.9 
 
BANCROFT 
 LIBRARY 
 
 0- 
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
Salt Lake City. 
 
 PREPARED AND PUBLISHED BY THE 
 
 Salt jjake (Ttiarriber of 
 
SA AK E 
 
 CITY 
 
 A u e tcn | Imn s Wnckf{u 
 
 PREPARED AND PUBLISHED BY THE 
 
 SALT LIKE CHAMBER OF COMMEECE. 
 
 s 
 
 Salt Lal^e, A. D. 1888. 
 
F <5r 
 .? 
 
 so- 
 
 COPYRIGHTED 1888, BY M. J. FORHAN, 
 Salt Lake City, Utah. 
 
BANCROFT 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THE following sketch of the resources and attractions of Salt 
 Lake City has been prepared and published by the Chamber of 
 Commerce, an association organized April, 1887, and consisting 
 of two hundred and fifty of the representative citizens and business 
 men of Salt Lake. The publication is intended for the diffusion of 
 correct information concerning Salt Lake City among the citizens of 
 the East, few of whom have a correct understanding of the extraor- 
 dinary material advantages enjoyed by Utah Territory, which deserves 
 to rank amongst the greatest Commonwealths of the Union. The 
 statements made may be relied upon as correct in every particular, as 
 the thousands will vouch for who have visited the Chamber during the 
 past twelve months and there seen and examined the evidences of won- 
 derful wealth extracted from Utah's soil. Nothing is needed to insure 
 a prosperous future to Salt Lake but to make known to the outside 
 world the extraordinary opportunities here afforded for the employ- 
 ment of Capital and Labor. There is no department of industrial life 
 which does not contain special inducements for the investment of 
 Capital and the exercise of intelligence, with promises of remuneration 
 not found elsewhere. No one who has examined the possibilities, or 
 who has enjoyed the natural amenities of life in Salt Lake City, has 
 -ever been disappointed. 
 
 M. J. FORHAN, 
 Secretary, Salt Lake Chamber of Commerce. 
 
' ' Oh, Christ ! it is a goodly sight to see 
 
 What Heaven hath done for this delicious land." 
 
 WHEN Brigham Young, accompanied by his band of followers, 
 emerged from Emigration Canon in the year 1847 to g aze i n 
 bewilderment on the indescribable and unequalled loveliness 
 of Salt Lake Valley, bordered by the grandeur of the mountains which 
 bound the horizon on every side, he must have felt, if he did not utter, 
 the sentiment expressed by Byron. Truly, there is no scene on earth 
 that equals this! The silent, snow-capped mountains inspire a solemn 
 awe which is tempered by the exhilaration pro'duced by the glorious 
 sunshine and the feeling of tranquil peace arising from the contem- 
 plation of the lovely, fertile valley. The great Salt Lake, from the bosom 
 of which spring several mountain islands, borrows from the sunshine a 
 sheen that dazzles and blinds, and the whole panorama is animated by 
 the presence of a city which, in manifold charms and attractions, has no 
 equal on the American continent. No stranger ever visited Salt Lake 
 City who did not consciously or unconsciously paraphrase Byron's ex- 
 quisite lines. There is no city in the Union which inspires so much con- 
 tentment and delight. In its natural aspects it is unrivalled, and, by 
 universal accord, from the recognized appropriateness of the comparison 
 as well as by reason of the parallels existing between the Jewish 
 and Mormon religions, it has been aptly denominated the " Promised 
 Land." In this vast country so vast that at the capital Wisconsin and 
 Illinois are ranked among the Western States, whereas in Utah and 
 
 (5) 
 
(6) 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 7 
 
 Montana Kansas is spoken of as the East so much ignorance pre- 
 vails concerning locality that the extraordinary advantages enjoyed by 
 Utah Territory, and by Salt Lake City in particular, are little under- 
 stood. And, in addition to the difficulty of obtaining correct informa- 
 tion arising from distance, the exaggeration engendered by the active 
 rivalry and competition between communities of late years creates a 
 distrust and incredulity which prevent a consideration of the most 
 truthful statement. 
 
 At the outset it can be truthfully said that there can be no exagge- 
 ration concerning the natural resources and attractions of Salt Lake 
 City. Nature has been more lavish of her blessings to Utah than to 
 any other State or Territory in the Union. This is a strong statement 
 to make, but the sequel will prove its correctness. That the reader, 
 however, may peruse the following pages without prejudice or sus- 
 picion, the testimony borne by strangers is herewith submitted: 
 
 Governor Fletcher, of St. Louis, a lawyer of eminent ability, and a 
 gentleman of sound judgment and extensive experience, writing to the 
 Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce, says, among other things: " It 
 has long been to me a matter of surprise that a real, hearty, good 
 * boom ' has not been inaugurated at Salt Lake. There is not a place 
 on the continent where all the surroundings are so favorable to making 
 a city of a half million of people. Salt Lake Valley is the most invit- 
 ing region of America, and it only wants to be properly advertised to 
 start a tide of immigration that will make it the richest valley of the 
 United States." 
 
 The editor of the Evening Leader, of Wilkesbarre, Pa., commenting 
 m the leading editorial of August 23, 1887, upon some printed state- 
 ments in reference to Salt Lake, says: "Unlike many such docu- 
 ments, it deals in no flights of fancy, but conforms itself strictly to 
 facts, as the writer of this, who has looked upon the marvelous beauties 
 of Salt Lake and its surroundings, can attest. It is certain that the 
 climate is nowhere in this country so delightful. In summer the mean 
 temperature is 74, but the dry atmosphere reduces this several degrees. 
 There are more sunshiny days in Salt Lake than in any other city in 
 the Union, while the nights are always cool. The beach of America's 
 great Dead Sea furnishes bathing facilities that excel not only those of 
 the Mediterranean, Adriatic, and all other famous places of the Old 
 World, but also those of the ocean resorts of this country. Salt Lake 
 is a picture of loveliness, with splendid opportunities for creating the 
 most attractive homes in the country." 
 
(8) 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 9 
 
 The editor of the Press-Bulletin, Minnesota, says: "Salt Lake City 
 is showing her progressiveness by a general invitation to all to come 
 and invest their capital and energy there without respect to faith. It 
 is tired of posing as a ' Mormon curio-shop,' and the invitation will 
 doubtless be accepted by many, as Salt Lake City possesses advantages 
 which mark it as the future city of the Western-Central United States." 
 
 The editor of the Re'cord, Connecticut, says : " Utah's peculiar 
 institution has been so prominently before the country as a bone of 
 contention as to put the attractions of its lands, its climate, and its 
 mines quite into the shade. It has not been generally known that it 
 offers greater natural resources to settlers than most of the other great 
 divisions of the western half of this great Republic. The climate is 
 delightful, its mountains are rich in mineral resources, and its valleys 
 are unexcelled for agricultural purposes." 
 
 The Oregon State Journal says : " We have no hesitation in saying 
 that Salt Lake City is situated in one of the most lovely spots we have 
 ever seen on the face of the earth. The high, snow-capped mountains 
 towering above the city and the valley make the scenery very similar 
 to our own Willamette Valley, or to the Sacramento Valley in Califor- 
 nia; but the altitude is so much greater that the atmosphere is lighter, 
 and there is a feeling of buoyancy and health such as is not felt in the 
 low countries. Salt Lake is a gem among the great central mountain 
 chain of America. Its climate and scenery are unsurpassed for health 
 and beauty on the face of the earth. These attractions, and the pro- 
 ductiveness of the soil, will no doubt make it the home of a numerous 
 and prosperous population." 
 
 The editor of the Merchants' Review, New York City, says : " It 
 may surprise our readers to hear that the mines of Utah have yielded 
 up to date over $100,000,000 worth of ores, and this without remark- 
 able exertion. With its delightful climate, fertile soil, and ample water 
 supply, there is little doubt that an abundance of capital will soon flow 
 into the Territory, and that there will be shortly seen an era of pros- 
 perity founded upon natural resources second to no state in the 
 Union." 
 
 Another editor remarks : " We have often wondered why eastern 
 capitalists have not taken interest in the development of the resources 
 of Utah. The natural advantages of the Territory are great, abounding 
 in mineral wealth, great fertility of soil, and with a climate unsurpassed 
 in the world. Lands are cheap, the valleys rich in productiveness, and 
 water for irrigation abundant. The inhabitants have finer orchards 
 
(10) 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 
 
 11 
 
 and a greater variety of fruit and vegetables than is produced in 
 Southern California, the land of the 'Boom '." 
 
 F. B. Brownell, a well known car manufacturer, says : " The 
 writer had the pleasure of a short visit to your city in February last, 
 and feels the truth of the statements made as to the advantages offered 
 by your Territory to investors and immigrants, and he would not hesi- 
 tate to recommend it to any friends who wish to go West." 
 
 To the foregoing might be added the testimony of a score of the 
 most prominent journals, including the New York World and Morning 
 Journal; the Springfield, Mass., Republican; the Cleveland Plain 
 Dealer; the Wilmington Every Evening; the Troy, Ala., Messenger; the 
 Elkhorn, Wis., Independent; the Black Diamond, Chicago; the Review 
 and Examiner, Washington; the Record, Seymour, Conn.; the Mer- 
 chants' Guide, Philadelphia, and many others equally influential and 
 reliable. 
 
 The editors of these journals are disinterested strangers and bear 
 testimony gratuitously to the advantages enjoyed by Salt Lake. There 
 is a maxim which says that no one falsifies gratuitously " Nemo gratis 
 mendax.'" 
 
(12) 
 
SALT LAE GIJPY. 
 
 r I ^HE whole world has heard of Salt Lake City. In the remotest 
 corners of the Old World its existence is, perhaps, better known 
 J- than that of the metropolitan cities of the East. Notwithstand- 
 ing its world-wide reputation, however, its charms, attractions, and 
 advantages are little known or understood even by the inhabitants of 
 neighboring states and territories. The reasons for this are obvious. 
 Of all the states and territories which compose the Far West, Utah 
 Territory, of which Salt Lake is the capital, ranks first in the history of 
 colonization. Its settlement dates back to 1847, prior to the gold 
 excitement of California; but the religious views of the pioneers who 
 settled it differed so essentially from those of other religious bodies 
 that they repelled rather than attracted the many home-seekers who 
 have traveled westward during the last forty years and by their toil and 
 intelligence added hundreds of millions to the wealth of the nation. 
 Prior to the year 1871 the original settlers virtually lived apart from 
 their other American neighbors. There was little or no commingling, 
 and while there was no restraint and no interference with personal 
 liberty, the facility with which land could be obtained elsewhere, 
 coupled with the prejudices then and now entertained against polygamy, 
 ted emigrants and others to seek a social atmosphere better suited to 
 their personal requirements and more in accordance with their 
 individual .convictions. 
 
 A great many questions will suggest themselves to the reader in 
 connection with Utah and other western points which can be more 
 easily explained and answered by bearing in mind that the West in 
 general has progressed more rapidly during the last ten years than 
 during the thirty years previous, and to this fact is due more than to 
 aught else the apparent indifference and lack of interest in the wonder- 
 
 (13) 
 
(14) 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 15 
 
 ful advantages enjoyed by Salt Lake City. The original pioneers were 
 unmolested for nearly a quarter of a century, during which time they 
 grew and prospered and became formidable to the outside world 
 because of their peculiar religious institutions, which bound them 
 together as a unit and segregated them from strangers in religion, 
 politics, business, and social life. With the discovery of mineral wealth, 
 however, the situation changed, and for twenty years the gulches and 
 canons and hill-sides have been attracting the gold-hunter, until 
 to-day there are several mining camps peopled by a majority of 
 Gentiles. The policy of the Mormon Church at its inception, as well as 
 at the present time, was the establishment of an agricultural community, 
 and hence mining was discountenanced. So' cardinal a maxim of the 
 Mormon creed is the tilling of the soil that mining has been in a 
 measure tabooed, and hence the mines of Utah are owned and 
 controlled principally by Gentiles, this principle being so far-reaching 
 in its effect that few if any Mormons who identified themselves with 
 mining have persevered in their allegiance to the Church until the last 
 few years. To mining the first influx of Gentiles in any number is 
 principally, if not solely, due, and with the development of this industry 
 the Gentile population has increased until at the present date the 
 community of Salt Lake differs but little from any other in its social, 
 business, or religious aspects, except in so far as it possesses in addition 
 to all other religious elements which exist elsewhere one which differs 
 from all others. The community is homogeneous and united both in 
 purpose and in action. The influence of the progress and develop- 
 ment of the last ten years has been to educate the people in regard to 
 the disadvantages of their position when divided among themselves 
 upon the issues by which the prosperity of the community is to be 
 measured. Whatever differences prevail at present concerning other 
 matters, there is little or none in regard to the advisability and necessity 
 for diffusing information concerning our extraordinary resources, and 
 inviting the home-seeker and capitalist to avail themselves of the rare 
 opportunities here afforded. For the first time in the history of Utah 
 the business men in the principal communities have agreed upon the 
 necessity of inviting capital and population from other points and of 
 entering the lists as competitors with the progressive cities of the West, 
 which, though more pretentious in their claims, can never compare 
 with Salt Lake City in the natural wealth of its resources and attrac- 
 tions. That Salt Lake has been overlooked is easily understood and 
 explained. Tourists and strangers have visited the city and have been 
 
(W) 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. ] 7 
 
 so absorbed in the investigation of its religious and social features that 
 its delightful climate, its wealth and variety of mineral, its fertility and 
 productiveness of soil, its manifold and unequalled attractions, its lakes 
 and mineral springs, its charming drives and avenues, its lovely homes, 
 and all the other blessings which make it the loveliest and most delight- 
 ful spot in America, have been little considered. As a matter of fact, 
 persons have come and gone, having gratified their curiosity concerning 
 the institutions of Mormonism, and, surprised after their departure to 
 learn that Salt Lake City enjoyed rare advantages that might appeal to 
 .self-interest, again returned with a view to examine into its material 
 resources. The question of religion has overshadowed every other 
 consideration, and as a result the ignorance prevailing in regard to the 
 advantages we possess is co-extensive with the prejudice that exists 
 concerning the character of the community. No little astonishment 
 will result, therefore, from the discovery that in our social life we do not 
 differ from any community of the East, and that Utah can compare 
 favorably with any state or territory of the Union in the wealth of its 
 natural resources and attractions. 
 
 The population of Salt Lake is estimated at 35,000. The city is 
 situated at the base of the Wasatch Mountains, which are a part of 
 the great continental range dividing the Far West from the plains 
 which stretch eastward from the Rockies to the Missouri River. The 
 finest residence portion of the city occupies the mountain bench or 
 plateau, once the shores of a great inland sea, from which in ages past 
 the waters receded till they settled in the basin of the Great Salt Lake, 
 distant about eighteen miles from the water-marks now seen above the 
 city. Utah is a succession of valleys varying in extent, but each suffi- 
 ciently large to support a population greater than that of the whole 
 territory at the present time. The principal valleys in the North are 
 Cache, Salt Lake, and Utah, which are not only the best watered but 
 the most thickly settled and best cultivated. The City of Salt Lake 
 derives its name from the body of water after which the valley is 
 called wherein it lies. This inland sea, which covers a surface area of 
 2,500 square miles, lies directly west of the city, extending north and 
 south nearly a hundred miles. From its bosom rise several mountain- 
 ous islands, some of which are used for ranches and orchards, and sea 
 and islands are in full view from the bench land of the city, than 
 which there is no more beautiful residence site in the world. 
 
(183 
 
TOPOGRAPHY. 
 
 rj^OPOGRAPHICALLY, Salt Lake is so situated as to be the 
 natural centre of supply for six or eight states and territories. 
 J- To the north lie Idaho, Montana, and Southeastern Oregon; 
 to the west, Nevada and Southern California ; and to the south, Utah 
 and Arizona, while Salt Lake merchants are to-day competing with 
 Denver rivals in the eastern and southwestern districts of Colorado. 
 The variety and abundance of raw material to be found in Utah 
 establish, beyond peradventure, the claim of Salt Lake City as a natural 
 supply centre for the localities mentioned. In passing, it may be 
 said that while Southern California is to-day drawing its supply of 
 coal from Australia and other distant points, there are coal veins in 
 Iron County, Utah, 100 feet in thickness, sufficient to supply all 
 California for generations. In addition to coal, there are deposits of 
 iron that centuries of consumption could not exhaust, and a variety 
 of other minerals adapted for manufactures. Within the borders of 
 Utah are to be found deposits so curious in their character that the 
 uses to which many of them may be converted are yet unknown. 
 Among other materials may be mentioned gilsonite, a carbonaceous 
 deposit found nowhere else in the United States, and a most valuable 
 substance. Then there are gypsum, as white and pure as can be found 
 anywhere, alum, saltpetre, gas shale, borax, sulphur in vast quantities, 
 sulphate of soda, black graphite, mica, natural wax a commodity 
 imported from Europe at a great cost and a perfect substitute for 
 beeswax. From this wax candles can be manufactured superior to the 
 finest stearine candles. There are red and yellow ochres for the man- 
 ufacture of fire-proof paints, rock salt, marbles and stone in infinite 
 variety for building or decorative work, and a number of things to 
 which special reference will be made elsewhere. 
 
