 Dr. William Denton. 
 
 1 66 1, Jan. 12. — The Duke of Ormond to Sec. Nicholas. 
 Forgot to move the King in behalf of Dr. Denton, 
 who may hope to be received not only for his merit, 
 but Senior Physician alive who was sworn to the late 
 King, having attended him from 1636 to the surrender 
 of Oxford. Denton would have been ruined for 
 corresponding with the Duke had not Cromwell's 
 secretary, for fellowship sake, suppressed the letters. 
 He will not be a supernumary, as Dr. Moore was 
 lately dead. 
 
 Endorsed with form of a warrant to the Lord Cham- 
 berlain to swear in Dr. William Denton, as Physician 
 in Ordinary, with priority as servant to the late King. 
 Note added that he was sworn in Jan. 24, 1661. 
 
 1 66 1. — Warrant for a grant to Dr. William Denton of the place 
 of third Physician in Ordinary, Dr. George Balls
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 191 
 
 being the first and Dr. William Quatremaine the 
 second, with salary of ;£"ioo and promise of the place 
 of second or first Physician as they fall in ; with pro- 
 viso that the office of third Physician shall cease on 
 his promotion. 
 
 Reasons for granting the above patent to Dr. 
 Denton : he will wait for the benefit of the place, but 
 there are not so many appointed with whom the King 
 is pleased, but that on settling the Household as to 
 who are for the King, and who for the Queen, there 
 will be room for him. 
 
 1667, June 15. — Dr. Denton is the first physician now living 
 who was sworn to the late Kins:. 
 
 Richard Pile. 
 
 1 66 1, March. — Petition of Richard Pile to th-e King, to con- 
 firm to him, being sworn his Majesty's Surgeon 
 eighteen years ago ; served him faithfully in England 
 and beyond seas, till sent by him from Jersey to 
 England. 
 
 1 66 1, March. — Petition of Richard Pile to the King, to 
 permit his warrants for the ofhce and fees of first 
 Serjeant -Surgeon, which are post-dated a year, to be 
 altered in his Majesty's presence. 
 
 1 66 1, March. — Grant to the same of the ofhce of Principal 
 Surgeon; annual fee, ;£"8oj and the first Serjeant- 
 Surgeon, fee ;^ 2 6 6^. Zd. 
 
 1661, March. — Grant to the same of an annuity of^jf 150. 
 
 1 66 1, July II. — Grant to Richard Pile, of the office of first 
 Principal Surgeon to the King, and of first Serjeant- 
 Surgeon; and similar grants to John Knight and 
 Hum. Painter, with annuities of ^150 each.
 
 192 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 1 66 1. — Petition of Richard Pile to the King, that no grant 
 surreptitiously obtained by Mr. Painter, may pre- 
 judice his right to the place of Serjeant-Surgeon, 
 which the Lord Chamberlain, on hearing the dispute 
 between them, decided to belong to him, as conferred 
 by the late King. 
 
 1661, March. — Grant to Humphrey Painter of the office of 
 Principal Surgeon, and Serjeant-Surgeon ; fee, 
 £2(i 6^. Zd. 
 
 Grant to the same of a pension of;^i5o. 
 
 1 66 1, January. — Petition of James Hyde, M.D., for admission 
 as Physician in Ordinary to his Majesty, or the 
 future Queen, as promised him April 17, 1655, at 
 Cologne; was sworn in last June, 1660. 
 
 1 661, August. — Note that Sir John Colladon, sworn Physician 
 to the King, as Prince in 1640, and admitted in 1660, 
 is to have a patent sealed in the best form. 
 
 1 66 1, March. — Petition of John Knight, Serjeant-Surgeon to 
 the King. Having served his Majesty^ .abroad, 
 was continued with others in their o respective 
 places on the Restoration ; received the usual fee 
 belonging to his office for embalming the Duke of 
 Gloucester, being the only profit that has fallen to 
 him, but is now ordered to divide it with Richard 
 Wiseman, Surgeon in Ordinary. Begs not to be 
 made the only person who has had his fee taken 
 from him. 
 
 Hi
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 193 
 
 Grant to John Knight of the office of Principal 
 Surgeon; fee, ;£26 6j. 8^., with the hke pension of 
 
 1662, Sept. — Petition of John Knight, Serjeant-Surgeon to the 
 King. Having served his Majesty abroad, was con- 
 tinued with others in his place on the Restoration ; 
 received the usual fee belonging to his office for 
 embalming the Duke of Gloucester, being the only 
 profit that has fallen to him, but is now ordered to 
 divide it with Richard Wiseman, Surgeon in Ordinary. 
 Begs not to be made the only person who has had 
 his fee taken from him. 
 
 1662, Sept. II. — Warrant to Mr. Knight to retain the whole 
 usual fee which he received for embalming the late 
 Duke of Gloster, which has been disputed for by 
 some other of the King's Surgeons. 
 
 1662, Jan. 24. — The King to the Company of Barber-Surgeons 
 of London. Recommends them to appoint George 
 Solby, his sworn Apothecary, to provide fit medica- 
 ments for chests to be used in the Services, by the 
 sea and land, at reasonable rates ; and to take care 
 that none other be appointed thereto during his life. 
 
 1 661, June 5. — Order by Lord Chamberlain Manchester, for a 
 warrant for a pension of ^100 to Thos. Woodhall, as 
 Surgeon in Ordinary. 
 
 1 66 1, August 19. — Grant to Thos. Woodhall of the office of 
 Surgeon in Ordinary, in place of Richard Watson. 
 
 1 66 1, August 5. — Grant to Richard Wiseman of the place of 
 King's Surgeon, instead of Michael Andrews, deceased,
 
 194 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 with annuity of £40 ; also grant to him of the place 
 of Surgeon in Ordinary, with annuity of ;^i5o. 
 1 66 1. — Petition of Richard Wiseman to the King, for leave to 
 wait as a Surgeon in place of Hum. Painter, who 
 is ill, and to succeed him, with the same title of 
 Serjeant-Surgeon, but with his present allowances. 
 Was the only Surgeon who attended his Majesty as 
 Prince, from Bristol to the West, Scilly, Jersey, 
 France, Holland, and Scotland, and thence to the 
 battle of Worcester, where he was taken prisoner ; 
 was sworn second Surgeon on the Restoration, but 
 his attendance became void on admission of two 
 Serjeant-Surgeons extraordinary, and one to the 
 Household. 
 
 Grant to Richard Wiseman of the office of one of 
 the King's Surgeons, void by death of Michael 
 Andrews ; fee, £40 a year. Grant to the above of a 
 pension of ;£"i5o. 
 
 1 66 1, Feb. — Petition of Peter Chamberlain, M.D., only sur- 
 viving Physician to their former Majesties, to the 
 King, for a special order to the Lord Chamberlain to 
 admit him, "to his place, without which, on account 
 of some formalities of which he is ignorant, he can 
 neither attend nor have pay." 
 
 Annexed is a declaration by the King, that Dr. 
 Peter Chamberlain, Physician to his father and 
 mother, and attendant on his happy birth, is to be 
 Physician in Ordinary. 
 
 1661, May. — Grant to Dr. Edward Moore, of the office of 
 Physician in Ordinary.
 
 .MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 195 
 
 1662, May. — Dr. Lancelot Harrison, in the place of Physician 
 in Ordinary to the Queen. 
 
 1662, May. — Dr. William Whittaker petitions for confirmation 
 of the grant of Physician's place to the Queen as 
 promised. 
 
 1662, May. — James Pierce, Surgeon. For the place of Groom 
 of the Privy Chamber to the Queen. Served the 
 Earl of Sandwich as Surgeon in all his voyages, 
 especially in those of transporting his Majesty and 
 the Queen ; in the latter recovered Father Dalley, 
 when given up by his Physicians, for which the 
 Queen Mother of Portugal, wished him to be Sur- 
 geon to the Queen ; and her Majesty promised him 
 the place, but there is no Surgeon sworn, and there 
 would not be more without special command. 
 
 1662, August. — Warrant to the Lord Chamberlain to swear in 
 
 Thomas Middleton, as operator to the Queen. 
 1662, Sept. — Dr. Bate. Physician in Ordinary. 
 
 1662, Oct. 3. — Warrant for a grant to Eustace Burneby, of the 
 sole use of his invention of preparing French and 
 pearl barley, for fourteen years, the College of Phy- 
 sicians and several druggists, grocers, etc., certifying 
 that this is a new manufacture. 
 
 1664, June 13. — Warrant to Lord Chamberlain Manchester, to 
 swear in Dr. John Arnold, as one of the Physicians in 
 Ordinary.
 
 196 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 1664, Jan. 9. — Warrant for the usual allowance of plate to Sir 
 Alexander Frazer, for new year's gifts, as heretofore 
 made to his predecessors. 
 
 1664, March 17. — Warrant to Sir Gilbert Talbot, Master of the 
 Jewel House, for the like allowances of plate for new 
 year's gifts to Sir Alexander Frazer, Physician in 
 Ordinary, as given to his predecessor, Sir Theodore 
 Mayerne. 
 
 1664, May 28. — Warrant for a grant to Sir Alexander Frazer 
 of the place of principal Physician in Ordinary, salary 
 ;^ioo a year, with diet, lodging in Court, keeping of 
 two horses, etc., to begin from June 24, 1660. 
 
 1667, June 30. — Warrant to the Lord Chancellor, to grant to 
 Sir Alexander Frazer, King's Physician, the estate of 
 Bridget Dennys, an idiot, reserving therefrom ;2{^ 5 a 
 year for her maintenance. 
 
 1662, Oct. 12. — Passport for Sir John Finch, M.D., Physician 
 to the Queen Consort, and Dr. Thos. Baines to go to 
 Florence. 
 
 1664, May 24. — Sir Hugh Middleton's apothecary's bill since 
 Nov. 24, 1663, total ;^28 13^. 10^. 
 
 1664, July 24. — Jo. Laurence, to Dr. Albertus Otto Faber : 
 several doctors tell the people his medicine will do 
 them more harm than good. 
 
 [663, April. — Petition of Josias Martin to the King, for a 
 mandamus for an M.D. degree in Trinity College, 
 Oxford, where he studied and practised twenty years. 
 
 n
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS, 197 
 
 Annexing : Certificate by Charles Scarburgh, Pro- 
 fessor of Anatomy in the College of Surgeons, and 
 Dr. Thos. Wharton, to his depth of knowledge and 
 experience in physic. 
 
 1663, Dec. 23. — The Levant Company to the Earl of Win- 
 chelsea : Wish him to remove from Smyrna Mr. 
 Pickering, a Physician of dissolute life, once dis- 
 charged from his family, lest his example influence 
 the English there. 
 
 664, Jan. 19. — Warrant to Lord Chamberlain Manchester to 
 admit Charles Turland as Bone-setter in Ordinary to 
 the Kin.sf. 
 
 '&• 
 
 1664. — Note that Wm. Rosewell, the Queen's Apothecary, is 
 paid out of the Treasury Chamber for all perfumes 
 for her table, the bills being approved by one of 
 the Physicians, the Lord Chamberlain, or Vice- 
 Chamberlain. 
 
 Mountebanks. 
 
 1665, April. — Petition of George Moretto, his Majesty's 
 Surgeon, to the King, for leave to erect a stage in 
 both the Universities, and in any other place in the 
 kingdom, free from all impositions, and notwith- 
 standing any other persons having one erected at the 
 time of his coming. 
 
 Certificate by Robert Fox, and eight other residents 
 in London, to the wonderful cures of wens, hare-lips, 
 cancers, bHndness, etc., performed by George Moretto
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 on his stage at Tower Hill, those for the poor being 
 done for charity. Dated March 13, 1665. 
 1665, April II. — Licence to George Moretto, in consideration 
 of his skill in medicines and surgery, to practise in 
 any part of the King's dominions, and to expose his 
 medicines for sale publicly, by erecting a stage in the 
 Market Place, or any other mode which he deems 
 convenient, without molestation to himself or servant. 
 — Endorsed " Mountebank." 
 
 1667, Aug. 5. — Licence for Joannes Michaphilo, a mounte- 
 bank, to dispose of his medicines, and practise his 
 skill in medicine and surgery, in any city, town, or 
 borough, of the kingdom, none disturbing him, nor 
 erecting stages near any erected by him. 
 
 1667, Aug. — Licence to John Russell, mountebank, practitioner 
 in physic and surgery, to erect a stage in London or 
 elsewhere, to vend his medicines, prohibiting all 
 strangers not naturalized to practise near him, in 
 such times and such places as he does. 
 
 1667, Sept. 2. — Certificate by P. Massonnet, Physician in 
 Ordinary to the Duke of York, that he has known 
 Mr. Toussain Le Jond, operator in physic and 
 surgery, practise and exercise such professions with 
 great skill and success, in these and other kingdoms, 
 and that he has compounded and publicly sold an 
 excellent Oriental balsam, and other remedies. 
 
 1667, Oct. 5. — Grant of licence to Toussain Le Jond, operator 
 in physic and surgery, to erect a stage or theatre in 
 
 n
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 199 
 
 any town of England or Wales, and to vend his 
 balsams and remedies, remaining in any town as 
 long as he desires. 
 
 Anthony Choquex. 
 
 1665, March. — Petition of Anthony Choqueux to the King, 
 for his board wages from the Green Cloth, or for 
 reference to Counsel of the case between him and 
 Mr. Pierce. Was employed in 1634, on advice of 
 Sir T. Mayerne, to attend the King's servants and 
 others in London, wherein he had great success ; 
 served the late King by sea and land; in 1642 was 
 commanded to attend Prince Rupert as Surgeon, and 
 in 1643, sworn Surgeon in Ordinary, but has not yet 
 succeeded to pay and board wages; a report has 
 been spread to his prejudice that he has turned 
 merchant, and Jvlr. Pierce has applied for board 
 wages. 
 
 1665, March 6. — Warrant to pay to Ant. De Choqueux, 
 surgeon in Ordinary, ^883 \2s. in discharge of so 
 much due to him from the late King for services. 
 
 1665, March 6. — Warrant for a grant to Ant. De Choqueux 
 of the place of King's Surgeon in Ordinary, salary 
 ;^8o a year, to begin from 1661. 
 
 :665, Nov. 28. — Warrant to the officers of Green Cloth to pay 
 to Alexander Beander, one of the King's Surgeons in 
 Ordinary, his board wages ^63 4^-. o^., notwithstand- 
 ing the warrant of suspension.
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 Dr. Peter Chamberlain. 
 
 1665. — Petition of Dr. Peter Chamberlain, only remaining 
 Physician of the late King, and eldest Physician of 
 his Majesty : that his eldest son lately admitted 
 Physician extraordinary, may be admitted as Ordinary, 
 to supply the defects of his aged attendance, but one 
 salary to serve for both. 
 
 1665. — Petition of Dr. Peter Chamberlain for a special patent 
 for the sole making, for fourteen years, of coaches, 
 waggons, carts, ploughs, etc., to go without horses, 
 such as he saw at Augsburg fifty years past, the same 
 being only included in general terms in his letters 
 patent for navigation, under the name of Private and 
 Public works of strength and motion. 
 
 1665. — Petition of Dr. Peter Chamberlain, eldest Physician in 
 Ordinary, eldest Fellow of the College of Surgeons, 
 etc., to Parliament for an Act granting him a patent, 
 similar to those granted him in France, Venice, and 
 United Netherlands, for his new invention of naviga- 
 ting with all winds in a straight line. With answers 
 to such objections as envy or ignorance cast upon 
 his scheme. 
 
 Annexing vindication of Dr. Chamberlain, senr., the 
 King's eldest physician, from the accusation of his 
 enemies; showing that he is not, as reported, "non 
 inventus," but may be found at his lodging, Garlick 
 Hill, near Bow Lane. 
 
 1666, May. — Stephen Chase was the King's apothecaiy when 
 Prince, and his wife was one of the King's rockers.
 
 MEDICINE IN THE STATE PAPERS. 201 
 
 1666, Jan. — Grant to Jo. Chase of the office of King's 
 Apothecary, fee £11$ a year, with reversion to his 
 son James. 
 
 1666, April. — Grant to Sir Jos. Hinton of the office of 
 Physician in Ordinary, with ^100 annuity. 
 
 1666, Sept. 25. — Statement by Jo. Troutbeck, M.D., principal 
 Surgeon in Ordinary; that in October 1659, he 
 was made principal Surgeon in Ordinary in considera- 
 tion of ;£2ooo of lands then lost. Joined General 
 Monk in Scotland, and has served six years, but had 
 no benefit from his place, being unable to secure the 
 passing of his warrant. 
 
 1666, Dec. 18. — Dr. Jo. Troutbeck to Lord Arlington. Had 
 the place of King's chief Surgeon granted to him six 
 years ago, in lieu of ^2000 then taken from him : 
 has spent -£2000 more in soliciting for it; the place 
 of the Surgeon-General, worth ;£"5oo a year, has been 
 disposed of to another, yet has cheerfully served 
 his Majesty both in his preservation and restoration. 
 Begs ;^2 0o a year for a term of years, or ;zf 400 a year 
 for life. 
 
 1666. — Laurence Arbilleur, surgeon of Besancon, to the King. 
 Begs the place of Surgeon extraordinary to his 
 Majesty ; served ten years as surgeon in the Spanish 
 armies ; has been for six years married and settled in 
 England : is surgeon to the present Ambassador of 
 Spain, and can give proofs of his skill and courage 
 during the late plague.
 
 202 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 1667, March. — Grant to Sackville Whittle of the office of 
 Surgeon in Ordinary, in place of Th. Woodall : fee, 
 £^0 a year. 
 
 1667, April 16. — Warrant to the Board of Green Cloth to enter 
 Sir John Baber into the establishment with the other 
 physicians, paying him 1 2s. a day : at the next 
 vacancy to be admitted to the place of King's 
 Physician. 
 
 1667, Oct. — Petition of Sir John Baber, Physician in Ordinary 
 to the King, for a warrant for payment from the 
 Exchequer of ;£'954 4^-., arrears of his pay of 12s. 
 a day, from Dec. i, 1662, to April 16, 1667, there 
 being no fund at the Green Cloth Board from which 
 it can be paid. 
 
 667, August. — Grant to Dr. Waldron of the office of Physician 
 in Ordinary to the King's person and household, in 
 place of Dr. Clarke : fee, £^0 a year. 
 
 1667. — The King had eight Physicians, and four Surgeons in 
 Ordinary.
 
