Irving Stringham L1PPINCOTTS ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC EMBRACING THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF NUMBERS BY J. MORGAN RAWLINS, A.M. // AUTHOR OF " LIPPINCOTT'S PRACTICAL ARITHMETIC" AND " LIPPINCOTT'S MENTAL ARITHMETIC" PHILADELPHIA J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY BY J, B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY. ElECTROTYPED AND PRINTED BY J. B. LiPPINCOTT COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A. PREFACE. " IN all the affairs of life, the arithmetical part of the business is the dominant one." How many and how much have we ? How many and how much do we want? are questions that constantly ohtrude themselves for an- swer. " Arithmetic is the conclusive science that men have to apply, all their days, to all their affairs." Of all the sciences, therefore, with which men have to do, none deserves more intelligent study or more prudent appli- cation than the arithmetical one. Memory alone cannot deal with it or comprehend it. Pupils must he trained to see, to hear, to think, in order to grasp its truths and learn to apply them. We dare say that the philosophical study of no other subject will impart to the mind of youth a higher degree of acuteness and penetration. u It makes men subtile," said Lord Bacon. Very few pupils, we presume, enter school for the first time who have not some idea of number and of nu- merical combinations; but this knowledge, incidentally gathered here and there, necessarily lies in the mind in no definite or connected order. It is important, therefore, that when pupils begin the systematic study of Arith- metic, they begin with the very first lesson, so that what they already know may be set in order and be made the basis of what is next to be learned. Beginners should be 800552 IV PREFACE led without delay to perceive that the lesson learned to- day is little more thaii the cultivated ground out of which is to grow the lesson of to-morrow. It is a fatal error, only too common, to start a child to study where that which he is asked to learn is out of touch with that which he already knows. Pupils should be taught very early to keep an accurate separation of the known from the unknown, and "to he careful not to stamp a thing as known" until they have fully mastered it in all its relations to that which they know, and have done so " in that way which conscience calls honest" The following Elementary Treatise on Arithmetic has been prepared with the view of presenting to both teacher and pupil a thoroughly systematic and gently graded scheme in which they may together make daily progress in scientific knowledge of the subject, and by a mutual interest in the work gather by diligence many of the best fruits of industry. Nothing, from beginning to end, has been written as mere verbiage, undeserving of attention. Every word has a measure of significance, and every sentence in the book is there for the single purpose of being understood. J. M. R. CONTENTS. Idea of Number and Primary Processes PAGE 1-40 PART II. Definitions 41 Notation and Numera- tion 42 Periods and Orders .... 49 Decimal Notation .... 58 United States Money ... 60 Roman Notation 62 Addition 65 Single Columns 69 Several Columns 74 Subtraction 80 Figures of Minuend all of Greater Value .... 84 Figures of Less Value in the Minuend 87 Addition and Subtrac- tion 92 Review 94 Multiplication 98 Multiplier a Single Figure . 103 Multiplier with Ciphers An- nexed . 105 Multiplication ! PAGE Multiplier Two or More Sig- nificant Figures . . . 107 Oral Review 110 Written Review Ill Division 114 Equal Parts 115 Divisor a Single Digit . . . 119 Divisor a Single Digit with Ciphers Annexed . . . 123 Divisor Any Number of Digits 125 Parenthesis and Vinculum . 131 Analysis 132 Review 136 Factoring 137 Cancellation 140 Fractions 144 Reduction 148 To Lowest Terms ... 149 To Higher Terms .... 150 To Common Denominator 151 To Mixed Numbers . , 153 VI CONTENTS Fractions : PAGE Reduction of Mixed Num- bers 154 Addition of Fractions . . . 156 Subtraction of Fractions . 161 Multiplication of Fractions 165 Division of Fractions ... 172 Complex Fractions .... 180 Fractional Relation .... 181 Oral Review 184 Written Review 185 Decimal Fractions ... 189 Reduction of Decimals . . 194 Addition of Decimals . . . 197 Subtraction of Decimals . . 199 Multiplication of Decimals . 201 Division of Decimals . . . 204 United States Money ... 210 Bills and Accounts. . . 216 Denominate Numbers . 220 Linear Measure .... 221 Surface Measure .... 222 Dry Measure 225 Denominate Numbers: PAGE Avoirdupois Weight . . 226 Troy Weight 227 Apothecaries' Weight . . 228 Divisions of Time ... 229 Counting 230 Stationers' Table .... 231 Reduction of Denominate Numbers 232 Addition of Denominate Numbers 238 Subtraction of Denominate Numbers 239 Multiplication of Denomi- nate Numbers .... 240 Division of Denominate Numbers 241 Measurement of Surfaces . 242 Measurement of Solids . . 245 Board Measure 247 Percentage 249 Interest 252 General Review ..... 256 GENERAL SUGGESTIONS. PART I. of this book presupposes the occasional neces- sity of introducing pupils to the first rudiments of the subject. In developing the idea of number, and teaching the simple numerical operations, real objects are greatly to be preferred to pictures, however artistic and striking they may be. But what is to be preferred to all other agencies, whether pictures or real objects, or even the book itself, is the voice and action of the live and intelligent teacher, without which little of educational value is ever accom- plished in school. Object lessons, however, are of great value in illustrating and impressing the teacher's mean- ing; but no objects should be used except those of simple form and construction, lest the mind of the pupil be di- verted by them from the primary object in view, namely, the inculcation of the idea of number and of numerical combinations. When objects are employed, the youthful pupil should be allowed to take them in his own hands and give proof of knowledge gained by showing without help how and what they explain. This will be to his liking, and liking is a supreme element of learning. The successful teacher is not he who does both his own and the pupil's work, but he who best directs the pupil's vii viii GENERAL SUGGESTIONS activities, leads him to love learning, and to overcome difficulties by his own efforts. In reciting, pupils should be required to give their answers in complete sentences, and that, too, without hesitation or counting. They should be able to say " 4 arid 3 are 7," or " 4 less 3 equals 1," as promptly and with as little apparent effort as they would spell a word of three letters. In sight exercises, where rapidity is the object sought, results alone should be given ; thus : "seven," "one." The use of concert exercises should not be constant, but only occasional, as a ready means to give diversity or to revive flagging interest. As far as possible, the mem- bers of a class should be drilled individually, for each has a separate and distinct individuality that demands and must receive from the teacher the carefulest recognition. Every exercise should be made so interesting as to engage the undivided attention of every pupil, and to effect this they must of necessity be lively, varied, and above all brief. The very best judgment of the teacher is de- manded here. The processes of Addition and Subtraction are so intimately related that they should be taught at first together. In like manner should be taught the closely related operations of Multiplication and Division. All written work should be as neat and well arranged as the pupils are capable of doing it. Ill-formed figures and careless arrangement are fruitful sources of error in results. Pupils while in school should be kept constantly em- ployed. They must do if they would learn. Idleness should not be tolerated for a moment. The forward GENERAL SUGGESTIONS ix movement should be frequently halted, and past lessons repeated. It is by repetition that acquisition becomes fixed and sure : the pupil's ignorance never ceases to be the teacher's opportunity. Pupils should be drilled on all exercises with great care and thoroughness. The primary lessons of the book are presented as suggestive rather than as exhaustive, and the teacher will often find it necessary to supplement them. In such cases the suggestions at the foot of the pages will be helpful. ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC PART I. IDEA OF NUMBER AND PRIMARY PROCESSES- LESSON i. 1. How many sheep on the left ? 2. How many on the right ? 3. How many sheep are one sheep and one sheep ? 4. Hold up one finger. Hold up another finger. How many fingers are you now holding up ? 5. How many are one and one ? 6. One sheep and two sheep are how many sheep? How many are two and one ? 7. Instead of writing the words one, two, and three, we may use fig- ures. Now, make them neatly. NOTE. Drill upon 1, 2, and 3 as numbers, not as figures. Teach Ad- dition and Subtraction at the same time : 2 and 1 are 3 ; therefore, 1 from 3 leaves 2, and 2 from 3 leaves 1. 1 One. 9 S Two. Three. - 3KLEMENTARY ARITHMETIC LESSON II. Pour and Combinations. 1. How many hands have you ? How many feet ? 2. Hold up as many fingers as there are stars on the left. 3. How many stars on the left? How many on the right ? Three stars and one star are how many stars ? 4. Take four objects from the table. Return one to the table. How many have you now ? One taken from four leaves how many ? 5. Take four objects. Give two to your teacher. How many have you now ? Two taken from four leaves how many? 6. Make four short lines on the blackboard. Place your hand over three of the lines. How many do you see ? Three from four leaves how many ? 7. One star, and one star, and one star, are how many stars ? How many ones in three ? How many are three ones? 8. How many boys and girls in the class can take ob- jects and show that 1 and 1 are 2. 1 taken from 2 leaves 1. 1 and 2 are 3. 1 taken from 3 leaves 2. 1 and 3 are 4. 1 taken from 4 leaves 3. 2 and 2 are 4. 2 taken from 3 leaves 1. To THE TEACHER. Exercises similar to the foregoing should be given until pupils can read the combinations that is, state their value as promptly as they say "at" when they see the letters a-t. ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC LESSON III. Five and Combinations. 1. Look at the stars on the left and tell how many ? 2. How many twos in four? 3. Look at the stars on the right and tell how many more stars are there than on the left. 4. How many are four and one ? Three and two ? 5. How many circles are Q O O an( * O How many are Q O and O O ? 6. Here are some groups of stars. At sight name the number in each. #1 ft # 2 ft ft ft 3 ###3 ft ft ft & 4 ft 1 A ft _2_ ftft_2^ * _!_ ftft J2_ * JL ^JL 4 4 5 52 7. Examine the groups and tell how each is made up. Name the number in each row. Name the number in each group. 8. If you were to use figures for the stars, you would have : 1 2 3 3,4 1 221211 9. We have learned a new number to-day, and must know how to say five with a figure. Here is the figure 5. Try to make it on your slate. To THE TEACHER. Arrange groups of objects from one to five and practice by hav- ing pupils name the number in each group. Pupils should recognize at sight the number of objects in each group. ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC LESSON IV. Six and Combinations. 1. How many are three and two ? 2. How many are five and one ? 3. Take three objects from the table. Take three in your other hand. How many have you in both hands ? How many are three and three? How many are two and three ? 4. Pass one of those in your right hand to your left hand. How many have you in each hand now? How many in both hands? Four and two are how many? Pass one more from your right hand to your left. How many in each hand now? How many in both hands? How many are five and one ? 5. Name the numbers in each group. ft 1 ft ft 2 ft ft ft 3 ft ft ft ft ft _5^ ft ft ft ft j4_ ft ft ft j$_ 6 66 6. Take 5 objects and show that 5 is made up of 4 and 1 ; 2 and 3. 7. Take 6 objects and show that 6 is made of 5 and 1 ; 4 and 2 ; 3 and 3. 8. Take 4 objects and show how many ones are in 4. How many twos. To THE TEACHER. These exercises may be made very interesting, but they must be varied in order to hold attention. Ample preparation should be made for each lesson. ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 1 star 1 star ft ft 2 stars ft 1 star ft 2 stars ft ft ft 3 stars ft 1 star ft ft 3 stars ft ft ft ft 4 8tars ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft 1 star 4 stars 5 stars 1 star 5 stars 6 stars LESSON V. Review. 1. How many stars are one star and one star ? How many are one and one ? How many ones in two ? If you take one from two, how many will you have left ? 2. One star and two stars are how many? How many are two and one? How many ones in three ? If you take one from three, how many will you have left? Two taken from three will leave how many ? 3. If you add one star to three stars how many will you have ? One and three are how many ? One from four leaves how many ? Two from four leaves how many? Three from four? How many ones in four ? How many twos ? 4. Four stars arid one star are how many stars ? How many are 4 and 1 ? How many are 2 and 3 ? How many will be left if you take 1 from 5 ? 2 from 5 ? 3 from 5 ? 4 from 5 ? How many must be added to 3 to make 5 ? How many must be added to 4 to make 5 ? 5. How many are 5 stars and 1 star? How many are 5 and 1 ? How many are 4 and 2? 3 and 3? Taking 1 from 6, how many are left ? 2 from 6? 3 from 6? How many ones in 6 ? How many twos ? ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC LESSON VI. Seven and Combinations. 1. How many stars in the upper part of the square ? How many in the lower part ? 2. How many in the whole square? How many are 6 and 1 ? 3. Take six objects in your right hand and one in your left. How many are in both hands ? 4. Pass one object from right hand to left hand. How many in each hand now? One and one are how many? One from six leaves how many ? Fame the number of objects in each hand now. How many in both hands? 5 and 2 are how many ? 5. Again pass one object from the right hand to the left. How many in each hand now ? How many in both hands ? How many are 4 and 3 ? 6. Make seven marks on the board. Erase three ; how many are left ? If 3 be taken from 7, how many will be left ? 7. Make seven X's on the board. Erase two of them, and tell how many remain. 7 less 2 are how many ? 8. Take objects and show how many threes are in six. Show how many twos in six. 9. If you take two threes from seven, how many will be left ? How many are two threes ? Three twos ? 1O. Complete the following : 6 and 1 are . 1 from 7 leaves . 5 and 2 are . 2 from 7 leaves . 4 and 3 are . 3 from 7 leaves . To THE TEACHER. Pupils should handle the objects. ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC LESSON VII. Eight and Combinations. 1. Take from the table one object for every star you see in the upper part of the space. How many have you I 2. Take one more object. How many have you now ? 7 and 1 are how many ? 3. Place 8 O' s on ^ e board. Draw a line so as to leave 2 Q' 8 on one side. How many on the other side of the line. 2 from 8 leaves how many ? 4. How many are 6 and 2 ? 7 and 1 ? 5. Make a square on the board. Draw a line across the square and place 5 X's in one space and 3 X's in the other. How many X's in the square ? 5 and 3 are how many ? 6. Take 4 objects in each hand. How many have you in both hands? 4 and 4 are how many? How many fours make eight ? 7. With objects show how many 2's in 8. 8. If you had 8 cents, how many apples could you buy at 2 cents apiece ? 9. If Harry had 8 marbles and gave his little brother 3, how many had he left? 10. How many are two 2's ? Three 2's ? Four 2's ? 1 1. Complete the following : 7 and 1 are . 1 from 8 leaves . 6 and 2 are . 2 from 8 leaves . 5 and 3 are . 3 from 8 leaves . 4 and 4 are . 4 from 8 leaves . ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC ft LESSON VIII. Nine and Combinations. 1. How many are one and eight ? 2. Take two objects in one hand and seven in the other. How many in both hands ? 7 and 2 are how many ? 3. Take 9 objects. Give your teacher 3. How many have you ? 3 from 9 leaves how many ? 6 and 3 are how many ? 4. Take 9 objects. Give your teacher 4. How many have you ? How many are 5 and 4 ? Taking 4 from 9, how many are left ? 5. Take 9 objects. Give your teacher 3 and give one of your classmates 3. How many have you ? How many threes in nine ? 6. John had 5 rabbits and bought 4 more. How many did he then have ? 7. Maud cut 9 roses and gave 3 to Irene. How many did she keep ? 8. Take objects and show that 4 and 4 and 1 are 9. 9. Complete the following : 1 and 8 are . 2 and 7 are . 3 and 6 are . 4 and 5 are . 3 and 3 and 3 are . To THE TEACHER. Place on the black- board stars or other simple figures, arranged as at the top of this page, and by drawing vertical lines lead pupils to see that 4 + 4 + 1 9; 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 1 = 9. Use ob- jects freely and vary the questions. 1 from 9 leaves . 2 from 9 leaves . 3 from 9 leaves . 4 from 9 leaves . ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 9 LESSON IX. "We have learned nine numbers. Here are the figures which we may use when we want to say one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine. I .2 3 M- .5 lo Copy these figures and try to make them correctly. Here are all the combinations you have learned. Now try to name the sum of each one. 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 I 1- 1 1 1 8 1 23451^ 222222 3 4 5 t 45 JL 1 1 3. .1 .4 The pupils will name all the combinations that make 9. All that make 8, 7, 6, 5, 4. To THE TEACHER. Drill pupils on the table until they can name the sum of each combination at sight. Then have them name the differences. And, lastly, require them to name the sum of each combination arid sub- tract each number in the combination from that sum. Teach numbers, not figures. Use objects in your explanations. This table should be placed upon the board and used for daily drills. 10 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC LESSON X. Sign of Addition. 1. When we want to show that numbers are to be added we may use a cross like this +. 2. It is called " Plus" or the Sign of Addition. 3. When we find it between numbers it is read "plus" or " and." 4 + 2, is read " four plus two" or " four and two." 4. Read these and give the sum of each : 1. 3 - h 2. 7. 4H L 3. j#. 5H - 2. 2. 5 - h 3. 8. 7 H - 1. #. 3H h 3. 3. 4- h 2. 9. 5 - K4. U. 5- h 1. 4>. 6 - h 1. 10. 8 H h 1. 16. 4n h 4. 5. 2 - h 2. 11. 6 - h 2. 17. 2 - h 1. 6. 7 - r 2. 12. 3 - h 6. 18. 1 H h 3. To THE TEACHER. Do not permit pupils to count. If the sums can- not be stated promptly, use objects and endeavor to get pupils to think of the number of objects represented by any figure. LESSON XI. Problems in Addition. 1. Willie had 5 cents and earned 3 cents. How many cents had he then ? Answer. He had 5 cents + 3 cents, or 8 cents. 2. Mabel earned 5 cents on Monday and 2 cents on Tuesday. How many cents did she earn in the two days ? ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 11 3. James paid 4 cents for paper and 5 cents for a pencil. How many cents did he pay for both ? 4. Charles had 6 pears and "William gave him 2 more. How many had he then ? 5. Harry bought a top for 4 cents and a book for 4 cents. How much did he spend ? 6. If a sheep costs 6 dollars and a pig costs 3 dollars, how much do both cost ? 7. Emma cut 5 roses from one bush and 2 from an- other. How many did she cut from both bushes ? 8. Mary has 3 daisies and Jane has 2. How many have both ? 9. How many tops have James and John if each has four ? How many 4's in eight ? 10. Maud has 2 needles and May has 4. How many have both ? 11. Arthur has 4 horses and his cousin has 3. How many horses have both ? 12. One ball team made 5 runs and the other made 3 runs. How many did both make ? 13. John gathered 2 quarts of berries and Harry gathered 3. How many did both gather ? 14. How many are : /. 4H h 2- h 1? P. 3 + 3- h2? 9. 5 H h 2 - h2? JIA 4 + 4- h 1? 3. 2 - h 1 - r- 5? 11. 5 + 1 H h 3? 4. 3H - 1 - h2? 12. 4 + 2H h 3? 5. 6 H h 1 - h 2? 13. 3 + 2H h4? 6. 1 H h 1 - h.4? 14. 4 + IH h 3? 7. 2 H h2- h4? 15. 6 + 1 H h 1? 8. 7 H - 1 -i h 1? 16. 2 + 2H - 1? 12 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC LESSON XII. Sign of Subtraction. 1. If we want to show tliat one number is to be taken from another we may use a short line like this . 2. It is called " Minus" or the Sign of Subtraction. 3. When we find this sign between numbers, it means that the number on the right is to be taken from the number on the left. 8 3, means that 3 must be taken from 8. 4. This sign is read " minus" or " less." 7 4, is read " Seven minus four," or " Seven less four." 5. Eead the following and name the remainders : 1. 4 2. 6. 6 3. 11. 9 5. & 7 5. 7. 8 4. 12. 5 2. 3. 8 3. 8. 4 3. 13. 7 3. 4. 6 4. 9. 6 2. 14. 9 6. 5. 7 2. 10. 7 4. 15. 8 6. 6. Read, and name results : ^.4 + 4 2. .8 + 14 + 2. #.6 4+5. 7. 7 2 + 4 5. #.8 6 + 3. .6 + 2 + 1 7. 4. 7 + 2 6. 9. 5 + 2 + 2 3. 5. 5 + 4 6. ./0. 7 4 + 3 + 3. 7. Take 9 objects and show that there are four 2's and a 1 in 9. 8. Show that there are three 2's and a 1 in 7. 9. Show that there are three 3's in 9. To THE TEACHER. Drill pupils on these and similar exercises until they can add and subtract rapidly. At first permit pupils to see the com- binations, and afterwards read them to the class and ask for results. ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 13 LESSON XIII. Problems in Subtraction. 1. Oscar had 9 marbles and gave 4 to his brother. How many had he left ? Answer. He had 9 marbles 4 marbles, or 5 marbles. 2. Harvey started to walk 8 miles. After he had walked 5 miles, how far had he to go ? 3. Fannie had 7 roses and gave her sister 3. How many did Fannie then have ? 4. Jacob is 9 years old and his cousin is 6 years old. How much older is Jacob than Jiis cousin ? 5. Laura was given 8 words to spell. She missed 2. How many did she spell correctly ? 6. James had 9 cents and spent 3 cents for a top. How many cents did he then have ? 7. If you had 6 dollars and spent 3 dollars for a hat, how much money would you have left ? 8. George earned 5 dollars and spent 3 dollars. How many dollars had he left ? 9. There are 7 pears in a basket. How many will be left, if 4 are taken out? 10. Mabel had 5 cents and her brother gave her 4 more. If she then spent 4 cents, how many did she have ? 11. How many are : 1. 4 + 5 3 + 2 3? tf.6 3 + 2 + 4 3? #.6 2 + 5 7 3? 7. 4 + 4 2 + 1 5? #.5 + 3 2 + 3 4? S. 3 + 2 + 2 + 2 1? 3 + 3 + 3_ 5 + 2? 9. 1 + 8 3+1 + 2? 5. 7 + 2 1 4 + 3? 10. 3 + 2 1+3 7? 14 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC LESSON XIV. The Number Ten. 1. How many numbers have you learned ? 2. Write all these numbers and tell how many figures you use in writing each number. 3. "What is the largest number that can be written with one figure ? 4. There is another figure to learn. It is called Naught, and is made much like one of the letters of the alphabet. Here is the new figure 0. Do not forget its name. 5. Naught does not stand for any number, but it is of use in writing numbers larger than 9. 6. Nine and one are ten. To write ten we must use naught, thus : 7. How many signs have you learned? Make them and tell what they mean. 8. Before going farther we must learn another sign. It is called the Sign of Equality, and is made thus =. It is read " Equals," and it means that what stands on one side of. it has the same value as that which stands on the other side. For example, 4 + 6 = 10, is read " Four' plus six equals ten," and means that the sum of 4 and 6 is 10. 9. Headland complete : ,?. 3 + 7 = ' 7 + 2 = 7. 8 3 = 10. 9 3 = 2. 2 + 8= 5. 8 5 = 8. 10 4= 11. 5 + 4 = 9 6= .6 + 2= p. 7 + 3= ^.8 2 = To THE TEACHER. These exercises should be extended. Before pass- ing to the next lesson, review the work gone over, and see that pupils understand how to add and subtract rapidly all numbers up to and in- cluding ten. ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 15 LESSON XV. Rapid "Work on Combinations. 1. Read and complete : 1. 4 2 = 7. 3 + 2 = 13. 5 3 = 19. 6 4 = & 5 + 2 = & 7 5 = /. 7 2 = 00. 6 + 2 = 5. 1 + 2 = 9. 2 + 2 = .75. 3 1 = 21. 4 2 = 4. 8 3 = 10. 5 + 3 = 16. 8 5 = 00. 6 + 3 = .6 3= .7.7.7 + 3 = 77. 10 5= 0^.10 6 = 0. 10-r3= .70. 9 6= .7. 9 4 = 0^. 10 5 = 2. Read and complete : ^.4 + 3 + 2 5 = 7. 1 + 5 2 + 6 = 0. 2 + 3 + 41= 5. 5 + 2 6 + 4 = 5. 4 2 + 3 + 5= P. 3 + 3 + 3 6 = ..8 5 + 4 + 2= 10. 7 + 3 5 + 4 = 5. 6 2 + 5 + 2= 11. 6 + 4 3 + 1 = 6. 5 + 2 + 2 7= .70. 2 + 2 + 3 1 = 3. Find the sums of these columns : !) (2-) (3.) (*) (5.) (6.) (7.) 2 4 6 7 8 3 4 3 3 1 .2 1 3 4 2 2 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 4. What is the value of the following : (1.) (2.) (3.) (4.) (5.) (6.) (7.) (8.) 7 10 9 8 7 6 10 9 __j2 __^ __j> _^6 JJ 3 _5 7; 5. How many are 10 7 ? 10 8? 10 3? 10- 2? 10 4? 10 1? 10 9? 16 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC LESSON XVI. Ten to Twenty. One ten and no ones are ten ; written One ten and one are eleven; written One ten and two are twelve; written One ten and three are thirteen; written One ten and four are fourteen ; written One ten and five are fifteen; written One ten and six are sixteen; written One ten and seven are seventeen; written One ten and eight are eighteen ; written One ten and nine are nineteen ; written 10 I I 13 15 lit n IS ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 17 LESSON XVII. The Number Eleven. 10 and 1. 9 and 2. 8 and 3. 7 and 4. 6 and 5. 1. Take objects and show how many are 6 and 5; 7 and 4 ; 8 and 3 ; 9 and 2. 2. Tell how to write eleven. 3. What does the one on the right stand for ? 4. "What does the one on the left stand for ? 5. If Maud had 11 cents and spent 3 cents for apples, how many cents had she left ? 6. Rachel had 11 roses in a bouquet and gave 5 to a sick girl. How many did Rachel then have ? 