 (19) 
 
0.0) 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 21 
 
 With this vast and varied supply of raw material, is there any room 
 to doubt that Salt Lake City will in time become a great manufacturing 
 center for the localities mentioned ? It is already the capital and 
 metropolis of Utah and the centre of all travel to and from the Pacific 
 coast. It enjoys a climate unequalled in America, and a water-supply 
 sufficient, if properly utilized, to set thousands of wheels in motion. 
 There is no other point in the West which can be singled out as a 
 present or prospective rival of Salt Lake City. For manufactures of 
 any kind there is no point in America so well supplied with raw mate- 
 rials. In Colorado, Arizona, Montana, Idaho, and Nevada there are 
 many valuable gold, silver, and lead mines, and some coal and iron; but 
 in Utah these are all to be found, and, in addition, the variety of min- 
 eral and chemical substances previously mentioned, many of which, 
 though far inferior in quality, are imported from Europe and sold in 
 the cities of the East for manufacturing and chemical purposes. It 
 has only been within the past year that there has been any great incentive 
 to "prospecting" for more than precious metals in Utah, but the dis- 
 coveries made in that time have placed the Territory ahead of any 
 state or territory in the West. Treasures of gold and silver have been 
 uncovered the extent of which is little known elsewhere; but Utah soil 
 conceals more than the precious metals, many of the substances being 
 still more valuable, mica and natural wax, for instance, being sold by 
 the pound and not by the ton, like gold and silver-bearing ores. 
 
 With the superabundance of natural resources in the shape of raw 
 materials for manufacturing purposes to draw from, Salt Lake City has 
 no fear of any rival. It is true that two factors essential to success 
 are still missing Capital and Population; but the history of the West 
 during the past ten years gives assurance of a large growth of popu- 
 lation in the near future* and with an increase of population may be 
 expected an increase of wealth. 
 
 In a recent number of the North American Review Charles Dudley 
 Warner, while descanting on the merits of Minnesota and Wisconsin, 
 which had appeared so remote from the little world of the East 
 in which he had always lived, and with"which his ideas of culture and 
 greatness were exclusively associated, remarked that to him, even to 
 him, the great country west of the Mississippi had been nothing more 
 than a geographical cipher. The changes that a quarter of a century 
 has brought about have escaped even this scholarly gentleman, and 
 he was surprised to find the " Wild West " possess such centres 
 of elegance, wealth and refinement as Milwaukee, St. Paul, and 
 
(22) 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE'CITY. 23 
 
 Minneapolis. But he might have traveled a few thousand miles further 
 and been yet more surprised at the changes which have been wrought 
 during the last ten years in the Far West. In this connection the fol- 
 lowing from the Salt Lake correspondence of an eastern journal may 
 be worthy of attention: ''Wonderful changes are wrought in a few 
 years, yet the possibility and even the certainty of such changes taking 
 place are frequently disregarded. Twenty years have not elapsed since 
 the first railroad crossed the Mississippi at St. Louis, and in that time 
 what changes have been wrought throughout the West! Chicago has 
 increased in population 150 per cent., and in wealth, industry, and com- 
 mercial traffic has grown to be one of the greatest marts of the world; 
 St. Louis, with its slow growth and conservative methods, has added 
 50 per cent, to its population. Kansas City and Omaha have grown 
 from small villages to grand metropolitan cities. Denver has become 
 one of the beauty spots of America. The plains of Kansas and Texas 
 have been covered with prosperous communities; the slopes of Cali- 
 fornia have been peopled with the possessors of wealth and refinement 
 garnered in the East; and the territories, some of which have been 
 acquired by the nation in that time, have been so rapidly settled that 
 many of them to-day are presenting their claims for federation with 
 the Union as independent states. What fortunes have been made and 
 lost while such changes were taking place! How many millionaires 
 have appeared in that time! And it is not necessary to be a prophet 
 to predict that the end has not yet come. The opportunities to-day 
 are as great as they were twenty years ago. There is plenty of virgin 
 soil upon our plains and valleys, and the treasures of our mountains 
 have not been all uncovered. As the populations grow thicker their 
 wants increase, and the greater is the demand for energy and intelli- 
 gence. Young men are apt to be indifferent to these considerations; 
 they are absorbed in the present and do not stop to think of the fleet- 
 ness of time and the important changes which a few years may bring. 
 " I have said that it is less than twenty years since a railroad was 
 built across the Mississippi. I might supplement this by saying that 
 all the great changes that have been wrought between the Mississippi 
 and the Pacific have occurred within ten years. Where were the 
 Kansas City, the Omaha, the Denver of the present, ten years ago ? 
 And Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, Portland, and the many pros- 
 perous cities of the Pacific Coast, five years ago ? It is only necessary 
 to reflect a few minutes on these changes to realize the possibilities 
 which are in store for our inter-mountain region." 
 

 ; <J&/ V 
 
 V "/>* 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 
 
 25 
 
 There is much food for thought in the growth of the West for the 
 past ten years. Has the tide of immigration ceased to flow ? With 
 all the territories asking for statehood because of their possession of 
 the necessary qualification?, is it reasonable to suppose that the 
 changes in the next five years will not be more marked and significant 
 than in the last ten ? Are all the great trunk lines of railroad stayed 
 at the eastern base of the Rockies ? or do they intend to reach out for 
 a share of the enormous passenger and freight traffic of which one or 
 two roads have now a monopoly between the Mountains and the 
 Pacific Ocean ? Salt Lake City is the only point between Denver and 
 San Francisco towards which the intervening territory looks as a 
 supply centre. Is it going to maintain this supremacy, or what rival is 
 likely to arise ? A rival is simply impossible, not only because of its 
 situation, which shuts out all competition from the North and South, 
 but especially for the reason that there is no locality in the West so 
 thoroughly and perfectly equipped with everything that enters into the 
 manufacture of marketable supplies. 
 
(36) 
 
SOCIAL LIPS. 
 
 SOME very strange as well as absurd and erroneous views are 
 entertained by people throughout the East in reference to the 
 character of Salt Lake citizens. Forgetting that there is no 
 folly too great for a philosopher to defend, they expect to find " Mor- 
 mons " a peculiar and distinctly different people in appearance and 
 manner from other American citizens. How very prevalent this view 
 is may be learned from the curious enquiries of strangers visiting Salt 
 Lake. In Denver, a few weeks since, the writer met and conversed 
 with a prominent physician, a University graduate, who in the course 
 of conversation remarked : " I know it is very absurd, but there is 
 something which leads me to expect to find some physical difference 
 between Mormons and other persons. Almost instinctively one looks 
 for some peculiar characteristics that would distinguish them from all 
 others." If men of intelligence entertain such views, what may be 
 expected of those whose ignorance is exaggerated by prejudice? 
 
 It is very commonly supposed that Salt Lake City is peopled but by 
 one class of citizens, and hence, because of existing prejudices, that 
 the social and civic life of the community is not marked by the culture, 
 religious sentiment, and refinement of other communities. The follow- 
 ing newspaper correspondence, prepared by the Secretary of the Cham- 
 ber of Commerce, will show the absurdity of such views : 
 
 " For a long time Salt Lake has been generally regarded as the scene of incessant 
 wrangling and social strife as a hot-bed of lawlessness and turbulent dissension. The 
 opinion that the lives and liberties of individuals are unsafe here is not yet an uncommon 
 one, and this opinion is not confined to the ignorant or inexperienced. Within a few weeks 
 I have heard the statement made in public by a gentleman of intelligence and extensive 
 business experience, that notwithstanding his great curiosity to visit our city he had 
 
 (27) 
 
28 RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 
 
 gone on to the Pacific Coast by way of Ogden, fearing maltreatment in Salt Lake. 
 The views and fears of this gentleman are still entertained by multitudes in the East. 
 There are many who look on the citizens of our city and Territory as a bastard branch 
 of the human family whose strange ideas and uncouth customs unfit them for affiliation 
 with civilized communities. How absurd and unjust are these notions is well under- 
 stood by those who have visited us. There is no community of its size in America 
 that can boast of greater peace than Salt Lake, no people amongst whom a greater 
 love ot order prevails. The offenders against our municipal regulations are few fewer 
 by far than in much smaller communities, notwithstanding the numerous mining camps 
 by which we are surrounded on every side, and from which we daily receive many 
 visitors. There are no thieves or burglars amongst us ; the sand-bag and the slung- 
 shot are unheard of ; se'dom, if ever, is a citizen who pretends to respectability seen 
 staggering through the streets under the influence of liquor. We have no daughters of 
 shame whose practices are sanctioned by the law under the guise of a periodical fine ; 
 there are no harlots in our jails or workhouses to bear evidence of the libertinism or 
 debauchery of any class of our citizens. Industry and honesty are characteristic of our 
 people, and God is worshipped in accordance with the free dictates of each one's con- 
 science. The Catholic, the Presbyterian, the Baptist, the Methodist, the Episcopalian, 
 the Reorganized, and the Mormon churches have all their separate temples, and all are 
 well attended. The Catholics alone have a bishop and six priests, and yet not too 
 many to attend to the spiritual wants of their people. And it is not a proof of our lack 
 of -civilized refinement that our city is considered the best of its size in America for the 
 patronage of theatricals and other stage entertainments. For music our fame has 
 reached to the far East, and some of our talent has been lured away long distances for 
 the delectation of communities the surroundings of which lend less inspiration to genius. 
 In the arts even cultured Boston must pay homage to a child of Utah whose genius as 
 a sculptor has elicited their applause. In painting we have several of unpretentious 
 talents whose works would add beauty to the studios and galleries of any American 
 city. In the refinement of home and social life no stranger has ever found us wanting, 
 nor is any greater proof needed of our education in this respect than the natural loveli- 
 ness of our city, embowered during the summer season in foliage and flowers. 
 
 " The absurdity of the opinions entertained concerning us is evidenced by the 
 surprise of every stranger who visits us. They find courtesy and kindness where they 
 expected to find rudeness and hostility, and discover with astonishment that refinement 
 and intelligence are not incompatible with the profession or practice of orthodox or 
 heterodox religion. 
 
 "Strange opinions are entertained in the East in regard to the people of the West, 
 but these opinions are still more strangely deformed in regard to the people of Utah. 
 Horace Greeley's injunction to go West has been interpreted for the most part in such a 
 manner that young men of immature minds and limited experience have grown to 
 imagine that the West is strangely in need of their intelligent services; that, like Topsy, 
 the people here have 'growed,' and have not been trained under the influences of the 
 home, the school, and the church. The surprise of these people on visiting the cities 
 of the West is only proportioned to their previous ignorance of our condition, and 
 many is the youth whose hopes of becoming a Congressman or Senator from the West, 
 or administering the laws with dignity from the bench for the government and enlight- 
 enment of a benighted people, have been blasted only by a visit to our mountain homes. 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 29 
 
 " Salt Lake, though one of the most favored spots by nature in America, and though 
 populated by a class of citizens whose business ability, intelligence, and refinement 
 easily make them the peers of even enlightened New Englanders, has heretofore labored 
 under serious disadvantages. The beauties and attractions of our city have been hidden 
 under clouds of prejudice and distrust. The outside world seemed more interested in 
 us because of our opinions on religion and politics than because of our material 
 resources or of the extraordinary advantages we possess. 
 
 " There are those East whose prejudices and distorted imagination clothe our citizens 
 in costumes different from the garb of American citizens elsewhere, and people our 
 beautiful cities and valleys with ruffians and desperadoes. What wonder, then, that 
 we have been ignored that cities metropolitan in character and appearance have 
 sprung up around us, the most favored of which did not possess a tithe of our natural 
 advantages ? Our American communities are not built from within. We have plenty 
 of unbroken soil in Utah, and vast resources that can become available only through 
 outside capital. Our inhabitants are for the most part pioneers, being indebted for 
 their possessions to their own energy and intelligence. Their original business has 
 grown, but remains the same in character, and with increasing cares they are forced to 
 let others enter upon the newer fields of investment which are being opened. 
 
 " Communities are not unlike individuals in their conceits. There are some business 
 men and men occupying local positions who proudly imagine that their fame has spread 
 far and wide, and that they need no trumpet to make known to the world their talents 
 and resources. It does not occur to them in their self-esteem that a hundred miles from 
 the scene of their operations others may be more famous than they. The world we 
 live in is not so big but it conceals a great many unknown quantities, and Salt Lake, with 
 its vast resources and unlimited attractions, may be numbered amongst them. We 
 want people to know us as we are, and not as they suppose us to be ; and when we 
 become so known surprise and admiration will succeed to the indifference with which 
 we have been considered in the past. From every side now comes the announcement 
 that the ouside world is growing interested in Salt Lake. I only hope that this interest 
 will bring us citizens who will find more than town lots in which to speculate. Our 
 people do not need, or desire, a real estate ' Boom.' What they need is the develop- 
 ment of the vast resources hidden in our mountains. And how proud we can feel at 
 being able to say that the resources and attractions of our Territory are unequalled in 
 abundance and variety in any State of the Union! Our mountains have not been 
 much prospected, but the immigration to the West has become an incentive under 
 which new discoveries are being constantly made. Everyone is surprised at the show- 
 ing which Utah can already make a showing which, in our incipient development, can 
 not be excelled by any of our neighboring states or territories." 
 
(30) 
 
CLIMATE OP SALT LA^E GITY. 
 
 OF Utah's climate, let the following report of Doctors Hamilton 
 and Standart, on behalf of the Committee on Climatic and 
 Sanitary Affairs of the Chamber of Commerce, bear evi- 
 dence. If any guaranty of its correctness were needed other than 
 the facts and figures presented, it is to be found in the reputation 
 enjoyed by the gentlemen who prepared it among, their professional 
 brethren throughout the United States. 
 
 " That we have in Utah, or more particularly in the ' Great Salt 
 Lake Basin,' a climate peculiarly local and of a quality conducive to 
 good health and long life is a well-established fact. 
 
 " We possess those qualities of climate evolved in dryness, eleva- 
 tion, and tonicity of the air which contribute so much to the common 
 good of a community at large and as well to the restoration of the 
 invalid in search of such benign influences. Further, those qualities 
 of climate so essential to the comfort and restoration of the invalid 
 exert as well a beneficial and indeed a moderating influence over 
 diseases in general peculiar to mankind. 
 
 " Now, conceding the fact that our inherent qualities of climate 
 redound to the general good, we will proceed to cite wherein these 
 inherent qualities as evolved in elevation, dryness, tonicity of the 
 air, etc., apply to the benefit and prolongation of the life of the 
 invalid. In speaking of the invalid in the general sense, we mean 
 more particularly the consumptive ; and of all diseases consumption 
 cuts the widest swath in the ' mowing down ' of the human family ; 
 or, as Dr. James Henry Bennett puts it in speaking of pulmonary 
 consumption, it is ' simply a mode of dying.' 
 
 (31) 
 
32 RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 
 
 " When we reflect upon the seriousness of this statement, and 
 recognize the stern fact that the mortuary tables of the world charge 
 over one-eighth of the deaths to this disease, we can indeed say 
 *a mode of dying ! ' a slow death commencing in the lungs. 
 
 " Taken collectively, all forms and degrees of phthisis are most likely 
 to be arrested in dry and comparatively cool climates. The tabulated 
 evidence thus far formulated is decidedly against moist climates; in 
 fact, the addition of damp only makes warmth tell the more unfavor- 
 ably. The question arises, What is the percentage of humidity in the 
 atmosphere of the * Great Salt Lake Basin ?' 
 
 " Before answering this question it would be well to cite the fact that 
 it is not always the countries or seasons of least rainfalls that have the 
 driest atmospheres. To illustrate the percentage of humidity at Salt 
 Lake City is 67 in winter and 45 in the spring, yet the rainfall of spring 
 is twice that of winter. What is of interest to know is whether the 
 atmosphere is habitually dry or moist, and that is not always shown by 
 the quantity of precipitation. The great bulk of our population is 
 situated in valleys not exceeding 4,500 feet elevation, and these valleys 
 are protected by the close proximity of mountain ranges. 
 
 " In these valleys the atmosphere is dry, elastic, transparent, and 
 possessed of wonderful tonicity, and the temperature compares favor- 
 ably in respect of equability with Colorado and the territories north 
 and south of Utah. 
 
 " A record of the readings of the thermometer was kept at Camp 
 Douglas, three miles east and 500 feet above the city, from 1863 to the 
 establishment of a signal station here, in all, covering twenty-four 
 years. From these records it appears that the extreme yearly range 
 has been less than 90 oftener than it has been 100 or more. At 
 Montreal the annual range is 140, New York City 114, St. Louis 
 J 33 Q > Chicago 132, at Denver, Colorado, 126, while at Salt Lake 
 City, Utah, it has exceeded 100 but three times in twenty -four years; and 
 excluding the past year, or rather January of the present, descended 
 below zero only thirteen times in the same number of years. 
 