 QUACKS AND QUACKERY, 
 
 ^^^^^ UACKERY is not confined to medl- 
 IM^^IJA cine (although when the word is used 
 ^^^^^^ the popular understanding at once 
 applies it to the healing art). A well-known 
 Devonshire physician defined the term Quack as 
 applicable to every practitioner who, by pompous 
 utterances, mean insinuations, and indirect pro- 
 mises, endeavours to obtain that confidence to 
 which neither education, merit, nor experience 
 entitle him. Accepting this definition, it must be 
 admitted that quackery is as old as science, and 
 that wherever the nature of man has laid him 
 open to be imposed upon by deceptive practices, 
 there the quack has been found ready to gratify 
 man's readiness to be deceived. The quack is a
 
 204 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE, 
 
 man of the world, to be found in every nation, 
 civilized or not. But taking the quack in the 
 more limited application of the term, as applied 
 to a practitioner of medicine, the books abound 
 with instances, and volume after volume might be 
 filled with the stories of the tricks he has played 
 wherever the science of medicine has been pur- 
 sued, whether in Egypt, Greece, Italy, France, or 
 England. The regular practitioner has always 
 been the sworn foe of the quack in England, yet, 
 until within the last half century, there did not 
 exist the means of effectually checking the frauds 
 practised by these unblushing rogues. Now, the 
 quack is almost extant ; he no longer frequents 
 our country fair, he is no more to be encountered 
 in our parks, and such poor representatives of the 
 class as may still be found in large cities are 
 content to limit their practice to the sale of some 
 simple purge amongst the very poor. 
 
 The methods by which the '' run-about " 
 doctors made their arrival known in the villages 
 and towns were very varied. Some travelled from 
 place to place in their own caravan, which fur-
 
 QUACKS AND QUACKERY. 205 
 
 nished them with a sleeping place, a stage, and 
 a store for their drugs. One was content with 
 announcing his arrival by sound of horn or 
 trumpet, another preferred a drum. In France, 
 at the present day, the quack doctor is an im- 
 portant personage at all country fairs. He wears 
 the uniform of an officer of the First Empire, and 
 his attendant, generally a maimed soldier, per- 
 forms on a horn and a drum. The richer sort of 
 quack hired a carriage-and-four in the towns he 
 visited, and drove about the streets, while liveried 
 servants distributed bills from the dickey. One 
 ingenious quack, when visiting the fashionable 
 resorts of health a century ago, adopted a very 
 clever method of making his presence known. 
 He sent round the bell-man during the day 
 offering a reward of ^50 for a dog, lost by Dr. 
 So-and-so, and then followed a recital of the 
 doctor's foreign degrees, and a list of the won- 
 derful cures he had effected. About the same 
 period the parks of London swarmed with fellows, 
 who affecting to detect the signs of disease in the 
 persons they met, would accost them and say that
 
 2o6 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 Dr. So-and-so was renowned for the wonderful 
 cures he made of that particular malady. In 
 Paris, a notorious quack, when he walked abroad 
 in a fashionable quarter, was preceded by a lad 
 who constantly ejaculated, " My father cures all 
 sorts of distempers," and the quack would add in 
 a grave voice, '' The child only speaks the truth." 
 One quack advertised water from the Well of 
 Bethesda, which was to be taken when the water 
 exhibited a natural agitation. A customer bought 
 a half-guinea bottle and no agitation appeared for 
 a year. Taking the bottle back, the quack de- 
 clared that the agitation in a small bottle was so 
 slight that it was hardly likely his customer could 
 perceive it, but in a five guinea bottle the agitation 
 would be apparent to all in the house. 
 
 Matthews, in his '' Humours of a Country Fair," 
 was not guilty of any exaggeration in the speech 
 of his quack doctor. In reading the letters of 
 grateful patients recommending his elixir, one 
 writes : — " Sir, I was cut in two in a saw pit,! 
 and cured by one bottle." Another writes : — 
 " Sir, by the bursting of a powder mill, I was
 
 QUACKS AND QUACKERY. 207 
 
 blown into ten thousand anatomies. The first 
 bottle of your Incomparable collected all the parts 
 together, the second restored life and animation ; 
 before the third was finished I was in my usual 
 state of health." 
 
 Steele, in a paper contributed to the Spectator, 
 dated July 30, 1712, writes: — "The doctor we 
 were talking of adds to his long voyages the 
 testimony of some people ' that has been thirty 
 years lame.' When I received my paper, a 
 sagacious fellow took one at the same time, 
 and read till he came to the thirty years' con- 
 finement of his friends, and went off very well 
 convinced of the doctor's sufficiency. You have 
 many of those prodigious persons, who have had 
 some extraordinary accident at their birth, or a 
 great disaster in some part of their lives. 
 Anything, however foreign from the business the 
 people want of you, will convince them of your 
 ability in that you profess. There is a doctor 
 in Mouse Alley, near Wapping, who sets up for 
 curing cataracts, upon the credit of having, as his 
 bill sets forth, lost an eye in the Emperor's service.
 
 2o8 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 His patients come in upon this, and he shows his 
 muster-roll, which confirms that he was in his 
 Imperial Majesty's troops ; and he puts out their 
 eyes with great success. Who would believe that 
 a man should be a doctor for the cure of bursten 
 children, by declaring that his father and grand- 
 father were both bursten ? But Charles Ingoltson, 
 next door to the " Harp " in Barbican, has made 
 a pretty penny by that asseveration. The 
 generality go upon their first conception, and 
 think no further ; all the rest is granted. They 
 take it that there is something uncommon in you, 
 and give you credit for the rest. . . . But as I 
 have taken much liberty with this learned doctor, 
 I must make up all I have said, by repeating what 
 he seems to be in earnest in, and honestly 
 promises to those who will not receive him as 
 a great man — to wit, * That from eight to twelve, 
 and from two to six, he attends for the good 
 of the public, to bleed for three pence.' " 
 
 The art of Bone-setting was a department 
 which the quacks for centuries claimed. It was 
 popularly believed, that the setting of bones was
 
 QUACKS AND QUACKERY. 209 
 
 Inherited by certain families, a preference being 
 given to those engaged in farriery ; and although 
 there were many of this class of quacks in the 
 beginning of this century, they have almost 
 entirely disappeared ; the farrier's children, who 
 were supposed to inherit the art of bone-setting, 
 having taken to more honest courses. The belief 
 in the ability of quacks was not confined to the 
 lower classes only. Men of wealth and high 
 station, believing themselves to be suffering from 
 desperate diseases, were easily persuaded to 
 admit notorious quacks to their sick beds ; and 
 Horace Walpole narrates instances in which the 
 quacks effectuall}^ cured their noble patients of all 
 diseases by killing them.
 
 MEDICINE IN OLD NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 HE oldest prepared medicine of which 
 there is any record, is the eye-salve of 
 a Roman physician ; and it is not in- 
 appropriate that this should stand at the beginning 
 of our selections from the prepared medicines 
 advertised in the seventeenth century in England. 
 This salve was found at Uriconium, and bore the 
 seal of the Physician who compounded it. The 
 text was as follows: — ''TIBerii CLaudii Medici 
 DIALIBAnum AD OMNE VITium Oculorum 
 EX OVO." Translated as " The dialibanum of 
 Tiberius Claudius, the physician, for all complaints 
 of the eyes, to be used with ^gg!' 
 
 The newspapers of the latter portion of the 
 seventeenth century abound with advertisements 
 respecting medicines ; and from a great host of
 
 MEDICINE IN OLD NEWSPAPERS. 211 
 
 them we have selected a number for the amuse- 
 ment of our readers. They will furnish much 
 matter for curious study. The variety of the 
 medicines Is wonderful, the boldness of the boast 
 made concerning them is remarkable ; and the 
 manner in which the advertisement is set forth, 
 the use of capital letters, and the punctuation, are 
 worthy of notice. They form a curious comment 
 on the customs of social life, and the diseases of 
 the people. 
 
 THE SCOTCH PILLS. 
 
 WHEREAS Dr. Anderson or the Scotch Pills 
 have been daily abused by dangerous coun- 
 4--.-jf .aix, j,ince the decease of Mrs. Katherine Anderson. 
 ^^'^^6e are to certifie for the Publick good, That the 
 ^•ue Pill is faithfully prepared, and for the future to 
 be sold with printed directions only by Mrs. Isabel 
 r^y^e Inglis, of Edinburgh, in Scotland, now living at the 
 
 Hand and Pen, near the King's Bagnio, in Long 
 Acre, and in no other place in or about the City of 
 London. — London Gazette, 1689. 
 
 OYL FOR THE GOUT. 
 
 tcut 
 
 ' I "HIS is to give notice That there is extant an 
 X Oyl of very excellent virtue for giving ease 
 in the Gout, approved by above 20 eminent Physicians 
 of the College, London, and that it is a safe medicine, 
 no way hurtful, nor in the least repelling. This Oyl 
 is put up in Bottles, and to prevent Counterfeits
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 Sealed with the maker's Coat of Arms, viz. Azure, a 
 Cross, ingral'd Ermine, for the Crest a Moor Cock, 
 and sold the largest Bottles of \os., and the smallest 
 for 5^-., with a paper of directions and virtues at large, 
 stampt with the same Coat of Arms as the Bottles, at 
 Man's Coffee House, at Charing Cross ; at Richard's 
 Coffee House, at Temple Bar ; at Garraway's and 
 Joe's, at the Royal Exchange ; Hill's Coffee House 
 in Holboni, over against Hatton Garden at Buck- 
 ridge's Coffee house, in Aldersgate street ; Crown 
 Coffee house, in West Smithfield ; Wilkin's Coffee 
 house, in Bishopsgate street ; the Essex Coffee house 
 at Aldgate by the bars ; at Gardner's Coffee house, by 
 St. Mary Overy's Church, in Southwark ; at Free- 
 man's Coffee house, near Bow Church, in Cheap-side ; 
 at Mr. Gravenor's, a Cheesemonger by Cripplegate ; 
 Smyther's Coffee house, near Billings-gate ; and Will's, 
 in Bow Street, Covent Garden. — London Gazette, 
 1689. 
 
 LIQUORISH FOR COLDS. 
 
 THESE are to give notice that the juice of 
 Liquorish which safely cures all Colds-iimd 
 defluctions upon the breast and all manner of cou^,^ , 
 extraordinary well prepared may be had at Miolt. 
 Bureau, at the Rising Sun, near the Savoy ; and at Mr. 
 Godet, Sword Cutler at the Duke of Northumber- 
 land's Head in the Pall Mall. The Price is a Shilling 
 an Ounce put under a Seal. — London Gazette, 1689. 
 
 ^\ 
 
 THESE are to give notice that Mrs. Panier who 3.1 
 
 does prepare the Juice of Liquorish, black, 
 brown and white, which is very good for the curing 
 of Colds and defluxions on the Stomach, and who has ' 
 
 the honour to prepare the same for Her Royal High- 
 ness the Princess of Denmark, does lodge at Mr. 
 Bureau, at the Rising Sun, near the little Savoy Gate, 
 ih the Strand, where she will have a good Quantity 
 always ready, and may be spoken with every morning.
 
 MEDICINE IN OLD NEWSPAPERS. 213 
 
 and from four till ten at night. The same may like- 
 wise be had at Mr. Godet's, at the Duke of North- 
 umberland's Head, at the entrance of the Pall Mall, 
 at reasonable Rates. — London Gazette, 1689. 
 
 A SWEATING AND CUPPING HOUSE. 
 
 JOHN PINDER, a German, hath newly set up a 
 Sweating and Cupping house, in Westmoreland 
 Court, in St. Bartholomew's Close, where men may 
 be sweated and cupped on Saturdays, and women 
 on Wednesdays, with very good Accomodation. — 
 London Gazette, May, 1690. 
 
 A PHARMACOPCEIA. 
 
 PARMACOPCEIA Bateana in English; or Dr. 
 Bates' Dispensatory, containing above 1000 
 choice Recipes in Physick and Chirurgery ; also the 
 Arcana Goddardiana, with above 500 Chymical Pro- 
 cesses, to which are added Dr. Goddard's Famous 
 Drops, Russel's Powder, and the Emplastrum Fehr- 
 nigum, their Preparations, Virtues, Uses, and Doses, 
 with various Observations and a Rationale upon each 
 of them. By William Salmon, Professor of Physick. 
 Printed for S. Smith and B. Walford, at the Prince's 
 Arms, in St. Paul's Churchyard. — Gazette, Jan., 1693. 
 
 POWDER FOR THE STONE. 
 
 THIS is to give Notice that Mrs. Norridge, who 
 now lodges at the Blue Ball in Exeter Street, 
 in the vStrand, has an Infallible Powder for the Stone 
 and Gravel, which was left her by her Father, Dr. 
 Duncan. This Powder is Sealed up with her Coat 
 of Arms, and may be had of her self, at Mrs. Bil- 
 lingsley, at the Printing Press under the Royal Ex- 
 change ; and of Mr. Howkins, Bookseller, in George 
 Yard, in Lombard Street. She likewise Cleanseth
 
 214 yl CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 the Teeth, cures the Tooth Ach, and Scurvy in the 
 Gums, and Setteth m Artificial Teeth. She hath 
 also a most powerful Oil for the Wormes, and an 
 excellent Eye Water. She also hath very good 
 Lozenges for Coughs, Colds, etc. — Gazette, ]z\\., 1693. 
 
 THE KING'S EVIL. 
 
 MR. JOHN CAMAS, Surgeon, Cures the King's 
 Evil, and all sorts of extraordinary Swelling, 
 by a particular Method. He hath also Invented a 
 new Method of Curing all sorts of Ruptures, as it 
 appeareth by Certificates and Approbations of several 
 Physicians of the College of London. He liveth at 
 the Surgeons' Arms in Red Lion Court, near Bow 
 Street, in Covent Garden. — Gazette, Feb., 1693. 
 
 A MIRACLE. 
 
 A NARRATIVE of the late extraordinary Cure 
 ±\. wrought upon Mrs. Elizabeth Savage, (Lame 
 from her Birth), without the using of any Natural 
 means ; with the affidavits which were made before 
 the Right Honourable the Lord Mayor, by several 
 credible persons who knew her both before and since 
 her Cure. 
 
 Enquired into by Eminent Physicians of the College, 
 and others. With an Appendix attempting to prove 
 that Miracles are not ceased. Printed by J. Dun- 
 ton, at the Raven, and by J. Harris, at the Harrow, 
 in the Poultry. Price bd. — Gazette, Feb., 1693. 
 
 EPSOM WATER. 
 
 'Hj'^HE Purging Salt of Epsom Water prepared and 
 X sold in greater or lesser quantities, by Francis 
 Moule, Chymist, at Glauber's Head, in Watling 
 Street. — Gazette, March, 1697. 
 
 «
 
 MEDICINE IN OLD NEWSPAPERS. 215 
 
 THE GREAT CORDIAL ELIXIR. 
 
 ELIXIR Stomachicum ; or, the great Cordial 
 Elixir for the Stomach ; of a delicate Flavour, 
 and pleasant bitterish Taste, not Purging but Cordial 
 only ; to be drank at any time (but especially in a 
 Morning), in any Liquor, as Ale, Tea, Mum, Canary, 
 White Wine, A Dram of Brandy, etc. It makes the 
 best Purl in the World in Ale and in Canary, Tea, 
 etc., very pleasant and wholesome, far exceeding 
 Purl made of Wormwood, which (being so hot and 
 drying) burns the Sight, and drys the Blood very 
 much : This having the Quintescence of all the In- 
 gredients of the bitter Draught in it, and many other 
 excellent Stomachicks and Anti-scorbuticks brought 
 into a small quantity as that 30 or 40 Drops is a Dose ; 
 you make it at your pleasure in a glass of White Wine, 
 Tea, or other liquor ; it procures a good Appetite, 
 helps Digestion, expels all Wind, strengthens the 
 Stomach, purifies the Blood, and destroys the Scurvy, 
 with many other Virtues mentioned in the Bills given 
 with it, but these six things especially it does beyond 
 belief, without you experience it. Price One shilling 
 each Bottle. It is to be sold by Mr. J. Dunton, at the 
 Raven, in the Poultrey, and at these Coffeehouses, viz., 
 Symonds Inn, in Chancery Lane ; at Vigures in the 
 Old Pallace Yard, Westminster ; Victualling Office, 
 at Tower Hill ; Man's at Charing Cross ; Essex, at 
 Whitechapel ; North's in King Street, by Guildhall ; 
 Richard's, at Temple Bar ; Smyther's, in Thames 
 Street ; Will's, in Covent Garden ; Blackett's, at 
 Spittelfields ; West's, at the Postern, in Aldersgate ; 
 Hamet's, on London Bridge ; Brown's, at Wapping 
 Oldstairs ; John's, by the King's Bench ; Jonathan's, 
 in Exchange Alley ; Smith's, at Lambeth, by the 
 Church ; Cleve's at Greenwich, by the Church ; by 
 Mr. Thomas Collet, Jun., near the Hermitage, 
 Tobacconist ; Mr. Leavinston, Fruiterer, at the 
 Royal Exchange ; and Thomas Howkins, in George 
 Yard, in Lombard Street : the author having ap- 
 pointed him only (beside himself) to sell it whole-
 
 2i6 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 I sale. Any person wanting to dispose of or sell again, 
 
 may be there furnished. — Athenian Mercury, July, 
 15, 1693. 
 
 A DRINK AND FILL. 
 
 IN Gray's Inn Lane, in Plow-yard, the third door, 
 lives Dr. Thomas Kirleus, a Collegiate Physician, 
 and sworn Physician in ordinary to King Charles 
 the Second, until his death, who with a Drink and 
 Pill (hindring no business), undertakes to cure any 
 Ulcers, Sores, Swellings in the Nose, Face, or other 
 parts. Scabs, Itch, Scurfs, Leprosies, and . . . 
 Disease, expecting nothing until the cure be finished. 
 Of the last he hath cured many hundreds in this city, 
 many of them after fluxing, which carries the evil 
 from the Lower Parts to the Head, and so destroys 
 many. The Drink is t,s. the Quart, the Pill is. a Box, 
 with Directions, a better Purger than which was never 
 given, for they cleanse the Body of all Impurities, 
 which are the causes of Dropsies, Gouts, Scurvies, 
 Stone or Gravel, Pains in the Head and other parts. 
 With another Drink, at is. 6d. a Quart, he cures all 
 Fevers and hot Distempers, without Bleeding, except 
 in few Bodies. He gives his opinion to all that writes 
 or comes for nothing. — Athenian Mercury, Aug. 8, 
 1693. 
 
 E X TRACE OF LIQUOR AS. 
 
 THE Extract of Liquoras being a Composition of 
 the best Medicines for the undermentioned 
 Diseases, and altogether different from the common 
 Extract of that name, is far beyond any Medicament 
 ever yet known, or at least Published, to cure all sorts 
 of Colds, Coughs, Chin Coughs, Hoarseness, Short- 
 ness of Breath, and any Disease of the Lungs that is 
 Curable. It is exceeding good against the Consump- 
 tion and Spitting of Blood, etc. It may be taken at 
 any time, and the oftener the better, being so safe and 
 pleasant, that it may freely be given to a child of any 
 age. This Extract is (for convenience of carrying it
 
 MEDICINE IN OLD NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 217 
 
 in the Pocket) made up into Rolls, and sold for One 
 Shilling the Roll. To be sold by Mr. Dorman New- 
 man, Bookseller, at the King's Arms, in the Poultrey, 
 the Comer shop of Grocers Alley, and at the Rainbow 
 Coffee House at Temple Bar. — Atfmiiajt Mercury, 
 Oct. 24, 1693. 
 