7. Oscar earned 11 dollars. If he gave his mother 4 dollars and spent the remainder for a suit, how much did the suit cost ? 8. A man having 11 pigs sold 6. How many did he keep? 9. Complete the following : 1. 3 + 8 = 6. 11 5 = 11. 11 1 = 9. 7 + 4 = 7. 11 4 = 12. 11 10 = 3. 11 3 = 8. 11 9 = 13. 5 + 6 = 4. 11 - 6 = 9. 10 + 1 = 14. 11 7 = 6. 9 + 2 = 10. 11 8 = 15. 11 2 = 18 ELEMENTAKY ARITHMETIC LESSON XVIII. The Number Twelve. 10 and 2. 9 and 3. 8 and 4. 7 and 5. 6 and 6. 1. Take twelve objects and show that the number 12 is made up of 6 and 6, of 7 and 5, of 3 and 9, of 4 and 8, of 10 and 2. 2. "Write twelve and tell what each figure stands for. 3. Bertha wants to buy a book for twelve cents. If she has a dime, how much does she lack ? 4. Ned earned 8 cents on Monday and 4 cents on Tues- day. How much did he earn in the two days ? 5. If Ned spent 5 cents on Wednesday, how much had he then ? 6. Edna has 5 pins in one cushion and 7 in another. How many pins in both cushions ? 7. Elmer put 8 sheep in one field and 4 in another field. How many in both fields ? 8. Ruth is 6 years old and Albert is 12 years old. How much older is Albert than Ruth ? 9. Complete the following : .7. 12 2 = 5. 12 6= 9. 12 4 = & 12 3= 6. 12 10= 10. 12 8 = 3. 12 9 = 7. 10 + 2 = 11. 9 + 3 == 4. 7 -f 5 = 8. 6 + 6 = 18. 11 + 1 = ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 19 LESSON XIX. Numbers 13, 14, and 15. 1. Show that thirteen is made up of 10 and 3, 9 and 4, 8 and 5, 7 and 6. 2. How many are : 1. 10 + 3? 5. 8 + 5? 9. 11 + 2? 13. 12 + 1? & 6 + 7 ? . 9 + 4 ? *0. 13 2 ? 1 13 1 ? 5. 13 7? 7. 13 9? f. 13 6? #. 13 5? 4. 13 4? j 11 3 I o" s a NAMES. - - ; g I 1 o S NAME OF H , ^ b ORDERS. g g % 3 Ti TIT' A? ~S"> f? TT> IT? 1T> TT' T5"> "5T- * T"> 2T> A' TT3"> "3T> A> "5~0"> TW "2TO"> AlT* " T^* T^J 4T> iW? "9T? rainr? 1260' 1728' 1 900 6. "What is the quotient of: 1. 9 --3? 6. 16-^-4? 11. 28 -^-4? 2.36--6? 7. 49 -f- 7? 12.28-7-7?' 3. 63 -T- 7 ? 8. 45 -5- 5 ? 13. 27 -- 9 ? 4. 40--4? 9.56-^7? 14.54^-9? 6.15-7-5? 10.21-7-3? 15.42-7-6? DIVISION 7. What is the quotient of: 1. y? 3. ^? 5. ff? 7. 272? A 1009 1 0.8 9 Q 6 * 10 " I 2 8. What is the quotient of: 5)35? (2.) 5)25? (3.) 8)32? 9)36? (5.) 7)63? (6.) 11)88? (10.) 3)36? (7.) 8)56? (11.) 4)44? (8.) 11)132? (12.) 5)60? (9.) 2)24? (13.) 6)66? (14.) 7)63? (15.) 8)96? (16.) 12)144? ORAL PROBLEMS. 1. How many pounds of sugar, at 5 cents a pound, can be bought for 35 cents. SOLUTION. Since 1 pound costs 5 cents, for 35 cents as many pounds can be bought as 5 cents is contained times in 35 cents, or 7 pounds. When the quotient answers How many times, are not the dividend and divisor like numbers ? 2. If a man earns $3 per day, how long will it take him to earn $12? 3. When eggs are selling for 12 cents a dozen, how many dozen will 60 cents buy ? 4. For 21 cents how many pens can be bought at 3 cents each ? 5. How many times can 5 gallons be taken from a cask containing 30 gallons ? 6. If a man can dig 7 rods of ditch in a day, how many days will it take him to dig 28 rods ? 118 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 7. If a man pays $56 for seven yards of cloth, how much is that a yard ? SOLUTION. Since 7 yards cost $56, one yard costs \ of $56, or $8. By what did you divide t* take -f of 56 ? Did you divide by 7 yards or by the abstract number 7 ? 8. How much hay, at $8 per ton, can be bought for $32 ? 9. If $55 is paid for 11 cords of wood, what is the price per cord ? 10. If a farm of 120 acres is divided into 12 equal lots, how many acres does each lot contain ? 11. There are 96 trees in an orchard, and 12 trees in each row. How many rows are there ? 12. In 12 hours 108 horses crossed a bridge. What was the average number per hour ? 13. A man who had 48 acres of land divided it into 6 fields of equal size. What part of the whole was each field ? How many acres were in each field ? 14. If I deposit $12 in a savings bank every month, in how many months shall I deposit $132 ? 15. If 6 car-loads of freight weigh 18 thousand pounds, how much does each car-load weigh ? 16. A merchant paid 144 cents for an advertisement of 12 lines. What was the rate per line ? 17. If 6 pairs of boots cost 54 dollars, what will 10 pairs cost? ANALYSIS. If 6 pairs cost 54 dollars, 1 pair costs of 54 dollars, or 9 dollars, and 10 pairs cost 10 times 9 dollars, or 90 dollars. 18. In one week there are 7 days. How many weeks are there in 25 days, and how many days remain ? 19. Referring to the previous example, 7 times 3, plus 4, equals what ? DIVISION 119 PRINCIPLE. 1. When the dividend and divisor are like num- bers, the quotient is an abstract number denoting "times." 2. When the divisor is an abstract number, the dividend and quotient are like numbers, the quo- tient being a part of the dividend. 3. The product of the divisor and quotient, plus the remainder, equals the dividend. The Divisor a Single Figure. WRITTEN EXERCISES. 1. Divide 1728 by 4. Process. Explanation. Divisor. Dividend. Quotient. Beginning at the left, we perceive that 4 4 ) 1728 ( 432 w m not divide 1, but 1 thousand + 7 hun- 16 dreds = 17 hundreds ; 17 hundreds -^- by 4 i 9 = 4 hundreds, with 1 hundred remaining ; ., 2 1 hundred -f 2 tens = 12 tens ; 12 tens -=- by 4 = 3 tens, with no tens remaining ; the 8 units -i- hy 4 = 2 units. Hence, the quo- 8 tient is 432, with remaining. Proof. 432 X 4 = 1728. The preceding process is called Long Division. A second process, called Short Division, is as follows : Process. Explanation. 4)172& After dividing 17 hy 4, the one hundred remaining, 430 instead of being written, is prefixed mentally to the 2 tens, making 12 tens. 120 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 2. Solve both by long and short division the following : 1. 963 -*- 3. 11. 2450 -^- 2. 21. $49.86 + 9. 2. 1926 6. 3. 3672 4. 4. 3246 6. 5. 2763 9. 6. 3235 5. 7. 2205 7. 8. 2696 8. 9. 3456 9. 10. 2465 5. 3. Divide 607 by 2. Process. 2)607 303 1 rem. 12. 3252 3. 13. 4872 4. 14. 6830 5. 15. 2976 6. 16. 2985 5. 17. 4635 3. 18. 3986 4. 19. 3248 8. 20. 5256 6. Also, 617 by 2. Process. 2)617(308 22. $67.65 5. 23. $38.36 7. 24. $98.72 8. 25. $45.60 5. 26. $83.34 6. 27. $81.72 9. 28. $91.84 4. 29. $26.64 3. 30. $27.37 7. 17 1 Explanation. In the first case 6 -=- 2 = 3 ; o-f-2 = 0; 7 -=-2 = 3, with 1 remaining. In the second case 6 -j- 2 3 ; 1 brought down and divided by 2 = ; 1 ten and the 7 units brought down = 17 units ; 17 units divided by 2 = 8 units, with 1 unit remaining. Prove by the principle. 4. Find the quotients and remainders of: 1. 737 - -2. 10. 4055 - -6. 2. 736 - -3. 11. 9767 - -8. 3. 963 - -4. 12. 9896 - -5. 4. 916 - - 5. 13. 9894 - -9. 5. 824 - -6. 14. 9568 - -3. 6. 937- -7. 15. 9830 - -8. 7. 995 - -8. 16. 9847 - -7. 8. 965- -9. 17. 7408 - -7. 9. 679 - -8. 18. 3943 - -4. 19. 48,743 ~ 2. 20. 53,742 3. 21. 65,889 4. 22. 47,397 5. 23. 67,327 7. 24. 49,538 6. 25. 93,570 7. 26. 96,674 8. 27. 57,487 9. DIVISION 121 28. 986 5. 39. 4792 29. 927 6. 40. 4765 30. 965 7. 41. 4827 31. 995 4. 42. 5672 32. 503 7. 43. 7484 33. 765 2. 44. 9832 34. 998 8. 45. 9323 35. 963 5. 46. 9524 36. 965 9. 47. 6498 37. 957 _ 4. 48. 8110 38. 974 6. 49. 1474 With the divisor and remainder examples make a fraction ; thus (1) Write the exact quotient of all second column; thus (21) 675f. 9. 50. 38,596 3. 9. 51. 98,696 5. 4. 52. 96,575 7. 6. 53. 94,701 8. 6. 54. 69,886 9. 7. 55. -86,340 3. 9. 56. 90,678 4. 6. 57. 99,365 6. 4. 58. 93,720 3. 7. 59. 94,831 8. 6. 60. 95,942 9. of each of the above |, (2) i, (3) |, etc. the examples in the "WRITTEN PROBLEMS. 1. How many 6-pound packages of buckwheat flour can be made from 1200 pounds of flour? 2. How many ploughs at $7 each can be bought for $1232? 3. How many tons of coal at $7 a ton can be bought for $1995? 4. There are 3 feet in one yard. How many yards are there in 63,360 feet ? 5. There are 8 quarts in a peck. How many pecks in 525,232 quarts ? 6. 4 pecks make 1 bushel. How many bushels do 249,024 pecks make ? 7. If 9 cents will buy one pound of cotton, how many pounds will 507,285 cents buy? 122 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 8. If $4 will buy one yard of velvet and $1 will buy J of a yard, how many yards and fourths of a yard can be bought for $23 ? 9. How many times must you take $7 to make $1134 ? How many times must you take $9 ? 10. A stage travelled 8 miles per hour. In how many hours would it travel, at the same rate, 4704 miles ? 11. A bicycler rides at the rate of 12 miles per hour. How long would it take him to ride 1728 miles? 12. James Blair paid $37,504 for some Western land at $8 per acre. How many acres did he buy ? 13. A man gave $36,755 in equal shares to his 5 chil- dren. How much did he give to each child ? 14. If sound moves 10,080 feet in 9 seconds, how many feet does it move in 1 second ? 15. 9 square feet make 1 square yard. How many square yards in 43,560 square feet ? 16. 7 days equal 1 week. In 364 days how many weeks ? 17. How many yards of cloth, at 9 cents per yard, can be bought for 58,878 cents ? 18. How many $5 bills must be counted out to pay a bill of $1240. 19. How many pounds of sugar, at 8 cents a pound, must be given for 488 pounds of coffee, at 22 cents a pound ? 20. Find the value of 240 bottles of wine at $3 a bottle, and find how many $4 bottles of wine must be given in exchange for the $3 bottles. 21. Prove that if we multiply a given number by 100 DIVISION 123 and divide the product by 4 we obtain the same result as when multiplying by 25. ***** ***** 22. Prove by the asterisks in the margin * * * * * that 4X5 = 5x4. The Divisor a Single Digit with Ciphers Annexed. ORAL, EXERCISES. 1. If 50 cents be put in 10 equal packages, how many cents will each package contain ? 2. When flour is worth $10 a barrel, how many barrels can be bought for $110? 3. 120 divided by 10 gives what quotient? What remainder ? Does not cutting off the cipher, thus 12/0, give you the same results ? 4. How many times is 10 contained in 124? What remains ? Does not cutting off the 4 thus, 12/4, give the same results ? What is the exact quotient ? 5. How, by cutting off, can you divide 124 by 100? What is the quotient ? What is the remainder ? What is the exact quotient ? 6. How many figures will you cut off to divide by 1000? PRINCIPLES. 1. Cutting off one figure divides by 1O. 2. Cutting off two figures divides by 1OO. 3. Cutting off three figures divides by 1OOO, and so on. 124 ELEMENTAKY ARITHMETIC WRITTEN EXERCISES. 1. Divide 365 by 10. Process. Explanation. Divisor. Dividend. In accordance with Principle 1, to divide 10 ) 36[5 by 10, we cut off one figure from the divi- 36^j-, Quotient. dend, and obtain for quotient 36, with 5 as remainder. Hence, the exact quotient is 36^. 2. Divide 1728 by 300. Process. Explanation. 3|OQ) 17|28 In accordance with Principle 2, to divide by 52 28 100 we cut off two figures, and obtain for quotient 17, with 28 remaining. Since the entire divisor is 300, we must divide this quotient by three. One-third of 17 hundreds = 5 hundreds, with two hundreds remaining ; 2 hundreds = 200 units ; 200 units plus 28 units = 228 units. Hence, the exact quotient is 6f $$. Hence, the following rule : 1. Out off the ciphers from the divisor. 2. Cut off as many figures from the dividend. 3. Divide by the significant figure of the divisor. 4. Make a fraction with the remainder and divisor. To apply the rule : 3. Divide 1898 by 400. Process. Explanation. 4100 ) 18198 Having cut off the two ciphers from 400 and two /i 2 9 8 ' figures from the dividend, we obtain 18 for quotient and 98 for remainder. Dividing now by the signifi- cant figure 4, we obtain 4 for quotient and 200 -{- 98 for remainder. Making a fraction with the remainder and divisor, we have for the exact quotient 4f$$. DIVISION 125 4. Divide : 1. 89 by 10. 16. 96,704 by 3000. 2. 376 by 100. 17. 54,970 by 4000. 3. 3422 by 100. 18. 49,685 by 5000. 4. 5489 by 1000. 19. 74,769 by 6000. 5. 6079 by 1000. 20. 82,546 by 7000. 6. 71,560 by 100. 21. 99,839 by 8000. 7. 97,048 by 100. 22. 99,953 by 9000. 8. 57,084 by 1000. 23. 123,456 by 1000. 9. 97,068 by 1000. 24. 789,012 by 2000. 10. 95,650 by 1000. 25. 345,678 by 3000. 11. 7936 by 40. 26. 9,012,345 by 40,000. 12. 3079 by 50. 27. 6,789,012 by 50,000. 13. 4987 by 300. 28. 3,456,789 by 60,000. 14. 5097 by 500. 29. 1,982,734 by 70,000. 15. 90,798 by 2000. 30. 5,678,901 by 80,000. The Divisor Any Number of Dig-its. EXERCISES. 1. Divide 25,003 by 48. Process. Explanation. 48 ) 25003 ( 520f| Beginning at the left, we perceive that 48 240 will divide neither 2 nor 25. We therefore JQQ divide 48 into 250 hundreds, and obtain 5 C)g hundreds for quotient. 48 X 5 hundreds = To 240 hundreds ; 250 hundreds 240 hundreds = 10 hundreds. Annexing tens from the dividend, we have 100 tens ; dividing 100 tens by 48, we obtain 2 tens. 48 X 2 tens = 96 tens ; 100 tens 96 tens = 4 tens. Annexing 3 units from the dividend, we have 43 ; 48 is contained in 43 no times, and we write in the quotient. 43 is the remainder, and the exact quotient is 620ft. 126 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC Proof. 520 X 48 + 43 = 25,003. Help Table. 48 X = 48 X 1 48 48 X 2 = 96 48 X 3 = 144 48 X 4 = 192 48 X 6 == 240 48 X 6 = 288 48 X 7 = 336 48 X 8 = 384 48 X 9 = 432 What method was employed above, Long Division or Short Division ? Look at the table and state why neither 4 nor 6 can be taken for the first figure of the quotient. BULB. 1. Begin at the left to divide. 2. Divide the divisor into the fewest figures that will contain it. 3. Multiply the divisor by the quotient figure. 4. Subtract, and annex the next figure of the dividend. 5. Divide the divisor into the number thus formed. 6. Multiply, subtract, and annex the next figure of the dividend. 7. So proceed until all the figures of the dividend have been used. 8. Finally, make an exact quotient, if necessary. 2. Divide 304,675 by 48, using the above table. 3. Divide 789,101 by 56, first having made a table to aid you in this work. 4. Divide 123,456 by 27. DIVISION 127 5. Divide: 1. 7890 by 10. 31. 15,780 by 15. 2. 5303 by 11. 32. 15,909 by 16. 3. 3667 by 12. 33. 14,668 by 17. 4. 7590 by 13. 34. 37,950 by 18. 5. 4089 by 14. 35. 24,534 by 19. 6. 9085 by 15. 36. 63,595 by 20. 7. 2476 by 16. 37. 17,332 by 30. 8. 3420 by 17. 38. 27,360 by 50. 9. 2599 by 18. 39. 20,792 by 60. 10. 3858 by 19. 40. 34,652 by 70. 11. 4420 by 20. 41. 44,200 by 80. 12. 4605 by 21. 42. 46,050 by 90. 13. 4807 by 23. 43. 14,421 by 100. 14. 4602 by 34. 44. 13,806 by 101. 15. 6095 by 45. 45. 24,380 by 102. 16. 4555 by 56. 46. 22,775 by 121. 17. 4478 by 67. 47. 26,868 by 123. 18. 4135 by 78. 48. 28,945 by 130. 19. 3708 by 89. 49. 29,664 by 144. 20. 7334 by 99. 50. 66,006 by 156. 21. 8178 by 73. 51. 81,780 by 160. 22. 4952 by 93. 52. 54,472 by 172. 23. 6840 by 82. 53. 82,080 by 185. 24. 5198 by 71. 54. 51,980 by 190. 25. 7716 by 60. 55. 17,716 by 200. 26. 8840 by 40. 56. 17,680 by 205. 27. 9210 by 42. 57. 27,630 by 221. 28. 9614 by 46. 58. 38,456 by 276. 29. 9204 by 68. 59. 46,020 by 290. 30. 9110 by 57. 60. 54,660 by 223. 128 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 6. Divide: 1. 300,165 by 327. 17. 2,010,081 by 7292. 2. 586,635 by 404. 18. 3,453,901 by 6007. 3. 236,823 by 526. 19. 2,980,506 by 7035. 4. 304,727 by 783. 20. 4,007,205 by 6294. 5. 343,926 by 250. 21. 1,795,791 by 7272. 6. 316,743 by 684. 22. 9,500,367 by 5959. 7. 202,729 by 672. 23. 7,989,368 by 7979. 8. 349,052 by 879. 24. 1,509,307 by 5757. 9. 594,924 by 709. 25. 8,640,073 by 8383. 10. 458,015 by 532. 26. 4,560,079 by 4949. 11. 320,479 by 373. 27. 9,200,537 by 8787. 12. 329,500 by 402. 28. 6,975,841 by 9696. 13. 660,209 by 723. 29. 7,935,836 by 8484. 14. 2,658,360 by 3245. 30. 5,009,703 by 7373. 15. 3,360,843 by 5023. 31. 9,071,564 by 6969. 16. 4,300,436 by 6436. 32. 3,795,411 by 8383. ORAL PROBLEMS. 1. Hats are $4 apiece; broadcloth is $6 per yard. How many of the hats will pay for 6 yards of the broad- cloth ? 2. Twelve lambs cost $24. To gain $12, how must they be sold per head ? 3. There are 3 feet in a yard. How many yards in 627 feet? 4. A boy earns $3.00 per week. After paying $1.00 per week for other things, how long will it take him to earn enough to buy a suit of clothes costing $16.00 ? 5. A man had $60 ; he spent one-half of it for sheep at $3.00 each. How many sheep did he buy ? DIVISION 129 6. A train goes 40 miles per hour. How long will it take to go 480 miles ? 7. A newsboy bought 10 papers for 35 cents and sold them so as to gain 15 cents. How much did he get apiece for them ? 8. I bought 10 tons of coal for $50 and sold it so as to gain $20. How much did I gain per ton ? 9. A lady having $5 bought 5 chickens at 50 cents each and a turkey for $1.50. How much money had she left? 10. What would be the cost of 1 arithmetic if $162.96 were paid for 400 copies ? 11. If a farmer exchanges 6 firkins of butter, worth $20 a firkin, for cloth at $4 a yard, how many yards will he receive ? 12. At $5 per gallon, how much alcohol can be bought for $37. WRITTEN PROBLEMS. 1. A dividend is 14,145, and the quotient 123. "What is the divisor ? State the principle. 2. A certain number is contained 41 times in 1043, with 18 as a remainder. What is the number? 3. Paid $3780 for 28 acres of land. How much was that per acre ? 4. How many bushels of corn at 56 cents each can be bought for 7560 cents. 5. A man raised 6427 bushels of oats upon 107 acres. What was the average crop per acre ? 6. If a farmer can lay up $425 a year, how many years will it take him to lay up $6800 ? 130 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 7. A field of 600 acres produced 8400 bags of wheat. How many bags to the acre was that ? 8. A man paid $170,352 for 36 city lots. What was the average cost per lot ? 9. In 94,185 yards of sheeting are how many pieces, each piece containing 45 yards ? 10. A surveyor travels 41,600 rods in one week. There being 320 rods in a mile, how many miles does he travel? 11. The distance of the earth from the sun is 91,500,- 000 miles. Light travels at the rate of 185,000 miles per second. In=how many seconds does light travel from the sun to the earth ? 12. At the rate of $75 per acre, how many acres of land can be bought for 40,425 dollars ? 13. A man bought 133 horses and 160 mules, paying 39,555 dollars for the whole. What was the average price ? 14. The divisor is 88, the quotient $248, and the re- mainder $66. What is the dividend ? 15. The product of two numbers is 40,796. One of the numbers is 124. What is the other number ? 16. How many times must a pole 11 feet long be ap- plied to measure a distance of a mile (5280 feet) ? 17. A long ton of coal is 2240 pounds and a short ton is 2000 pounds. Find how many short tons weigh as much as 250 long tons. 18. A man has 8000 dollars. He buys two houses for 4500 dollars, and some land at 140 dollars per acre. How many acres will he get ? 19. Bought 288 barrels of flour at $1482, and sold the same for $2058. What was the gain on each barrel ? DIVISION 131 20. How many horses at $82.50 each, can be bought for $6187.50. 21. There are 7000 Troy grains in a pound avoirdu- pois. How many pounds are there in 118,125 grains. 22. 3600 seconds make an hour. How many hours in 12,950 seconds. 23. How many schooners, each carrying 8700 bushels of wheat, will be required to carry 843,900 bushels ? 24. How long can 125 men subsist on an amount of food that will last 1 man 4500 days ? Parenthesis and Vinculum. 1. A Parenthesis, ( ), signifies that the numbers within it are to be subjected to the same operation, and in con- sequence the operations indicated within it should first be performed. In the expression, (16 4) -s- 4, we first subtract 4 from 16, and then divide the result by 4. 2. A Vinculum, , may be used instead of the parenthesis. 6 4x4 and (6 4) X 4 have precisely the same meaning. EXERCISES. Find the value of: 1. (423 + 47) (492 326) 76. 2. (325 92) (226 29 + 7) -f 20. 3. (413 __ 200) (118 24^7 + 6) + 3. 4. (282 97) (4~xT+ 38) + 20. 5. (4 X 5 X 9) (3 + 9) -*- 4 + 6. 6. (6 + 2 + 7) X 5 (8 + 9 + 4) -*- 7 + 20. 7. (23 + 8 1) X 6. 132 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 8. 24 7 + 18 X 7. 9. (22 3 + 26) X 9. 10. (3 + 4) X 9 (3 + 6) -*- 3. 11. (6 + 8 4) X 4 + (203 + 67) -f- 3. 12. (100 l)-r-9 (97 + 20)-r-13-f(4 -f 8 -s- 4. 13. (56 + 4) -s- 6 + (21 + 24) -*- (8 3) + 7. 14. (105 -7- 21) + (80 -*- 5) X (81 + 36 9). 15. 327 X 6 -v- 109 + 52 X 5 (42 + 8 X 4). ' ANALYSIS. Analysis reasons from the given number to one, and tlien from one to the required number. PROBLEMS. 1. If 7 barrels of flour cost 35 dollars, what will 9 barrels cost? Analysis. Explanation. 7 barrels = 35 dollars. If 7 barrels cost 35 dollars, 1 barrel 1 barrel = 5 dollars. costs * of 35 dollars ' or 5 dollars ; if l barrel costs 5 dollars, 9 barrels cost 9 9 barrels = 45 dollars. times 5 dollarg) or 45 dol]ars 2. If 7 men can do a piece of work in 8 days, in how many days can 8 men do it ? Analysis. Explanation. 7 men 8 days. It w ^^ ta ^ e 1 man longer than 7 men to 1 man = 56 days. do a piece of work ' hence> we say " If 7 men can do the work in 8 days, 1 man will do it in 7 days. ? timeg g daygj or 56 dayg . and . f 1 man can do it in 56 days, 8 men can do it in of 56 days, or 7 days." 3. A man bought sheep at the rate of 3 for $18. How many did he buy for $906 ? DIVISION 133 Analysis. Explanation. 3 sheep = $18. If 3 sheep cost ^ 18) 1 sheep costs . ' i of $18, or $6 ; if 1 sheep costs $6, for $906 he bought as many sheep as $906 -+- $6 = 151 Sheep. $ 6 is contained times in $906, or 151 sheep. 4. In 17 miles there are 29,920 yards. How many yards are there in 35 miles ? 5. If 12 barrels of flour are worth $120, what will 36 barrels cost? 6. If 45 acres produce 2520 bushels of corn, how many bushels do 28 acres produce at the same rate ? 7. A merchant buys 168 barrels of flour for $672. How many barrels can he buy for $984 at the same rate ? 8. If a man can travel 154 miles in 7 days, how far can he travel in 43 days ? 9. If a stack of oats will serve 25 horses 9 days, how many days will it serve 15 horses? 10. If 8 men can do a piece of work in 145 days, how long will it take 29 men to do the same work ? 11. If 46 acres of land produce 2484 bushels of corn, how many bushels will 120 acres produce ? 12. At 6 cents each, how many oranges can be bought for $5.58 ? 13. If 29 tons of coal cost $116, what will 37 tons cost? 14. What is the cost of 68 barrels of molasses if 37 barrels cost $888? 15. A farmer sold 18 calves at the rate of 3 for $33. How much did he get for them ? 16. If 19 horses can be bought for 1520 dollars, how many horses can be bought for 1360 dollars? 134 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 17. How long will it take 19 men to do a piece of work that 17 men can do in 133 days? 18. 25 barrels of flour weigh 4900 pounds. Find the weight of 87 barrels. 19. If 36 men can be hired for $50.40 for one day, how many men can be hired for the same time for $133 ? 20. If I pay $96 for 25 hats, how much must I pay for 63 hats at the same rate ? 21. A certain quantity of barley lasts 11 horses 15 days. How long would it last 5 horses? 22. I bought 9 horses for $1530, and sold them for $1665. How much did I gain on each horse? 23. If 13 hogsheads of molasses can be bought for 273 dollars, how many hogsheads can be bought for 609 dollars ? 24. A man bought 150 calves at $14 a head and sold them so as to gain $450. What did he get a head ? 25. In how many weeks can a father and son together earn $71.75, if the father earns $10.60 and the son $3.75 per week ? 26. What cost 7 pieces of muslin, 37 yards each, at $.13 per yard? 27. Engaged in farming, I wish to obtain $370; I therefore sell 100 bushels of wheat at $0.75 per bushel and enough apples at $2.50 per barrel to obtain the sum required. How many barrels of apples do I sell ? 28. A man bought 320 barrels of apples at $3 per bar- rel. He found 120 barrels worthless. At what rate must he sell the rest to get back all the money ex- pended ? 29. If a merchant buys coal at the rate of $3.75, and DIVISION 135 sells it at $5.00 per ton, how many tons must he sell in order to gain $1500 ? 30. A grocer bought 250 pounds of coffee for $82.50, and sold it at 37 cents a pound. What was his gain ? 31. A year contains 365 days. The yearly salary of the President of the United States is 50,000 dollars. How much can he spend daily and save at the end of the year 9850 dollars ? 32. If 16 horses cost $1952, what will 22 horses cost at $6 less a head ? 33. If 6 dollars' worth of flour lasts a family of 8 per- sons 2 months, how many dollars' worth will last 13 persons the same length of time ? Suggestion : 8 persons 6.00 dollars ; 1 person = .75 dollars ; 13 per- sons = how many dollars ? 34. If a man could reap a field of oats in 16 days by working 12 hours a day, in how many days could he reap it by working 8 hours per day ? 35. I sold land at $46 an acre, and received for it $4508. How much would I have received for it, had I sold it at $58 an acre ? 36. A man bought 96 apples at the rate of 4 for 6 cents, and exchanged them for pears at 8 cents apiece. How many pears did he receive ? 37. Mr. Moore, having $10,000, invests $3750 in a house, and the remainder in land at $125 an acre. How much land does he buy ? 38. Find the value of (152 + 119 118) -*- 9. 39. Find the value of (96 84 -=- 7) X 10. 40. The quotient is 367, the divisor is 445, and the re- mainder 189. What is the dividend ? 136 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 41. In payment of a bill, a lady gave 30 twenty-dollar bills, 10 ten-dollar bills, 4 one-dollar bills, and 16 five- dollar bills. How large was tbe bill sbe paid ? 42. A pupil being told to multiply a certain number by 23, mistook tbe 3 for a 5, and his answer was 150. What was the correct answer ? 43. If 20 men can do a piece of work in 31 days, in how many days will the work be done, if 11 more men are employed ? 44. Find the value of (XL V. + III.) -f- VI. + (X. + XV.) + (VII. II.) + VI. REVIEW. 1. Define the following terms : 1. Division. 6. One-half. 2. Dividend. 7. One-third. . 3. Divisor. 8. Parenthesis. 4. Quotient. 9. Vinculum. 5. Remainder. 