 " The average high extreme for these years was about 97 -J, the 
 average low extreme 4 above zero, making the average annual range 
 
 " The average humidity in Salt Lake City for the year and here we 
 answer the question above propounded in this article is 43 per cent. 
 of saturation. At Denver it is 46, at Philadelphia 73. In the spring, 
 .summer, and autumn it is 37, while in summer it is but 28.5. 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 33 
 
 u From these figures we believe the conclusion can be drawn that we 
 possess, right here in the Great Salt Lake Basin, a * mean ' of tempera- 
 ture which cannot be approached by other and at present time more 
 favored localities * favored ' in the popular sense. 
 
 " There is hardly a day but what our atmosphere is tempered by sun- 
 shine; it is free from mist and fog, it possesses the combined properties 
 of purity and rarity and the further stimulus to breathe it engendered 
 in elevation. It might be added, the Great Salt Lake Basin enjoys 
 immunity from high winds and severe electric storms ; the cyclones 
 peculiar to some of our western states and territories are not known in 
 Utah. The total march of the winds over Salt Lake City does not 
 exceed 50,000 miles in a year. It is more than 100,000 miles at Phila- 
 delphia, and in excess of 150,000 miles on the open ocean. 
 
 " A place or locality to be a sanitarium in the curative sense should 
 possess an exhilarating atmosphere; it is what the consumptive craves 
 and thrives upon; indeed, his system seems to cry out for 'more air.' 
 The property of exhilaration born of purity and rarity of atmosphere is 
 an ever constant factor. We find an increase in the force of the cir- 
 culation, stimulation of the respiratory sense with increase in the 
 normal oxidation of the blood, together with general improvement in 
 the body-nutrition. 
 
 " The climate of a mountainous country like Utah will vary consid- 
 erably with its varying altitudes and exposures; hence the invalid can 
 elect a climate in kind and degree which seems best adapted to his 
 condition. He will bear in mind the fact that moisture decreases with 
 progressive rarefaction and, consequently, elevation; further, that heat 
 lessens the number of respirations per minute, also their depth; hence 
 the degree of lung expansion is proportionately diminished. Contra, 
 he will note that he breathes more times per minute as he attains alti- 
 tude, that he breathes deeper and expands his air cells relatively greater, 
 and thus supplies more oxygen to his tissues. Practically, he uses his 
 lungs more at an elevation of 4000-6000 feet than at sea level, where 
 atmospheric conditions do not supply the necessary stimulus. Thus 
 the invalid, from the very nature of his surroundings, is made to take 
 his medicine and to take it in a most agreeable way: his heart quickens 
 with elevation, and hence there is an increased supply of oxygen 
 through the agency of the blood to the lungs, the brain, etc., all of 
 which means an improvement in the body-nutrition. 
 
 " Upon this basis of reasoning we can make the plain statement, and 
 it cannot be controverted, that we as individuals and as a people 
 
(M) 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 35 
 
 subject to the manifold blessings so lavishly bestowed upon the section 
 where we live and have our being can work harder and accomplish 
 more with less ' wear and tear ' in Utah than anywhere else in the inhab- 
 itable globe. With a fair endowment of brains as working capital, we 
 can think faster; with brawny arms backed by inherent energy, we can 
 expend more force with less fatigue, and render at sun-down a day and 
 a quarter for a day's work without unusual effort. We can eat and 
 assimilate more and sleep better in Utah than the average man else- 
 where ; in brief, while we cannot exactly subsist and live upon ' rarefied 
 air and hope,' we do claim that under the stimulus of local conditions 
 of climate, etc., we can return other things being equal in thought 
 and force more and better work than the average of mankind in less 
 fortunately endowed localities. 
 
 "The fact must not be inferred that, in endorsing the climate of Utah 
 and its inherent virtues and benefits, we have nothing but climate. Far 
 from it! We have the richest producing mines of the world; indeed, 
 since minerals have been discovered in the mountains of Utah we have 
 turned out over 100,000,000 of dollars in bullion. 
 
 " We have a vast acreage for stock, for agriculture, etc., and an 
 abundance of water rushing down our mountain sides and through 
 deep canons, much of it now running to waste for want of utilization. 
 
 "We live in nature's sanitarium; we are subjected to healthful influ- 
 ences; we dwell under a cloudless sky. In the localization of the most 
 favorable climatic properties dryness, coolness, and diathermancy of the 
 atmosphere, we find the 'Ideal Climate.' In the elucidation of these 
 views we owe much to the wide experience and original researches of 
 Doctor Charles Denison, of Colorado, than whom there is no better 
 authority on meteorology as applied to climato-therepy in its practical 
 bearing upon diseases of the respiratory organs. 
 
 " Our ' Ideal Climate ' is made comprehensive in its influence through 
 the varied topography of this inter-mountain region. The cool fresh 
 air of the mountains, light and pure; the peculiarly local atmosphere 
 of the Great Salt Lake, ' maritime ' in quality; together with the shel- 
 tered situation, the distance inland, and the elevation above sea level 
 all of these conditions have combined to give us what some travelers 
 have imagined they have found here, 'the most unique and wonderful 
 climate on the face of the globe.' While not especially adopting this 
 verdict as ours, we do not object to it, but leave the facts developed 
 by the meteorological record as herein presented to speak for themselves. 
 
City Hall. 
 
 County Jail. 
 
 (36) 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 37 
 
 " We have in the proximity of ' The Great Salt Lake,' occupying as 
 it does 2,500 square miles of the Basin, a ' moderator ' of extremes of 
 heat and cold. It spares us through atmospheric conditions peculiarly 
 local an inordinately high degree of humidity necessarily belonging to 
 ' maritime ' climates proper ; further, we are spared in a measure the 
 extremes of heat and cold so characteristic of some sections of Arizona, 
 New Mexico, and Colorado. We are still further protected by the close 
 proximity of the mountains to the north and east. 
 
 " It is a physiological truth that the human organism cannot stand 
 great extremes of heat and cold without damage assuming of course 
 that such conditions of the atmosphere are long continued and constant. 
 A high degree of heat throws a physiological strain upon the liver, the 
 digestive system, the skin, the brain, etc., which strain may be consid- 
 ered abnormal. Contra, intense cold throws a physiological strain upon 
 the lungs. 
 
 " Phthisis does not originate here, and where the monthly fluctuation 
 of the thermometer does not exceed 50, and the mean monthly tern, 
 perature is at or within limits above 50, and the humidity is under 50 
 per cent., a residence is beneficial to consumptives if commenced early 
 enough. 
 
 " The beneficial influence of Utah air on asthma is very decided ; it 
 cannot exist except in a relieved and modified condition. Rheumatic 
 fevers are scattered over the months without reference to season; but 
 very few cases become chronic. 
 
 "The intermittents are 'imported,' and the tendency is to longer 
 periods and ultimate recovery. 
 
 "A remittent form of fever called 'mountain fever ' is indigenous. 
 It usually yields readily to treatment. The effect of our local climate 
 upon diseases in general is modifying. The summer heat is not debil- 
 itating; the dry pure air and the cool invigorating nights enable patients 
 to withstand the shock of surgical operations that could not often be 
 safely attempted in humid climes. Indeed, we as a people a com- 
 munity at large can retire to refreshing sleep to waken with renewed 
 life and energy, to begin another day prepared for the grand struggle 
 for subsistence. The people of Utah to the manor born are as 
 robust and long-lived as any in the world. No city that we are aware 
 of excels Salt Lake City in the matter of natural advantages for the 
 physical well-being of its citizens. From ocean to ocean no city that 
 we are aware of has been dealt with more kindly by nature. We have 
 a great inland sea rolling at our feet possessing inherent virtues in its 
 
(38) 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 39 
 
 waters essentially tonic and invigorating to the general system. We 
 have thermal springs in the suburbs of varying degrees of temperature 
 and of varied properties. We have the sunshine peculiar to a dry cli- 
 mate, and we thrive upon it. It is an old Dutch proverb that 'paint 
 costs nothing/ such are its preserving qualities in damp climates. Well, 
 sunshine as it comes to us through a clear, pure atmosphere, and from 
 a cloudless sky, costs less and is of finer pigment; it reflects cheerful- 
 ness and makes the world smile, and those so fortunate as to be sub- 
 jected to its benign influences well and happy! What more could 
 nature do for us ? " 
 
 Strong and forcible as is the foregoing testimonial, the following 
 from the St. Louis Globe-Democrat of Sept. 9, 1887, is the best com- 
 mentary on Utah's climate that could be submitted: 
 
 SALT LAKE CITY, September i, 1887. Among the curiosities of Mormondom 
 are its old people It is an absolute pleasure to look upon them. Dozens of men in 
 their eighties may be seen on the streets every day. Hale and hearty old fellows they 
 are, with gray beards and broad shoulders, and they do not appear to be over fifty. 
 Some of them are Mormon bishops; nearly all are elders, and not a few are polyga- 
 mists. Look at the late John Taylor, who was four-score, and he had seven wives. 
 Examine the records of the Utah Penitentiary, and there will be found many men in 
 the sixties who served, or are now serving, six months' terms for unlawful cohabitation. 
 The apostle Lorenzo Snow, who is in his seventy seventh year, was in the "pen" for 
 nine months, and might have been there longer had not the United States Supreme 
 Court come to his relief and helped him out. In the Tabernacle on Sunday afternoon 
 hundreds of white heads and faces, sanctified by age, greet the eyes, and there seems 
 to be a great deal of truth in what Eliza R. Snow said to me the other day when refer- 
 ence was made to her great age: " We Mormons believe it is our duty to live past 
 seventy." " Miss" Snow is eighty-three, but as quickwitted and as active on her feet 
 as many a woman of less than sixty. She throws off a poem occasionally, and writes 
 a book whenever the notion takes her. But, as I have already written about " Miss " 
 Snow in a previous letter, I will pass her by with this mention. Many of the under- 
 grounders who have been evading the officers of the law for several years past are 
 either octogenarians or far advanced septuagenarians. They are every bit as spry as 
 the younger fellows in keeping out of the way of the authorities. Most of these old 
 folks belong to the pioneer days, and came to Salt Lake Valley when there was noth- 
 ing here but sage brush and alkali plains. Some of them have footed it six or seven 
 times across what was then the Great American Desert to the Missouri River, and I 
 believe that if there was a revelation announced to-night calling on all the seventy and 
 eighty-year-olds in Utah to mount shank's mare and start for Omaha in the old prim- 
 itive way, there would not be a solitary saint or sinner among them who would plead 
 age or hesitate about going. The majority have been, and still are, in a sense, agricul- 
 turists. They have found Ponce de Leon's fountain of youth in the scent of the clover 
 fields and the breaths of snow that blow from the Wasatch Mountains. They have 
 led temperate, frugal lives, and the sap and strength of the soil have grown into their 
 structures and systems. It would do anybody good to look at them. And Utah ic 
 
40 RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 
 
 proud of them! so proud that she gives them the very best care and awards them the 
 same generous attention that petted children always receive. 
 
 There are many pretty ideas in the Mormon system of religion, and one of the 
 prettiest, I think, is the glorious meed of admiration for which the old folks come in. 
 In addition to the care and attention bestowed upon them in the way of providing for 
 their regular wants, one day in each year is set apart for them, and it is called " Old 
 Folks' Day." The late Edward Hunter, who was the presiding bishop of the Mormon 
 Church from 1850 to 1883, and who himself died in the latter year at the advanced-age 
 of ninety, conceived the plan of giving every man and woman over seventy years of 
 age in the neighborhood of Salt Lake City a day's outing each year. He instituted 
 Old Folks' Day in 1875, and it has been a success ever since. The idea has been 
 adopted in other parts of the Territory, and lately some enthusiasts have done some 
 vigorous writing in behalf of establishing a national old folks' day, when the cities of 
 the nation can trot out their seventy-year-olds and let them have a little fun. Here 
 they have their recreation every 22d of June, which was Bishop Hunter's birthday. 
 The last time they went to Ogden and spent six or seven hours in its public park, with 
 music, dancing, refreshments, and all the concomitants of a picnic added to the railroad 
 ride which they got. There were about 750 of the excursionists over seventy years of 
 age, and these 750 went from Salt Lake City and its immediate vicinity. Just think of 
 it 750 out of 30,000 people were upwards of seventy years old 1 One in every forty of 
 the population had reached the three-score-and-ten limit spoken of in the Scriptures. 
 If sixty-year-olds had been accepted the whole Denver & Rio Grande rolling stock 
 could scarcely have accommodated the multitude. I suppose that about one in every 
 twenty is over sixty. As far as humanity is concerned there seem to be only babies 
 and gray-heads in Utah. Certainly there is a plenitude of both. Those who were 
 seventy years old and under eighty wore red rosettes on their left breasts; those over 
 eighty and under ninety wore blue rosettes, and all over ninety had white rosettes. 
 Any person over 100 years was entitled to wear a golden star, which the committee 
 having charge of the arrangements for the festival day would furnish. There was no 
 centenarian this year, though. Last year Mary Bishop and Father Wilding wore the 
 gold badge. The former was feeble in her lower limbs, but retained full possession of 
 her faculties. Savage photographed her when she was one hundred years and fifteen 
 days old, and that photo is reproduced by the Globe- Democrat. Father Wilding lived 
 to be 102. He walked down town every week to be shaved, and could get around on 
 his feet in quite a lively manner. Both died during the past twelve months. 
 
 At Ogden several local old people joined the throng. There were two or three 
 couples over ninety from the junction city. Only thirty or forty of the octogenarians 
 were so feeble that they had to be assisted, and only two were blind . Fifty young 
 folks had been provided with tickets, and were supposed to look after the feeble. A 
 few weak and fading old gents had to be carried into and out of the cars, but the 
 rule was that the older the subject the greater was his or her ambition to appear as 
 youthful as the youngest in the party. They promenaded the park, listened to the 
 music, danced, ate cake and drank wine, and received new vigor and freshness from 
 the day's sport. Several hundred dollars' worth of presents were distributed, and 
 James Burgon, of Union Fort, at the south end of Salt Lake City, took the prize 
 for being the oldest person present. He is ninety-six, and expects to live ten or 
 twenty years longer. The presents always consist of silk handkerchiefs, walking 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 
 
 41 
 
 sticks, rocking chairs, blankets, and articles of this description, together with money. 
 Mr. Burgon received the finest pair of blankets ever woven in Utah. Everybody over 
 eighty gets a walking stick, and the old ladies have the days of their bellehood recalled 
 by gifts of handsome dress patterns. The committee having charge of the last enter- 
 tainment, which is free to black and white, Jew, Moslem, or Gentile, were Presiding 
 Bishop Wm. B. Preston, and Messrs. George Goddard, C. R. Savage, Wm. Eddington, 
 Wm. Naylor, Wm L. Binder, John Kirkman, Andrew Jenson, and Nelson Empey, all 
 prominent people in the Mormon Church. In their prospectus is the following para- 
 graph, which explains the liberal character of the affair, and suggests the manner in 
 which the presents and means for the excursion are obtained . 
 
 ' ' This movement draws no lines nor asks questions as to belief ; it simply seeks 
 to make those happy who are generally forgotten when the time for festivity comes. 
 Those who desire to aid the movement can hand in their contributions to any member 
 of the committee." 
 