 A FAMOUS DUTCHMAN 
 
 THERE is in this City a very Ingenious Dutchman, 
 called Mr. Vandepolle, who had found the only 
 true Secret for Curing all sorts of Crookedness and 111- 
 Shape in any part of the Body and Leggs, and that in 
 a very short time, and without putting his Patient to 
 the least pain, provided they be under Twenty Years 
 of Age. He further obliges himself to satisfie any 
 Learned Physician, or other Curious Person, by clear 
 and certain Reason, that it is impossible perfectly to 
 Cure this Malady in the Body by Iron Stayes, which 
 are now used by them who pretend to be most skilfull 
 and expert therein. Any person who desires to Em- 
 ploy him may be further satisfied by one of the 
 King's Physicians, to whom he was recommended by 
 an Eminent Physician in Holland, who has attested 
 the great cures he has done in that Country, and 
 likewise by those he has done in this City, since he 
 arrived. He liveth in Wardor Street, against the 
 Golden Head, at the upper end of Old Soho, behind 
 St. Anns Court. — AtJmiian Mercury, Oct. 31, 1693. 
 
 CELEB R A TED PURGING PILLS. 
 
 AT the Angel and Crown, in Basing Lane, being 
 the second turning in Bread Street from 
 Cheapside, on the left Hand, The Sick may have 
 Advice for Nothing, and excellent Purging Pills pre- 
 pared by J. Peachy, of the College of Physicians in 
 London ; they Cure the Scurvy and Dropsie, they 
 purge the Choller, Flegm and Melancholly, they 
 Purge the Head and Breast, and cure Coughs, they 
 strengthen and cleanse the Stomach, .... and are as 
 proper a Purge as can be used, .... for such as
 
 2i8 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 can't confine themselves when they want Purging, but 
 are forced to go abroad about their Business. They 
 are Sealed up in Tin Boxes, each containing eighteen 
 Pills, Price one Shilling and six pence, with plain 
 Directions in Print how to use them. They that can't 
 take Pills may use my Elixir or Liquor which cures 
 the same Diseases, and is excellent for the Stone and 
 Chollick, Price 2s. 6d. At the same place may be had 
 approved Medicines for , the Cure of Feavers, Agues, 
 Griping of the Guts, Vomiting and Loosness, Worms, 
 Rickets, Rheumatism, or Pains and Lameness of the 
 Limbs, for Rheums in the Eyes, and for many 
 Diseases peculiar to Women, and for the Itch. 
 Many ill men make it their Business to reproach this 
 Publick way of practice, because it thwarts their 
 Private Interest. — Athenian Me?'cury, Nov. 4, 1693. 
 
 A CURE FOR DEAFNESS. 
 
 A PERFECT Cure for Deafness in young and old, 
 if curable, in ten days time, without pain ; for 
 those that have any Impostume in the Head, or pain 
 in the Ear, performed by the Successor of Famous 
 Docter Habbott, who is newly come to the City, and 
 to be spoken with every Monday, Wednesday, and 
 Friday, from Seven untill Twelve at noon, at Windsor 
 Court, over against Somerset House in the Strand, 
 where they may have the Cure Reasonable. If any 
 lives at a distance, they may have the Remedy with 
 Directions. And most Excellent Plasters, which 
 prove an Effectual Cure for Favers ; price One 
 Shilling ; and there are also for Agues. — Athenian 
 Mercury, Jan. 27, 1694. 
 
 A FAMOUS NEVER FAILING CORDIAL. 
 
 THESE are to give Notice that Thos. Hindes' 
 Famous Never Failing Cordial, famous for its 
 cures for many years, is still to be Sold at Mr. Robert 
 Dove, Cutler, at the King's Head, near the corner of 
 the Minories, near Aldgate ; and at Mr. Charles Rack,
 
 MEDICINE IN OLD NEWSPAPERS. 219 
 
 a Pewterer, over against the George Inn, in the Eur- 
 rough of Southwark; and at Mr. John Cresset, at the 
 Lion and Shugar Loaf, over against the King on Horse 
 Back, on the left hand going to Whitehall ; and at 
 my house, a Picture Drawer's Shop, at Aldersgate, 
 next the Fountain Tavern, and no where else in 
 London. — Athenian Merciuy, Feb. 27, 1694. 
 
 WATER FOR REMOVING FRECKLES. 
 
 ON Ludgate Hill, next Door to the King's Arms 
 Tavern, near Fleet Bridge, any person may be 
 ftrnished with a Water for taking away the Freckles, 
 Pimples, Worms, and Morphew in the Face, Elixir 
 Salutis Balsamum Vitae Tinctura Vitae. An excellent 
 Water and Ointment for the Eyes, Ointments for the 
 Rickets, Burns, Scalds, Wounds, Aches, Sprains, etc. 
 Powders, Dentrifices, Elixers, Essences, Oils, Spirits, 
 etc., for the Easing and Curing of most Distempers, 
 incident to humane Bodies, Prepared and Sold by 
 B. L. — Athenian Mercury, May 22, 1694. 
 
 REMEDY FOR THE SMALL POX. 
 
 A MO ST excellent and safe Remedy in the Small 
 Pox and Measles, which kindly drives them 
 out when flat or sti"uck in ; it cures a Looseness, 
 frequently Fatal in this Disease, even to a wonder, 
 beyond all other Remedies yet known ; and upon 
 many infallible proofs of its good Effects, exposed for 
 publick benefit, and is to be had at the first house on 
 the Right Hand in Gun Yard, in Ploundsditch, the 
 House with a Porch and Hatch. — Athenian Mercury, 
 Oct. 13, 1694. 
 
 THE BLIND DOCTOR. 
 
 A GENTLEMAN lately come to London, that 
 some time was Blind himself, and by that 
 means hath attain'd to a wonderful Art in Curing all 
 manner of indanger'd Eyes, so that none need despair.
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 if they make their first application to him. For all 
 Sore Eyes, either from sharp Rhumes, inflamed Eyes, 
 Eyelids turn'd outward, Or Fistulas, as also Dim- 
 sights or any prejudice by Blow, Fire, Gunpowder, 
 Small Pox, or Eyes broke, that the watrish Humour 
 runs out, and the Eye falls flat in the Head, he 
 recovers to sight again ; as also Convulsions and Con- 
 sumptions of the Eyes, and being desired by those 
 that lately made use of him in Norfolk and Cambi-idge, 
 to let them know where he settles in this City ; This 
 is to give notice to them, or to any others, it is at 
 the 2 Blew Balls, in Salisbury Court ; his Hours are 
 from 9 to 1 1, and from 4 to 6 in the Afternoon^ 
 where any Artist may see his Operations. He 
 likewise cures All Agues without the Cortex. — 
 Athenian Mercury, Oct. 20, 1694. 
 
 OLD DR. MOSSE. 
 
 AT the Golden Ball, in St. Jone's Court, near 
 Clarkenwel, Lives Docter Mosse, Who hath 
 Obtained the only most Sovereign and excellent Cure 
 for the Gout, viz. A Balsam which, in a moment's 
 time takes away the Pain, be it never so exquisite and 
 intolerable, strengthening and restoring the Joynts or 
 Members Afflicted, to their perfect Vigour, Form, and 
 Motions, the said Balsam, with a Box of Pills, being 
 the most Absolute Specificks for Curing and Defend- 
 ing both Internal and External Parts, from that 
 Miserable Distemper, ever yet published or made 
 manifest by any. — Athenian Mercury, Nov. 3, 1 694. 
 
 THE\ RENOWN" D EYE-WATER OF THE 
 WORLD. 
 
 BEING brought from China, given with the 
 Receipt, by the King to an English Gentle- 
 woman who lived many years in his Court, and for 
 great services done, received it (amongst other 
 Favours) from his Majesties own hand, being a secret 
 of great esteem there. It is exposed to sale for the
 
 MEDICINE IN OLD NEWSPAPERS. 221 
 
 benefit of the English Nation, being most certain in 
 the speedy and easy cure of all sore and strengthen- 
 ing all weak Eyes, taking off all manner of Inflam- 
 mations, Discolourings, Evil Tinctures, Bloodshot, 
 Pearls, Pins, Runnings, Weepings, Defluxions from 
 the head. Cold or hot Rheums, caused by the in- 
 temperance of the Brain, Old Headaches, Colds, 
 Heats, much Reading, Writing, Waking or Hard. 
 Drinking, and in a word, all Diseases and. In- 
 firmities of the Eyes, and this with great success, 
 beyond anything that has appeared in this Part of the 
 World, It is highly esteemed by thousands of People 
 of all qualities, who, to their very great comforts and 
 satisfaction have made tryal thereof. 'Tis to be Sold 
 at Mr. Dunton's, at the Raven, in Jewen Street ; at 
 Mrs. Hope's, Bookseller, at the North entrance of the 
 Royal Exchange ; at Mrs. Caraway's at the comer of 
 Sweethings Ally, Cornhill, and nowhere else in Eng- 
 land, Price, sixpence the Bottle. — Athenian Mercury, 
 Dec. 22, 1694. 
 
 SNUFF FOR TOOTHACHE. 
 
 AN excellent Snuff for Toothache, to be had at 
 Tho. Howkins, in George-yard. — Athenian 
 Mercury, Jan., 1693. 
 
 NECTAR AND AMBROSIA. 
 
 THE author of the Rich Cordial, called Nectar 
 and Ambrosia, is removed from Mr. J. Hows, 
 in Fenchurch Street, to Mr. Hugh Newman's, Book- 
 seller, in the Poultry, where Commanders of Ships 
 and others his customers in City and Country may 
 be supplied as formerly. — Gazette, Sept. 18, 1699. 
 
 APOPLECTICK BALSAM. 
 
 WARHAM'S Apoplectick Balsam from Florence, 
 to be known from all Counterfeit Balsams 
 whatever by these five Trials. Men, women, or
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 children, being seized with any sort of Fits, are 
 presently brought to their sense and speech by only 
 Anointing the Nostrils and Temples with this Bal- 
 
 TT^ARHAM'S Apoplectick Snufif inherits the 
 V V same virtues against most distempers in the 
 Head, being prepared with all the Chimical Oils of 
 Herbs and Spices that compounds the Balsam. At 
 bd. per Box, or loj-. per pound. — Flying Post, March 
 26, 1698. 
 
 THE VENETIAN WASH. ' 
 
 THE Venetian Wash, to Beautify and add loveli- 
 ness to the Face, a Dentifrice to Whiten the 
 Teeth, to be had at Mr. Smith, Bookseller, Russel 
 Street, Covent Garden. — London Post, March, 1701. 
 
 THE LIQUOR OF AZAM. 
 
 THE Liquor of Azam, being the most present 
 Remedy ever yet made use of, for the Stone 
 and Gravel, only to be had at Johns' Coffee house in 
 Sweeting's Alley, near the Royal Exchange. 2s. bd. 
 per bottle. — Flying Post, April 21, 1702. 
 
 SANATIOUS, LIQUOR. 
 
 SANATIOUS. The most wonderful Chymical 
 Liquor in Nature. Sold only at Mr. Stephens, 
 next the White Horse in Broad Street. — The English 
 Post, July 3, 1702. 
 
 PURGING SUGAR PLUMS. 
 
 THE too much approved Purging Sugar Plums 
 for Children and others, to whom Physick is 
 Ircksome ; a secret lately found of by a Physician.
 
 MEDICINE IN OLD NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 Are sold only by Mr. Evans, at the Green Dragon, 
 in St. Paul's Church Yard. \s. a box. — The English 
 Post, June 19, 1702. 
 
 PEPTIC ON SAL UTLFER UM. 
 
 PEPTICON Salutiferum, to help Concoction or 
 restoring Weak or Lost Appetite, Prepared by 
 an Ancient and Well Experienced Physician, to be 
 sold by Joshuah Stephens, next door to the White 
 Horse, in Broad Street, near the Royal Exchange, 
 \s. bd. a Bottle. — The English Post, June 1 1, 1702. 
 
 TO STOP BLEEDING. 
 
 THE Cephalick Tincture never before in England 
 is only made and sold by Charles Bloys, and 
 by nobody else. It immediately stops bleeding at 
 the Nose by blowing two or three drops up the head 
 in a Quill. Price \s. per Bottle. — The Post Man, 
 April 25, 1702. 
 
 HUNGARY WATER. 
 
 ANY person that has a desire to dispose of fine 
 Hungary Water, Liquid SnufF, Elixir Salutis, 
 Spirits of Scurvy Grass. Apoplectick Balsam, Mat- 
 thew's Pill, the Tincture against Gravel and several 
 other celebrated things, may be furnished with such 
 as are true, at the same Prices they are afforded at the 
 Shops about the Exchange, who sell the same. At the 
 Chimest's House, No. One in the New Street, East 
 Smithfield, where any Curious Persons that have a 
 desire to see any of the said things made, or anything 
 else in use, may there truly be taught. — Flying Post, 
 Dec. 1702. 
 
 THE TOOTHACHE. 
 
 AT the Chyrurgeon's Arms, by Clements Inn, 
 Backgate, near Clare Market, liveth Thomas 
 Feme, Chyrurgeon, who hath an excellent Secret,
 
 224 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 that in one Hour's time cureth the Toothaclie without 
 Drawing, and prevents its ever returning. This hath 
 been experienced for several years by many of the 
 Nobility and Gentry, and several hundreds of others 
 in this City and Suburbs. He is the Author of this 
 Medicine, and to prevent its being counterfeited, dis- 
 poses of none but what he applies himself — Flying 
 Post, Jan, 1702. 
 
 TOOTHACHE. 
 
 THE only famous Remedy for the Toothache, 
 The General Applause this Medicine has 
 Already gained is a sufficient Testimony of its Worth. 
 Tis a liquid to be held a little while in the mouth, and 
 wholly free from the Poysonous quality of Aquafortis 
 and Red Mercury in Powder, too commonly us'd in 
 this distemper. Whereas this incompai-able Remedy 
 being as safe as a drop of Cordial Water immediately 
 allays all Pains of the Teeth or Gums, and, with 
 God's blessing, infallibly Cures it, without danger of 
 Return, whether it proceeds from Rheum, decay'd 
 Teeth, Worms in 'em, or Stumps, It also preserves 
 them and absolutely clears 'em from the Scurvey. 
 Price \s. each Bottle, with printed Directions, 
 each Sealed up with a Lion Rampant Gardant, the 
 Crest a Griffin Passant. — Sold by Mrs. Milner at the 
 red Man and Dagger, in Popes Head Alley, in Corn- 
 hill.— 77?^ ^;z^//j-/2 /'^j^', Dec. 1702. 
 
 INCOMPARABLE VAPOUR PILLS. 
 
 PILLULAE HYSTERICAE or the Incomparable 
 Vapour Pills being a secret kept in the Bosome 
 of anAntient and Famous Practitioner in Physick 
 still alive, but now has been prevailed upon to give 
 leave that it may be made publick for general Good, 
 not pretendedly, but really so, and to relieve those 
 who for many Years may have had no considerable 
 benefit from Anything. Which Pills allays and sur- 
 presses Vapour in Women, (beyond any Medicine yet
 
 MEDICINE IN OLD NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 found out), which Causes such sick Fits, Swoonings, 
 Swimmings in the Head, Dimness of sight and in 
 many, Convulsions and Death. Men being not 
 exempt from the same Symptoms, which in them are 
 called Hypocondraical Affections, these Pills sup- 
 presses and allay them, and being used for sometime, 
 Cures so far as any one Medicine ever did or can. — 
 Londoji Post, Jan. 170 1. 
 
 NECKLACES FOR CUTTING TEETH. 
 
 THOSE well known and approved Necklaces of 
 Major John ^ Choke, one of His Majesty's 
 Chymists, for easing young children in breeding and 
 cutting their Teeth, preventing Fits, Rickets, with 
 printed directions of their use at large, sold at Mr. 
 Garway's shop, at the South Entrance of the Royal 
 Exchange. — London Post, 1 701. 
 
 SYRUPUS CATARRHALIS. 
 
 THERE is now prepared by an eminent Prac- 
 titioner in Physick (and sold by B. Harris, the 
 publisher of this paper only), an approved Syrup for 
 a Cough, called Syrupus Catarrhalis, to be taken a 
 spoonful 3 or 4 times a Day, but especially at night 
 going to bed. In an old Physick or Consumptive 
 Cough I dare not Warrant it, but in a Cough or 
 Cold newly got where it is Violent, and lyes Tickling 
 and where there is Pain, and stuffing in the Head, 
 Nose running. In this case this Syrup will certainly 
 take it off in 48 hours, and to assure it will do so any 
 person of good Reputation buying it, who shall come 
 again bringing the empty Bottle, and affirm it did 'em 
 no good shall have there money retui^ned. Price 2s. 6d. 
 — London Post, Jan., 1 70 1. 
 
 THE GRAND P. 
 
 YOUR Old Physician, Dr. Case, who hath so 
 publickly made the world sensible of his speedy 
 and wonderful method of Curing the Grand P., his
 
 226 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 knowledge extends much further by his Spagyrick 
 Art to cure the Dropsie, and no money before the 
 Cure is perfected. Lilly's Head, against Ludgate 
 Church, Black Yx'\&s:%g2X&.— English Post, Jan., 1702. 
 
 THE SAL VOLATILE LEO SUM. 
 
 THE Sal Volatile Oleosum, only to be had at Dy 
 Byfield's, in Salisbury Court, in Fleet Street. — 
 The Post Man, Jan. 22, 1702. 
 
 AN OP THAI MIC SECRET. 
 
 DR. Clark's Opthalmic Secret found to Cure the 
 Gutta Serena, or Blindness through stoppage 
 of the Optive Nerves, and for taking away dimness. 
 At his House against Exeter Exchange, next the 
 French School in the Savoy. — Flying Post, March 5, 
 1702. 
 
 DIGBYS INCOMPARABLE SNUFF. 
 
 SIR KENELM DIGBY'S Incomparable Apople- 
 tick Powder or Snuff, Whichat Once, orat the most 
 Three Times Using of it (with God's Blessing) abso- 
 lutely Cures the Apoplexy and Lethargy, also Vapours, 
 Drowsiness, Imposthumes, Dizziness, pain and heavi- 
 ness of the Head. This Remedy being compounded 
 of Noble Cephalick Subjects, wholly differs from any 
 other of this kind, as will manifestly appear by its 
 Colour, excellent Smell and Virtue, which will not 
 decay in some years, and may be used in any season 
 with the greatest safety and advantage. Price is. 6d. 
 a Paper, with Printed Directions, each sealed up 
 with this Seal, viz. Two Twins and a Mullet for the 
 Crest. Sold at Mr. Brooks', Stationer, upon London 
 Bridge. — The English Post, July i, 1702. 
 
 BALSAM OF CATHY. 
 