10. Analysis. 2. Repeat from memory the first three principles of Division. 3. Repeat the next three principles and the rule, in four parts, derived therefrom. 4. Repeat the eight parts of the rule of long division. 5. Describe the signs of division. 6. Define, also, Multiplication, Multiplicand, Multiplier, Product, Abstract Number, Denominate Number. 7. Give the six principles of multiplication. 8. Define Subtraction, Minuend, Subtrahend, Remainder. 9. Repeat the principles and the rule of subtraction. 1O. Repeat the principles and the rule of addition. FACTORING 137 11. Define: 1. Unit. 6. Analysis. 2. Number. 7. Decimal Point. 3. Arithmetic. 8. Arabic System. 4. Notation. 9. Roman System. 5. Numeration. 10. Zero. 12. Repeat the principles of both the Arabic and Roman systems. FACTORING. INDUCTIVE STEPS. 1. 2 X 5 = 10, being an expression of equality, is called what? 2 and 5, as makers of 10, are called what? 2. Make an equation showing that 2 and 3 are factors of 6. 3. Will each of the factors 2 and 3 exactly divide 6 ? 4. Make an equation showing the product of two factors equal to 12. 5. If your equation is 3 X 4 = 12, will 3 and 4 exactly divide 12 ? Is not a factor, then, an exact divisor ? 6. Has 3 any factors except itself and 1 ? Has 4 any factors except itself and 1 ? 7. Now make an equation, putting 3 factors equal to 12, and excluding 1 as a factor? 8. In the following numbers point out each that has no factors except itself and 1 : 1, , 5, 4, 5, #, 7, 8, 9. 9. Point out all the factors of these: 4, 6, 8, 9. 138 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC Which one has the greatest number of factors ? What two factors will produce 8 ? 1O. What are the exact divisors of the following num- bers : 16, 18, 20, 21, 43, 27, 29, 35, 42, 63, 17, 72, 37, 144. It is to be specially noted that while 1 may be considered a factor of any number, there are certain numbers that can have no factors if 1 is excluded. It is also to be specially noted that by factors and divisors are meant only integral factors and divisors. DEFINITIONS. 1. An Integral Number expresses whole units. 23 and 16 are integral numbers, or integers. 2. An Exact Divisor is an integer that divides a number without a remainder. 2, 4, 6, 9 are exact divisors of 36. 3. The Factors of a number are integers that, multi- plied together, produce the number. 7 and 8 are factors of 56. 4. A Prime Number has no exact divisors except itself and 1. 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 are prime numbers. 5. Prime Factors are prime numbers used as factors. 7 and 11 are prime factors of 77. 6. A Composite Number has other factors than itself and 1. 8, 9, 12, 16 are composite numbers. 7. An Even Number is exactly divisible by 2. 4, 10, 14, 22 are even numbers. 8. An Odd Number is not exactly divisible by 2. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 are odd numbers. FACTORING 139 9. Factoring- is the process of finding the factors of a number. 1O. An Exponent is a figure employed to show how often a factor occurs in a given number. 8 = 2 X 2 X 2 = 2 3 . 3 is the exponent. PRINCIPLES. 1. A factor of a number is an integer. 2. A factor of a number is an exact divisor of it. 3. Only a prime factor of a number, or the pro- duct of two or more of its prime factors, is an exact divisor of that number. "WRITTEN EXERCISES. 1. Find the prime factors of 468. Explanation. Since the prime factors of 468 are exact divisors of it, we may find its prime factors by finding the prime num- bers that will divide it. Dividing, we find the prime factors of 468 to be 2, 2, 3, 3, 13, or 2 2 , 3 2 , 13. Proof. 2 2 X 3 2 X 13 = 468. RULE. Using continuously the least prime number that will serve as a divisor, divide the given number, and the suc- ceeding quotients until the quotient is a prime number. The divisors and the last quotient will be the prime factors. 140 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 2. Find the prime factors of; 1. 228 12. 216 23. 320 34. 1250 2. 324 13. 484 24. 500 35. 1024 3. 224 14. 576 25. 965 36. 1728 4. 344 15. 432 26. 719 37. 1280 5. 144 16. 672 27. 913 38. 1152 6. 225 17. 396 28. 745 39. 3204 7. 796 18. 625 29. 840 40. 24024 8. 576 19. 912 30. 990 41. 4800 9. 256 20. 832 31. 1008 42. 6902 10. 300 21. 864 32. 1120 43. 8364 11. 198 22. 945 33. 1176 44. 10917 CANCELLATION. INDUCTIVE STEPS. 1. What is the quotient of 12 -f- 6 ? 2. What are the factors of 12? 3. What are the factors of 6 ? 4. In your thought, put the factors of 12 above a line. 5. Put the factors of 6 below the line. 6. Reject the equal factors from above and below the line. 7. What factor remains ? 8. Is not 2 the quotient of 12 -v- 6. 9. Will not your mental picture be like this : ^\/ 3 ? 1O. Rejecting equal factors thus from dividend and divisor is called Cancellation. CANCELLATION 141 PRINCIPLE. Cancelling the same factor or factors in both dividend and divisor does not alter the quotient. WRITTEN EXERCISES. 1. Divide 4x5x8Xl8by2x3X8Xl5. Process. Explanation. 2 Cancelling 2 and 4 we have a fy nt A NX si ^ a. xx r resulting factor, 2 ; cancelling 5 ? X TP X p X t-p _ 9 v 9 _ J. j i r i * s Tg ^ A ^ *r. a nd 15 we have a resulting fac- f* /N P X P X A? 3 tor, 3; cancelling 3 and 18 we have a resulting factor, 6 ; can- celling resulting factors 3 and 6 we have resulting factor, 2 ; cancelling 8 and 8 we have cancelled all the factors of the divisor, and the uncan- celled factors of the dividend, 2 and 2, give us 4 for the quotient. 2. Divide 4 X 2 X 8 X 24 by 36 X 8 X 2. Process. Explanation. 8 We cancel as follows: 4 and 36, o__ 92 2 and 2, 8 and 8, 9 and 24. 8 remains - ^" tf V % "V 2 - 3 - "T* A P A /> ^ dividend, 3 as divisor. Hence, the 3 quotient is 2|. RULES. 1. Cancel out of both dividend and divisor all common factors. 2. Divide the product of the remaining factors of the dividend by the product of the remaining factors of the divisor. Query. When no factor remains uncancelled, what is the quotient ? 142 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 3. Divide, using cancellation : 1. 48 X 3 X 4 by 8 X 7 X 5. 2. 40 X 10 X 3 by 5 X 6 X 2. 3. 4X5X7X9 by 2X2X6X7X3. 4. 8 x 9 X 12 X 16 by 4 X 3 X 5 X 6 X 20. 5. 2 X 3 X 8 X 12 X 24 by 6 X 4 X 36 X 4. 6. 18 X 24 X 32 x 36 by 9 X 48 X 4 X 18. 7. 40 X 18 X 13 X 8 by 10 X 13 X 16. 8. 376 X 14 X 21 by 7 X 7 X 16 X 3. 9. 5 X 25 X 874 by 2 X 437 X 5 X 5 X 5. 10. 108 X 17 X 9 X 4 by 27 X 3 X 16 X 17. 11. 15 X 4 X 8 X 9 by 30 X 2 X 6 X 12. 12. 40 X 27 X 32 X 21 by 24 x 18 X 16 X 14. 13. 30 X 36 X 24 X 42 by 45 X 27 X 8 X 28. 14. 27 X 32 X 45 X 36 by 18 x 24 X 9 X 6. 15. 6 X 7 X 9 X 11 by 2 X 3 X 7 X 3 X 21. 16. 4 X 14 X 16 X 24 by 7 X 8 X 32 X 12. 17. 11 X 9 X 7 X 15 X 6 by 30 X 3 X 21 X 3. 18. 55 X 36 X 27 X 42 by 12 X 25 X 35 X 33. 19. 36 X 64 X 25 X 40 by 32 X 50 X 18 X 10. 20. 56 X 18 X 32 X 49 by 16 X 36 X 42 X 28. 21. 11 X 39 X 14 X 96 by 44 X 18 X 26 X 14. 22. 2 X 4 x 8 X 13 X 7 X 16 by 26 X 14 X 8. 23. 125 X 60 X 24 X 42 by 25 X 120 X 36 X 5. 24. 28 X 56 X 400 by 112 X 280. 25. 56 X 36 X 35 X 24 by 40 X 48 X 21 x 18. WRITTEN PROBLEMS. 1. How many dozen eggs, worth 15 cents a dozen, must be given for 20 pounds of sugar worth 5 cents a pound ? CANCELLATION 143 Process. Explanation. _ 2Q. _ 2 The value f the SU ar = 2 X 5 ' 1 dozen eggs = 15 cents; hence, for 20 X 5 cents as many dozen eggs must be given as 15 is contained times in 20 X 5, which by cancellation we find to be 6|. 2. How many books, at 15 cents apiece, may be ex- changed for 12 reams of paper at 55 cents a ream ? 3. How many pounds of butter, at 24 cents a pound, will pay for 45 yards of dress goods at 32 cents a yard ? 4. How many pounds of butter, worth 15 cents a pound, may be bought for 25 pounds of tea at 48 cents a pound ? 5. A boy bought 5 hens at 20 cents each and paid for them with apples at 10 cents a dozen. How many dozen were required ? 6. How many tons of hay, at $16 per ton, must be given for 12 barrels of flour at $6 per barrel? 7. If a farmer sells 25 bushels of wheat at 60 cents a bushel and takes his pay in cloth at 40 cents a yard, how many yards of cloth does he get ? 8. How many dozen eggs, at 28 cents a dozen, will pay for 84 pounds of sugar at 5 cents a pound ? 9. How many bushels of potatoes, at 75 cents a bushel, must a farmer give for 36 yards of carpet worth $1.25 a yard? 10. How many bushels of oats, at 40 cents a bushel, must be given for 1600 bushels of wheat at 75 cents a bushel ? 11. How many pieces of cotton cloth, each piece con- taining 42 yards, at 8 cents per yard, can be bought for 12 firkins of butter, each containing 56 pounds, at 20 cents a pound ? 144 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 12. If 18 men can do a piece of work in 42 days, how long will it take 21 men to do the same work ? 2 ^fCt vx -| O Suggestion : ^ * . It will require 1 man 18 times 42 days. 13. If 1920 bricks will build a wall 15 yards long, how many bricks will be required for a similar wall 24 yards long? 14. By travelling at the rate of 20 miles a day, a person can complete a journey in 18days. At what rate must he travel to finish it in 15 days ? 15. How many pounds of coifee at 24 cents a pound would be required to pay for 3 hogsheads of sugar, each weighing 1464 pounds, and worth 4.5 cents a pound ? 16. A gardener sells 75 crates of berries, 24 boxes in a crate, at 8 cents a box, and receives in return 12 rolls of matting, 40 yards in a roll. Find the price of the mat- ting per yard ? 17. Divide 285,120 by 5184, using the prime factors of each and cancelling. NOTE. Solve by cancellation the problems under the head of Analysis, pages 132 to 136. FRACTIONS. INDUCTIVE STEPS. 1. On page 115 we learned that a Fraction expresses one or more of the equal parts of anything. One of two equal parts is denoted by -J-, read " one-half." One of three equal parts is denoted by ^, read " one-third." One of six equal parts is denoted by , read " one-sixth." FRACTIONS 145 Two of six equal parts is denoted by f , read " two-sixths." Six of six equal parts is denoted by f, read "six- sixths.' " 2. If an apple is divided into six equal parts, f equals how much of the apple ? 3. If an apple is divided into 10 equal parts, what fraction will express the whole of the apple ? 4. If an apple is divided into 20 equal parts, what is one part called ? 5. What fraction will denote the whole of the apple ? 6. If 100 cents are divided equally among 5 boys, what part of the money will each boy receive ? 7. What is of 100 cents ? 8. Twenty cents is what part of 100 cents ? 9. What is ^ of $144 ? 1O. How many twelfths in the whole of any sum of money ? DEFINITIONS. 1. A Fraction denotes one or more of the equal parts of a unit. 2. A fraction is, moreover, the expression of a division that has not been, or cannot be, performed. 3. The dividend is called the Numerator, and is always placed above the line; the divisor is called the Denom- inator, and is always placed below the line. 4. The numerator and denominator are called the terms of the fraction. 5. The denominator shows into how many equal parts the unit or single thing has been divided. 6. The numerator shows how many equal parts form the fraction. 10 146 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC In f , seven is the denominator, six is the numerator, and 6 and 7 are the terms of the fraction. Can the division be performed ? 7. In a Proper Fraction the numerator is less than the denominator. f, |, f , are proper fractions. The value of a proper fraction is less than 1. Why? 8. In an Improper Fraction the numerator either equals or exceeds the denominator. 7> Tff> if > are improper fractions. The value of an improper fraction equals 1 or is greater than 1. Why ? 9. A Mixed Number consists of an integer arid a fraction. 6f , 20|, 31|i, are mixed numbers. ORAL. EXERCISES. 1. Analyze the fraction -J^-. Explanation. 1. The denominator shows that the unit has been divided into 12 equal parts. 2. The numerator shows that 11 of those equal parts form the fraction. 3. The fraction is read " eleven-twelfths." 4. 11 and 12 are the terms of the fraction. 5. As dividend and divisor they denote -^ of 11. 2. Analyze in like manner the following : 1- *, A. it. W. *. A. A. T*T, A> Ub If. tt, A. If 2- A, A. A. . A. tt> A. I. A. M. 4*. W, if > M- * T3 > T9' T3> T2 ' "2T> "3 ? TJT> T2 > 2~3 > 2"' 4U> "3~2 > 3T> FOTT- 3. Express by Arabic numerals : 1. Sixteen twenty-sevenths. 2. Thirteen twenty-ninths. 3. Fifteen thirty-seconds. FRACTIONS 147 4. Twelve twenty-thirds. 5. Eighteen twenty-fifths. 6. Nineteen forty-seconds. 7. Eighty-one ninetieths. 8. One and 12 twentieths. 9. Two and three-ninths. 10. Nineteen and three fortieths. 11. Six sevenths. 26. Eight twenty-firsts. 12. Five ninths. 27. Eleven twentieths. 13. Ten fifteenths. 28. Five twenty-seconds. 14. Eight twenty-thirds. 29. Eight thirty- sixths. 15. Three eighteenths. 30. Seven twenty-fourths. 16. Five twenty-fourths. 31. Three tenths. 17. Fifteen thirtieths. 32. Seven fourteenths. 18. Eight twenty-sixths. 33. Six twentieths. 19. Seven forty-seconds. 34. Eight thirty-ninths. 20. Five fourths. 35. Eighteen fortieths. 21. Seven elevenths. 36. Sixteen seventeenths. 22. Five eighths. 37. Seven twenty-firsts. 23. Seven ninths. 38. 212 tenths. 24. Eight twentieths. 39. 101 hundredths. 25. Five thirteenths. 40. Nine and five-sixths. 4. What kind of numbers and fractions are : 1. f. 5. tf, 9- 5f 13- & 17 - rtW- 2. f. 6. f. 10. TV 14. W- 18- 'rfr- 3. f 7. 6|. 11. H- 15. ff 19. 6f 4. y. 8. f. 12. f 16. T fo. 20. m- 5. Change the following Roman numerals to Arabic, and read the fractions : V IX L XL III VII XIX X' VIII' C' LX* IV' VIII' XXI' 148 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC REDUCTION OF FRACTIONS. INDUCTIVE STEPS. 1. Express as a fraction one fourth of a dollar. 2. Express as a fraction two fourths of a dollar. 3. Two fourths equal how many half dollars ? 4. Write the equation, one half a dollar equal to two fourths. 5. Since ^ = J, how can the terms of the fraction ^ be changed to the terms of the fraction |- ? 6. How can the terms of \ be changed to the terms off? 7. Multiplying in like manner by 2, what does \ be- come? 8. How can -| be changed back to \ ? 9. How can \ become f ? How can f become \ ? 1O. Change: 1. \ to 8ths. 10. ^ to halves. 2. \ to 9ths. 11. T 3 ^- to fifths. 3. \ to 12ths. 12. -% to sixths. 4. | to halves. 13. f to 9ths. 5. f to thirds. 14. f to 8ths. 6. ^ to thirds. 15. f to 16ths. 7. i to 16ths. 16. | to lOths. 8. 1 to 15ths. 17. ^| to halves. 9. | to 18th. 18. 2^r to fourths. DEFINITIONS. 1. Reduction changes the form of fractions without changing their value. REDUCTION OF FRACTIONS 149 2. A Common Divisor of two or more numbers exactly divides each of them. | becomes by dividing both terms by their common divisor 3. 3. The Greatest Common Divisor of two or more numbers is the greatest number that exactly divides each of them. T \ becomes by dividing both terms by their greatest common divisor, 6. 4. When terms have no common divisor, the fraction is said to be in its Lowest Terms. i.j | ? i- ? are fractions in their lowest terms. PRINCIPLE. Multiplying or dividing both terms of a fraction by the same number does not change the value of the fraction. Reduction to Lowest Terms. EXERCISES. 1. Reduce f$ to its lowest terms. Process. Explanation. 6)_36. . 6 . 1. According to the principle, we must divide both 2) 6 3 terms. 2. Dividing by 6, we obtain T % ; dividing by 2, we obtain f . 3. The terms 3 and 5, having no common divisor, are the lowest terms of the fraction . 4. Hence, ft = f . How can f be obtained from ||- by one division ? What, then, is the Greatest Common Divisor of 36 and 60? 150 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC RULE. 1. Divide both terms of the given fraction, and also re- sulting terms, by any common divisor. 2. Continue thus to divide resulting terms until terms are found that have no common divisor; or, 3. Make a single division by using the Greatest Com- mon Divisor of the given terms. 2. Reduce to their lowest terms : 1. |f. 11. ||. 21. Hi 31. fff. 41. ^. 2. if. 12. ff. 22. iff. 32. ||f. 42. IHf 3. it. 13. 28.. 23. iff 33. ffi 43. 4. . 14. ff. 24. }ff 34. fjf 44. 5. if. 15. |f. 25. Iff. 35. |ff. 45. fff 6. |f. 16. ff. 26. iff. 36. ff- 46. .flft. 7. ff. 17. ff. 27. |ff. 37. -Iff. 47. 8. Jf 18. ||. 28. fff. 38. Tftfo. 48. 9 - H- 19 - M- 29 - iff- 39 - Toir- 49 - T^ftV- 10. |f. 20. ff. 30. fff. 40. ^ 50. ^Vj. Reduction to Higher Terms. EXERCISES. 1. Reduce f to 56ths. Process. Explanation. _i_ 7 = 8. ! According to the principle, we must multiply 5_ x 8 __ 4_0. o terms. 2. 56 H- 7 = 8, the multiplier required. 3. Multiplying both terms of f by 8, we obtain |, a fraction in higher terms. Hence, ^ = |$. REDUCTION OF FRACTIONS 151 2. Reduce to higher terms : 1. to!2ths. 15. T 5 6-to80ths. 29. ^to88ths. 2. f to 24ths. 16. -^ to 102ds. 30. f to 88ths. 3. fto24ths. 17. |ltol44ths. 31. -^ to 88ths. 4. -& to 50ths. 18. ^ to 143ds. 32. ^ to 576ths. 5. |lto48ths. 19. -^tolSOths. 33. |fto576ths. 6. ^ to 65ths. 20. |f to 216ths. 34. i| to 576ths. 7. 2T to lOOths. 21. ^5 to 300ths. 35. ffi to 576ths. 8. -^to42ds. 22. ^ to 480ths. 36. ^-to252ds. 9. ^-to45ths. 23. ^_to341sts. 37. f to 252ds. 10. JL. to lOOths. 24. -^-to399ths. 38. -i-to252ds. 11. f to 8ths. 25. | to 64ths. 39. -^ to 68ds - 12. |f to 121sts. 26. H to 169ths. 40. || to 126ths. 13. | to 125ths. 27. f to 200ths. 41. f to lOOOths. 14. to 20ths. 28. g to 72ds. 42. fgf to 68ths. Reduction to Common Denominator. 1. The results obtained in examples 21, 22, and 23, having the same denominator, 88, are called Like Frac- tions. 2. The results obtained in 11, 12, and 13, having different denominators, are called Unlike Fractions. 3. Hence, Like Fractions have the same denominator; Unlike Fractions do not have the same denominator. 4. When fractions are reduced to the same denomi- nator they are said to have a Common Denominator. 5. When the common denominator is the least one ob- tainable, the fractions are said to have their Least Com- mon Denominator. 152 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 1 . Reduce f , f , mon denominator. EXERCISES. to like fractions ; that is, to a com- Process. 3. x 3 __ 9 4 x 4 __ 16 JL 4 = : JL TT - Tf' Explanation. 1. "We cannot but see that by reducing f and f to- 12ths, all the fractions will have a common denomi- 2. Both terms of f multiplied by 3 gives 3. Both terms of f multiplied by 4 gives f . 4. Hence, the results required are T 9 j, ^f , ^. 2. Reduce f , -J, -^ to their least common denominator. Process. L. C. D. = 40 40 _._ A _ if) 40 -r- 10 = 4. * } X Explanation. 1- The least common denominator of the given fractions must be the least number that 4, 8, and 10 will exactly divide. 2. The least number that 4, 8, and 10 will exactly divide must contain the least number of factors that will produce 4, 8, and 10. 7. X 5 __ 35 S _ 3. The L. C. D. = 2 X 2 X 2 X 5 = 40. Prime Factors. 10 = 2 x 5 8=2x2x2 4 = 2x2. 4. 40 -4- 4, 8, 10 = 10, 5, 4, the multi- pliers required to reduce the given fractions t 40ths - 5. Hence, f = ft, J = |$, ^ = |f . In the accompanying table of factors there are but two different factors, 2 and 5. In finding the L. C. D. of the given fractions, 2 is taken three times and 5 is taken onetime, which is the greatest number of times each occurs. Hence, the L. C. D. = the product of the different factors of the given denominators taken the greatest number of times that each occurs. REDUCTION OF FRACTIONS 153 RULE. 1. Find the L. C. D. of the given fractions. 2. Reduce the fractions to the L. O. D. by the process for obtaining higher terms. 3. Reduce to a common denominator : 1. f, 1, H- 17- A, i, A, f 2. f,f, is- f,,A.A- 3- 1, A. if- 19- 1. f, i. f 4. |,f,f. 20. l,|,M,f 5- I, A, A- 21. i, I, A, J. e. I, A. A- 22. A, A, I. A- 7. f , I, A- 23. H, A, A, A- 8- f > f , A- 24. A, A, A. H- 9- i,f,A- 25. H.W.&.A- 10. A> !> A- 26. , if, A. H- 11. I, f, f, f 27. A, f, if, A- 12. |, iV 3 ^ if > A- ^S. ^g, -^-, -jfy, ^. 13- f, i, tf. A- 29. A, A, , A- 14- I, , i, 1- 30. i, f , A, A- is- 1, A, M, i si. I, A, f, f 16. f, f, f, H- 32. A, I, f, i. Reduction to Mixed Numbers. EXERCISES. 1. Reduce ^f- to a whole or a mixed number. Process. Explanation. 27 ) 293 ( 10|4 Division is indicated. We therefore divide 293 27 by 27, and obtain lOff . Or, we may say: "1 = ||; therefore, in 293 twenty-sevenths there are as many 1's as 27 is con- 00 tained times in 293, or lOff " 23 154 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC RULE. Perform the division indicated, and make the quotient exact. 2. Keduce to whole numbers : 1. f. 4. *.. 7. J. 10. 4A. 13. 2. 2. y. 5. J. 8. V- 11- 14. ff 3. if.. 6. A. 9. }. 12. 4. 15. - 2 /. 3. Reduce to mixed numbers : 1. . 5. - 1 /. 9. Jgt. 13. Y-- 17 - 21 - 2. Y- 6 - V- 10 - - 14 - 18 - 22 - 3. J. 7. Jj 5 -. 11. -%6. 15. ^L. 19. ^. 23. ff. 4. J^. 8. % 12. ZJL. 16. J^. 20. ^. 24. 4 5 -. 4. Reduce to whole or mixed numbers : 1. iff. 5. ifii. 9. Hft. 13. 2. Jfli. 6. if|i. 10. i|p. 14. 3- -Vi 1 - 7. ftf 11. WJL. 15. 4. i. 8 . Reduction of Mixed Numbers. EXERCISES. 1. Reduce 57^ to an improper fraction. Process. Explanation. 57 = 39.5.^ Since 1 = |, 57 = *94. - 3 f-^ + f = *%*. _39 I 5 __ 4 Q4 Or, regarding the mixed number as the result of a division, we may say: "57, the quotient, multiplied by 7, the divisor = 399 ; 399 -f 5, the remainder = 404, the dividend. Hence, 57f $A." KEDUCTION OF FRACTIONS 155 RULE. 1. Multiply the integer by the denominator. 2. To the product add the numerator. 3. Place the sum over the denominator. 2. Reduce to improper fractions : 1. 17f. 5. 86^. 9. 33&. 13. 56Qif 2. 402H- 6. 17^V 10. 188&. 14. 256fjf 3. 49f 7. 29^. 11. 509^-. 15. 1307 T V 4. 62|f. 8. 93i}. 12. 312^. 16. REVIEW. 1. Define the following terms : 1. Fraction. 2. Numerator. 3. Denominator. 4. Proper Fraction. 5. Improper Fraction. 6. Mixed Number. 7. Reduction. 8. Lowest Terms. 9. Common Divisor. 10. Greatest Common Divisor. 11. Like Fractions. 12. Unlike Fractions. 13. Common Denominator. 14. Least Common Denominator. 2. What is the principle of reduction to higher and lower terms ? 3. What is the rule of reduction to lowest terms ? 4. What is the L. C. D. the product of? 5. What is the rule for reduction to the L. C. D. ? 156 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC ADDITION OF FRACTIONS. INDUCTIVE STEPS. 1- $i + $} = how many fourths of a dollar ? 2. of a day and ^ of a day = how many fifths of a day? 3. If you spend -f$ of a dollar for pens and T 7 7 of a dollar for paper and ink, how many tenths and how many dollars do you spend ? 4. If a girl reads J of a book one week, J of the book the next week, what fractional part of the book has she read? 5. Why cannot J and J be added directly? 6. When fractions are unlike, what change must be made upon them before they can be added ? PRINCIPLE. If the fractions to be added are unlike, they must be reduced to like fractions. ORAL EXERCISES. 1. Allen gave ^ of his money for oranges and f for apples. What part of his money did he spend ? 2. If a book cost f of a dollar and some paper of a dollar, how much did both cost ? 3. Mary, having % of a dollar, earned ^ of a dollar. Had she then more or less than one dollar ? 4. A boy spent f of his money for a bat and of it for a ball. What part did he spend for both ? 5. Three ducks cost f of a dollar and two geese y of a dollar. What was the entire cost ? ADDITION OF FRACTIONS 157 6. 7^. of a dollar equals how many dollars ? Find the exact quotient. 7. - of a dollar equals how many fifteenths ? 8. I sold f of an acre of land to one man, -fa of an acre to another, and ^ to another. How many acres did I sell? 9. A man spent 9J dollars for a coat and 2f dollars for a vest. How much money did he spend for both ? Suggestion : 9 + 2 and -f . 10. 9-J dollars equal how many fifths of a dollar ? Analysis: 1 = f . 9 = ^. 4A + f = V- 11. $2f = how many eighths? Analyze. 12. Reduce ^ to a mixed number. 13. Eeduce ^- to a mixed number. 14. Find the sum of 9| and 4J. "WRITTEN EXERCISES. 1. What is the sum of , f, and -J-? Process. 1. L. C. D. = 2x2x2X3x5 = 120. 2. 120-4-5, 6,8, = 24, 20, 15. 3. t +1+1 Explanation. 1. The fractions are unlike. 2. They must be reduced to like fractions. 3. L. C. D. =2x2x2x3x5 = 120. 4. 120 divided by 5, 6, and 8 give 24, 20, and 15 as multipliers of both terms. 96 Hence, $ = jfr ; | = ^ J 1 = if*- 100 Adding, we have f {ft = 2 T \V 105 301 158 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 2. Find the sura of: 1- I, f f 8- 4, f, 1- 15. f, ft, if 2- f f , f 9- f A, A- 16. If, 2f , 4A, 6|. 3- f A. H- 10 - f f if I 7 - 1A. 2 i 3 i> M- 4. f A, f 11. A. A, A- 18. 2^, 5f, i, H. 5. i, |, M- 12. f, |, A- 19. 5|, -ft, A, 12J. 6- i, A. A- 13 - *t. 5 i' i- 20 - 7. |, I, A- 14- 3*. 6|, 3f. 21. 28A, 3. Find the sum of &, ff, Process. 2. 2 + 3 = 5. = 21, 3. J + J + i= 4 -l- 3 =i| = A = i- 4. 5 + 1A = 6A- Explanation. 1. No one of the fractions is in its lowest terms, and T | is an improper fraction. Reducing, we have T 6 g- = ^, f f 2|, -fa = . 2. 24-3 = 5, the sum of the integers. 3. % 4- \ 4" i> reduced to a common denominator, equals 1^. 4. 5, the sum of the whole numbers, plus Ij 1 ^, the sum of the fractions, equals 6^. RULE. 1. Reduce improper fractions to whole or mixed num- bers. 2. Reduce all fractions in higher terms to then- lowest terms. 3. Reduce the fractions to be added to a common de- nominator. 4. Place the sum of the numerators over the common denominator. 5. Add the sum of the integers to the sum of the fractions. ADDITION OF FRACTIONS 159 As we have already seen, whole numbers occurring should be added separately, and their sum finally added to the sum of the fractions. 4. What is the sum of: 1. l and J ? 8. | and f ? 15. 7^ and 8| ? 2. | and J? 9. 4| and 5f ? 16. , , and J? 3. l and ? 10. f and ? 17. |, J, and ? 4. l and l? 11. | and l? 18. fc }, and |? 5. land i? 12. f and f ? 19. f, J, andf? 6. | and 1? 13. 6f and 7f ? 20. If, 2|, and 3J? 7. 2| and 3f ? 14. f and f ? 21. , f, and f ? 5. Find the sum of: 1- M. ft, If. i- 11. 2^, 8i, 27|, 9f 2. 71 6&, 10f. 12. f, A, A. A 3. 14f, 3A, 1*. M- 13. 63A, 8f, > 4. |, 1^, lOf, 5. 14. ITyAr, AV. A. 5. 2J, |, 5f, 4f 16. 