 The following list of persons over eighty years of age I copied from the reports 
 made by the bishops of the different wards, who were requested to send in to John 
 Kirkman at the tithing office the names of all the seventy and eighty-year-olds who 
 attended the excursion : 
 
 Henry Dowman 86 
 
 E. R. S. Smith 83 
 
 Wm. Tucker ( as spry as a boy) 85 
 
 Marie Godbold 84 
 
 Phoebe Hicks 82 
 
 Mrs. Rogers 80 
 
 J. B. Lewis 90 
 
 Mrs. Whitney 80 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. John Lyon 85 and 80 
 
 Mrs. Ringwood ( goes out washing). . .85 
 
 Sarah H. Free 87 
 
 Wm. Paul ( is at work every day ) 84 
 
 Samuel Turnbow 83 
 
 Lucy Davis 82 
 
 Susanna Hygham 8 1 
 
 Mrs. Dr. Sprague 86 
 
 Mother Taylor 86 
 
 Zinah Williams 90 
 
 Mrs. Wright 86 
 
 Corbett Daniel 80 
 
 Elizabeth Hunting 85 
 
 Mary Henderson 82 
 
 John Evans 80 
 
 Thomas Condy 81 
 
 Catharine Maddocks 80 
 
 John Achom 84 
 
 Sarah Holt 80 
 
 Sarah Thompson 82 
 
 Wm. Anderson. . .88 
 
 Jas. Albian 81 
 
 W. H. Hickenlooper 82 
 
 Thomas Court 83 
 
 Esther Twiggs 87 
 
 Elizabeth Pugmire ( was in one of the 
 
 pioneer companies of 1847 ) 84 
 
 Elizabeth Thomas 84 
 
 John Gray 84 
 
 Christian Lindstrom. 82 
 
 Archibald Scroggie 80 
 
 Agnes Scroggie 80 
 
 Charles Cowley . . 82 
 
 Maria Arthur 80 
 
 Ann Battee 82 
 
 Mr. Hines 97 
 
 Christian Muir 8 1 
 
 E. Luddington 81 
 
 Gertrude M. Armonsen, South Cotton - 
 
 wood 86 
 
 Amy L. Jensen, South Cottonwood. . .87 
 Frederick Neilson, South Cottonwood. 82 
 Richard Arnold, South Cottonwood. . .82 
 
 Fannie Pierce 84 
 
 Sarah Thomas, Centreville 89 
 
 Charlotta Mills, Centreville 89 
 
 Elizabeth B. Walker, Farmington 84 
 
 Mary Wilson 83 
 
 Ann Beer 8 1 
 
 Mary Ann Clift.. ..82 
 
42 
 
 RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 
 
 John Hudspoth 87 
 
 Wm. J. Moss 81 
 
 Maria Morris 81 
 
 Alex. McRae- 80 
 
 M rs. Brooks 80 
 
 Harriet Phelps 80 
 
 Hannah Miller 80 
 
 Charles Cowley So 
 
 Dinah Jones, colored 83 
 
 Ellen Greenwall 81 
 
 John Chapman 83 
 
 Eveline Fisher 83 
 
 Ann C. Richards 85 
 
 E. S. Hills 82 
 
 S. Hills Si 
 
 Joseph Brown 86 
 
 Ann Brown 87 
 
 Chas. D. Barnum 86 
 
 Henry Norman (danced a jig for his 
 
 brethren ) 85 
 
 Evan Williams 70 
 
 John P. Parry 80 
 
 Sophia Williams 82 
 
 Herbert Van Dam 89 
 
 Wm. Jenkinson, blind 82 
 
 Joseph Seriel So 
 
 Mercy R. Thompson So 
 
 Elizabeth Cripps 86 
 
 Susanna Taylor 84 
 
 James Burgon, Union 96 
 
 Mary Pale, Union 83 
 
 Andrew Danielson, Big Cotton wood. . .83 
 Hannah Jacobson, Big Cottonwood. . .80 
 
 Mary Titcomb, Mill Creek So 
 
 Thomas Green, Mill Creek So 
 
 Margaret Green, Mill Creek 80 
 
 John Davis 82 
 
 Anna Daniels So 
 
 Jane Cornwall, Sugar House. . . . <, ... .85 
 Hannah Bailey, Sugar House. ... . 88 
 
 Wm. Capance, Centreville 81 
 
 Sophronia Adams, Centreville Si 
 
 John Ford, Centreville 80 
 
 Thomas Meek, Kaysville 80 
 
 Edward Crockett, Kaysville 83 
 
 Wm. Irons, Kaysville 86 
 
 Jos. Hill, Kaysville 85 
 
 Wm. Barrel, Butterville 86 
 
 Neils Poulson, Butterville 82 
 
 Daniel Wood West Bountiful 86 
 
 Mary Ford, South Bountiful 83 
 
 J. E. Perry, TJraper 81 
 
 S. Neilson, Draper 82 
 
 Elizabeth G. Burton 82 
 
 Besides these are probably 100 more individuals in this vicinity who are over eighty- 
 five years of age. Miss Tafts, who is eighty-six, is not mentioned; neither is Miss 
 Sarah Whitney, who is eighty-five, and still speaks three languages, plays the piano, and 
 retains others of her girlish accomplishments. There are many too feeble to get out 
 who did not participate in the Ogden Excursion. Then, too, there are large numbers 
 in exceedingly good circumstances who do not mingle* with the common herd of octo- 
 genarians. Some of the ablest Mormons are in the eighties. There is Judge Elias 
 Smith, born in 1804, who would still be on the bench if the Edmunds Polygamy Act 
 had not disfranchised him and made him ineligible to hold office. He was appointed 
 Chief Justice of Salt Lake County by Brigham Young when the State of Deseret was 
 formed, and he held that position until 1882. A chief justiceship in this connection 
 amounts to about the same thing as county judgeship. In the Deseret scheme of gov- 
 ernment every county had a chief justice, who sat with two associate justices. Judge 
 Smith is now eighty-three, but he hobbles around, and can draw up a brief or make an 
 argument as well to-day as the brightest young member of the bar. Erastus 
 Snow, one of the twelve Apostles, is in his seventieth year, and has been under- 
 ground for some time. He had a narrow escape from the Deputy Marshals in Febru- 
 ary last, of which I shall write later. Henry Grow, in his seventy-first year, is serving 
 a six-months' term in the Penitentiary for unlawful cohabitation. He has several wives. 
 Joseph C. Kingsbury, of the tithing office, is in his eighty-first year. And so I might 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 
 
 43 
 
 goon enumerating and naming these old codgers; but it would make a list almost as 
 large as a city directory, so I will stop, and merely say that polygamy, tithe-paying, and 
 revelation seem to be conducive to longevity, at least in Salt Lake Valley. I must men- 
 tion, however, that one of the greatest business men of the community, Horace D. Eld- 
 ridge, who is at the head of the " Co-Op.," as the Z. C. M. I. is called, which does a 
 business of $3,000,000 to $4,000,000 a year, is seventy-one, and Wilfred Woodruff, 
 President of the Twelve Apostles, who, if precedent is followed, will be chosen as 
 John Taylor's successor to the First Presidency of the Mormon Church, is eighty-one. 
 
(44) 
 
UTAH'S MINERAL I^BSOU^GBS. 
 
 OF the mines and mining of Utah little more need be said than 
 what is contained in the following synopsis of the Report of 
 the Committee on Mines, Mining and Smelting of the Salt Lake 
 Chamber of Commerce: 
 
 Thus far the mining industries have been the chief source of revenue 
 to Utah. Many of our most valuable mineral deposits, however, are 
 yet undeveloped and comparatively unknown outside our borders. 
 Intelligent examination of our mountains has revealed that, apart from 
 the deposits of precious metals which have made the Territory rich, 
 they are wonderful storehouses wherein nature has accumulated vast 
 treasures of almost every mineral useful in the sciences, manufactures, 
 and arts. 
 
 In Spanish Fork Canon, close to the railroad track, there are 
 various veins of alum, the largest of which is eighteen inches thick and 
 extends several hundred feet longitudinally. It is of dazzling white- 
 ness and singularly pure. The scarcity of alum of such purity, and its 
 resemblance to cryolite, which is the cheapest material for the manu- 
 facture of aluminium, makes it of great value, and is a guarantee of the 
 early development of this mine. 
 
 At various points throughout the Territory are found beds of nitre 
 sufficiently pure to fuse briskly when thrown upon hot coals. In close 
 proximity to the vast coal-fields, of which more later, there have been 
 discovered enormous deposits of ozokerite, or natural mineral wax, 
 which is found nowhere else in appreciable quantities, and which is 
 destined to revolutionize more than one manufacture. It is air, acid, 
 and water proof, and can be used for imparting these qualities to any 
 fabric or material. As an insulator it is perfect, and will undoubtedly 
 
 (45) 
 
46 RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 
 
 supersede all other insulating substances in the manufacture of electric 
 appliances. It is also eminently adapted for forming a cheap and per- 
 fect paving material, for indurating piles and posts as a preventative 
 against rot, and for innumerable other commercial purposes. A some- 
 what similar product is gilsonite, which on analysis is shown to contain 
 over 78 per cent, of pure carbon, and consequently to be almost abso- 
 lutely pure asphalt. Unless similar discoveries are made elsewhere, a 
 supposition we have no reasons for entertaining, it will remain a 
 perfectly unique substance, the nearest approach to it containing not 
 more than 28 per cent, carbon at the most. It can be put to the same 
 uses as the last-named mineral, in addition to others for which its great 
 purity specially adapts it, and as there is in sight a vein of three feet 
 in width and over 5,000 feet in length the supply is well-nigh inexhaust- 
 ible. 
 
 The coal-measures of Utah are of enormous extent, and are all 
 bituminous and of good quality. The bulk of the coal comes from the 
 Pleasant Valley and Weber County districts, which in 1886 produced 
 upwards of 180,000 tons, valued at $1,000,000 laid down to the consumer. 
 
 It is only natural that near these great coal-measures should be 
 found traces of petroleum, and accordingly there are evidences that a 
 considerable volume of oil exists which only needs to be intelligently 
 sought to yield its wealth. Arrangements have now been made for the 
 development of these oil fields. 
 
 A singular deposit has been opened up in eastern Utah, about seven 
 miles southeast of Cisco, on the Denver & Rio Grande Western Rail- 
 way. Boulders of magnificent water-agate as large as five feet in dia- 
 meter are to be obtained without flaws and of beautiful hues. Among 
 these immense gems are portions of carnelian, one specimen of which is 
 five inches across. This extraordinary discovery has naturally excited no 
 small degree of interest, and thousands of acres have been taken up under 
 the Placer Act, while plans have been formed for the establishment of 
 works to polish and adapt the stones to furnishing and other purposes. 
 
 The Great Salt Lake is a limitless magazine of salt, which can be 
 obtained in any desired quantity by the simple process of evapora- 
 tion. By improved methods the article can be produced from 97 to 
 99 per cent, pure, which is enough for all purposes. In addition to 
 this, we have immense quantities of rock salt, which is mined chiefly in 
 San Pete and Sevier Valleys. From the lake are also procured vast 
 quantities of sulphate of soda, which at certain temperatures the winds 
 blow to the shore, where hundreds of tons are sometimes piled up in a 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 47 
 
 single night. This substance can be utilized in the production of soda- 
 ash, sal-soda, carbonate of soda, etc. 
 
 Carbonate of soda also exists as an efflorescence on the soil in 
 various spots in the vicinity of Salt Lake City. 
 
 A vein of copperas, which is doubtless the precursor of further 
 discoveries, has been found in Spanish Fork Canon, and is from six to 
 eight inches thick. 
 
 One of Utah's most extensive and useful treasures is building stone. 
 Variegated and plain marbles in great profusion, limestones, fine 
 granites, sandstones, and magnesium limestones are found along the 
 line of the railroad in inexhaustible quantities, and can be worked and 
 freighted at a very low cost. The red sandstone, or "brownstone," 
 from Thistle and other points along the line of the Denver & Rio 
 Grande Western Railway is of equal or superior quality to any in the 
 country, and large quarries have been opened and expensive machinery 
 purchased for the proper working of this superb material, which is 
 already shipped to the East in large quantities and excites universal 
 admiration wherever introduced. 
 
 Roofing slate of unsurpassed quality and of various colors, gray, 
 green, and purple, is procured from Antelope Island, in the lake, and 
 also from the canons near Provo, and promises to form the basis of 
 an important industry. 
 
 Sulphur exists in enormous beds in various portions of the Terri- 
 tory, ranging from 40 per cent, to a state of almost absolute purity. 
 
 PRECIOUS METALS. 
 
 The first attempt at mining for the precious metals began about 25 
 years ago, but, owing to want of railroad facilities, very little was done 
 until 1871. Since that time the development of the industry has been 
 phenomenal, in view of the difficulties in the way and the lack of capital 
 which has caused so many owners to depend entirely upon their output 
 for the means of increasing it. From 1871 to 1887 the total output of 
 the Utah mines was as follows: 
 
 Gold, 148,316 fine ozs., at $20.67 $ 3,065,692.70 
 
 Silver, 65,226,753 fine ozs., coml. value 73,201,966.50 
 
 Lead, 689,630, 705 Ibs. , coml. value 33, 799, 599. 20 
 
 Copper, 19,044,995 Ibs , coml. value 3,003,889.20 
 
 Total $113,071,146.60 
 
 If the silver were computed at its coinage value the amount would 
 be increased to $123,999,848.98. 
 
Views in Park City. Mines and Mill, 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 49 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF MINING DISTRICTS. 
 
 The mines worked at the present time are principally in Beaver, 
 Juab, Summit, Salt Lake, Tooele, and Washington Counties. Through- 
 out the Territory mineral indications are present wherever there are 
 mountains which assure success to the capitalist in search of profitable 
 investments. Rich ores are known to exist in the hills of Western 
 Utah, but mining in that section necessarily awaits the construction of 
 railroads. Mines are found on both flanks of the Oquirrh Range from 
 the lake southward nearly a hundred miles, as at Stockton, Dry Canon, 
 Ophir, Bingham, and Tintic, which are all connected with the capital by 
 rail. 
 
 BEAVER COUNTY. 
 
 This county contains five parallel ranges running north and south, 
 and all of them rich in minerals. A single chimney of ore at the base 
 of Grampian Mountain turned out 100 tons of ore per day for four years, 
 realizing over $13,000,000 worth of metal, of which $4,000,000 was paid 
 in dividends. The output of the county for the past year was 5,369 
 tons only, which indicates that mining in Beaver County is at present 
 carried on by men of small means who are waiting for fresh capital to 
 be introduced to develop their mines. The Horn Silver Mine does not 
 belong to the general category of Beaver County mines. It is a bonanza 
 of rare merit. 
 
 The facilities for mining in Beaver County are excellent. The 
 country is dry in the summer, with sufficient water, wood, and timber 
 for mining purposes, and operations are not obstructed by snow or cold 
 in winter. The mines are usually easy of access, provisions and sup- 
 plies are cheap and abundant, and good labor is obtainable at fair 
 wages. There is no doubt that the introduction of capital and intelli- 
 gent operation would vastly increase the output in this district. 
 
 JUAB COUNTY. 
 
 Tintic is the principal mining camp in this county. The ore ship- 
 ments of the past year exceeded 32,000 tons, in addition to 900 tons 
 treated by a chloridizing mill within the county. All this comes mainly 
 from four mines, about 2,000 tons being contributed by a score of small 
 mines which need capital for their further development. Besides this, 
 the Tintic Iron Co. shipped during the year about 10,000 tons of iron 
 for fluxing purposes to the smelters, where it is worth about $50,000. 
 
50 RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 
 
 SUMMIT COUNTY. 
 
 The total shipments of ore from Summit County for 1887 were 20,- 
 600 tons, which, with 50,000 tons milled at the mines, make the total 
 output 70,600 tons. There is no district in the entire mining section 
 which offers greater inducements to capital than this, but thus far it has 
 had to depend upon its output for the means of increasing its output, 
 otherwise the amount realized from its rich mines would have been 
 many times larger. The mining town of the district is Park City, which 
 is connected with Salt Lake City by rail, and contains a sampling mill, 
 one 3o-stamp and one 5o-stamp chloridizing mill, and one concentrating 
 and sampling mill and smelter. A tramway runs from the town to the 
 mines, five miles away, rising in that distance 2,000. feet. 
 
 The principal districts are Blue Ledge, Uintah, and Snake Creek. 
 In Blue Ledge district nothing of any importance has been done pend- 
 ing the completion of a drain tunnel which is necessary for the proper 
 working of the mines. This work will be the making of Blue Ledge. 
 
 Snake Creek district is as yet a new mining field. But during the 
 year over $10,000 worth of ore has been taken out of one mine, the 
 ore containing 50 per cent, lead and 180 ounces of silver to the ton. 
 
 Uintah district is probably the richest mineral district in the whole 
 Territory. The "Ontario Vein" for 15,000 feet of its course is owned 
 by four large companies, including the Ontario, the Daly, and the 
 Anchor. The latter company is now driving a drain tunnel, seven feet 
 high in the clear, to drain 20x24 inches, at a cost of $150,000. There 
 is good reason to suppose that this vein extends through to the Cot- 
 tonwood Mines, and in the opposite direction to Blue Ledge district, 
 making a total of six or seven miles in length. 
 
 The Ontario plant of mine and mill cost $2,570.000 ; 400 hands 
 are employed at average wages of $100 per month ; the total output 
 of the mine from its inception is over $23,000,000 at the coining value, 
 and the actual dividends paid amount to $8,825,000. 37,000 tons of 
 ore were extracted during the past year, realizing upward of $1,860,- 
 ooo, and paying $900,000 in dividends. 
 
 The Daly Mining Company from 1885 to 1887 extracted $2,100,- 
 ooo in metal and paid $375,000 in dividends. Both these mines find 
 it to their advantage to sell to the smelters their lead ores about 22 
 per cent, of the whole thereby increasing their reducing capacity, and 
 perhaps getting a little more for their ore than they could otherwise 
 obtain. 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 51 
 
 The other companies working this vein report much smaller opera- 
 tions than the above, but all are equally encouraging in their present 
 results and future prospects. 
 
 SALT LAKE COUNTY. 
 