 THE true Balsam of Cathy, being the most effec- 
 tual Remedy brought into Europe for giving 
 immediate ease in the Gout and all Gouty and Rheu-
 
 MEDICINE IN OLD NEWSPAPERS. 227 
 
 matic Pains prevailing against those Distempers even 
 to a Miracle, yea, very often in an hour's time in a fit 
 of the Gout, though in the time of its greatest rage 
 and violence, and asswaging the swellings thereof in 
 a very short time. Is to be had only at Mason's 
 Coffee house, in Bartholomew lane, behind the Royal 
 Exchange, at is. 6d. per Box. It never decays. — 
 The Post Man, July 4, 1702. 
 
 PURGING SUGAR PLUMS. 
 
 THE so much approved Purging Sugar Plums, for 
 Children and others, to whom Physick is Irk- 
 some, a secret lately found of by a Physician, and 
 experienced by Thousands to be the pleasant, safest, 
 and most effectual Physick in Nature, and the neatest 
 and fittest to be taken by all Persons at all times, 
 and in all Cases where purging is necessary, both for 
 preventing and curing all manner of Diseases ; par- 
 ticularly they have been signalized for destroying and 
 bringing away from Old and Young all sorts of 
 Worms and wormy matter in stomach and Guts ; 
 curing Coughs, Rickets, Convulsions, whitely and 
 pale looks of Children, Green Sickness in Maids and 
 divers other deplorable Distempers, as inserted at 
 large in the Printed Directions ; they being the most 
 general Physick yet known for cleaning the Body of 
 all foulness and humours from Head to Foot, and 
 sweeting the whole Mass of Blood. Are sold only at 
 Mr. Evetts, at the Green Dragon, in St. Paul's 
 Church Yard, each Box containing several Doses. 
 Price IS. — The English Post, July 8, 1702. 
 
 THE ROYAL COSMETICK. 
 
 THE Royal Cosmetick, more than a looo times 
 experienced to cure Scabs, Itch, Tettars, Ring-_ 
 worms in a few days. — The English Post, Oct. 16, 
 1702. 
 
 R
 
 228 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 ELIXIR FOR THE GOUT AND RHEU- 
 MATISM. 
 
 WASSE'S Elixir for the Gout and Rheumatism ; 
 and excellent for the Chollick, Stone, Gravel, 
 and Ulcers in the Bladder and Kidneys, and is a sure 
 Remedy for the Dry Gripes in the West Indies. Price 
 3J-. the Half Pint. Sold by Mr. James Atkinson, 
 Mathematical Instrument maker, near Cherry Garden 
 Stairs, Rotherhithe. — Observator, May 20, 1704. 
 
 FEFTICON. 
 
 PEPTICON, an unparallell'd Medicine, to help a 
 weak Digestion, and procures an Appetite, ab- 
 solutely cures Consumptions, Asthmars, shortness of 
 Breath, Ulcers, and stuffing of the Lungs, restoring 
 the radical moisture, extinguishing and allaying pre- 
 ternatural heats and thirsts, sudden flushing in the 
 Hands and Face, Vapours, removes all Obstructions 
 in the Liver, Spleen, purifies the Blood and renovates 
 the vv^hole Body by replenishing the Blood and Juices 
 with the true and natural Balsamick Sulphur of Life. 
 Approved and recommended by the most sensible and 
 knowing Physicians and Philosophers particularly the 
 famous Helmont. Sold only at Mr. Stephens, in 
 Broad Street, at 2s. ()d. a Bottle.— 73^^ Fast Man, 
 Jan. II, 1704. 
 
 DR. FLETCHER'S FOWDER. 
 
 DR. FLETCHER (formerly of Gutter Lane, City, 
 Chymist) having cured many desperate Diseases 
 by his Powder, is only sold in Fetter Lane, next door 
 to the White Horse Inn, by Mr. Stephens, who mar- 
 ried the Docter's only daughter, and was carefully 
 instructed by him several years before his Death to 
 prepare the said Powder and other Preparations. The 
 said Mr. Stephens conceives it a publick Benefit to 
 acquaint those that have already found great Ad van- 
 vantages by them, and others where they may have it
 
 MEDICINE IN OLD NEWSPAPERS. 229 
 
 that so they may not be imposed upon to their hurt. 
 This powder is sold at iid. per ^z.^qx. — The Post Man^ 
 Jan. 1704. 
 
 PULMONICK ESSENCE. 
 
 THE Pulmonick Essence for all sorts of Coughs 
 and Colds being the most effectual Medicine 
 ever made use of, it infallibly curing them in old and 
 young, though never so violent or of long standing ; 
 it admirably relieves Consumptive and Ptisical 
 Coughs, and perfectly removes Hoarseness, Wheezing, 
 Shortness of Breath, and in short, all Distempers or 
 Disorders of the Lungs whatsoever, and not only 
 restores and strengthens them, but also defends them 
 from Defluxions or Distillations of Rheum, which by 
 falling thereon would soon cause Consumption ; 'tis 
 exceeding pleasant and comfortable, and may be 
 taken going abroad in the sharpest weather without 
 the least fear or danger of cold. To be had only at 
 Jacobs' Coffee House, against the Angel and Crown, 
 Threadneedle Street, at 2s. 6d. the bottle. — The 
 Flying Post, Jan. 11, 1704. 
 
 DR. MATTHEW'S PILLS. 
 
 DR. MATTHEW'S Pills, which purge by Sweat 
 and . . . are good against the Cholic, Rheu- 
 matism, Agues, Fevers, and Pleurisie, likewise good 
 for Women . . . Prepared by Rebecca Duke, at the 
 white Periweg, without Bishopgate. — Post Alan, April 
 22, 1704. 
 
 THE TRUE DRAWING PLA IS TER. 
 
 AT Thomas Lyle's, Apothecary, in Winchester 
 Street, near New Bedlam, London, are only to 
 be sold the true Drawing Plaister and Ointment, 
 published in the Gazette, which has been above 40 
 years in Practice, and has gained so great reputation 
 in most parts of this kingdom in curing Headachs,
 
 230 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 Convulsions, Sore Eyes, Rheumatick pains, etc., being 
 applyed the breadth of a Sixpence to Head, Neck, 
 Arms, are far more effectual and less troublesom than 
 Blisters, Seatons or Issues, Price 2s. At the same 
 place are only to be had the Black and White Ponte- 
 fract Liquorish Cakes for Coughs, Ptysick, Shortness 
 of Breath, etc., being stampt with the Castle and 
 T. Lyle, Pontefract. — /'<?j/ ^^;|/, May ii, 1704. 
 
 THE MERRY CORDIAL. 
 
 THE Merry Cordial, singular for the Cure of 
 the Hippo-Vapour or Melancholly in Man or 
 Woman. It opens all Obstructions, exhilirates the 
 Spirits, purifies the Blood and Juices, quiets a dis- 
 turbed Mind, and wonderfully relieves the Brain, and 
 is a Grand Cordial and Antidote against all manner 
 of Poisons. It is sold in Penny Glasses, at the Coffee 
 Houses, or in quantities at \os. the Gallon, at Rud- 
 kin's Coffee House, at the Queen's Bench, Southwark 
 — The Post Master, Jan. 27, 1705. 
 
 PR PHYLA C TIC ON. 
 
 PROPHYLACTICON, an Incomparable Medi- 
 cine against the ill Effects of hard Drinking. — 
 Daily Courant, July 24, 1706.
 
 ^^^M 
 
 
 ;^SHBJ^-V ~1^ J^ji 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 r^^^^^^ 
 
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED 
 MEDICINE, 
 
 O book of medicine would be complete 
 which did not give biographies of 
 those who have devoted their lives to 
 the advancement of the science. It is by the de- 
 votion of the individual that science is advanced. 
 But the question to solve was, where should 
 such a list begin ? To go back to the earliest 
 records would be to absorb a biographical dic- 
 tionary in one work ; to include the celebrated 
 medical men of all countries would be to stretch 
 our book to unwieldy limits ; so we came to the 
 conclusion to make a list as thoroughly English 
 as possible, only taking occasional excursions into 
 other countries to introduce the names of those 
 who, by their genius, marked epochs in the ad-
 
 2.^2 
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 vance of scientific medicine. Our list of course 
 does not Include any of the eminent men who, at 
 the present time, adorn the medical profession. 
 
 LiNACRE. Thomas, was born at Canterbury 
 about 1460, and received his early education In 
 his native city. He afterwards proceeded to 
 
 Oxford, where he became a Fellow of All Souls' 
 College, in 1484. From Oxford he had the 
 advantage of accompanying his schoolmaster, 
 William de Selling, on a mission from Henry 
 Vn. to the Court of Rome. On their way, 
 Linacre stayed at Bologna, where he made the 
 acquaintance of Angelo Poliziano. He next pro- 
 ceeded to Florence, where the recommendation
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE, 233 
 
 left by his schoolmaster caused him to meet with a 
 most courteous reception from Lorenzo de Medici. 
 He was permitted to receive Instruction from the 
 tutors of the prince's sons, and perfected himself 
 in the Greek language under Demetrius Chal- 
 condyles. After a time he proceeded to Rome, 
 where he studied medicine and philosophy under 
 Hermolaus Barbarus. Upon his return to Eng- 
 land, he proceeded to Oxford, where he took an 
 M.D. degree. While at the University he read 
 lectures on physic, and taught the Greek lan- 
 guage. Amongst his pupils was the celebrated 
 Sir Thomas More, as we learn from a letter of 
 Erasmus now in the Record Office, and from that 
 period sprang a friendship of a most cordial 
 character, which continued to LInacre's death. 
 His great reputation as a scholar and a physician 
 led to his being summoned by Henry VH. to 
 Court, and the king entrusted to him the educa- 
 tion and the health of Prince Arthur. As a man 
 of learning LInacre ranks as one of the few who 
 at this period brought about a revival of classic 
 learning in England. One of his earliest writings
 
 234 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 was a translation of Proclus on the Sphere, which 
 was dedicated to his pupil, Prince Arthur. He 
 also drew up, for the use of the Princess Mary, 
 *' Rudiments of the Latin Grammar," written in 
 English. This met with a very welcome accept- 
 ance from all learned men. An enlarged edition 
 was printed in London, 1524, with a recommenda- 
 tory letter attached written by Melancthon. 
 
 In the English State papers are many refer- 
 ences to Linacre and his friends, and as they 
 have not been collected together before, their 
 reproduction, as they appear in the calendars, will 
 be read with more interest than any summary 
 that might be compiled from them. 
 
 1 5 18, July 26. — Erasmus writes : Thomas Linacre is tlie King's 
 [Henry VIII.] Physician; Tunstal, Master of the 
 Rolls ; More, Privy Counsellor ; Pace, Secretary ; 
 Mountjoy, Chamberlain of the Household ; Colet, 
 Preacher ; Stokesley, Confessor. Ammonius dead in 
 England. 
 
 1 5 19. — Linacre wore the King's livery, and received ;£^i2 loj-. 
 quarterly. 
 
 15 19. — Erasmus to Johann Faber, vicar of the Bishop of Con- 
 stance : Linacre is the King's Physician. 
 
 1520. — Linacre, says Erasmus, taught Greek to Sir Thomas 
 More, when he was a young man.
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 235 
 
 1520. — William Latimer, ^\Titing from Oxford to Erasmus, says, 
 Linacre spent more than two years in the study of 
 Greek. 
 
 1524, Sept. 4. — Erasmus ^\Tites from Basle, to Pace, the King's 
 Secretary : Retain Linacre's friendship and Grocyn's 
 if you can. I should always be glad to have such 
 men my friends. I have honourable mention of 
 Linacre in my notes on St. Jerome. 
 
 15 1 1, Oct. 5. — Erasmus '>mtes from Cambridge to Ammonius : 
 Could not call on Ammonius when last in London. 
 Knocked at his chamber in the College of St. Thomas, 
 but did not find him at home. After mass heard the 
 tramp of horsemen, asked Linacre to look out, as he 
 [Erasmus] was engaged in writing, and was told that 
 Ammonius was leaving. 
 
 15 1 1, Nov. 18. — Ammonius writing from London to Erasmus 
 at Basle ; hears from Linacre, the Archbishop has 
 sent Erasmus a sum of money. 
 
 1 5 15, April 10. — Erasmus sends congratulations to Linacre. 
 
 15 1 6. — At a supper given by Henry VI IL, Linacre spoke 
 
 highly of Erasmus, 
 15 18, April 29. — Budseus writes to Pace: have learnt from your 
 
 book that Linacre, More, Tunstal, and Latimer, are 
 
 very common friends. 
 
 15 16, June 5. — Erasmus writes to Linacre: that he knew of 
 
 his friendship, and had heard it spoken of by Sir T. 
 
 More. Begs Linacre to send the medicine he took 
 
 by his prescription when last in London. 
 15 1 8, Sept. 4. — Erasmus writing from Basle to Pace, the King's 
 
 Secretary : knows none in England of whom he holds 
 
 a higher opinion than Linacre. 
 15 18, Feb. 22. — Presentation for Thomas Linacre to the church 
 
 of Hollesworth, Exeter diocese.
 
 236 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 1520. — Leo X. granted some favour to Linacre, solicited by 
 Pace, the King's Secretary. 
 
 152 1, Aug. 24. — Erasmus writes to Linacre: is sorry to hear 
 of his dechning health. Urges him to publish his 
 writings, and not deprive the world of the fruits of 
 many years' labour. 
 
 1518. — Sir Thomas More writes to Erasmus : Linacre sent his 
 translation of Galen to Paris in the previous year, to 
 be printed under the care of Lupset. 
 
 1 5 18. — Erasmus expresses his surprise that Linacre's books 
 have not yet appeared. 
 
 15 18, June -4. — Linacre writes to Budseus thanking him for his 
 care in revising his lucubrations. Has sent him some 
 rings [cramp rings] consecrated by the King as a 
 charm against spasms. 
 
 1 5 18. — Budaeus writes to Linacre: has distributed among the 
 wives of his relatives and friends the eighteen rings 
 of silver, and one of gold, he received from Linacre, 
 telling them they were amulets against slander and 
 calumny. 
 
 1 5 18, Sept. 8. — Lupset has shown Budseus Linacre's translation 
 of Galen, and Budaeus writes to Linacre to tell him 
 he greatly approves of it. 
 
 1 5 18, Sept. 23. — College of Physicians. Grant of Incorporation 
 of the College of Physicians, London ; and licence to 
 acquire lands to the annual value of ;£"j 2. No per- 
 son to practise medicine in the City of London or 
 within seven miles of it unless he be a member of the 
 College. Given at the intercession of John Chamber, 
 Thomas Linacre, and Ferdinand Victoria, the King's 
 Physicians ; Nic Halswell, John Francis, and Robert 
 Yaxley physicians, and Thomas, Archbishop of York, 
 Chancellor.
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 237 
 
 1 5 18, Oct. 22. — Erasmus writes to Pace, the King's Secretary : 
 Is much pleased with Linacre's Galen. 
 
 1521, May 7. — Christopher Langotius to Linacre : Thanks 
 
 him for his present which as a token of friendship he 
 received that day from Reginald Pole. Would rather 
 have had a letter from him than gold rings or bracelets. 
 Written from Padua. 
 
 1522, March 8. — Thomas Linacre to have a canonry in St. 
 
 Stephen's Westminster. 
 
 1522, Nov. 29, — Dr. Linacre resigned the Prebend of the 
 Collegiate Church of St. Stephen, Westminster Palace, 
 and Edward Fynche, M.D., was appointed in his place. 
 
 1522. — Letter from Thomas Linacre to Archbishop Warham, 
 excusing himself for not having dedicated to his 
 Grace, according to promise, the last volume of his 
 translation of Galen. He had been commanded by 
 the King, in the presence of Mr. John Chamber, to 
 dedicate it to his Highness. Acknowledges that he 
 was indebted to the liberality of Warham for the 
 opportunity of devoting himself to letters. 
 
 1524, Oct. 12. — For Thomas Linacre, M.D., the King's Physi- 
 cian. Licence to found three lectureships in Medi- 
 cine, viz. two in the University of Oxford, and one at 
 Cambridge, to be called " Lynacre's lectures." Also 
 licence to the Mercer's Company, London, according 
 to the purpose of the said Thomas to acquire posses- 
 sions to the annual value of ;^3o from the said Thomas, 
 or other persons, for the maintenance of the lectures. 
 
 7524, Oct. 20. — Linacre died, aged sixty-four. 
 
 1524, Nov. 13. — Vives to Erasmus : Linacre is dead, to the 
 great grief of all doctors. 
 
 1524, Dec. 27. — Erasmus writes from Basle, to Vives: Would 
 feel more bitterly the death of Linacre, if he did not 
 consider from what torments he was withdrawn.
 
 238 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 1525, Dec. 8. — Sir Thomas More to Erasmus : Is sorry to 
 hear that he has suffered from the illness that was 
 fatal to Linacre. 
 
 1526. — Erasmus to Francis, Physician to Cardinal Wolsey : 
 Sends him a minute account of his complaint. Is 
 afraid it will turn to excoriation of the bladder, a most 
 painful disease, of which Linacre died. 
 
 1526. — Erasmus to William Cope, Physician : gives an account 
 of his complaint, and his sufferings from the stone. 
 Could get no sound advice. 
 
 1536, July 12. — Erasmus died at Basle. 
 
 At the time of Linacre's return to England, 
 the Bishops granted medical licences to monks, 
 and the practice of medicine had sunk to a very 
 low point ; but the enlightened policy of Linacre 
 established the science of medicine upon a 
 scientific basis, and the College of Physicians 
 became renowned throughout the world. 
 
 The first meetings of the College were held at 
 Linacre's house. No. 5, Knight Rider St. ; and at his 
 death he bequeathed the house to the College. 
 
 Linacre, according to the authorities, entered the 
 Church before his death. The following are the 
 benefices which he appears to have held : 
 
 1509, Oct. 23. — Rectory of Mersham, Kent. 
 
 1509, Dec. 14. — Prebend of Eston, Wells. 
 
 15 10. — Church of Hawkehurst, 
 
 15 1 7, Aug. 24. — Prebend of St. Stephen's, Westminster.
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 239 
 
 15 18, March 6. — Church of Hollesworth, Exeter. 
 
 15 18, Oct. 17. — Prebend of South Newbald, York. 
 
 15 19, April 9. — Precentor of the same Church, 
 
 1520, Dec. 20. — Ordained Priest, being then Rector of Wigan, 
 
 Lancashire. 
 
 Linacre was buried in old St. Paul's, before the 
 Rood of the North Door, between the Long form 
 and the wall, directly against the said Rood ; at 
 least, so says dear old Anthony Wood. 
 
 Kaye. John, was born at Norwich, in 15 10. 
 He was educated for the medical profession at 
 
 Gonville Hall, Cambridge, and graduated at 
 Bologna. On returning to England, he settled 
 in London, and was appointed Physician to the 
 Court, a position he held during three reigns. 
 He was President of the College of Physicians 
 for several years. In 1557 he obtained a royal
 
 240 
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 licence to convert Gonvllle Hall into a college, 
 and the name became Caius. He endowed the 
 college liberally, and was the first master. He 
 died in 1573. 
 