48|, 30, 63f, 8A, 6. 2A, 45, 16A- 16. A, A, H, T*T- 7. 91i, 270J, 3A, A- 17- 4F-. ^ V- 8. 23|, 6% if 1 , 18- H- 7 9- > V, , > I- is- H, i 10. ,,.* 20. , , H, H, *f "WRITTEN PROBLEMS. 1. James earned $1-J, John $5^, Asa $11J, An- drew $8J, and Thomas $7^. How much did they all earn ? 2. A man walked 26J miles on Monday, 13^ miles on Tuesday, 21f miles on Wednesday, and 13^- miles on Thursday. How many miles did he travel in all? 160 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 3. A man bought 4 pieces of cloth. The first con- tained 37f yards; the second, 41f yards; the third, 27f yards ; the fourth, 38^ yards. How many yards did he buy? 4. If a pound of beef costs 12f cents, a pound of tea $1.21J, a pound of coffee 22|- cents, what will all cost? 5. Two sheep cost ty of a dollar, a calf f of a dollar, and a lamb f of a dollar. What was the entire cost ? 6. A man who had spent 9| dollars for a coat and 2} dollars for a vest had 6^ dollars remaining. How much had he at first ? 7. Find the number of pounds of butter in 4 tubs weighing 27J pounds, 34f pounds, 32 pounds, and 29f pounds. 8. I gave away $38f and had left J5-J. How much money had I at first ? 9. A man gave his three boys $5.00, $7J, and $8J respectively, and had $10^ left. How much money had he at first ? 10. A bicycler rode 27| miles on Monday, 33J miles on Tuesday, 37J miles on Wednesday, and 42 miles on Thursday. How far did he ride in the four days ? 11. A three-sided field has its sides 31^, 46f, rods long respectively. How far is it around the field? 12. Four piles of wood contain 37 T %, 41-J, 29^, cords respectively. How many cords are in the four piles ? 13. A merchant sold 46f yards of cloth for $127^, 64| yards for $226f, and 76^ yards for $312|. How many yards did he sell, and how much money did he receive ? 14. Find the value of 8J + } + H + SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS 161 SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS. INDUCTIVE STEPS. 1. j| $1 = how many fourths of a dollar ? 2. of a day f of a day = how many fifths of a day ? 3. If you have ^ of a dollar and spend ^ of a dollar, how many tenths of a dollar have you left ? How many fifths? 4. Some boys have f of an hour for play. When they have played J of an hour, what part of an hour remains for play ? 5. Why cannot J be subtracted from directly ? 6. When fractions are unlike, what change must be made upon them before subtraction ? PRINCIPLE. If the fractions to be subtracted are unlike, they must be reduced to like fractions. ORAL EXERCISES. 1. If I have -f$ of a dollar, and spend ^ of a dollar, how much will I have left ? 2. If a boy has f of a dollar and gives away -| of a dollar, how much money has he remaining ? 3. If a girl who has f of a dollar gives away T 3 ^ of a dollar, how much has she left ? 4. Henry, having $-|, gave $^ for a slate and $ J for an inkstand. How much money had he left ? 5. A gentleman owning a yacht sold -f^ of it to a friend. What part of it did he still own ? 11 162 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 6. A boy earned $2 and immediately spent $. How much had he then ? Suggestion : f 2 = 7. If John earns J-J- per day and Henry earns $J-, how much more does John earn than Henry ? 8. If a man earns $3 per day and his wife spends $2J- thereof per day, how much is left per day ? Suggestion : $3 = $2f . 9. I spent at a store J-^ and gave in payment a $2 bill. How much did I receive in change ? 10. A lady having bought a hat for f 5-J- and gloves for , received how much in change out of a $10 bill. WRITTEN EXERCISES. 1. What is the difference between f and ^-. Process. Explanation. 3 JL . 1. We first reduce T \ to its lowest _ j^__ _ 2. _ -3. terms, J ; and then write f . 2. We next give the fractions a com- mon denominator by reducing \ to |. We then write f | = f . 2. From 6f take 2f 3. Find the value of 9f 3f Process. Process. 6| = m- 9* = 9M = 2f = 2if 3* = Stf = 3}f. Explanation. 1. We may subtract the integers and fractions separately. 2. Reducing the fractions to a common denominator we have ^f an 3. | cannot be subtracted from ^|. 4. 1, taken from 9, = # 5 tt + tt = |f. 5. 8|| - 3ff = 6ff SUBTKACTION OF FKACTIONS 163 BULB. 1. Reduce improper fractions to whole or mixed num- bers. 2. Reduce all fractions to their lowest terms. 3. Reduce the fractions to a common denominator. 4. Place the difference of the numerators over the com- mon denominator. 5. Add the difference of the integers to the difference of the fractions. 4. Find the value of: 1. f-i- 22. 6f-2f 3. | f 24. 18 9f. 4. | - f 25. 13 - 6f 5. | f 26. 22 8A- 6. A--f 27. 16f-10f. 7. 6 - 4f 28. | + i - i. 8. |-f 29. | + f-i 9. A"f 30. 3f + i-2f. 10. A-i- 31. i + f-f 11. ij-i 32. f + ^-A. 12. A-A. 33. t + i-A- 13. 7|-3|. 34. l-l-f^. 14. 4-|. 35. A i+> 15. 7i~fr. 36. 4f +2|-5i 16- A -A- 37. l + f + l-A- 17. A-A- 38. 6-2i + 6i~A- 18. |f A- 39. 5J- + 3| + 2^ -- 10f 19. 32f ~ 20f 40. 10|- + 4Jf 6f -- If. 20. 44 16||. 41. 10 -- 4| + 12| -- ^. 21. 36| 18f 42. 8f -f 4f 10J A- 164 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC WRITTEN PROBLEMS. NOTE. Indicate all operations before performing them. 1. A farmer having 4J tons of hay bought 8f tons more. He then sold *l\ tons. How much had he left? 2. After losing $6^- and loaning $3f , a man had $18. How much had he at first? 3. A horse cost $147f and a carriage $189^. How much more did the carriage cost than the horse ? 4. What number must be added to 19^ to make 106f? 5. A drover sold f of his flock of sheep to one man, and \ of it to another. What part of his flock did he sell ? What part of it had he left ? 6. A man, having 9| dollars, paid 3f dollars for boots, and 4f dollars for a hat. How much had he left? 7. The sum of two numbers is 12^. One of the numbers is 7^. What is the other number ? 8. Add together f, ^f-, ^-, and from their sum sub- tract ^. 9. -j% of a pole is in the mud, - T of it is in the water, and the rest of it is in the air. What part of it is in the air ? 10. From a piece of silk containing 30J yards, a sales- man cut off 3 yards, 4f yards, and 12^ yards. How many yards remained ? 11. A man had ^ of his sheep in one pasture, ^ in another, and ^ in a third, and the remainder in a fourth. What part is in a fourth ? 12. How much added to $10f will make $15|. MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS 165 MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS. INDUCTIVE STEPS. 1. Two times f equal what? Three times -| equal what ? 5 times ^ equal what ? $ = what in lowest terms ? 2. If 5 times ^ = , how may the ^ be obtained directly ? 1. Find 6 times ^ in lowest terms directly. 2. Find 8 times -f in lowest terms directly. 3. Find 10 times -f$ in lowest terms directly. 3. Is it multiplication or division that gives lower and lowest terms ? 4. There are two ways of multiplying a fraction by an integer : 1. Multiplying the numerator multiplies the frac- tion. 2. Will you not supply the second way ? PRINCIPLES. 1. Multiplying the numerator multiplies the frac- tion. 2. Dividing the denominator multiplies the frac- tion. To Multiply a Fraction by an Integer. ORAL PROBLEMS. 1. If one book costs f of a dollar, what will 6 books cost ? 2. At $|i- per yard, what will 9 yards T)f cloth cost ? 166 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 3. How much will 1 6 books cost at $ each ? 4. James earns $^ of a dollar in one day. How much will he earn in 12 days? 5. What is the cost of 15 bushels of oats at of a dol- lar a bushel ? 6. If a man earns $1|- per day, how much does he earn in 6 days ? 7. At 12^ cents a dozen, what will 6 dozen oranges cost? 8. What will 10 dozen eggs cost at 15^ cents per dozen ? 9. What is the cost of 3 yards of cloth at $2f a yard ? 10. If 6 times 6f years equal twice my age, how old am I? WRITTEN EXERCISES. 1. Multiply ^ by 9. Process. Explanation. 1 ^/ n 7 01 1- Denominator is divisible by multiplier 9. }$ 2 2. Dividing the denominator multiplies the 9 fraction. 3. Cancelling 9 and 18, we have |. 4. Reducing |, we have 3^. 2. Multiply 12f by 4. Process. Explanation. 12 3 = ^ * ! Reducing 12|, we have - 6 /. .6JL \/ A. 252 <=in2 ^. Denominator 5 is not exactly di- 3. Multiplying the numerator multiplies the fraction. 4. 4 times -/ = *$* = 50|. MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS 167 RULE. Divide the denominator or multiply the numerator of the fraction by the integer. NOTE. The integer and fraction of a mixed number may be multiplied separately and the results added. 3. Multiply: 1- -j V by 13. 8. $byll. 15. |f. by 21. 2. , V b y 14 - 9. 44 by 25. lo J 16. iffby 18. 3. { i by 18. 10. | by 400. 17. Mfby32. *'.! 1 by 18. 11. 2} by 8. 18. |fi by 60. 5. a ^by7. 12. 6| by 5. 19. m by 26. 6. ^ by 23. 13. 18f by 21. 20. tffa by 144. 7. | by 37. 14. 22| by 108. 21. ^^ by 273. "WRITTEN PROBLEMS. 1. What will 20 magazines cost at $fa each? 2. At $-| a yard, what will 12 yards of cashmere cost ? 3. A householder bought 21 baskets of peaches, each containing f bushels. How many bushels did he buy ? 4. What is the value of 14 bushels of peaches at $-J per bushel ? 5. How much will 18 yards of silk cost at $4f per yard? 6. At 2| cents a pound, what will 8 pounds of chalk cost? 7. If a family consumes 5^ barrels of flour in 1 year, how much would they consume in 9 years ? 8. When flour is $8f per barrel, how much must be paid for 16 barrels? 9. Find the weight of 8 reams of paper at 14^ pounds per ream. 168 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 10. Find the cost of 81 acres of land at $28- per acre. 11. Mr. Brown bought 21 tons of coal at $5J a ton. "What was the cost of the coal ? 12. What is the cost of 27 cords of wood at $3 per cord? 13. A barrel contains 31^- gallons. How many gallons in 13 barrels ? 14. 12 men make a purchase together, each paying $617f . What was the cost of the purchase ? 15. What will 72 yards of cloth cost, at $2.12 per yard? 16. From a chest of tea containing 45J pounds, 14| pounds are sold. How many pounds remain ? What is the value of the remainder at $1.00 per pound ? To Multiply an Integer or a Fraction by a Fraction. INDUCTIVE STEPS. 1. John had 9 marbles and lost ^ of them. How many did he lose ? 9 X ^ equal how many ? 9 X J = how many ? j. x 9 = how many ? 2. Do not % of 9, X 9, 9 X -J-, 9 times J, all mean the same thing ? 3. James had 12 apples; he gave away J of them. How many did he give away ? How many ways of writing the operation have you in mind ? 4. What does the word " of" mean in such cases? 5. What sign will represent " of." MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS 169 6. What sign stands for the word " times." 7. f of 15 means what, or is the same as what? 8. Does 15 X give the same result as f X 15 ? 9. In f X 15 what numbers may be cancelled and what is the result ? 1O. Express f of f in two other ways. Suggestion : Use cancellation and state your result. WRITTEN EXERCISES. 1. Multiply 7 by f Process. Explanation. 17 1. 7 X H means H of 7 - 17 x 7 _ W _ 17 _ 4 , 2. A of 7 = A- 9ft ^ 1 9 ~ ~ A. ~ ~ ** f 3. ^ of 7 = Y/. Q 4. Cancelling 7 out of 28 and 119 we have -M- = 4J. 17 T 17 X T = ;: -j- = 4J. In practice cancel before you mul- 4 2. Multiply -f$ by ^V Process. Explanation. 1 L 2 1 x _i K 2^ - * Cancelling 5 and the product is . 9 we have, as results, above the low the line, 2x4 = 8. Hence, 3. Find the product of 6J and 4J. Process. 6i X 4J = X J == 1 = Explanation. 1. Eeducing the mixed number to improper fractions we have \ 3 - X - 2. There are no common factors. 3. 13 X 17 = 221 ; 2 X 4 = 8. 4. The product is *fi or 27$ . 170 ELEMENTAKY ARITHMETIC GENERAL RULE. 1. Express integers and mixed numbers as fractions and indicate the multiplication. 2. Cancel all common factors. 3. Form products of the resulting numbers. What is the principle of the second step ? 4. Multiply : 1. 14 by f 4. 29 by ^. 7. 24 by 10}. 2. 24 by |. 5. 106 by f . 8. 32 by 12J. 3. 49 by y. 6. 144 by ff 9. 36 by 12f 5. Find the value of: 1. 7 x A- 16 - I of 55 f 2. 12 X if 17 T of 3f 3. 11 Xi-fr- I 8 - Tfof H- 4. X 11. 19. ii of ff. 5. 42| X 9. 20. fi of ||. 6. lOOf X 12. 21. 2| x | of f 7. 105 X &. 22. ty x 1 X A. 8. 20f x 48. 23. ^ of 8J- X $. 9. 5fJ x 729. 24. | of T \ of ^. 10. 81^ X 40. 25. T 5 T X | X 4f 11. | of . 26. if X 5J X ^. 12. | of ^. 27. ^ X 71 X 6f 13. H of ff. 28. 12J X A X 16f 14- if of if. 29. 371XXH- 15. | of 65f 30. 8i X A X 1 T V 6. What is the cost of : 1. | of a ton of hay at $12| per ton ? 2. 32| yards of broadcloth at $4|- per yard ? 3. 8 tons of coal at |5f a ton ? MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS 171 4. 5J cords of wood at $6f a cord ? 5. f of an acre of land at $100 per acre ? 6. 18| days' work at $lf per day ? 7. 50^ pounds of sugar at 4f cents per pound ? 8. lOf yards of cloth at 18f cents per yard? 9. 12 baseballs at $| each ? 10. 87-|- pounds of paper at 3f cents a pound ? WRITTEN PROBLEMS. 1. How much will 4^- yards of cloth cost at $!- a yard? 2. At $|- per bushel, what cost 21 baskets of peaches, each containing -- of a bushel ? 3. 24J cubic feet equal a perch of stone. How many cubic feet in 5^- perches ? 4. A man having 387J- acres of land sold of it. How many acres did he sell? 5. Reduce to simplest form f of -J of 9^. 6. Mr. A. sold | of 150f cords of wood at $10| a cord. What did he receive for it ? 7. Find the cost of 28 hats at $2f each. 8. Find the weight of 8^ reams of paper at 14f pounds per ream. 9. If a man saw 3f cords of wood in one day, how much will he saw in -| of a day ? 10. A horse and cow were bought for $180. The cow cost \ as much as the horse. Find the price of each ? Suggestion : Let | = the price of the horse. 11. 5^- yards equal 1 rod. How many yards are there in fj- of 8| rods ? 172 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 12. A grocer, by selling 4-|- gallons of molasses at $-f a gallon, gains $|. What did the 4J gallons cost him ? 13. What is the cost of 15 boxes of starch, each con- taining 74- pounds, at 6J cents per pound ? DIVISION OP FRACTIONS. INDUCTIVE STEPS. 1. $J -- 3 = what? | of a ton -f- 5 = what? ^ of a mile -j- 4 = what ? 2. In dividing by 3, 5, and 4, what part of the fractions did you divide ? 3. What, then, is the effect of dividing the numerator ? 4. One half-dollar equals how many quarter- dollars? Then $j- -s- 2 = what? $ -*- 2 = what? $ of a ton -r- 3 = what ? ff- of a mile -*- 7 = what ? How did you obtain the results J, -J-, -^g-, and ^? 5. What, then, is the effect of multiplying the denomi- nator ? PRINCIPLES. 1. Dividing the numerator divides the fraction. 2. Multiplying the denominator divides the frac- tion. To Divide a Fraction by an Integer. ORAL PROBLEMS. 1. If 5 slates can be bought for $|f, what is the price of each slate ? 2. If 5 pounds of sugar cost $^, what is the price per pound? DIVISION OF FRACTIONS 173 3. A farmer received $2f for 8 bushels of oats. How much was that per bushel ? 4. I paid $67|- for coal. If I bought 10 tons, how much was that per ton ? 5. How many barrels of apples at $2 per barrel can be bought for $8}? 6. If 3 bushels of potatoes are sold for $f , what is the price per bushel ? 7. A laborer earned $15f in 9 days. How much was that per day ? 8. If 4 pairs of shoes cost 16 dollars, how much is that per pair ? 9. I paid 1^ dollars for 5 pounds of butter. How much was that per pound ? 10. If a boy can walk 16f miles in 5 hours, how far can he walk in one hour ? "WRITTEN EXERCISES. 1. Divide f by 9. Process. Explanation. 1$ _._ 2^ 1. The numerator 18 is divisible by 9. 31 31 2. Dividing the numerator divides the fraction. 3. Cancelling 9 and 18, we have ^ 2 T . Or, we may say : "$f -s- 9 = of f , which is ^-." 2. Divide ^ by 9. Process. Explanation. f- -i- 9 = |^- = 1&. 1. The numerator 30 is not exactly divis- ible by 9. 2. Multiplying the denominator divides the fraction. 3- x 9 = M = tf. 174 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC BULB. Divide the numerator, or multiply the denominator, of the fraction. 3. Divide: 1. |f by 2. 11. HI by 5. 21. 25f by 6. 2. if by 6. 12. ^ff by 9. . 22. 87| by 12. 3. if by 5. 13. Iff by 11. 23. 42f by 18. 4. f-f- by 7. 14. iff by 12. 24. 11 \ by 5. 5. |f by 13. 15. iff by 13. 25. 33f by 12. 6. if by 15. 16. f|f by 18. 26. 174f by 14. 7. ff by 19. 17. fff by 16. 27. 878^- by 15. 8. if by 21. 18. |ff by 21. 28. 264| by 7. 9. || by 20. 19. fjf by 341.' 29. 182f by 9. 10. |f by 25. 20. ^ b J 207 - 30 - 269 7 b J 144 - WRITTEN PROBLEMS. 1. If 20 pencils cost $f , what part of a dollar is the price of 1 pencil ? 2. If 7 dozen eggs cost $f , what is the cost per dozen ? 3. At $5 per yard, how much silk can be bought for $18} f 4. For $221 how many yards of cloth can be bought at $3 per yard ? 5. A father divided equally among his 5 children $478f . How much did each receive ? 6. A., B., and C. gained in business $734f. Distribute the gain equally among them. 7. I bought 25 pounds of butter for $5. How much did I pay per pound ? 8. If 54 horses cost $4622f , what is the cost of each ? DIVISION OF FRACTIONS 175 9. A man paid $99f for 4 cows. How much was that apiece ? 10. If 9 men consume J of 9f pounds of meat in a day, how much does each man consume ? 11. How many times will 16f gallons of cider fill a vessel that holds 3 gallons ? 12. If 87 cows cost $3870^-, what is their average cost? 13. If 12 yards of silk are worth f 16.46f , what is the value per yard ? 14. John can walk 21 miles in | of a day. In what part of a day can he walk 1 mile ? 15. How many times is 27 contained in |- of ^ of 42-J? 16. If 16 tons of hay cost $190f, what is the cost of 1 ton? 17. If 21 cords of wood cost $115J, what is the cost of 1 cord ? 18. A man paid $63f for 15 tons of coal. Find the cost per ton ? To Divide an Integer or a Fraction by a Fraction. 1. To reciprocate is to give in return. 3 = f . The re- ciprocal of 3 or f = J, so called because the space below the line reciprocates or gives in return 3 for 3. 2. Since f X % = 1, and f X f = 1, and so on, any two quantities whose product is 1 are called reciprocal quantities. 3. As we have just seen, the reciprocal of 3 is ^, and the reciprocal of f is f , or inverted. 4. What is the reciprocal of 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 50, 144? 5. What is the reciprocal of }, f , f , |, -&, f 176 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC WRITTEN EXERCISES. 1. Divide -J^- by f. Process. First Explanation. 1 1 V i = -|-5- 1-ft-I. li i g tf 16 dividend ; ^ the divisor, and the quotient is to be found. If 1 or ^ be divided by ^ the quotient is -. But the dividend is not 1, but ^| of 1, and therefore the quotient required is || of -. j. Of | = 12X8 == ^ ~ ^^' Q 110 ^ 611 ^. Observe that in j^-] the divisor appears in inverted form , which is called the Reciprocal of ^. The process may also be explained as follows : Second Explanation. According to the principle, " Multiplying the denominator divides the fraction," we have \\ -=- 5 = 12 1 ^ & . Here 5, the numerator of the frac- tion, is used as a divisor. But ^ means 5 divided by 7. Therefore, the divisor, 5, is seven times as large as it should be, and the quotient obtained by dividing by 5 is only one-seventh as large as the true quotient ; hence, we must multiply by 7. 12 ^ 5 X 7 = H^l == ^ == 1 ^' ( l uotient - x Here, again, you will observe that in \\ x g, the divisor ^ appears in inverted form \. Third Explanation. Again, both dividend and divisor may be reduced to a common denom- inator and the division be performed thus : From the foregoing we derive the following RULES. Invert the divisor and multiply. Or, Reduce dividend and divisor to common denominator, and then divide the numerator of the dividend by the nu- merator of the divisor. DIVISION OF FRACTIONS 177 17- 6| by f. 18. THbyS 19. 25 by 8 20. 14ft by 21. 214| by 22. ft by 4 23. 6| by 8f 24. 7| by 2. Divide: 1. * by f 9. A ^ f 2. fbyf 10. tfbyf 3. fby^. 11. if by A- 4. f by f 12. A by A- 5. A by f . 13. |f by f 6. A by I 4 - *i b y A- 7. A by f- 15. fj by A- 8. rf by f 16. m by H- 3. Divide f of of f by f of { of Process. Explanation. 1. Inverting the fractions of the divisor, 2. Writing X throughout, 3. Cancelling common factors, 4. And multiplying together remaining factors, 5. We have -\% = 7|. 4. Divide & of 4 by f of 3J. Process. ;0 1 5 13 ~~ 325 5 Explanation. 1. 4 and 3^ reduced becomes f and ^. 2. Inverting divisor, cancelling, and multiplying, 3. We have f ff == 5. Divide: 1. fof^byfofM- 2- A f H by $ of if. 12 178 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 8- t of f of if by f of A of H- 4. ^ of H of If by ft of ft of 5- HX&byjf X T V 6- # X H by f$ -i- if. 7- H X if* ^ tf X #. 8. 16| by 18f. f X f X f by f X i X 6. 10. | X & X I X 22 by f X f X f X 10. 11- | X f X f X 3 by | X | X H- 12. | X j- X X 9 by | X f X f of 2. 13. 21 X 1ft by ^ X A- 14. ^ of 3^ by 1ft X T V 15. | of A by ^ of ^ of 4^. 16. | of | of A by | of i of f 6. Find the value of: 1. f of 3t -f- 6J. 2 - * + A of A- 3- (f-A)X-A. 4. (3f - 3J) X }. 6. | of 6J -H A of of 6. 3J of 8J -s- A of 4|. 7. | of f of |f H- 7. 8. f of 4^ of ^- -4- 6^. 9- A - ( of 3i of 2f). 10. A -*- (f x 3^ x 2f). 11. (|--f) x I^T. 12. (f of | of 5J) -i- (if of 48). 13. (5J + 18|) X (11H + 12A> 14. (f of 2|V 2J) X | H- (i of |). 15. (| of | of 2) *- (j. of 3|). 16. (7| -*- 4f) H- f of | of (5| *. 8f). DIVISION OF FRACTIONS 179 17. (311 + 8 ) X (6f 18. 21 X f X (21 -^ |) of if . 19. (31 + 41) X V X (I - 3 20. (3| of 1 A) -*- (I of 6|). WRITTEN PROBLEMS. 1. I paid $12 for baseballs, at f of a dollar each. How many did I buy ? 2. At J of a dollar a pound, how much butter can be bought for ^|- of a dollar ? 3. If a man pays $1 J per day for his board, for how long a time will $25 pay for his board ? 4. How many times can a jar holding J of -J of a gallon be filled from another jar containing f of 3J gallon ? 5. At $3f a cord, how many cords of wood can be bought for $40 ? 6. At $-f a pound, how many pounds of butter will $110 buy? 7. At $6^ a bushel, how many bushels of clover-seed can be bought for $40f ? 8. How many books, at $3^- per volume, can be pur- chased for $31 J? 9. If -ft of an acre of land is worth $23f, what is one acre worth ? 10. How many sheep must I sell at $3^ a head to obtain $169? 11. If a yard of silk costs $2^, how many yards- can be bought for $18^? 12. If a man earns $lf a day, in how many days will he earn $12J? 180 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 13. I paid $38J f or g yar( j s o f c i ot h. What was the price per yard? 14. How many pounds of butter, at 32J cents a pound, must be given for 37} pounds of sugar, at 6 cents a pound ? 15. By what must 2f -r- 3 be multiplied to give the product 1 ? 16. If a man travel 28^ miles in one day, how many days will it take him to travel 177f miles? 17. 453J -5- 5 x 11 i = what? COMPLEX FRACTIONS. 1. Reduce | to a simple fraction. $ Process. Explanation. 1. | is dividend and | divisor. 2. We invert the divisor and multiply. 3. The product is ff , or 1^. 2. Reduce -f to a simple fraction. Process. 2-*-6 = -5-Jy- = t X Explanation. 1. 2 is dividend, 6 divisor. 2. Reducing the mixed numbers, inverting the divisor, and multiply- ing, we have T 3 /j- FRACTIONAL RELATION 181 3. Find the value of: if 7 HI ' T T* T" '" *F 54 Q 41 I 5f ios 10. z. >. 1. 11. U|-i j a 12. 1^1. 18. H-M. 8f |of4i ttf-*-B FRACTIONAL RELATION. INDUCTIVE STEPS. 1. $5 is J of how many dollars? $10 is J of how many dollars ? $20 is of how many dollars ? $20 is of how many dollars ? $20 is of how many dollars ? 2. Of what number is 20 four-fifths ? 8 is f of what number ? 8 is -| of what number ? 3. Since 8 is f of 12, f expresses the relation of 8 to 12. 4. Since 8 is J- of 9, f expresses the relation of 8 to 9. 5. 8 is f of what number? Since 8 is f of 12, and since |- X f = 12, how may the required number be found ? PRINCIPLE. The given number is the dividend. The fraction of relation is the divisor. The required number is the quotient. 132 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC EXERCISES. 1. 84 is f of what number ? Process. Explanation. 14 1. 84 is the dividend. 84 _^_ 6 $ v 1 QQ 2. f is the divisor. i * 7 i i 3. The quotient is required. 4. Y- X I = - X 7 = 98. Or, we may say, " f of the number = 84, \ = 14, $ = 98." RULE. Multiply by the fraction of relation inverted. 2. To apply the rule : 1. 18 is -J of what number? o a. The fraction of relation inverted is f . b. X | = ^ = 27. 2. 60 is ^ of what number ? 3. 125 is f of what number? 4. 216 is ff of what number? 3. To apply analysis : 1. 47 is | of what number? | of number = 44 ; l of number = 22 ; f of number = 66. 2. 45 is f of what number ? 3. | of | is % of what number ? 4. 1-| is 4 of ^ of what number ? o o o WRITTEN PROBLEMS. 1. If $64 is f of my money, how much money have I? 2. Sold a watch for $43|, which was -J of its cost. What did it cost? 3. What is the price of land, per acre, when -^j- of an acre costs $44.25. 4. If $425 is ^1 of my salary, what is my salary ? FRACTIONAL RELATION 183 5. Sold my farm for $3360, which was f of its value. Find its value. 6. A house was sold for of its cost. If the selling price was $2100, what was the cost? 7. A freight train ran 15 miles per hour, which was f as fast as an express train. What was the rate of the express train ? 8. If $6000 is f of the value of my farm, what is f of its value ? 9. If $96 is the cost of f of an acre, what will one acre cost? 10. If f of a box of oranges cost $5.50, what will one box cost ? 8 boxes ? 11. J of a foundry is worth $540}. What is the foundry worth ? 12. If |- of an acre of land cost $80, what will 1 acre cost ? What will -^ cost ? 13. f of a barrel of flour costs $4.20. Find the cost of a barrel. 14. -f T of 5f is y^ of what number ? 15. A man sold |- of his share of stock for $5120. What was his share worth? If he owned -fa of the stock, what was the stock worth ? 16. If YV of a task can be done in |- of a day, in what time can the whole task be performed ? 17. If -f- of a box of pens costs 25 cents, what do 18 boxes cost? 18. Mr. Brown sold a horse for f of its cost, and re- ceived $75. . What was the cost of the horse ? 19. A farmer sold ^ of his sheep, keeping 20. How many sheep had he at first ? How many did he sell ? 