 The mines of Salt Lake County are at Bingham Canon and on 
 the Cottonwoods, both connected with the Jordan smelters and with 
 Salt Lake City by rail and tramway. The total output of ore for 1887 
 was 30,384 tons. About 29,000 tons of ore were shipped from Bing- 
 ham during the past year. The great ore-channel of the district strikes 
 north-easterly from the summit of the Oquirrh Range about three 
 miles to the valley. The ores are galena, carbonates, and sulphates, 
 requiring concentration to bring them to a shipping grade, ten ounces 
 silver and 50 per cent. lead. The Brooklyn and Yosemite Mines are 
 reported to have produced $2,500,000. West of these two mines their 
 veins unite, and from this vein 60,000 to 70,000 tons of oxidized ore 
 have been extracted, which sold for $1,500,000. Further west the zone 
 is 600 feet wide, and on the, surface there was a vast body of oxidized 
 ores. Still further west, the Jordan Mine has taken out 100,000 tons, 
 worth $2,000,000, of surface ores, and there is close at hand 1,000,000 
 tons of $20 quartz in which gold and silver are so combined that no 
 way has yet been found to work it profitably. On the exhaustion 
 of their oxidized ores the Jordan and other mines were compelled to 
 suspend operations, but under improved methods work has been 
 resumed, and the output is yearly increasing. All these mines have 
 concentrating mills, whereby the galena and iron pyrites are obtained 
 as separate products cheaply and without great loss. The latter is 
 useful as a fluxing material. 
 
 There are many productive and valuable mines in the district 
 besides those mentioned, not on or even near the principal ore chan- 
 nel. They seem, in general, to be greatly improving, both in product 
 and promise. Most of them are worked by lessees depending upon 
 the output for development and even for plant. Could this district 
 and this is equally true of all our mining districts command means to 
 open the mines systematically, as the Comstock Mines did for twenty 
 years, Utah mining would enter upon a new era and our output would 
 be doubled twice over. 
 
 TOOELE COUNTY. 
 
 The total shipments of ore from this county in the year 1887 were 
 9,430 tons. The county is crossed by a mineral belt a mile in width, 
 composed mainly of galena and carbonates, free from base metals, and 
 
52 RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 
 
 very desirable as a flux for dryer ores.' At the principal mine in the 
 district over 4,000 tons have been produced annually for more than 
 four years. Only 3 per cent, of this is shipped as mined. This con- 
 tains 64 per cent, lead, 34 ounces silver, and a little gold. The other 
 97 per cent, is run through jigs, and yields 26 per cent, of concentrates 
 which contain 53 per cent, lead, 23 ounces silver, and $i gold per ton. 
 This mine has 20,000 tons in reserve and the promise of ten times as 
 much in new ground now being opened. Dividends paid in 1887 
 amounted to $37,000. 
 
 In the Ophir district and at Dry Canon there is a large quantity 
 of ore which makes in pipes and chimneys and can be selected to a 
 very high grade. After some years of inactivity, mining is now being 
 resumed and promises to attract considerable attention to this section, 
 which has a convenient market and undoubted prospects, as also the 
 mines along the slopes of the Oquirrh Range from Stockton and Bing- 
 ham to Tintic. 
 
 WASHINGTON COUNTY. 
 
 The output of this district for 1887 was 221,728 ounces of fine 
 silver, most of which came from one mine that has been worked con- 
 tinuously for ten years. This silver possesses the peculiarity of being 
 found in sandstone, principally in the form of chloride, the pay-rock 
 being undistinguishable from the ordinary material of the reef. From 
 10,000 to 12,000 tons of rock are milled annually by one company, and 
 the mines show no signs of exhaustion. 
 
 TOTAL ORE PRODUCT FOR 1887. 
 
 The total output for the year by counties is as follows : 
 
 Beaver County 6,369 tons. 
 
 Juab County 22,900 " 
 
 Summit County 70,663 " 
 
 Salt Lake County 30,384 " 
 
 Tooele County 7,850 " 
 
 Washington County : 12,000 " 
 
 Total 149, 166 tons. 
 
 Exclusive of about 10,500 tons of Tintic iron ore. 
 As near as can be made out, this ore was reduced as follows : 
 
 Ontario and Daly Mills 50,000 tons. 
 
 Christy Mill 12,000 " 
 
 Northern Spy Mill 900 ' ' 
 
 Salt Lake Smelters 65,000 " 
 
 Total 128,400 tons. 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 53 
 
 The remainder, 20,766 tons, was shipped out of the Territory for 
 reduction. There were also shipped 7,805 tons which must be added 
 to the product of the counties, making the total ore product 
 
 156,971 tons. 
 
 DIVIDENDS. 
 
 The dividends paid in 1887 by five of the principal mines amounted 
 to $1,267,500. The profits on mines worked by individuals or close 
 corporations, and of smelters connected with foreign corporations, 
 there is no means of ascertaining. The New York Engineering and 
 Mining Journal reports $25,000 in dividends paid by the Brooklyn in 
 1887, which must be added to the above, making a total of $i, 292, 500. 
 
 COST OF EXTRACTION AND REDUCTION. 
 
 Cost of mining and reduction varies greatly with circumstances. 
 It ranges, however, between $13 and $30 per ton, according to location, 
 dimension of veins, water facilities, distance from market, grade, and 
 nature of ores. 
 
 SAMPLING. 
 
 There are ten sampling mills in the Territory: one in Beaver 
 County, one at Milford, two at Park City, four at Sandy, and two at 
 Salt Lake. Together they sampled during the past year about 87,000 
 tons of ore. The sampler crushes the ore to the size of peas, thor- 
 oughly mixes, sends sealed packages to the assayers, upon whose 
 certificate it is bought and sold. 
 
 SMELTING. 
 
 In the Jordan Valley, six to twelve miles to the south of Salt Lake 
 City, on the railroads, are the Utah smelters, four or five different 
 concerns, comprising about a dozen stacks. Those in blast at present 
 are the Germania, three stacks, three revolving roasters, and one large 
 reverberatory; the Hanauer, three stacks, with crushing and roasting 
 facilities rim by water power; the Mingo, four stacks and five reverbera- 
 tories; the three plants being valued at $400,000. Together they run 
 six or seven stacks pretty steadily, employing about 270 men at an 
 average wage of $65 each per month. During the past year they 
 smelted 65,500 tons of silver-lead ores and 34,000 tons of fluxing 
 materials, consuming 27,000 tons of fuel and running out 13,500 tons 
 of lead bullion, worth, in Salt Lake : lead, an average for the year 
 of $50 a ton, and silver 94 cents an ounce, $178 per ton $2,403,000. 
 The total transportation in connection with their business, as near as 
 may be, 140,000 tons an average distance of 300 miles. 
 
(54) 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 55 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 Mining in Utah appears to be in a healthy and growing condition. 
 The southern mines are not as productive as formerly just at present, 
 but the northern districts are more productive. Work is being 
 resumed in some districts once practically abandoned. Mines are 
 being discovered and opened outside of organized districts, and new 
 railroads projected to give our western mines an outlet More money 
 than formerly is being expended in the way of prospecting and devel- 
 opment. From the strength of prices of metals an increase in the 
 value of our output may reasonably be expected, at the same time 
 that its increase in amount is certain. Our mining field offers solid 
 inducements to skill and enterprise backed by money. With these 
 there can be no doubt that our mineral output might be doubled 
 within two or three years. 
 
(50) 
 
WHAT opportunities are afforded in Salt Lake City for the estab- 
 lishment of industrial enterprises may be learned from the fol- 
 lowing portion of a report made to the Chamber of Commerce 
 by the Committee on Manufactures: 
 
 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON MANUFACTURES. 
 
 On September roth we carefully prepared a circular and blank forms, which we 
 addressed to every manufacturer in the Territory, asking information regarding- the 
 amount of capital invested, persons employed, material and fuel consumed, profit real- 
 ized, wages paid, etc., together with many leading questions as to how their interests 
 could be best promoted by the Chamber of Commerce. 
 
 From the replies received, we glean much important and instructive data that we 
 shall make use of as circumstances direct; keeping strictly in view the confidence in 
 which much of the information is given. Also, that to a reasonable degree, and, in 
 some cases to an exceptional extent, these ventures have been successful, and some pro- 
 prietors frankly admit that more capital could be employed in their lines, and that addi- 
 tional plants would pay equally well. 
 
 To the question: " What is your greatest drawback?" the answers have been: "Lack 
 of public spirit," "Want of local patronage," " Railroad discrimination in favor of other 
 tow r ns," "Excessive freight rates," "Unreasonable prejudice against home-made 
 goods," or " High price of fuel." 
 
 To the question: " In what way can the Salt Lake Chamber of Commerce aid you?" 
 the replies are: " By using its influence in getting freight rates reduced," "Prevent- 
 ing discriminations against our industries," " Fostering immigration and the settlement 
 of the country," " Setting the example and using its influence to encourage local patron- 
 age," " More thoroughly advertise our available resources," and " Invite capital from 
 abroad to our aid." 
 
 We find that the resources of the Territory are wonderfully adapted to the promotion 
 of many important manufactures, and that skilled labor is more abundant than would 
 
 (57) 
 
sfc 
 
 HD 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 59 
 
 naturally be expected in so new a country. At the same time, in some lines, notably in 
 harness and saddlery, woolen manufactures, confectionery, cigar-making, woodwork- 
 ing, brick-making, plumbing and brewing, skilled labor is reported as difficult to obtain. 
 
 MORE CAPITAL NEEDED. 
 
 In compiling the information now in their possession, your Committee have collected 
 some important facts and arrived at some very definite conclusions. They consider it 
 their duty to lay a synopsis of the same quite clearly before your body, in the hope 
 that in the main purpose of their appointment they may succeed and the relief so much 
 desired may be found. To the question: "Could a larger capital be successfully em- 
 ployed in your business?" the replies have been emphatically: " Yes," " Surely," "Yes, 
 possibly," and, " Ten times as much," from confectioners, cracker factories, cigar 
 makers, soap makers, woolen mills, knitting factories, silk weavers, breweries, shoe fac- 
 tories, basket makers, harness makers and saddlers, trunk makers, broom factories, fur- 
 niture factories and upholsterers, iron and brass foundries and machine shops, box 
 makers, potteries, etc. In many of these industries-, we find what would otherwise be 
 thriving, labor-making and money-saving concerns languishing for want of a little capital 
 with which to improve their plants, advertise their wares, and place their 
 products on a ready market. In other directions, notably in the manufacture of sugar, 
 window glass, leather, paper, cement, putty, candles, brushes, paints, white lead, sheet 
 lead and lead pipes, agricultural implements, spirits, medicinal preparations, earthen 
 sewer pipes, canned goods, pickles and sauces, pails, tubs, kegs, barrels and step lad- 
 ders, wagons and carriages, stoves, baskets, demijohns, clothing, hats, etc., and in the 
 successful operation of lithographing establishments, cigar factories, publishing houses, 
 binderies, rolling mills, reduction works, manufacturing tin shops, wire workers and 
 stone and marble sawing and carving, we find that capital can be so successfully em- 
 ployed in this city that it is a marvel to us that the opportunities have not been taken 
 advantage of. 
 
 We also call attention to the remarkable fact that of all the money employed in 
 home manufactures, and which amounts in round figures to about $5,000,000, not a dol- 
 lar of it is imported capital. This is an item of much interest, and probably one that no 
 other State or Territory in the Union can say. It may be a matter of congratulation, 
 but your committee is of the opinion that our interests would be best promoted by the 
 use of a hundred times that amount of now idle foreign capital, the profits from which 
 should and would give sustenance to five times our population of mechanics and artis- 
 ans, retain millions of dollars that are now sent away, and utilize hundreds of resources 
 that nature has placed with a lavish hand at our doors. 
 
 FACTORIES ESTABLISHED. 
 
 In addition to those industries which we have noted as suffering from lack of cap- 
 ital, it gives us pleasure to announce the successful operation in this city alone of boot 
 and shoe, knitting and overall factories, woolen and paper mills, tanneries, confection- 
 eries, fence and mattress factories, cracker factories, show-case makers, brick makers, 
 aerated water works, roller grist mills, cigar factories, vinegar factories, soap making, 
 salt refining, chemical works, glass works, wood working, printing, book binding, brew- 
 ing, etc., which give employment to upwards of 1,200 operatives, two and a half mil- 
 lions of money, and produce over four million dollars annually in merchantable 
 
60 RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 
 
 products. While the data above given make a gratifying exhibit, they also reveal the 
 remarkable fact that Salt Lake City alone employs more labor, operates more capital 
 and produces greater results in manufacturing lines than all the Territories of Wyo- 
 ming, Montana, Idaho, and Arizona combined; and yet we have hardly disturbed the 
 surface of our possibilities in this direction. 
 
 We find that all ventures in this city for the utilization of our surplus capital and 
 natural resources have been successful and paid gratifying dividends save where gross care- 
 lessness or incompetent management were displayed or where want of necessary capital 
 was manifest. 
 
 It is certainly a fact that the manufacturing facilities of the present are, in some 
 important lines, totally inadequate to the demand, and when we look at the brilliant 
 prospects of the immediate future it is not pleasant to contemplate the large amounts of 
 principal and profit which may have to go abroad for lack of investment of capital in 
 home manufactures and for the support of a largely increased population. We are well 
 satisfied from our investigations that the men who will build up the largest fortunes in 
 the future of this city will be those who now engage in manufactures. 
 
 SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT. 
 
 It is well known that cement, such as is used for artificial stone sidewalks, can be 
 produced here from native and adjacent material as cheaply and as good as any known 
 variety. The city would be much improved and beautified, property would be much 
 enhanced in value, and employment given to thousands of its citizens if a Property 
 Frontage Tax could be levied for the purpose of establishing grades and covering at 
 least a portion of all sidewalks with this material. Also by the establishment of earthen 
 sewer-pipe factories, and the enlargement of our foundries for the casting of all iron, 
 water, gas and sewer pipes, hydrants, and lamp-posts used in public improvements. 
 
 In addition to the information gathered by the Committee on Man- 
 ufactures, it may be suggested that there is no point in the United 
 States better suited for the manufacture of plate or window glass than 
 Salt Lake City. Silica equal in quality to the finest French product 
 is here found in abundance, as is also soda, feldspar, and the other ma- 
 terials that enter into the manufacture of glass. Governor Fletcher, of 
 St. Louis, who has given the subject a great deal of attention and con- 
 sideration, having taken much interest in the establishment of the 
 Crystal City Glass Works, has expressed the opinion that glass manu- 
 facture could be made a greater success in Salt Lake than anywhere 
 else in America, and that the city could be made the great supply 
 center for the whole country and become as famous for glass as Shef- 
 field, England, for cutlery. 
 
 Besides glass works, there are many other industries that might be 
 established on a large scale, such as flour mills, candle factories, 
 foundries and rolling mills, canning factories, and artificial stone and 
 cement works. Natural wax or ozokerite is a material found in Utah 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 61 
 
 in abundance, and imported from Germany at a heavy expense. It is a 
 perfect substitute for beeswax, and can be manufactured into candles 
 superior in quality to the best article of stearine sold in the market. 
 This same material can also be converted to other uses, and the pos- 
 sibilities in connection with our deposits of gilsonite, a carbonaceous 
 substance, asphalt, gypsum, alum, nitre, kaolin, plumbago, ochres, 
 mica, manganese, copperas, sulphate of soda, sulphur, and the various 
 China clays, and talcs, have neither been tested nor measured. 
 
 The substances enumerated exist in Utah not merely in name, but 
 in reality. There is a greater abundance and variety of curious miner- 
 als and chemical resources in Utah than anywhere in the United 
 States. None of the great Commonwealths of the- West can make such 
 an extraordinary showing. In the matter of coal, for instance, Major 
 Gilson, who has been one of the most indefatigable, intelligent, and in- 
 dustrious prospectors of the Territory, makes the broad statement and 
 challenges anyone to disprove its correctness that there is more coal 
 within the borders of Utah than in all the territory intervening be- 
 tween it and Pennsylvania, the coal-beds of that great coal-producing 
 State not being excepted. And yet, ye railroad builders! citizens of 
 Los Angeles and other town:; of Southern California have paid $40.00 
 per ton for Australian coal during the past winter. 
 
 There is hardly a species of raw material needed for the successful 
 manufacture of any article that can not be found within the borders of 
 Utah, while food products can be grown here more successfully and 
 cheaply than in the garden spots of the East. It is therefore hardly 
 necessary to predict that, with a growth of population during the next 
 ten years equal to that which the West has enjoyed during the last ten, 
 Salt Lake will outrival as a supply center for manufactures any city 
 this side of the Missouri River. 
 
Utah Waterfalls. 
 
 (62) 
 

 AGRICULTURE. 
 