 Vesalius. Andreas, was the son of an 
 apothecary, and was born at Brussels in 15 14. 
 
 From a very early age he showed a passion for 
 anatomical studies, and while studying medicine 
 at Louvain and at Paris, ran many serious risks 
 in his endeavours to obtain subjects. For the 
 purposes of further study he accompanied the 
 Imperial army for a time. He taught in the 
 universities of Pavia, Bologna, and Pisa with
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 241 
 
 much acceptance, and increased his fame by a 
 publication on anatomy in 1542. In 1544 he 
 became First Physician to the Emperor Charles V., 
 and held a similar appointment under Philip II. 
 The performance of his duties hindered scientific 
 study, and in the very height of his prosperity 
 he made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. His enemies 
 assert this journey was made by order of the 
 Inquisition for opening a human body before 
 death had actually taken place. In 1564 he was 
 at Jerusalem ; and, on his return journey, having 
 been invited to fill the chair of anatomy at Padua, 
 he was wrecked, and perished on the island of 
 Zante, October 1564. His most famous work is 
 entitled " De Corporis Humani Fabrica," which 
 opened up a new world to students of medical 
 science. 
 
 Fallopius. Gabrielle, was born near Modena 
 in 1523. When twenty-five years of age he ob- 
 tained a professorship at Pisa, from whence he 
 proceeded to Padua, where he succeeded Vesalius. 
 He was the first to describe the ethmoid and
 
 242 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 sphenoid bones, the structure of the ear (a canal 
 In which is still known as the aqueduct of Fallo- 
 pius), the muscles of the soft palate, and the 
 villi and valoulae conniventes of the small intestine. 
 Fallopius gained considerable fame also as a 
 botanist ; he was the superintendent of the 
 botanical garden at Padua ; and a genus of plants, 
 Fallopia, was named after him. He died in 1562. 
 
 Gilbert. William, was born at Colchester in 
 1540. He entered St. John's College, Cam- 
 bridge, and obtained his M.D. degree in 1569. 
 In 1573 he settled in London, was elected a 
 member of the College of Physicians, and prac- 
 tised with such success that he was appointed 
 Physician to Queen Elizabeth. His spare time 
 was devoted to philosophical experiments, in the 
 pursuit of which he was assisted by the Queen. He 
 was the author of a work '' De Magnete," which 
 has ever since served as a basis of Investigations 
 on terrestrial magnetism. In this he established 
 the magnetic nature of the earth, which he re- 
 garded as one great magnet; and he held that
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 243 
 
 terrestrial magnetism and electricity were two 
 allied emanations of a single force. This view 
 was not demonstrated until two hundred years 
 after his death. He was the first to use the terms 
 " electric force" and "electric attraction." He died 
 in 1603. 
 
 EusTACHius. Bartolomeo, was born in the 
 early part of the sixteenth century. In 1562 he 
 w^as Professor of Medicine in a college at Rome. 
 He pursued the study of anatomy with extra- 
 ordinary success, and made discoveries of the 
 greatest importance. He was the first to make 
 known the existence of the tube in the auditory 
 apparatus, and the valvular structure in the heart, 
 which have been named after him ; and the first 
 who accurately described the thoracic duct. He 
 also contributed to the diffusion of accurate facts 
 concerning the development of the teeth, and the 
 structure of the kidney. His anatomical works, 
 published in 1563, were the first to be illustrated 
 with engravings on copper. A very important work 
 which he composed on anatomy was not published
 
 244 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 until 1 714, owing to his poverty ; and the opinion 
 has been expressed that if it had been pubHshed 
 in his Hfetime, the science of anatomy would 
 have been advanced two centuries. He died in 
 1574. 
 
 Helmont. John Baptist van, was born at 
 Brussels in 1577. He had a natural genius for 
 the study of medicine, and made such rapid 
 progress at Louvain that he lectured when 
 seventeen years of age. After completing his 
 studies, he travelled for ten years, and acquired 
 a profound knowledge of chemistry. Through- 
 out the whole of his life he devoted himself to this 
 study, and made many valuable discoveries. The 
 first essay he wrote was upon the Spa waters ; 
 and he made himself famous by being the first 
 to adopt the word ''gas," referring to spirit. 
 In 1609 he settled at Vilvorden. He was an 
 earnest believer in the system of Galen, and 
 disregarded all other works upon medicine. He 
 died in 1644.
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 245 
 
 Harvey. William, was born at Folkestone, 
 Kent, in 1578. His father was a yeoman farmer, 
 several of his brothers were merchants in the 
 City of London, and one brother sat for Hythe 
 in Parliament. In early life he attended the 
 Canterbury Grammar School, and afterwards pro- 
 ceeded to Caius College, Cambridge, where he 
 took a degree. From thence he proceeded to 
 
 the University of Padua, where he joined the 
 school of medicine, at that time the most famous 
 in the world. His studies were zealously prose- 
 cuted for five years; and in 1602 he obtained 
 a diploma as Doctor of Medicine. Returning 
 immediately to England, he obtained a Doctor's
 
 246 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 degree at Cambridge, and finally commenced 
 practice in London. In 1609 he was appointed 
 Physician to St. Bartholomew's Hospital ; and in 
 161 5 was elected Lumleian Lecturer at the Col- 
 lege of Physicians. From his first settlement 
 in London he had devoted his whole leisure 
 to one particular branch of medicine ; and in 
 1616, he first expounded his original and com- 
 plete conception of the circulation of the blood, 
 with which his name is indissolubly connected. 
 For nine more years he kept on demonstra- 
 ting the subject in college lectures ; and at 
 length, in 1628, he published his discovery to 
 the world. The effect was such as greatly to 
 deter Harvey from making any further dis- 
 coveries known ; and he positively lost several 
 patients by publicly announcing the discovery. 
 But the theory could not be withstood, and he 
 lived to see it adopted by all the medical schools 
 in existence. He was appointed Physician Ex- 
 traordinary to James L In 1632, he was chosen 
 Physician to Charles I. ; and afterwards travelled 
 abroad with Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel,
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 247 
 
 In an Embassy to the Emperor in 1636. He 
 was with Charles I. in his various expeditions, 
 and went with him to Oxford. While there he 
 visited Trinity College, to see George Bathurst, 
 B.D., who had a hen to hatch eggs in his 
 chamber, one of which they opened every day, 
 and Harvey noticed the progress and way of 
 generation; but it was not until 1650 that he 
 consented to the publication of his notes. At 
 Oxford, the honorary degree of Doctor of Physic 
 was conferred upon him ; and in 1645, he was 
 elected Warden of Merton College, but this he 
 resigned in 1646, and returned to London. The 
 remainder of his life was spent at the house of 
 one or other of his brothers. He erected a hand- 
 some addition to the College of Physicians, and 
 on resigning the Lumleian lectureship in 1656, 
 he endowed the college with an estate at Bur- 
 marsh, in Kent. He died in London, June 3, 
 
 1657. 
 
 Bro\vne. Sir T., was born in London, 1605.- 
 He studied at Leyden, and afterwards at Oxford,
 
 248 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 and he took the degree of M.D. in both cities. 
 He commenced practice at Norwich in 1636, and 
 remained there nearly half a century. He was 
 knighted by Charles H. in 1671. His principal 
 works were entitled " Religio Medici," and " In- 
 quiries into Vulgar Errors." He died in 1682. 
 
 Helmont. Francis Mercurius van, was born 
 at Vilvorde in 161 8, and practised there as an 
 experimental chemist and physician. Unfortu- 
 nately for the advance of science he was pos- 
 sessed with a roving disposition, and travelled 
 over a large portion of Europe with a tribe of 
 gipsies. During this period he acquired their 
 tongue, and boasted that he thereby discovered 
 the original language spoken by man. He was 
 a believer in the feasibility of discovering the 
 philosopher's stone, and held the doctrine of the 
 transmigration of souls. He died in 1699. 
 
 Willis. Thomas, was born at Great Bedwin, 
 Wiltshire, in 162 1. He was educated at Christ 
 Church, Oxford, and took his degree in 1642.
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 249 
 
 He was an ardent Royalist, and while practising 
 at Oxford obtained, at the Restoration, the Sed- 
 leian Professorship of Natural Philosophy. He 
 was the author of a work on the brain, which 
 brought him a great reputation. Soon after 
 settling in London he was appointed Physician 
 to Charles II. He died in 1675. 
 
 Sydenham. Sir Thomas, was born at Winford 
 Eagle, Dorsetshire, in 1624. He was educated 
 
 '^^m-' 
 
 at Oxford, and was chosen a Fellow of All Souls' 
 College, 1648. Visiting Montpellier, he prose- 
 cuted his medical studies there, and afterwards
 
 250 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE, 
 
 graduated M.D. at Cambridge. He then pro- 
 ceeded to London, where he settled in practice. 
 As an original observer he was highly esteemed, 
 and rendered services to medical science of an 
 enduring character. He was daring enough to 
 initiate changes in the treatment of fever and 
 small-pox with considerable success ; and he made 
 a study of the relations between the conditions of 
 the atmosphere and epidemic diseases. He died 
 in London, December 29, 1689. The Sydenham 
 Society was named after this physician. 
 
 Becher. Johann Joachim, was born at Speier, 
 1625. When young, he had many serious diffi- 
 culties to encounter in the acquisition of know- 
 ledge ; but he overcame them all, and acquired a 
 profound knowledge of medicine, physics, and 
 chemistry. His " Physica Subterranea" was the 
 first attempt ever made to bring physics and 
 chemistry into harmony. He devoted much time 
 to the investigation of the theory of combustion. 
 He held that every metal contained an earthy 
 substance which was common to all ; that the
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 251 
 
 combustible principle was the same in all ; but 
 that one metal differed from another metal by 
 the possession of a certain mercurial element ; 
 and that when a metal was heated the mercurial 
 element was discharored. Becher studied In 
 
 o 
 
 various parts of the continent, and finally settled 
 in London, where he died In 1682. 
 
 Mayow. John, was born in Cornwall, 1645, 
 became a Fellow of All Souls', Oxford, and began 
 practice as a physician at Bath. By a series of 
 careful experiments he demonstrated the fact that 
 air Is composed of two portions, one which sup- 
 ported flame and life, and the other, which was 
 the larger portion, light only. The former he 
 called *' fire-air," the modern oxygen, and the 
 second is now called nitrogen. Proceeding with 
 his experiments, Mayow determined that "fire- 
 air " was the agent in combustion and respiration. 
 He published his discoveries In 1674; but they 
 did not attract attention, and false theories on 
 com.bustion and respiration continued to prevail 
 for more than a century afterwards. He died in
 
 252 
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 1679, in his thirty-fourth year, at an apothecary's 
 house in York Street, Covent Garden, London. 
 
 Sloane. Sir Hans, was born at Kilhleag^h, 
 Ireland, in 1660, and studied medicine in London, 
 where he settled. Sir Hans has the distinction 
 
 ^. ^ -Ji, 
 
 1 
 
 of having been the first to introduce into practice 
 the use of bark for fever, and other disorders. 
 During an unusually active life he collected a 
 valuable library and museum. Both collections 
 were purchased by the English Government. 
 His books numbered 50,000 volumes, and his 
 manuscripts 3,566 ; these formed the nucleus of
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 253 
 
 the present library of the British Museum, and 
 were acquired at a cost of ^23,000. George I. 
 created Sloane a baronet, and appointed him 
 Physician-General to the Army. He was Phy- 
 sician in Ordinary to George II., and died 1752. 
 
 Stahl. George Ernst, was born at Anspach, 
 1660. He studied medicine at Jena, and after 
 practising it with much success accepted the Pro- 
 fessorship of Medicine, Anatomy, and Chemistry 
 in the University of Halle. He was the first to 
 declare the existence of a vital principle in man, 
 which not only formed the body, but directed it 
 in the exercise of all its functions. He was an 
 able chemist, though he promulgated many absurd 
 theories. The theory of combustion which he 
 made known met with general acceptance until 
 Lavoisier's time. In 1716 he removed to Berlin 
 on his being appointed Physician to the King of 
 Prussia. He died in 1734. 
 
 Cheyne. George, was born in Scotland, 1671, 
 and studied under Dr. Pitcairn. His first work
 
 254 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 was upon the theory of fevers. In the course of 
 a few years he became enormously fat, and reduced 
 himself to moderate proportions by a diet of milk 
 and vegetables. This change produced such 
 agreeable results that in his discourses and 
 pamphlets he never ceased recommending the 
 diet to all who suffered from corpulency. His 
 most important works are '' The English Malady : 
 a Treatise on Nervous Disorders ; " ''A Treatise 
 on the Gout ; " and an essay on ''Health and Long 
 Life." He died in 1743. 
 
 Arbuthnot. John, was born in Scotland, 1675, 
 
 and took his degree at Aberdeen. He first settled 
 in London, 1 709, and was appointed Physician to
 
 r__ 
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 255 
 
 Queen Anne. As a wit he was associated with 
 the most noted Hterary men of the day, and was 
 on terms of intimate friendship with Pope and 
 Swift. He died in 1735. 
 
 Douglas. James, was born in Scotland, 1675. 
 He studied medicine in London, attended the 
 lectures of John Hunter, and died in 1742. He 
 was the author of many works on medical science. 
 
 Freind. John, was born 1675, at Crofton, 
 Northamptonshire. In 1703 he published a work 
 
 upon the diseases of females. He was appointed 
 Chemical Professor at Oxford in 1 704 ; but the 
 next year joined the staff of the Earl of Peter-
 
 256 
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 borough as physician to the army. Upon his 
 return to England, he obtained the degree of 
 M.D. In 1 71 1, he passed with the Duke of 
 Ormond and his forces into Flanders. He be- 
 came a Fellow of the College of Physicians in 
 1 716; was elected to Parliament in 1722, and 
 in 1725 was thrown into the Tower for being 
 concerned in Atterbury's plot. While imprisoned, 
 he prepared the plan of his " History of Medicine." 
 At the accession of George H., he was appointed 
 Physician to the Queen, and died in 1728. 
 
 Mead. Dr. Richard, was born at Stepney, 
 
 London, in 1675. He studied at Utrecht, Ley- 
 den, and Padua, where he took the degree of
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 257 
 
 M.D. Upon his return to England, he was ap- 
 pointed Physician to St. Thomas's Hospital. He 
 became Physician to George H., Censor of the 
 College of Physicians, and Vice-president of the 
 Royal Society. When inoculation for small-pox 
 was first seriously debated, he assisted in the 
 experiments made on criminals. In 1723, he re- 
 published " Christianismi Restitutio," by Servetus, 
 which was publicly burnt by order of Gibson, 
 Bishop of London. 
 
 BoERHAAVE. HERMANN, was bom at Voorhout, 
 near Leyden, in 1668. In 1682, he studied at 
 
 
 the University of Leyden, and became very pro- 
 ficient in Greek, Latin, Hebrew, and Chaldee.
 
 258 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 In 1689, he was made a Doctor of Philosophy, 
 and in the following year commenced the study 
 of medicine. He obtained a doctor's degree at 
 Harderwyck, 1693. After this he returned to 
 Leyden, where he was appointed Lecturer on the 
 Theory of Medicine, and in 1 709 became Professor 
 of Medicine and Botany. He was the author of 
 various chemical hypotheses to account for the 
 diseases of the body, especially with regard to 
 the fluids. In the course of his professorship, 
 Boerhaave rendered important services to botany. 
 To aid in the training of his pupils, he caused a 
 hospital to be opened, where he gave them clinical 
 instructions. In 1718, he was induced to accept 
 the Professorship of Chemistry in addition to his 
 other duties, and in 1724 published an elaborate 
 and exhaustive work on chemical science. His 
 fame spread to the most distant portions of the 
 globe, and patients visited him from far distant 
 countries. He died in 1738, having amassed a 
 fortune.
 
 A WOMAN WHO ADVANCED 
 MEDICINE, 
 
 ONTAGU. Lady Mary Wortley, 
 daughter of Evelyn, Duke of 
 Kingston, was born about 1690. 
 In her childhood she received a classical edu- 
 
 cation. When eight years of age she was intro- 
 duced by her father to the famous Kit-cat Club,
 
 26o A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 and admitted to membership. She eloped with, 
 and was married to Mr. E. Wortley Montagu, 
 a member of the House of Commons. Her 
 beauty and wit attracted universal admiration, 
 and she was on the most friendly terms with 
 Addison and Pope. In 1716 she accompanied 
 her husband, who was appointed Ambassador to 
 Constantinople. Here she studied the social 
 manners and customs of the Turks, and her 
 Letters form one of the most charming works 
 on foreign travel. In a letter from Adrianople, 
 written in 171 7, she first made known the prin- 
 ciples of inoculation. " The smallpox," she wrote, 
 '' so fatal and so general amongst us, is here 
 entirely harmless, by the invention of engrafting, 
 which is the term they give it. Every year 
 thousands undergo the operation. There is no 
 example of any one who has died of it, and you 
 may believe that I am well satisfied of the safety 
 of this experiment, since I intend to try it on my 
 dear little son." On her return to England she 
 had her daughter publicly inoculated. Experi- 
 ments were then tried upon six condemned crimi-
 
 A WOMAN WHO ADVANCED MEDICINE. 261 
 
 nals at Newgate, which were followed with entire 
 success. This swept away all doubt as to the 
 efficacy of the practice. Two children of Caro- 
 line, Princess of Wales, were inoculated ; and 
 fashion spread inoculation throughout the country. 
 But the adoption of the practice was not com- 
 pletely achieved until after a struggle with igno- 
 rance and superstition, lasting through a quarter of 
 a century. The medical profession generally pooh- 
 poohed inoculation ; and the clergy denounced 
 it from their pulpits as the device of the devil. 
 In the course of time it was, however, found that 
 inoculation was only a partial cure for smallpox, 
 and that while it protected those who had been 
 inoculated, it kept alive the natural disease, and 
 increased its spread amongst those not inoculated. 
 The subsequent discovery of Dr. Jenner ulti- 
 m^ately displaced inoculation. Lady Montagu 
 died in 1 76 1.
 
 OTHER MEN 
 WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE, 
 
 ARTH. Sir Samuel, was a native of 
 Yorkshire, and was educated at Peter- 
 house, Cambridge, where he took his 
 
 degree in 1691. In the next year he was elected 
 a Fellow of the College of Physicians. He soon
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 263 
 
 rose to the front rank, and enjoyed a large 
 and lucrative practice. On the accession of 
 George I., he was appointed Physician in Ordi- 
 nary to the King, and Physician General to the 
 Army. He was knighted by George I., and 
 died in 1 718. 
 