184 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 20. A man bequeathed to his wife $36,000, which was -fr of his estate. The remainder was divided equally among his 4 children. What did each child receive ? 21. If f of the gain equals -f% of the cost, what part of the cost does the whole gain equal ? ORAL REVIEW. 1. Find the value of -J- + f -f }. 2. Find the sum of , J, . 3. In $6f how many fourths of a dollar are there? 4. Eeduce to improper fractions : ?-, 6f , 5-f , 7|, 5. Reduce to integers or mixed numbers : J^, 6. What is the sum of 6J, 4f, 7, 4J-? 7. "What is the value of $42 $39. 8. Find the difference between 20 acres and 6-J acres. 9. If a man spends ^ of his money, what fraction of it has he left ? 10. I spent $16J and had $11| left. How much money had I at first ? 11. If $36 is of what an article cost, what did the article cost ? 12. A man sold a watch for $70, which cost him only ^ of that sum. How much did he gain by the sale ? 13. What will 3 pairs of shoes cost at $3| a pair? 14. If a horseless carriage runs 60^ miles in 6 hours, at what rate per hour does it run ? 1 5. A farmer bought a horse and a cow. The cow cost him $30. f of this sum is \ of what he paid for the horse. What did he pay for the horse ? FRACTIONAL RELATION 185 16. If f expresses the relation of to some other num- ber, what is that number ? 17. 66f is f of what number? 18. | of a number -f- ^ of f of the number = 40. What is the number ? WRITTEN REVIEW. 1. Find the sum of 1-&, 7^, f . 2. A man having $27f received $16 T 9 Q- for work, and paid out $18-|-. How much had he then ? 3. A boy has $3^ to buy a dog worth $5|-. How much more money must he get ? 4. How much will 6 men earn in 6J days at $3J each per day ? 5. A person spending ^, J- , and ^ of his money had $119 left. How much had he at first? 6. How much will 2f dozen eggs cost at 12J cents a dozen ? 7. A farmer sold 22-J- pounds of butter at -^ of a dol- lar a pound, and took in exchange cloth at f of a dollar a yard. How much cloth did he get ? 8. How many books at 66f cents each can be bought for $36. 9. What is the value of 54 loads of wheat, each con- taining 25 bushels, at $1 J per bushel ? 10. After spending of his money, a man had $36 re- maining. How much had he at first ? 11. A farmer buys a horse for $140, and sells it at an advance of ^j- of the cost. What is the selling price ? 12. Find the value of * ^ %L-' i 01 3| 186 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 13. The sum of two numbers is 12^. One of the numbers is 7-f-. What is the other number ? 14. A grocer, having -J of a barrel of sugar, sold of it for 4| dollars. What was the value of the barrel at the same rate ? 15. A man owns 87 T 5 g- acres of land, his wife owns 42f acres, and his son 29f acres. How many acres do they own together ? 16. Of a certain farm, ^ is pasture, -J is under cultiva- tion, and the remainder is woodland. If the woodland is 50 acres, how many acres in the whole farm ? 17. A wind blowing 28-$- miles an hour blows how far in 10J hours ? 18. If A. can do a piece of work in 4 days, how much of it can he do in 1 day? If B. can do a piece of work in 5 days, how much can he do in 1 day ? How much can A. and B. do together in 1 day ? 19. If A. and B. can do J -f- -J- of the work in one day, in what time can they together do the whole work ? 20. Two men together earned $870. If one earned f as much as the other, how much did each earn ? 21. What number divided by ^ equals 6^? What principle is involved ? 22. At $2^- per barrel, how many barrels of apples can be bought for $55 ? 23. A dealer in farming implements paid $149^ for 8 ploughs. For how much apiece must he sell them to gain $8-| on each plough ? 24. A man bought 14 tons of hay at $12|- a ton, and sold it at $16f a ton. How many dollars did he gain? How many dollars did he gain per ton ? FRACTIONAL RELATION 187 25. How many bushels of oats at J- of a dollar a bushel will pay for f of a barrel of flour at $4f a barrel ? 26. When wheat sells at $1-|- per bushel, how many bushels can be bought for $198 ? 27. From -I of I- of -J of 34 subtract 4- of --, and reduce y o o o * IF' to lowest terms. 28. If J of a pound of tea costs $-|-, how many pounds can be bought for $7| ? 29. Find the difference between 3| X 6| and 7| -=- If. 30. A man sold l and ^ of his farm, and had 26f acres left. How many acres had he at first ? 31. What will 75 men earn in 18f days, if each earns ^A dollars each day ? 32. If it takes 1 1 men 45f days to do a piece of work, how many days will it take 1 man to do the same work? 33. Reduce to its lowest terms j?|||. 34. Reduce *^ * to a simple fraction. 35. If 3 be added to both terms of the fraction 4. will o " the value be increased or diminished ? 36. | of 72 is | of what number? 37. Find the sum of 2^-, 4|, 3f 38. Find the value of 728 f | f . 39. How long is a post of which 5 feet is above water, | is in the water, and -J in the mud ? 40. Reduce to its simplest form * * 71 , ^l/". 4 1| -)- 2^ 41. Reduce 4M4 to its lowest terms. O A O O 42 . Find the smallest number that will exactly contain 15, 18, 21, 24, and 30. 43. Find the prime factors of 1226, 1938, and 2346, and also the G. C. D. of these numbers. 188 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 44. Find the cost of 8 rolls of carpet, 42J yards in a roll, at 91f cents per yard. 45. A horse and cow were bought for $180; the cow cost % as much as the horse. Find the price of each. 46. If | of $ of a ship cost $70,000, what is ^- of it worth ? 47. Divide ~ | by --. 48. A. and B. can do a piece of work in 10 days. A. can do ^ as much as B. In what time can each do the work? 49. From f of ^ take ^ of If 50. Find the value of MDCCCXCIX -f- ^. 51. Find the value of: 1. (16| + 14^) X f 2- (I of T 6 T + 15) X (15 - f of f). 3- (If X ) -*- ( X tf ). 4- (t + A) X T 3 T + (A + *) X 3. 5. (| of 8J -3 X A)X(t-s-i+H)- 6. (A - A - TV + T 4 y) + 281. 4J - 3f + 12^) X 70. 2f 10 52. What is the principle of : 1. Addition of fractions? "What is the rule? 2. Subtraction of fractions ? What is the rule ? 53. What are the principles of : 1 . Multiplication of fractions ? What is the rule ? 2. Division of fractions ? What is the rule ? 3. Fractional relation ? What is the ru4e ? DECIMAL FRACTIONS 189 DECIMAL FRACTIONS. INDUCTIVE STEPS. 1. 1 ten = 10. 1. How often does 10 occur as a factor of 100 ? Then 100 = 10 X 10. 2. How often does 10 occur as a factor of 1000? Then 1000 = what? 3. How often does 10 occur as a factor of 10,000? Then 10,000 = what? 2. Decimal [Latin, decent, ten] means consisting of tens. A> T*TT TTOT> TWGT> etc -> are called Decimal Fractions or Decimals, on account of their decimal denominators. 3. Decimals are fractions having 1 with ciphers an- nexed for their denominators. 2- A of TJhr = what? 3. T Vof 1000 = what? 4. What law of increase and decrease governs both Decimals and Integers ? 5. Since 10 of any order of decimals equal 1 of the next higher order, the denominator of a decimal may be indicated by the position of the numerator. 6. The numerator is always preceded by a mark [ . Jj called the Decimal Point. 1. y 1 ^ = .1. First place. 2. y^j- .01. Second place. 3. T ^ = .001. Third place. 4. T^Tnj- = .0001. Fourth place. 5. One and one-tenth is written 1.1. 6. One and one-hundredth is written 1.01. 190 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 7. The decimal point, being thus used to separate the integer and decimal of a number, is called the Separatrix. 1. .5 = y 5 ^, read " five tenths." 2. .05 =-- yfo, read "five hundredths." 3. .005 = y^j-, read " five one-thousandths." 4. .0005 = -nHhnj-, read " five ten-thousandths." 5. .00005 1 6 5 g-, read " five hundred-thousandths." 6. .000005 = TTjHhnrr* read " five millionths." Fix in your mind that 6 decimal places express millionths. Numeration Table. 1 03 R S -thousandths. "I 02 1 "S 1 w S S .- *c r^ 1 d 3 W e i H3 C W .2 1 3 V-_ 4 5 . > 6 3 2 i 7 4 INTEGERS. DECIMALS. The orders below millionths are : Ten-millionths, hun- dred-millionths, billipnths, ten-billionths, hundred bill- ionths, etc. In the table, what place is held by : 1. Tenths? 2. Millionths? 3. Hundredths? 4. Thousandths? 5. Ten-thousandths? 6. Millionths? 7. Hundred-thousandths ? 8. Ten-thousandths? 9. Hundredths? 10. Tenths. DECIMAL FRACTIONS 191 In the table, what is the decimal name of 'the : 1. First place? 7. Sixth place? 2. Sixth place ? 8. Fifth place ? 3. Second place ? 9. Fourth place ? 4. Fifth place? 10. Third place? 5. Third place? 11. Second place? 6. Fourth place? 12. First place? 5.6 is read " Five and 6-tenths." 45.63 is read "Forty-five and 63-hundredths." 345.632 is read " Three hundred forty-five and 632- thousandths." The decimal point is read " and." In reading a decimal, only the decimal name of the last figure is given. EXERCISES. 1. Read 53.467. 1. The integer is read " Fifty-three." 2. The point is read " and." 3. 467 is read " Four hundred sixty-seven thousandths." 4. 53.467 is read "Fifty-three and four hundred sixty-seven thousandths." NOTE. When there is no integer the point is not read. RULE. 1. Read the decimal as you read an integer. 2. Close with the decimal name of the right-hand figure, 2. Read: 1. .38. 6. 3.2. 11. 300.45. 2. .58. 7. 4.03. 12. 126.567. 3. .487. 8. 5.004. 13. 75.890. 4. .056. 9. 6.0005. 14. 87.0781. 5. .0579. 10. 7.00006. 15. 999.00089. 192 ELEMENTAEY ARITHMETIC 16. .5346. 21. 81.000007. 26. 1000.321467. 17. .7935. 22. 92.123456. 27. 5000.000078. 18. .80465. 23. 100.789012. 28. 6789.000005. 19. .915766. 24. 246.345678. 29. 1234.123456. 20. .0268778. 25. 757.009102. 30. 5678.901234. 3. Write 169 thousandths as a decimal. 1. Writing the given number as an integer, we have 169. 2. Prefixing the decimal point, we have .169. 4. Write as a decimal 36 ten-thousandths. 1. Writing the number as an integer, we have 36. 2. Ten-thousandths occupy the fourth place. 3. Prefixing two ciphers, we have 0036. 4. Prefixing the decimal point to that result, we have .0036. RULE. 1. Disregarding the decimal name, write the given num- ber as an integer. 2. When necessary, prefix ciphers to give the last digit the decimal name required. 3. To the result prefix the decimal point. 5. Write as decimals the following : 1. Eight tenths. Seven tenths. Six tenths. One tenth. 2. Twenty-five hundredths. Thirty-two hun- dredths. 3. Twenty-seven thousandths. Three hundred three thousandths. 4. Eight ten-thousandths. Ninety-five hundred- . thousandths. 5. Eight and three hundred seventeen millionths. 6. Twelve and seven hundred thirty-three thou- sandths. DECIMAL FRACTIONS 193 7. Fifty and one hundred seven ten-thousandths. 8. Forty-eight and fifty-five hundred-thousandths. 9. Eighty-four and nine millionths. 10. 537 hundred-thousandths. 47 millionths. 11. 840 ten-thousandths. 435 thousandths. 12. 507 millionths. 480 ten-thousandths. 13. 46 hundred- thousandths. 420 thousandths. 14. 326 ten-millionths. 25 billionths. 15. 27 hundredths. 11 thousandths. 6 ten-thou- sandths. 16. 3 millionths. 4 ten-thousandths. 5 ten-mil- lionths. 17. Forty-five and two hundred seventy-five thou- sandths. 18. Six and twenty-five ten-thousandths. 19. 21,875 hundred-thousandths. 20. One and one thousand one-millionths. 21. Two hundred thirty-one millionths. 22. 2051 and 42 hundredths. 23. 3 and 14 hundred 16 ten-thousandths. 6. Change to the decimal form : 275 1O QQ/f 4 2 OO ToV- 1 ^- ^ y MO" "O 3^^- 5. A farmer sold at different times the following quan- tities of hay: 3.75 tons, 14.165 tons, 375.16247 tons, 54.8125 tons, 18.5 tons, 21.75 tons, and 25 tons. How many tons did he sell ? SUBTRACTION OP DECIMALS. PRINCIPLE. If the decimals to be subtracted are unlike, they must be reduced to like decimals. EXERCISES. 1. From 35.34 subtract 9.6735. Process. Explanation. 5 34 35.3400 * The given decimals are unlike. q 795 * Q 67^5 ^' ^hey must be reduced to like deci- inals. 25.6665 25.6665 3 The lowest denomination is 10,000ths. 4. Annexing ciphers, .34 becomes .3400. 5. Writing like orders in the same column, and subtracting, we have 25.6665. NOTE. Be careful to place a point in the remainder directly under the points in the given numbers. ;> 200 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 2. What is the difference between : 1. 38.46 and 26.53? 11. 5.94 and .5947? 2. 26.53 and 14.575 ? 12. 4.39 and .0547 ? 3. 47.49 and 32.576? 13. .76 and .076? 4. 94.43 and 77.486 ? 14. .0294 and .001426 ? 5. 52.97 and 33.40? 15. .108 and .0456? 6. 47.53 and 24.355? 16. 400.07 and 27.4? 7. 38.29 and 7.5467? 17. 900.07 and 36.065? 8. 42.3 and 22.654? 18. 301.5 and 7.512? 9. .37 and 5.683? 19. 6140.11 and 114.3? 10. 7.386 and 4.3956 ? 20. 27.725 and .6833? 3. Find the value of: 1. 3.46 .075 + 4.34 2.3466. 2. 4.683 + 3.47 .526 3.7243. 3. 6.24 + .430 5.275 .00056. 4. 5.7 + 3.4607 2.005 4.4. 5. 3.8004 1.00005 + 4.8 5.0506. 6. 400.07 27.4 + 987.09 4.019 + 470.9. 7. 7.29 + 39.3039 + 809.14 90.075 71.5. 8. 301.5 7.512 -f 6140.11 114.3 9.763. 9. 27.725 .6833 + 9080.09 78.006 214.72. 10. 151.39 + 19.058 -f 1900.07 6.705 80.8. PROBLEMS. 1. From a piece of cloth containing 67.35 yards, 24f yards were cut. How many yards remained ? 2. A metre is 39.3704 inches. A seconds-pendulum is 39.1392 inches in length. Find the difference of length. 3. Two men walk, respectively, 26.7 miles and 22.94 miles per day. How much farther does the first walk than the second ? MULTIPLICATION OF DECIMALS 201 4. Find the value of $385.75 $197.89. 5. Find the value of 84 X 1.13 (66 1.2 X 2.4) + 100 X (4 X .018 + .189). 6. A clerk has a yearly salary of $1000. He pays $312 for board, $157.50 for clothing, and $372.25 for all other expenses. How much does he save in a year ? 7. A man who owed $699.60, paid $164.87. How much did he still owe ? 8. Find the sum and difference of .79864 and .801. 9. A merchant owned 64.803 acres of land. He bought 10.7045 acres, and sold all but 16.455 acres. How many acres did he sell ? 10. A lady's dress cost $13|, her bonnet $5J, her shoes $2f , her fan $J. Twenty-five dollars were presented in payment. How much change was received ? MULTIPLICATION OP DECIMALS. INDUCTIVE STEPS. L TO- X TO- = what? -1 X -1 = what? 2. Both factors have how many decimal places? Their product has how many decimal places ? 3 - TO X TOT = what? - 1 x - 01 = what? 4. Both factors have how many decimal places ? Their product has how many decimal places ? PRINCIPLE. The product of two decimals contains as many decimal places as both the decimals. 202 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC EXERCISES. 1. What is the product of .426 and .34? Process. .426 .34 1704 1278 .14484 2. Multiply .125 by .06. Explanation. 1. 426 X 34 = 14484. 2. Both factors have 3 -f- 2, or 5 decimal places. 3. We must point off 5 decimal places in the product ? 4. .426 X .34 = .14484. [Principle.] Or, we may say, .426 = tffo and .34 == rffr ; ^ftfr X == -14484." Process. .125 .06 .00750 Explanation. 1. 125 X 6 = 750. 2. 5 decimal places are required. 3. Prefixing ciphers we have .00750. 3. Multiply: " 1. .43 by .48. 2. .53 by 3.5. 3. .67 by 39. 4. .83 by .406. 5. .93 by .057. 6. 1.027 by .425. 7. .936 by 3.74. 8. .534 by 4.7. 9. 32.8 by .045. 10. 4.34 by .0067. 11. .270 by 4.053. 12. 35.3 by 4.86. 13. 27.9 by .036. 14. .923 by .0045. 15. 4.57 by .00537. 16. .3254 by .0053. 17. .2704 by .00476. 18. 1.905 by !o345. 19. 20.27 by .0057. 20. 34.08 by .00365. 21. 34.05 by 4.2706. 22. 406.03 by 2.5. 23. 7.09 by .0304. 24. 30.701 by .575. 25. 937.06 by .65. 26. 9.704 by 40.7. 27. 19.07 by .16$. 28. 11095 by 2.9. 29. 3.097 by .075. 30. .0035 by .0005. MULTIPLICATION OF DECIMALS 203 PROBLEMS. 1. What will 300 bushels of wheat cost at $1.25 per bushel ? 2. A merchant sold 12.35 yards of silk at $3.15 per yard. How much did he receive for it ? 3. Find the cost of 20.5 tons of hay at $12.375 a ton. 4. Bought 14.75 yards of gingham at 14 cents a yard. What was the cost of the piece ? 5. What is the cost of 976 yards of cloth at $1.37| per yard ? 6. Find the cost of 140 sacks of guano, each sack containing 162J pounds, at $17f a ton. 7. What is the value of 1648 bushels of wheat at $.621 per bushel ? 8. What cost 250 yards of carpet at $1.60 per yard? 9. What cost 64 barrels of apples at $2.50 per barrel ? 10. What cost 34.8 yards of cloth at 87-1- cents per yard ? 11. What cost 24 yards of silk at $1.16| per yard ? 12. What will 840 bushels of oats cost at 25 cents a bushel ? 13. What will 26 loads of lime cost, each containing 15^ bushels, at 22^ cents a bushel ? 14. What are 17.6 acres + 23.25 acres + 42.625 acres worth at $40 per acre ? 15. What are 45 dozen eggs worth at $.12^- per dozen? 16. 231 cubic inches = one gallon; 31.5 gallons = 1 barrel. How many cubic inches in a barrel ? 17. A farmer bought .75 bushels of grass seed at $5 a bushel. Find the cost. 18. A man owning .4236 of a yacht sold .3 of his share. What part had he left ? 204 * ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC DIVISION OF DECIMALS. INDUCTIVE STEPS. l - A X fV = what? .3 X -4 = what? What are .3 and .4 called in relation to their product ? Factor X factor = what ? .3 X -04 = what product ? How many decimal places are in the product ? 2. The product must always he given as many decimal places as there are in what ? 3. The dividend is the product of what two factors ? 4. The dividend contains as many decimal places as both the and the . 5. If the dividend has 6 decimal places and the divisor has 4 decimal places, how many decimal places must the quotient have ? PRINCIPLE. The quotient contains as many decimal places as the number of decimal places in the dividend exceeds the number in the divisor. EXERCISES. 1. Divide .08128 hy .32. Process. Explanation. 253 i. 8128 -r- 32 == 254. -32). 08128 (.254 2. .08128 has 5 decimal places; .32 has 2 decimal places. 172 3. The quotient must have 5 2, or 3 deci- 160 mal places. 128 4. Hence, the quotient required is .254. 128 Proof. .254 X -32 = .08128. DIVISION OF DECIMALS 205 2. Divide 17.28 by .00144. Process. Explanation. 55 oi. The divisor .00144 has 5 decimal .00144 ) 17.28000 ( 12000 places ; the dividend cannot have a less number. 288 2. Annexing three ciphers to 17.28, 288 we have 17.28000. 000 3. 5 5 = 0; the quotient, there- fore, can have no decimal place. 4. Dividing, we have for quotient the integer 12,000. 3. Divide 7.3 by 3650. Process. Explanation. 033 i. Annexing two ciphers to 7.3, we have 3650) 7.300 (.002 7 .300. 7.300 2. 3650 has no decimal place ; 7.300 has 3 decimal places. 3. The quotient must have 3 0, or 3 decimal places. 4. Hence, the quotient required is .002, obtained by prefixing two ciphers. RULE. 1. Divide without regard to the decimal point. 2. Should the dividend lack figures, annex ciphers. 3. After dividing, give the quotient as many decimal places as the number of decimal places in the dividend exceeds those in the divisor. 4. Should the quotient lack figures, prefix ciphers. 4. Divide: 1. 2.176 by .34. 6. 2.1824 by .034. 2. .07245 by .23. 7. 405.15 by .111. 3. 16.5 by .25. 8. 45.625 by .125. 4. .0864 by .24. 9. .0125 by 2.5. 5. 3.024 by .07. 10. 58.794 by 12.3. 206 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 11. .0043 by .230. 12. .065 by .50. 13. 7 by 350. 14. 1.2 by 3.60. 15. 75 by .025. 16. 1.075 by .43. 17. 1.5652 by .043. 18. 3.024 by .07. 19. 739.44 by .009. 20. 185.175 by .015. 21. 10.24 by 320. 22. 600 by .625. 23. 6.256 by .375. 24. .03876 by .19. 25. 40 by 640. 26. 7.6 by .0304. 27. .18312 by .056. 28. .12126 by .235. 29. .0169 by .013. 30. 80.010 by .009. 31. 16.1262 by 3.06. 32. 1.3621 by .514. 33. .016074 by .047. 34. 1.25 by .015. 35. 65 by .0039. 36. .0402 by 150. 37. 3647 by .125. 38. 72 by .064. 39. 16.02 by .045. 40. 34.4088 by 1.62. 41. .291624 by 2.32. 42. 30,000 by .000003. 43. 102.102 by 102. 44. 1.1502 by .0027. 45. .0342568 by .006523. 46. .987650 by .0000125. The Decimal Point as Multiplier and Divisor. INDUCTIVE STEPS. 1. .001 = what? 0.01 = what? 00.1 = what? What has been done with the decimal point? How does .01 compare in value with .001 ? How does .1 compare in value with .01 ? 2. Moving the decimal point one place to the right has what effect upon a number ? Moving the point two places has what effect ? Three places ? Four places ? 3. .1 = what ? .01 = what ? .001 = what ? What has here been done with the decimal point ? How does .01 DIVISION OF DECIMALS 207 compare in value with .1 ? How does .001 compare in value with .01 ? How does .001 compare in value with .1 ? 4. Moving a decimal point to the left has what effect upon a number ? Moving the point two places has what effect ? Three places ? Four places ? Five places ? PRINCIPLES. 1. Every removal of a decimal point one place to the right multiplies the number by 1O. 2. Every removal of a decimal point one place to the left divides the number by 1O. EXERCISES. 1. Multiply 7.943 by 100. Process. Explanation. 794.3 1- There are two ciphers in the multiplier. 2. We therefore move the point two places towards the right and have 794.3. 2. Multiply: 1. 39.63 by 10. 6. .95436 by 10,000. 2. 49.306 by 100. 7. .8 by 10; by 100; by 1000. NOTE. If there are not enough places, annex ciphers. 3. 3.946 by 1000. 8. .2000 by 1,000,000. 4. .495 by 100. 9. .00013 by 100,000. 5. 6.387 by 10. 10. .3041 by 10,000. 3. Multiplication by a decimal has the effect of making the product less than the multiplicand ; hence, to multiply by .1, .01, or .001, etc., we move the point toward the left. 208 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 4. Multiply: 1. 39.63 by .1. 3. 3.946 by .001. 2. 49.306 by .01. 4. .495 'by .01. WRITTEN EXERCISES. 1. Divide 436.58 by 100. Process. Explanation. 4.3658. ! There are two ciphers in the multiplier. 2. Therefore, we move the point two places toward the left, and have 4.3658. 2. Divide: 1. 403.6 by 100. 6. 53.95 by 10,000. 2. 3756 by 10. 7. .8 by 10; by 100; by 1000. 3. 470.6 by 1000. 8. .00013 by 100,000. 4. 4.825 by 100. 9. 2000 by 1,000,000. 5. 38.62 by 1000. 10. .3041 by 100,000. Division by a decimal has the effect of making the quotient larger than the dividend; hence, to divide by .1, .01, or .001, etc., we move the point toward the right. 3. Divide: 1. 403.6 by .01. 3. 470.6 by .001. 403.6 -- .01 = 40360. 4. 756.9 by .0001. 2. 37.56 by .1. 5. 4.825 by .001. PROBLEMS. 1. I bought a farm containing 125 acres for $6843.75 What was the price per acre ? 2. At $3 a yard, how many yards of cloth can be bought for $546 ? DIVISION OF DECIMALS 209 3. If 4.7 acres of land produce 131.6 bushels of wheat, what is the average crop per acre ? 4. How many dozen eggs, at $.12} a dozen, can be bought for $12? 5. How many yards of velvet, at $4 a yard, can be bought for $23? 6. How many pounds of tea can be bought for $6.75 at 75 cents a pound ? 7. At $12.375 a ton, how many tons of hay can be bought for $2326.50 ? 8. How many tons of freight at $2.1 2 \ per ton can be transported for $107.07? 9. At $10.45 per barrel, how many barrels of flour can be bought for $1055.45? 10. At $.31 \ a bushel, how many bushels of potatoes can be bought for $9 ? 11. How many dress patterns of 12.50 yards each can be cut from 4 pieces of French muslin containing 25 yards each? 12. Find a man's daily wages when he was paid $27.70 for 22 days' work ? 13. Paid $40.50 for a pile of wood, at the rate of $3.37 J a cord. How many cords were in the pile ? 14. How many oranges, at 8J cents each, will $1.50 buy? 15. Find the price of each : 1. If 250 bushels of corn cost $125.00. 2. If 70 pounds of sugar cost $2.80. 3. If 288 bushels of wheat cost $259.20. 4. If 200 acres of land cost $4267}. 5. If 18 turkeys cost $15.75. 14 210 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 6. If 792 pounds of rice cost $39.60. 7. If 2000 pounds of butter cost $350. 8. If 2500 pounds of beef cost $156.25. 9. If 1234 pineapples cost $98.72. 10. If 4| tons of coal cost $25.41J. 16. Find the value of: 1. 2.24 X 6 H- 28. 2. $30.10 -f- 10 X 1000. 3. 8.2 X 9.3 (45f -- 12.5). 4. (25 X .5 X 12 + 20) -- 100. 5. 3.71 + 2.64 -v- 160 + 7.55 X .07 + .071 X 25. 6. (15 10 X .3) X 6.192 -=- (7 X 5.4 35.048). 7. (4.625 + 1.146) (1.2 + 3.571). 8. 1.5 X .08 X .5. 9. 94.5 -T- 250 + 16 -r- (4.5 -=- .225) + 87.25 -f- (1.6 .35). 10. (.48 -*- 800 X 10,000 + 6.4 .08) -h .125. UNITED STATES MONEY. United States Money, as we have already seen, is ex- pressed in the decimal system. Its denominations and their relation to one another are as follows : Table. 10 mills make 1 cent (c.). 10 cents make 1 dime (d.). 10 dimes make 1 dollar ($). 10 dollars make 1 eagle (E.). The dollar is the unit. $5J is written decimally $5.50, or $5 T 6 T $ J -. $5 and 5 cents is written decimally $5.05, or $5 and 5 mills is written decimally $5.005. UNITED STATES MONEY 211 1. Read the following : 1. $25.85. 6. $22.36. 11. $670.086. 2. $26.965. 7. $210.210. 12. $3056.002. 3. $35.355. 8. $256.006. 13. $6789.012. 4. $255.236. 9. $300.003. 14. 3456.789. 5. $36.05. 10. $505.505. 15. $1798.365. 2. Write the following in figures : 1. Seven dollars, twenty-five cents. 2. Ten dollars, forty cents, five mills. 3. Forty-five dollars, fifty-four cents. 4. Sixty-five dollars, eight cents. 5. Seven eagles, seven dollars, seven cents. 6. Two hundred dollars, six and a half cents. 7. Ninety dollars, eight dimes, 8J cents. 8. One thousand fifty-six dollars, 94J cents. 9. Eight thousand seventy-nine dollars. 10. One dollar, one cent, one mill. ORAL EXERCISES. 1. $1 equals how many cents ? $| ? $J ? $^ ? 2. $4 equal how many cents ? 3. J cent equals how many mills ? cent ? 4. $J- equals how many cents ? $| ? $ J ? 5. $1 equals how many mills ? 6. 20 mills equal how many cents ? 40 mills ? 7. 30 cents equal how many dimes ? 50 cents ? 8. 30 dimes equal how many dollars ? 60 dimes ? 9. 200 cents equal how many dollars ? 500 cents ? 10. $20 equal how many eagles ? $40 ? 11. 10 cents is what part of a dollar? 20 cents? 50 cents ? 212 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 12. 25 cents is what part of a dollar? 30 cents? 75 cents ? The following rules are obvious : 1. To change: (1) Cents to mills, multiply by 1O. (2) Dollars to cents, multiply by 1OO. (3) Dollars to mills, multiply by 1OOO. 2. To change: (1) Mills to cents, divide by 1O. (2) .Cents to dollars, divide by 1OO. (3) Mills to dollars, divide by 1OOO. NOTE. The proper placing of the decimal point in a given numher will effect the change required. 