 THE surface area of Utah is 54,380,800 acres. Exclusive of the ' 
 Salt Lake, which covers 2,500 square miles, the water surface of 
 the Territory is 1,779,200 acres. The total number of acres 
 surveyed up to June 30, 1887, was 11,711,118.01, to which several 
 hundred thousand have since been added. The whole Territory lies on 
 the western slope of the Continental Divide, as the apex of the Rocky 
 Mountains is called, and is divided into a succession of valleys running 
 from North to South, which for fertility of soil are unequalled in 
 America. The principal valleys are Malad, Cache, Weber, Salt Lake, 
 Tooele, Utah, Provo, Rush, and San Pete, Sevier and Rio Virgin to the 
 southeast. Notwithstanding the fact that Colorado is fifty per cent, 
 larger in area than Utah, the latter possesses much more agricultural 
 land. Speaking of the products of the soil, Governor West in his 
 annual report of last year says : 
 
 The singularly high qualities of our agricultural products having already forced 
 themselves upon the notice of the country, I feel called upon to treat them in such detail 
 that they will be more fully understood, hoping thereby to create a fuller appreciation 
 of their merits and promote their exportation. In this labor I feel a constant pleasure 
 in the comparison which our products bear towards those of other regions. The con- 
 viction has forced itself upon me that there is scarcely any agricultural product of the 
 temperate zone which will not grow to perfection here. The varied contour of our 
 Territory is such that at some places, if not at others, each of all the different varieties 
 will thrive which go to support an agricultural community. The soil seems to be rich 
 in the phosphates that fertilize vegetation, while the system of irrigation practiced here 
 renders the farmer less subject to the caprice of weather than elsewhere. As a result 
 the product per acre of some crops is simply astonishing, while qualities rank just as 
 high. It would seem as if the cultivation of a given thing in Utah produces at once a 
 
 (63) 
 
64 RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 
 
 high type suitable and in demand forever after in other districts for seed purposes; as, 
 for instance, plant lucerne seed from California on Utah soil, and the product is a 
 better seed which California is desirous of procuring for planting herself. With positive 
 proof of these facts, it is difficult to repress some degree of enthusiasm in treating on 
 these subjects, while they inspire confidence in the future of our exports. 
 
 Utah wheat and barley are known the world over, and the Utah 
 potato is equally far-famed. In proof of the merit and quality of Utah's 
 vegetable productions it may be stated that the United States Quarter- 
 masters, at Leavenworth, Kan., in advertising for supplies, have given 
 preference to Utah products even to the extent of paying a premium 
 on the same class of vegetables as grown in Colorado. 
 
 Neither are we excelled in fruit or vegetables by California. Our 
 fruit is sold in the market of San Francisco for a higher price than their 
 native products. The reason is that the Utah fruit has a finer flavor, 
 as it does not mature quite so rapidly as the California article. 
 
 In regard to the character and productiveness of the soil, little need 
 be said. The writer was given the names of two farmers from Kays- 
 ville who raised 106 bushels of wheat to the acre and sold the same to 
 the Co-operative Store last fall. Potatoes have been found in our 
 market twelve of which have weighed a bushel. A potato weighing 
 eight pounds five ounces is now in the possession of the Chamber of 
 Commerce. Reputable citizens declare that they have raised 1000 
 bushels of tomatoes to the acre, so that the possibilities in the line of 
 agriculture, gardening, and fruit raising can hardly be exaggerated. 
 
 STOCK RAISING, ETC. 
 
 The following from the Report of Governor West will give some 
 idea of the stock and cattle and sheep interests of Utah : 
 
 If our climate is too dry for the luxuriant growth of grasses, the conformation of 
 our Territory is such that it fully offsets to the stock raiser whatever drawbacks may be 
 laid to the want of summer rains. As the feed begins to give out on the lower benches 
 in the spring, the snow line is receding on the foothills, and stock is pastured at higher 
 altitudes as the season advances, until in the midsummer they graze among the grassy 
 valleys of the mountains and on the cool, high plateaus. When winter approaches they 
 gradually retire again, and by the time of general snowfall are roaming over low, wide 
 ranges where they cannot exist in summer for heat and want of water. This changing 
 life brings them health and hardihood. They have a "summer out" every year, and 
 are thus developed into the sturdiest races of America. The ranges of one season are 
 held in reserve at another. During the summer, on the millions of acres of the interior 
 basins, too dry for summer ranges, the native bunch grass is maturing and cures stand- 
 ing, ready for the immense flocks and herds which will winter there. In these regions 
 the snowfall is light enough to furnish water for the stock, but not to bury the dry, 
 fattening, bunch grass, famous for its nutritive qualities. Such, in round terms, is the 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 65 
 
 manner of raising cattle, horses, and sheep in Utah, and the quintupling of these in- 
 terests in the last six years is sufficient proof of its excellence. Taken altogether, there 
 are not fewer than 3,000,000 animals herded in Utah, against 504,520 reported by the 
 Bureau of Statistics in 1876. Besides this increase in numbers, the intrinsic value per 
 head of cattle and horses is almost doubled, while that of sheep has been greatly 
 improved. 
 
 CATTLE. 
 
 The cattle interests of Utah are rapidly improving in every respect. Much more 
 attention is being paid to breeding up than ever before. No State or other Territory, 
 in proportion to its population, is bringing in as much stock for this purpose as we 
 are. As a result, our beef steers are very blocky, desirable cattle, and average well in 
 any market. There are few herds in the Territory which are not now crossed with 
 either Durham or Hereford blood, while for domestic purposes the Holstein are attract- 
 ing much attention for milk, butter, and beef. Although an average of all the opinions 
 we have obtained is that stockmen cannot go far from the short-horn for best beef re- 
 sults, a mingling with other breeds to greater or less degree is unanimously recom- 
 mended for special purposes. There are several extensive concerns engaged solely in 
 the high breeding of cattle for our ranges, and the result must soon be seen all over the 
 Territory. It has been pretty well demonstrated that the number of cattle in Utah is 
 almost half a million, valued at $11,500,000. While this is comparatively few in num- 
 ber the average value per head is high. The low price of beef in the East prevents 
 any great exports, which in 1885 amounted to $500,000 from shipments made to 
 Wyoming and Chicago, but in 1886 did not amount to more than half that, the most 
 of them going to Nebraska for ieeders. More than one prominent stockman says there 
 is no place on earth where they eat such good, juicy beef as in Utah. 
 
 SHEEP. 
 
 If the census reports of 1880 were true, the growth of our sheep interests is the 
 most remarkable of all our industries. They claimed to find only 233,121 head in our 
 Territory. To-day, averaging the opinions of the best-informed sheep men among us, 
 and counting lambs, there are not less than 2,400,000, worth $7,000,000. The same 
 figures are arrived at by figuring back from the wool clip of last year. Notwithstand- 
 ing these great numbers, Utah is still a buyer of sheep, and the tide is inward, especially 
 for heavy shearers, sheep men having all learned that it costs as much to herd flocks 
 yielding 3 pounds as those yielding 8 pounds per head. 
 
 LAND. 
 
 There is a vast area of land unsurveyed, and of the surveyed land 
 not more than twenty-five per cent is cultivated. The land not yet 
 settled upon extends all over the Territory north and south, and much 
 of it is equal to that which has been located under the pre-emption or 
 homestead laws. In addition to much that could be converted to 
 immediate use by reason of the presence of water for irrigating pur- 
 poses, there are hundreds of thousands of acres which could be utilized 
 by the construction of irrigating ditches or the boring of artesian wells. 
 
%m 
 
 
 66) 
 
I^AIIi^OADS. 
 
 THE prospects of development from this source are deserving of 
 special attention and consideration. There was a time, and not 
 very many years ago, when residents and property owners of the 
 Eastern States, burdened with large families, and hearing of western pro- 
 gress, started on prospecting tours through the States of Kansas, Texas, 
 Iowa, and Nebraska. To the eastern farmer the distance, at that time, 
 seemed a great one, and life on the western prairies was too uninviting 
 to woo him away from what were then considered the centres of civiliza- 
 tion and refinement. In the East there were schools and churches ; in 
 the West there were few of these evidences of civilization. The mother 
 who bravely ventured, for the sake of her little ones, to seek a home 
 on the prairie, was too often compelled to convert her dug-out into 
 a temple and a school-room, and to officiate therein as a minister and 
 teacher. But such brave hearts are deserving of rich blessings, and 
 the Almighty has showered prosperity upon them in proportion to 
 their deserts. Where, ten years ago, the buffalo and the coyote ran 
 unmolested, temples and school-houses rear to-day their magnificent 
 proportions to the sky, and defy comparison with the proudest struc- 
 tures of the kind to be found in New England ; and the parents, who 
 have fought a noble fight, are contented and happy. Their sons and 
 daughters have grown up around them, and in all that constitutes 
 true manhood are the peers of the most representative American. 
 
 While the western pioneer was speculating on the future, there 
 were many in the Eastern States who thought land at home for $50 or 
 $60 per acre was a better investment than government bonds, and pur- 
 chased at those figures. Ten years have brought about a change, a 
 
 (67) 
 
68 RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 
 
 wonderful change, such only as can be seen in our glorious land. Dis- 
 tances have been shortened by the construction of splendidly equipped 
 lines of railroad. The West is no longer so far distant from civiliza- 
 tion as it was ten or fifteen years ago. If anything, it can boast of a 
 nobler and more generous civilization than the narrow and stunted 
 growth from which it sprang. Every rank of life in our prosperous 
 communities is filled with men and women on whose brows there is no 
 mark of shame or degradation, and whose training and education have 
 fitted them for association with the most intelligent and refined. 
 
 And while these changes, or rather while this growth, has been going 
 on in the West, the land that was considered a better investment than 
 Government bonds in the East has been depreciating in value until 
 to-day it can be bought for fifty per cent, of its original cost, and those 
 who thought the West so far away no longer look on the distance with 
 fear. The tables have been turned, and the people of the West are no 
 longer forced to have recourse to extraordinary advertising or special 
 invitations to lure their Eastern neighbors to locate amongst them. 
 The people of the East have grown to realize that the " Wild West" is 
 not so wild as they were taught to believe ; that the opportunities here 
 afforded are too great and too attractive to be longer ignored. The 
 record of the West is established, and now thousands are rushing to us 
 to share in the advantages and prosperity which are to be found on 
 every side, and which are gradually becoming better known to the 
 people of the East. 
 
 To the Railroads more than to any other factor in the development 
 of the West these changes are due, and it is therefore well to consider, 
 in connection with the future of Salt Lake, the prospects it enjoys in 
 this direction. 
 
 At the present time Salt Lake City is connected with the East by 
 two independent lines of railroad, the Denver & Rio Grande Western, 
 traversing a route which for wild, rugged mountain scenery and evi- 
 dences of extraordinary engineering skill has no equal in the world. 
 The sublime and awe-inspiring views of the Grand Canon of the 
 Arkansas, the Royal Gorge, the Black Canon of the Gunnison, and the 
 lofty mountain peaks round which winds the Denver & Rio Grande 
 Western Railway, would amply repay a journey of any distance. Every- 
 thing that can lend charm and enchantment to a journey is to be found 
 on this route, and so fully have its merits in this respect been recog- 
 nized that it has been aptly denominated " the Scenic Line of the 
 World." Tke policy of this road is universally considered as ^riendly 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 69 
 
 to Salt Lake and conducive to the development of Utah Territory ; 
 and its management has resulted in a vast increase of patronage and 
 an improvement in the industrial life of the Territory, which promises 
 to lead to the speedy construction of rival lines. To estimate correctly 
 the prospects of Salt Lake City for the construction of new lines of 
 railroads it may be well to take a retrospect of a few years. The West 
 has grown so rapidly that it is only within the past five or six years that 
 the great trunk lines have been stretched from the Missouri River to the 
 base of the Rocky Mountains. The Burlington & Missouri Railroad, 
 the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, the Missouri Pacific, and, it might 
 be added, the Rock Island & Pacific, have reached Denver within the 
 time mentioned. The inducements which led to the construction of 
 these lines have not remained unnoticed by the Chicago & Alton, the 
 Milwaukee & St. Paul, the Chicago & North-Western, and other roads 
 which realize their dependency on the western lines in the handling of 
 western freight, and their exclusion from a share in the profits of west- 
 ern passenger traffic an item in railroad financiering which is now 
 attracting special attention. 
 
 The question now arises, will the Burlington, Missouri Pacific, the 
 Atchinson, and the Rock Island suspend operations in their march 
 westward, and leave a richer country to the few lines that have already 
 reached the Pacific Coast ? The history of the past few years, and 
 the conditions of the present, leave no room for doubt concerning the 
 future movements of these lines. The Burlington has already sur- 
 veyed a line from Cheyenne, Wyo., to Green River, Utah, towards Grand 
 Junction, with a view evidently of connecting with the Denver &: Rio 
 Grande Western, which would seem destined to handle all the Utah 
 traffic, not only for the Burlington, but for the Rock Island, 
 Midland, Atchison, and Missouri Pacific, until such time as the 
 increase of business will render the Denver & Rio Grande 
 Western road inadequate to the demands made upon it, and ne- 
 cessitate the construction of independent lines through Utah. The 
 Burlington now owns and is operating west of the Continental Divide, 
 under the management of R. C. Hills, an able mineralogist, extensive 
 mines of coal and iron, and opening up marble quarries. This road is 
 operating the only anthracite coal mine in the West, at Crested Butte, 
 and owns extensive deposits on Rock Creek, a tributary of the Grand 
 River, over the full extent of which a preliminary survey has been 
 made. These properties are all located west of the Continental 
 
(70) 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 71 
 
 Divide, which gives rise to more than a mere presumption that they 
 will soon be reached by the road that owns and operates them. 
 
 In addition to the Burlington there is the Missouri Pacific, which in- 
 cludes Salt Lake in its plans of extension. This line has now reached 
 Pueblo, where a company was recently organized under the name of the 
 " Pueblo, Gunnison & Pacific Railway." This is supposed to be identical 
 with the Missouri Pacific, and is generally so regarded, the community of 
 interest being apparent from the friendship and business relations 
 existing between the incorporators of the new and the owners of the 
 old road. The Pueblo & Gunnison is projected through the San Luis 
 Valley to Saguache, thence via Cochetopa Pass to Lake City, Col., 
 and north to Salt Lake City. The Cochetopa Pass is but 9,000 feet 
 high, the lowest of all the passes in Colorado, and has the recommend- 
 ation of never having been blocked to wagon traffic ''within the mem- 
 ory of the oldest inhabitant." 
 
 Another road which will build to Salt Lake is the Rock Island & 
 Pacific. This road has remained deaf to the appeals and invitations 
 -of Denver and Pueblo, and has selected Colorado Springs, the starting- 
 point of the Colorado Midland, as its present western terminus. At one 
 time it was generally regarded as certain that the Colorado Midland 
 was owned and sustained by the Atchison & Topeka; but its present 
 condition has dispelled this notion, and the present surmise, which is 
 .strengthened by the facts, is that the Midland, if not owned, soon will 
 be, by the Rock Island. The Colorado Midland is bound to play an 
 important part in the railroad plans of the West within a very short 
 time. It has made two surveys from its, present terminus, Newcastle, 
 this side of the range, to Salt Lake City, but it does not seem unlikely 
 that the Denver & Rio Grande proper would use one of these surveys 
 or parallel it. The developments of a few months may drive the Mid- 
 land and its backers to a coalition with the Rio Grande Western by the 
 -construction of a line from Newcastle to the terminus of the Western 
 on the Colorado state line, a distance of about 120 miles. In that event 
 it would be safe to bet that the Denver & Rio Grande, which has 
 already reached Glenwood Springs, would bridge the distance between 
 that point and Salt Lake as quick or quicker than the Midland would 
 make connection with the Western. The history of the Rio Grande 
 and Midland roads warrants this assumption. 
 
 Then again, there is a probability of a coalition of the Atchison & 
 Topeka with one of these lines in an effort to reach Salt Lake. 
 
 The roads mentioned have already built to the eastern base of the 
 
72 RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 
 
 Rocky Mountains, and are evidently determined to push westward to 
 the Pacific. That they will reach Salt Lake is a matter of course, for 
 it is the central industrial point west of the Divide and east of San 
 Francisco, and the railroads can find nothing north or south of it to 
 divert their attention from the freight and passenger traffic centering 
 there. The Chicago & North-Western is built to Fort Fetterman, 
 Wyo., and surveyed to Salt Lake City by way of Ogden. There are 
 some who predict that this road will be the first of the many mentioned 
 to reach Salt Lake. 
 
 But the Chicago & Alton and the Milwaukee & St. Paul will not 
 long remain handicapped in the handling of western freight by the 
 Burlington, Rock Island, Missouri Pacific and Atchison roads; and so it 
 may reasonably be supposed that these lines will soon reach out for 
 their share of western travel and traffic. The Milwaukee & St. Paul 
 is already said to be behind a scheme for the construction of a road 
 from Leavenworth, Kas., to Salt Lake and Los Angeles by way of 
 Denver, the surveys of which are now being made. The Utah Central 
 is extending its line southward from Salt Lake City to Los Angeles, 
 and there is a good prospect of the Salt Lake & Los Angeles Railroad 
 being begun ere many months. There is one feature which should 
 not be lost sight of in this connection. The problem of crossing the 
 Continental Divide has already been solved by two roads, the Denver 
 & Rio Grande and the Midland, so that the extension of these roads to- 
 Salt Lake is an absolute certainty. The territory intervening between 
 Glenwood Springs, Newcastle, and Salt Lake is all mesa or plateau 
 land, which offers no difficulties in the way of grading or construction; 
 and while the Denver & Rio Grande will no doubt cross into Salt Lake 
 from the White River country, the Midland is sure to make connection 
 with the Denver & Rio Grande Western, which is now and has always 
 been prepared to broad-gauge its track to connect with this and the 
 other lines which are building towards Grand Junction. 
 
 The prospects enjoyed by Salt Lake for railroad facilities within 
 the next year or two give positive assurance of a bright future, and are 
 a guarantee to all of an extensive and rapid development. The won- 
 derful resources of Utah, when added to the rivalry existing between 
 railroad companies, and their eagerness to extend their operations to 
 the Pacific, will make Salt Lake one of the greatest railroad centres in. 
 the West within the next two years. 
 
TAXATION. 
 
 THERE is no State or Territory in the Union so free from indebt- 
 edness as Utah. There is scarcely a county or municipality in 
 the Territory that owes any money. Salt Lake City, the metrop- 
 olis, owes about $100,000, the balance of a bonded indebtedness of $250,- 
 ooo contracted some years since for the construction of water canals or 
 ditches. Immunity from debt, however, is not the result solely of a too 
 conservative policy or the lack of public improvements, as the wants of the 
 public are as well supplied as those of other communities of the same 
 size throughout the West, and many new improvements have been in- 
 augurated and are being carried on, such as sewerage, street paving, 
 laying of sidewalks on residence streets, construction of public build- 
 ings, storage of water, etc., which justify Salt Lake City in the claim of 
 being more progressive than the cities of Omaha, Kansas City, or Den- 
 ver when they possessed the same and even a larger population. A 
 plan for sewerage has already been approved by the City Council, and 
 ordinances have been drafted for the execution of the work, and also 
 for the paving of streets and the laying of sidewalks, although the present 
 condition of our streets does not make this an undertaking of absolute 
 necessity. Our Fire Department is well equipped, and has always been 
 found equal to any call made upon it; and yet measures are being con- 
 sidered for increasing its efficiency by the construction and equipment 
 of other engine-houses. 
 
 The present rate of taxation is twelve mills on the dollar for Terri- 
 torial, County, and School purposes six for the Territory, three for 
 the County, and three for Schools while the municipal tax of Salt 
 Lake City is only five mills, making a total of seventeen mills. 
 
 Though this tax is a small one if viewed absolutely, it will appear 
 
 (73) 
 
74 
 
 RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CPTY 
 
 still smaller when the values which serve as a basis of assessment are 
 considered. In 1887 the assessed valuation of Salt Lake County 
 was $12,457,625. Though the schedules for the present year are not 
 yet complete, the assessed valuation may be estimated at $17,000,000. 
 But even with this increase the assessed valuation in many instances is 
 not more than 10 per cent, of the actual value. Take, for instance, the 
 land lying beyond the Jordan River west of the city. The taxable valu- 
 ation of this land ranges from eight to fifteen dollars per acre, and yet 
 none of it can be bought for less than a hundred dollars, while a 
 great deal is held at figures ranging from $300 to $800 per acre. The 
 same may be said of choice business property, most of which is held 
 at $1,000 per front foot, and assessed at from $100 to $150. 
 
 A fair estimate of the actual value of property in Salt Lake County 
 would not be less than $50,000,000, or $15,000,000 more than the as- 
 sessed valuation of all the property in the Territory. On the score 
 of taxation, therefore, there can be no just ground for complaint 
 on the part of any citizen or property ownec. 
 
GHUI^GHES. 
 
 IT will surprise many in the East to learn that all the religious 
 denominations are well represented in Salt Lake City. It is not 
 an uncommon error to suppose that Mormonism is the only creed 
 taught and practiced in Utah, and many strangers who visit the city 
 express astonishment at finding churches in which they can worship 
 according to their own religious methods. There is no interference 
 with religious freedom in Salt Lake. Catholics, Episcopalians, Presby- 
 terians, Lutherans, Baptists, Congregationalists, Israelites, Methodists, 
 The Latter Day Saints, the Reorganized Church of Latter-Day 
 Saints, and many other religious denominations have, each, their 
 separate places of worship, cuts of some of which will be found among 
 these pages. Most of the buildings owned by these congregations are 
 large and elegant, and the attendance at each of the churches on Sun- 
 days affords no ground to strangers or visitors for adverse or unfavor- 
 able comment or criticism. In fact, were it not for the expectations of 
 strangers arising from previously conceived and prejudiced opinions, 
 they could find nothing in the outward religious condition of the city to 
 remind the most exacting of their presence in a Mormon community. 
 Altogether there are eleven Christian churches and thirteen Sunday 
 schools in Salt Lake City, exclusive of Mormon institutions, and eight 
 academies and seminaries under the patronage of these churches. 
 
 EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 
 
 In 1864 Bishop D. S. Tuttle, of the Episcopal Church, visited Salt 
 Lake and organized a congregation, which is to-day the largest, 
 perhaps, and the wealthiest of all the denominations. St. Mark's 
 Cathedral is worth, with improvements, about $75,000. It has a 
 
 (75) 
 
Churches of Salt Lake. 
 
 (76) 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 77 
 
 hospital and school attached, the former having been built at a cost of 
 about $10,000 and the latter at a cost of nearly $25,000. The average 
 annual attendance at the hospital is about 550 patients, cared for at a 
 cost of $11,000. St. Mark's School has an attendance of about 500 
 pupils, while Rowland Hall, an institution for education in the higher 
 branches, has an attendance, including boarders, of 75 pupils. / 
 
 The Episcopalians have also another place of worship known as 
 St. Paul's Chapel, erected at a cost of $20,000. Rev. F. Putnam is 
 rector of the Cathedral, and Rev. C. M. Armstrong pastor of St. Paul's. 
 
 THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. 
 
 In 1866 the first Catholic priest visited Salt Lake from California. 
 The visit was repeated the year following, when a site was purchased 
 for St. Mary's Cathedral, which was not completed till 1872. Since 
 that time the membership has grown so as to require at present the 
 services of six priests and a bishop, Rev. Father Scanlan, who had 
 charge of the territory since 1873, having been promoted to the 
 Episcopacy last year. Catholic churches are also to be found in 
 Ogden, Park City, Eureka, Frisco, and Silver Reef, and the schools 
 connected with the churches in Salt Lake, Ogden, and Park City are 
 among the best equipped and best conducted institutions of the kind 
 in the West. The Ogden School, which is under the charge of the 
 Sisters of the Holy Cross, has a patronage extending into California, 
 Nevada, Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho, while the Park City School has 
 an enrolled attendance of 175 pupils. In Salt Lake City St. Mary's 
 Academy, erected in 1875, has an attendance of 135 boarders and 150 
 day pupils. 
 
 Bishop Scanlan resides in All Hallows' College, which has an enroll- 
 ment of sixty boarders and seventy-five day pupils, who are cared for 
 by a corps of competent teachers under the supervision of the bishop. 
 
 CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. 
 
 There are two organized Congregational churches in Salt Lrke, 
 and four Sunday Schools, with a total enrollment of about 600 child- 
 ren. Rev. J. B. Thrall is pastor of the First Congregational, which is 
 free. from debt^and self-supporting. Salt Lake Academy belongs to 
 this denomination, and is an educational institution of high grade and 
 fine equipment, which under the principalship of Rev. Professor E. Ben- 
 ner, stands in the first rank of similar schools anywhere in the West. 
 There are several other organized Congregational churches in Utah, 
 besides nearly a dozen preaching stations. 
 
Churches of Salt Lake. 
 '(78) 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 79 
 
 The New West Education Commission, a society supported and 
 maintained by the charitable contributions of Congregationalists 
 throughout the East, has established between twenty and thirty schools, 
 including four academies of excellent grade, throughout the Territory. 
 
 PRESBYTERIANS. 
 
 The Presbyterians have two organized churches in Salt Lake and a 
 high grade school known as the Collegiate Institute, which is under the 
 able leadership of Prof. J. F. Millspaugh. This denomination sup- 
 ports about 30 Christian day schools in Utah. 
 
 METHODISTS. 
 
 The Methodists have an able captain in Rev. Dr. Iliff, one of the 
 best known and most admired clergymen in Utah. Of this church 
 there are two branches, the Scandinavians, under the leadership of 
 Rev. P. A. H. Franklin, being engaged in the erection of a substantial 
 brick edifice on Second East St. This denomination has also a large 
 academy under the management of Prof. Storey, and is engaged in the 
 work of construction in other parts of the Territory. 
 
 THE BAPTISTS. 
 
 The Baptists also have a church and school in Salt Lake, and are 
 represented elsewhere throughout the Territory; and ' 
 
 THE SCANDINAVIAN LUTHERANS 
 
 have just completed a $16,000 church with a school basement, on 
 Fourth East and Second South streets, and have a membership of 
 about 150. 
 
 THE REORGANIZED CHURCH OF LATTER-DAY SAINTS. 
 
 This Church began its labors in Utah in 1863. It accepts Mormon* 
 ism as taught prior to 1844, being a Christian sect which superadds to 
 biblical revelation the revelation claimed to have been made to Joseph 
 Smith. The church has branches and members in most of the towns 
 of the Territory, and the value of its property in Salt Lake is nearly 
 $10,000. 
 
 The foregoing will suffice to convey a sufficient understanding of 
 the condition of the Christian denominations in Salt Lake City and 
 Utah Territory. It is sought only to impart information concerning 
 the actual conditions of life ia Salt Lake, and not to enter into com- 
 

 (80) 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 
 
 81 
 
 parisons nor to give a record or history of the progress that has been 
 made and the difficulties that have been overcome. 
 
 HOSPITALS AND CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 There is no city of its size in the West better provided with bene- 
 volent and charitable institutions than Salt Lake. The sick are well 
 provided for in the maintenance of the Hospitals of the Holy Cross, 
 St. Mark's, and the Deseret all first class institutions where patients 
 are cared for by competent and kind nurses, and physicians and sur- 
 geons whose record is a guaranty of their skill and intelligence. 
 
Public School. 
 
 Schools. 
 (82) 
 
SCHOOLS. 
 
 THE Public School Buildings of Utah are not equal in appearance 
 to the beautiful structures of a like character to be found every- 
 where throughout the great Commonwealths of the West. This 
 is due, in a measure, to the sentiment arid policy which have kept the 
 counties and municipalities of the Territory free from debt. Under 
 the Legislature of Utah no provision has been made thus far for the 
 levying of taxes or the incurring of bonded indebtedness for the con- 
 struction of elegant and commodious school-houses. Elsewhere the 
 burdens of taxation for such purposes are shifted, in part, to the 
 shoulders of future generations. The Mormon people who have made 
 the laws of Utah have never deemed it wise or advisable to make 
 future generations assume a liability in the creation of which they 
 could take no part, and hence have been content to provide solely for 
 the wants of the present. Whenever a school has been needed, the 
 sum necessary for its construction and equipment has been raised by 
 direct and immediate taxation, no authority having yet been given to 
 contract any bonded indebtedness for such purpose. As a conse- 
 quence, the public school buildings are small. But the necessity for a 
 change of policy in this respect has been advocated and is becoming 
 generally acknowledged. It is seen that future generations, as well as 
 the present, will share in the benefits resulting 'from the possession of 
 commodious schools, and the justice of sharing the liability incurred in 
 their construction is no longer regarded as a problem that needs 
 solution. The justice of the maxim that those who enjoy the benefits 
 should share in the expense incurred in securing them is being 
 
 (83) 
 
84 RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 
 
 generally acknowledged, and future legislation will no doubt accord 
 with this maxim. 
 
 A great many persons labor under the erroneous impression that 
 there are no public schools in Salt Lake. The system is no different 
 from what prevails elsewhere throughout the United States, except as 
 regards the methods of raising the necessary funds for the erection and 
 equipment of buildings and the compensation of teachers. The 
 amount of taxes levied is inadequate to provide for construction and 
 compensation, and the deficit is raised by voluntary contributions on 
 the .part of pupils a system which, by reason of its operation on the 
 children of the poor, may be considered as too much out of line with 
 the common school system of the country. It is useless to say that our 
 system has no defects; for while no pupil is excluded from school by 
 reason of his inability to pay the small amount of the contribution, it 
 is universally regarded as a misfortune for any child to be forced to 
 reveal his poverty by making application for free admission. The con- 
 tributions of pupils are very small not exceeding, perhaps, a dollar and 
 a half or two dollars per quarter; but trifling as is the sum it deprives 
 the schools of the character they possess elsewhere of being free and 
 public. 
 
 It can be said, however, that public sentiment is undergoing a great 
 change upon this subject, and the favorable tendency of this sentiment 
 can be observed more particularly in the system of education itself. 
 The schools of Utah are non-sectarian in theory, being popular institu- 
 tions established and maintained by popular vote and taxation of the 
 people. In the past, it is true, the schools were organized by a people 
 who exercised almost exclusive control over all the public institutions 
 of the Territory, and who may have found it unnecessary to consider 
 the wants or wishes of the few who differed with them on matters of 
 religion and education. As the population grows more diversified the 
 rights of the increasing minority are being recognized and acknow- 
 ledged, and for that reason religious instruction is now forbidden in the 
 public schools. The federal government exercises an indirect surveil- 
 lance in such matters, the territorial superintendent of education being 
 appointed by the governor, and the right of citizens to have religion 
 excluded from the schools has been tested and maintained by the 
 courts, investigation into the character of the teachings having been 
 made for that purpose, and having satisfactorily proven that there was 
 no interference with the religious faith of any class of pupils. 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 85 
 
 DENOMINATIONAL SCHOOLS. 
 
 The denominational schools are the source of special pride and 
 gratification to Salt Lake City, being second to none of their kind 
 in the West. The growth and prosperity of these institutions are at- 
 tributable, in a measure, to the imperfect system by which the public 
 schools were regulated in the Territory. The religious denominations 
 have grown and prospered in Salt Lake to an extraordinary extent with- 
 in the last five yetirs, and, as the public schools had been creations of the 
 Mormon majority, parents of other denominations naturally entertained 
 feelings of distrust concerning their character, which led to the estab- 
 lishment of denominational schools by each of the churches. As a con- 
 sequence the Catholics, the Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Methodists, 
 Baptists, and Congregationalists have built schools and colleges which 
 in appearance as well as in the success of their methods, will compare 
 favorably with the best institutions of the kind in the East. In the 
 Catholic College known as All Hallows the pupils are given a full col- 
 legiate or university course, while in some of the other schools pupils 
 are prepared for matriculation in the universities of the East, to which 
 some young lady graduates of Salt Lake schools have already been 
 admitted. All Hallows, St. Mary's Academy, Hammond Hall, a Con- 
 gregational institution, Rowland Hall, Episcopalian, St. Mark's, also 
 Episcopalian, and the Collegiate Institute, Presbyterian, are all fine 
 structures, splendidly equipped and largely attended. Each of these 
 establishments is well provided with competent corps of professors and 
 teachers, and the accommodations are ample for several hundred stu- 
 dents. In addition to the colleges mentioned, the Baptists and Meth- 
 odists have fine buildings and a large school attendance; in fact, all the 
 religious denominations are justly proud of their success in the educa- 
 tional line. 
 
 DESERET UNIVERSITY. 
 
 This is a public institution, non-sectarian in character, and main- 
 tained at the expense of the Territory. It is a large, substantial 
 stone building situated within a few minutes' walk of the business 
 centre of Salt Lake City. Dr. John R. Park, a gentleman of schol- 
 arly attainments and broad views, is President of the Faculty, and has 
 charge of the internal economy of the establishment, while the gen- 
 eral management is in the hands of a Chancellor and Board of Re- 
 gents elected by the Territorial Legislature. The names of the gentle- 
 men are a sufficient guaranty of successful and impartial management. 
 
(86) 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 
 
 87 
 
 They are Chancellor: Orson F. Whitney. Regents: John T. Caine, 
 W. W. Riter, Elias A. Smith, Fred H. Auerbach, F. W. Jennings, Geo. 
 M. Scott, James Sharp, Edward Benner, C. C. Richards, A. W. Carl- 
 son, W. M. Stewart, and Saml. R. Thurman. Treasurer: Thos. G. 
 Webber. 
 
 Appropriations are made from the territorial treasury for the 
 preservation and improvement of the buildings, the compensation of 
 the faculty, and gratuitous instruction of students who consent to serve 
 as public teachers in the public schools after graduating. An appro- 
 priation has also been made for a department in the interest of deaf- 
 mutes, and the generous action of the legislature in its liberal recog- 
 nition of the benefits resulting to the youth of the Territory from the 
 maintenance of the institution gives assurance of a liberal future policy 
 in connection with the public school system. 
 
(88) 
 
THERE is more foliage in Salt Lake City than in any city of its 
 size in the world. Its homes are all embowered in shade and 
 fruit trees, which overshadow lawns radiant with the hues of 
 many flowers. The city is half forest and half orchard, and is 
 acknowledgedly the most picturesque in America. 
 
 There is no inland city that enjoys so many advantages as Salt Lake 
 in the line of summer resorts. The Great Salt Lake from which the 
 city derives its name covers 2,500 square miles, and from its depths rise 
 several mountain islands, some of which are used as ranches, and on 
 which the finest kind of fruit and vegetables are grown. A steamer and 
 several yachts are afloat on the lake, affording tourists and visitors an 
 opportunity to reach the islands and the distant shores. Directly 
 to the west of the city are two resorts known as Lake Park and 
 Garfield Beach, where citizens and strangers enjoy the luxury of a salt 
 bath during the summer season. The water of the lake carries over 
 fourteen per cent, of pure salt, and is so dense that the human body 
 will float upon its surface without effort. The beach of the lake is soft, 
 white sand, and the water is clear as crystal, so that the seashore can 
 not possibly possess more attractions for the bather. These resorts are 
 within half-an-hour's ride of the city, and ample and elegant accommo- 
 dations have been provided for visitors. During the summer trains run 
 to the lake every hour during the day and occasionally as late as mid- 
 night, and the view presented is little different from that of the bathing 
 resorts on the Atlantic Coast. 
 
 Within the city limits are situated numerous sulphur springs vary- 
 ing in temperature, some being so hot that cold water must be added 
 before the bather enters. These springs are provided with bath-houses, 
 and their medicinal properties recommend their use for various ailments. 
 
 (89) 
 
90 RESOURCES OF* UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 
 
 In addition to the Great Salt Lake and the Sulphur Springs, there 
 is a large number of other attractions. At Provo, a beautiful little 
 town situated under the shadows of the Wasatch Range, is a body of 
 fresh water covering about 200 square miles, known as Utah Lake, 
 while in the mountains are glens and lakelets and gorges and canons 
 which are sources of infinite pleasure and delight to the Eastern 
 stranger. 
 
 Pleasure parties may be organized in Salt Lake for any point in the 
 mountains, and so fine are the roads that the sightseer may ride in a 
 carriage to the top of a mountain from which a full view can be 
 obtained of the great Salt Lake and Utah Lake simultaneously, and at 
 the same time of Salt Lake and Utah Valleys, with the cities and settle- 
 ments nestling in mantles of foliage. 
 
 A mountain summer resort will be opened this season, to be known 
 as Young's Peak Lodge. It is situated in a delightful glade in Big 
 Cottonwood Canon, at the head of the " Stairs ", about three miles from 
 the mouth of the Canon, and sixteen miles from Salt Lake City. The 
 route leads through the beautiful farms and lanes south of the city, over 
 good roads, while the canon trip is through some of the grandest 
 scenery in America, traversing the base of majestic peaks by the side 
 of a mountain torrent and in the midst of fine timber and lovely wild 
 flowers. Nothing ever before offered to the public equals this in the 
 variety and grandeur of its attractions. Within a radius of five miles 
 are many beautiful scenes. The waterfall of Covert's Gorge, the 
 Stairs, Young's Peak, Kesler's Peak, Lakes Blanche, Florence, and 
 Lilian, the Three Sisters, the Pillars of the Wasatch, and many other 
 wonders that have not yet been named, with perhaps many more yet 
 to be discovered in this new ground, are all within the reach of the 
 pedestrian, while the splendid stream of the main canon that flows 
 past the Lodge is one of the best trout brooks in Utah. Big Cotton- 
 wood is a noble canon ; some of its cliffs and walls are simply terrific, 
 and its river comes down with a magnificent rush. It has cloud-touch- 
 ing peaks, lakes overshadowed by precipices splintered above and cave- 
 hollowed below. It has huge rocky towers and pine-shaded glens ; 
 but to devotees of the piscatorial art, better than all is the chance of 
 gamey trout in the rock-pools of the stream. The altitude of Young's 
 Lodge is about 6000 feet, while the peaks that rise abruptly from the 
 vale in which it is situated are nearly 12,000 feet in height. 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 91 
 
 SCENIC ATTRACTIONS OF SALT LAKE CITY. 
 
 BY H. L. A. CULMER. 
 
 The following from Tullidge's " Western Galaxy " will be of interest 
 to the artist and lover of Nature's wilds : 
 
 The time has arrived when Utah must proclaim to the whole world 
 her manifold attractions, and make plain to the people of every coun- 
 try that she possesses within her borders scenes of magnificence 
 worthy to be looked upon by travelers from every clime. Thousands 
 of citizens of our own Nation, as well as of Europe, make plans during 
 the winter months as to which watering place or in what mountain 
 region they shall spend the hot summer. Most of the large cities of 
 the East are not fitted for residence in July and August on account of 
 the heat that lasts throughout the night as well as the day, and people 
 of means habitually going away during these months are sometimes 
 at a loss to decide to what more endurable region they shall go. The 
 testimony of our cool and sparkling climate has been so frequently 
 borne by visitors of recent years that it is now well known, and the 
 charms of our lake bathing resort have also been widely published ; 
 but there has not been one-half said of the glory of our mountain 
 scenery, with its snow-clad peaks and pine forests, the rushing streams 
 filled with trout, and the wide stretches of upland, the mountain vales 
 with their deer, and the lakes and grassy nooks that gem the Wasatch 
 all along the range. It is not too much to say that these mountains, 
 which overlook Salt Lake City from the east, are not surpassed in 
 scenic qualities by any range in America. In some respects they have 
 no parallel. The vale through which the Jordan runs stretches broad 
 and grassy to the base of the mountain wall where these gigantic cliffs, 
 uprising nearly 8,000 feet, rocky and splintered, bear great gleaming 
 basins of eternal snow, and nurse the ever-changing cloud-flakes the 
 whole summer through. 
 
 When California publishes abroad her scenic wonders, she does not 
 call special attention to the fact that the famed Yosemite Valley is 
 over a hundred miles from San Francisco to the east, and the so-called 
 Geysers are nearly as far to the north. And when Denver sends her 
 pictures of the Mountain of the Holy Cross far and wide, she does not 
 dilate upon its being a hundred and fifty miles away in the heart of the 
 Rocky Mountains ; even the Garden of the Gods and Pike's Peak 
 being eighty miles from the capital of Colorado. These are facts 
 which the visitor does not learn until he has come so far west that he 
 
92 RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 
 
 makes the further trip to reach them rather than return bootless. It 
 is far different here. Scenic features of surpassing beauty are at our 
 very doors. The Valley alone, with its snowy ranges on either side, 
 is worth a long journey to see ; while the Great Salt Lake stretches its 
 broad breast across the region to the northwest in full view from the 
 city. One may witness the sunrise in any of the neighboring canons 
 by an hour's walk may see the glory of the early morn, when the sun 
 vaults over the hills and the vapors of night are clearing away when 
 the passes of the range as well as the Valley itself are bathed in soft 
 opalescent mists shortly to dissipate for the crystalline clearness of the 
 day. Even the Alps, the Andes, the Rocky Mountains themselves, 
 and other famous ranges, though greater in altitude, fail in comparison 
 with the Wasatch in one respect. The peaks of other chains can only 
 be viewed from a great distance, for the reason that low parallel ranges 
 shut off the view as their bases are approached ; but here in our Valley 
 nothing intervenes between the verdant fields of the plain and the 
 snow-capped mountains whose feet rest among farms and villages. 
 And in among these settlements are to be discovered the quaintest of 
 homes, embowered in trees and overgrown with flowers, while the 
 lanes that thread among the wheat fields and the glowing patches of 
 lucerne are the haunts of song birds and redolent with the fragrance .of 
 wild roses and sweet clover. 
 
 Along the banks of the Jordan, once so barren and drear, are now 
 to be found many pastoral scenes of interest. There has been much 
 change here in the past few years. Signs of thrift and proofs of the 
 richness of the soil are to be seen in the blooming fields, the over- 
 hanging foliage, and the sleek fat kine that browse in the well-watered 
 meadows. The efforts of the husbandman have prevailed against the 
 desert from the beginning, and the willing earth has clothed itself with 
 beauty while the tillers of the soil have been nursing it to fruitfulness. 
 By the roadside and along the river banks wild flowers and tall grasses 
 have sprung up among the willows, and the broad-leaved cottonwoods 
 planted a quarter of a century ago by the Pettits have grown to be 
 a noble avenue of stately trees whose sweeping boughs dip even into 
 the waters of the Jordan and cast cool broad shadows across the river 
 path. 
 
 Charms of this sort, however, are to be found the world over, 
 wherever the hand of man has been lifted to redeem the earth, and we 
 should not advert to them in this place but for the impression which 
 many have abroad that Utah is essentially sterile. The mountains of 
 
RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 93 
 
 this Territory were never barren. Nature has ever clothed them with 
 her own rich garments of forest and meadow. 
 
 We have said that the wonders of our marvelous salt sea have been 
 heralded afar ; but the Great Salt Lake is a theme of never-ceasing 
 interest which can be dwelt upon in a thousand moods without risk of 
 tiring the reader. Island mountains spring from its blue depths whose 
 lonely shores are rarely traversed by human footsteps and whose 
 heights have never perhaps been explored. What wild and romantic 
 scenes, fraught with mystery of isolation and seclusion, may lie hidden 
 amid their lofty summits no one can say. They lie silent, solitary, and 
 desolate in the wilderness of forbidding waters. There is a place on 
 the western shore of Church Island where a sharp and rocky ridge 
 stretches down to the sea, where the strong north-west winds of centu- 
 ries have hollowed out the rocks along the shore, carving them into 
 fantastic shapes which point their fingers skyward or arch gracefully 
 over the green waves that lap against them. 
 
 But it is in the canons, after all, that Utah scenery is the most 
 attractive. There are half a score of mountain passes in sight of Salt 
 Lake City whose recesses contain features amongst which one in search 
 of the beautiful might wander the whole summer through, while 
 throughout the Territory are many tremendous scenic wonders. Moun- 
 tain peaks whose riven tops are crowned with snow that never melts 
 we have them with their heads loftier than the highest in Colorado ; 
 canons through which great rivers roll onward to the sea, and whose 
 sides rise up so high as to shut out the glare of day indeed, we have 
 the greatest under the sun. The Great Gorge of the Yellowstone is 
 beautiful, brilliant, astounding ; the Royal Gorge of the Arkansas is 
 wild, stupendous ; the Valley of the Yosemite is imposing, beautiful ; 
 they are each of them worthy to rank among the wonders of the earth; 
 but they all three grow weak before the awful Gorge of the World the 
 Grand Canon of the Colorado in south-eastern Utah. Many a writer 
 has dilated upon the magnificence of American Fork Canon, with its 
 wild and fantastic rock forms and rushing streams; while the "Old 
 Mill," buried amidst overhanging boughs of cottonwoods at the foot 
 of Lone Peak, has caught the eye of every artist for many years. 
 
 These Wasatch canons are all delightful places for fishermen, 
 hunters and campers-out, whose tents are seen in many a grassy nook 
 and along the shady banks of the various streams. There is a regular 
 mountain resort at Silver Lake near the head of Big Cottonwood 
 Canon ; but it is a matter of wonder that so little attention has been 
 
94 RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 
 
 paid in the past to the fitting out of camping parties and the establish- 
 ing of tent hotels in our mountains. Big Cottonwood Canon, so near 
 at hand, is especially inviting for such enterprises, and we believe par- 
 ties are now preparing to carry on a summer hotel at Lake Blanche 
 near the "Pillars of the Wasatch." This splendid region is about 
 three miles up the South Fork of Mill U B," and is not more than 
 sixteen miles from the Main Street of Salt Lake City. In reach- 
 ing it, every step of the way, from the entrance of Big Cottonwood 
 until one stands awestruck at the base of these gigantic, rocky 
 pillars, is full of beauty and grandeur. The powers of the artist 
 fail before such a spectacle as this. 
 
 In the Yellowstone National Park it has been the custom for 
 years to establish tent hotels consisting of one or more large tents 
 for dining room and general rendezvous and a number of smaller 
 tents fitted with beds for private apartments. They are very popular 
 and are thronged throughout the summer months with tourists 
 from all parts of the world. " 'T is a gypsy's life they lead," but the 
 gypsy life has been refined upon so that it has all the attractiveness of 
 camping out with none of its drudgery. As we have hinted, such an 
 arrangement will be made the coming summer in the vicinity of the 
 "Pillars of the Wasatch/' on the shores of a series of glacier lakes 
 known as the Three Sisters, and which have been separately named 
 Lakes Blanche, Florence, and Lillian. With such an establishment, the 
 attractions of our beautiful Wasatch will become more widely known, 
 and not only afford increased pleasure to our citizens, but prove an 
 objective point to many tourists from the East. Big Cottonwood Canon 
 can be reached from the city in two hours' drive. 
 
 A further series of lakes lies near the head of the main canon, 
 including Silver Lake, Lakes Phcebe, Martha, and others now well 
 known to many. They have been visited by hundreds of travelers, and 
 such artists as Thomas Moran and Albert Bierstadt have paid tribute 
 to their loveliness on more than one canvas. Lake Mary has been 
 known as the gem of our mountains. 
 
 Over the Divide, near the head of Little Cottonwood, is still another: 
 Lake Minnie, different from all the others. It is on the trail leading 
 into American Fork Canon, and is not less than 9,500 feet above the 
 level of the sea. In its neighborhood are some of the most famous 
 mines of Utah, and a person standing on its shores may hear the boom 
 of distant blasts echoing from the gigantic cliffs that overlook the lake 
 and mark the upper end of the canon. 
 
DENVER AND SALT LAI^E. 
 
 COLORADO has been justly regarded as the greatest common- 
 wealth of the West greatest because of its possession of all that 
 contributes to the health and happiness so yearned after by 
 mortals. Its climate and mineral springs have drawn thousands from 
 distant homes in search of health, and its wealth of mineral has had irre- 
 sistible attractions for the capitalist and fortune-hunter. The fortunes 
 extracted from its mines have been invested in industrial enterprises 
 which afford employment to labor, and Nature's generosity has begotten 
 in the hearts of the inhabitants impulses so generous that whole com- 
 munities seem devoid of all personal selfishness in their devotion to the 
 general welfare. Colorado has prospered beyond the most sanguine ex- 
 pectations since the discovery of Leadville. Prior to that event few 
 citizens of Denver dreamt that their city would ever become the beau- 
 tiful metropolis and progressive center of to-day. And as Denver has 
 grown and prospered, the State itself has advanced in the same direc- 
 tion and multiplied its wealth of population many times. 
 
 Yet with all its claims; with all the laurels of success won by the 
 State and its metropolis in the last ten years ; notwithstanding the uni- 
 versal interest which they have aroused throughout the East; Utah 
 Territory and Salt Lake City are not afraid to submit to the world a 
 comparison of their resources and attractions with those of Colorado 
 and Denver. Nature has done more for the former than for the latter, 
 but money and enterprise have made Denver what Salt Lake has yet 
 to become. 
 
 To emphasize the claims of the latter to superior natural excellence, 
 the following editorial from the facile and graceful pen of Judge C. C. 
 Goodwin is reproduced : 
 
 " Harper 's Magazine for May has an illustrated article on ' The City 
 of Denver.' While reading the article and looking at the stately pub- 
 lic edifices, the resident of Salt Lake naturally thinks of the progress 
 of the wonderful little city over the mountains, and unconsciously min- 
 gles thoughts of it with thoughts of our own place. But there is no envy 
 
 (95) 
 
96 RESOURCES OF UTAH AND SALT LAKE CITY. 
 
 in the thought, and no jealousy in contemplating our neighbor forging 
 ahead, and from a little village,poor and homely,in a single decade of years 
 becoming a signal-station among the cities of the Union. There is no 
 jealousy, because between Denver and Salt Lake there can never be 
 any clashing. Nature has upreared a mighty protective tariff of moun- 
 tains between the two places, and each is absolutely independent of the 
 other, or at least will be when railroad connections for both shall have 
 been fully made. The light of Denver is brightest now. She faces the 
 East and catches the first rays of the dawn. In the same way she has 
 caught and absorbed the tide of westward-tending people ; her people 
 have done their very utmost to make their place attractive to their 
 guests and to influence business concentrations which should hold 
 Denver as the center, the receiving and distributing point. Denver 
 has grown phenomenally while Salt Lake has slowly expanded. But if 
 the dawn is emblematic of Denver, we have a symbol here which is 
 quite as striking and quite as freighted with omens of good. There 
 are no such evenings and sunsets elsewhere as here. We are on the 
 mountains' western slope; the day does not come to us so quickly as to 
 Denver, but it lingers longer, and when at last it fades away it passes 
 out of sight in chariots of sapphire and gold. The sight of Denver was 
 forbidding at first. The site of Salt Lake City was glorious from the 
 first. Nature gathered here all her splendors of mountain, valley, 
 river, and lake, and hung above all a sky and air that were enchant- 
 ment in themselves, and then left it for man to complete the miracle. 
 It will be completed one of these days. There will be a superb State 
 House here ; there will be splendid structures on every hand: temples 
 to learning, to law, to justice, to commerce, and all the embellishment 
 which come when an earnest people set themselves to work to finish 
 a picture which Nature began with immortal dyes to paint. It may 
 be this year, or next, or a year later, before the full unfoldment 
 may begin ; but it is coming. We may judge of the future by the past. 
 We need to go back but six years, and think what was then, and then 
 think of what is to-day, to know that the center has been turned that 
 tyranny and superstition have retired to the background, and that 
 progress, and the energy which comes when hope is born and chains are 
 breaking from the souls of men, are moving in our midst.