 Haller. Albrecht von, was born at Bern, 
 1708, and studied in the University of Tubingen, 
 where he was a pupil of Duvernay the anatomist. 
 In 1725 he proceeded to Leyden, and took his 
 degree in 1727. He next proceeded to London, 
 studied at Oxford, and also at Paris, but he was 
 obliged to fly from that city, on account of an 
 opposition created by his pursuit of anatomy. 
 After having spent seven years in studies abroad, 
 he returned to Bern in 1730, and commenced 
 practice. In 1736 he was appointed by George 
 II. Professor of Medicine, Anatomy, Botany, and 
 Surgery in the University of Gottingen. While 
 he held these professorships he published up- 
 wards of eighty works on medical subjects. In 
 1753 he resigned his connection with the univer-
 
 264 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 sity and returned to Bern, where he published 
 some of his most important medical works. His 
 name is specially connected with the doctrine of 
 muscular irritability, and his teachings impressed 
 new vigour on physiology, a science of which he 
 has been deservedly called '' The Father." In 
 his lifetime he was greatly honoured. He was 
 ennobled by the Emperor of Germany in 1748, 
 and was a member of all the scientific societies 
 in Europe. He died at Bern in 1777. 
 
 FoTHERGiLL. JoHN, was bom at Carr End, 
 Yorkshire, 171 2. His family were of the Society 
 of Friends. Having served his time to an apothe- 
 cary, he proceeded to Edinburgh, where, in 1736, 
 he took his doctor's degree. In the same year 
 he became a pupil at St. Thomas's Hospital, and 
 in 1740 made a tour on the Continent. Upon 
 his return he settled in London, where he 
 achieved a great reputation. In 1748 he pub- 
 lished a treatise, entitled '' An account of the 
 sore throat attended with ulcers." In 1754 he 
 became a member of the Edinburgh College of
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 265 
 
 Physicians ; and in 1 763 was made a Fellow of 
 the Royal Society. For about thirty years he 
 stood at the head of his profession. He died in 
 1 780. 
 
 CuLLEN. William, was born at Lanark in 
 1712. He was apprenticed to a surgeon and 
 apothecary at Glasgow, and afterwards went 
 several voyages as a surgeon. Having subse- 
 quently settled in Glasgow, he was appointed 
 Lecturer in Chemistry at the University. In this 
 office he achieved so great a reputation that he 
 was appointed Medical Professor in the Uni- 
 versity of Edinburgh. His " Lectures on the 
 Materia Medica " were amongst the best known 
 of his works. He died in 1790. 
 
 Hunter. William, was born at Kilbride, 
 Lanarkshire, in 1718. An accidental acquaint- 
 ance with Dr. Cullen induced him to study 
 medicine, and he studied under Cullen three 
 years. In 1740 he pursued his medical studies 
 in Edinburgh, and removed to London in 1741.
 
 266 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 Here he entered the house of Dr. James Douglas, 
 as tutor to his son, and as dissector. In 1746 
 he commenced a series of lectures on anatomy 
 and surgery to a society of surgeons in Covent 
 Garden. His fame increased rapidly. In 1764 
 he was appointed Physician Extraordinary to the 
 Queen, and was made Professor of Anatomy by 
 the king, on the formation of the Royal Academy. 
 Dr. Hunter resided in Great Windmill Street in 
 1770, where he constructed a theatre for lectures, 
 and a museum. The collection he made is now 
 in the University of Glasgow. He wrote several 
 works on medical subjects. He died in 1783. 
 
 Mamsey. Dr., was born in Norfolk, and 
 became Physician to Chelsea Hospital. He had 
 a great fear of the public funds, and concealed 
 his money in different parts of his house. Going 
 upon a journey once, in the middle of July, he 
 concealed a large amount, in notes, at the back 
 of the fire-place in his private room, imagining 
 that in such a place they were perfectly secure. 
 He returned at the expiration of a month, and 
 
 1
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE, 267 
 
 entered the room at a moment when the house- 
 keeper was entertaining a select circle of friends. 
 There was a fire in the ofrate, and a small 
 kettle embowered amongst the coals. With an 
 angry shout the doctor seized the kettle and 
 poured the hot water on the fire ; the contents 
 of the tea-pot upon the table followed ; the guests 
 shrieked, but, paying no heed to them, the doctor 
 rushed downstairs, and, returning with a bucket 
 of water, emptied it impartially over the visitors 
 and the fire. At length the grate was cool 
 enough for examination, and the doctor was 
 pleased at discovering that although the notes 
 were burnt, they were not wholly destroyed. 
 Next day he consulted Lord Godolphin, who 
 promised, on a day named, to go with him to 
 the Bank of England and plead for fresh notes. 
 On the day appointed, the doctor took water 
 at Whitehall, and on his way down the river 
 took the fragments of notes out of his pocket 
 to examine them, when a sudden puff of wind 
 blew them into the river. The watermen hastily 
 " back- watered," and when within reach the
 
 268 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 doctor scooped up notes and water in his hat. 
 In this fashion he bore them to the Bank, and 
 throwing his hat upon a table, bade the authori- 
 ties ' take up their notes, that neither fire nor 
 water had been able to destroy. He died Decem- 
 ber 26th, 1788. 
 
 Bonnet. Charles, was born at Geneva, 1720. 
 He was intended for the profession of the law, 
 but forsook that study for natural history. A 
 treatise on aphides, which he published in 1740, 
 caused his election to a corresponding member- 
 ship of the French Academy of Sciences. He 
 afterwards studied the respiration of insects, the 
 structure of the tape-worm and polypi, and pub- 
 lished the results. An attack of inflammation in 
 his eyes put a stop to his researches in natural 
 history, and gave a new direction to his thoughts. 
 He came to the conclusion that the body was 
 the oriorinal source of all the inclinations of the 
 
 o 
 
 soul, and that all ideas were connected with the 
 movements of the nervous fibres. Further than 
 this, he maintained that all living creatures would
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 269 
 
 in a future state attain the perfection of their 
 faculties. He died in 1793. 
 
 Akenside. Mark, born at Newcastle-upon- 
 Tyne in 1 72 1, became distinguished as a physi- 
 cian and a poet. He studied at Edinburgh and 
 at Leyden, and took his degree in 1744. In 
 the same year he published '' The Pleasures of 
 Imagination." He also wrote a number of 
 medical works, and died in 1770, aged 49. 
 
 Leclerc. Nicholas Gabriel, was born in 
 Franche Comte, 1726. He was appointed First 
 Physician to the forces of the King In Germany, 
 1757. He also served with the Duke of Orleans 
 in a similar capacity ; and In 1 769 went to Russia 
 with the title of First Physician to the Grand 
 Duke, and Director of the Schools of the Imperial 
 Corps of Cadets. In 1777 he returned to France, 
 and soon afterwards published a history of Russia, 
 for which the French Government rewarded him 
 with a patent of nobility and a pension. Several 
 medical works also issued from his pen. At the
 
 270 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 Revolution he was deprived of his pension, and 
 died at Versailles, 1798. 
 
 Black. Joseph, was born at Bordeaux in 
 1728. He was sent to Belfast to be educated 
 in 1740, and from thence passed into the Uni- 
 versity of Glasgow in 1746. Here he studied 
 chemistry under Dr. Cullen, and afterwards com- 
 pleted his medical course in Edinburgh, where he 
 took his degree in 1754. In 1756 Black was 
 appointed Professor of Anatomy at Glasgow Uni- 
 versity, and afterwards Lecturer on Chemistry. 
 Between 1759 and 1763 he worked out the 
 theory of latent heat, which laid a secure basis 
 for his scientific fame. In 1766 he was ap- 
 pointed to the Chair of Chemistry in Edinburgh, 
 where he wholly occupied himself in elaborating 
 his lectures, and with great success ; but he 
 made no further contributions to chemical dis- 
 covery. He died in 1799. 
 
 Hunter. John, was the younger brother of 
 William Hunter, and was born in 1728. He was
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 271 
 
 first of all apprenticed to a cabinet-maker, but 
 induced his brother to take him as an anatomical 
 assistant, and in a few months was capable of 
 
 demonstrating to his brother's pupils. In 1753 
 he became a gentleman commoner of St. Mary's 
 Hall, Oxford, but in the following year became a 
 surgeon's pupil at St. George's Hospital. His 
 progress was very surprising, but having impaired 
 his health by too close an application to his pro- 
 fession, he became staff-surgeon to the English 
 troops serving at Belleisle and in Portugal in 
 1760. He resumed his studies with much ardour 
 when he returned to England. In 1768 he was 
 elected one of the surgeons of St. George's
 
 272 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 Hospital; and in 1776 he was made Surgeon- 
 Extraordinary to King George III. Not long 
 afterwards he was appointed Surgeon-General 
 and Inspector- General of Hospitals. His celebrity 
 arose from his perfect acquaintance with anatomy, 
 and his fame rests upon his researches concerning 
 comparative anatomy, and the structure of various 
 classes of organised beings. He died suddenly 
 in St. George's Hospital, i6th October, 1793. 
 His anatomical museum was purchased by Gov- 
 ernment for ^15,000, and was transferred to the 
 Royal College of Surgeons. 
 
 Spallanzani. Lazaro, was born at Scandiano, 
 Modena, 1729, and at first designing to enter the 
 Church, accepted the Professorship of Logic and 
 Metaphysics at Reggio. He afterwards ex- 
 changed this for a Professorship at Modena, 
 where he devoted himself with great success to 
 the study of natural history. By a careful study 
 of the blood he arrived at a series of grand conclu- 
 sions ; he was the first to follow the course of the 
 blood through the intestinal tube, the liver, spleen,
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 273 
 
 ventricles, and pulmonary organs ; and, according 
 to one of his biographers, found out the propulsive 
 power of the heart over the blood in the various 
 vessels; knew that the heart never wholly emptied 
 itself; ascertained some of the causes which retard 
 the circulation, and the obstacles produced by the 
 weight of the blood. In his experiments upon 
 the lower animals Spallanzani demonstrated that 
 snails had the power to regrow their horns, and 
 eyes, and mouth, and tongue, after they had been 
 once cut off ; and that a similar power was pos- 
 sessed by salamanders, lizards, and worms. He 
 became Professor of Natural History, and Keeper 
 of the Museum in the University of Pavia in 1768, 
 and greatly enriched the collections. In 1785 he 
 proceeded to Constantinople with the Austrian 
 ambassador, and studied the natural history of 
 Turkey for a whole year. In 1788, after having 
 become weary of his long scientific expeditions, 
 he retired to Pavia, where he died in 1 799. 
 
 Cavendish. Henry, was born at Nice in 1731. 
 He was the son of Lord Charles Cavendish, and
 
 274 ^ CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 nephew of the Duke of Devonshire. His educa- 
 tion was begun and completed at Cambridge; 
 and he devoted his whole life and a great fortune 
 which was bequeathed to him by his uncle to 
 scientific investigations. His library, which was 
 a very extensive one, was built at a distance from 
 his house, and here he almost led the life of a 
 recluse. The foundations of pneumatic chemistry 
 were laid by him. He discovered the extreme 
 levity of hydrogen gas, which led to projects for 
 aerial navigation ; and he also ascertained by per- 
 sonal investigations that water was composed of 
 two gases. The processes which he made use of 
 excited the admiration of Sir Humphrey Davy, 
 for their finished nature, although they were made 
 in the infancy of chemical science. He was never 
 married, and at his death in 1810, he left more 
 than a million of money to his relatives. 
 
 Priestley. Joseph, was born at Fieldhead, 
 near Leeds, 1733. In 1755 he became minister 
 to a small congregation at Needham Market, 
 Suffolk, with a salary of ^30 per annum. In
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 275 
 
 1758 he removed to Nantwic-h, and in 1761 to 
 Warrington, where he married. In 1762 and 
 I'jd^ he pubhshed several scientific treatises, 
 which brought him prominently before the world 
 as a rising scientific man. His position from a 
 pecuniary point of view was much improved in 
 1773, when he was appointed librarian to Lord 
 Shelburne with a residence and a salary of ^250. 
 He discovered oxygen gas in 1774. On giving 
 up this appointment he settled in Birmingham 
 (1780), where he engaged in religious con- 
 troversies which extended over a great number of 
 years. While here, he incurred the vengeance of 
 a mob, and his house was wrecked (1791), through 
 which he suffered a loss of ^2,000. A relative, 
 however, about this time left him a sum of money 
 which placed him beyond the reach of want. He 
 paid a visit to America (1794), where he was 
 received with great respect, and was offered the 
 Professorship of Chemistry at Philadelphia, which, 
 however, he declined. On returning to England 
 he continued his scientific pursuits with great zeal. 
 He died 24th March, 1804.
 
 276 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 Bergman. Torbern Olof, was born at Katha- 
 rinberg, West Gothland, Sweden, 1735. When 
 seventeen years of age, he proceeded to the 
 University of Upsala, to study for one of the 
 learned professions, but the bent of his own 
 inclination was towards natural history, and he 
 made several discoveries in entomology. In 
 1767 he was elected to fill the chair of chemistry 
 in the University, and acquired great celebrity 
 as an experimental chemist. A large number of 
 his dissertations were published during his life- 
 time, and afterwards they were collected together 
 in six octavo volumes. He died, Professor of 
 Chemistry at Upsala, in 1 784. 
 
 ScHEELE. Charles William, was born at 
 Stralsund, 1 742 ; and was apprenticed to an 
 apothecary at Gothenburg. In 1767 he com- 
 menced business as an apothecary at Stockholm, 
 but in 1770 removed to Upsala. While here, he 
 carried on a series of important investigations in 
 chemical analysis, which resulted in a series of 
 brilliant discoveries ; these were tartaric acid
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 277 
 
 (1770), chlorine (1784), baryta, oxygen, and gly- 
 cerine ; but he was not the first to discover 
 oxygen, though his investigations were original. 
 He also discovered the arsenite of copper ; and 
 in 1782 he obtained prussic acid, in a separate 
 form. In 1777, at a time when many tempting 
 offers were being made to him to come to Eng- 
 land, he removed to Koping to take an apothe- 
 cary's business, and subsequently died there, of 
 ague fever, in 1786. 
 
 Lavoisier. Axtoine Laurent, was born in 
 Paris, 1743. From a very early age he exhibited 
 a predilection for chemical experiments, which 
 led to his making many valuable discoveries. 
 In order to secure for himself the means of more 
 fully prosecuting his experiments, he made the 
 mistake of accepting the office of Farmer-general 
 of taxes in 1769. He was led to connect oxygen 
 gas, then recently discovered, with the phenomena 
 of combustion and of acidity; and, in 1783, he 
 proved that water could be formed by burning 
 oxygen and hydrogen together. He invented a
 
 278 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 new chemical nomenclature which was universally 
 adopted ; and from this circumstance he has 
 always %)een regarded as founder of the modern 
 system of chemistry. During the Reign of 
 Terror he was guillotined because of his con- 
 nection with taxes. He died May 8th, 1794. 
 
 Lettsom. John Coakley, was born in 1744, 
 in the island of Little Vandyke, near Tortola, 
 in the West Indies. He was educated in Eng- 
 land, and after serving his time to an apothecary, 
 became a pupil at St. Thomas's Hospital. He 
 visited Tortola, where he practised for a short 
 time ; but, returning to Europe, took his degree 
 of M.D. at Leyden, after which he settled in 
 London, and was elected a member of the College 
 of Physicians. He acquired considerable fame 
 in the metropolis, and died in 181 5. 
 
 Rutherford. Daniel, was born at Edin- 
 burgh in 1749, and studied in the University. 
 About 1 786 he was appointed Professor of Botany 
 in the University, and Keeper of the Botanic
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 279 
 
 Garden. He was the discoverer of nitro^g^en, 
 and was the first who taught that oxygen gas 
 
 (or '' vital air ") was the necessary constituent of 
 all acids. He died November 5th, 18 19. 
 
 Jenner. Edward, was born at Berkeley, Glou- 
 cestershire, in 1749. He studied under John 
 Hunter, in London, and afterwards settled at 
 Berkeley. While there, he began to study the 
 influence of small-pox upon those who had pre- 
 viously had cow-pox. From 1776 to 1796 he kept 
 up a series of observations with unusual patience, 
 and when at length he announced the discovery 
 he had made, the practice of vaccination was in- 
 troduced into the London hospitals. Government
 
 28o 
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 ordered the practise to be introduced into the 
 two services — the army and navy ; and it rapidly 
 spread throughout the world. On his removal 
 
 to London, honours of all kinds were bestowed 
 upon him, and pecuniary rewards to a great 
 amount. Parliament first voted him ^10,000, 
 and subsequently ^20,000. Learned societies 
 at home and abroad vied with each other for 
 the honour of enrolling him amongst their mem- 
 bers. When the allied sovereigns visited Eng- 
 land in 1814, the Emperor of Russia offered 
 him a Russian order of nobility. His writings 
 consist of a treatise entitled " Observations on 
 the Variolae Vaccinae," which was published in
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 281 
 
 the Philosophical Transactions, and some papers 
 on natural history. He died in 1823. 
 
 Baillte. Matthew, succeeded Dr. Hunter as 
 Lecturer on Anatomy, in conjunction with Mr. 
 Cruickshank, at St. George's Hospital. He was 
 appointed Physician in Ordinary to George HI. 
 and George IV. In his spare moments he wrote 
 a goodly number of medical treatises, and at his 
 death bequeathed to the Royal College of Physi- 
 cians his museum of anatomical specimens. He 
 died in 1823. 
 
 Good. John Mason, born 1764, at Epping, 
 Essex, was the son of a dissenting minister. He 
 was apprenticed to a surgeon at Coggeshall, and 
 in 1793 settled in London as a surgeon and 
 apothecary. Having obtained a diploma from 
 Aberdeen, he commenced as a physician in 1820. 
 He was an indefatigable worker in his profession, 
 wrote many valuable treatises, and contributed 
 largely to the periodical literature of his day. He 
 lectured at the Surrey Institution in 18 10, and in
 
 282 
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 the following year his lectures were issued to the 
 public under the title of '' The Book of Nature." 
 He also wrote "The Study of Medicine;" and 
 died in 1827. 
 
 Abernethy. John, was born in 1764. At an 
 early age he went to London, became apprenticed 
 
 to Sir Charles Blick, and attended John Hunter's 
 lectures. He subsequently became surgeon to 
 St. Bartholomew's Hospital. Many anecdotes 
 are still current relating to Dr. Abernethy, 
 showing his amazing independence. His great 
 reputation warranted him in saying things to 
 his patients that no other man would have dared.
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 283 
 
 Amongst the best authenticated stories the fol- 
 lowing will serve to show his spirit : — 
 
 One day a woman called upon him who had 
 an ulcer on her arm. The doctor said, '' What 
 is the matter with you ? " She held up her arm 
 and pointed in silence to the ulcer. After ex- 
 amining it the doctor said, " Oh ! poultice it, and 
 take five grains of blue pill every night, that's all. 
 Come again in a week." The visits were repeated 
 at intervals, the same singular silence on the part 
 of the woman characterizing all her visits. At 
 length, one day, after looking at the arm, Aber- 
 nethy said, " Well." She at once asked him what 
 his fee was, and he made reply, '' Nothing from 
 you. You are the most sensible woman I ever 
 saw — you don't talk." 
 
 Upon another occasion a lady consulted him 
 about some nervous disorder from which she 
 suffered, and she so intensified her troubles as 
 to irritate the doctor. Holding his hand out for 
 the fee, she placed a one-pound note and a 
 shilling in his palm, whereupon he returned the 
 shilling, saying, '' There, madam, go and buy 
 a skipping-rope ; that's all you want."
 
 284 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 To another patient, who had made himself 
 ill by gluttony, he made the following quaint 
 speech : " Your stomach being out of order, it 
 is my duty to explain to you how to put it to 
 rights. The kitchen, that is, your stomach, being 
 out of order, the garret" (pointing to his head) 
 " cannot be right ; and, egad ! every room in the 
 house becomes affected. Repair the injury in 
 the kitchen — remedy the evil there, and all will 
 be right. This you must do by diet. If you 
 put improper food into your stomach, by gad, you 
 play the very devil with it, and with the whole 
 machine besides." 
 
 '' Pray," was the question of an indolent and 
 luxurious citizen to him, " what is the cure for 
 gout ? " " Live upon sixpence a day, and earn 
 it," was the laconic and sage reply. 
 
 A lady told him whenever she lifted up her 
 arm it pained her exceedingly. " Why, then, 
 madam," said he brusquely, '* what a fool you 
 must be to lift it up." 
 
 With another patient, a farmer from the 
 country, suffering, he saw at a glance, from over-
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 285 
 
 feeding, he held the following colloquy : " Do 
 you make a good breakfast ? " '' Pretty good." 
 '' You lunch ? " '' Yes, I take luncheon." " Do 
 you eat a hearty dinner ? " " Pretty hearty." 
 '' You take tea, I suppose ? " ''Yes, I do." ''And 
 to wind up you sup, I suppose ? " " Yes, I 
 always sup." "Why then, you beast, go home 
 and eat less, and there will be nothing the matter 
 with you." 
 
 His chief work is entitled "The Constitutional 
 Origin and Treatment of Local Diseases." He 
 was passionately devoted to the study of phy- 
 siology. He died in 1831. 
 
 Dalton. John, was born at Eaglesfield, near 
 Cockermouth, Cumberland, in 17660 His early 
 education was received in his native place, and 
 afterwards at a school in Kendal. In 1788 he 
 commenced a journal of meteorological observa- 
 tions, which he kept up to his death. In 1793 
 he was appointed teacher of mathematics and the 
 physical sciences in New College, Manchester. 
 His chief physical researches were on the con-
 
 286 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 stitution of mixed gases, the force of steam, the 
 elasticity of vapours, and the expansion of gases 
 by heat ; and in chemistry he greatly developed 
 the atomic theory, and added much to our scien- 
 tific acquaintance with the nature and charac- 
 teristics of gases. He was one of the greatest 
 chemists the world has ever known. He was 
 a member of most of the learned societies at 
 home and abroad. Government rewarded him 
 with a pension of ^300 a year, and his Man- 
 chester friends presented him with ^2,000. He 
 died in 1844. 
 
 Cooper. Sir Astley Paston, was born at 
 Brooke, Norfolk, in 1768. In early life he was 
 placed with a medical gentleman at Yarmouth, 
 but was soon removed to London in order that 
 he might walk the hospitals. On first reaching 
 the metropolis he was articled to his uncle, 
 Mr. W. Cooper, surgeon to Guy's Hospital ; but 
 a few months afterwards was transferred to Mr. 
 Clive. Under this gentleman his abilities were 
 quickly made manifest. In his twentieth year he
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 287 
 
 visited Edinburgh, and on his return became 
 assistant to Mr. CHve in his anatomical lectures 
 at St. Thomas's, and became very popular as a 
 lecturer himself. In 1792 he paid a short visit 
 to Paris for the purpose of further study. After 
 his return he settled in London, and for many 
 years was the most fashionable as well as the 
 ablest practitioner living. His fees for years are 
 said to have ranged from ^18,000 to ^20,000. 
 He was appointed Surgeon to George IV., by 
 whom a baronetcy was conferred upon him. He 
 died February 12th, 1841. 
 
 Young. Dr. Thomas, was born in 1773, at 
 Milverton, Somersetshire. As a youth he ex- 
 hibited good natural parts, and when only in his 
 nineteenth year went to London to study medi- 
 cine, where he became a pupil of John Hunter. 
 His studies were afterwards pursued in Edin- 
 burgh, and were succeeded by a tour through 
 Germany. On his return in 1797 he entered 
 Emmanuel College, Cambridge. He commenced 
 practising in London as a physician in 1801. In
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 1802-3 he was Professor of Natural Philosophy 
 at the Royal Institution; and in 1802 was ap- 
 pointed Foreign Secretary to the Royal Society. 
 Subsequently Dr. Young was attached to St. 
 George's Hospital. He was the first to announce 
 the undulatory theory of light, and the principle 
 of interference of rays. His contributions to the 
 learned publications of his day were numerous 
 and varied. He died May loth, 1829. 
 
 BiRKBECK. George, was born at Settle, York- 
 shire, in 1776. He began his education at Leeds, 
 and afterwards proceeded to Edinburgh, where he 
 made the acquaintance of such men as Brougham 
 and Jeffrey. In 1799 he was appointed to the 
 chair of the Andersonian Institution, Glasgow, 
 and lectured on Natural and Experimental Philo- 
 sophy. In 1806 he settled in London as a 
 physician, and devoted what leisure he possessed 
 to the spread of education amongst the working 
 classes. He took an active part In founding the 
 London Mechanics' Institution, and died its first 
 president In 1841.
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 289 
 
 Bell. Sir Charles, was born at Edinburgh 
 in 1774, and while a youth assisted his brother 
 John in his anatomical lectures and demonstra- 
 tions. In 1797 he was admitted a member of 
 the Edinburgh College of Surgeons, and re- 
 moved to London in 1806. He became a 
 member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 
 1 81 2, and delivered a course of lectures with 
 great success at the Middlesex Hospital. Twice 
 he gave up his London engagements to acquire 
 a knowledge of gunshot wounds; once in 1809, 
 when he visited the wounded who landed after 
 the battle of Corunna ; and afterwards in Brussels, 
 amongst the wounded at the battle of Waterloo. 
 In 1824 he became senior Professor of Anatomy 
 and Surgery to the Royal College of Surgeons ; 
 in 1826 he was constituted the head of the 
 medical school at University College ; and in 1836 
 he was appointed Professor of Surgery in the 
 University of Edinburgh. He became celebrated 
 for a work on the nervous system, and wrote 
 several treatises on surgery. He died in 1842.
 
 290 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 Davy. Sir Humphrey, was bom at Penzance, 
 Cornwall, in 1778. His father was a wood carver, 
 and he was sent to school at Truro, where he 
 remained until fifteen years of age. After leaving 
 school he was apprenticed to a surgeon and 
 apothecary in Penzance. When nineteen he 
 began seriously to study the elements of che- 
 mistry. Dr. Beddoes, who had a pneumatic 
 institution at Clifton, engaged him as his assistant; 
 and here he carried out a series of experiments 
 on the respiration of different gases. At twenty- 
 two he was appointed lecturer to the Royal Insti- 
 tution, London, and his lectures soon made him 
 famous. In 18 13 he published a series of papers 
 on the elements of agricultural chemistry which 
 marked an era in the progress of agriculture. 
 His lecture ''On some Chemical Agencies of 
 Electricity " won for him the prize of the French 
 Institute. Following out the principles he laid 
 down led him to discover that the alkalies and 
 earths are compound substances formed by oxygen 
 uniting with metallic bases. He decomposed 
 potash in 1807; and it is related of him that
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 291 
 
 when he first saw the globules of the new metal 
 — potassium, his delight disturbed his equanimity 
 greatly. He next decomposed soda, and the 
 alkaline earths baryta, strontia, lime, and mag- 
 nesia, and discovered the new metals sodium, 
 barium, strontium, calcium, and magnesium. With 
 respect to the earths proper, he proved that they 
 consist of bases united to oxygen. Davy was 
 knighted in 1812. In 181 5 he invented the 
 safety lamp, named after him, to prevent explo- 
 sions in coal mines, for which, after three years, 
 he was created a baronet. He was made a mem- 
 ber of all the scientific institutions in the world. 
 He died at Geneva, in 1829. 
 
 Abercrombie. John, was born at Aberdeen, 
 November nth, 1781. He studied in Edinburgh, 
 where he took his degree in 1803, and settled in 
 that city, where he quickly rose to the first rank 
 as a practising and consulting physician. His 
 writings upon purely professional subjects are 
 very voluminous. The most celebrated are 
 " Inquiries Concerning the Intellectual Powers,"
 
 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 and *' Philosophy of the Moral Feelings." In these 
 are contained all the medical facts he collected 
 together during a long and successful career. He 
 died November 14th, 1844. 
 
 Clark. Sir James, was born at Cullen, 
 Banffshire, 1788. He received the rudiments of 
 education at a grammar school in Fordyce, and 
 afterwards proceeded to Aberdeen, where he took 
 his degree. Proceeding to Edinburgh he first 
 commenced the study of medicine there, which 
 he continued afterwards in London. He was a 
 navy surgeon from 1809 to 18 15, then took a 
 medical degree at Edinburgh in 18 17. After 
 travelling for some time upon the Continent he 
 settled at Rome, where he practised as a physician 
 for eight years. In 1826 he returned to London, 
 and almost Immediately obtained a lucrative 
 practice. He was appointed Physician to the 
 Duchess of Kent ; and on the accession of Her 
 Majesty, her Physician in Ordinary. He was 
 created a baronet in 1838. Sir James Clark 
 became a high authority on the Sanative Influ-
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 293 
 
 ence of Climate, and was one of the first in the 
 profession to emphasize the importance of study- 
 ing the laws of health in order to direct and 
 control action in disease. He died in 1870. 
 
 Hall. Marshall, was born at Basford, Not- 
 tinghamshire, 1790. After having served an 
 apprenticeship to a chemist, he entered the Uni- 
 versity of Edinburgh for the purpose of studying 
 medicine, where in 181 2 he took his degree. He 
 then proceeded to the Continent for further study 
 in the schools of medicine, and returned to 
 Nottingham in 18 15. Here he very soon ac- 
 quired a good practice and an excellent reputa- 
 tion. In 1826 he removed to London, where his 
 success as a physician enabled him to acquire 
 a fortune very quickly. His name is best remem- 
 bered for his demonstration of the reflex function 
 of the nervous system, and in the study of which 
 he spent a quarter of a century. The treatises 
 he wrote on the nervous system and its diseases 
 greatly extended his fame. His method of re- 
 storing suspended respiration still bears his name. 
 He died at Brighton in 1857.
 
 294 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 Pettigrew. Thomas Joseph, was born in 
 London, 28th October, 1791. His father was a 
 surgeon, and the son showed, at a very early age, 
 a fondness for anatomical pursuits. In the school 
 where he was sent to study he soon came to 
 teach. In 1808 he was elected a member of the 
 Medical Society of London, and became Secretary, 
 and afterwards Registrar of that Society. He was 
 chosen surgeon by the Duke of Kent, and was 
 Surgeon and Librarian to the Duke of Sussex. 
 He founded the Philosophical Society, took an 
 active part in establishing Charing Cross Hos- 
 pital, and was one of the founders of the British 
 Archaeological Association. He died at South 
 Kensington, 23rd November, 1865. 
 
 Faraday. Michael, was born at Newington 
 Butts, near London, in 1794. He was the son 
 of a blacksmith, and was in early life apprenticed 
 to a bookseller. All his leisure was devoted to 
 scientific study, and in 181 2, at his own request, 
 he became assistant to Davy. His progress was 
 rapid and continuous, and in 1827 he succeeded
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 2gs 
 
 Sir Humphrey Davy as Professor of Chemistry 
 in the Royal Institution. Faraday's contributions 
 to chemistry, and practical and physical science, 
 were very numerous. In his great work, ''Experi- 
 
 mental Researches on Electricity," are contained 
 accounts of all his great discoveries, which may 
 be briefly summarized into thirteen : — i. Induced 
 electricity ; 2. The electrotomic state of matter ; 
 
 3. Identity of electricity from different sources ; 
 
 4. Equivalents in electro-chemical decomposition ; 
 
 5. Electrostatic induction ; 6. Relation of electric 
 and magnetic forces ; 7. The electricity of the 
 Gymnotus ; 8. Hydro-electricity ; 9. Magnetic 
 rotatory polarization ; 10. Diamagnetism and the 
 magnetic condition of all matter; 11. Polarity of
 
 296 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 diamagnetics, and the relation of diamagnetism 
 to crystalline forces; 12. Relation of gravity to 
 electricity; and 13. Atmospheric magnetism. He 
 died in 1867. 
 
 LiEBiG. Baron Justus, von, was born at 
 Darmstadt, 1803. He studied at Bonn, Er- 
 langen, and Paris, where a paper he wrote on 
 Fulminic Acid first brought him into notice. 
 In 1824 he obtained his first appointment as a 
 Professor of Chemistry at Giessen, and he retained 
 that office for nearly twenty-five years, labouring 
 earnestly the whole time, and raising the fame of 
 the little university to a very high point. He 
 eftected great improvements in the methods of 
 analysis, and made many discoveries in organic 
 chemistry. Agriculture was also greatly bene- 
 fited by his labours. He was the first to analyze 
 organic substances in a completely satisfactory 
 manner, and to show that there was no line of 
 separation between organic and inorganic matter. 
 The Duke of Hesse raised Liebig to the rank 
 of a Baron. In 1852 he transferred his services
 
 MEN WHO HAVE ADVANCED MEDICINE. 297 
 
 to the University of Munich, and in i860 became 
 President of the Munich Academy of Sciences. 
 He was a laborious contributor to scientific pub- 
 lications, and many of his treatises have been 
 translated into all the languages of Europe. He 
 died in 1873.
 
 MEDICINE IN THE FUTURE.
 
 MEDICINE IN THE FUTURE. 
 
 f^HEN man first surveyed man as 
 
 V 
 
 a work of creation, his feelings 
 must have been akin to those 
 which filled the breast of Columbus when he 
 gazed for the first time upon the shores of the 
 new world. In the latter case, the survey only 
 continued for a few days or weeks ; then the 
 work of discovery began. The coast was sur- 
 veyed, the country was explored, the mountains 
 were mapped, the rivers traced to their sources ; 
 and when this was completed, the earth was 
 searched for riches, the fields for produce, the 
 air, the rivers, and the forests for their inhabi- 
 tants, and the country was unknown no longer. 
 But with regard to man, the survey lasted for 
 centuries, and the work of discovery is incomplete
 
 302 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 even now. In the time of King David, when the 
 Bible chronology allows the world to have been 
 nearly three thousand years old, he could say 
 no more of man than this, " I am fearfully and 
 wonderfully made;" and when the world had 
 grown two thousand six hundred years older, her 
 greatest poet could add but little more. " What 
 a piece of work is man ! " said Shakespeare, '' how 
 noble in reason ! how infinite in faculty ! in form 
 and moving how express and admirable ! in 
 creation how like an angel ! in apprehension how 
 like a god ! the beauty of the world, the paragon 
 of animals ! " How slowly the work of discovery 
 proceeded with man our preceding pages have 
 shown. Two centuries and a half only have 
 elapsed since Harvey discovered the circulation of 
 the blood ; and the functions of some of the 
 organs of the body remain undiscovered still. 
 Considering the difficulty of the problem submitted 
 very much has been done ; and, with the aid of 
 science, a very short time only may elapse before, 
 like the new world Columbus saw, the complex 
 mechanism of man will be known and mapped.
 
 MEDICINE IN THE FUTURE. 303 
 
 When, however, we go beyond man, and con- 
 sider the influences by which he is affected, the 
 sicknesses that wait upon him, the accidents that 
 befall his frame, the diseases that torture him, we 
 have another world opening before us, far ex- 
 ceeding in its bounds that presented by study of 
 the frame of man himself Here again our pages 
 have related how diseases wasted men for 
 centuries until the cause and the cure were dis- 
 covered. Plagues which have swept thousands 
 and tens of thousands away were curable, 
 without any scientific method, by cleanliness of 
 person and habitation ; others have been equally 
 fatal in their results, the cure of which was con- 
 tained in herbs found by every roadside. The 
 world was five thousand seven hundred years 
 old before scientific chemistry became established; 
 and it was at so recent a date as 1774 that 
 Priestley, the minister, discovered oxygen gas, the 
 source of life and heat. The age we now live In 
 is one characterized by free inquiry aided by 
 experiment. There is no limit to the search for 
 knowledge, and investigations are aided by in-
 
 304 A CHRONOLOGY OF MEDICINE. 
 
 struments of sufficient power to chronicle the 
 infinitesimal movements among the molecules of 
 matter, although fifty millions of them would 
 lie side by side in an inch. What the mea- 
 sure of our advance in the future will be it is 
 impossible to foretell, but of this we may be 
 satisfied, that the science of medicine will progress 
 until the nature and cause of every disease is 
 known, and the cures found. Already the re- 
 currence of contagious diseases on a large scale 
 has been prevented. The first beginnings of 
 ordinary complaints are receiving a larger measure 
 of attention than they have ever yet had ; and in 
 the immediate future we may confidently expect 
 to hear of the discovery of specifics which will 
 remove from the category of human ills many 
 diseases from which mankind now suffers.
 
 INDEX.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Abbas. Haly, 64 
 
 Abercrombie. John, 291 
 
 Abernethy. John, 282 
 
 Adam. Jno., 175 
 
 ^gineta, 131 
 
 ^sclepiadse, 31 
 
 yEsculapius, 29, 32 
 
 Aetius, 60 
 
 Ague, 108, 109 
 
 Akenside. Mark, 269 
 
 Alchemists, 91-94 
 
 Alchemy and Chemistry, 90-99 
 
 Alexander of Tralles, 60 
 
 Alexander. Robert, 143 
 
 Alexandria, 16, 41, 47, 57, 62, 63 
 
 Alfred the Great, 76 
 
 Allen. Abraham, 145 
 
 Allen. Richard, 174 
 
 Allott. Dr., 173 
 
 Alston. Sir Edward, 183, 186 
 
 Altoftes. William, 138 
 
 Ambrosia. Nectar and, 221 
 
 Ammonios, 130 
 
 Amulets, 74, 108, 109 
 
 Anatomy, 42 
 
 Ancient Medicine, 5-65 
 
 Andre. Michael, 156 
 
 Andrews. Michael, 1 5 1, 170, 1 93 
 
 Antidolarium. The, 126 
 
 Apoplectick Balsam, 219 
 Apothecaries and Grocers, 125-127 
 Apothecaries' Company. The, 145, 
 
 146-148 
 Apothecaries. The Physicians and 
 
 the, 172 
 Arbilleur. Laurence, 201 
 Arbuthnot. John, 254 
 Archagathus, 50 
 Archigenes, 130 
 Arnold of Villeneuve, 94, 117 
 Arnold. Dr. John, 195 
 Artephius, 93 
 Asclepiades, 50, 130 
 Assyria, 7 
 
 Astrology, 80, 81, 87-89 
 Astrology and Medicine, 87-89 
 Atkins. Dr. Henry, 151, 153 
 Aurelianus, 53 
 Autyllus, 130 
 Avenzoar, 65 
 Avicenna, 64 
 Azam. Liquor of, 220 
 
 B 
 
 Baber. Sir John, 202 
 Bacon. Roger, 94, 117 
 Bactishma, 63 
 Bagdad hospitals, 123
 
 3o8 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Bailie. Dr., 143 
 Baillie. Matthew, 281 
 
 aines. Dr. Thos., 196 
 Baker. Dr. John, 185 
 Baker. George, 142 
 Barbers and Surgeons, 144 
 Barber- Surgeons. The, 132, 149, 
 
 150 
 
 Barnes. Michael, 177 
 
 Barons. Mr., 178 
 
 Barrow. Dr. Samuel, 185 
 
 Barrowghs. Mr., 141 
 
 Bartholomew's Hospital. St., 124 
 
 Bate. Dr., 185, 195 
 
 Bathing, 20 
 
 Bathurst. Dr., 180 
 
 Bayley. Dr., 151 
 
 Beander. Alexander, 199 
 
 Beaumont. Dr. Thomas, 179 
 
 Becher. Johann J., 250 
 
 Bede, 74 
 
 Bell. Sir C, 289 
 
 Bemester. Richard, 176 
 
 Bethlehem Hospital, 124 
 
 Bethune. Dr. David, 165 
 
 Bigg. James, 186 
 
 Biggs. Thomas, 150 
 
 Biggs. Thomas, 177 - 
 
 Birkbeck. George, 288 
 
 Bishop. John, 175 
 
 Bispham. Dr. Samuel, 184 
 
 Black. Joseph, 272 
 
 Blackwood. Dr. Henr}', 151 
 
 Blake and his wounds. General, 
 
 178, 179 
 Bleeding. To stop, 223 
 Blind Doctor. The, 219 
 Boerhaave. Hermann, 257 
 Bone-setter. A, 197 
 Bone-setting, 208 
 Bonnet. Charles, 268 
 Brooke. Peter, 175, 187 
 Browne. Sir T., 247 
 Browning. Henry, 139 
 
 Bubham. Richard, 139 
 Burleigh. James, 187 
 Bumeby. Eustace, 195 
 Bush. Paul, 176, 188 
 Bushell. John, 187 
 
 Cabiy, 142 
 
 Csesarea hospital, 123 
 
 Cairo. Treacle of, 142 
 
 Caliphs, 62-64 
 
 Cardossi. Signor, 1 81 
 
 Case. Dr., 225 
 
 Cathy. Balsam of, 226 
 
 Cato, 48 
 
 Cavendish. Henry, 273 
 
 Celsus, 53, 131 
 
 Chambers. Dr. James, 146, 155, 
 
 156 
 Chambers. Thomas, 155 
 Chanliac, 117 
 Charles I., 144, 149, 151 
 Charlton. Dr., 185 
 Charms, 108, no 
 Chamberlain. Peter, 194, 200 
 Chandler. Stephen, 188 
 Chase. John, 185, 201 
 Chase. Stephen, 200 
 Chaucer, 87 
 
 Chaworth. George Viscount, 174 
 Chemistry among the Jews, 20 
 Cheyne. George, 253 
 China, 26-28 
 Chinquei, 26 
 
 Choqueux. Anthony, 199 
 Christian. Fredeinck, 152 
 Chrysostom Hospital, 123 
 Clampe. Richard, 186 
 Clark. Sir James, 292 
 Clarke. Dr. Timothy, 182 
 Clarke. Matthew, 188 
 Colds. Liquorish for, 212 
 Cole. Hump., 180
 
 INDEX. 
 
 309 
 
 Colladon. Sir John, 192 
 Collins. Dr. John, 155 
 Colnet. Nicholas, 131 
 Constantine of Carthage, 1 16 
 Continent Medicine upon the, 115- 
 
 121 
 Cooper. Sir A. P., 286 
 Cordial A famous never-failing, 
 
 218 
 Cordial. The Great, loi 
 Cordial. The Meny, 230 
 Cos, 32 
 
 Cosmetick. The Royal, 227 
 Craig. Dr., 143 
 Cranedge. Harry, 143 
 Cullen. William, 265 
 Cures. Miraculous, 21 
 Cutting Teeth. Necklaces for, 225 
 Cyrus, 13 
 
 D 
 
 Dalton. John, 285 
 
 Damocrates, 46 
 
 Darius, 13 
 
 Dark Ages, 77-83 
 
 Davies. John, 152 
 
 Davy. Sir H. , 290 
 
 Dawtrey. Edward, 184 
 
 Deafness. A Cure for, 218 
 
 Denton. Dr. W,, 190 
 
 Dingley. Phil., 186 
 
 Diseases in the Bible, 18, 19 
 
 Dixon. John, 156 
 
 Doctors' bills, 170, 177, 179, 180, 
 
 181, 196 
 Dogmatists, 38 
 Douglas. James, 255 
 Downs. William, 187 
 Drawing Plaister. The true, 229 
 Drink and Pill. A, 216 
 Duckinfield, Richard, 181 
 Dun. Dr. William, 184 
 Durel. Dr. J., 151 
 
 Dutchman. A famous, 217 
 Dyke. Humphrey, 188 
 
 Egypt, 9-1 5 
 
 Elixir. The Great Cordial, 215 
 Elizabeth. Queen, 141 
 Empirici, 44 
 Epsom Water, 214 
 Erasistratus, 43 
 Eumenes II., 40 
 Europe. Eastern, 57-65 
 Europe. Western, 57-65 
 Eurypylus, 129 
 Eustachius. Bartolomeo, 243 
 Eye- water of the World. The Re- 
 nown'd, 220 
 
 Faber. Dr. A. O., 196 
 
 Fabyan. Thomas, 139 
 
 Fallopius. Gabrielle, 241 
 
 Faraday. Michael, 294 
 
 Fernel. Dr., 141 
 
 Finch. Sir John, 196 
 
 Flatman. John, 188 
 
 Fothergill. John, 264 
 
 Francis. Dr. Thomas, 141 
 
 Frazer. Sir A., 196 
 
 Freckles. Water for removing, 2 16 
 
 Frederick. Mr., 150 
 
 Freebeny. John, 175 
 
 Freind. John, 255 
 
 Frutze. Benedict, 138 
 
 Future. Medicine in, 299-304 
 
 Galen, 
 Garth. 
 
 54 
 Sir S., 262
 
 3IO 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 George. Thomas, 176 
 
 Gerard. John, 144 
 
 Gilbert. William, 242 
 
 Giles. Mr., 188 
 
 Godfrey. Mr., 178 
 
 Godre. Bois, 165 
 
 Golder. Dr. John, 179 
 
 Goldingham. Thos., 186 
 
 Good. Dr. James, 141 
 
 Good. John M., 281 
 
 Goodoums. William, 142 
 
 Goodridge. William, 151 
 
 Gostlin. John, 155 
 
 Gout and Rheumatism. Elixir for, 
 
 228 
 Gout. Oyl for, 211 
 Greece, 29-47 
 
 Grey. Lady Catherine, 14 1 
 Grimes. Henry, 186 
 Grocers. Apothecaries and, 125- 
 
 127 
 Guercius. Balthazar, 139, 140 
 
 H 
 
 Hall. Marshall, 293 
 Haller. Albrecht von, 263 
 Hampden. Sir Edmund, 155 
 Harding. Thos., 176 
 Harris. Mr. W., 151 
 Harrison. Dr. Lancelot, 195 
 Harvey, Dr., 134, 170 
 Harvey. William, 245 
 Haslelock. John, 176, 178 
 Hastier. Thos., 176 
 Hay. Archibald, 146 
 Hay worth. William, 180 
 Health for London. An Office of, 
 
 171 
 Heaman. Charles, 175 
 Helias, 76 
 Helmont. Francis Mercurius van, 
 
 248 
 Helmont. John Baptist van, 244 
 
 Henry VI L, 131 
 Henry VIH., 139 
 Heraclides, 45 
 Hermes, 10, 12 
 Herophilus, 41 
 Herring. Robert, 164 
 Hickes. Thomas, 170 
 Higgs. Edmund, 187 
 Hinton. Sir Josh., 201 
 Hippocrates, 2, 33, 129 
 HoUier. Thos., 187 
 Homer, 13, 128 
 Horsington. Thomas, 186 
 Hospitals, 122-124 
 Hughes. Richard, 176 
 Hungary Water, 223 
 Hunter. John, 270 
 Hunter. William, 265 
 Husband. Thos., 188 
 Hyde. James, 192 
 
 Impressing, 151 
 
 Incomparable. Matthews', 206 
 India, 24, 25 
 
 Instruments. Surgical, 129 
 Iphicles, 31 
 
 J 
 
 Jacob. Dr. W., 180 
 
 Jacob. Israel, 180 
 
 Jackson. Henry, 176 
 
 Jackson. Mr., 188 
 
 James I., 144, 150 
 
 James I. Embalming King, 154 
 
 James IV., 138 
 
 Jeffes. William, 176 
 
 Jenner. Edward, 279 
 
 Jeremiah, 13 
 
 Jews, 16-23 
 
 Jond. Toussaia Le, 198
 
 INDEX, 
 
 31 
 
 K 
 
 Kaye. John, 239 
 Kersh. Samuel, 175 
 King's Evil. The, 165, 214 
 Knight. John, 192, 193 
 
 Laniyre. Lewis, 144 
 
 Lanister. Walter, 138 
 
 Lannoy, 96 
 
 Laryngotomy, 130 
 
 Lavoisier. A. L., 277 
 
 Laxton. Mr., 174 
 
 Leclerc. Nicholas G., 269 
 
 Lee. Dr., 141 
 
 Leechdom. Saxon, 69-76 
 
 Le Fevre. Dr. Nicholas, 188-190 
 
 Leighton. Mr. Alexander, 156 
 
 Le Myre. Lewis, 168, 169 
 
 Lettsom. John C, 278 
 
 Levites, 18 
 
 Liebig. Baron, 296 
 
 Linacre. Thomas, 232-239 
 
 Linde. Math., 176 
 
 Liquoras. Extract of, 216 
 
 Liquorish for Colds, 212 
 
 Lister. Matthew, 169 
 
 Llewelyn. Martin, 184 
 
 Loes. John, 176 
 
 Lopez. Dr. Roger, 142, 143 
 
 Lounes. Jolliffe, 154 
 
 LuUy. Raymond, 94 
 
 Lynde. Matthew, 175 
 
 M 
 
 Macalo. John, 150 
 
 Machaon, 129 
 
 Magic, 78, 94 
 
 Magnus. Albertus, 93, 117 
 
 Maimed soldiers. Cost of curing, 
 
 175, 177 
 Malescotius. Dr. M., 151 
 Mamsey. Dr. , 266 
 Manestee. Robert, 186 
 Martin. Josias, 196 
 Mary, Queen of Scots, 109, 141 
 Massonnet. P., 198 
 Matthew's Pills. Dr., 229 
 Mauriceau. Francis, 136 
 Mayeme. Sir T. de, 156, 157-164, 
 
 174, 199 
 Mayow. John, 251 
 Mead. Dr. R., 256 
 Mediaeval Medicine, 67-83 
 Mediaeval Mixtures, 100-107 
 Melampus, 30 
 Men who have advanced Medicine, 
 
 231-258, 262-297 
 Mesue, 63 
 
 Metcalf. Francis, 182 
 Metcalfe. Adrian, 173 
 Methodic!, 52, 53 
 Michaphilo. Joannes, 198 
 Middleton. Henry, 172 
 Middleton. Thomas, 195 
 Midwifery, 134-136 
 Mid wives, 16, 134 
 Miracle. A, 214 
 Mithridates, 46 
 Mompesson. Richard, 143 
 Mondini, 117 
 
 Montagu. Lady Mary W., 259-261 
 Moore. Dr., 152 
 Moore. Dr. Edward, 194 
 More. Marcellus de la, 1 39 
 Moretto. George, 197 
 Morrison. Dr. Robert, 185 
 Morrison. Ralph, 188 
 Morstede, 131 
 Mosse. Old Dr., 220 
 Moundefore. Dr., 151 
 Mountebanks, 165, 197-199
 
 312 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 N 
 
 Napkin. Roger, 175 
 
 Nash. Robt., 187 
 
 Nash. Thos., 188 
 
 Nasmyth. John, 145 
 
 Nectar and Ambrosia, 221 
 
 Nemesius, 59 
 
 Newspapers. Medicine in Old, 210- 
 
 230 
 Nicholas. Dr. M., 169 
 Nixon. Peter, 187 
 
 Oleosum. The Sal Volatile, 226 
 Opthalmic Secret. An, 226 
 Owen. Edward, 142 
 
 P. The Grand, 225 
 Paget. Dr., 174 
 Painter. Humphrey, 192, 194 
 Pearce. Mr., 187, 188 
 Pearce. Robert, 188 
 Pepticon, 228 
 Pepticon Salutiferum, 223 
 Petition from Fleet Surgeons, 151 
 Pettigrew. Thomas J., 294 
 Pharmacopoeia. A, 213 
 • Philagnos, 130 
 Physicians. College of, 146, 148, 
 
 149, 1505 i55» i7i» 172, 236 
 Physicians. Incorporation of, 140 
 Physician's pay. A, 1 77 
 Physicians. The King's, 202 
 Pickering. Mr,, 197 
 Pier. Peter de la, 179 
 Pierce. Mr., 195, 199 
 Pile. Richard, 191 
 Pill. A Drink and, 216 
 
 Pischenis. Dr. M., 143 
 Pistoll. Mr., 187 
 Pontus. Gario, 116 
 Poulett. Lord, 165 
 Powder. Dr. Fletcher's, 228 
 Price. Andrew, 175, 176 
 Priest. Walter, 153 
 Priestley. Joseph, 274 
 Primrose. Dr. James, 165 
 Primrose. Duncan, 145 
 Printing. Discovery of, 1 19 
 Prophylacticon, 230 
 Pulmonick Essence, 229 
 Purging Pills. Celebrated, 217 
 Purging Sugar Plums, 22^, 227 
 
 Quacks and Quackery, 165, 197, 
 
 199, 203-209 
 Quatremaine. Dr. W., 183, 191 
 Quincey. John, 159 
 
 R 
 
 Recipes. A Cellarer's, 140 
 Rheumatism. Elixir for Gout and 
 
 228 
 Rider. Hugh, 187 
 Roberts. Nathaniel, 179 
 Rockers. The King's, 200 • 
 Roos. Thomas, 139 
 Rosewell. Wm., 197 
 Rosse. Walter, 188 
 Russell. John, 198 
 Rutherford. Daniel, 278 
 
 Sanatious. Liquor, 222 
 Scarburgh. Charles, 197
 
 INDEX. 
 
 313 
 
 Scheele. Charles W., 276 
 
 Scotch Pills. The, 211 
 
 Seaman. Robt., 181 
 
 Shawe. Robert, 181 
 
 Sheires. George, 144, 154, 155 
 
 Shewell. Thomas, 176 
 
 Shrewsbury. Lord, 141 
 
 Silvester. Michael, 146 
 
 Simpson. George, 179 
 
 Skeels. Edward, 142 
 
 Skinner. John, 181 
 
 Sloane. Sir Hans, 252 
 
 Small-pox, 141, 169 
 
 Small-pox Hospital, 124 
 
 Small-pox. Remedy for the, 219 
 
 Smart. William, 187 
 
 Smyth. John, 176 
 
 Smyth, Roger, 140 
 
 Smythyes. Isaac, 176 
 
 Sneaton. Daniel, 176 
 
 Snuff. Apoplectick, 222 
 
 Snuff. Digby's Incomparable, 226 
 
 Solby. George, 186, 187, 193 
 
 South. James, 187 
 
 Spallanzani. L., 272 
 
 Stahl. George E., 253 
 
 State Papers. Medicine in, 135- 
 
 202 
 Stephens. Anthony, 177 
 Stone. Powder for the, 213 
 St. Vincent's Rock, 174 
 Surgeons. Allowances of, 177, 179 
 Surgeons and Surgery, 128-133 
 Surgeons. Barbers and, 144 
 Surgeons' Company, 152 
 Surgeon's pay, 139 
 Surgeons. The Barber, 149, 150 
 Surgeons. The King's, 202 
 Surgery a handicraft, 1 39 
 Sweating and Cupping House. A, 
 
 213 
 Sydenham. Sir Thomas, 249 
 Syrupus Catarrhalis, 225 
 
 Thickness. Ralph, 187 
 Thomas's Hospital. St., 124 
 Thompson. Walter, 176 
 Thomson. Dr. George, 186 
 Tobacco forbidden. Cultivation of, 
 
 150 
 
 Tomlinson. Thomas, 151 
 Toothache. Snuff for, 221 
 Toothache. The, 223, 224 
 Trepan. The, 130 
 Troutbeck. Jo., 201 
 Turland. Charles, 197 
 
 Vallot. Dr., 184 
 
 Vandepolle. Mr., 217 
 
 Vapour Pills. Incomparable, 224 
 
 Vavasour. Dr., 141 
 
 Vemando. Dr., 139 
 
 Vesalius. Andreas, 240 
 
 Veyrery. John, 139 
 
 W 
 
 Waidson. Dr., 174 
 Waldron. Dr., 202 
 Wales. John, 177 
 Walker. William, 154 
 Warwick. Ambrose, Earl of, 142 
 Wash. The Venetian, 222 
 Waterhouse. Dr. Joseph, 177 
 Watson. John, 184, 185 
 West. Mr., 175 
 Wharton. Dr. Thos., 197 
 Whistler. Dr., 179, 180 
 Whittaker. Dr. Wm., 195 
 Whittaker. Tobias, 181 
 Whittle. Sackville, 202 
 Whitwell. Thos., 186
 
 314 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Whyte. John, 155 
 
 Wye. Richard, 177 
 
 Williamson. John, 175 
 
 Wye. Wm., 186 
 
 Willis. Thomas, 248 
 
 Wymes. Humphrey, 141 
 
 Wilson. Dr., 151 
 
 
 Winde. Math., 181 
 
 
 Windebank. John, 182 
 
 Y 
 
 Wiseman. Richard, 192, 193, 194 
 
 
 Wolfe. Mr., 155 
 
 Young. Dr. T., 287 
 
 Woodall. John, 153 
 
 
 Wooddall. Mr., 152 
 
 
 Woodhall. Thos., 193, 202 
 
 Z 
 
 Woodroffe. Timothy, 186 
 
 
 W>en. John, 179 
 
 Zinzan. Robert, 142 
 
 PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES. 
 
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