13. Change: 1. 12,345 mills to dollars. 2. Six cents and six mills to dollars. 3. 57 cents to mills. 17. 2700 mills to dollars. 4. 43 mills to cents. 18. 2956 mills to dollars, 5. 46 cents to mills. 19. 3548 mills to dollars. 6. 57 mills to cents. 20. $70.30 to cents. 7. 47 dollars to cents. 21. $27.35 to cents. 8. 35 dollars to cents. 22. $29.03 to cents. 9. 296 dollars to cents. 23. $56.38 to cents. 10. 326 dollars to cents. 24. $7.866 to mills. 11. 4600 cents to dollars. 25. 5795 cents to dollars. 12. 900 cents to dollars. 26. 6594 cents to dollars. 13. 836 cents to dollars. 27. 7984 cents to dollars. 14. 2548 cents to dollars. 28. $200.002 to mills. 15. 26 dollars to mills. 29. $404.404 to mills. 16. 9 dollars to mills. 30. 6 E. and $6 to cents. UNITED STATES MONEY 213 ORAL PROBLEMS. 1. Jack had 25 cents, and his father gave him 50 cents. How much had he then ? 2. Mr. Duane divided $2.30 equally among 5 girls. HOW much did each receive ? 3. Out of $6.00, a man spent $2.50. How much had he left. 4. A skilled workman earned $3.50 per day. How much did he earn in 6 days ? 5. A lad received for services rendered 55 cents. He spent 10 cents for a toy, 20 cents for a novel, and 15 cents for pens and ink. How much had he left ? 6. How much will 5 tons of coal cost at $5.50 per ton ? 7. I have one dollar to spend. I pay J dollar for a book, and J dollar for pens, ink, and paper. How much remains ? 8. If a gentleman buys a barrel of flour for six dol- lars and fifty cents, and hands the seller a ten-dollar bill, how much change should he receive ? 9. A man bought a horse for $150. He kept it at an expense of $60. He then sold it for $225.25. How much did he gain ? 10. At the rate of $7.50 a barrel, what will of a bar- rel of flour cost? 11. What would be the cost of 10 yards of cloth at $2.75 per yard ? 12. A fruit-vender sold 6 apples at 3 cents apiece, and 8 oranges at 5 cents apiece. If they cost ^5- of a dollar, how much did he gain ? 13. Find the cost of 3 dozen copy-books, at $1.10 per dozen. 214 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 14. Henry had f of a dollar and spent of a dollar. How many cents had he remaining ? 15. George has $2.625 and Henry has $3.375. If they share their money equally, how many dollars has each ? WRITTEN PROBLEMS. 1. Jack gives $1.62J for a pair of shoes, 37 J cents for a penknife, and 25 cents for a baseball. How much does he pay for all ? 2. A man is indebted to A., $740.59 ; to B., $36 ; to C., $.985 ; to D., $1.04. How much does he owe ? 3. Find the sum of 19 dollars, 7 cents, 5 mills; 20 dollars, 9 cents, 9 mills ; 24 dollars, 23 cents, 6 mills. 4. Mr. Rex paid for repairs as follows : Carpenter- work, $424.30; plastering, $170.48; plumbing, $75.97; incidental expenses, $205.49. How much did he pay for repairs ? 5. How much must be added to $70.039 to make the sum $1106.39 ? 6. A man sold 54.6 acres of land, which cost him $49.60 per acre, for $3000. How much did he gain ? 7. How much must you add to $40.173 to make $100 ? 8. A farmer sold 52.375 pounds of butter for $7.856i. How much did he receive a pound for it? 9. If one pound of butter costs 12J cents, what will 4 firkins cost, each weighing 5# pounds ?. 10. If 5.3 yards of cloth cost $9.275, what will 8.5 yards cost? 11. Bought a roll of carpet, containing 82 yards, for $45, and sold it for 75 cents a yard. How much did I gain? UNITED STATES MONEY 215 12. A shoemaker sells 35 pairs of shoes for $70.35, of which 21 pairs are sold at $2.25 a pair. At what price per pair are the rest of the shoes sold ? 13. A man worked 9 days for $2.1 2 \ per day. How much did he earn ? 14. What is the value of 67.75 acres of land at $62.50 per acre ? 15. When tea is $.50 per pound, how much can be bought for $.75 ? 16. At $1.25 per yard, how many yards of cloth can be bought for $35 ? 17. How many pounds of butter, at 33 J cents a pound, can be bought for $32 ? 18. A pound sterling is worth $4.8665. What are 38.8 pounds sterling worth ? 19. An errand boy earns $2.75 a week. In how many weeks will he earn $49.50 ? 20. A man earns $12 a week and spends on an aver- age, $8.50 a week. In how many weeks will he save $140. 21. How many quarts of berries, at $.08 a quart, will it take to pay for 4 yards of cloth at $.84 ? 22. A merchant sold 25.5 yards of cambric at $.20 per yard and gained $1.70< How much did it cost him ? 23. If 13.5 yards of cloth cost $84|, what will 23.75 yards cost? 24. If I earn $70 per month and spend $45.50 of it, in how many months will I save $1080? 25. If 3 barrels of apples cost $19.125, find the cost of 100 barrels ? 26. If a man spends $.87 in one day, how much will he spend in 15.5 days? 216 ELEMENTAEY ARITHMETIC 27. A grocer bought 10 barrels of sugar, each contain- ing 235 pounds, for $152.75. How much did it cost per pound ? 28. Paid $24 for cuffs at 16f cents per pair. How many dozen pairs were bought ? 29. Bought 8 firkins of butter for $72, and gave 6 of them for 7 yards of cloth. What was a yard of the cloth worth ? 30. A load of hay, at 75 cents per 100 pounds, cost $13.98. "What was the weight of the hay ? 31. When -f of $785 was spent, how much remained? 32. If a workman saves $62.40 in a year by laying up 20 cents each day, how long would it take 4 men at the same rate to save $124.80 ? 33. If 44| yards of cloth cost $199, how much must be paid for 80 yards ? 34. An income of 4325 dollars is spent as follows : J at home, and J of the remainder abroad. How much was spent abroad? BILLS AND ACCOUNTS. DEFINITIONS. 1. A Bill is a written statement showing the quantity and price of the items bought, together with the total cost. 2. A bill is Receipted when the words "Bec'd pay- ment," written at the bottom, are followed by the signa- ture of the maker of the bill. BILLS AND ACCOUNTS 217 3. The person who owes the bill is called the Debtor. 4. The person to whom the bill is owing is called the Creditor. 5. The Footing of a bill is the total amount of it. 6. An Account is a bill which contains both debit and credit items. 7. The Balance of an Account is the difference be- tween the amounts of the debits and credits. Abbreviations in Common Use. @, at. Do., the same. Mo., month. %, account. Doz., dozen. No., or $, number. Acc't, account. Dr., debtor. Pay't, payment. Bal., balance. Fr't, freight. Pd., paid. Bbl., barrel. Hhd., hogshead. Per, by. Bo't, bought. Inst., this month. Rec'd, received. Co., company. Int., interest. Tilt., last month. Cr., creditor. Lb., pound. Yd., yard. Cts., cents. Mdse., merchandise. Yr., year. PROBLEMS. 1. A man's account at a store stands thus : Dr. $4.745 2.62J 1.27 .45 5.28J 10.25 What is due the merchant ? Cr. 1.245 62J 3.45 1.87J 5.25 218 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC Copy, fill out, and find the footings of the following 2. BALTIMORE, March 1, 1898. MR. J. B. MOORE, Bought of WEBB & BOND : 75J yards of Carpeting 37 yards of Drugget 8 Eugs 5 Mats 18 yards Oil-Cloth @ $2.12J " 1.20 " 4.16 " 2.37J " 1.08 $ $ 3. MR. JAMES JOHNSON, ORLEANS, May 20, 1898. To LELONG & NOTT, Dr. To 37 bbl. Pork @ $24.35 " 127 bbl. Flour 8.15 " 3 hhd. Molasses 169 gal. " .43 " 29 firkins Butter 2120 Ib. " .31 " 3 boxes Eaisins " 4.65 4. MR. DAVID DIXON, YORK, April 1, 1898. To SCHENCK & VAIL, Dr. 1882. Jan. 9 To 3 Gold Watches $124.50 , $61.24, $57.18 $ u Feb. 13 3 " 437 pwt. Gold Chain " 35 sets Plated Tea- Service @ 1.15 43.10 a 15 u 7 u u u " 51. \ $ BILLS AND ACCOUNTS 219 5. BOSTON, Jan. 1, 1870. DANIEL CHAPMAN & Co., Bo't of PALMER & BROTHER : 67 pairs Calf Boots, @ $3.75 $ 108 " Thick " " 2.62 75 " Gaiters, " 1.12 27 " Buskins, " .86 35 " Slippers, .70 50 " Rubbers, " 1.04 $717 93. Ree'd Payment, PALMER & BROTHER, By GEO. BAKER. 6. Nov. 23, 1899. Sold to W. P. Beaux for cash : 1 No. 1 B. W. bedstead, $22.00; 1 dressing case (18 x 36 mirror), $40.00 ; excelsior, .40 ; glass case, .50 ; marble box, .75 ; 4 mats, 16 yds. @ .12. Make out the above in bill form, and write your own name as receiver of the cash. 7. Mrs. B. K. Lex bought of Rex & Brooke 15 yds. black china silk, @ $.65 ; 7 yds. green henrietta cloth, @ $.50 ; 6 yds. navy blue serge, @ $.80 ; 2 felt hats, @ $.67 ; 2 English velour capes, @ $14.75. 8. Sold Archibald Weaver 24 sets If in. No. 2 bed- casters, @ 13c. ; 40 sets 2 in. ISTo. 1 bed-casters, @ 17c. ; 24 sets 2 in. No. 2 bedpost-casters, @ 23c. ; 18 sets No. 3 plate-casters, @ lie.; 18 sets I H. P. W. casters, @ 13c. ; 6 sets brass H. & W. casters, @ 35c. 9. Mr. David Mason bought of George Lelong & Brother 5 blank-books, @ $2.30; 7 gross Spencerian 220 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC pens, @ $1.12}; 15 B. and S. book-keeping, @ $1.75; 4 reams cap paper, @ $3.40; 20 Townsend's commercial law, @ $2.87} ; 12 packs plain cards, @ 37}c. ; note-paper and ink, $2.78. 10. Mrs. A. M. Williams bought of Andrew Jenkins & Son, 37 chests of green tea, @ $23.75; 42 chests of black tea, @ $17.50; 43 casks of wine, @ $99; 12 crates of Liverpool ware, @ $75 ; 19 barrels of Genesee flour, @ $7.00 ; 23 bushels of rye, @ 60c. 11. Sold Mrs. Susan Crockett 1 bbl. sugar, 245 lb., @ 3}c.; 10 lb. oatmeal, @ 2}c.; 3 lb. honey, @ 12}c.; 4 sacks flour, @ $1.35; 3 lb. raisins, @ 13c. ; 7 doz. eggs, @ 15c. ; 10 lb. crackers, @ 8}c. ; 1 caddy Japan tea, @ 65c. ; 10 lb. salt, @ 3}c. DENOMINATE NUMBERS. DEFINITIONS. 1. A Denominate Number is a concrete number whose unit is applied to measurement. 3 feet, 8 quarts, 7 days, are denominate numbers. 2. A Simple Denominate Number is composed of units of the same denomination. 5 pints, 27 cubic feet, are simple denominate numbers. 3. A Compound Denominate Number is composed of two or more denominations that have an established rela- tion to each other. 4 feet, 6 inches ; 3 bushels, 2 pecks, 1 quart, are compound denominate numbers. DENOMINATE NUMBERS 221 LINEAR MEASURE. Linear Measure is used in measuring length. Table. 12 inches (in.) = 1 foot (ft.). 3 feet = 1 yard (yd.). 5 yards 16 feet 320 rods = 1 rod (rd.). = 1 mile (mi.). ORAL EXERCISES. 1. How many inches in : 1.3ft? 4ft.? 5ft.? 6ft? 7ft? 8ft.? 2. 1 ft ? | ft. ? } ft ? | ft ? | ft ? f ft ? 3. 1 yd. ? 3 yd. ? 4 yd. ? 4| yd. ? 5 yd. 9 in. ? 2. How many feet in : 1. 3yd.? 4yd.? 5yd.? 10yd.? 25yd.? 112yd.? 2. 2 rd. ? 3 rd. ? 4 rd. ? 5 rd. ? 10 rd. ? 20 rd. ? 3. 24 in. ? 36 in. ? 60 in. ? 132 in. ? 144 in. ? 1728 in. ? 4. J yd. ? f yd. ? f yd. ? 2J yd. ? 3f yd. ? 5fyd.? 3. How many yards in : 1. 4rd.? 8rd.? 10 rd.? 12 rd.? 20 rd. ? 25 rd. ? 2. 12ft.? 18ft.? 24ft? 36ft? 144ft? 5280ft.? 3. 16J ft.? lrd - ? 3ft? 12 in.? 36 in. ? 108 in. ? 4. How many rods in : 1. Imi. ? 2 mi.? 3 mi. ? 8 mi.? 10 mi. ? 12 mi. ? 2. 161 ft-? 51 J d -? 33 ft.? 66 ft? 99 ft? 22 yd. ? 222 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 5. How many miles in 320 rd. ? 640 rd. ? 960 rd. ? 1280rd.? 1600 rd.? 6. 5J yd. = 1 rod. Compute the number of yd. in a mi. 7. 16 J ft. = 1 rod. Compute the number of ft. in a mi. SURFACE MEASURE. 1. Surface or Square Measure is used in measuring surface. A surface has only length and breadth. This page at which you are looking is a surface. Angle. 2. An Angle is the difference in direc- tion of two lines drawn from the same point. 3. A Square has four equal sides and Square. f our equal angles. The equal angles are called right angles. Table. 144 Square Inches (sq. in.) = 1 Square Foot (sq. ft.). 9 Square Feet = 1 Square Yard (sq. yd.). 30 Square Yards = 1 Square Rod (sq. rd.). 160 Square Rods = 1 Acre (A.). 640 Acres = 1 Square Mile (sq. mi.). ORAL EXERCISES. 1. How many square inches in : 1. 2 sq. ft. ? 3 sq. ft. ? 5 sq. ft. ? 10 sq. ft. ? 15 sq. ft. ? 2. J sq. ft. ? J sq. ft. ? J sq. ft. ? sq. ft. ? f sq.ft.? DENOMINATE NUMBERS 223 f sq. yd. ? f sq. yd. ? 4 A.? 5 A.? 10 A.? A A.? f A.? JA.? 2. How many square feet in : 1. 5 sq. yds.? 10 sq. yds.? 25 sq. yds.? 90 sq. yds. ? 100 sq. yds. ? 2. 144 sq. in. ? 288 sq. in. ? 432 sq. in. ? 720 sq. in. ? 1440 sq. in. ? 3. J sq. yd. ? J sq. yd. ? f sq. yd. ? 3. How many square rods in ? 1. 1 A.? 2 A.? 3 A.? 2. J A. ? J A. ? 1 A. ? 4. How many square yards in 9 sq. ft. ? 45 sq. ft. ? 108 sq. ft. ? 144 sq. ft. ? 1728 sq. ft. ? 5. How many acres in : 1. 160 sq. rds. ? 320 sq. rds. ? 640 sq. yds. ? 1600 sq. yds. ? 8000 sq. yds. ? 2. 1 sq. mi. ? ^ sq. mi. ? 1 sq. mi. ? ^ sq. mi. ? T % sq. mi. ? 6. How many square feet in : 1. 3 sq. ft. and 6 ft. ? 5 sq. yds. and 3J ft. 2. 4 sq. ft. and 72 sq. in. ? 6 sq. ft. and 144 sq. in. ? VOLUME MEASURE. 1. Volume or Cubic Measure is used in measuring that which has length, breadth, and thickness. 2. The volume of a body is called its Solid Contents, and the body is called a Solid. 3. A solid with six equal square faces is called a Cube. "When the faces are square inches, the solid is a cubic inch. When the faces are square feet, the solid is a cubic foot. Cube. 224 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC Table. 1728 Cubic Inches (cu. in.) = 1 Cubic Foot (cu. ft.). 27 Cubic Feet = 1 Cubic Yard (cu. yd.). 128 Cubic Feet = 1 Cord (cd.) of wood. 24f Cubic Feet = 1 Perch of stone. ORAL EXERCISES. 1. How many cubic inches in : 1. 1 cu. ft. ? 2 cu. ft. ? 3 cu. ft. ? 5 cu. ft. ? 10 cu. ft. ? 2. cu. ft. ? \ cu. ft. ? cu. ft. ? ^ cu. ft. ? ' 2. How many cubic feet in : 1. led.? 2cd.? 3cd.? 5cd.? 10 cd. ? 2. 1 cu. yd. ? 3 cu. yd. ? 5 cu. yd. ? 7 cu. yd. ? 10 cu. yd. ? 3. How many cu. yards in 27 cu. ft. ? 54 cu. ft. ? 81 cu. ft. ? 108 cu. ft. ? 2700 cu. ft. ? 4. How many cu. inches in 1 cu. ft. and 144 cu. in. ? 2 cu. ft. 1000 cu. in. ? 5. How many cu. feet in 3 cu. yd. 5 cu. ft ? 5 cu. yd. 3 cu. ft. ? LIQUID MEASURE. Liquid Measure is used in measuring liquids. Table. 4 Gills (gi.) = 1 Pint (pt.). 2 Pints = 1 Quart (qt.). 4 Quarts = 1 Gallon (gal.). 12 pt.? fpt.? DENOMINATE NUMBERS 225 31 Gallons = 1 Barrel (bbl.). 63 Gallons = 1 Hogshead (hhd.). 1 Gallon = 231 Cubic Inches. ORAL EXERCISES. 1. How many gills in : 1. 1 pt,? 3pt? 5pt.? 8 pt? 2. | pt. ? J pt. ? } pt. ? pt. ? 2. How many pints in : 1. 1 qt. ? 3 qt. ? 8 qt. ? 10 qt. ? 40 qt. ? 2. 3 qt. 1 pt. ? 5 qt. 1 pt. ? 9 qt. 2 pt. ? J gal. ? Jgal.? 3. How many quarts in : 1. 1 gal. ? 5 gal. ? 6 gal. ? 10 gal. ? 25 gal. ? 2. 2 pt. ? 8 pt. ? 16 pt. ? 20 pt. ? 100 pt, ? 4. How many gallons in : .1. 4 qt.? " 12 qt? 16 qt ? 24 qt ? 40 qt ? 2. 8 pt ? 16 pt ? 20 pt ? 56 pt. ? 100 pt. ? 3. 1 bbl. ? 2 bbl. ? 1 hhd. ? 2 hhd. ? 5. How many cubic inches in a gallon ? In 2 gal. ? DRY MEASURE. Dry Measure is used in measuring grain, fruit, and vegetables. Table. 2 Pints (pt.) = 1 Quart (qt.). 8 Quarts = 1 Peck (pk.). 4 Pecks = 1 Bushel (bu.). 1 Bushel = 2150.42 cubic inches. 15 226 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC ORAL EXERCISES. 1. How many pints in 4 qt. ? 5 qt. ? 7 qt. ? 8 qt. ? 10 qt. ? 2. How many quarts in : 1. 2pk.? 4pk.? 9pk.? 10 pk. ? 25 pk.? 2. 2pt.? 12 pt.? 16 pt.? 20 pt.? 30 pt. ? 3. How many pecks in : 1. 1 bu. ? 3 bu. ? 5 bu. ? 8 bu. ? 40 bu. ? 2. I' bu. ? \ bu. ? | bu. ? bu. ? bu. ? 4. How many busbels in 4 pk. ? 16 pk. ? 20 pk. ? 24 pk. ? 36 pk. ? 5. How many pecks in 8 bu. 3 pk. ? In 96 qt. ? 6. How many cubic inches in 1 bu. ? In 2 bu. ? AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. Avoirdupois Weight is used in weighing heavy articles, except gold and silver. Table. 16 ounces (oz.) = 1 pound (lb.). 100 Pounds = 1 hundred- weight (cwt.). 20 hundred-weight ) = j T) 2000 pounds j 2240 pounds = 1 long ton. ORAL EXERCISES. 1. How many ounces in : 1. lib.? 21b.? 31b.? 41b.? 5Jlb.? 2. 1 cwt. ? 10 cwt. ? IT.? IT.? A T. ? DENOMINATE NUMBERS 227 2. How many pounds in : 1. 1 cwt. ? 3 cwt. ? 4J cwt. ? 6 cwt. ? 10 cwt. ? 2. IT.? 3T.? 3JT.? 7T.? 10JT.? 3. I T. ? IT.? T. ? | T. ? ^ T. ? 3. How many hundred-weight in 100 Ib. ? 300 lb.? 400 lb.? 450 Ib. ? lOOOlb.? 4. How many tons in 1000 lb. ? 2500 lb. ? 3000 lb. ? 4250 lb. ? 10,000 lb. ? 5. How many long tons in 2240 lb. ? In 6720 lb. ? TROY WEIGHT. x Table. 24 Grains (gr.) = 1 Pennyweight (pwt.). 20 Pennyweight = 1 ounce (oz.). 12 ounces = 1 pound (lh.). 1 Troy lb. = 5760 gr. 1 Avoirdupois lb. = 7000 gr. 1 Troy oz. = 480 gr. 1 Avoirdupois oz. = 437^ gr. ORAL EXERCISES. 1. How many grains in: 1. 1 pwt. ? 2 pwt. ? 5 pwt. ? 15 pwt. ? 20 pwt. ? 2. 1 oz. ? 2 oz. ? 3 oz. ? | oz. ? f oz. ? 2. How many pennyweight in : 1. 1 oz. ? 2 oz. ? 6 oz. ? 7 oz. ? 8J oz. ? 2. 24 gr. ? 48 gr. ? 72 gr. ? 96 gr. ? 100 gr. ? 228 ELEMENTAKY ARITHMETIC 3. How many ounces in : 1. lib.? 41b.? 4|lb.? 51b.? 6| lb.? 2. 20pwt? 40pwt? 50pwt.? 60pwt.? TOpwt.? 3. 3lb. 3oz.? 41b.4oz.? 5 Ib. 5 oz. ? 6lb.6oz.? 4. How many pounds in 12 oz. ? 24 oz. ? 36 oz. ? 84 oz. ? 144 oz. ? 5. How many gr. in 1 troy Ib. ? 1 avoirdupois Ib. ? 6. How many gr. in 1 troy oz. ? 1 avoirdupois oz. ? APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. Apothecaries' Weight is used in weighing medicines required by prescriptions. Table. 20 Grains (gr.) = 1 Scruple (sc. or ^) 3 Scruples = 1 Dram (dr. or 3). 8 Drams = I ounce (oz. or ^). 12 Ounces = 1 pound (Ib. or R>). ORAL EXERCISES. 1. How many grains in 1 sc. ? 4 sc. ? 5 sc. ? 5^ sc. ? 2. How many scruples in : 1.1 dr.? 3dr.? 6 dr. ? 10 dr. ? lOJ-dr.? 2. 20 gr.? 40 gr.? 60 gr. ? 70 gr.? HOgr.? 3. How many drams in : 1. 1 oz. ? 4 oz. ? 6 oz. ? 8 oz. ? 9 oz. ? 2. 39? 99? 249? 369? 409? 4. How many ounces in 1 Ib. ? 3 Ib. ? 5| Ib. ? 6 Ib. ? 10} Ib. ? 5. How many pounds in 12 oz. ? 60 oz. ? 96 oz. ? 100 oz.? 150oz.? DENOMINATE NUMBERS 229 DIVISIONS OF TIME. Table. 60 Seconds (sec.) = 1 Minute (min.). 60 Minutes 24 Hours 7 Days 365 Days 366 Days 100 Years = 1 Hour (hr.). = 1 Day (da.). = 1 Week (wk.). = 1 Year (yr.). == 1 Leap Year (1. yr.). = 1 Century (C.). Centennial years exactly divisible by 400, and other years exactly divisible by 4, are leap years. 12 Months = 1 Year (yr.). Table. 1. January (Jan.) =31 da. 2. February (Feb.) 28 or 29* da. 3. March (Mar.) = 31 da. 4. April (Apr.) = 30 da. 5. May (May) = 31 da. 6. June (June) = 30 da. 7. July (July) = 31 da. 8. August (Aug ) = 31 da. 9. September (Sept.) = 30 da, 10. October (Oct.) = 31 da. 11. November (Nov.) = 30 da. 12. December (Dec.) = 31 da. A Useful Rhyme. Thirty days hath September, April, June, and November. All the rest have thirty-one, Excepting February, which stands alone With twenty-eight, till one day more We add to it one year in four. One day added to make leap year. 230 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC ORAL EXERCISES. 1. How many seconds in 1 rain.? 3 min. ? 8 rain.? 12 min. ? 50 min. ? 2. How many minutes in : 1. 1 hr. ? 2 hr. ? 9 hr. ? 13 hr. ? 15 hr. ? 2. 60 sec. ? 120 sec. ? 200 sec. ? 300 sec. ? 500 sec. ? 3. How many hours in : 1. 1 da. ? 4 da, ? 10 da. ? 20 da. ? 30 da. ? 2. -I- da.? fda.? fda.? |Jda.? da.? 3. 60 min. ? 240 min. ? 300 min. ? 1200 min. ? 1800 min. ? 4. How many days in : 1. 1 wk. ? 7 wk. ? 9 wk, ? 12 wk. ? 52 wk. ? 2. 3 wk. 3 da.? 4 wk. 2 da.? 4 wk. 3 da.? iwk.? 5. Which of these are leap years: 1492? 1500? 1600? 1876? 1892? 1898? 1900? 2000? 6. Name the four months that have 30 da. each. 7. Name the month that changes the number of its days. Give a reason for the change. COUNTING. The following denominations are frequently used in counting : Table. 12 things = 1 dozen (doz.). 12 dozen = 1 gross (gr.). 12 gross = 1 great gross (G. gr.). 20 things = 1 score. DENOMINATE NUMBERS Stationers' Table. 231 24 sheets = 1 quire (qr.). 20 quires = 1 ream (R.) 2 reams = 1 bundle. 5 bundles = 1 bale. ORAL EXERCISES. 1. How many single things in : 1. Idoz.? 5doz.? 12doz.? 15 doz..? 30doz.? 2. J doz. ? J doz. ? f doz. ? doz. ? doz. ? 3. 1 score? 2 score? 8 score? 10 score? 12 score ? 2. How many things in : 1. Igr.? 5gr.? 9gr.? 12 gr. ? 20 gr.? 2. f score? f score? f score? ^ score? y score ? 3. 1 G. gr.? 3 G. gr.? 5 G. gr.? G. gr. ? . 3. How many sheets in 1 quire ? 2 R. ? 1 bundle ? 5 bundles ? 1 bale ? 20 quires ? 1 R. ? 2 REVIEW. Find the value of x in the following equations : The sign .-. means therefore. 1. 3 ft. = x in. 1 ft. = 12 in. .-. x = S X 12 in. =36. 2. 96 in. = x ft. 12 in. = 1 ft. .-. a? ft. =*ftft. = 8 ft. 3. 64 qt. = x pk. 4. f A. x sq. rd. 5. 5 yd. = x in. 6. 96 qt. == x gal. 7. -y 1 hr. = x min. 8. 5 R. x qr. 232 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 9. 6 Ib. x oz. 18. f cu. ft. = x cu. in. 10. 5 bu. = x pk. 19. 144 gr. x pwt. 11. 12 qt. = x pt. 20. 72 oz. = x Ib. 12. 7 oz. = x pwt. 21. 5 score = x units. 13. 27 sq. ft. = x sq. yd. 22. 2 gross = x doz. 14. 140 da. = x wk. 23. J G. gr. = x doz. 15. 120 items = x doz. 24. $8 = x cents. 16. 6 qr. x sheets. 25. $f x cents. 17. 81 cu. ft. = x cu. yd. 26. 1000 mills = jx. REDUCTION OF DENOMINATE NUMBERS. DEFINITIONS. 1. Reduction changes a denominate numher from one denomination to another without altering its value. 2. Reduction Descending changes a number from a higher to a lower denomination. 3. Reduction Ascending changes a number from a lower to a higher denomination. Reduction Descending-. EXERCISES. 1. How many inches are there in 8 yd. 2 ft. 5 in. ? Process. 8 yd. 2 ft. 5 in. Explanation. X 3 1 yd. = 8 ft. ~~24 , * 8 yd. = 8 X 3 ft. = 24 ft. 24 ft. + 2 ft. = 26 ft. 1 ft. = 12 in. .-. 26 ft. = 26 X 12 in. = 312 in. X 12 312 in. + 5 in. == 317 in. 312 Therefore, 8 yd. 2 ft. 6 in. = 317 in. + 5 317 REDUCTION OF DENOMINATE NUMBERS 233 2. Reduce to lower denominations the following : 1. 5 yd. 3 ft. 9 in. 11. 5 hr. 26 min. 26 sec. 2. 13 yd. 2 ft. 8 in. 12. 21 hr. 23 min. 29 sec. 3. 16 yd. 2 ft. 11 in. 13. 29 hr. 30 min. 46 sec. 4. 38 yd. 2 ft. 10 in. 14. 40 hr. 40 min. 40 sec. 5. 49 yd. 1 ft. 7 in. 15. 5 cwt. 41 Ib. 9 oz. 6. 7 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. 16. 9 cwt. 86 Ib. 13 oz. 7. 14 gal. 2 qt. 1 pt. 17. 3 T. 6 cwt. 90 Ib. 13 oz. 8. 26 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. 18. 5 T. 8 cwt. 46 Ib. 10 oz. 9. 29 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. 19. 10 T. 10 cwt. 10 Ib. 10 oz. 10. 58 gal. 1 qt. 1 pt, 20. 9 Ib. 5 oz. 11 pwt. 5 gr. 3. Reduce to lower denominations the following : 1. 6 Ibs. 6 oz. 17 pwt. 10 gr. 2. 11 Ib. 11 oz. 11 pwt. 11 gr. 3. 4 bu. 4 pk. 6 qt. 1 pt. 4. 6 bu. 3 pk. 7 qt. J pt. 5. 7 bu. 2 pk. 5 qt. 1 pt. 6. 100 bu. 3 pk. 7 qt. 1 pt. 7. 5 rd. 4 yd. 2 ft. 7 in. 8. 6 rd. 3 yd. 2 ft. 2 in. 9. 9 rd. 2yd. 2 ft. 11 in. 10. 18 rd. 1 yd. 1 ft. 1 in. 11. 4 sq. yd. 5 sq. ft. 19 sq. in. 12. 6 sq. yd. 7 sq. ft, 99 sq. in. 13. 10 sq. yd. 6 sq. ft. 141 sq. in. 14. 3 A. 120'sq. rd. 6 sq. yd. 15. 9 A. 36 sq. rd. 25 sq. yd. 16. 18 A. 72 sq. rd. 30 sq. yd. 17. 3 cu. yd. 11 cu. ft. 96 cu. in. 18. 5 cu. yd. 7 cu. ft. 825 cu. in. 19. 10 cu. yd. 10 cu. ft. 10 cu. in. 234 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 20. 4 lb. 4 oz. 4 dr. 29. 21. 51b. 9 oz. 6 dr. 19. 22. 10 lb. 10 oz. 7 dr. 2 sc. 23. 4 R. 11 qr. 19 sheets. 24. 5 R 9 qr. 21 sheets. 25. 4 lb. 7 oz. 11 pwt. 26. 6 lb. 11 oz. 4 sc. 27. 7 da. 11 hr. 36 min. 28. 9 rd. 5 yd. 2 ft. 11 in. 29. 6 A. 151 sq. rd. 29 sq. yd. 30. 8 mi. 211 rd. 16 ft. 6 in. 4. Reduce .85 yd. to feet and inches. Process. Explanation. .85 yd. 1 yd. = 3 ft. 3 .85 yd. = .85 of 3 ft. = 2.55 ft. 2^5 ft. 1 ft- = 12 in. 12 .65 ft. =-.56 of 12 in. =6.6 in. 6.60 in. . '. 85 yd. = 2 ft. 6.6 in. 5. f cwt. equal how many pounds and ounces ? Process. Explanation. | X 100 == *jp- = 62. l cwt. = 100 lb. 1 Xl6_ JL6 - 8 f cwt. | of 100 lb. = 62 !-.|cwt.= 2 621b.'8oz. "i^ 16 ;^ ^ lb = | of 16 oz. = 8 oz. .-. cwt. = 62 lb. 8 oz. Or, 5 ___ (J25 f cwt. .625 cwt. 8 1 CWt. = 100 lb. g2.500 - 625 cwt - = - 625 of 10 lb - = 62 - 5 IQ I lb. = 16 oz. -6 lb - = - 5 of 16 oz. = 8 oz. /. | cwt. = 62 lb. 8 oz. REDUCTION OF DENOMINATE NUMBERS 235 6. Reduce to integers of lower denominations : 1. | rd. 2. | wk. 3. f yd. 4. .7 bu. 5. .56 T. 6. .5 cu. yd. 7. % mi. 8. f A. 9. .84 wk. 10. .4236 gal. 11. .585 yd. 12. .625 bundle. 13. I G. gr. 14. | Ib. (Apoth.) 15. ^lb.(Troy.) 16. | T. 17. | bu. 18. | gal. 19. .3456 cd. 20. .1234 A. 21. \\ mi. 22. f sq. mi. 23. T \ cu. yd. 24. .875 gal. 25. .4bu. 26. .Of oz. (Troy.) 27. .001 Ib. (Apoth.) 28. .0007 C. (Time.) 29. .9009 score. 30. .MA- bale. Reduction Ascending-. EXERCISES. 1. Eeduce 345 pints to bushels, pecks and quarts. Process. 2 8 4 345 pt. 172 qt. 1 pt. 21 pk. 4 qt. 5 bu. 1 pk. .-. 345 pt. = 5 bu. 1 pk. 4 qt. 1 pt. Explanation. 2 pt. -= 1 qt. .'. the number of pints = the number of quarts. 345 pt. = ifa. q t. = 172 qt. 1 pt. 8 qt. = 1 pk. .-. | the number of quarts = the number of pk. 172 qt. = ip pk. = 21 pk. 4 qt. 4 pk. 1 bu. .-. \ the number of pecks = the number of bu. 21 pk. = * bu. = 5 bu. 1 pk. Hence, 345 pt. = 5 bu. 1 pk. 4 qt. 1 pt. 236 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 2. Reduce 4392 inches to rods, yards, etc. Process. 12 2 11 4392 in. 366 ft. in. 122 yd. ft. 2 244 half yd. 22 rd. 2 half yd. or 1 yd. . 4392 in. = 22 rd. 1 yd. Hence, 4392 in. = 22 rd. 1 yd. 3. Reduce: 1. 5324 2. 4296 3. 6835 4. 4640 5. 3567 6. 2706 7. 4675 8. 5794 4. Reduce: 1. 4054 2. 6048 3. 2905 4. 3426 5. 8975 6. 7865 gi. to gal., etc. pt. to gal., etc. gi. to gal., etc. in. to rd., etc. in. to rd., etc. in. to rd., etc. pt. to bu., etc. pt. to bu., etc. Explanation. 12 in = 1 ft. .-. jf the number of in. = the number of feet. 4392 in. = 366 ft. 3 ft. = 1 yd. . . the number of feet = the number of yd. 366 ft. = *f * yd. = 122 yd. 6 yd. =11 half yd. = 1 rd. . . ^ the number of half yd. = the number of rods. 44. yd . = jft r a. = 22 rd. 2 half yd. 2 half yd. = 1 yd. 9. 4058 pt. to bu., etc. 10. 6275 oz. to cwt., etc. 11. 9238 oz. to cwt, etc. 12. 6094 Ib. to tons, etc. 13. 4806 Ib. to tons, etc. 14. 5396 hr. to wk., etc. 15. 9279 sec. to hr., etc. 16. 10,905 min. to da., etc. sq. in. to sq. yd., etc. sq. in. to sq. yd., etc. sheets to R., etc. sheets to R., etc. cu. in. to cu. ft., etc. gr. to Ib. (troy), etc. REDUCTION OF DENOMINATE NUMBERS 237 7. 9497 gr. to Ib. (troy), etc. 8. 10,249 gr. to Ib. (apoth.), etc. 9. 876,000 hr. to C. 10. 392,040 sq. ft. to A. 5. Reduce 6 oz. 6 pwt. to the fraction of 1 Ib. Process. Explanation. 6 OZ. 6 pwt. 1 Ib. 1 lb. = 12 x 20 == 240 pwt. 20 12 6 oz. 6 pwt. = 126 pwt. 126 pwt. 12 oz. l pwt. = ^ of 1 lb. 20 126 pwt. = $f$ of llb. = fof lib. = JJ-. 240 pwt. Hence, 6 oz. 6 pwt. = f of a lb. 6. Reduce: 1. 2 ft. 4 in. to the fraction of a yard. 2. 4 qt. 1 pt. to the fraction of a peck. 3. 5 pk. 4 qt. to the fraction of a bushel. 4. 3 qt. 1 pt. 3 gi. to the fraction of a gallon. 5. 3 pk. 5 qt. 1 pt. to the fraction of a bushel. 6. 5 yd. 2 ft. 7 in. to the fraction of a rod. 7. 5 da. 6 hr. to the fraction of a week. 8. 15 hr. 12 min. 18 sec. to the fraction of a day. 9. 2 cwt. 5 lb. 12 oz. to the fraction of a ton. 10. 5 qt. 1 pt. to the fraction of a bushel. 11. 3 gal. 4 qt. 1 pt. 3 gi. to the fraction of a barrel. 12. $52 cents 5 mills to the fraction of an eagle. 13. 6 oz. 6 pwt. 6 gr. to the fraction of a lb. Of 2 lb. Of 5 lb. 14. 360 da. 3 wk. 3 da. 4 hr. to the fraction of a year. Of 10 years. 238 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC ADDITION OF DENOMINATE NUMBERS. EXERCISES. 1. Find the sum of 4 gal. 4 qt. 1 pt. ; 6 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. ; 7 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. ; 9 gal. 2 qt. Process. Explanation. Gal. Qt. Pt. 1. PRINCIPLE : Only units of like order can be 441 added. c o i 2. Numbers of like denomination are written o o I in the same column. 3. The sum of the pints is 3 pt. = 1 qt. 1 pt. 9 2 0_ 4. We write the 1 pt. and reserve the 1 qt. 2911 5. The sum of the 1 qt. and the column of qt. is 13 qt. = 3 gal. 1 qt. 6. The sum of the 3 gal. and the column of gal. is 29 gal. Hence, the sum total is 29 gal. 1 qt. 1 pt. 2. Find the sum of: 1. 4 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. ; 28 gal. 2 qt. 1 pt. ; 29 gal. 3 qt. 2. 9 bu. 2 pk. 6 qt. ; 27 bu. 3 pk. 6 qt. ; 23 bu. 2 pk. 5 qt. 3. 8 da. 6 hr. 31 min. ; 9 da. 25 hr. 21 min. ; 7 da. 29 hr. 4. 35 Ib. 7 oz. (avoirdupois); 46 Ib. 15 oz. ; 37 Ib. 13 oz.; 94 Ib. 5. 24 Ib. 5 oz. 19 pwt. 9 gr.; 22 Ib. 6 oz. 18 pwt. 21 gr. ; 21 Ib. 21 gr. 6. 21 yd. 2 ft. 11 in. ; 26 yd. 2 ft. 10 in. ; 9 yd. 1 ft. 8 in. ; 29 yd. 2 ft. 9 in. 7. 26 gal. 2 qt. 1 pt. 2 gi. ; 29 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. 1 gi. ; 39 gal. 3 qt. ; 32 gal. 8. 23 A. 46 sq. rd.; 25 A. 120 sq. rd.; 26 A. 143 sq. rd. ; 22 A. 107 sq. rd. SUBTEACTION OF DENOMINATE NUMBEKS 239 9. 6 T. 7 cwt. 25 Ib. 11 oz. ; 8 T. 6 cwt. 47 Ib. 14 oz. ; 28 T. 95 Ib. 10. 6 yd. 1 ft. 9 in. ; 5 yd. 2 ft. 9 in. ; 5 yd. 1 ft. 11 in. ; 4 yd. 2 ft. ; 4 yd. SUBTRACTION OF DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 1. From 26 gal. 2 qt. 1 pt. 2 gi. take 19 gal. 3 qt. pt. 3gi. Process. Explanation. Gal. Qt. Pt. Gi. 1. PRINCIPLE : Only like num- 2(3 2 1 2 bers can be subtracted. iq o n Q 2. We write the numbers of the same denomination in the same 6 column 3.' We hegin to subtract at the lowest denomination. 4. 3 gi. cannot be taken from" 2 gi. 5. We therefore add the 1 pt., or 4 gi., to the 2^gi., making 6 gi., and then say 6 gi. 3 gi. = 3 gi. 6. The 1 pt. having been used, pt. pt. = pt. 7. 3 qt. cannot be taken from 2 qt. 8. Adding 1 gal., or 4 qt., we have 6 qt. 9. 6 qt. 3 qt. = 3 qt. 10. Finally, 25 gal. 19 gal. = 6 gal. 11. Kemainder = 6 gal. 3 qt. pt. 3 gi. 2. From 9 bu. 3 pk. 5 qt. take 4 bu. 3 pk. 6 qt. 3. From 9 bu. pk. 4 qt. take 4 bu. 3 pk. 6 qt. 4. From 13 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. 3 gi. take 6 gal. 4 qt. pt. 5. From 11 da. 6 hr. 31 min. take 8 da. 8 hr. 11 min. 6. From 42 Ib. 5 oz. 16 pwt. take 9 Ib. 7 oz. 13 pwt. 7. From 26 yd. 1 ft. 8 in. take 5 yd. 2 ft. 11 in. 8. 'From 23 rd. 5 yd. 2 ft. take 9 rd. 5 yd. 2 ft. 9. From 24 Ib. 9 oz. 6 dr. take 8 Ib. 11 oz. 6 dr. 10. From 81 sq. rd. take 26 sq. rd. 7 sq. ft. Ill sq. in. 240 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 11. From 36 T. 9 cwt. 86 Ib. 11 oz. take 21 T. 13 cwt. 46 Ib. 13 oz. 12. From 132 gal. 1 qt. 1 pt. 1 gi. take 128 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. 3 gi. DIFFERENCE OF DATES. 1. How many years, months, and days from June 27, 1853, to Dec. 25, 1898? Process. Explanation. Yr. Mo. Da. 1. Dec. is the 12th mo., June the 6th mo. 1898 12 25 2 - We add * mo - or 30 da - to 25 da -> making 1853 6 27 65da ^ s - TI -- z - ^rr- 3. We then subtract, proceeding as with other 4O O Zo , denominate numbers. 2. How long was it between : 1. Jan. 21, 1846, and June 26, 1898? 2. July 24, 1875, and Feb. 2, 1891 ? 3. Mar. 9, 1840, and Aug. 8, 1892? 4. Oct. 24, 1882, and Sept. 11, 1893? 5. Jan. 6, 1706, and Apr. 17, 1790? MULTIPLICATION OF DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 1. Multiply 7 yd. 2 ft. 9 in. by 6. Process. Explanation. Yd. Ft. In. 1. 6 times 9 in. = 54 in. = 4 ft. 6 in. 729 2. "We write the 6 in. and reserve the 4 ft. g 3. 6 times 2 ft. = 12 ft. ; 12 ft. -f 4 ft. reserved = ^ - j - g- 16 ft. == 5 yd. 1 ft. 4. We write the 1 ft. and reserve the 5 yd. 5. 6 times 7 yd. = 42 yd. ; 42 yd. -f 5 yd. = 47 yd. Hence, the product is 47 yd. 1 ft. 6 in. DIVISION OF DENOMINATE NUMBERS 241 2. Multiply: 1. 5 bu. 2 pk. 6 qt. by 8. 2. 6 gal. 2 qt. 1 pt. 3 gi. by 7. 3. 6 Ib. 7 oz. 11 pwt. 9 gr. by 9. 4. 8 Ib. 9 oz. 6 dr. 29 11 gr. by 8. 5. 4 hr. 30 min. 46 sec. by 6. 6. 3 T. 6 cwt. 59 Ib. 14 oz. by 9. 7. 3 rd. 4 yd. 2 ft. 11 in. by 10. 8. 23 cu. yd. 16 cu. ft. 1226 cu. in. by 7. 9. 9 sq. yd. 3 sq. ft. 56 sq. in. by 6. 10. 6 da. 9 hr. 26 min. 36 sec. by 5. 11. 23 rd. 5 yd. 2 ft. 9 in. by 9. 12. 6 R. 9 qr. 17 sheets by 10. 13. 7 bbl. 11 gal. 2 qt. 1 pt. by 8. 14. 6 yr. 5 mo. 15 da. 18 hr. by 5. 15. 6 T. 12 cwi 95 Ib. 12 oz. 9 dr. by 8. DIVISION OF DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 1. Divide 45 bu. 3 pk. 1 qt. by 8. Process. Explanation, bu. pk. qt. 1. | of 45 bu. = 5 bu. and 5 bu. remaining. 8 ) 45 3 1 2. 5 bu. rem. = 20 pk. ; 20 pk. + 3 pk. = 23 pk, r- 2 71 3 - i f 23 pk. = 2 pk., and 7 pk. remaining. 4. 7 pk. = 56 qt. ; 56 qt. -f 1 qt. = 67 qt. 5. $ of 57 qt. == 7 qt. Hence, the quotient is 5 bu. 2 pk. 7| qt. 2. Divide: 1. 32 gal. 2 qt. 1 pt. 2 gi. by 7. , 2. 26 bu. 3 pk. 6 qt. 1 pt. by 5. 3. 24 yd. 2 ft. 7 in. by 8. 4. 34 cwt. 79 Ib. 11 oz. by 6. 16 242 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 5. 53 lb. 9 oz. 16 pwt. by 10. 6. 33 lb. 8 oz. 6 dr. 29 by 9. 7. 20 br. 11 min. 47 sec. by 7. 8. 32 sq. yd. 8 sq. ft. 56 sq. in. by 5. 9. 26 rd. 5 yd. 2 ft. 9 in. by 6. 10. 16 bbl. 11 gal. 2 qt. 1 pt. by 8. 11. 144 bu. 2 pk. 6 qt. by 7. 12. 42 gal. 1 qt. 1 pt. 1 gi. by 12. 13. 17 mi. 100 rd. 13 ft. 6 in. by 11. 14. 15 A. 140 sq. rd. 3 sq. yd. by 3. 15. 12 T. 5 cwt. 80 lb. 12 oz. by 7. MEASUREMENT OP SURFACES. 1. A square has been defined. 2. Describe a square inch. Describe a square foot. 3. A figure 2 inches long and 1 inch wide, with all its angles equal, contains how many square inches ? 3 4. A figure 2 inches long and 2 inches wide contains how many square inches ? 5. That is 2, the length, x 2, the width, = what ? Rectangle. Q A figure 3 in< ]ong and 2 in. wide contains how many square inches ? 7. That is 3, the length, X 2, the width, = what? 8. The number of square units in a figure equals the product of what ? 9. The number of square units in a figure is called its Area. 10. A figure with four sides and four right angles is called a Rectangle. MEASUREMENT OF SUEFACES 243 PRINCIPLE. The area of a rectangular surface is the product of its length and width. FORMULA. Area of a Rectangle = Length X Width. PROBLEMS. 1. Find the area of a rectangular lot whose length is 33 ft. and width 6 ft. 6 in. Process. Explanation. 33 x gl = 214^. Area Length X Width. . Area =2144 sq. ft. The P 1 " 01 of 38 and Hence, the area is 214 sq. ft. The process requires that the length and width be expressed in the same denomination. 2. A room is 24 ft. long and 18 ft. wide. What is its area? 3. A floor is 10 ft. wide and 30 ft. long. Find its area. 4. The side wall of a room is 17 ft. long and 12 ft. high. How many square feet in the wall ? How many square yards ? 5. An end wall of a room is 12 ft. by 12 ft. How many square feet in the wall ? How many square yards ? 6. I have a rectangular room. Its length is 20 ft., its width, 18 ft.; its height, 12 ft. Find the number of square feet and square yards in the four walls. Suggestion : The distance around the room X the height = the area. 244 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 7. A rectangular field is, in length, 150 rods; in breadth, 130 rods. Find the number of square rods in the field and also the number of acres. 8. A room is 25 ft. long and 15 ft. wide. Find the area of both ceiling and floor ; also the cost of plastering the ceiling, at 25 cents per square yard. 9. Find the cost of painting the walls and ceiling of a room 16 ft. 6 in. long, 15 ft. 9 in. wide, 14 ft. high, at 25 cents per square yard. 10. Find the area of a square field whose side is 76 rods. 11. Find the value of a field 180 rds. long and 90 rds. wide, at $20 an acre. 12. A room 18 ft. wide and 24 ft. long was covered with carpet, 1 yd. wide, at $1.00 per yard. How much did the carpeting cost ? 13. I have a rectangular field 180.5 rds. long and 97.75 rds. wide. How many acres does it contain ? 14. What will be the cost of cementing the floor of a cellar 56 ft. by 45 ft., at $.30 per square yard? 15. What will it cost to pave a street 3 mi. 115 rds. long and 2 rds. wide, at $46.50 per square rod ? 16. How many square rods in a garden that is 7 rods square ? 17. How many acres in a rectangular field 36 rds. 12 ft. wide, and 48 rds. 8 ft. long ? 18. What is the cost of asphalting a walk 93| ft. by 6 ft., at $.75 per square yard? 19. A side of a public square is 660 ft. How many acres does it contain ? 20. If a carpet is 36 in. wide, how many yards of it MEASUREMENT OF SOLIDS 245 will be required to carpet a room 18 ft. by 16 ft? What will be the cost at $1.1 2| per yard ? 21. Draw a figure to show the difference between 6 square feet and 6 feet square. MEASUREMENT OP SOLIDS. A cubic foot. A cubic A cube has been defined. Describe a cubic inch, yard. How many squares in the base of the figure ? We will call them square feet. If you place a cubic foot of wood or stone upon each square, how many cubic feet will you have ? If upon those you place 12 more cubic feet, you will have how many cubic feet.? If you add a third layer of 12 cubic feet, how many will you have ? If you add a fourth layer, how many ? If you add a fifth layer, how many ? How many feet high is your structure now ? The base layer has how many cubes ? Therefore, the number 12, the base, X 5, the height, gives you what ? A Rectangular Solid stands on a rectangular base and its angles are all right angles. The Volume of a solid is the number of cubic units it contains, i.e., of cubic inches, cubic feet, cubic yards. 246 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC PRINCIPLE. The volume of a rectangular solid is the product of its length, width, and height. FORMULA. Volume of a Rectangular Solid = Length X "Width x Height. EXERCISES. 1. How many cubic feet in a pile of wood 4 ft. high, 8 ft. long, and 4 ft. wide ? Process. Explanation. Base. h. v. L Volume = = len th X f v 4^ v 4 S9 v 4 -- 198 width X hei S ht 2. .-. The volume = 8 X 4 X 4 = 128 (cubic feet). The factors of the volume must be expressed in the same denomination. 2. Find the volume of the following solids : Length. 1. 20ft. Width. 8ft. Height. Thickness. 7ft, 2. 10 in. 9 in. 12 in. 3. 9 yd. 4. 15ft, 5. 9 ft. 6 in. 6. 13 ft. 4 in. 7. 11 ft. 8 in. 6yd. 11 ft. 7ft. 10ft. 11 ft. 10yd. 10 ft. 9ft. 10ft. 13ft. 8. 13 ft. 3 in. 12ft. 9ft. 9. 9 ft. 10 in. 9 ft. 6 in. 9ft. 10. 25 ft. 9 in. 25ft. 100 ft. _____ BOARD MEASURE 247 3. Find the value of the cords of wood in the follow- ing piles : Length. Width. Height. Cost per cord. 1. 35ft. 4ft. ,8ft. $3.00 2. 43ft. 4ft. 16ft. $3.25 3. 59 ft. 27 ft. 13 ft. $3.50 4. 144 ft. 12 ft. 16 ft. $4.00 5. 200 ft. 25 ft. 25 ft. $5.50 4. Find the cost of the following stone piles : Height. Length. Thickness. Cost per perch. 1. 8ft. 50ft. 2ft. $2.25 A perch = 24.75cu. ft. Suggestion: * X 60 Xjt X 2.25 2. 9ft. 75ft. 2J ft- $2.50 3. 5 ft. 112 ft. 18 in. $4.00 4. 120 ft. 20 ft. 20 ft. $3.00 5. 30 ft. 8 ft. 9 in. 2 ft. $ .75 5. Find the cost of excavating the following cellars : Length. 1. 40 ft. Width. 20ft. Depth. Cost per cubic yd. 8 ft. 30 cents. 2. 30 ft. 20ft. 6 ft. 25 cents. 3. 38 ft. 30ft. 8ft. 45 cents. 4. 56J ft. 5. 40 ft. 6 in. 40J ft. 30 ft. 9 in. 8} ft, 8|ft. 50 cents. 40 cents. BOARD MEASURE. 1. In measuring lumber, a board 1 inch thick or less is treated as a mere surface. 2. A board 1 ft. wide, 12 ft. long, and 1 inch thick is bought or sold as containing 12 ft. board measure. 248 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 3. Thickness, however, becomes a factor when it exceeds 1 inch. FORMULA. Length (ft.) X Width (ft.) X Thickness (in.) = Feet Board Measure. PROBLEMS. 1. How many feet, board measure, are there in a timber 30 ft. long, 7 in. wide, and 6 in. thick ? Process. Explanation. 15 1. 7in. =^ft. 8? X X - = 105 ft. 2 - "^ X T V = the number of board 1% feet, thickness 1 inch. 3. ^a X T V X f = the number of board feet, thickness 6 in. 4. By cancelling, we have 105 ft., board measure. 2. Find the number of board feet in the following pieces of lumber : 1. 16 ft. by 8 in. 6. 15 ft. by 12 in. by 6 in. 2. 15 ft. by 9 in. 7. 40 ft. by 10 in. by 10 in. 3. 12 ft. by 10 in. 8. 24 ft. by 9 in. by 12 in. 4. 10 ft. by 12 in. 9. 40 ft. by 10 in. by in. 5. 14 ft. by 18 in. 10. 12 ft. by 6 in. by f in. 3. Find the cost of a dozen boards, each 15 ft. long and 12 in. wide, at $18 per M. feet. 4. I have 30 joists 20 ft. long, 18 in. wide, 4 in. thick. How many feet, board measure, in them ? Find their cost at $20 per M. 5. Find the weight of a plank 15 ft. 9 in. long, 10 in. wide, and 2 in. thick, at 3^ Ib. per board foot. 6. Find the cost of 17 planks, 14 ft. long, 10 in. wide, and 4 in. thick, at $18^ per M., board measure. PERCENTAGE 249 7. How many board feet in a stick of timber 46 ft. long, 10 in. thick, 12 in. wide at one end and 9 in. wide at tbe other end ? Suggestion : Use one-half the sum of the end widths. PERCENTAGE. The decimal fractions of most general importance have for their denominator 100 ; as, yj^ = .01, yf^ = .05, -ffo -=.25. These fractions have given rise to Percentage, which means computation by hundredths. Per Cent, means by the hundred ; its symbol is %. 5 per cent, is written thus : 5 %. 5% = yf^ = -$ = .05. To find 5% of $200 we must take yjfo- or -$ or .05 of $200. yj^ of $200 = how many dollars ? ^ of $200 == how many dollars ? .05 of $200 = how many dollars ? The $10 is called the Percentage. The $200 is called the Base. The 5% is called the Rate. $200 + $10 = $210 is called the Amount. $200 $10 = $190 is called the Difference. PRINCIPLE. The base multiplied by the rate equals the Per- centage. 250 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC EXERCISES. 1. 15 per cent. = 15% == ^ == -f ff = .15. Express in like manner 10 per cent, in four different forms. Also, 20 per cent., 25 per cent,, 50 per cent., 75 per cent., 100 per cent., 125 per cent., 250 per cent. 2. 33J per cent. = fjft == flfft = = .33fc. Treat in like manner 12^ per cent., 6J per cent., per cent, 37^ per cent, 87-^- per cent., 66f per cent, per cent., 2J- per cent, 7|- per cent, 2 per cent, 16-| per cent. 3. | per cent, == yfcr = yfor == .005. Show in like manner the values of J per cent, J per cent, -J per cent., -f per cent, |- per cent WRITTEN EXERCISES AND PROBLEMS. 1. What is 6% of $535.06? Process. Explanation. $535.06 i- ?>% = TT = A = - 06 - Qg 2. To take Q% of $535.06, we multiply it by .06, and obtain for the percentage $32^10 -j- . $32.1036 2. What is 75% of $800? Process. Explanation. 3 200 1. 76# = T 7 A = I = -75. 2 of $$P0 = $600. 2. By cancellation f of $800 = 3 times $200 = $600. 3. .-. 76# of $800 is $600. NOTE. In your processes use the form of the rate that will give you the percentage most readily. PERCENTAGE 251 3. Find the percentage from the following bases and rates : Base. Rate. Base. Rate. 1. $600, 1%. 11. $6.50, 6%. 2. $700, 2%. 12. $8.95, 7%. 3. $800, 3%. 13. $10.60, 8%. 4. $1000, 4%. 14. $5.25, 10%. 5. $1250, 5%. 15. $25.06, 12%. 6. 275 sheep, 28%. 16. 225 pounds, 25%. 7. 4380 bushels, 45%. 17. 3628 pounds, 39%. 8. 10,000 barrels, 12J%. 18. 8250 apples, 88%. 9. 1200 men, 1J%. 19. 4440 dollars, 100%. 10. 320 horses, 6J%. 20. 1898 years, 33J%. 4. A grocer paid $356 for sugar and sold it at a gain of 15%. What was his gain ? 5. I bought 46 cords of wood, at $3.50 per cord, and sold it at a gain of 25%. What was my whole gain ? 6. What will 50 sheep cost if 75 are worth $375, and for how much must they be sold to gain 12J% ? 7. I sold 500 bushels of corn for $200. The corn cost me 25% more. How much did I lose on each bushel? 8. A man bought 2165 bushels of wheat for $1515.50. A part receiving damage, he is willing to lose 10%. Find the selling price. 9. A miller charges 5% for grinding. How many quarts will he take when he has ground 35 bushels ? 10. Ninety per cent, of a class of 60 pupils are pro- moted. How many are not promoted ? 11. A girl spelled correctly 99% of 200 words. How many did she miss ? 252 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 12. A lot is sold for $1050, of which is 20% is profit. What did the lot cost? 13. How much did I gain on a house for which I paid $9870, my profit being 3%. 14. A piano, marked $750, was sold for cash at 35% less. "What was the selling price ? 15. A man invested 12J% of $15,320 in stocks. How much did he invest ? INTEREST. 1. Interest is money paid for the use of money. It is computed at a rate per cent, of the money used. 2. The money used is called the Principal (Base). 3. The Principal X Rate = One year's interest (Per- centage). 4. Interest for a greater or less time than one year = Principal x Rate X Years, or fraction of a year. What is 6 % of $500 ? Of $1000 ? What is the interest of $500 for 1 yr., at 6% ? For 2 yrs. ? For 5 yrs. ? For 10 yrs. ? For 25 yrs. ? What is the interest of $1000 at 6% for | yr. ? J yr ? f yr. ? 9 mo. ? 10 mo. ? Percentage, or one year's interest, multiplied hy time, expressed in years, gives you what ? What are the three factors of interest? PRINCIPLE. The factors of interest are principal, rate, and time (years). INTEREST 253 FORMULA. Int. = Prin. X R. X Yr. 1. Find the interest of $1200 for 2 yrs., at 5%. Process. Explanation. $1200 X -05 = $60. 1- *>% of $1200 = $60, the int. for 1 yr. ~ fci on 2. $60 X 2 = $120, the int. for 2 yrs. 3. .-. the int. of $1200 at 5f c for 2 yrs. = $120. 2. What is the interest of: 1. $250 for 1 yr. at 6% ? 2. $300 for 1 yr. at 5% ? 3. $500 for 1 yr. at 4% ? 4. $600 for 1 yr. at 3% ? 5. $1000 for lyr. at7%? 6. $275 for 2 yrs. at 8% ? 7. $236 for 3 yrs. at 5% ? 8. $1673 for 4 yrs. at 6% ? 9. 430.87 for 5 yrs. at 7^? 10. $2846 for 6 yrs. at 8% ? 11. $12.46 for H yrs. at 9% ? 12. $126.37 for 1 yr. at 1% ? 13. $876 for lyr. at S% ? 14. $327 forf yr. at 6% ? 15. $56.79 for 5 yrs. at 4% ? 16. $182.34 for 2| yrs. at 6% ? 17. $182.34 for 2 yrs. 6 mo. at 6% ? 18. $432.81 for 1 yr. 9 mo. at 5% ? 19. $3843 for 3 yrs. 3 mo. at 7% ? 20. $129.95 for 1 yr. 8 mo. at 10% ? 254 ELEMENTAEY AEITHMETIC 3. Find the interest of $530.60 for 6 yr. 8 mo. at 6%. Process. Explanation. 2 1. &% = T ^. 6 yr. 8 mo. = 106.12 * 80mo X g X W (fcoin 94 r^u/i- ^ iv x 100 -- == W^l^'^4. 2. Multiplying the principal by ft -j-^, the rate, we get the interest for 1 year. By dividing the inter- est for 1 year by 12, we get the interest for 1 mo. Then multiplying the interest for 1 mo. by 80, the number of months, we get the interest required. The process is shortened by cancellation. 1. $523.30 for 3 yrs. 9 mo. at 5%. 2. $429.47 for 4 yrs. 7 mos. at 7%. 3. $536.35 for 5 yrs. 6 mos. at 6%. 4. $796.70 for 4 yrs. 8 mos. at 8%. 5. $548.29 for 6 yrs. 3 mos. at 9%. 6. $415.38 for 5 yrs. 5 mos. at 4%. 7. $847.27 for 3 yrs. 10 mos. at 7%. 8. $1046.60 for 2 yrs. 3 mos. at 6%. 9. $858.94 for 3 yrs. 5 mos. at 6%. 10. $1072.70 for 1 yr. 11 mos. at 6%. 4. Find the interest of $635.48 for 3 yr. 6 mo. 18 da. at 4%. Process. 6.3548 14.2 = 6 ' 3548 X 142 ' = Explanation. 1. 4^ = yf o- 3 yr. 6 mo. 18 da. = 42.6 mo. 2. The principal multiplied by the rate, ^, gives the interest for 1 yr. ; the interest for 1 yr., divided by 12, gives the interest for 1 mo. ; the interest for 1 mo. multiplied by the number of months gives the interest for full time. By cancellation we find $90.24 to be the required interest. GENERAL REVIEW 255 5. Find the interest of $480 for 2 yr. 11 mo. 10 da. at 5%. Process. Explanation. # 212 l - ^% = dhr- 2 vr - n g?0 X ff X ?000 _ JMMJ. __ $70 7 mo. 10 da. = 1060 da. W X m ^ 2. Finding the interest for nrt. -rq one year, as before, we then divide the interest for one year by 360, and thus get the interest for 1 day. The interest for 1 da. multi- plied by the number of days gives the interest for fiHl time. The Principal -f the Int. = the Amount. $480 + $70.67 = $550.67. 6. Find the interest and*the amount of: 1. $470.35 for 3 yr. 8 mo. 18 da. at 6%. 2. $516.50 for 4 yr. 6 mo. 1.5 da. at 7%. 3. $318.47 for 3 yr. 7 mo. 10 da. at 5%. 4. $534.46 for 4 yr. 9 mo. 27 da. at 7%. 5. $830.27 for 4 yr. 8 mo. 17 da. at 6%. 6. $579.47 for 4 yr. 10 mo. 12 da, at 6%. 7. $320.58 for 3 yr. 6 mo. 13 da. at 7%. 8. $436.45 for 2 yr. 2 mo. 24 da. at 8%. 9. $547.44 for 5 yr. 3 mo. 19 da. at 4%. 10. $308.56 for 6 yr. 4 mo. 9 da. at 3J%. GENERAL REVIEW. 1. Add: 1. $295,746.97J 2. $374,116.96 3. $6,604.00 36,905.73 49,573.88 56,948.35 9,867.96 260,087.61 35,439.50 999.68 60,429.03 678,950.70 5,437.99J 47,596.84 30,597.05 69,141.16 10,970.55 65,300.40 309,609.78 87,046.00 3,689.74 48,765.99 9,900.67 439.00 256 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 2. Find the sum of .37, 6.3, .009, 10.74, 1.07, 58.93, 748.57 and 2.034. 3. Find the value of.a^ftfr + 9 T 3 + 608 -f 39 T Vg- + ^o + 3.1416 -f 231. 4. Add 25 days 7 hours 51 minutes and 26 days 28 hours and 21 minutes. 5. Find the value of 3.5 bu. 3 pk. -f- 35 bu. 3 pk. -f- 35 bu. 3 pk. 6. Add 24 Ib. 7 oz., 6 Ib. 10 oz., 36 Ib. 1 1 oz., 5 Ib. 8 oz. 7. Add 12 rd. 4 yd. 2 ft., 5 rd. 2 ft., 5 yd. 1 ft, 7 rd. 8. Find the sum of 60^- + 49^ + 18^ + 6} + 901 9. Find the sum of f -f- f -f f -f 5f . 1O. Add 234 cu. yd. 18 cu. ft. 566 cu. in., 149 cu. yd. 9 cu. ft. 19 cu. in., 198 cu. yd. 11 cu. ft. 1000 cu. in., 70 cu. yd. 23 cu. ft. 1267 cu. in. (1.) 11. From 9932563 take 7953240 (2.) From 6875396 take 5927387 (3.) From 8735009 take 7295394 12. Find the value of: (i.) (2.) (3.) (4.) (5.) (6.) 7320.00 6837.13. 4197.23 2076.88. (7.) (8.) 173.09 134.137. 8394.46 4153.76. 13. From five hundred eighty and sixty-seven ten- thousandths take ninety-six and forty-nine millionths. 14. George Washington was born Feb. 22, 1732. How old was he July 4, 1776 ? GENERAL REVIEW 257 15. From 16 rd. take 4 rd. 1 yd. 1 ft. 16. From 7 bu. 3 pk. 6 qt. take 6 bu. 2 pk. 7 qt. 17. How much is left if you take 4 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. from a milk-can containing 10 gal. ? 18. Subtract 59.9078 from 64.08. 19. Find the value of (28 9) (27 25)? 20. A man bought a factory for $27,000, and sold it for $25,310.625. How much did he lose ? 21. Multiply: 39,086 by 3049 ; 27,389 by 8375 ; 43,009 by 3468. 22. Find the value of 5 X 7; 16^ X 1$; 7 T 3 ^ ' X ' X ^l X ou 144 X 17 X 45 X 52 . 57 X 119 X 16 13 X 9 X 34 X 12 ' 17 X 12 X 19' 42. How many dresses, each containing 15 yd., can be made from 25 pieces of cloth, each containing 45 yd. ? 43. Reduce to lowest terms : ff , fM* iHi W&- 44. Find the prime factors of 295, 556, 648, 1063, 1495. 45. Reduce to higher terms : f to 27ths, ff to 819ths, ^ to lOOOths. 46. Reduce to whole or mixed numbers: 47. Reduce to improper fractions : 68f , 400^, 48. Reduce 4 bbl. 5 gal. 1 pt. to gills; 5 hhd. 7^ gal. to pints. 49. Reduce to higher denominations : 845,356 in. ; 1,000,000 cu. ft; 7016 dr. GENERAL REVIEW 259 5O. Reduce to lower denominations : J- T. ; .75 bu. ; .81 sq. mi. ; .385 da. 51. Find the value of (4f + 6 3f) ~- | + (3J 2i) X 6. 52. Find the value of 81.8 + 35.625 38.875 2.0034. 53. What is the sum of 303 thousandths, 4108 rnil- lionths, 635 ten-thousandths, 803 ten-millionths ? 54. Multiply .8745 by 100; by 1000; by 100,000; by 1,000,000. 55. Divide .8745 by 100; by 1000; by 100,000; by 1,000,000. 56. Divide .08 by 1.611; 40,000 by .00004; 144 by 1728. 57. How many barrels of apples, at $2.25 per barrel, can be bought for $29 ? 58. If illuminating gas is sold at the rate of $1.00 per M. cubic feet, how much will 52,437 cu. ft. cost ? 59. If a railroad train runs 35.75 miles per hour, in how many hours will it run 143 miles ? 60. A farmer sold 21J dozen eggs at $.18f a dozen, and bought 14 J yd. of cloth at 12J cents a yard. How much money had he left ? 61. How many acres in a rectangular field 70 rd. wide and 90 rd. long ? 62. The length, breadth, and thickness of a solid are, respectively, 9 ft. 4 in., 10 ft. 6 in., and 7 ft. 8 in. Find its volume. 260 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC 63. How many cords of wood in a pile 4 rd. long, 2| yd. high, and 4 ft. wide ? 64. How many cubic inches in a cubic rod ? 65. How many board feet in 38 planks 10 in. wide, 16 ft. long, and 2 in. thick ? 66. How many acres in a rectangle 24 \ rd. long by 16.02 rd. wide? 67. How many square feet in the 4 sides of a room 21 J ft. long, 16J ft. wide, and 13 feet high? 68. What is the cost of a field 173 rd. long and 84 rd. wide at $35.75 per acre ? 69. How many board feet in a 3-inch plank 18 ft. long and 14 in. wide ? 70. How much will a stick of timber 40 ft. 9 in. long, 1 ft. 3 in. wide, and 1 ft. 9 in. thick cost, at 25 cents a cubic foot ? 71. Find66f% of $314.16. 72. Find the interest of $57.35 for 90 da., at 6%. 73. Find the amount of $691.75 for 15 da., at 6%. 74. A money-lender loaned $840.50 for 2 yr. and 8 mo., at 5J%. What amount of money was due him at the end of the time ? 75. I loaned a friend $460 on Jan. 1, 1898, at 6% in- terest. If the loan is not repaid till Jan. 1, 1900, how much money will then be due me ? 76. Find the amount of $108.46 for 4 yr. 8 mo. 5 da., at 10%. 77. Find the interest and amount of $500 for 2 yr. 2 mo. 2 da., at 6%. GENERAL REVIEW 261 78. Find the interest of $1000 for 30 days. For 33 days. 79. $ 100, put on interest Dec. 1, 1898, will amount to how much money on Dec. 31, 1899, at 5%, reckoning 365 days in a year ? 80. I bought a horse for $90.00. I sold him at a gain of 25%. I loaned the money thus received, for a year, at 7%. How much money was due me at the end of the year? 81. Two men start at the same time and place and travel in opposite directions, one at the rate of 35 mi. per day, the other at the rate of 42 mi. per day. How far will they be apart at the end of 19 days ? 82. A., B. and C. have together $209. A. and C. have $155 ; A. and B. have $109. How much has each ? 83. The greater of two numbers is 5067, and their difference is 4760. What is the less number ? 84. The divisor is 645 and the quotient 43. What is the dividend ? 85. The subtrahend is 45,304 and the remainder is 9807. What is the minuend ? 86. A wagon wheel is 16 ft. 8 in. in circumference. How many revolutions will it make in going 5 miles ? 87. If f of an acre of land produces 120 bushels of potatoes, how many bushels will 4J acres produce ? 88. A man who owned 4 of a mill sold 4- of his share o O for $2500. What was the value of the mill at that rate, and what the value of the man's share ? 89. James can do a piece of work in 12 days, and 262 ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC Robert can do it in 10 days. In what time can they both do it? 9O. Three children inherited in equal shares a farm of 473 A. 112 sq. rd. How much land did each receive? 91. A vintner has 168 gal. 3 qt 1 pt. of wine. How much is it worth at $2.62J per gallon ? 92. 4 T. 17 cwt. 75 Ib. of hay being sold brought $10.75 per ton. What was the total receipt for the hay ? 93. How many dresses containing 8 yd. 2 ft. each can be made out of 390 yd. of cloth ? 94. A lot contains 12 A. It is 30 rd. wide. How long is it? 95. A. has J as much money as B. They both have $581. How much has each ? 96. A room measures on the floor 20 ft. by 18 ft. How much carpet will cover it, and what will the carpet cost at $l.l2J per square yard ? 97. I paid a debt of $295.85, which had been upon interest 11 mo. 25 da. at 7%. What amount did I pay? 98. What number divided by If will give a quotient of 4f ? 99. A merchant bought 1250 barrels of flour for $6250. At what price per barrel must he sell it to make a profit of 12J%? 1. Percentage = Base X Rate. 2. Interest = Percentage x Time. 3. Interest = Base -X Kate x Time. 100. Base = ? [1 and 3.] Rate = ? [1 and 3.] Time = ? [2 and 3.] ANSWERS. ADDITION. 9. 26 feet. 10. 40 inches. Page 7O. 2. 1. 24. 15. 23. 29. 28. 11. 17 boys ; 11 girls ; 28 pupils. 12. 16 units ; 36 cents. 2. 22. 16. 17. 30. 28. 3. 24. 17. 22. 31. 35. Page 73. 4. 19. 18. 23. 32. 21. 13. 33 lines. 14. 45. 15. 35. 5. 28. 19. 17. 33. 26. 6. 20. 20. 21. 34. 30. Page 74. 7. 21. 21. 28. 35. 23. 2. 1. 1368. 4. 1760. 7. 492. 8. 21. 22. 28. 36. 24. 2. 1125. 5. 1652. 8. 589. 9. 24. 23. 27. 37. 29. 3. 1531. 6. 688. 10. 24. 24. 24. 38. 27. 11. 23. 25. 25. 39. 29. Page 75. 12. 25. 26. 25. 40. 28. 9. $708. 12. $137.44. 13. 27. 27. 35. 10. $38.23. 13. $175.81. 14. 15. 28. 33. 11. $225.44. 14. $2874.42. Page 71. 3. 1. 90309. 3. 9055. 3. 1. 29. 8. 32. 15. 31. 2. 10970. 4. 5293. 2. 33. 9. 29. 16. 28. 4. 26765. 9. 243076. 3. 29. 10. 28. 17. 30. 5 13593. 10. $278.85. 4. 32. 11. 39. 18. 41. 6. 22070. 11. $3261.69. 5. 30. 12. 29. 19. 31. 7. 8110. 12. $1398.93. 6. 34. 13. 27. 20. 36. 8. 135929. 7. 37. 14. 37. 1. 18. 3. 24 feet. Page 76. 2. 12 years. 4. 33 books. 13. $342.809. 15. $710.688. 14. $833.783. Page 72. 16. 1. 56065. 6. 547000000. 5. 15 pieces. 2. 15071. 7. 29000788. 6. 13 gills. 3. 24004. 8. 29900. 7. 11 pounds. 4. 435000. 9. 9006439. 8. 18 problems. 5. 5004867. 10. 21847. 263 264 ANSWERS 17. 1. $1160.33. 3. $703.78. 1. 702. 4. 3420. 7. 101.20. 2. $382.99. 2. 1.00. 5. . 8. 252.15. Page 77. 3. 2.50. 6. . 9. 3131. 4. $1638.02. 5. $1500.3725. 1. $16992. 3. $800. 5. $8818. 2. 47624. 4. 21.00. 6. 1164. Page 86. 10. 1000. 15. 1732. Page 78. 11. 2030. 16. 401. 7. $126.90; 217. 12. 5504. 17. . 8. 2,622,254. 13. 1115. 18. 202.20. 9. $1796. 14. 3632. 19. 106. 10. $9265. 11. 842. 12. 16906. 13. $8360. Page 89. 14. 817; $8.17; 126. 3. 1. 169. 16. 76. 2. 212. 17. 20.39. Page 79. 3. 391. 18. 7.92. 15. 1. 13701. 4. 329. 19. 16.48. 2. 12248. 6. 264. 20. 21.05. 3. 135667. 6. 387. 21. 9.25. 4. 128257. 7. 115. 22. 35.38. 5. 1XDCCCXCVIII = 9898. 8. 32. 23. 35.91. 9. 66. 24. 28.41. SUBTRACTION. 10. 509. 25. 449.48. Page 84. 11. 82. 26. 269.89. 2. 1. 211. 8. 341. 15. 1343. 12. 108. 27. 158.07. 2. 552. 9. 210. 16. 4200. 13. 46. 28. 688.89. 3. 341. 10. 400. 17. 3213. 14. 567. 29. 2578.99. 4. 430. 11. 351. 18. 3541. 15. 167. 5. 602. 12. 532. 19. 3233. 6. 201. 13. 440. 20. 7111. 7. 633. 14. 311. Page 9O. Page 85. 1. 943. 8. 1096. 21. $22.11. 27. 61.12. 2. 2031. 9. 1. 22. 24.20. 28. 71.000. 3. 1435. 10. 999000. 23. 16.13. 29. 45.90. 4. 1206. 11. 593. 24. 13.45. 30. 10.426. 5. 35433. 12. 125.77. 25. 36.14. 81. 610.17. 6. 1090. 13. 146.882. 26. 53.35. 7. 77655. 14. 92760000. ANSWERS 265 5. 1. 391. 11. 34371. Page 96. 2. 417. 12. 540100. 13. A. 450 ; B. 625 ; C. 961. 3. 387. 13. 459890. 14. 0. 4. 51. 14. 5170174. 15. $11251. 5. 1991. 15. 136353. 16. 1578620818. 6. 4886. 16. 1228608. 17. 87. 7. 1603. 17. 132187. 18. $1056.75. 8. 1962. 18. 4745334. 19. 217. 9. 2218. 19. 307139. 20. Summer, 2 days. 10. 54029. 20. 1979323. 21. $87.28. Page 97. 1. 7202. 3. 52581. 2. 951691. Page 91. 22. Mary, 5 cts. 23. $3344; $4162.84. 24. 24; 34; 6.684. 4. 6462. 10. 298,470,000. 5. 11020. 11. 10,179,000; 25. $.50; $.375; $.625. 26. 936085. 6. 6757. 19642000. 27. 1216738. 7. 332100. 12. $204.96. 8. 999891. 13. 46.8. 28. $3.00. 29. DCXXXI. 9. 976000000. 14. 1128. o/\ /~1 30. C. Page 93. 31. $9850. 32. $7240; $2760. 1. $7. 5. 17. 9. $19.50. 2. 10. 6. $12. 10. 1801. MULTIPLICATION. 3. 9. 7. 65. Page 103. 4. 15. 8. $2. 1. 1735. 18. 184344. Page 94. 2. 2192. 19. 380736. 3. 2120. 20. 376096. 11. 0. 13. 28. 15. $3.00. 4. 3748. 21. 395586. 12. 18. 14. $80. 5. 1740. 22. 253664. 2. 1. 10654. 6. 885. 6. 2715. 23. 340784. 2. 2185. 7. 30443. 7. 3420. 24. 213409. 3. 2367. 8. 58852. 8. 4715. 25. 246912. 4. 50895. 9. 2517. 9. 12288. 26. 2367036. 5. 11388. 10. 487783. 10. 41559. 27. 1382712. 11. 53670. 28. 4506170. Page 95. 12. 42266. 29. 3407340. 3. 7202. 8. $16.75. 13. 71856. 30. 864192. 4. $14750. 9. 94. 14. 50768. 31. 7120984. 5. $16675. 10. $8454.20. 15. 48564. 32. 4111101. 6. $2693.23. 11. $2.10. 16. 21980. 33. 4382715. 7. 33064. 12. $22.735. 17. 482805. 266 ANSWEKS Page 104. Page 108. 1. 31.50. 5. 2920. 3. 1. 15910. 26. 4694.18. 2. 200. 6. 10080. 2. 20860. 27. 2374.40. 3. 2.50. 7. 15052.94. 3. 31680. 28. 1675.28. 4. 864. 8. 31680. 4. 45144. 29. 1493.750. 9. 1. 56. 6. 55. 9. 54. 5. 59031. 30. 4457.05. 2. 15. 6. 16. 10. 0. 3 Of) 7 QO 6. 43148. 31. 7545020. 7. 32795. 32. 19924450. . UZ. f. Jo. 8. 61050. 33. 17662020. 4. 38. 8. 83. 9. 39220. 34. 21510354. 10. 4177182. 10. 43601. 35. 10374925. 1. 4374762. 1. 363655. 11. 56576. 36. 20312880. 2. 5827927. 2. 8169459. 12. 63640. 37. 21558420. 3. 4509248. 3. 1603774. 13. 620412, 38. 19070156. 4. 5620734. 4. 1189087. 14. 836060. 39. 9979902. 6. 3755255. 5. 1810659. 15. 914620. 40. 20640080. 6. 4507712. 6. 1439615. 16. 237303, 41. 1236985904. 7. 2399868. 7. 4150327. 17. 266350. 42. 2067421020. 18. 237728. 43. 4133249372. 19. 178365. 44. 3515881096. 20. 386496. 45. 430509170. Page 1O6. 21. 2160.16. 46. 7747702200. 5. 1. 67900. 6. 450000. 22. 2129.40. 47. 6903130377. 2. 480000. 7. 4000000. 23. 1411.60. 48. 8757235116. 3. 26900. 8. 5700000. 24. 1914.84. 49. 1679687810. 4. 3760000. 9. 77900. 25. 2591.60. 50. 1919163400. 6. 340500. 10. 14850. 51. 3963930272. 52. 12912828391. 53. 17072262240. 54. 5755196745. Page 1O7. 55. 11825571472. 11. 22800. 21. 227200. 56. 7567934076. 12. 23100. 22. 46100. 57. 221461306500, 13. 54320. 23. 9876000. 58. 97406784000. 14. 182100. 24. 93520. 59. 207438609862. 15. 203200. 25. 24048000. 60. 70109427840. 16. 543200. 26. 3288000. 17. 171600. 27. 7952000. Page JO9. 18. 653800. 28. 4736000. 1. 85064. 4. 1470. 19. 3072000. 29. 10728000. 2. 7285. 5. 110048, 20. 4690000. 30. 994000. 3. 698720. 6. 31710, ANSWERS 267 7. 4379.43. 11. 651222. Q. R. Q. R. 8. 8565.78. 12. 614680. 4. 1. 368 1. 15. 1228 6. 9. 89760. 13. 2243160. 2. 245 1. 16. 1406 5. 10. 8883. 14. $12000. 3. 240 3. 17. 1058 2. 4. 183 1. 18. 985 3. Page 11O. 5. 137 2. 19. 24371 1. 15. $878.85. 6. 133 6. 20. 17914 0. 7. 124 3. 21. 16472 1. Page in. 8. 107 2. 22. 9479 2. 1. 24791. 2. 175. 9. 84 7. 23. 9618 1. 10. 675 5. 24. 8256 2. Page 112. 11. 1220 7. 25. 13367 1. 3. 600. 10. 424. 12. 1979 1. 26. 12084 2. 4. 3125.20. 11. 999000. 13. 1099 3. 27. 6387 4. 5. 75881. 12. 99900000. 14. 3189 1. 6. 720. 13. 5820. 7. $2140920. 14. 196.80. 8. 7883. 15. 35. 9. $72035. 16. 1440. Page 121. Q. R. Q. R. Page 113. 28. 197 1. 45. 1035 8. 17. 1806. 21. 5219. 29. 154 3. 46. 1587 2. 18. 58.24. 22. 636 profit. 30 137 6. 47. 1624 2. 19. 12960. 23. 12 profit. 81. 248 3. 48. 1158 4. 20. 374. 24. 2400. 32. 71 6. 49. 245 4. 25. 1. 600. 33. 382 1. 50. 12865 1. 34. 124 6. 51. 19739 1. Page 114. 35. 192 3. 52. 13796 3. 2. 698. 4. $1798.98. 36. 107 2. 53. 11837 5. 3. 79962. 37. 239 1. 54. 7765 1. 38. 162 2. 55. 28780 0. Page 12O. 39. 532 4. 56. 22669 2. 2. 1. 321. 11. 1225. 21. $5.54. 40. 529 4. 57. 16560 5. 2. 321. 12. 1084. 22. $13.53. 41. 1206 3. 58. 31240 0. 3. 918. 13. 1218. 23. $5.48. 42. 945 2. 59. 11853 7. 4. 541. 14. 1366. 24. $12.34. 43. 1247 2. 60. 10660 2. 5. 307. 15. 496. 25. $9.12. 44. 1404 4. 6. 647. 16. 597. 26. $13.89. 7. 315. 17. 1545. 27. $9.08. 1. 200. 5. 65654. 8. 337. 18. 984. 28. $22.96. 2. 176. 6. 62256. 9. 384. 19. 406. 29. $8.88. 3. 285. 7. 66365 10. 493. 20. 876. 30. $3.91. 4. 21120. 268 ANSWERS Page 122. 8. 5f. 13. $7351. 18. 248. 9. 162; 126. 14. 1120. 19. 1342. 10. 588. 15. 4840. 20. 180. 11. 144 hr. 16. 52. 12. 4688. 17. 6542. Page 125. 4. 1. 8 T V 2. 3. 4. 16. 32/AV 17. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 198^. 12. 61f. 13. 16HJ. 20. llflfof. 21. 12ttft. 22. llJHfr. 23. 123 T Wd b* 8. 5 T 6 ?V 16. . Page 144. 12. 36. 14. 24. 16. 30. Page 155. 13. 3072. 15. 823.5. 17. 65. 2. 1. 1|1. 9. HF 2. *tP* 10. Page 150. 3. HP 11. ^ 2 " 2. 1. i 18. ; ^ 35. T* T . 4. HP- 12. 1 M- 2. i 19. 1 36. f 5. ~TT~^' 13. H- . 3. r 20. - I 37. 44. 6. VTRT- 14. 4. I. 21. - 1 38. I. 7. 2953 15. 9803 5. 6. I 22. 23. ; |; 39- V 40. T V 8. 4fV- 16. 4 2 ^ 7. TV 24. \ 3 41- fVV 8. 9. 10. 25. 26. 27. 42. f 43. i. 44. 93 V 2. 1. Page 158. If* 11 !' 28. } 45. ir 2. IT^V 9. if 16. 14^. 12. 29. ^ 46. A, 3. Iff 10. 23 17. 7 113 r. 13. 14. 15. I 30. | 31. ; 32. { 47. jEL 48. A, 49. i 4. 5. 11. 12. iS* 18. 19. 10|f- 16. rV 33. i 50. A. 6. 41 13. 1T2- 20. 2ojr 17. ? 34. 1 7. 2ft. 14. 12 Hi- 21. ITT- ANSWERS 271 Page 159. Page 167. 5. 1. 2fff 11. 47 T V 1. $3.00. 4. $12|. 7. 60f 2. 23 T V 12. T %V 2. $7.50. 5. $84. 8. $134. 3. 21|| 13- 74H- 3. 14. 6. 20f cts. 9. 11 7f 4. 18&. 14. 23^. 5. 12 T %V 15. 146. Page 168. 6. 90| 16. j$f 7. 364|f 17. 57^. 8. 121f 18. 17ff 9. 43f. 19. 4|ff|. 10. $2338f 14. $7414. 11. $110^. 15. $153. 12. $103J, 16. $30f 10. 35. 20. 10fff. 13. 409J. Page 170. 1. 34|. 2. 75 <&. 4. 1. 10. 4. J. 7. 258. Page 16O. 2. 21. 5. 56. 8. 412. 3. 1444,$|. 9 - 31. 3. 140. 6. 228. 9. 462. 4. 1.66. 10. 141^. 5. 1. ||. 11. A. 21. f 5. 12. 11. 136 T ^V 2. 3f 12. f . 22. -5-V 6. 18f|. 12. 162flfr. 3. ^ T . 13. T 7 7 . 23. 3f. 7. 123f ff . 13. 187| ; 666}f 4 10$f 14. %. 24. 5f. 8. 44^. 14. 21f. 5. 384. 15. 57|. 25. l|$f Page 163. 6. 1207f 16. 4If 26. If. 4. 1. f. 15. 7 T V 29. |f 7. 21. 17. 2f 27. 7|f. 2. 4i. 16. ^V 30. f|. 8. 994f 18. ^. 28. 111|. 3- A- 17. A. 31. |f. 9. 4275. 19. / ff . 29. 16 T * T . 4. tf. 18. ,%. 32. f|. 10. 3241|. 20. ||. 30. 3f. 5. |. 19. 12&. 33. |J. 6. 1. $11^. 2. 156|. 3. 46. 6. %. 20. 27 T V 34. ||. 7. If 21. 17ff 35. 1 T V Page 171. 8. i. 22. 4A." 36. 1*4. w- ^' T5 24 9. ^ 7 . 23. 2f|. 37. |. 4. 35^. 8. $2.01 T V 10. f|. 24. 8f. 38. 8f. 5. 44f 9. $10|. 11. ||. 25. 6f 39. 1 %. 6. 32f. 10. $3.20f. 12. |. 26. 13 T V 40. 9ff. 7. $2.19|f 13. 3f. 27. 5f|. 41. 17||. 1. $8^. 5. 6f 9. 2/ ? . 14. 3|. 28. T V- 42. 8|. 2. $12|. 6. $1336f. 10. 140; 40. Page 164. 3. 130J. 7. $77. 11. 41 T ^. 4. 232|. 8. 125 T V 2. 28i^. 6. U. 10. 91. 20 20 o 3. 41f. 7. 4 T \V 11. & Page 172. 4 87^. 8. |f|. 12. 4^f. 12. $2&. 13. $7.03|. 272 ANSWERS Page 173. Page 178. 3. $if 7. $ if. 3. If- 8. AV- 13- *Wfr 4. $6|. 8. $4f 4- HM- 5. 4i bbl. 9. $ 6. Iff 10. 2A- 15. 1. 6. $2\' 10. 3 j mi > 6- ffl- 11. 2f 16. f 7. Uff 12 2. Page 174. 6. i. AV 7. T | T . 13. AW- 3. 1. A- 11. TT- 21. 4A- 2- 2 fff 8. T 2 7 6 T . 14. 6$f 2. A- 12- I&T. 22. 7^- 3. |i- 949 1^ 35 . "3~"?^7y* -**' TJJ^'" 2 3 13. T V T . 23. 2 T Y*- 4- 2A- 10. -gfo. 16. 2A%- 4- A- 5. A- 14. Afr. 15. A- 24. 2f 25. 2|. 5. |f. 6- Sift 11. Iff 12. A- 6. A- 16. A- 26. 12|. Page 179. 7. A. 17. TT7- 27. 68|f. 17. 3. 19. i. TT"^'* 18- T fh- 28. 37|. 18. 8. 3 20. l|f. 9. -df-s- 19- affr- 29. 20|f. 10. A- 20. A- 30. l|$f 1. 16. 4 15. 7. 6ff 10. 52. 1. T*V- 2- f 4. 7f 5- 95ff 7- ii- 8. 85f. 2. 6f 5 3. 18f 6 llif. 8. 10. 11. 6f 293i. 9. 76. 12. 7f 3. 3|. 6. 224f. Page 180. 13. 5f. 15. f. 17. 880if Page 175. 14. 6|f 16. 6^V 9. $24ff 13. $1.37f 17. 6f Page 181. 10. f. 14. A- 18. 4if 3. 1. 1M- 7. 20. 13. 2f 11. 5 T V 15. A. 2. 12. 8. ^\- I 4 - Iffl- 12. $44|^ . 16. llff 3. 6|i- 9. A- 15. Hf 4. A- 10. Hf 16- M- Page 177. 5. |f. 6. ff. 11. 1. 17. 2A- 12. i. 18. ifff 2. 1. f 9. |f. 17. 10. 2. if 10. Hf- 18. 2A- Page 182. 3. If. 11. m- 19. 2ff 1. 56. 3. 147.50. 4. If. 12. |f 20. 19^f 2. 200. 4. 184|f 5. IA* 6. -fff* 13. AV 14. If- 21. 8/ T V 22. A- 5. 3920. Page 183. 7- if 15. IA- 23. |f. 6. 2700. 8. ff. 16. Iff. 24. f|f 7. 40. 3. 7if 8. 6750. 5. 1. If O 8 . 9. 144. ANSWERS 273 10 $6.60; $52.80. Page 188. 11. $1622}. 44. $311.66f 12. $100; $46f 45. Horse, $140 ; cow, $40. 13. $4.90. 46. $78,545/ T . 14. 6||. 47. T Wi- 15. $6400; $64000. 48. A^. 15 da., B. 30 da. 16. 4^ da. 49. A- 17. $11.25. 50. MLV. 18. $90. 51 1. 23f. 6- TsVtf X i 19. 140; 120. 2- If 7. 3345. 3. W. g. 20655 Page 184. 7 7 4- 3^. 9- ill- 20. $10,125. 21. A- 6. 28A- 10. A- Page 185. Page 195. 1. 9^. 7. 9 yd. 2. 1. A- 21- dhr- 2. 26ft. 8. 54. 2. f. 22. T W 3. Iff. 9. $1518|. 3- A- 23. ^. 4. $125. 10. $60. 4. ^. 24- ,h. 5. $840. 11. $161. 5- H- 25. A. 8. 34f cts. 12. Afc. 6. . 26. J$$. 7- f O7 2 7 Z ' ' TSTyTT* Page 186. 8. |. 28. s^nnr 13. 4^. 19. 2f da. 9. f OQ 3 ^ y - Trainr- 14. $19. 20. 372f ; 497 f 10. f 30. 7 Ar- 15. 159# ? - 21. 4^A- 11. ^. 31- 3%V 16. 240. 22. 25. 12. A- 32. 2 ^- 17. 302f 23. $27|. 13. A- 33. ^^77. 18. A- 24. $57|; $4J. 14. A. 04 281 "SOVO' 15. f. 35. Aft- Page 187. 16- rfi- 36. A- 25. 2ft. 35. Increased. 17. ifv- 37. |. 26. 176. 36. 80. 1 ft -*^ ^ ^ 4sJ^ 38. yifr. 27. i 37. lOtf . 19. -jV/^. 39. A- 28. 11}. 38. 726 \V 20. t*Ml* 40. -j^. 29. 4i. 39. 28 ft. 30. 160 A. 40. jiff*. Page 197. 31. $3000. 41- im- 3. 1. .3125. 5. .104. 32. 502 da. 42. 2520. 2. .561. 6. 1.16625. 33. f^|. 43. G. C.D., 2. 3. .625. 7. .3125. 34- Aft- 4. .875. 8. .905. 18 274 ANSWERS 9. .3167 +. 23. .199/2- 7. 30.7433. 14. .027974. 10. .2968 -f . 24. .34442 -f. 8. 19.646. 15. .0624. 11. .04. 25. .5555. 9. 5.313. 16. .372.67. 12. .32. 26. .30303. 10. 2.9904. 17. 864.005. 13. .00378 -f . 27. .0192. 11. 5.3453. 18. 293.988. 14. .03317 +. 28. 10.0312 -f. 12. 4.3353. 19. 6025.81. 15. .0244 nearly. 29. .024. 13. .684. 20. 27.0417. 16. .012345 +. 30. .1066. 17. .8333 +. 31. 12.3125. 3. 1. 2.4216. 6. 1858.06. 18. .0125. 32. 17.1875. 2. 3.9027. 7. 694.1589. 19. .52. 33. 14.8765 -f. 3. 1.39444. 8. 6310.035. 20. .81 nearly. 34. 515.1466. 4. 2.7557. 9. 8814.4057. 21. .96f 35. 231.032. 5. 2.64976. 10. 1983.013. 22. .58f. 1. 4.725yd. 3. 3.76 mi. Page 198. 2. .2312 in. 2. 1. 54.417. 8. 45.3616. 2. 46.2946. 9. 92.675. 3. 51.543. 10. 603.3016. Page 2O1. 4. 64.894. 11. 426.2440. 4. $187.86. 8. 1.59964; .00236. 5. 34.1039. 12. 442.24. 5. 57.9. 9. 59.0526. 6. 7469. 13. 362.7795. 6. $158.25. 10. $2.76. 7. 76.1575. 14. 103.976. 7. $534.73. 3. 1. 5707.7523. 7. 1017.3089. 2. 1087.7327. 8. 6573.1850. 3. 1889.4790. 9. 9401.2243. Page 2O2. 4. 1198.3745. 10. 2158.0230. 3. 1. .2264. 16. .00172462. 5. 20479.1455. 11. 47.83929. 2. 1.855. 17. .001287104. 6. 6377.4150. 3. 26.13. 18. .0657225. 1. 35.703. 3. $2784.19. 4. .33698. 19. .115539. 2. 897.0206163. 5. .05301. 20. .1243920. 6. .436475. 21. 145.41393. Page 199. 7. 3.50064. 8. 2.5098. 22. 1015.075. 23. .215536. 4. 341.8674. 5. 513.13997. 9. 1.4760. 24 17.653075. 10. .029078. 25. 609.089. g 11. 1.094310. 26. 394.9528. Page 200. 12. 171.558. 27. 3.1783. 2. 1. 11.930. 4. 16.944. 13. 1.0044. 28. 32175.5. 2. 11.955. 6. 19.67. 14. .0041335. 29. .232275. 3. 14.914. 6. 23.175. 15. 2.45409. 30. .00000175. ANSWERS 275 Page 2O3. 32. 2.65. 1. $375. 10. $3.045. , 33. .342. 2. $38.90. 11. $28. 34. 83.33f 3. $253.69. 12. $210. 35. 1666|. 4. $2.066. 13. $90.675. 36. .000268. 5. $1342.00. 14. $3339.00. 37. 29176. 6. $201.91. 15. $5.625. 38. 1125. 7. $1030. 16. 7276.5 cu. in. 39. 356. 8. $400. 17. $3.76. 40. 21.24. 9. $160. 18. .29652. 41. .1257. 42. 10,000,000,000. Page 2O5. 43. 1.001. 44. 426. 4. 1. 6.4. 6. 64.19. 45. 5 266 +. 2. .316 7. 3650. 46. 7901.2. 3. .66. 8. 365. 4. .36. 9. .005. 6. 43.2. 10. 4.78. Page 2O8. 1. $54.75. 2. 182 A. Page 2O6. 11. .0186956 -f. Page 2O9. 12. 1.3. 3. 28 bu. 9. 101 bbl. 13. .02. 4. 96doz. 10. 28.8 bu. 14. .3333. 6. 5f yd. 11. 8. 15. 3000. 6. 91b. 12. $1.269. 16. 2.5. 7. 188 T. 13. 12 cd. 17. 36.4. 8. 50.385 -f T. 14. 18. 18. 43.2. 19. 82160. 20. 12345. 15. 1. $.50. 4. $21.33f. 2. 4cts. 5. $.87|. 3. 90cts. 21. .32. 22. 960. 23. 16.68^. Page 21O. 24. .204. 6. $.05. 9. $.08. 25. .0625. 7. $.175. 10. $5.35. 26. 250. 8. $.06J. 27. 3.27. 16. 1. .48. 6. 27. 28. 5.16. 2. .00301. 7. 1. 29. 1.3. 3. 72.63. S. .06. 30. 88.90. 4. 1.70. 9. 69.917. 31. 5.27. 6. 6.03. 10. 646.' 276 ANSWERS Page 214. Page 232. 1. $2.25. 7. $52.827. 9. 96 oz. 18. 2592 cu. in. 2. $778.615. 8. $.15. 10. 20 pk. 19. 6 pwt. 3. $63.41. 9. $28. 11. 24 pt. 20. 6 Ib. 4. $876.24. 10. $14.875. 12. 140 pwt. 21. 100 units. 5. $1036.351. 11. $16.50. 13. 3 sq. yd. 22. 24 doz. 6. $291.84. 14. 20 wk. 23. 72 doz. Page 215. 15. 10 doz. 24. 800 cts. 16. 144shts. 25. 75 cts. 12. $1.65. 20. 40 wk. 17. 3 cu. yd. 26. $1.00. 13. $19.12i. 21. 42 qt. 14. $4234.37. 22. $3.40. Page 233. 15. 1J Ib. 23. $148.43f . 16. 28yd. 24. 44 ? \ mo. 2. 1. 225 in. 11. 19,586 sec. 17. 96 Ib. 25. $637.50. 2. 500 in. 12. 77,009 sec. 18. $182.82. 26. $13.485. 3. 611 in. 13. 106',246sec. 19. 18 wk. 4. 1402 in. 14. 146,440 sec. 5. 1783 in. 15. 8665 oz. Page 216. 6. 63 pt. 16. 15,789 oz. 27. 6 cts. 31. $294f . 7. 117 pt. 17. 107,053 oz. 28. 12doz. 32. \ yr. 8. 215 pt. 18. 173,546 oz. 29. $7.71f 33. $360. 9. 239 pt. 19. 336,170 oz. 30. 1864 Ib. 34. $1081.25. 10. 467 pt. 20. 54,509 gr. 3. 1. 37,858 gr. 11. 5923 in. Page 217. 1. $9.415. 2. 68,915 gr. 12. 8883 sq. in. 3. 333 pt. 13. 13,965 sq. in. Page 218. 4. 1786 gi. 14. 18,156 sq. yd. 2. $269.435. 4. $2610.97. 5. 491 pt. 15. 44,674 sq. yd. 3. $1866.45. 6. 6463 pt. 16. 89,328 sq. yd. 7. 1165m. 17. 159,072 cu. in. Page 219. 8. 1322m. 18. 246,201 cu. in. 6. $65.57. 8. $21.86. 9. 1889 in. 19. 483,850 cu. in. 7. $48.89. 9. $164.51. 10. 3613 in. Page 22O. Page 234. 10. $6917.55. 11. $17.89. 20. 12629. 26 - 1996 sc. Page 231. 21. 1675 9. 27. 10,776 min. 22. 3143 sc. 28. 1997 in. 3. 8pk. 6. 24 gal. 23. 2203 shts. 29. 33,636f sq.rd. 4. 320 sq. rd. 7. 200 min. 24. 2637 shts. 30. 548,658 in. 5 180 in. 8. 100 qr. 25. 1111 pwt. ANSWERS 277 Page 235. 1. 2 yd. ft. 2 in. 2. 3 da. 21 hr. 20 min. 3. 1 ft. 8f in. 4. 2 pk. 6.4 qt. 5. 11 cwt. 20 Ib. 6. 13 cu. ft. 864 cu. in. 7. 53 rd. 1 yd. 2 ft. 6 in. 8. 91 sq. rd. 12 sq. yd. 8 sq. ft. 97f sq. in. 9. 5 da. 21 hr. 7 min. 12 sec. 10. 1 qt. 1 pt. 1.5552 gi. 11. 1 ft. 9.06 in. 12. 12 K. 10 qr. 13. 9 Gr. 4 doz. 14. 63 5 3 19. 15. 8 oz. 8 pwt. 16. 17 cwt. 77 Ib. 14 oz. 17. 2 pk. 5 qt. pt. 2f gi. 18. 3 qt. 1 pt. 19. 2 cd. ft. 12.2368 cu. ft. 20. 19 sq. rd. 22 sq. yd. 4.554 sq. ft. 21. 293 rd. 1 yd. 2 ft. 6 in. 22. 240 A. 23. 11 cu. ft. 432 cu. in. 24. 3 qt. 1 pt. 25. 1 pk. 4 qt. 1.6 pt. 26. 21| gr. 27. 5.76 gr. 28. 25.55 da. 29. 18.018 units. 30. 16 qr. 16 sheets. Page 236. 3. 1. 166 gal. 1 qt. 1 pt. 2. 537 gal. 3. 213 gal. 2 qt. 3 gi. 4. 23 rd. 2 yd. 1 ft. 2 in. 5. 18 rd. 3 in. 6. 13 rd. 3 yd. 2 ft. 7. 73 bu. 1 qt. 1 pt. 8. 90 bu. 2 pk. 1 qt. 9. 63 bu. 1 pk. 5 qt. 10. 3 cwt. 92 Ib. 3 oz. 11. 5 cwt. 77 Ib. 6 oz. 12. 3 T. 94 Ib. 13. 2 T. 8 cwt. 6 Ib. 14. 32 wk. 20 hr. 15. 2 hr. 34 min. 39 sec. 16. 7 da. 13 hr. 45 min. . 1. 3 sq. yd. 1 sq. ft. 22 sq. in. 2. 4 sq. yd. 6 sq. ft. 3. 6 R. 1 qr. 1 sheet. 4. 7 R. 2 qr. 18 sheets. 5. 5 cu. ft. 335 cu. in. 6. 1 Ib. 4 oz. 7 pwt. 17 gr. 7. 8. 9. 10. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Page 237. 1 Ib. 7 oz. 15 pwt. 17 gr. 1 Ib. 93 23 29 9 gr. 1C. 9 A. *yL bu. f wk. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. m 13. 4-H bbl. Page 238. 2. 1. 63 gal. 1 qt. 2. 61 bu. 1 pk. 1 qt. 3. 26 da. 12 hr. 52 sec. 4. 214 Ib. 3 oz. 5. 68 Ib. oz. 19 pwt. 3 gr. 6. 88 yd. 1 ft. 2 in. 7. 128 gal. 1 qt. pt. 3 gi. 8. 98 A. 96 sq. rd. 278 ANSWERS Page 239. 9. 42 T. 14 cwt. 68 Ib. 9 oz. 10. 26 yd. 2 ft. 5 in. 2. 4 bu. 3 pk. 7 qt. 8. 4 bu. pk. 6 qt. 4. 6 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. 3 gi. 6. 2 da. 22 min. 20 sec. 6. 32 Ib. 10 oz. 3 pwt. 7. 20 yd. 1 ft. 9 in. 8. 14 rd. ft. in. 9. 15 Ib. 10 oz. 10. 54 sq. rd. 264 sq. ft. 69 sq. in. Page 24O. 11. 14 T. 16 cwt 39 Ib. 14 oz. 12. 3 gal. 1 qt. 1 pt. 2 gi. 2. 1. 62 yr. 5 mo. 5 da. 2. 15 yr. 6 mo. 8 da. 3. 52 yr. 4 mo. 29 da. 4. 10 yr. 10 mo. 17 da. 6. 84 yr. 3 mo. 11 da. Page 241. 2. 1. 45 bu. 2 pk. qt. 2. 47 gal. qt. pt. 1 gi. 3. 59 Ib. 8 oz. 2 pwt. 9 gr. 4. 70 Ib. 6 oz. 6 dr. 2 9 8 gr. 5. 1 da. 3 hr. 4 min. 36 sec. 6. 29 T. 19 cwt. 38 Ib. 14 oz. 7. 38 rd. 5 yd. 2 ft. 2 in. 8. 165 cu. yd. 8 cu. ft. 1670 cu. in. 9. 56 sq. yd. 2 sq. ft. 48 sq. in. 10. 31 da. 23 hr. 13 min. 11. 216 rd. 3 yd. 2 ft. 3 in. 12. 64 K. 17 qr. 2 sheets. 13. 58 bbl. 30 gal. 14. 32 yr. 3 mo. 18 da. 18 hr. 15. 53 T. 3 cwt. 66 Ib. 4 oz. 8 dr. 2. 1. 4 gal. 2 qt. 1 pt. If gi. 2. 5 bu. 1 pk. 4 qt. 1 pt. 3. 3 yd. ft. 3| in. 4. 5 cwt. 79 Ib. 15 oz. Page 242. 6. 5 Ib. 4 oz. llf pwt. 6. 31b. 8oz. 7 dr. 2f J}. 7. 2 hr. 53 min. 6f sec. 8. 6 sq. yd. 5 sq. ft. 40 sq. in. 9. 4 rd. 2 yd. 2 ft. 6 in. 10. 2 bbl. 1 gal. 1 qt. If pt. 11. 20 bu. 2 pk. 5f qt. 12. 3 gal. 2 qt. pt. 1-^ gi. 13. 1 mi. 183 rd. 4 ft. 8 T 8 T in. 14. 5 A. 46 sq. rd. 21 sq. yd. 15. 1 T. 15 cwt. 11 Ib. 8f oz. Page 243. 2. 432 sq. ft. 3. 300 sq. ft. 4. 204 sq. ft. ; 22| sq. yd. 5. 144 sq. ft. ; 16 sq. yd. 6. 912 sq. ft. ; 101 sq. yd. Page 244. 7. 19,500 sq. rd. ; 121| A. 8. 750 sq. ft, ; $10.42. 9. $32.30. 10. 36 A. 16 sq. rd. 11. $2025. 12. $48. 13. 110.274 A. 14. $84. 15. $99,975. 16. 49 sq. rd. 17. ll^A. 18. $50.65. 19. 10 A. 20. $36. ANSWERS 279 Page 246. 4. $53.40. 8. $1363.95. 2. 1. 1120 cu. ft. 6. 1200 cu. ft. 5. $40.25. 9. 56 quarts. 2. 1080 cu. in. 7. 1668 cu. ft. 3. 540 cu. yd. 8. 1431 cu. ft. 6. $250; $281.25. 10. 6 pupils. 7. 10 cts. 11. 2 words. 4. 1650 cu. ft. 9. 840| cu. ft. 5. 665 cu. ft. 10. 64,375 cu. ft. Page 252. 12. $840. 14. $487.50. Page 247. 13. $296.10. 15. $1915. 3. 1. $26.25. 4. $864.00. Page 253. 2. $69.88. 5. $5371.09. 3CC f)(* 2. 1. $15. 11. $1.68. . 4>OOO.ZO. 2. $15. 12. $4.42. 4. 1. $72.73. 4. $5818.18. 3. $20. 13. $17.52. 2. $170.45. 5. $15.91. 4. $18. 14. $13.08. 3. $135.07. 5. $70. 15. $12.49. 5. 1. $71.11. 4. $360.19. 6. $44. 16. $29.17. 2. $33.33. 5. $152.21. 7. $35.40. 17. $27.35. 3. $152.00. 8. $401.52. 18. $37.87. 9. $150.80. 19. $874.28. Page 248. 10. $1366.08. 20. $21.66. 2- 1. lOf ft. 6. 90 ft. 2. 11^ ft. 7. 333| ft. Page 254. 3. 10 ft. 8. 216 ft. 1. $98.12. 6. $90.00. 4. 10 ft. 9. 33 ft. 2. $137.79. 7. $227.36. 5. 21 ft. 10. 6 ft. 3. $177.00. 8. $141.29. 3. $3.24. 6. 90f Ib. 4. $297.43. 9. $176.08. 4. $72. 6. $15.00. 6. $308.41. 10. $123.36. Page 249. Page 255. 7. 402ft. 1. $104.89. 6. $141.00. Page 251 V 2. $164.20. 7. $79.352. 3. 1. $6. 11. $.39. 3. $57.50. 8. $77.98. 2. $14. 12. $.6265. 3. $24. 13. $.848. 4. $180.51. 9. $116.12. 5. $234.83. 10. $68.67. 4. $40. 14, $.525. 5. $62.50. 15. $3.0072. GENERAL REVIEW. 6. 77 sheep. 16. 56 Ib. 1. 1. $776,475.2675. 7. 1971 bu. 17. 1414.92 Ib. 2. $899,721.54. 8. 1250 bbl. 18. 7260 apples. 3. $877,968.74. 9. 18 men. 19. 4440 dolls. 2. 828.023. 10. 20 horses. 20. 632| yr. 3. 901.3006. 280 ANSWERS 4. 52 da. 12 hr. 12 min. 6. 106 bu. 1 pk. 6. 73 Ib. 4 oz. 7. 25 rd. 5 yd. 0| ft. 8. 224.82. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 126. 27. 28. 29. 30. 81. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 653 cu. yd. 8 cu. ft. 1124 cu. in. (1) 1979323; (2) 948009; (3) 1439615. (1)%; (2) 6ftj (3)3ff; (4) 6ff; (5)482.87; (6)2120.35; (7) 38.953 ; (8) 4240.7. 484.006651. 44 yr. 4 mo. 12 da. 11 rd. 4 yd. 6 in. 1 bu. pk. 7 qt. 5 gal. qt. 1 pt. 4.1722. 17. 1689.375. (1) 119173214; (2) 229382875; (3) 149155212. 6.81096; 73.08225; .03396. $14.50. $1944.39. 167 mi. 165 rd. 6 ft. $46.67. 92 hhd. 57 gal. 1 qt. 1 pt. 21; 12360; 43647.9. 3 mi. 232 rd. 11 ft. ; 8 cd. 30f ft. 80bbl. 35 da. 200 C. . A; 120; 28. 42. 43. 44. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 63. 64. 65. 56. 57. 58. 69. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 75. T V; m; Hfi; f- 5, 59; 2, 2, 139; 2 3 , 3*; none; 5, 13, 23. if; m T^V 33f; 82&; 62^ ; ISff ; 444. 4196 gi. ; 2580 pt. 13 mi. 109 rd. 2 yd. 1 ft. 10 in. ; 37037 cu. yd. 1 cu. ft. 17 cwt. 77 Ib. 12f oz. ; 3 pk. ; 518 A. 64 sq. rd. ; 9 hr. 14 min. 24 sec. 42|. 76.5466. .3706883. 87.45; 874.5; 87450; 874600. .008745; .0008745; .000008745; .0000008745. .04965 -f; 1000000000; .08334-. 13 bbl. $52.437. 4hr. $2.25. 39f A. 751 cu. ft. 15|f cd. 7,762,392 cu. in. 1013 bd. ft. 2.453 A. 988sq v ft. $3246.99. 63 bd. ft. $22.28. $209.44. $.86. $1.73. $963.77. $515.20. $159.22. $65.17; $566.17. $5.00; $5.50. ANSWERS 281 79. $105.41. 80. $120.38. 81. 1463 mi. 82. A. 55, B. 54, C. 100. 83. 307. 84. 27,735. 85. 55,111. 86. 1584. 87. 850 bu. 88. $20,000; $12,500. 89. 5 T 5 T da, 90. 157 A. 144 sq. rd. 91. $443.30. 92. $52.54. 93. 45. 94. 64 rd. 95. 249; 332. 96. $45.00. 97. $31627. 98. 7/ T . 99. $5.62f 100. B. =-', B. = Int. ; R = Time Int. Int. B. x B/ THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. SEP 131935 JAN- LD 21-100m-7,'33 YB 17421 8005G3 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY