^£S$ iUbrarp of £H& #utt)ors. / ^~~fflil&- (amdt tn-^, Ex Libris C. K. OGDEN REMAINS CONCERNING BRITAIN. BY WILLIAM CAMDEN, Cr.ARF.NCEUX, KING OF ARMS. LONDON: JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, SOHO SQJJARE. 1870. CH1SWICK FUESS: PKINTED BY WHITTINGHAM AND WILKINS, TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE. SANTA BARBARA MEMOIR OF WILLIAM CAMDEN. ^ ^g^ >HIS eminent hiftorian and antiquary was Vp)$ born on the 2nd of May, 1 55 1. His father, Sampfon Camden, a native of Lichfield, in Stafford (hire, having fettled in London as a painter, refided in the Old Bailey ; his mother was of the ancient family of Curwen, of Workington, in Cumberland : their fon William Camden received the rudiments of his education, fir ft at Chrift's Hofpital and afterwards at St. Paul's School. At the age of fifteen he removed to the Univerfity of Oxford and was entered as a fervitor at Magdalen College : this he left for Pembroke College, then known as Eroadgate Hall, and under the guidance of Dr. Thomas Thornton, one of the canons of Chriftchurch, his tutor and patron, he acquired a critically accurate knowledge of the Greek and Latin languages, which he efteemed the vi MEMOIR OF moft effectual means of forming his tafte and moulding his judgment. From his familiarity at this time with George and Richard Carew and others is to be dated that inclination for the ftudy of antiquities for which he afterwards became dif- tinguifhed. Upon leaving the Univerfity he made a tour of a great part of England, and in the year 1575, obtained, by the friendfhip of Dean Good- man, the appointment of Second Matter of Weft- minder School : here he contributed towards the attainment of claffical learning, by compiling a Greek grammar for the ufe of the ftudents, and at length attained in 1593 the office of Head Matter. He had been prevailed upon to undertake the " Britannia" by Abraham Ortelius, the great re- ttorer of Geography, whom he affifted with a de- fcription of England for his " Theatrum Orbis Terrarum," pubiifhed at Antwerp in 1584; and during every vacation continued his furvey of the kingdom, in feveral excurfions making notes of remarkable antiquities. In 1582 he travelled through Suffolk into Yorkfhire, returning by way of Lancafhire. Camden entered on his tafk with the genuine enthufiafm of an antiquarian. Topography was then a new fcience, and many difficulties had to be encountered, particularly in the names of places ; the Roman orthography and terminations had con- IV 1L LI AM CAMDEN. vii fiderably obfcured the Britiih, the Saxons had fub- fequently made an almoft total alteration, and the long dominion of the Normans* had effected Hill further changes ; to acquire this portion of topo- graphical knowledge, Camden was therefore under the necemty of mastering a language which had become nearly obfolete ; he fucceeded fo far as to obtain the means of detecting the etymology, and explaining the meaning of many obfcure names. The work required the labours of a learned author, and difplayed a wide field for the exertion of talent and found erudition, combined with much fagacity and ingenuity : it roufed his induftry, and ftimu- lated his ambition to do his country honour and literature fervice. It was written in Latin for the benefit of foreigners, and was printed in 1586, in o&avo, with this title, — " Britannia five florentiffi- morum regnorum Angliae, Scotiae, Hiberniae, et Infularum adjacentium, ex intima antiquitate cho- rographica defcriptio, &c," and was dedicated to Lord Burghley, his great friend and patron. In four years there were three editions publifhed in London, one at Frankfort, and one in another part of Germany. A fourth edition was printed at London, in 1594, in which the author enlarged much upon the pedigrees of noble houfes. Camden, in 1597, was made Clarenceux, King of Arms, having the day before been nominated, for form viii MEMOIR OF fake, Richmond herald, an appointment which greatly excited the jealoufy of the members of the College of Arms. In 1599 appeared a difcovery of certain errors of pedigrees in the " Britannia" of 1594, which were corrected in the fifth edition, printed in 1600, where, in a Latin reply to Ralph Brooke, the author of the difcovery, he treated his adverfary's knowledge of heraldry with unmerited contempt. To this literary controverfy is owing much of the genealogical information now made available. The laft edition of the "Britannia" which re- ceived the corrections and improvements of the author, was printed in folio in 1607, and was illuf- trated by maps, copied from thofe previoufly pub- lifhed by Chriftopher Saxton ; but thefe were the firft in which the counties are divided into hundreds. It was fucceflivelv tranflated bv Dr. Philemon Holland, Bifhop Gibfon, and Richard Gough. In the prefent improved ftate of topographical knowledge the value of Camden's " Britannia " has not been diminifhed. He was extremely capable of the tafk he had undertaken, and availed himfelf of the fagacity and erudition of many of his learned contemporaries. His laft work was the " Annals of Elizabeth," in 16 1 5, — a book to which reference is made by all the fubfequent hiftorians of England. WILLIAM CAMDEN. ix Camden died at his feat at Chiflehurft, in Kent, 9th Nov. 1623, aet. 73, and was buried in Weft- minfter Abbey on the 19th, near the tomb of the learned critic, Cafaubon, in the great fouthern tranfept, where he is commemorated by a monu- ment, containing a half-length figure of him, refting his hand on his far-famed " Britannia." [Thomas Moule.] For the few Notes introduced, the Pubiiiher is indebted to Mr. Mark Antony Lower, F.S.A., but whofe health, after a few pages were printed, pre- vented his further editorial fuperintendence of the volume. REMAINS Concerning BRITAIN: THEIR Languages, Names, Surnames, Allufions, Anagratnms, Armories, Moneys, Imprejfes, Apparel, Artillerie, Y -^ Wife Speeches, j Proverbs, J Poefies, {^Epitaphs. Written by William Camden Efquire, Clarenceux, King of Arms, Surnamed the Learned. The Seventh ImprefTion , much amended, with many rare Antiquities never before Imprinted. ____ By the Induftry and Care of JOHN PHI LI POT Somerfet Herald : and TV. D. Gent. LONDON, Printed for, and fold by, Charles Harper, at the Flower de Luce over againlt St. Dunftan's Church, and "John Amery at the Peacock over againft Fetter Lane, both in Fleetjlreet, 1674. TO THE HIGH AND MIGHTY PRINCE, CHARLES LODOWICK, By the Grace of God, Prince Eleclor, Arch-Dapifer and Vicar of the Sacred Empire, Count Palatine of the ancient Princi- pality of the Rhene, Duke of Bavare, and Knight of the ?nojl lllujirious Order of the Garter. 'T hath pleafed your Highnefs to ac- knowledg to have received much con- tentment in reading the defcription of Great Britain, made by William Camden, Efquire, Clarenceux, King of Arms. And this Book, being the remains of that greater work, was collected by him, and being now (with fome Additions of mine) to be printed, it moft humbly craves Patronage from your Highnefs. The Au- thor was worthily admired for his great Learning, Wifdom, and Vertue through the Chriftian world. And as Pliny faid to Vefpatian, Benignum etenim ejl Cff plenum ingenui pudoris fateri per quos profeceris ; it were a crime moft wicked, if I fhould not ac- knowledg to have received many helps and much THE EPISTLE DEDICATORY. furtherance from him in the profeflicn and quality wherein I ferve his Majefty. But while I am mentioning Benefits, I were worthy of the fouleft cenfure my felf, if I mould not confefs that the greater*, happinefs that ever hath or can befall me, was my imployment for the Prefentation of the moft Noble Order of the Garter, to your Highnefs in the Army at Bockftel. And {landing thus deeply obliged, I fhall ever pray, that fuccefsful and perpetual felicity may crown your Highnefs, and that in your Princely Clemency you will afford a gracious acceptance to the humble endeavours of Your Highneffes thrice humble and moft faithful fervant, JO. PHILIPOT, Somerfet Herald. CONTENTS. PAGE §H I^^S The Inhabitants of Britain 1 I I ^{li^fi Languages . t^sS^t The Excellency of" the Englifh Tongue . 22 42 W — — T—r- -»_^ j ^ Chriftian Names . " Ufual Chriftian Names of Men 66 Chriftian Names of Women 99 Surnames ...... 109 Allufions ...... i/i Rebus, or Name-devifes . . . . 177 Anagramms . . . . ■ 183 Money ...... 191 Apparel ...... 208 Artillery 22 1 Armouries ..... 226 Wife Speeches ..... 248 Proverbs ...... 316 Poems ...... 336 Epigramms .... 344 Rythmes ...... 3 57 ImprefTes ...... 366 Epitaphs ...... 386 ImpofTibilities ..... 44-r Annagrams ..... 442 BRITAINE. "HEREAS I have purpofed in all this treatife to confine myfelf within the bounds of this Ifle of Britain, it cannot be impertinent, at the very entrance, to fay fomewhat of Britain, which is the only fubjec} of all that is to be faid, and well known to be the moft flourifhing and excellent, moft renowned and famous ifle of the whole world. So rich in commodities, fo beautiful in fituation, fo refplendent in all glory, that if the moft Omnipo- tent had fafhioned the world round like a ring, as he did like a globe, it might have been moft worthily the only gemme therein. For the air is moft temperate and wholefome, fited in the middeft of the temperate zone, fubjedt to no ftorms and tempefts as the more fouthern and northern are, but ftored with infinite delicate fowl. For water, it is walled and garded with the ocean, moft commodious for traffick to all parts of the world, and watered with pleafant fifh-ful and navi- gable rivers, which yield fafe havens and roads, and furnifhed with (hipping and failers, that it may rightly be termed the " Lady of the Sea." That I may fay nothing of healthful baths, and of mears B <4- 2 BRITAIN. ftored both with fifh and fowl ; the earth fertile of all kind of grain, manured with good hufbandry, rich in mineral of coals, tinne, lead, copper, not without gold and filver j 1 abundant in pafture, re- plenifhed with cattel both tame and wild (for it hath more parks than all Europe befides), plentifully wooded, provided with all compleat provifions of war, beautified with many populous cities, fair bor- roughs, good towns, and well-built villages, ftrong munitions, magnificent palaces of the prince, ftately houfes of the nobility, frequent hofpitals, beautiful churches, fair colledges, as well in other places as in the two Univerfities, which are comparable to all the reft in Chriftendome, not only in antiquity, but alfo in learning, buildings, and endowments. As for government ecclefiaftical and civil, which is the very foul of a kingdom, I need to fay nothing, when as I write to homeborn, and not to ftrangers. But to praife Britain according as the dignity thereof requires, is a matter which may exercife, if not tire, the happieft wit furnifhed with the greateft variety of learning ; and fome already have bufied their brains and pens herein with no fmall labour and travel : let, therefore, thefe few lines in this be- half fuffice, out of an ancient writer : — " Britain, thou art a glorious ifle, extolled and renowned among all nations ; the navies of Tharfis cannot ' Tacitus fpeaks of the gold of Britain ; and modern geolo- gifts have found that precious metal in infignificant quantities, as, for inftance, Sir H. T. De la Beche in the quartz of Gogo- fan, near Lampeter, and Dr. Mantell, in a fandpit at Chid- dingly, co. SuiTex. Silver in larger quantities is met with in Cornwall and Devon. It is curious that our great antiquary- overlooks iron in his enumeration of Britilh metals. In his days this article was the liaple manufacture of the fouth-eaftern counties. — See " Contrib. to Literature," pp. 85, et feq. BRITAIN. 3 be compared to thy {hipping, bringing in all precious commodities of the world : the fea is thy wall, and ftrong fortifications do fecure thy ports ; chivalry, clergy and merchandife do flourifh in thee. The Pifans, Genovefes and Venetians do bring thee faphires, emeralds, and carbuncles from the Eaft : Afia ferveth thee with filk and purple, Africa with cinamon and balm, Spain with gold, and Germany with filver. Thy weaver, Flanders, doth drape cloth for thee of thine own wooll ; thy Gafcoigne Gafcoigne doth fend thee wine ; buck and doe are plentiful in j^V thy forrefts ; droves of cattel and flocks of fheep are E,1 s i; " upon thy hills. All the perfection of the goodlieft land is in thee. Thou haft all the fowl of the ayr. In plenty of fifh thou doft furpafs all regions. And albeit thou art not ftretched out with large limits, yet bordering nations clothed with thy fleeces do wonder at thee for thy bleffed plenty. Thy fwords have been turned into plough-mares : peace and re- ligion flourifheth in thee, fo that thou art a mirrour to all Chriftian kingdomes." Adde hereunto, if you pleafe, thefe few lines out of a far more ancient panegyrift in the time of Con- ftantine the Great. " O happy Britain, and more blifsful than all other regions ! Nature hath enriched thee with all commodities of heaven and earth, wherein there is neither extreme cold in winter, nor fcorching heat in fummer ; wherein there is fuch abundant plenty of corn as may fuffice both for bread and wine ; wherein are woods without wild hearts, and the fields without noyfom ferpents ; but infinite numbers of milch cattel, and fheep weighed down with rich fleeces; and, that which is moft comfortable, long days and lightfome nights." So that, not without caufe, it was accounted one of the faireft and moft glorious plumes in the tri- 4 BRITAIN. umphant diadem of the Roman Empire, while it was a province under the fame ; and was truly called by Charles the Great " the ftore-houfe and granary of the whole Weftern world." But whereas the faid panegyrift falleth into a gladfome admiration, how from hence there hath rifen gracious princes, " as good gods honoured throughout the whole world," that if ever, as it was lately to our glorious joy evidently and effectually verified in our late foveraign, of moft dear, facred, and ever-glorious memory, Queen Elizabeth, the honour of her time, and the mirrour of fucceeding ages ; fo with an allured confidence, we hope it will likewife be proved true in her undoubted and right- ful fucceflbur, our dread lord and foveraign, that to his endlefs honour, Mercy and Truth, Righteouf- nefs and Peace, may here kifs together ; and true Religion, with her attendants Joy, Happinefs, and Glory, may here for ever feat themfelves under him, in whofe perfon the two mighty kingdoms of England and Scotland, hitherto fevered, are now conjoyned, and begin to clofe together into one, in their moft ancient name of Britain. If any would undertake the honour and prece- dence of Britain before other realms in ferious man- ner, (for here I proteft, once for all, I will pafs over each thing lightly and (lightly), a world of matter at the firft view would prefent itfelf unto him. As that the true Chriftian religion was planted here moft anciently by Jofeph of Arimathea, Simon Zelotes, Ariftobulus, yea, by Saint Peter and Saint Paul, as may be proved by Dorotheus, Theodoretus, Sophronius ; and before the year of Chrift 200 it was propagated, as Tertullian writes, to places of Bri- tain, inaccejja Romanis, whither the Romans never reached, which cannot be underftood but of that BRITAIN. 5 part which was after called Scotland. The king- domes alfo are moft ancient, held of God alone, ac- knowledging no fuperiours, in no vaflalage to em- perour or Pope. The power of the kings more Tho. Moore, abfolute than in moft other kingdoms, their territo- £d^p£u3 ries very large ; for the kings of England, befide Ed- h Ireland, have commanded from the Ifles of Orkenay to the Pyrene mountains, and are de jure kings of all France by defcent. The kings of Scotland, be- fide the ample realm of Scotland, commands the 300 Weftern Ifles, the 30 of Orkney, and Schet- iand. Alfo, which was accounted a fpecial note of majefty in former ages, the kings of England, with them of France, Jerufalem, Naples, and afterwards Scotland, were antiently the only anointed Kings of Chriftendome ; which manner, begun among the Jews, was recontinued at length by the Chriftian emperours of Conftantinople, with this word at the caropaies. anointing "Lus, proavus, aba-vus, atwvus, tritavus, Sec. 32 LANGUAGES. I could particulate in many more, but this would appear moft plentifully, if the labours of the learned Gentlemen Mafter Laurence Nowel, of Lincolns- Inne, who firft in our time recalled the ftudy hereof, Mafter William Lambert, Mafter I. Jofce- lin, Mafter Fr. Tate, were once publifhed ; other- wife it is to be feared that devouring Time in few years will utterly fwallow it, without hope of recovery. The alteration and admiration in our tongue, as in all others, hath been brought in by entrance of Strangers, as Danes, Normans and others, which have fwarmed hither ; by traffick, for new words as well as for new wares, have always come in by the tyrant Time, which altereth all under heaven ; by Ufe, which fwayeth moft, and hath an abfolute command in words, and by pregnant wits : fpecially fince that learning, after long banifhment, was recalled in the time of King Henry the eighth, it hath been beautified and enriched out of other good tongues, partly by enfranchifing and enden- izing ftrange words, partly by refining and molli- fying old words, partly by implanting new words with artificial compofition, happily containing themfelves within the bounds prefcribed by Ho- race : So that our tongue is (and I doubt not but hath been) as copious, pithy and fignificative as any other tongue in Europe ; and I hope we are not yet, and fhall not hereafter come to, that which Seneca faw in his time : " When mens minds begin once to inure themfelves to diflike, whatfoever is ufual is difdained. They affect novelty in fpeech, they recal fore-worn and un- couth words, they forge new phrafes, and that which is neweft is beft liked ; there is prefump- tuous and far fetching of words. And fome there LANGUAGES. 33 are that think it a grace if their fpeech do hover, and thereby hold the hearer in fufpence." You know what followeth. Omitting this, pardon me, and think me not over-bailanced with affection if I think that our Englifh tongue is, I will not fay, as facred as the Hebrew or as learned as the Greek ; but as fluent as the Latin, as courteous as the Spanifh, as Court- like as the French, and as amorous as the Italian, as fome Italianated amorous have confefled. Neither hath any thing detracted more from the dignity of our tongue than our own affecting of forraign tongues, by admiring, praifing, and ltudying them above meafure ; whereas the wife Romans thought no fmall part of their honour to confift in the honour of their language, efteeming it a difhonour to anfwer any forraigner in his own language : as for a long time the Englifh placed in the borrough- towns of Ireland and Wales would admit neither Irifh nor Welfh among them. And not long fince, for the honour of our native tongue, Henry Fitz- Allen, Earl of Arundel, in his travel into Italy, and the Lord William Howard of Effingham, in his government of Calice, albeit they were not ignorant of other forreign tongues, would anfwer no ffrangers by word or writing but only in Englifh : as in this confideration alfo before them, Cardinal Wolfey, in his Ambafiage into France, commanded all his fervants to ufe no French, but meer Englifh to the French, in all communication whatfoever. As for the Monofyllables fo rife in our tongue, which were not fo originally, although they are unfitting for verfes and meafures, yet are they moft fit for expreffing briefly the fir It conceits of trie mind, or lntentionalia, as they call them in Schools ; fo that we can fet down more matter in fewer D 34- LANGUAGES. lines than any other language. 1 Neither do we or the Welfh fo curtale the Latine, that we make all in cata- therein Monofyllables, as Jofeph Scaliger chargeth us ; who in the mean time forgetteth that his Frenchmen have put in their provifo in the Edidt of Pacification in the Grammatical war, that they might not pronounce Latine diftindlly, and the Iriih not to obferve quantity of fyllables. I cannot yet but confefs that we have corruptly contracted moil names, both of men and places, if they were of more than two fyllables, and thereby hath enfued no little obfcurity. Whereas our tongue is mixed it is no difgrace, when as all the tongues of Europe do participate interchangeably the one of the other, and in the learned tongues there hath been like borrowing one from another ; as the prefent French is com- pofed of Latine, German, and the old Gallique ; the Italian, of Latine and German-Gotifh ; and the Spanifh, of Latine, Gotifh-German, and Arabique, in Mithri- or Morifquo. Yet it is falfe, which Gefner af- firmeth, that our tongue is the mofl: mixt and cor- rupt of all other : for if it may pleafe any to com- pare but the Lords Prayer in other languages, he fhall find as few Latine and borrowed forreign words in ours as in any other whatfoever ; notwith- standing the diverfity of Nations which have fwarmed hither, and the practice of the Normans, who, as a monument of their Conquer!, would have yoaked the Englifh under their tongue, as 1 This remark is doubtlefs applicable to molt modern lan- guages, but it will hardly apply to the ciaffical tongues, efpecially the Latin, the terfenels of which is unapproached in Englifh. Ex uno dil'ce, in the phraie Clam patre abiit, three words, which it takes nine Englifh words to render: He wsnt away | without the knowledge of | his father! date. LANGUAGES. 35 they did under their command, by compelling them to teach their children in Schools nothing but French ; by fetting down their Laws in the Nor- man-French, and enforcing them moll: rigoroufly to plead and to be impleaded, in that tongue only, for the fpace of three hundred years, until King Edward the Third enlarged them firft from that bondage : fince which time our language hath rifen by little, and the Proverb proved untrue which fo long had been ufed, "Jack would be a Gentleman if he could ipeak any French." Herein is a notable Argument of our Anceftors ftedfaftnefs in efteeming and retaining their own tongue ; for, as before the Conqueft they mifliked nothing more in King Edward the Confeffor than that he was Frenchified, and accounted the defire of forreign language then to be a foretoken of the bringing in of forreign powers, which indeed hap- pened ; in like manner, after the Conqueft, not- withftanding thofe enforcements of the Normans in fupplanting it, and the nature of men which is moft pliable, with a curious jollity to fafhion and frame themfelves according to the manners, attire, and language of the Conquerours ; yet, in all that long fpace of 300 years they intermingled very few French-Norman words, except fome terms of law, hunting, hawking, and dicing ; when as we within thefe 60 years have incorporated fo many Latine and French, as the third part of our tongue con- fifteth now in them. But like themfelves continue ftill thofe old Englishmen which were planted in Ireland, in Fingal, and the Countrey of Weysford, 1 in the time of King Henry the 2, who yet ftill continue their ancient attire and tongue, infomuch ' Wexford. 3 6 LANGUAGES. that an Englifh gentleman, not long fince fent thither in Commiffion among them, faid that he would quickly understand the Irifh when they I'pake the ancient Englifh. So that our anceftors Teemed in part as jealous of their native language as thofe Britons which paffed hence into Armorica in France, and marrying Arrange women there, did cut out their tongues, left their children mould corrupt their language with their mothers tongue ; or as the Germans, which have mod of all Nations oppofed themfelves againft all innovations in habit and language. Whereas the Hebrew Rabbines fay, and that truly, that Nature hath given man five inftruments for the pronouncing of all letters — the lips, the teeth, the tongue, the palate, and the throat, I will not deny but fome among us do pronounce more fully, fome flatly, fome broadly, and no few mincingly (offending in defect, excefs or change of letters), which is rather to be imputed to the per- fons and their education than to the language : when as generally we pronounce, by the confef- iion of ftrangers, as fweetly, fmoothlv, and mode- rately as any of the Northern Nations of the world, who are noted to foupe their words out of the throat with fat and full fpirits. This variety of pronunciation hath brought in fome diverfity of Orthography, and hereupon Sir John Price, to the derogation of our tongue and glory of his Welfh, reporteth that a fentence fpoken by him in Englifh, and penned out of his mouth bv four good Secretaries feverally, for trial of our Orthography, was fo fet down bv them that they all differed one from the other in many letters ; whereas fo many Welfh, writing the fame likewife in their tongue, varied not in any one letter at all. LANGUAGES. 37 Well, I will not derogate from the good Knight's credit ; yet it hath been (ten where ten Engiifh, writing the fame fentence, have all fo concurred, that among them all there hath been no other dif- ference than the adding, or omitting once or twice, of our filent E in the end of fome words. As for the Welfh, I could never happen on two of that Nation together that would acknowledge that they could write their own language. Sir Thomas Smith, her Majefties Secretary not long fince, a man of great learning and judgment, occafioned by fome uncertainty of our Orthography, though it feem grounded upon found Reafon and Cuftome, laboured to reduce it to certain heads. Seeing that whereas of Necemty there muft be fo many letters in every tongue as there are fimple and fingle founds, that the Latine letters were not fufficient to exprefs all our fimple founds ; there- fore he wifhed that we fhould have A fhort and A long, because a in9l^an,and in Man of horfe, hath different founds ; E long, as in Men, moderate ; and e fhort, as in <3$CM, and an Engiifh e, as in trjCC, ftjCC, l 1 ^, me; I long and I fhort, as in Bi, per, and Bi, emere ; O fhort and O long, as in fmoke of a woman, and fmoke of the fire ; V long, as in But, Ocrea, and V fhort, as in But, Sed; and v for y Greek, as flu, nu, tru. For conibnants he would have C be never ufed but for Ch, as it was among the old Engiifh, and K in all other words ; for Th he would have the Saxon letter Thome, which was a D with a dafh through the head, or p ; for I confonant the Saxon 5, as get, not Jeat, for Ieat-ftone, gay for jay ; O. if he were King of the A, B, C, fhould be put to the horn and banifhed, and Ku in his place, as Kuik not quick, Kuarel not Quarcl; Z he would have ufed for the fofter -58 LANGUAGES. S, or eth, or es, as diz for dieth, Viz for lies, and the fame S inverted for Jh y as Sal tor fh all, fie s for fiejh. Thus briefly I have fet you down his device, which albeit Sound and Reafon feemed to coun- tenance, yet that Tyrant Cuftome hath fo con- fronted that it will never be admitted. If it be any glory, which the French and Dutch do brag of, that many words in their tongues do not differ from the Greek, I can fhew you as many in the Englifh ; whereof I will give you a few for a tafle, as they have offered themfelves in reading ; but withal, I truft you will not gather by confe- quence that we are defcended from the Grecians. Who doth not fee identity in thefe words, as if the one defcended from the other ? Kaxliw, to call. naroc, a path. Aa7TTO>, to lap. 'Pan?, rain. 'Pawi'^Efv, to rap. AoiVSo?, laft. zeoj, to feeth. QpciTvg, rarti. Neo?, new. rpao-Tt?, grafs. "Op^a-ro?, an orchard. KpEx<«, to creak. 'Ac-Tip, a ftar. "oxo?, whole. av\oc, folll. e«p, a deer. 'PatfSbc, a rod. 'Paa-Tuim, relt. Mini, the moon. Mu\r,, a mill. TtT0of, a teat. 7xao?, a rope. KaX7ra£E~v, to gallop. "Ap^S) ache. LANGUAGES. 39 'pAjCo?, a rag. KTu'jua?! a climbing. Oi/flap, an udder. "Oapoi, whorilh iport. Ki/e-at, to kifs. " kyyioQau, to hang. "Epa, earth. Kipa^of, a crab. «, a fkirmiih. KupiaKh, a Church. norhfiov, a pot. Mvc-Ta^Ef, Muftaches. Qvpct, a door, 'oxxaj, a hulk. Kaxau, to you know what. With many more, if a man could be at leifure to gather them with Budaeus, Baifius, Junius, Pi- chardus, and others. 1 Hereby may be feen the original of fome Englifh words, and that the Etymology or reafon whence many other are derived, befide them already fpeci- fied, may as well be found in our tongue as in the learned Tongues, though with fome difficulty ; for that herein, as in other tongues, the truth lieth hidden and is not eafily found, as both Varro and Ifidore do acknowledg. But an indifferent man may judge that our name of the moft divine power, 1 Add Gala-day, a holiday, from ra\a, milk. See Juncate or Junketings, where milk is a principal ingredient. 4 o LANGUAGES. God, is better derived from Good, the chief attri- bute of God, than Deus from ©eo^, becaufe God is to be feared. So Winter from Wind, Summer from the Sun, Lent from fpringing, becaufe it falleth in the Spring ; for which our Progenitours the Germans ufe Glent. The feaft of Chrift's Rifing, Eafter, from the old word Eaft, which we now ufe for the place of the rifing of the Sun ; Sayl, as the Sea-hail ; Windor or Window, as a door againft. the wind ; King, from Coning, for fo our Great-grandfathers called them, which one word implyeth two moft important matters in a Governour, Power and Skill ; and many other, better anfwering in found and fence than thofe of the Latines : Frater quafi fere alter ; "Tempejias quaji Tempus pe/iis ; Caput a capiendo; Digiti quia decenter juncli ; Cura quia cor urit ; Peccare quafi pedam capere. Dionyfius, a Greek coyner of Etymologies, is commended by Athenaeus, in his fupper-guls, table- talkers, or Deipnofophijlce, for making moufe-traps of Mujleria; and verily, if that be commendable, the Mint-mafters of our Etymologies deferve no lefs commendation, for they have merrily forged Mony, for My-hony: Flatter, from flie at her; Shovell, from ihove-full ; Mayd, as my ayd ; Maftief, as Mafe-thief ; Staff, as Stay of ; Beer, Be here; Si- mony, See-mony; Stirrup, a Stayr-up, &c. This merry playing with words, too much ufed by fome, hath occafioned a great and high perfon- age to fay, that as the Italian tongue is fit for courting, the Spanifh for treating; the French for traffick, fo the Eng'ifh is mofc fit for trifling and toying. And fo doth Giraldus Cambrenfis feem to think, when as in his time he faith, the Englifh and Welfh delighted much in licking the letter, and LANGUAGES. 4' clapping together of Agnominations. But now will I concmde this trifling difcourfe with a true tale out of an antient Hiirorian. Of the effectual power of words, great difputes have been of great wits in all Ages : the Pytha- goreans extolled it; the impious Jews afcribed all miracles to a name which was ingraved in the re- veftiary of the Temple, watched by two brazen dogs, which one flole away and enfeamed it in his thigh, as you may read in Oforius de Sapientia, and the like in Rabbi Hamas Speculation ; and ftrange it is what Samonicus Serenus aicribed to the word Abradacarba, againfl Agues. But there was one true Eng'.ifh word, of as great if not greater force than them all, now out of all ufe, and will be thought for found barbarous, but therefore of more efficacy (as it pleafeth Porphyrie); and in fignihcation it fignirleth, as it feemeth, no more than abject, bafe-minded, falfe-hearted, coward or nidget. Yet it hath levied Armies and fubdued re- vide beliious enemies; and that I may hold you no watts in' longer, it is Niding : For when there was a dan- ^at*. gerous rebellion againft King William Rufus, and W iUiam Rochefter Caflle, then the moft. important and ftrongeft Fort of this Realm was ftoutly kept againlt him, after that he had but proclaimed that his fubje£ts mould repair thither to his Camp, upon no other penalty, but that whofoever refufed to come fhould be reputed a Niding, they fwarmed Niding. to him immediately from all fides in fuch numbers that he had in a few days an infinite Army, and the Rebels therewith were fo terrified that they forth- with yielded. But while I run on in this courfe of our Eng'ifh tongue, rather refpedfing matter than words, I forget that I may be charged by the minion refiners of Englifh neither to write State Malmef- bury. 42 THE EXCELLENCY OF Englifh, Court Englifh, nor Secretary Englifh, and verily I acknowledge it. Sufficient it is for me if I have waded hitherto in the fourth kind, which is plain Englifh, leaving to fuch as are compleat in all to fupply whatfoever remaineth. The Excellency of the English Tongue, by R. C. 1 of Anthony Esquire to W. C. •T were raoft fitting (in refpe£r. of difcre- tion) that men mould firft weigh matters with judgment, and then encline their affection where the greateft reafon fwayeth. But ordinarily it falleth out to the con- trary ; for either by cuftom we firft fettle our affection, and then afterward draw in thofe argu- ments to approve it, which mould have foregone, to perfwade our felves. This prepofterous courfe, feeing antiquity from our elders and univerfality of our neighbours do entitle with a right, I hold my felf the more freely warranted dtlirare^ not only cum vulgo but alfo cum fapientibus, in feeking out with what commendations I may attire our Englifh language, as Stephanus had done for the French, and divers others for theirs. Four points Locutio is defined, An'imi fenfus per vocem ex~ Xgu e a g i n preffio, On which ground I build thefe confe- quences : That the firft and principal point fought in every language is that we may exprefs the meaning of our minds aptly each to other. Next, 1 Richard Carew, the well known author of the " Survey of Cornwall," born 1555, died i6zo. THE ENGLISH TONGUE. 43 that we may do it readily without great ado ; then fully, fo as others may throughly conceive us ; and, laft of all, handfomly, that thofe to whom we fpeak may take pleafure in hearing us, fo as what- foever tongue will gain the race of perfection, muft run on thefe four wheels — Signiricancy, Eailnefs, Copioufnefs and Sweetnefs, of which the two fore- moft import a neceflity, the two latter a delight. Now if I can prove that our Englifh language, for all, or the moll, is matchable, if not preferrable before any other in ufe at this day, I hope the aflent of any impartial Reader will pafs on my fide ; And how I endeavour to perform the fame this fhort labour fhall manifeft. To begin then with the Significancy: it confifteth sign j fi _ in the letters, words and phrafes ; and becaufe the cancy - Greek and Latine have ever born away the pre- rogative from all other tongues, they fhall ferve as touch-ftones to make our trial by. For letters, we have K more than the Greeks ; Letters. K and Y more than the Latines, and W more than them both, or the French and Italians. In thofe common to them and us, we have the ufe of the Greek B in our V, of our B they have none ; fo have we of their A and © in our Th, which in that and things exprefleth both ; but of our D they have none. Likewife their T we turn to another ufe in yield, than they can ; and as for E, G and I, neither Greeks nor Latines can make profit of them as we do in thefe words, Each, Edge, Joy. True it is that we, in pronouncing the Latine, ufe them alfo after this manner ; but the fame in regard of the antient and right Roman delivery altogether abufively, as may appear by Scaliger, Sir Thomas Smith, Lipfius, and others. Now for the fignificancy of words, as every In- words. 44 THE EXCELLENCY OF dknduum is but one, fo in our Native Englifh Saxon language, we find many of them fuitably exprefled by words of one fyllable ; thofe confifting of more are borrowed from other Nations ; the examples are infinite, and therefore I will omit them as fufficiently notorious. interjec- Again, for exprefling our paffions, our interjec- tions are very apt and forcible ; as, finding our felves fomewhat aggrieved, we cry, Ah ; if more deeply, Oh ; when we pity, Alas ; when we be- moan, Alack ; neither of them fo effeminate as the Italian Deh, or the French Helas. In deteftation we fay Phy, as if therewithall we mould fpit ; In attention, Haa ; in calling Whoup ; in hallowing Wahahow ; all which (in my ear) feem to be derived from the very natures of thofe feveral affeflions. compofi- Go we from hence to the compolition of words, words. and therein our language hath a peculiar grace, a like fignihcancy, and more fhort than the Greeks •, for example, in Moldwarp we exprefs the nature of that beaft ; in handkercher, the thing and his ufe ; in upright, that vertue by a Metaphor j in Wifdom and Domes-day, fo many fentences as words; and fo of the reft, for I give only a tafte that may dire£t others to a fuller obfervation of what my fudden memory cannot reprefent unto me. It may pafs alfo the maffers of this fignihcancy, that Names, in a manner all the proper names of our people do import fomewhat, which from a peculiar note at firft of fome one of the Progenitours in procefs of time inverted it felf in a pofleffion of the pofterity, even as we fee like often befall to thofe whole fathers bare fome uncouth Chriftian names. Yet for the moil part we avoid the blemifh given by the Romans, in like cafes, who diftinguifhed the perfons THE ENGLISH TONGUE. 45 by the imperfections in their bodies, 1 from whence grew their Nafones, Labeones, Frontones, Den- tones, and fuch like, how ever Macrobius co'oureth the fame. Yea fo figniflcant are our words, that ^Equi- among them fundry fingle ones ferve to exprefs divers things, as by Bill is meant weapon, a fcroll, and a bird's beak ; by Grave, fober, a tomb, and to carve ; and by Light, mark, match, file, fore, and pray, the femblable. Again, fome fentences, in the fame words carry a divers fence, as, till defart ground : fome fignifie one thing forward, and another backward, as Feeler I was no fo, Of on faw I releef. Some fignifie one felf thing forward and backward, as Ded deemed, I ioi, reviver, and this, Eye did Madam Erre ; Some carry a contrary fence backward to that they did for- ward, as I did level ere veu, veu ere level did I. Some deliver a contrary fence by the divers pointing as the " Epiftle in Doclour Wiifon's Rhetorick," and many fuch like, which a curious head, leafure and time might pick out. Neither may I omit the fignificancy of our Pro- Pro- verbs, concife in words, but plentiful in number ; briefly pointing at many great matters, and under the circuit of a few iyllables prefcribing fundry available caveats. Laftly, our fpeech doth not confift only of words, mcu- but in a fort even of deeds, as when we exprefs a p ' c matter by Metaphors, wherein the Engliih is very fruitful and forcible. 1 I think Mafter Carew is not happy in this remark. It would be eafy to produce a confiderable catalogue of Englim family names derived from perfonal deformities. Let Ciuik- fhank, Longfhank, Greathead, Longhead, Crump (crooked), Camoys, (ihub-noied), Heavifide, and Heavybeard iuffice. 4 6 THE EXCELLENCY OF Eafinefs to be learned. To learn others. C'opiouf- neis. Borrow - ing. And fo much for the fignificancy of our Lan- guage in meaning. Now for his ealinefs in learning, the fame fhooteth out into branches. The one of others learning our language; the fecond of our learning that of others. For the firft, the moft part of our words (as I have touched) are Monofyllables, and fo the fewer in tale, and the fooner reduced to memory, neither are we loaden with thofe declenfions, flexions and variations, which are incident to many other Tongues, but a few Articles govern all our Verbs and Nouns, and fo we read a very fhort Grammar. For eafie learning of other Languages by ours, let thefe ferve as proofs : there are many Italian words which the French men cannot pronounce ; as accio, for which he faith Ajhio ; many of the French which the Italian can hardly come away withall ; as BaylLr chagzni Pojiillon ; many in ours which neither of them can utter, as Hedge, Water. So that a ftranger, though never fo long converfant amongft us, carrieth evermore a watchword upon his tongue to defcry him by ; but turn an English- man at any time of his age into what Countrey fo- ever, allowing him due refpite, and you fhall fee him profit fo well, that the imitation of his utter- ance will in nothing differ from the pattern of that Native Language. The want of which towardnefs coft the Ephraimites their fkins ; neither doth this crofs my former aflertion of others eafie learning our Language. For I mean of the fence and words, and not touching the pronunciation. But I muff, now enter into the large field of our tongues copioufnefs, and perhaps long wander up and down without finding eafie way of IfTue, and yet leave many parts thereof unfurveyed. My firft proof of our plenty I borrow from the THE ENGLISH TONGUE. 47 choice which is given us by the ufe of divers Lan- guages. The ground of our own appertaineth to the old Saxon, iittle differing from the prefent Low Dutch, becaufe they more than any of their neigh- bours have hitherto preferved that fpeech from any great forreign mixture ; here amongit, the Brittains have left divers of their words interfowed, as it were, thereby making a continual claim to their ancient poffeffion. We may alfo trace the foot- fteps of the Danifh bitter (though not long during) foveraignty in thefe parts, and the Roman alfo im- parted unto us of his Latine riches with no fparing hand. Our Neighbours the French have been likewife contented we lhould take up by retail as well their terms as their fafhions : or rather we retain yet but fome remnant of that which once here bare all the fway, and daily renew the ftore. So have our Italian travellers brought us acquainted with their fweet relifhed phrafes, which (fo their conditions crept not in withall) were the better tolerable, yea, even we feek to make our good of our late Spanifh enemy, and fear as littie the hurt of his tongue, as the dint of his fword. Seeing then we borrow (and that not lhamefully) from the Dutch, the Britain, the Roman, the Dane, the French, the Italian, and Spaniard ; how can our flock be other than exceeding plentiful ? It may be objected that fuch patching maketh Littleton's hotch-pot of our tongue, and in effect brings the fame rather to a Babe.ifh confufion than any one entire language. It may again be anfwered, that this theft of Anfwer. words is no lefs warranted by the priviledge of a prefcription, antient and univerfal, than was that of goods among the Lacedemonians by an enadted Law ; for fo the Greeks robbed the Hebrews, the 48 THE EXCELLENCY OF Latines the Greeks (which filching Cicero with a large difcourfe in his Book " de Oratore " de- fendeth) and (in a manner) all other Chriftian Nations the Latine. For evidence hereof, many fentences may be produced confifting of words, that in their original are Latine, and yet (have fome fmail variance in their terminations) fall out all one with the French, Dutch, and Englifh, as words Ley, Ceremonious perfons, offer prelate preeft, divaTian- cleer Candels flamme, in Temples Cloiftre, in guages. Cholerick Temperature, Cliffers, purgation is peftilent, pulers prefervative, fubtill factors, advo- cates, Notaries, pracrize, Papers, libels, Regifters, Regents, Majefty in Palacehath triumphantThrone, Regiments, Scepter, Vaflals, Supplication, and fuch like. Then even as the Italian Potentates of thefe days make no difference in their Pedegrees and SuccefTions between the bed lawful or unlawful, where either an utter wart or a better defert doth force or entice them thereunto, fo may the confent- ing practice of thefe Nations, pafs for a juft Legi- timation of thefe baftard words, which either necef- iity or conveniency hath induced them to adopt. jncrcafc For our own parts we employ the borrowed on bor- ware fo far to our advantage, that we raife a rowing. o > profit of new words from the fame flock, which yet in their own Countrey are not merchantable. ofLatin. For example, we deduce divers words from the Latine which in the Latine it felf cannot be yielded ; as the Verbs, to air, to beard, to crofs, to flame, and their derivations, airing, aired, bearder, bearding, bearded, &c, as alio clofer, clofely, clofenefs, glofingly, hourly, majeftical, majeflically. In like fort we graff upon French words thofe buds to The which that foil affordeth no growth, as chiefly, French. faulty, flavifh, precifenefs. Divers words alfo we THE ENGLISH TONGUE. 49 derive out of the Latine, at fecond hand by the French, and make good Englifh, though both Latine and French have their hands clofed in that behalf, as in thefe Verbs : Pray, Point, Paze, Preft, Rent, &c. and alfo in the Adverbs : Carpingly, Currantly, Actively, Colourably, &c. Again, in Defeas other Languages there fall out defects, while they ° ° g uZ. want means to deliver that which another Tongue exprefTeth, as (by Cicero's obfervation) you cannot interpret Ineptus, unapt, unfit, untoward, in Greek. Neither Porcus, Capo, Vervex, a Barrow Hog, a Capon, a Weather, as Cuiacius noteth, ad Tit. de verb, fignif. No more can you exprefs to Stand in French, to Tye in Cornifh, nor Knave in Latine, for Nebulo is a clowdy fellow, or in Irifh; whereas you fee our ability extendeth thereunto. Moreover the copioumefs of our Language ap- peareth in the diverfity of our Dialecls, for we have Court and we have Countrey Englifh, we have Northern and Southern, grofs and ordinary, which differ each from other, not only in the terminations, but alfo in many words, terms, and phrafes, and exprefs the fame thing in divers forts, yet all write Englifh alike ; neither can any tongue (as I am per- fwaded) deliver a matter with more variety than ours, both plainly, and by Proverbs and Metaphors ; for example, when we would be rid of one, we ufe to fay, " Be going, trudge, pack, be faring, hence away, ihift ;" and by circumlocution, " Rather your room than your company, let's fee your back, come again when I bid you, when you are called, fent for, entreated, willed, defired, invited, fpare us your place, another in your ftead, a fhip of Salt for you, fave your credit, you are next the door, the door is open for you, there is no body holdeth you, no body tears your fleeve," &c. Likewife this word E 50 THE EXCELLENCY OF All forts ofvcrfes. Sweetnefs. Compared with others. Mixture. Forth we may fynonymize after all thefe fafhions, — ftout, hardy, valiant, doughty, courageous, adven- turous, he. And, in a word, to clofe up thefe proofs of our copioufnefs, look into our limitations of all forts of verfes afforded by any other language, and you fhall find that Sir Philip Sidney, Mafter Puttenham, Mafter Stanihurft, and divers more have made ufe how far we are within compafs of a fore-imagined poffibility in that behalf. I come now to the laft and fweeteft point of the fweetnefs of our tongue, which fhall appear the more plainly, if like two Turkeyfes or the London Drapers we match it with our neighbours. The Italian is pleafant, but without finews, as a ftill fleeting water. The French, delicate, but even nice as a woman, fcarce daring to open her lips for fear of marring her countenance. The Spanifh, majeftical, but fulfome, running too much on the O, and terrible like the devil in a play. The Dutch, manlike, but withal very harfh, as one ready at every word to pick a quarrel. Now we, in borrowing from them, give the ftrength of con- fonants to the Italian, the full found of words to the French, the variety of terminations to the Spanifh, and the mollifying of more vowels to the Dutch, and fo (like Bees) gather the honey of their good properties and leave the dregs to themfelves. And thus when fubftantialnefs combineth with de- lightfulnefs, fulnefs with finenefs, feemlinefs with portlinefs, and currantnefs with ftayednefs, how can the language which confifteth of all thefe found other than moil full of fweetnefs \ Again, the long words that we borrow, being intermingled with the fhort of our own ftore, make up a perfedt harmony ; by culling from out THE ENGLISH TONGUE. 51 which mixture (with judgment) you may frame your fpeech according to the matter you muft work on, majeftical, pleafant, delicate, or manly, more or lefs, in what fort you pleafe. Adde here- unto, that whatfoever grace any other language carrieth in verfe or profe, in Tropes or Metaphors, in Ecchoes and Agnominations, they may all be lively and exactly reprefented in ours. Will you have Plato's vein ? read Sir Tho. Smith; the Ionick? Sir Thomas Moor ; Cicero's ? Afcham ; Varro ? Chaucer ; Demofthenes ? Sir John Cheek (who, in his treatife to the Rebels, hath comprifed all the figures of Rhetorick). Will you read Virgil ? take the Earl of Surrey ; Catullus ? Shakefphear and Bar- low's fragment ; Ovid ? Daniel ; Lucan ? Spencer; Martial? Sir John Davies, and others: will you have all in all for profe and verfe ? take the miracle of our age, Sir Philip Sydney. And thus, if mine own eyes be not blinded by afFe&ion, I have made yours to fee that the moft renowned of other Nations have layed up, as in treafure, and entrufted the Divifos orbe Britannos with the rareft jewels of their lips perfections, whether you refpedt the underftanding for fignifi- cancy, or the memory for eafinefs, or the conceit for plentifulnefs, or the ear for pleafantnefs : wherein if enough be delivered, to adde more than enough were fuperfluous ; if too little, I leave it to be fupplyed by better ftored capacities ; if ought amifs, I fubmit the fame to the difcipline of every able and impartial cenfurer. 5 2 Christian Names. Varro. Julius. Paris. Virgilius. Plinius Marcellin. De anim. Capito- linus. ^pAMES, called in Latine " Nomina quafi Notamina," were firft impofed for the diftin6rion of perfons, which we call now Chriftian names ; After, for difference of families, which we call Surnames, and have been efpecially refpe£ted, as whereon the glory and credit of men is grounded, and by which the fame is conveyed to the knowledge of pofterity. Every perfon had in the beginning one only proper name, as among the Jews, Adam, Jofeph, Salomon ; among the ./Egyptians, Anubis, Amafis, Bufiris ; among the Chaldaeans, Ninus, Ninias, Semiramis j among the Medians, Aftyages, Bar- danes, Arbaces ; among the Grecians, Diomedes, UlyfTes, Orefles ; among the Romans, Romulus, Remus, Fauftulus ; among the old Gauls, Litavi- cus, Cavarillus, Divitiacus ; among the Germans, Arioveftus, Arminius, NafTua ; among the Britains, Caffibelan, Caratan, Calgac ; among the ancient Englifh, Hengeft, ./Ella, Kenric : likewife all other Nations, except the favages of Mount Atlas in Barbary, which were reported to be both namelefs and dreamlefs. The moft ancient Nation of the Jews gave the name at the Circumcifion, the eighth day after the nativity ; the Romans to females the fame day, to males the 9. day, which they called "Dies luftricus," as it were the cleanfing day ; upon which day they folemnized a feaff. called " Nominulus," and as Tertullian noteth, " Fata fcribenda advo- cabantur," that is, as I conceive, their nativity was fet. And it was enacted by the Emperour Anto- CHRISTIAN NAMES. 53 ninus Philofophus that all fhould enter their chil- drens names on record, before Officers there- unto appointed. At what time other Nations in ancient times gave names I have not read ; but fince Chriftianity, molt Nations for the time fol- lowed the Jews, celebrating baptifm the eighth day after the birth ; only our Anceftours in this Realm until latter time baptifed, and gave names the very birth day, or next day after, following therein the counfel of S. Cyprian, in his 3 Epiftle Ad Fidum. But the Polonians gave name in the Mart. feventh year, at which time they did firft cut their childrens hair. The firft impofition of Names was grounded upon fo many occafions as were hard to be fpeci- fied, but the moft common in moft ancient times among all Nations, as well as the Hebrews, was upon future good hope conceived by parents of their children, in which you might fee their firft and principal wifhes toward them. Whereupon S. Hierom faith, — " Votiva et quafi ob virtutis aufpi- cium imponuntur vocabula hominibus et appellativa vertuntur in propria, ficut apud Latinos, Viclor, Probus, Caftus," &c. And fuch hopeful lucky names, called by Cicero, " Bona nomina," by Tacitus, " Faufta nomina," were ever firft enrolled and ranged in the Roman Mufters ; firft called out to ferve at the firft Sacrifices, in the foundation of Colonies, as Statorius, Fauftus, Valerius, which implied the perfons to be ftout, happy, and valorous. As contrariwife Atrius Umber is accounted in Livy, " abominandi ominis nomen," an abominable name, for that it participated in fignification with difmal darknefs, dead ghofts, and ihadows. And you remember what Plautus faith of one whofe name was Lyco, that is, a greedy wolf. 5+ CHRISTIAN NAMES. See Hero- dot. 1. 9, de Hegefi- llrato. Trebellius. Pollio. Lambridius. " Vofmet nunc facite conjefturam caeterum Quid id fit hominis, cui Lyco nomen fiet." Yea, fuch names were thought fo happy and fo fortunate, that in the time of Galienus, one Regi- lianus, which commanded in Illyricum, got the Empire there, only in favour of his name. For when it was demanded at a fupper from whence Regilianus was derived, one anfwered, " a Regno," another began to decline " Rex, Regis, Regi, Regi- lianus"; whereat the fouldiers (which in all actions are forward) began with acclamation, " Ergo poteft Rex efle, Ergo poteft regere, Deus tibi regis nomen impofuit ;" and fo invefted him with imperial robes. In this Ifle, alfo at Silcefter in Hampfhire, Con- ftantinus, a military man of fome reputation, in hope of his lucky name, and that he would prove another Conftantinus Magnus, to the good of the people, was by the Britain Army proclaimed Em- perour againft Honorius ; who exploited great matters in his own perfon in Gallia, and by his fon in Spain. So in former times the name of Antonius, in remembrance of Antonius Pius, was fo amiable among the Romans, as he pofed unfit for the Empire, who bare name until Antonius Elagabalus, with diftained the fame. We read alfo vices. was fup- not that his filthy that two AmbafTadours were fent out of France into Spain, to King Alphonfe the ninth, to demand one of the daughters that he begat of the daughter of King Henry the fecond of England, to be married to their Soveraign King Lewes the eighth : one of thefe Ladies was very beautiful, called Urraca ; the other not fo beautiful, but named Blanche. When they were presented to the AmbafTadours, all men held it as a matter refolved that the choice would CHRISTIAN NAMES. 55 light upon Urraca, as the elder and fairer : But the Amballadours enquiring each of their names, took offence at Urraca, and made choice of the Lady Blanche, faying, That her name would be better received in France than the other, as fignifying fair and beautiful, according to the verfe made to her honour. " Candida, candefcens candore, & cordis & oris." So that the greateft Philofopher, Plato, might feem, not without caufe, to advife men to be care- ful in giving fair and happy names ; as the Pytha- goreans affirmed the minds, actions, and fuccefles of men to be according to their Fate, Genius, and Name. One alfo well obferveth that thefe feven things, Vertue, good Parentage, Wealth, Dignity or Office, good Prefence, a good Chriflian name, with a gracious Surname, and feemly Attire, do efpecially grace and adorn a man. And accordingly faith Panormitan, " Ex bono nomine oritur bona praefumptio." As the common Proverb, " Bonum nomen, bonum omen." For which refpedt the ancients were not a little ftudious in giving fuch names to their Children, as a learned Spaniard * hath well obferved, " La * hm. de Cuftome des anciens eftoit (faith he) de bailler p^Leysde voluntiers a leurs Infans, des noms ou furnoms Mayeme bien founans, eftimans que cela leur accquerroit p- "6. grace envers les hommes, et que un beau nom revenoit a la perfonne quelque marque ou impref- fion, conforme a ce que par icelui eftoit fignine. The devil, neverthelefs, who always maligneth Amm. God and goodnefs, wrought by cruelty of Valens nb"!^.' the Emperour, the deftrucStion of many men of worth, who had happy names beginning with Theo, fignifying God, as Theodorus, Theodulus, Theo- 56 CHRISTIAN NAMES. doretus, Theodofius, &c. For that divers curious companions 1 had found, by the falling of a ring, magically prepared, upon thofe letters only of all the Alphabet, graven in a charger of fundry metals and fet upon a Laurel trivet, that one who had his name beginning with Theod, mould fucceed in the Empire : Which was verified in Theodofius not long after. In times of Chriftianity the names of moft holy and vertuous perfons, and of their moft worthy progenitours, were given to ftir up men to the imitation of them whofe names they bare. But fucceeding ages (little regarding S. Chryfoftome's admonition to the contrary) have recalled prophane names, fo as now Diana, Caflandra, Hyppolytus, Venus, Lais, names of unhappy difafter are as rife fomewhere, as ever they were in Paganifm. e Albeit in our late reformation, fome of good confideration have brought in Zachary, Malachy, Jofias, &c. as better agreeing with our faith, but without con- tempt of countrey names (as I hope), which have both good and gracious fignifications, as fhall ap- pear hereafter. Whereas in late years Surnames have been given for Chriftian names among us, and no where elfe in Chriftendome ; although many diflike it, for that great inconvenience will enfue, neverthelefs it feem- 1 Companion, a word much ufed by dramatifts and others in Camden's time precisely in the fenfe of our modern " fellow." 2 Neither Chrylbftom nor Camden feems to be much re- garded in this cenfure of un-Chriftian names, for Hercules, Diana, Delia, &c. are ftill impofed on children in the upper circles of life. With equally bad tafte the poor veiy often give their offspring names with the worft pofTible aflbciations ; I have known, for example, an Efau, a couple of Abfaloms, an Ananias, and feveral Dinahs. CHRISTIAN NAMES. S 7 eth to proceed from hearty good will, and affection of the Godfathers to fhew their love, or from a defire to continue and propagate their own names to fucceeding ages. And is in no wife to be dif- liked, but rather approved in thofe which, matching with heirs general of worfhipful ancient families, have given thofe names to their heirs, with a mind- ful and thankful regard of them ; as we have now, Pickering, Worton, Grevil, Varney, Baffingburne Gawdy, Calthorp, Parker, Pecfal, Brocas, Fitz- Raulf, Chamberlain, who are the heirs of Pickering, Baffingburne, Grevil, Calthorp, &c. For befide the continuation of the name, we fee that the felf- name, yea, and fometime the fimilitude of names, doth kindle fparkles of love and liking among meer ftrangers. Neither can I believe a wayward old man, which would fay that the giving of Surnames for Chriftian names firft began in the time of King Edward the Sixth, by fuch as would be Godfathers when they were more than half fathers, and thereupon would have perfwaded fome to change fuch names at the Confirmation. Which (that I may note by the way) is ufual in other Countreys, as we remember two fons of King Henry the fecond of France, chriftened by the names of Alexander and Hercules, changed them at their Confirmation into Henry and Francis. But two Chriftian names are rare in England ; and I only remember now his Majefty, who was named Charles James, as the Prince his fon Henry Frederic ; and among private men, Thomas Maria Wingfield, and Sir Thomas Pofthumus Hobby. 1 1 See much on early double names in Notes and Queries, various volumes. 58 CHRISTIAN NAMES. Suetonius in Domit. ca. 10. See De- mosthenes contra Boetium, de Nomine. Although it is common in Italy to adjoyn the name of Come Saint, in a kind of devotion, to the Christian name, as Johannes Baptifta Spinula, Johannes Francifcus Borhomeus, Marcus Antonius Fla- minius ; and in Spain to adde the name of the Saint on whofe day the child was born. If that any among us have named their children Remedium amoris, Imago faeculi, or with fuch like names, I know fome will think it more than a vanity; as they do but little better of the new names Free-gift, Reformation, Earth, Dull, Ames, De- livery, More fruit, Tribulation, The Lord is near, More trial, Difcipline, Joy again, From above, Acceptance, Thankful, Praife-God, Love-God, and Live-well j 1 which have lately been given by fome to their children with no evil meaning, but upon fome fingular and precife conceit. That I may omit another more vain abfurdity, in giving names and furnames of men, yea, and of the beft Families, to dogs, bears, and horfes : When, as we read, it was thought a capital crime in Pompofianus for calling his bafe bond-flaves by the name of grand Captains. Here I might remember how fome miflike the giving of Parents names fuccemvely to their heirs ; for that if they fhould be forced to prove defcent, it would be hard to prove the Donor and the Donee in Formedon, and to difringuifh the one from the other. It were impertinent to note here, that deftinies were fuperftitioufly by Onomantia deciphered out of names ; as though the names and natures of men were fuitable, and fatal neceflity concurred herein 1 See on this fubjeft my Englifli Surnames, vol. i. p. 229, et feq. I had an anceftor named " Called Lower.'" CHRISTIAN NAMES. 59 with voluntary motion in giving the name, accord- ing to that of Aufonius to Probus: Qualem creavit moribus, Juffit vocari nomine, Mundi fupremus arbiter. And after, where he playethwith bibbing mother Meroe, as though (he were fo named, becaufe fhe would not drink mere wine without water, or, as he pleafantly calleth it, Merum Merum ; for, as he faith : Qui primus Meroe nomen tibi condidit, ille Thefidae nomen condidit Hippolyto. Nam divinare eft, nomen componere, qudd fit Fortunae, morum, vel necis indicium. For Hyppolytus, the fon of Thefeus, was torn in pieces by his coach-horfes according to his name. So Agamemnon fignified he mould linger long be- fore Troy ; Priamus, that he mould be redeemed out of bondage in his childhood ; Tantalus, that he fhould be raoft wretched, becaufe Ayav /xevuv in the one, and Upta/^svog in the other, and TaKavTonog in the third implieth fuch accidents unto them. Hither alfo may be referred that of Claudius Ru- tilius : Nominibus certis credam decurrere mores ? Moribus aut potius nomina certa dari. But to confront Poet with Poet, our good Epi- grammatical Poet, old Godfrey of Winchefter, thinketh no ominous forefpeaking to lie in names, in that to Fauftus : Multum Faufte tua de nobilitate fuperbis, Quodque bono Fauftus omine nomen habes, Sed nullum nomen momenti, fi licet omen. * Suet, in 60 CHRISTIAN NAMES. Memorable is that which may be obferved out of hiftories, how that men of the felf-fame name have begun and ended great States and Empires : as Cyrus, the fon of Cambyfes, began the Perfian Monarchy ; Cyrus, the fon of Darius, ruinated the fame ; Darius, the fon of Hiftafpes, reftored it ; And again, Darius, the fon of Arfamis, utterly over- threw it. Philip, the fon of Amyntas, efpecially enlarged the Kingdome of Macedonia ; Philip, the fon of Antigonus, wholly loft the fame. Auguftus was the firft eftablifhed Emperour of Rome ; Au- guftulus the laft. Conftantinus Magnus, born in this Ifle, firft began the Empire of Constantinople ; Conftantinus the laft left it to the Turks, and utterly loft the fame, &c. The like obfervation is,* that fome names are cai.caiig. unfortunate to Princes: As Caius amongft the C2L lilt. Romans; John, in France, England, and Scotland ; and Henry lately in France. See the table of Chrif- tian names. Such like curious obfervations bred the fuper- ftitious kind of Divination called Onomantia, con- demned by the laft general Council ; by which the puny 44, Pythagoreans judged the even number of vowels in names to fignify imperfections in the left fides of men, and the odde number in the right. By this Auguftus the Emperour encouraged himfelf, and conceived good hope of victory; when, as the night before the fea-battel at Allium, the firft man he Gikasin met was a poor way-faring man driving his afs be- fore him, whofe name when he demanded he anfwered Eutyches, that is, Happy man ; and that his afTes name was Nicon, that is, Victor. In which place, when he accordingly had obtained the csei. cho- victory, he builded the City Nicopolis, that is, The digwus c « q £ yjjfj-Qj.y^ an( j there erected brafen images of c. 35. \ CHRISTIAN NAMES. 61 the man and his afs. By this Theodatus, King of the Goths, when he was curious to know the fuc- cefs of his wars againft the Romans, an Ono- mantical, or Name-wizard Jew willed him to (hut up a number of fwine in little hog-fties, and to give fome of them Roman names, to other Gotifh 1 names, with feveral marks, and there to leave them to a certain day. At the day appointed the King with the Jew repaired to the hog-fties, where they found them only dead to whom they had given the Gotifh names, and thofe alive to whom they had given the Roman names, but yet with their briftles more than half fhed. Whereupon the Jew foretold that the Goths mould wholly be difcomfited, and the Romans mould lofe a great part of their forces. By this Vefpafian was encouraged to take upon him Tacitus the Empire, when coming to the Temple of Serapis 4l H * at Alexandria, and being there alone at his devotion, he fuddenly faw in a vifion one Bafilides, a Noble man of iEgypt, who was then fourfcore miles off. Upon which name of Bafilides derived from Bafileus rlgnifying a King, he afl'ured himfelf of royalty, and the Empire which he then complotted for. As concerning this Onomantia, a German lately fet forth a Table, which I wifh had been fupprefTed, for that the devil by fuch vanities doth abufe the credulity of youth to greater matters, and fometimes to their own defrru6tions. I cannot tell how you would like it, if I mould but remember how the Greeks fuperftitioufly judged them more happy in whofe names the numeral letters added together made the greater fum, and therefore Achilles, forfooth, muft needs vanquifh He£ror, becaufe the numeral Greek letters rofe to 1 Gothic. 62 CHRISTIAN NAMES. a greater number in his name than in the others. Or how the amorous Romans luffed the Cup with a health fo often at their meetings as there were letters in their Miftrefles names ; according to that of merry Martial of his two wenches, Naevia, which had fix letters, and Juftina, that had feven in her name. Nevia fex cyathis, feptem Juftina bibatur. Our Nation was far from thofe and fuch curious toys ; therefore here will I overpafs them, and fet down Alphabetically the names which we now call Chriftian names, moft ufual to the Englifh Nation, with their fignifications. For this is to be taken as a granted verity, that names among all Nations and tongues (as I partly noted before) are fignificative, and not vain fenfelefs founds. Among the Hebrews it is certain out of facred Scriptures ; S. Hierom, and Philo, likewife among the Greek, Romans, Germans, French, &c. ; yea among the barbarous Turks, for with them Mahomet fignifieth glorified Beii or laudable, Homer lively, Abdalla God's fervant, Seliman peaceable, Agmad good, Haniza ready, Neama pleafant. And the favages of Hifpaniola and all America name their children in their own jofeph languages, Gliftering Light, Sun bright, Gold bright, Fine gold, Sweet, Rich, Feather, &c. ; as they of Congo, by means of birds, precious ftones, flowers. So that it were grofs ignorance, and to no fmall reproach of our Progenitours, to think their names only nothing fignificative, becaufe that in the daily alteration of our tongue the fignification of them is loft, or not commonly known, which yet I hope to recover, and to make in fome part known, albeit they cannot eafily and happily be tranflated, becaufe, CHRISTIAN NAMES. 63 as Porphyrie noteth, Barbarous names (as he termeth them) were very emphatical and very fhort. But in all the fignifications of thefe names you fhall fee the good and hopeful refpe£ts which the devifers of the names had, that there is an Orthotes or certi- tude of names among all Nations, according to Plato, and thereby perceive that many were trans- lated out of the Greek and Latine. Withal we may make this fruit by confideration of our names, which have good, hopeful, and lucky fignifications, that accordingly we do carry and conform our- felves ; fo that we fail not to be anfwerable to them, but be " Noftri nominis homines," and $sfu>vofji,oi, as Severus, Probus, and Aureolus are called " Sui nominis imperatores." And accordingly it feemeth to have been the manner, at giving of names, to wifh the children might perform and discharge their names, as when Gunthram, King of the French, named Clotharius at the Font, he faid, " Crefcat puer et hujus fit nominis executor." But before I proceed farther, this is to be noted. In moft ancient times the Britains had here their peculiar names, for the moft part taken from colours (for they ufed to paint themfelves), which are now loft, or remain among the Welfh. Afterwards they took Roman names when they were Provincials, which either remain corrupted among them, or were extinguifhed in the greateft part of the Realm after the entrance of the Engliih Saxons, who brought in the German names, as Cridda, Penda, Ofwald, Edward, Uchtred, Edmund, &c. Then to fay nothing of the Danes, who no doubt brought in their names, as Suayn, Harold, Knute, &c. The Normans conqueft brought * in other German names, for they originally ufed the German tongue, as William, Henry, Richard, Robert, Hugh, Roger, Theo- logia Phae- Cratvlo. • Vide Catum de Antiq. Cantab. Acad. lib. 2. p. 247. Olden- dorpius. 64. CHRISTIAN NAMES. &c. as the Greek names, Ablabius, i.e. innocent, Afpafius, i.e. Delightful, Boethius, Symmachus, i. e. helper, Toxotius, i. e. Archer, &c. were brought into Italy after the divifion of the Empire. After the Conqueft, our Nation (who before would not admit ffrange and unknown names, but avoyded them therefore as unlucky) by little and little be- gan to ufe Hebrew and facred names, as Matthew, David, Sampfon, Luke, Simon, &c. which were never received in Germany until after the death of Frederick the 2, about fome 300 years fince. So that the Saxons, Danifh, Norman, and Britifh tongues are the fitteft keys to open the entrance for fearching out of our ancient names yet in ufe. For the Hebrew, I will follow the common tables of the Bible, which every one may do as well, and " Philo De nominibus mutatis." For the Greek, the beft Gloffaries with mine own little fkill. For the Welfh, I will fparingly touch them, or leave them to the learned of that Nation. But for old Englifh names, which here are the fcope of my care, I muft fift them as I may out of old Englifh Saxon Treatifes, as I have hapned upon here and there : and fome conjeclurally, referring all to the judge- ment of fuch as mail be more happy in finding out the truth, hoping that probability may either pleafe or be pardoned by fuch as are modeftly learned in Hiftories and Languages, to whofe judgment in all humility, I commit all that is to be faid. For that they cannot but obferve the diverfity of names from the original in divers Languages ; as how the French have changed Petrus into Pierre, Johannes into Jehan, Benedi£tus to Benoift, Stephanus to Eitein, 1 1 And now ftill further to Etienne. CHRISTIAN NAMES. 65 Radulphus to Raoul. How the Italians have changed Johannes into Giovanni, Conftans into Goftante, Chriftophorus into Chriftophano, Jaco- bus into Jacopo, Radulphus into Radulpho, Lau- rentius into Lorenz. How the Welfh have altered Joannes into Evan, iEgidius into Silin, George into Sior, Lawrence into Lowris, Conftantinus into Cuftenith. How the Engiifh have changed Ger- rard into Garret, Albric into Aubry, Alexander into Sanders, Conftantine into Cuftance, Benedict into Bennet. How the Englifh and Scottifh bor- derers do ufe Roby and Rob for Robert, Lokky for Luke, Jokie and Jonie for John, Chriftie for Chriftopher, &c. That I may omit the Spaniard, which hath turned John into Juan, and Jacobus into Jago, and Didacus into Diego ; as the Ger- mans, which have contracted Johannes into Hanfe, and Theodoric into Deric. Thefe and the like, whofoever will learnedly confider, will not think any thing ftrange which (hall hereafter follow ; howfoever the unlearned will boldly cenfure it. I had purpofed here, left I might feem hereafter to lay my foundations in the fands of conjecf ure, and not on grounds of truth and authority, to have given you the fignification of fuch words as ofter themfelves moft frequent in the compofitions of our meer Englifh names, viz. : Rod Ric Sig Stan Theod Ward Wald Wold Wi Will Win, Sec. El Gund Al Hold JEW Helm Ard Hulph Ar Hare Bert Here Bald Leod Cin Leof Cuth Mer Ead Mund Fred Rad Giile Red F $6 USUAL CHRISTIAN NAMES. And thefe not out of fuppofitive conjectures, but out of Alfricus Grammar, who was a learned Arch- bifhop of Canterbury, well near fix hundred year fince, and therefore not to be fuppofed ignorant of the Englifh tongue, out of the Englifh-Saxon Teftament, Pfalter, and Laws, out of Willeramus Paraphrafis upon the Canticles, and the learned Notes thereon by a man fkilful in the Northern tongues, as alfo out of Beatus Rhenanus, M. Luther, Dafipodius, Killianus, who have laboured in illuftration of the old German tongue, which undoubtedly is the Matrix and Mother of our Englifh. But I think it moft fitting to this pur- pofe to fhew thofe my grounds in their proper places hereafter. In the Table following, Gre. noteth the name to be Greek, Germ. Ger- man, Lat. Latine, Fre. French, Hebr. Hebrew, Brit. Welfh, Sax. Saxon or old Englifh. Usual Christian Names. 1 >ARON y Heb. A Teacher, or Mountain of fortitude. Abel, Heb. Juft. Adam, Heb. Man, earthly, or red. Adelrad, fee Ethelrad. Adolph, fee Eadulph. Adrian, fee Hadrian. 1 In editing this chapter it is not my intention to criticize Camden's etymologies very clofely. Many of them, and par- ticularly thofe from the Hebrew and Anglo-Saxon, are pro- USUAL CHRISTIAN NAMES. 67 Jlan y is thought by Julius Scaliger (fome of whofe Progenitors bare that name) to fignifie an hound in the Sclavonian tongue, and Chaucer uleth Alan in the fame fence : neither may it feem ftrange to take names from beafls. The Romans had their Caninius, Aper, Afinius, &c. and the Chriftians Leo, Lupus, Urfula. But whereas this came into England with Alan Earl of Britain, to whom the Conquerour gave the greateft part of Richmondfhire, and hath been mod common fince that time in the Northern parts, in the younger children of the Noble Houfe of Percies, and the family of Zouch, defcended from the Earls of Britain ; I would feek it rather out of the Britifh, than Sclavonian tongue, and will believe with an ancient Britain, that it is corrupted from iElianus, that is Sun- bright, as they corrupted Vitelianus into Guidalan. bably erroneous enough. With regard to Hebrew proper names, lb much learned trifling has been exercil'ed, that were I veri'ed in the ftudy of that ancient tongue (which I am not) I fhould (brink, from the talk of elucidation. That they were originally Significant there is no queftion, but I doubt whether after the laple of lb many centuries there can be any reason- able origin affigned to many of them. How widely doctors differ is Ihown in the following inltances : Aaron means either j/wuntainous or a teacher; Abel, either jujl or tranfitory ; Ananias, either the grace of God, or Jehovah hath given j Thomas, either a pixiin or an abyfs ! It ieems to have been Sufficient for the etymologies ol old if they could find in the component Syllables of a name any approach to recognized verbs, nouns, or adjeclives, which they then twifted into Ibme definition that was luppoled to be appropriate to the cha- racter of him who firft bore it. Pretty much the lame objec- tion applies to many Celtic and Anglo-Saxon derivations, though, as to the latter, it appears to me that Camden is gene- rally quite as near the truth as thole who in our times laugh or cavil at his etymologies. 68 USUAL CHRISTIAN NAMES. Avery, in Latine Albericus, deduced from the Ger- man name Alberic, given in wifh, and hope of Royal Power, Empire, Kingdom, wealth, and might, as Plutarchus, Architas, Crates, Craterus, Polycrates, Pancratius, with the Greeks ; Regu- lus. Opimius, &c, with the Latines. The King of the Goths, which racked Rome, bearing his name, was called by the Romans Allaricus, the old Englifhmen turned it into Alric, the Normans Ric- into Alberic. That Ric, as it fignifled a Kingdom, fo alfo it fignifled rich, wealthy, mighty, able, pow- erful, attributes to a Kingdom, the word yet re- maining in that fence amongft all the German nations difperfed in Europe, and little moliihed doth fufficiently prove. The Italians receiving it from the Longobards, have turned it into Ricco, the Spaniards from the Goths into Rico, the French from the Franks into Riche, we from the Saxons into Rich, &c. Fortunatus Venantius, who lived about a thoufand years fince, tranflated it by Potens, and Fortis in thefe Verfes to Hilperic, King of France : Hilperice potens, fi interpres barbarus adfit, Adjutor fortis hoc quoque nomen habet. Nee fuit in vanum lie te vocitare parentes, Praefagum hoc totum laudis, & omen erat. As that Hilperic did fignifie puiffant and mighty helper. This name is ufually written Chilperic, but the C was fet before for Coning, that is, King, as in Clotharius, Clodaveus, Cheribertus, for Lotharius, Lodoveus, Heribertus. Aubry hath been a moft common name in the honour- able Family of Vere, Earls of Oxford. Allan, Lat. White, or High, as it pleafeth others ; The name of our Stephen, and firft Martyr of Britain. USUAL CHRISTIAN NAMES. 6 9 Alwin, Sax. All victorious, or Winning all, as Vi£tor and Vincentius in Latine, Nicetas and Nicephorus in Greek. The Yorkfhireman, which was Scholemafter to Carolus Magnus, and perfwaded him to found the Univerfity of Paris, is in an Engiifh-Saxon Treatife called Alv/in. But the French, as it feemeth, not able to pronounce the W, called him Alcuinus and Albinus. Albert, Germ. All-bright, as Epiphanius, Phaedrus, Eudoxus with the Grecians : Lucnius, Illuftrius, Fulgentius, with the Latines. Beort and Bert, Bert. as Alfricus and Rhenanus do tranftate it, is fa- mous, fair, and clear. Which the rather I believe, for that Bertha, a German Lady fent into Greece, was there called Eudoxia in the fame fence, as Luitprandus reporteth. They moreover that in ancient books are written Ecbert, Sebert, Ethel- bert, in the latter are written Ecbright, Sebright, Ethelbright : So that, Bert in compofition of names doth not fignine Beard, as fome tranflate it. Ml/red, Sax. Allpeace, not varying much in figni- e»i. & ai. fication from Irenaeus, Eal, All, JE\ in old Engliih compound names is anfwerable to Pan and Pam in Greek names, as Pamphilus, Pammachius, Pansetius, Pantaleon, &c. Aldred, Sax. All reverent fear. Alexander, Gre. Succour man, or Helper of men. Alpbons, if it be a German name, and came into Spain with the Goths, a German Nation, it is as much as Helfuns, that is, Our help, and probable it is to be a Gotifh name, for Alphons, the rirft King of Spain of that name, Anno 740, was de- scended from the Goths. Amcry, in Latine Almaricus, from the German Emerich, that is, always rich, able, and powerful, 7 o USUAL CHRISTIAN NAMES. according to Luther : the French write it Au- mery, as they of Theodoric, Henric, Frederic, make Terry, Henry, Ferry. Ambrofe, Gre. Divine, Immortal. Amie,' from the French Amie, that is Beloved, and that from Amatus, as Rene from Renatus. The Earls and Dukes of Savoy which be commonly called Aime, were in Latine called Amadeus, that is, Loving God, as Theophilus : and fo was that Earl of Savoy called, which did homage to King Henry the third of England, for Bourg in BrefTe, Saint Maurice in Chablais Chafteau Bard, &c. watth. w hich I note for the honour of England. We Pans. . . . . n . a c do ufe now Amias for this, in difference from Amie, the woman's name. Some deduce Amias from iEmilius the Roman name, which was de- duced from the Greek Aimulios, Fair fpoken. Ananias, Heb. The grace of the Lord. Andrew, Gre. Manly, or Manful. Fruculphus turneth it Decorus, Comely and Decent ; I know not upon what ground. See Charles. Anaraud, Brit, corrupted from Honoratus, that is Honourable. Angel, Gre. a Meflenger. Anthony, Gre. as Antheros, flourifhing, from the Greek Anthos, a flower ; as Florence and Flo- rentius with the Latines, and Thales Euthalius with the Greeks. There are yet fome that draw it from Anton, a companion of Hercules. From this was derived the name of Antoninus, which for the vertue of Antoninus Pius, how highly it was efteemed, read Lampridius in the life of Alexander Severus. An/elm, Germ. Defence of Authority, according to Luther. Whether this name came from the » Gothk. Gotifh* word Anfes, by which the Goths called USUAL CHRISTIAN NAMES. 71 their victorious Captains as Demigods, I dare jomandes, not determine ; yet Anfbert, Anfegis, Anfwald, c ' Ih German names, and Anfkettel, ufed much in the ancient houfe of the Mallories, Teem to defcend from one head. Archebold, vide Erchenbald. Arfajl, Sax. Goodly-man [Alfricus]. Arnold,Ger. Honeft, but the Germans write Ernold. Probus in Latine [Luther]. It hath been com- mon in the old Family of the Boyfes. Arthur, a Latine name in Juvenal drawn from the goodly fixed ftar Ardturus, and that from Ardtus is the Bear, as Urficinus amongft the Romans. ^^ od The famous Arthur made this name firft famous tannice ft, !■»•.■ idem foni- the Bntains. fkatquod AugujHne, Latine Encreafing, or Majeftical, from Y^ e Auguftus, as Vidtorinus, Juftinus, Conftantinus, Diminutives from Victor, Juftus, Conftans, according to Molinaeus. One obferveth that adoptive names do end in anus, as iEmilianus, Domitianus, Juftinianus, adopted by iEmilius, Domitius, Jultinus [Lilius Giraldus]. B. Baldwin^ Ger. If we believe Luther, Speedie Con- querour ; if Rhenanus, and Lipfius, Victorious power. But whereas Jornandes, cap. 29, fheweth that King Alaric was furnamed Baldh, id eft^ Baidh. Audax, for that he was bold and adventurous, and both Kilianus and Lipfius himfelf doth con- fefs that it was anciently in ufe, for Bold and confident ; Baldwin muft fignifie Bold Victor, as Epift. 45. Winbald, the fame name inverted, Ethelbald, nobly bold ; Willibald, very bold and confident, concurring fomewhat in iignification with Thra- feas, Thrafimachus, Thralibulus, Thrafillus, of 72 USUAL CHRISTIAN NAMES. the Grecians. So all the names wherein Win is found, feem to imply victory, as Tatewin, Learned Victor ; Eortwin, Famous Vi£tor ; Earlwin, Glorious or honourable victor ; and Unwin, yet amongft the Danes for invincible (Jonas Turfon) as Anicetus in Greek. Accord- ingly we may judge that moft names wherein win. Win is found, to refemble the Greek names, Nicetes, Nicocles, Nicomachus, Nicander, Poly- nices, &c, which have Nice in them. Baptijl, Gre. A name given to S. John, for that he firft baptized, and to many fince in honour of him. Bardulpb, Germ, from Bertulph, /. e. fair help. uiph. Ulph, Wolf, Hulf, iElf, Hilp, Helf, fignifie Help, huu. p ' as Luther and others allure us. So iElfwin, Hiip Heif. Victorious help; iEelfric, Rich or powerful help; ^Elfwold, Helping Governour ; ./Elfgiva, Help- giver. Names conformable to Boetius, Sym- machus, &c. Bartholomew, Hebr. the fon of him that maketh the waters to mount, that is, of God, which lifteth up the mind of his teachers, and drops down water (Szegedinus). Barnabas, or Barnabie, Heb. Son of the Matter, or Son of Comfort. Baruch, Heb. the fame with Bennet, bleffed. Bafil, Gre. Royal, Kingly, or Princely. Bede, Sax. He that prayeth, or a devout man, as Eucherius, or Eufebius in Greek. We retain ftill Bedeman in the fame fence, and to fay our bedes, is but to fay our prayers. Beavis, may feem probably to be corrupted from the name of the famous Celtique King Bellove- fus. When as the French have made in like fort Beavois of the old City Bellovacum In USUAL CHRISTIAN NAMES. 73 both thefe is a fignificancy of beauty. In latter times Bogo hath been ufed in Latine for Beavis. Benet, Lat. contracted from Eenedi6tus, /. e. Blefled. Benjamin, Hebr. The Son of the right hand, or Films dierum (Philo). See Jofeph. li. 1. Archai- ologias. Bernard, Ger. S. Bernard, a Cluniac Monk, drew it from Bona Nardus, by allufion ; fome turn it Hard child, in which fence Barn is yet retained with us in the North. If it be derived as the Germans will have it from Beam, which figni- fieth a Bear, it is anfwerable to Arthur. Others vet more judicially translate Bernard into Filialis Bern, or Rain indoles, Child-like difpofition towards Parents, as Bernher, Lord of many children. It hath been moft common in the houfe of Brus, of Conning- ton and Exton ; out of the which the Lord Harrington, of Exton, and Sir Robert Cotton, of Connington are defcended, as his moft excellent Majefty from Robert Brus, eldeft brother to the firft Bernard. Bcrtran, for Bertrand, fair and pure ; fome think that the Spaniards have with fweeter found drawn hence their Fernando and Ferdinando. Blafe, Gre. Budding forth, or Sprouting with en- creafe. Boniface, Lat. Well doer, or Good and fweet face. See Winefrid. Bonaventure, Lat. Good adventure, as Eutychius among the Greeks, Fauftus and Fortunatus among the Latines. Botolph, Sax. contracted into Botall, Help fhip, as Saylers in that Age were called Botelcarles. In part it is anfwerable to the Greek names, Nau- plius, Naumachius, g o Lutij Liudi ^ Leutij and Leudi, as the Diale£t varieth, fignifies people. In which fence the Normans, in the life of Carolus Magnus, were called North-Leud. The names wherein Leod are found feem tranflated from thofe Greek names wherein you (hall find Demos and Laos, as Demofthenes, that is, Strength of the people ; Demochares, that is, Gracious to the people ; Demophilus, that is, Lover of the people ; Nicodemus, that is, Con- querour of People ; Laomedon, that is, Ruler of people ; Laodamus, that is, Tamer of people, &c. Livin y Germ. The fame with Amatus, that is, Beloved [Kiiianus]. Luke, Heb. Rifing or lifting up. Ludovic, Germ. Now contracted into Clovis and Lovis, Famous warrier, according to that of Helmoldus Nigellus. Nempe fonat Hludo praeclarum, Wiggh quoque Mars eft. M. Madoc, Brit, from Mad, that is, Good, in the Welfh, as Caradoc, from Care, that is, beloved. The fame with Agathias in Greek [Di6t. Wallicum.] Malachias, Heb. My meflenger. Manajfes, Heb. Not forgotten. Marcellus, Lat. Plutarch out of Poffidonius deriveth USUAL CHRISTIAN NAMES. 89 it from Mars, as martial and warlike, others from Marculus, that is, an Hammer. The latter times turned it to Marcel and Mallet, which divers took for a furname, becaufe they valiantly did hammer and beat down their adverfaries. See Malmes. pag. 54. Marmaduc, Germ. Mermachtig, as fome conjecture, which in old Saxon fignifieth More mighty, being fweetned in found by procefs of time. A name ufual in the North, but moll in former times in the noble families of Tweng, Lumley, and Conftable, and thought to be Valentinianus tranf- lated. Mark, in Hebrew fignifieth High, but in Latin, ac- cording to Varro, it was a name at the firft given to them that were born in the month of March ; but according to Feftus Pompeius it fignifieth a Hammer or Mallet, given in hope the perfon mould be martial. Matthew 1 Heb. God's gift. Martin, Lat. From Martius, as Antoninus from Antonius. Saint Martin the military Saint, Bifhop of Toures, firft made this name famous among the Chriftians by his admirable piety. Mercury, Lat. " Quafi medius currens inter Deos & homines," as the Grammarians Etymologize it, a mediate curfitor between Gods and men. Meredith, Brit, in Latin Mereducius. Merric, Brit, in Latin Meuricus. I know not whether it be corrupted from Maurice. Michael, Heb. Who is perfect ? or who is like God ? The French contra6t it into Miel. Maximilian, A new name, firft devifed by Frederic the third Emperour, who doubting what name to give to his fon and heir, compofed this name of two worthy Romans' names, whom he moft admired, 9 o USUAL CHRISTIAN NAMES. Q. Fabius Maximus and Scipio ./Emilianus, with hope that his fon would imitate their vertues. (Hieronymus Gebvilerius de familia Auftriaca.) Miles, Lat. Milo, which fome fetch from Milium, a kind of grain called iMillet, as probably as Plinie draweth Fabius, Lentulus, Cicero, from Faba, Lens, Cicer, that is, beans, lentil, and chich-peafe. But whereas the French contract Michael into Miel, fome fuppofe our Miles come from thence. Mofes, Heb. Drawn up. Morgan, Brit. The fame with Pelagius, that is Sea- man, if we may believe an old fragment ; and Mor fignifies the Sea among the Welfh : So Marius, Marinus, Marianus, and Pontius, among the Latines, have their name from Mare and Pontus the Sea. Maugre, A name eftfoons ufed in the worfhipful Family of Vavafors ; Malgerius, in old hiftories. Quaere. Morice, from the Latine Mauritius, and that from Maurus, a Moor, as Syritius from Syrus, a Syrian. The name not of any worth in his own fignifica- tion, but in refpect of Saint Maurice a Comman- der in the Thebane Legion martyred for the Chriftian profeffion under Maximianus. N. Nathaniel, Hebr. The gift of God, as Theodofius, Sec. Neale, Fre. Blackifh, or fwart, for it is abridged from Nigel, and fo always written in Latine Records Nigellus, confonant to Nigrinus, and Atrius of the Latines, Melanius and Melanthus of the Grecians. Nicholas, Gre. Conquerour of the people. USUAL CHRISTIAN NAMES. 9. Norman, drawn from the Norman Nation, as Northern-man, ufual anciently in the Family of Darcy. Noel, French. The fame with the Latine Natalis, given firft in honour of the feaft of Chrift's birth, to fuch as were then born. O. Odo, See Othes. Oliver, A name fetched from the peace-bringing Olive, as Daphnisand Laurence from the tri- umphant Lawrel. OJbern, Sax. Houfe-child, as Filius familias, (Luther.) O/bert, Sax. Domeftical brightnefs, or light of the Family. Ofmund, Sax. Houfe-peace. Ofwold, Germ. Houfe-ruler or Steward ; for Wold in old Englifh and high Dutch is a Ruler : but for this the Normans brought in Le Defpencer, now Spencer. The holy life of Saint Ofwald, King of Northumberland, who was inceflantly in prayer, hath given much honour to this name. See Ethelwold. Othes, An old man in England, drawn from Otho, written by fome Odo, and by others Eudo, in Englifh Saxon Odan, and after the original where- of, when Suetonius could not find, I will not feek. Hood. Aventinus maketh it Hud, that is, Keeper : but Petrus Blefenfis, Epift. 126, maketh it to fignifie a Faithful Reconciler; for he writeth, Odo, in Epif- copum Parifienfem confecratus, nomen fuis operi- bus interpretari non ceffat, fidelis fequefter inter Deum & homines. Ottwell and Ottey feem to be Nurfe names drawn from Othes. Oiven, Lat. Audoenus, if he be the fame with Saint Owen of France. But the Britains will have it 92 USUAL CHRISTIAN NAMES. from old King Oneus father in law to Hercules : others from Eugenius, that is, Noble or well born. Certain it is that the Countrey of Ireland called Tir-Oen, is in Latine Records, Terra Eugenii ; and the Irifh Priefts know no Latine for their Oen but Eugenius, as Rothericus for Rorke. And Sir Owen Ogle, in Latine Records, as I have been informed, was written Eugenius Ogle. Original, May feem to be dedudted from the Greek Origenes, that is, Born in good time. P. Pafcal, Deduced from Pafcha, the Pafleover. Patrick^ Lat. From Patricius, Ouafi Patrem ciens, A Peer or State, he which could cite his father as a man of honour. A name given firft to Sena- tors' fons ; but it grew to reputation when Con- ftantine the Greek made a new ftate of Patricii, who had place before the Praefeclus Praetorio, or Lord great Mafter of the houfe, if it may be fo tranflated [Zozimus.] Paul) Heb. Wonderful or reft : But the learned Baronius, drawing it from the Latine, maketh it Little or humble. Paulin, From Paul, as Nigrinus from Niger. Percival) Is thought at firft to have been a furname, and after (as many other) a Chriftian name, fetched from Percheval, a place in Normandy. One byallufion made inthisPercival,Perfevalens. Payn, in Lat. Paganus, exempt from military fer- vice, a name now out of ufe, but having an oppo- fite fignification to a military man, as Scaliger obferved upon Aufonius. Peter., For which as the French ufed Pierre, fo our Anceftours ufed Pierce, a name of high efteem among the Chriftians, fince our Saviour named USUAL CHRISTIAN NAMES. 93 Simon, the fon of Jona, Cephas, which is by interpretation a ftone. John i. 43. But fool- wifely have fome Peters called themfelves Pierius. Peregrine, Lat. Strange or outlandifh. Philebert, Germ. Much bright fame, or very bright and famous, as Polyphemus in Greek [Rhenanus.] Philippe, Gre. A lover of Horfes. Philip Berold, conceiting this his name, very Clerkly proves that Philip is an Apoftolical name by Saint Philip the Apoftle, a Royal name by King Philip King of Macedonia, and an Imperial name by Philip the firft Chriftian Emperour. Pojlhumus, Lat. Born after his father's death. o. £hiintin, Lat. From Ouintus, the fifth born, a man dignified by St. Quintin of France. R. Ralfe, Ger. Contracted from Radulph, which as Rodulph fignifieth Help-counfel, not differing much from the Greek Eubulus. Raymund, Germ. Quiet peace, as Hefychius in Greek. Randal, Sax. Corrupted from Ranulph, that is, Fair help. Raphael, Heb. The Phyfick of God. Reinhold, Sax, Sincere or pure love: for the Ger- Re ; ni a „ d mans call their greateft and goodiieft River for Ran Hold ' purenefs Rheine, and the old Englifh ufed Hold for love, Holdy for lovely, as Unhold, without love : Willeranus ufeth Hold for favour, which is anfwerable to love. I have alfo obferved Hold hom. for Firm, and once for a General of an Army. Rhefe, A Britifh name, deduced as they think from Rhefus the Thracian King, who was (as Homer defcribeth him by his armour,) of a Giantlike 94 USUAL CHRISTIAN NAMES. ftature. But I dare not fay the word implieth fo much in figniflcation : yet Rhefi fignifieth a Giant in the German tongue. Richard^ Sax. Powerful and rich difpofition, as Richer, an ancient Chriftian name, fignified Powerful in the Army, or rich Lord, and was but Herric reverfed. Aventinus turneth it Trea- fure of the Kingdom. See Aubry. Robert^ Germ. Famous in Counfel, for it is written Rad, Red, moft anciently Rodbert. Rad, Red, and Rod do Rod ' fignifie counfel : See Conrad and Albert. This name was given to Rollo, firft Duke of Nor- mandy, an original Anceftour of the Kings of England, who was called fir ft by the Normans and French Rou, whereunto fome without ground think that Bert was added : fo that it fhould fig- nifie Rou, the renowned. Others untruly turn it Red-beard, as though it were all one with iEnobarbus of the Latines, or Barbaroffa of the Italians: John Bodin (or Pudding), that I may give him his true Englifh name, maketh it full wifely Red-bard ; but I think no Robert which knoweth what Bardus meaneth, will like of it. Roger, Ger. Ruger, Quiet, the fame with Tran- Fredoardi quillus in Latine, Frodoard writeth it always Remenfis Rottearius, or RooVarus, fo it feemeth to fignifie Chronic. r % n r \ all counfel, or itrong couniel. Rolland, Germ. Whereas it was anciently written Rodland, it may feem to fignifie Counfel for the Land. And the firft that I find fo named was Land-wardan in France, under Carolus Magnus, againft the Piracies of the Normans. The Italians ufe Orland for Rowland by iMetathefis. Romane, Lat. Strong, from the Greek 'Pupri, an- fwerable to Valens. USUAL CHRISTIAN NAMES. 95 Ruben, Heb. The fon of vifions, or a quick-feeing fon. (Philo.) Reinfred, Sax. Pure peace. S. Salomon, Heb. Peaceable. Sampfon, Heb. There the fecond time. Samuel, Heb. Placed of God. Saul, Heb. Lent of the Lord ; or as fome will, Fox. Sebajllan, Gre. Honourable or majeftical, as Au- gustus or Auguftinus among the Romans. Sigifmund, Germ. Victorious peace, or victory with peace. That Sig fignifieth Victory, Alfric, Dafi- podius and Luther do all agree ; yet Hadr. Junius scg'. turneth it victorious or prevailing fpeech. So Sigward, now Seward, victorious preferver ; Sig- helm, victorious defence ; Sighere, Conquerour of an Army, or victorious Lord ; and Sigebert, now Sebright, victorious fame, or fame by victory. Silvejler, Lat. Wood-man. Sylvanus, Lat. Wood-man, or rather Wood-god. See Walter. Simon, Heb. Obedient liftning (Philo.) Stephen, Gre. A Crown. Swithin, Sax. From the old Englifh Switheahn, that is, Very high, as Celfus or Exuperius with the Romans. This name hath been taken up in honour of Saint Swithin the holyBifhop of Win- chefter about the year 860, and called the Weep- ing Saint Swithin, for that about his feaft Praefepe and Afeili, rainy conftellations, do arife cofmically, and commonly caufe rain. T. Theobald, commonly Tibald, and Thibald, God's power, as B. Rhenanus noteth. But certain it is, 96 USUAL CHRISTIAN NAMES. that in our Saxon Pfalter Gentes is always tranf- Theod. lated by Theod, and in the Englifh-Saxon old Annales, the Engliih Nation is often called Engla- theod. The fameLipfius in Poliorceticis affirmeth to be in the ancient German Pfalters. So that Theobald feemeth in his opinion to fignifie power- ful, or bold over people. It was the common name in the Family of the Gorges ; as alfo in the Butlers of Ireland, and afterwards in the Verdons, by reafon that Theobald Butler married Rofe, the Daughter and Heir of that ancient and noble Houfe; whofe Pofterity, in regard fhe was fo great an Heir, bore her firname. Theodore, Gre. God's gift, now corruptly by Welfh- Britains called Tydder. TheodofiuS) Gre. the fame with Theodore. Theodoric, Ger. Contrailly, Derric and Terry, with the French, Powerable, or Rich in people, according to Lipfius. Theophilus, Greek. A lover of God. Thomas, Hebr. Bottomlefs deep, or Twinne. Timothy, Gre. From Timotheus, Honouring God. Tobias, Heb. The Lord is good. Tri/lram, I know not whether the firft of this name was chrifined by King Arthur's fabler. If it be the fame which the French call Triftan, it cometh from forrow : for P. ^milius noteth that the fon of Saint Lewes of France, born in the heavy forrowful time of his father's imprifonment under the Saracens, was named Triftan in the fame refpecT:. Turjlan, Sax. ForTruftan, moft true and trufty, as it feemeth. V. Valens, Lat. Puiffant. USUAL CHRISTIAN NAMES. 97 Valentine, Lat. The fame. Vchtred, Germ. High counfel, ufed in the old Family of Raby. From whence the Nevilles. Vincent, Lat. Victorious. Vital, Lat. He that may live a long life, like to Macrobius ; or Lively, the fame that Zofimus in Greek. Vivian, Lat. The fame. Urbanus, Lat. Courteous, civil. Vrian, The fame with George, as I have heard of fome learned Danes. It hath been a common name in the Family of Saint Pier of Chefhire, now extinguished. W. Walter, Germ, from Waldher, for fo it is moft anciently written, a Pilgrim according to Re- neccius; others make it a Wood- Lord, or a Wood- man, anfwerable to the name of Silvius, Silvanus, or Silvefter. The old Englifh called a wood, Wald, and an Hermite living in the woods, a Waldbrooder. But if I may cafr. my conceit, I take it to be Herwald inverted, as Herric and Richer, Winbald and Baldwin. And fo it figni- fieth Governour or General of an Army, as He- gefiftratus. See Herman and Harold. JValdwin, Some have interpreted out of the German tongue, a Conquerour, as Nicholaus and Nico- demus, Vi&or in Latine ; but now we ufe Gawen inftead of Walwyn. Architrenias maketh it Walganus in Latine. But if Walwin was a Britain, and King Arthur's Nephew, as W. MalmefDury noteth, where he fpeaketh of his Gyant-like bones found in Wales, I refer the fignification to the Britains. IVarin, Jovianus,libr.i. " De Afpiratione," draweth H 9 P. USUAL CHRISTIAN NAMES. it from Varro. But whereas it is written in all Records Guarinus, it may feem mollified from the Dutch Gerwin, that is, All-vi£torious. See Gertrud. William, Ger. For fweeter found drawn from Wil- helm, which is interpreted by Luther, Much De- fence, or Defence to many, as Wilwald, Ruling many ; Wildred, Much reverent fear, or Awful ; Wilfred, Much peace ; Willibert, Much increafe. So the French that cannot pronounce W have turned it into Philli, as Philiibert for Willibert, Much brightnefs. Many names, wherein we have Will, feem tranflated from the Greek names com- pofed of rioAyf, as Polydamas, Polybius, Polyxenus, win, Sec. Helm yet remaineth with us, and Villi, Willi, w - m and Billi yet with the Germans, for Many. Others turn William, a willing defender ; and fo it an- fwereththeRomanTitus,if it come fromTuendo, as fome learned will have it. The Italians, that liked the name, but could not pronounce the W, if we may believe Gefner, turned it into Galeazo, retaining the fence in part for Helme : But the Italians report, that Galeazo, the firft Vifcount of Millain, was fo called, for that many Cocks crew luftily at his birth. This name hath been moft common in England fince King William the Con- querour, infomuch that upon a feftival day in the Court of King Henry the Second, when Sir Wil- liam Saint-John, and Sir William Fitz-Hamon, efpecial Officers, had commanded that none but of the name of William mould dine in the great Chamber with them, they were accompanied with an hundred and twenty Williams, all knights, as Robert Montenfis recordeth, Anno 1 173. Wilfred, Sax. Much peace. Wimund, Sax. Sacred peace, or holy peace, as Wi- USUAL CHRISTIAN NAMES. 99 bert, Holy and Bright ; for Wi, in Willeramus, is tranflated Sacer. IVifchard, or Guifcard, Norm. Wilie, and crafty fnifter : (W. Gemiticenfis) Falcandus the Italian interpreted it Erro, that is, Wander. But in a Norman name I rather believe the Norman Writer. Wolftan, Sax. Comely, Decent, as Decentius (Da- fipodius.) Wulpber, Sax. Helper, the Saxon name of a King of Middle-England, anfweringto the Greek name Alexias, or rather Epicurus. The moft famous of which name was a hurtful mat), albeit he had a helpful name. Y. Ybel, Brit. Contracted from Eubulus, Good Coun- fellour. Ythell, Brit. Likewife contracted from Euthalius, very flourifhing. Z. Zachary, Hebr. The memory of the Lord. Christian Names of Women. Left Women, the moft kind Sex, mould conceive unkindnei's, if they were omitted, fomewhat of neceflity muft be faid of their Names. )B1GAEL, Heb. The father's joy. Agatha, Gre. Good, Guth in old Saxon. Agnes, Gre. Chafte, the French write it in Latine Ignatia ; But I know not why. Aletheia, Gre. Verity or Truth. Alice, Germ. Abridged from Adeliz, Noble. See ioo CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN. Ethelbert. But the French make it defendrefs, turning it into Alexia. Anna, Heb. Gracious, or merciful. Arbela, Heb. God hath revenged, as fome Trans- lations have it. (Index Bibliorum.) Adelin, Germ. Noble or descending from Nobles. Audry, Sax. It feemeth to be the fame with Eti>el- dred, for the firft foundrefs of Ely Church is fo called in Latine Hiftories, but by the people in thofe parts, S. Audry. See Etheldred. Amy, Fr. Beloved, in Latine Amata, the name of the ancient King Latinus' wife. It is written in the like fence Amicia, in old Records. Anchoret, Gr. For Anachoreta, Solitary liver, which retired her felf from the world to ferve God. Avice, Some obferve that as it is written now Avice, fo in former times Hawifta, and in elder Ages, Helwifa, whereupon they think it detorted from Hildevig, that is, Lady-defence, as Lewis is wrefted from Lodovicus and Ludwig. Aureola, Lat. Pretty little golden dame. Anjlafe, Gre. Anaftafia, and that from Anaftafie, as Anaftafius, given in remembrance of Chrift's glorious Refurredtion, and ours in Chrift. B. Barbara, Gre. Strange ; of unknown language, but the name refpecled in honour of Saint Barbara, martyred for the true profeffion of Chriftian Re- ligion, under the Tyrant Maximian. Beatrice, Lat. From Beatrix, Blefled. Blanch, Fr. White or fair. Bri^id, Contracted into Bride, an Irifh name as it feemeth, for that the ancient S. Brigid, was of that Nation : the other of Suecia was lately canonized about 1400. Quaere. CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN. Bertha, Ger. Bright and famous. See Albert. Bona, Lat. Good. Benedicla, Lat. BlefTed. Benigna, Lat. Mild, and gentle. CaJJandra, Gre. Inflaming men with love. Catharine, Cre. Pure, Chafte. ChrijUan, A name from our Chriftian profeiTion which the Pagans mod tyrannically perfecuted, hating, as Tertullian writeth in his " Apologe- tico," a harmlefs name in harmlefs people. Clara, Lat. Clear and Bright, the fame with Berta and Claricia in later times. Cicely, from the Latine, Caecilia, Grey-eyed. D. Denis, See before, among the names of men. Diana, From the Greek Dios, that is, Jove; as Jo- vina, or Jove's Daughter, or God's Daughter. Dionye, From Diana. Dido, A Phoenician name, fignifying a manlike woman, [Servius Honoratus.] Dorothye, Gre. The gift of God, or given of God. Dorcas, Gre. A Roe-buck. Lucretius, lib. 4, noteth, that by this name the amorous Knights were wont to falute freckled, warty, and woodden-faced wenches, where he faith, Caefia Palladion, naevofa, & lignea Dorcas. Douze, From the Latine Dulcia, that is,fweet-wench. Doufable, Fr. Sweet and fair, fomewhat like Gly- cerium. Douglas, Of the Scottiih furname, taken from the River Douglas, not long fince made a Chriftian TJNIV ::IA SANTA BARBARA io 2 CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN. name in England, as Jordan, from the River of" that name in the holy Land, was made a Chriftian name for men. Etheldred, Noble advice. See Audrey. Ela, fee Alice. Eleanor, Deduced from Helena, Pitiful. Elizb, Heb. God fave. Elizabeth, Heb. Peace of the Lord, or quiet reft of the Lord ; the which England hath found verefied in the moft honoured name of our late Soveraign. Mantuan playing with it, maketh it Eliza-bella. Ead, Sax. Drawn from Eadith, in which there is fignification of happinefs. In latter time it was written Auda, Ada, Ida, and by fome Idonea in Latine. Ernme, Some will have to be the fame with Amie, in Latine Amata. Paulus Merula faith, it figni- fieth a good nurfe, and fo is the fame with Eutro- phime among the Greeks. Roger Hoveden, pag. 246, noteth that Emma, daughter to Richard the firft Duke of Normandy, was called in Saxon Elgiva, that is, as it feemeth, Help-giver. Emmet, A diminutive from Emme. Eva, Heb. Giving life. F. Faith. Fortune, The fignification well known. Fredifwid, Sax. Very free, truly free. Francis, See Francis before. Felice, Lat. Happy. Fortitude, Lat. Florence, Lat. Flourifhing. CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN. 103 G. Gertrud, Gr. All true, and Amiable ; if German fignitieth All-man, as moft learned confent, and fo Gerard may fignifie All-hardy. [Althamerus.] Grace; the fignification is well known. Grijhild, Grey Lady, as Gefia, fee Maud. Gladufe, Brit, from Claudia. Goodhit, Sax. Contracted from Goodwife, as we now ufe Goody : by which name King Henry the firft was nicked in contempt, as William of Malmefbury noteth. H. Helena, Gre. Pitiful : a name much ufed in the honour of Helena, mother to Conftantine the Great, and native of this Ifle, although one only Author maketh her a Bithinian, but Baronius and our Hiftorians will have her a Britain. Hawis, fee Av'ice. I. Jane, fee Joan, For in 32 Eliz. Reginae, it was agreed by the Court of the King's Bench, to be all one with Joan. Judith, Hebr. Praifing, Conferring : our Anceftors turned it into Juet. Joyce, in Latin Jocofa, Merry, pleafant. Jaquet, Fr. From Jacoba : fee James. Jenet, a diminutive from Joan ; as little and pretty Johan. Joan, fee John. In latter years fome of the better and nicer fort, mifliking Joan, have mollified the name of Joan into Jane, as it may feem, for that Jane is never found in old Records ; and as io 4 CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN. fome will, never before the time of King Henry the eight. Lately, in like fort, fome learned Johns and Hanfes beyond the Sea have new Chriftned themfelves by the name of Janus. Ifabel, The fame with Elizabeth ; if the Spaniards do not miftake, which always tranflate Elizabeth into Ifabel, and the French into Ifabeau. Julian, From Julius, Giiian commonly, yet our " Lawyers," Lib. AfTis. 26, pag. 7, make them diftincl names, I doubt not but upon fome good ground. K. Katharin, See Cat bar in. Kingburgb, Sax. Strength and defence of her kin- dred ; as Kinulf, help of her kindred. L. Lettice, Lat. Joyfulnefs, mirth. Lydia, Gre. Born in that region of Ana. Lora, Sax. Discipline or Learning : but I fuppofe rather it is corrupted from Laura, that is, Bay, and is agreeable to the Greek name Daphne. Lucia, Lat. Lightfome, Bright : a name given firft to them that were born when daylight firft appeared. Lucretia, Lat. An honourable name in refpe£t of the chafte Lady Lucretia ; if it, as Lucretius, do not come from Lucrum, gain, as a good houfe- wife, I leave it to Grammarians. Lucris, a wench in Plautus, feemed to have her name from thence; whenas he faith it was Nomen £sf omen quantivis prctii. CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN. 105 M. Mabel, Some will have it to be a contraction of the Italians from Mabella, that is, My fair daughter, or maid. But whereas it is written in Deeds Amabi ia and Mabilia, I think it cometh from Amabilis, that is, Loveable, or Lovely. Alagdalen, Heb. Majefticai. Margaret, Gr. Commonly Marget, Pearl, or pre- cious. Margery, Some think to be the fame with Mar- garet : others fetch it from Marjoria, I know not what flower. Mary, Heb. Exalted. The Name of the BlefTed Virgin, who was blefled among women, becaufe of the fruit of her womb. Maud, for Matild, Germ. Matildis, Mathildis, and Matilda in Latin, Noble or honourable Lady of Maids. Alfric turneth Heroina by Hild. So Hiidebert was, heroically famous; Hiidegard, he- roical preferver ; and Hilda was the name of a religious Lady in the Primitive Church of Eng- land. Melicent, Fr. Honey-fweet. Meraud, Ufed anciently in Cornwall ; from the precious ftone called the Emeraud. Muriel, from the Greek Muron, Sweet perfume. N. Neji, ufed in Wales for Agnes. See Agnes. Nichola, See Nicholas. Nicia, Gre. victorious. o. Olympias, Gre. Heavenly. Orabilis, Lat. Eafily intreated. io6 CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN. Penebpe,Gre. The name of the mod patient, true, conftant, and chafte wife of UlyfTes, which was given to her for that fhe carefully loved and fed thofe birds with purpure necks, called Penelopes. Pernel, from Petronilla, Pretty ftone, as Piere and Perkin, {trained out of Petre. The firft of this name was the daughter of St. Peter. Prifca, Lat. Ancient. Prifcilla, A diminutive from Prifca. Prudence, Lat. Whom the Greeks call Sophia, that is, Wifdom. Philippa, See Philip. Philadelphia, Gre. A lover of her fitters and brethren. Phi His, Gre. Lovely, as Amie in Latin. Polyxena, Gre. She that will entertain many guefts and ftrangers. R. Gund. Radegunde, Sax. Favourable counfel. Hadrianus Junius tranflateth Gund, Favour ; fo Gunther, favourable Lord ; Gunderic, Rich, or mighty in favour, &c. Rachel, Heb. A fheep. Rebecca, Heb. Fat and full. Ro/a/nund, Rofe of the world, or Rofe of peace. See in the Epitaphs. Rofe, Of that fair flower, as Sufan in Hebrew. S. Sabina, As chafte and religious as a Sabine, who had their name from their worfhipping of God. Sanchia, Lat. From Sancta, that is, holy. CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN. 107 Sarah, Heb. Lady, Miftrefs, or Dame. Scholajllca, Gre. Leafure from bufinefs. Sufan, Hebr. Lilly, or Rofe. Sijley, See Caefilia. Sophronia, Gre. Modeft, and temperate. Sibyl/, Gre. God's counfel ; others draw it from Hebrew, and will have it to fignifie Divine Doctrine (Peucerus). Sophia, Gre. Wifdom ; a name peculiarly applyed by the Primitive Chriftians to our mod bleiled Saviour, who is the wifdom of his Father (Epiitle to the Hebrews), by whom all things were made. And therefore fome godly men do more than diflike it as irreligious, that it mould be communicated to any other. T. Tabitha, Heb. Roe-buck. Tamefm, or Thomafin. See Thomas. Tbeodofia, Gr. God's-gift. Tace, Be filent, a lit name to admoniih that fex of filence. Temperance, Lat. The fignification known to all. V. Venus, Lat. Coming to all, as Cicero derived it, a Veniendo, a fit name for a good wench. But for fhame it is turned of fome to Venice. In Greek Venus was called Aphrodite, not from the foam of the Sea, but, as Euripides faith, from Aphor- fune, that is, Mad folly. Urfula, Lat. A little Bear. A name heretofore of great reputation in honour of Urfula, the Britain Virgin-Saint, martyred under God's fcourge, Attila King of the Hunns. io8 CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN. W. Walbnrg y Gracious, the fame with Eucharia in Greek (Luther). We have turned it into War- burg. Of which name there was an holy woman of our Nation, to whofe honour the Cathedral Church at Chefter was confecrated. Winefrid, Sax. Win, or get peace. If it be a Britifh word, as fome think it to be, and written Guin- frid, it iignifieth Fair and Beautiful countenance. Verily Winfred, a native of this Ifle, which preached the Gofpel in Germany, was called Boniface ; but whether for his good face, or good deeds, judge you. Other ufual names of women I do not call to remembrance at this time, yet I know many other have been in ufe in former ages among us, as Dervorgild, Sith, Amphilas, he. And alfo Nicholea, Laurentia, Richarda, Guilielma, Wil- metta, drawn from the names of men, in which number we yet retain Philippa, Philip, Francifca, Francis, Joanna, Jana, &c. Thefe Englifh-Saxon, German, and other names may be thought as fair and as fit for men and women, as thofe moft ufual Praenomina among the Romans ; Auius, for that he was nourimed of the Gods ; Lucius, for him that was born in the dawn- ing of the day ; Marcus, for him that was born in March ; Manius, for him that was born in the morning ; Cneus, for him that had a wart; Servius, for him that was born a flave ; Cjuinclius, for him that was fifth born, &c. And our women's names, more gracious than their Ruti'iae, that is Red-hed ; Caefilia, that is, Grey-eyed ; and Caia, the moft SURNAMES. 109 common name of ail among them (fignifying Joy) for that Caia Cefilia, the wife of King Tarquinius Prifcus, was the beft diftaff-wife and fpinfter among them. Neither do I think in this companion of names, that any will prove like the Gentleman, who, dif- tafting our names, preferred King Arthur's age before ours, for the gallant, brave, and ftately names then ufed ; as Sir Orfon, Sir Tor, Sir Quadragan, Sir Dinadan, Sir Launcelot, &c. which came out of that forge out of the which the Spaniard forged the haughty and lofty name Traquitantos for his Giant, which he fo highly admired, when he had ftudied many days and odde hours, before he could hammer out a name fo conformable to fuch a perfon as he in imagination then conceited. Surnames. 1 IURNAMES given for difference of fami- ^sll? nes » anc * contmue d as hereditary in fami- K«M lies, were ufed in no nation anciently ilkzsz^his, but among the Romans, and that after the league of union with the Sabines ; for the con- firmation whereof it was covenanted that the Ro- mans mould prehx Sabine names before their own, and likewife the Sabines Roman names. At which time Romulus took the Sabine name of Quirinus, 1 In this chapter, as in the preceding, my editorial remarks will be few, for the (imple reafon, that were I to enlarge upon the various and highly iuggeftive topics it comprifes, I mould unduly fwell the bulk of this volume, and then only repro- duce what I have already given to the public in my " Englifh Surnames" (2 vols, poft 8vo. 3rd edit. J. R. Smith, 1849). no SURNAMES. becaufe he ufed to carry a fpear, which the Sabines called Quiris, Thefe afterward were called Nomi- na Gentilitia, and Cognomina ; as the former were called Praenomina. The French and we termed them Surnames, not becaufe they are names of the Sire, or the father, but becaufe they are fuper- added to Chriftian names, as the Spaniards call them Renombres, as Renames. The Hebrews, keeping memory of their Tribe, ufed in their genealogies, in ftead of Surnames, the name of their father with Ben, that is, Son, as Melchi Ben-Addi, Addi Ben-Cofam, Cofom Ben- Elmadam, Sic. So the Graecians/lKaposTtwAaiSaAoy, Icarus, the fon of Daedalus ; Daedalus, the fon of Eupalmus ; Eupalmus, the fon of Metion. The like was ufed among our anceftors the Englifh, as Ceonred, Ceolwalding, Ceoldwald, Cuthing, Cuth, Cuthwining ; that is, Ceonred, fon of Ceolwald ; Ceolwald, fon of Cuth ; Cuth, Lib fon of Cuthwin, &c. And this is obferved by primo. William of Malmefbury, where he noteth that the fon of Eadgar was called Eadgaring, and the fon of Edmund, Edmunding. 1 The Britains in the fame fence with Ap for Since the firft edition of that work appeared in 1842, there have been feveral labourers in the fame field, both in England and America. I may add that I have long had in preparation an extenfive Dictionary of Britifh Family Names, which, in addition to the etymology of many thousands of our liirnames, will contain notes on the antiquity of" the refpeclive families, (whether indigenous or of foreign origin,) variations of ortho- graphy, traditions, anecdotes, &c. To this laborious under- taking I beg the aid of fiich readers of" the prefent volume as may have made old Englifh patronymics their ftudy. ' Much very curious information is contained in Mr. J. M. Kemble's eflTay " On the Names, Surnames, and Nicknames of the Anglo Saxons, 1846.'" SURNAMES. 1 ii Mab; as Ap Owen, Owen Ap Harry, Harry Ap Rhefe : as the Irifh with their Mac ; as Donald Mac Neale, Neale Mac Con, Con Mac Dermott, &c. And the old Normans with Fitz for Filz ; as John Fitz-Robert, Robert Fitz-Richard, Richard Fitz-Raph, &c. The Arabians only, as one learned scai."Dc noteth, ufed their fathers' names without their own Hng! $ Lat.' forename ; as Aven-Pace, Aven-Rois, Aven-Zoar, that is, the fon of Pace, Rois, Zoar : As if Pace had a fon at his circumcifion named Haly, he would be called Aven-Pace, concealing Haly ; but his fon, howfoever he were named, would be called Aven- Haly, &c. So Surnames paffing from father to fon, and continuing to their iffue, were not an- ciently in ufe among any people in the world. Yet to thefe fingle names were adjoyned often- times other names, as Cognomina, or Soubriquetts, as the French call them ; and By-names, or Nick- names, as we term them, if that word be indifferent to good and bad, which (till did die with the bearer, and never defccnded to pofterity. That we may not exemplifie in other nations (which would afford great plenty), but in our own, Kins Eadgar was called the Peaceable ; King Ethelred, the Unready ; King Edmund, for his Valour, Iron-fide ; King Harold, the Hare-foot ; Eadric, the Streona, that is, the Getter or Streiner ; Siward, the Degera, that is, the Valiant; King William the firft:, Baftard ; King William the Second, Roufe, that is, the Red; King Henry the firft, Beauclarke, that is, Fine Scho'ar. So in the houfe of Anjou, which obtained the Crown of England, Geffrey, the firft Earl of Anjou, was furnamed Grifogonel, that is, Grey- cloak; Fulco his fon,Nerra; his grandchild, Rechin, for his extortion. Again, his grandchild, Plan- tagenet, for that he ware commonly a broom-ftalk ii2 SURNAMES. in his bonnet ; his fon Henry the fecond, King of England, Fitz-Empreffe, becaufe his mother was Emprefs ; his fon King Richard had for furname Cceur de Lion., for his Lion-like courage ; as John was called Sans-terre, that is, Without land : fo that whereas thefe names were never taken up by the fon, I know not why any fhould think Plan- tagenet to be the furname of the Royal Houfe of England, albeit in late years many have fo accounted it. Neither is it lefs ftrange why fo many mould think Theodore, or Tydur, as they contrail it, to be the furname of the Princes of this Realm fince King Henry the feventh. For albeit Owen Ap Meredith Tydur, which married Katherine, the daughter of Charles the fixth, King of France, was grandfather to King Henry the feventh, yet that Tydur or Theodore was but the Chriftian name of Owen's grandfather. For Owen's father was Mere- dith ap Tydur, ap Grono, ap Tydur, who ail with- out Surnames iterated Chriftian names, after the old manner of the Britains, and other nations here- tofore noted, and fo lineally deduced his pedigree from Cadwallader, King of the Britains, as was found by Commiflion directed to Griffin ap Le- wellin, Gitten Owen, John King, and other learned men, both Englifh and Welch, in the feventh year of the laid King Henry the feventh. Likewife in the line Royal of Scotland, Milcolme, or Malcolme was furnamed Canmore, that is, Great head ; and his brother Donald, Ban, that is, v/hite ; Alexander the nrft, the Proud ; Malcolme the fourth, the Virgin ; William his brother, the Lion. As amongft the Princes of Wales, Brochvail Schitrauc, that is, Gaggtothed ; Gurind Barmb- truch, that is, Spade-bearded ; Elidir Cofcorvaur, that is, Heliodor the Great houfe-keeper ; and fo SURNAMES. 113 in Ireland, Murogh Duff, that is, Black ; Roo, that is, Red ; Nemoliah, that is, full of wounds ; Ban, that is, white ; Ganeloc, that is, Fetters ; Reogh, Brown ; Moyle, Bald. 1 To feek, therefore, the ancient Surnames of the Royal and moft ancient, families of Europe, is to feek that which never was. And therefore greatly are they deceived which think Valoys to have been the furname of the late French Kings, or Borbon of this prefent King, or Habsburg, or Auftriac, of the Spanifh King ; or Steward, of the late Kings of Scotland, and now of Britain ; or Oldenburg, of the Danilh : For (as all know that have but Tipped of Hiftories) Valoys was but the Appenage and Earl- dom of Charles, younger fon to Philip the Second, from whom the late Kings defcended : fo Borbon was the inheritance of Robert, a younger fon to St. Lewes, of whom this King is defcended. Hadiburg and Auftria were but the old poffeffions of the Emperours and Spanifh Progenitours. Steward was but the name of office to Walter, who was high Steward of Scotland, the Progenitor of Robert, firft King of Scots of that family, and of the King our Sovereign. And Oldenburg was but the Earl- dom of Chriftian, the firft Danifh King of this Family, elected about 144.8. But yet Plantagenet, Steward, Valois, Borbon, Habsburg, &c. by pre- lcription of time have prevailed fo far, as they are now accounted furnames. But for furnames of Princes, well faid the learned Mercus Salon de Pace. " Reges cognomine non utuntur, eorum Taurine cognomina non funt neceffaria, prout in aliis in- conftitu- tiones. 1 " Surnames," a privately printed volume, by B. Homer Dixon, Eiq. of Bofton, U.S. (8vo. 1857), contains a large number of royal agnomina in various countries in Europe. I ii4 SURNAMES. ferioribus, quorum ipfa cognomina agnationum ac familiarum memoriam tutantur." About the year of our Lord iooo (that we may not minute out the time) furnames began to be taken up in France, as may feem by this fpecial in- Recudi ftance. " Theodoret Roy de la France Orientale, deVrance affembler grofle Armee pour paffer en la Greece, & par j. ^ Ego Edmundus corroboravi ; ►£< Ego Sigarius conclufi; hp Ego Olfftanus confolidavi, &c. Likewife for Scotland, in an old book of Durefme, in the Charter, whereby Edgar, fon of King Mal- colm, gave Lands near Coldingham to that Church, in the year 1097, the Scottifh Noblemen witnefies thereunto, had no other furnames than the Chrif- tian names of their fathers : For thus they figned, S. hp Gulfi filii Meniani, S. ►£< Culverti filii Done- cani, S. ^ Olavi filii Oghe, &c. As for my felf, I never hitherto found any hereditary furname before the Conqueft, neither any that I know ; and yet both I my felf and divers whom I know, have pored and pulled upon many an old Record and evidence to fatisfie our felves herein ; and for my part I will acknowledge my felf greatly indebted to them that will clear this doubt. But about the time of the Conqueft, I obferved the very primary beginning, as it were, of many furnames which are thought very ancient, when, as it may be proved, that their very lineal Pro- genitors bare other names within thefe fix hun- dred years. Mortimer and Warren are accounted names of great antiquity, yet the father of the firft Roger, furnamed de Mortimer, was Walterus de Sanclo Martino ; which Walter was brother to William, who had afiumed the furname de Warrena. He that firft took the furname of Moubray (a Family very eminent and noble) was Roger, fon of Nigel de Albani ; which Nigel was brother to William de Albani, Progenitor to the 1. Signi Surnames in England not in ufe before the C0IH)Ul il. [Vide Hift. Norm. Script, p. jij. A& p. 278 C.J u6 SURNAMES. antient Earls of Arundel. He that firft took the name of Clifford from his habitation was the ion of Richard, fon of Puntz, a noble Norman, who l. Deven- had no other name. The firft Lumley was fon of miticmfo. an ancient Englifh man, called Liwulph. The firft Giffard, from whom they of Buckingham, the Lords of Brimesfield, and others defcended, was the fon of a Norman, called Ofbert de Bolebec. The firft Windfor, defcended from Walter, the fon of Otherus Caftellan of Windfor. The firft who took the name of Shirley was the fon of Sewall, defcended from Fulcher, without any other name. The firft Nevill (of them which are now) from Robert, the fon of Maldred, a Branch of an old Englifh Family, who married Ifabel, the daugh- ter and heir of the Nevils, which came out of Normandy. The firft Lovel came from Gonel de Perceval. The firft Montacute was the fon of Drogo Juvenis, as it is in Record. The firft Stanley, of the now Earls of Derby, was likewife fon to Adam de Aldeleigh or Audley, as it is in the old Pedegree in the Eagle tower of Latham. And to omit others, the firft that took the name of de Burgo, or Burk in Ireland, was the fon of an Englifh man, called William Fitz Aldelme ; as the Recor. fj r ft f the Giraldines alfo in that Countrey was the HXr- fon of an Englifh man, called Girald of Windfor, mx ' In many more could I exemplifie, which fhortly ciraidus a ft er the conqueft took thefe furnames, when either brenfc. their fathers had none at all, or elfe moft different ; whatfoever fome of their pofterity do overween of the antiquity of their names, as though in the con- tinual mutability of the world, converfion of ftates, and fatal periods of Families, five hundred years were not fufficient antiquity for a Family or name, when as but very few have reached thereunto. SURNAMES. 117 In that authentical Record of the Exchequer called Domefday, furnames are firft found, brought in then by the Normans, who not long before firft took them : but moft noted with De fuch a place, as Godefridus de Mannevilla ; A. de Grey ; Wal- terus de Vernon ; Robert de Oily, now Doyly ; Al- bericius de Vere ; Radulphus de Pomerey ; Gofce- linus de Dive ; Robertus de Bufle ; Guilielmus de Moiun ; R. de Braiofe ; Rogerus de Lacy ; Gifle- bertus de Venables : or with Filius, as Ranulphus filius Afculphi ; Guilielmus filius Ofberni ; Richar- dus filius Gifleberti : or elfe with the name of their office, as Eudo Dapifer; Guil. Camerarius ; Her- vaeus Legatus ; Giflebertus Cocus ; Radulphus Venator : but very many with their Chriftian names only, as Olaff", Nigellus, Euftachius, Baldricus, with fingle names, are noted laft in every Shire as men of leaft account, and as all, or moft, underholders fpecified in that Book. But fhortly after, as the Romans of better fort yidePoii- had three names according to that of Juvenal " Tan- Si quam habeas tria nomina," and that of Aufonius, Ub - ? z - "Tria nomina nobiliorum :" So itfeemed a difgrace for a Gentleman to have but one fingle name, as the meaner fort and baftards had. For the daughter and heir of Fitz Hamon, a great Lord, (as Robert of Gloucefter, in the Library of the induftrious Anti- quary Mailer John Stow writeth,) when King Henry the Firft would have married her to his bale fon Robert, fhe firft refufing anfwered : " It were to me a great (liame, To have a Lord withouten his twa name." Whereupon the King his father gave him the name of Fitz Roy, who after was Earl of Glocefter, and the only Worthy of his Age in England. 1 18 SURNAMES. To reduce furnames to a Method is matter for a Ramift, 1 who fhould haply find it to be a Typo- cofmy : I will plainly fet down from whence the moft have been deduced, as far as I can conceive, hoping to incurr no offence herein with any perfon, when 1 proteft in all fincerity, that I purpole nothing lefs than to wrong any whofoever. The end of this fcribling labour tending only to maintain the ho- nour of our names againft fome Italianated, who, admiring ftrange names, do difdainfully condemn their own Country names, which I doubt not but I fhall effect with the learned and judicious, to whom I fubmit all that I (hall write. The moft furnames in number, the moft ancient and of beft account, have been local, deduced from places in Normandy, and the Countries confining, being either the patrimonial pofieffions, or native places of fuch as ferved the Conquerour, or came in after out of Normandy ; as Mortimer, Warren, Al- bigny, Percy, Gournay, Devereux, Tankervil, Saint Lo, Argentine, Marmion, Saint Maure, Bracy, Maigny, Nevil, Ferrers, Harecourt, Bafkervile, Mortaign, Tracy, Beaufo, Valoyns, Cayly, Lucy, Montfort, Bonvile, Bovil, Auranch, &c. Neither is there any Village in Normandy that gave not deno- mination to fome Family in England ; in which number are all names having the French De, Du, Des, De la prefixt, and beginning or ending with Font, Fant, Beau, Sain£t, Mont, Bois, Aux, Eux, Vail, Vaux, Cort, Court, Fort, Champ, and V ill, which is corruptly turned in fome into Feld, as in 1 The Ramifts were the followers of Peter Ramus, whofe anti-Ariftotelian logic railed a great commotion in the Univer- fity of Paris. He was killed in the Bartholomew maflacre, 1572. nurus. SURNAMES. 119 Bafkerfeld, Somerfeld, Dangerfeld, Turblefeld, Greenfeld, Sackfeld ; for Bafkervil, Somervil, Dan- gervil, Turbervil, Greenvil, Sackvil ; and in others into Well, as Bofwell for Bofievil, Frefhwel for Frefhvil. As that I may note in paffage, the Polo- Mart . era- nian Nobility take their names from places adding Skie or Ki thereunto. Out of places in Britain came the Families of Saint Aubin, Morley, Dinant, lately called Dinham; as alfo of Dole, Balun, Conqueft, Valtort, Lafcells, Bluet, &c. Out of other parts of France, from places of the fame names, came Courtney, Corby, Bollein, Cre- vecuer, Saint Leger, Bohun, Saint George, Saint Andrew, Chaworth, Saindt Ouintin, Gorges, Vil- liers, Cromar, Paris, Reims, CrefTy, Fimes, Beau- mont, Coignac, Lyons, Chalons, Chaloner, Ef- tampes, or Stampes, and many more. Out of the Netherlands came the names of Lo- vaine, Gaunt, Ipres, Bruges, Malines, Odingfels, Tournay, Doway, Buers, Beke ; and in later Ages Dabridgecourt, Robfert, Many, Grandifon, &c. From places in England and Scotland infinite likewife. For every Town, Village, or Hamlet hath afforded names to Families ; as Derbyshire, Lancafhire, (do not look that I mould, as the No- menclators in old time, marfhal every name accord- ing to his place) Effex, Murray, Clifford, Stafford, Barkley, Leigh, Lea, Haftings, Hamleton, Gordon, Lumle'y, Douglas, Booth, Clinton, Heydon, Cley- don, Hicham, Henningham, Popham, Ratcliffe, Markham, Seaton, Framingham, Pagrave, Cotton, Carie, Hume, Poinings, Goring, Prideaux, Windfor, Hardes, Stanhope, Sydenham, Needham, Dimoc, Winnington, Allington, Dacre, Thaxton, Whitney, Willoughby, Apfeley,Crew, Knivetem, Wentworth, 120 SURNAMES. Fanfhaw, Woderington, Manwood, Fetherfton ; And laftly, Penruddock, Tremain, Trevoire, Killi- grew, Rofcarrec, Carminow, and mod Families in Cornwall, of whom I have heard this Rythme : " By Tie, Ros, Pol, Lan, Caer, and Pen, You may know the moft Cornifh men. 1 ' Which fignifie a Town, a Heath, a Pool, a Church, a Cattle, or City, and a Foreland, or Pro- montory. In like fort many names among the Romans were taken from places, as Tarquinius, Gabinus, Volfcius, Vatinius, Norbanus, from Tarquini, Gabii, Volfci, Vatia, Norba, Towns in Italie, as Sigonius and others before him have obferved ; and likewife Amerinus, Carrinas, Mecenas, as Varro noteth. So Ruricius, Fonteius, Fundanus, Agellius, &c. Generally, all thefe following are local names, and all which have their beginning or termination in them, the fignifications whereof, for the moft part, are commonly known. To the reft now unknown, I will adjoyn fomewhat briefly out of Alfricus and others, reserving a more ample explication to his proper place. 1 Abent, a fteep place. Aker, drawn from the Latine Ager. Ay, vide Eye. B. Bac, French, a Ferry. Bach, the fame which Bee a River, [Mun- fter.] Bain, 2. Bathe. Banck. Barn. Barrow, vide Burrow. 1 Verftegan gives a fimilar lift derived from trivial localities, and a third will be found in my Englifh Surnames, vol. i. p. 62. 121 or Bathe. Bach. Beam, a Trunck, ftock of a tree. Beak or Bee (as Bach) ufed in the North. Bent, a place where mines grow. Beam, a wood, Beda, lib. 4., cap. 2. Berton, or Barton. Berry, a Court. Others make it a hill from the Dutch word, Berg, fome take it to be the fame with Burreiv, and only varied in Dia- led. Beorh, Acervus,as Stane Beorh, Lapidum acer- vus. Biggin, a building. Bold, from the Dutch Bol, a Fenne. Bye, From the Hebrew Beth, an habitation. (Alfricus.) 1 Bois, Fr. a Wood. Borrough, from the La- tine Burgus, a fortified place or defence, pro- SURNAMES. | nounced in the South parts Bury, in other Bus gh and Brough, and often Berry and Bar- row. Alfricus. Born or Burn, a River. Bottle, a houfe in the North parts. Alfricus turneth it iEdes, and iEdilis, Bottleward. Booth. Bridge. Brome-field. Brunn, a Fountain from Burn. 2 Briewr, Fr. an Heath. Brough. See Bur rough. Bury. See Burrow. Burgh. See Burrowgh. Bum, vide Born. BuJJj. Buts. C. Caer, Brit, a fortified Place or City. Campe. Capell, the fame with Chapell. 3 ! Car, a low watery place where Alders do grow, or a Pool. 1 By, a dwelling. Danifh. 2 More probably from the Fr. brun, referring to complexion. 3 But Capel is a parifti in Surrey ; alio a ftrong horl'e. Lat. Cabellus. 122 SURNAMES. Games, the fame with ftones. Caflell. Cafler, Chejler, Cejler, Chajler, the fame va- ried in Dia!e6t, a City or walled place derived from Cajlrum. Cave. Church. Chanel. Chapel. Chafe. Cley, or Clay. Cove, a fmall creek. Cliffe, and Cleve. Clough, a deep defcent between hills. Cob, a forced harbour for Ships, as the Cob of Linne in Dorfetmire. Cope, The top of a high hill. Combe, a word in ufe both in France and England for a valley between two high hills. Nicotius. Cote. Court. Covert, French, a fha- dowed place or fhade. Cragge. Creeke. Croft, Tranflated byAb- boFloriacenfis in P ra- dium, a Farm. Our Anceftours would fay proverbially of a very poor man, that " He had ne Toft ne Croft." Crofs. D. Dale. Delle, a dike. Dene, a fmall valley, con- trary to Doun. Deepes. Derne. See Terne. Ditch, or Dim. Dike. Dook. Don, corruptly fometime for Ton, or Town. Don, and Doun, all one, varied in pronuncia- tion : a high hill, or Mount. [Alfricus.] E. Efter, a walk. Ende. Ey, a watery place, as the Germans ufe now Atv. Ortellius. Al- fricus tranflateth Am- nis into Ea or Eye. F. Farm. Field. Fell, Sax. Crags, barren and ftony hills. Fenn. Fleet, a fmall ftream. Fold. Ford. Forrejl. Foot. Font, or Funt, a fpring. Frith, a plain amid ft woods ; but in Scot- land a ftreight between two lands, from the Latine Fretum. G. Garnet, a great Granary. Garden. Garth, a yard. Gate. Gill, a fmall water. Glin, Welfh, a dale. Gor/l, buihes. Grange, Fr. a barn (Ni- cotius). Grave, a ditch or trench, or rather a wood, for in that fence I have read Grava in old deeds. Gravet, the fame with Grove. Green. Grove. H. Hale, or Haule, from the Latine Aula, in fome names turned into All. SURNAMES Ham I 2" Manfio [Beda], which we call now Home, orhoufe; often abridged into Am. Hatch. Hawgh, or Hovugh, a green plot in a valley, as they ufe it in the North. H, ay, r. a hedge. Head, and Heueth, a Foreland, Promontory, or high place. Headge. Heath. Herjl. See Hurjl. Heme, Sax. a houfe. Beda, who tranflates IV hit hern, Candida cafa. Hith, a haven. [Al- fricus.] Hide, fo much Land as one plough can plow in a year. Hill, often in compofi- tion changed into Hull and Ell. Holme, plain graffie ground upon water fides or in the water. Holt, a wood, Nemus. [Alfricus.] Hold, a tenement, or the fame with Holt. Hope, the fide of an hill ; 124 but in the North, a low ground amidft the tops of hills. How, or Hoo, an high place. Horn. See Hum. Houfe. Hull. See Hill. Hunt. Hum, or Hyrn, a corner. [Alfricus.] Hurft, or Herjl, a wood. I. Ing, a Meadow or low ground [Ingulphus] ; and the Danes ftill ufe it. JJle, or He. K. Kay, a landing place, a wharf; the old Glof- fary Kaii, Cancelli. Kap. Knoll, the top of a hill. Kyrk, a Church, from the Greek Kuriace — that is, the Lord's houfe. L. Lode (a word ufual in the Fens), PafTage of waters. Aqu as Pliny faith, thefe names were firft appro- c ?- priated to them for fkill in fowing thofe grains. Neither thofe from beafts which Varro reciteth in the fecond " de Ruftica," Taurus, Vitulus, Ovilius, Porcius, Caprilius, were better than Bull, Calf, Sheep, Hogge, Goat, &c. In refpect of thefe names all the names of Eng- land are fuch as I think few would take the beneht of Dioclefian's refcript, which I lately mentioned. But in France (where the foul names, Marmot, Merd'oyfon, Boreau) and in Spain (where Verdugo, i. e. Hangman, Putanero, and fuch like are rife) it is no marvel that fome procure licence from the King to change their names : and that a Gentle- i Andr woman (Do&or Andreas the great Civilian's wife) £cundum ^ a ^ : " If ^ ir names we re faleable, they would be dePreb. well bought." Thus much of Chriftian Names and Surnames ; or Prcenomina and Nomina. As for Cognomina and Agnomina^ or By-names, which were rare in our Nation, only I remember thefe three, Le Beuf in the family of the Giffards, Le Cofin among the Darcies, and Bouchard in one houfe of the Lari- mers, and fome fay Algernoun in the family of SURNAMES. x6 7 Percies : but that as yet is out of the reach of my reading, unlefs it be the fame that is corruptly, in the defcent of the Earls of Boleyn belonging to the late Queen Mother of France, fetdown Agernouns, for Algernouns ; For fo Euftache the fecond is there by-named, who in other old Pedegrees is called Euftace with the clear eyes. As for additions given over and befide names, and furnames in Law caufes, that I may note them out of a Law-book, they are either of eftate, or degree, or myftery, or town, or hamlet, or county. Addi- tion of eftate are thefe, Yeoman, Gentleman, Efquire, Addition of degree are thofe which we call names of dignity, as Knight, Earl, Marquefs, Duke. Ad- ditions of myftery are fuch, Scrivener, Carpenter, Smith. Addition of towns, as of Padington, Ifling- ton, Edelmeton. And where a man hath houfhold in two places, he fhould be faid to dwell in both of them, fo that his addition in one of them doth fuf- fice. By the Statute the firft year of King Henry the Additions fifth, and fifth Chapter, it was ordained that in frequently fuits or in actions, where procefs of Utlary lyeth, fuch addition fhould be to the name of the Defen- dant, to {hew his eftate, myftery, and place where he dwelleth, and that fuch Writs fhall abate, if they have not fuch additions, if the Defendant do take exception thereat ; they fhall not abate by the office of the Court. Alfo, Duke, Marquefs, Earl or Knight be none of that addition, but names of dignity which fhould have been given before the ftatute. And this was ordained by the faid ftatute made in the firft year of King Henry the VII. Chap 5. to the intent that one man may not be grieved or troubled by the Utlary of another, but that by reafon of the certain addition uled. 1 68 SURNAMES. every man might be certainly known, and bear his own burden. How the names of them which for capital crimes againft Majefty were razed out of the publick Records, Tables, and Regifters, or forbidden to be born by their pofterity, when their memory was damned, I could mew at large; but this and fuch like, with Mifnomer in our Laws and other Quid- dities, I leave to the profeflbrs of Laws. Adjunfls Somewhat might be faid here of the adjuncts to to names. .• i l- 1 • • -■ • i names or titles, which in ancient times were either none, or molt fimple. For Auguftus was impatient to be called Dominus ; vet Domitian liked well to be called Dominus Deufque ; and Dominus was taken up by every private man, as appeareth by Seneca, and the poor Grecian which refufed that title by alluding Ovk sdeXco Ao/j-ivt, ob yap £%w 36/j.svat. Neverthelefs it was never ufed by the Emperours, from Domitian to Dioclefianus, as Victor noteth ; but afterward it was continued by the Chriftian Emperours, yea, upon their Coins. And that which is more ftrange, they ufed then, as appeareth in the Conftitutions, for themfelves, iEternitas noftra, Perennitas noftra, Numen nof- trum; and to their principal Officers, Vir illuftris, Vir fpeclabilis, Magniflca celfitudo, Sublimis mag- nitudo tua, Illuftris magnificentia, Sublimitas, Mi- randa fublimitas, Eminentia tua, Excellentia tua, Praecelfa magnificentia tua, &c. As appeareth in the Volumes of the Civil Law. So as I know not why that Spite-King Buchanan mould envy lefTer titles to Princes, the very Types of God's Majefty, yea, very Gods in earth, and brand them with the mark of Sericati nebulones, which honour Princes therewith. Titles at- The Romans under the later Emperours had a tnbuted . , - , . . r . . . . to men of very curious and careful obfervation in giving titles SURNAMES. 169 to men of reputation, which as I have read were n . oteb ' f only five ; Illuftris was the higheft appropriated to mans. the Praefecli Praetorio of Italy and Gallia; the Prae- T heod. feclus of the City of Rome, Magifter Equitum, (M£ Magifter Peditum, Quaeftor Palatii, Comes Largi- tionis, &c. and all that had voice in the Senate. Spedtabilis was the fecond title due to the Lieu- tenants General, and Comites of Provinces, &c. So Notitia Provinciarum, Vicarius Britanniarum, Comes Littoris Saxonici per Britanniam, Dux Bri- tanniae, are ftyled Viri fpe£labiles. Clariffimus was the third title peculiar only to the Confulares, Cor- re£tores, and Preftaes of Provinces. Perfedtiffimus was the fourth ; Egregius the fifth. And as Cla- rifTimus was a title to thofe great Officers above fpecified, fo no other could have that, as neither of Perfedtiflimus, and Egregius, but granted by Patents. And in that Age, as it is in the Code of Theodofius, " Tit. Ut Dignitatem ordo fervetur. Si quis in- debitum fibi locum ufurpaverit, nulla fe ignoratione defendat, fitque plane facrilegii reus." Amongft us the Kings had thefe adjuncts, when Adjuncts they were written and fpoken unto, Gloriofus, Glo- name! of riofiffimus, PraecellentifHmus,Charifnmus Dominus, ourKin s s - Rex illuftris, lately Potentiffimus, Invidtiffimus, Se- reniffimus; Our liege Lord; Our Soveraign, Our Dread Soveraign, &c. As for Grace, it began about the time of Henry the IV. Excellent Grace under Henry the fixth. High and mighty Prince, under Edward the IV. and Majefty, which firft was attributed to the Roman Emperours about the time of Gallienus, came hither in the time of King Henry the eighth, as Trebciiius Sacred Majefty lately in our memory. Whereas ovid, among Chriftians it was appliable only in former Fa< ages to God, as among the old Romans to the God- i7o SURNAMES. defs Majefty, the daughter of Honour and Reve- rence. Among other men in former ages Dan, corrupted from Dominus, was the greateft attribute both to Spiritual and Temporal, and afterward Worfhipful, and Right- Worfhipful, hath been thoughtconvenient among us for the great Dukes and Earls; but we now begin fo to overlade men with additions, as Spaniards did lately, until they were reftrained by the Pragmatica in A°. 1586 ; at which time Paf- quil, at Rome, being demanded why Philip of Spain had fo taken away all titles from all forts of men, anfwered merrily, albeit not religioufly : That it may be verified of him which is faid, " Tu folus Dominus, tu folus altimmus," in refpedt of his vo- luminous long Title, which will tire the Reader. Thus far had I proceeded in names, when it was high time to ftay, for I am advertifedthat there is one, which by Art Trochilick, will draw all Englifh Sur- names of the beft Families out of the pit of Poetry, as Boucher from Bufyris, the Tyrant of Egypt; Percy, from flying Perfeus; Darcy, from Dircaeus Apollo; Lee, from Laetus, turned into a Swan in Ovid; Jack- fon, from Jafon: Well he may fatisfie them herein, whom I cannot. 1 As for my felf, I acknowledge that I cannot fatisfie neither them nor my felf in all particularities : and well therefore I do like him that faid, " He doth not teach well which teacheth all, leaving nothing to fubtil wits to fift out." And fure I am fcrupulous diligence lieth open to envy. 1 Who the "one" may be who, by "Art Trochilick," found out thefe wonderful etymons I know not ; but, by a procefs no lefs abfurd than his, fome modern genealogifts have found our plebeian Turner to be " tour noire." ALLUSIONS. i 7 , But for fuch as will not be content with that which is faid, I wifh Sir John de Bilbaeo would conjure up William Ockam, the Father of the Nominals (as Appion did Homer) for their better fatisfaclion herein. Mean while I defire no man will take ofrence at any thing here fpoken, whenas I have been fo far from giving offence, that I dare proteft in that folemn ancient form, " Superos & Sydera teftor. " Hating it in others, and condemning it in my felf, even unto the bottomlefs pit of Hell. Allusions. 1 WILL now prefent unto you a few ex- tracts out of names, (I fear you will call them foolifh fopperies,) but call them what you pleafe, I hope a little folly may be pardonable in this our fo wife an Age. Out of names the bufie wit of man continually working, hath wrought upon liking or diflike, Al- lufions, very common in all Ages, and among all men; Rebus, rife in late Ages, both with learned and unlearned ; and Anagrammes, though long fince invented, yet rare in thefe our refined times. In all which, I will briefly fhew our Nation hath been no lefs pregnant than thofe Southern which prefume of wits in refpeif. of fituation. Afterward fome- what fhall be faid of Arms, which, as filent names, diftinguifh families. An Allufion is as it were a dalliance or playing with words like in found, but unlike in fence, by changing, adding, or fubftradfing a letter or two; fo that words nicking and refembling one the other, 1 i. e. Puns. i72 ALLUSIONS. are appliable to different fignitications ; as the Almighty (if we may herein ufe facred authority) in ratification of his promife to the feed of Ifaac, changed Abram, i. e. High father, into Abraham, that is, father of many j and Sarai, that is, my Dame, into Sarah, that is, Lady or Dame. The Greeks (to omit infinite others) nicked Antiochus Epiphanes, that is, the famous, with Epimanes, that is, the furious. The Romans likewife played with bibbing Tiberius Nero, calling him Biberius Mero. So Tully called the extorting Verres, in the actions againff, him, Verrens, as Sweep-all. So in Quin- tilian the fowre fellow Placidus was called Acidus, and of late one called Scaliger, Aliger. Excellent is that which our Countryman Rever- end Beda reporteth in his "Ecclefiaftical Hiftory of England," of the caufe that moved Gregory the Great to fend Auguftin into England. On a time (as I fhewed before) when he faw beautiful boys to be fold in the Market at Rome, and demanded by what name their nation was called ; and they told him Englifh men ; and juftly be they fo called (quoth he), for they have Angelick faces, and feem meet to be made Coheirs with the Angels in Hea- ven : After, when it was told him that their King was called Alia, then, faid he, ought Alleluja to be fung in that Countrey to the praife of their Creator: when it was alfo fignified unto him they were born in a part of the Kingdom of Northumberland, called then Deira, now HoldernefTe, De ira Del, (then faid he) fun t liberandi. Laurens Archbifhop, which fucceeded that Au- guftin, was by Allufion called Lauriger ; Mellitus, Mellifluus ; Brith-wald, Bright-world ; Nothelme, Noble-helme ; Celnothus, Ccelonatus, all Arch- bifhops of Canterbury. And fuch like were framed ALLUSIONS. 173 out of the names of many Englifh Confeflburs, which I omit. Arietta, the good Wench which fo kindly enter- tained Robert Duke of Normandy, when he begat of her William the Conquerour (as I had rather you mould read in others than hear of me), was for her honefty, clofely with an afpiration called Harlot. But the good and Learned Recorder would fay, that this name began from her, and in honour of her, was appropriated by the Normans in Eng- land to all of her kind profeffion, and fo continueth. When Herbert, firft Bifhop of Norwich, and founder of the Cathedral Church there, had fimo- naically procured that Bifhoprick to himfelf, and the Abbacy of Winchester to his Father, they were alluded upon by the name of Simon in the worft fence, in this verfe — "Films ell Pneful, pater Abbas, Simon uterque/' Strong and fuddain was that Allufion of Gilbert Minor Folioth Bifhop of Hereford, who, when he had in- m. Paris curred the hatred of many for oppofing himfelf againft Thomas Becket, Archbifhop of Canterbury, one cried with a loud voyce at his chamber window at midnight, "Folioth, Folioth, thy God is the goddefs Venus . Azaroth." He fuddainly and ftoutly replied, "Thou Heft, foul fiend ; my God is the God of Sabbaoth." Hitherto may be referred that which Giraldus Cambrenfis reporteth. An Archdeacon named Peccatum or Peche, a rural Dean called De-evill, and a Jew travelling together in the Marches of Wales, when they came to Illftreate, the Archdea- con faid to his Dean that their jurifdidtion began there, and reached to Malpafie : The Jew, confi- F i„ ac . dering the names of the Dean, Archdeacon, and limits, faid by Allufion : "xYIarvel may itbeif I efcape i74 ALLUSIONS. well out of this Jurifdi£tion, where Sin is Archdea- con, the Devil the Dean, and the bounds Illftreate and Malpafle." Alexander Nequam, a man of great Learning, born at Saint Albanes, and defirous to enter into Religion there, after he had fignified his defire, writ to the Abbot Laconically — "Si vis, veniam, fint autem, tu autem." Who anfwered as briefly, alluding to his name, "Si bonus fis, venias ; fi Nequam, nequaquam." Whereupon he changed his name to Neckam. Philip Rependam, Abbot of Leicefter, alluded thus upon the name of Neckham— " Et niger & nequam, cum fis cognomine Neckam. Nigrior efl'e potes, nequior effe nequis." But he repaid him with this re-allufion upon the name of Philip — " Phi nota fcetoris, lippus malus omnibus horis," &c. Eudachius A London Poet dallied thus with the name of Euftachius, when he was preferred from Treafurer of England to be Bifhop of London, 1222, which was thought a great preferment in that Age, — " Euftachi nuper bene ftabas, nunc bene ftabis, Ille ftatus valuit, pnevalet ifte tamen." Robert PafTelue, an efpecial Favorite of Henry the Third, afterward by a Court-tempeft fo fhaken as he was glad to be Parfon of Derham in Norfolk, was alluded unto while he was in the Sun-ihine by Pafs-Ie-eau, as furpamng the pure water, the moll excellent element of all, if you believe Pindar. And one then made of Marefcallus, Martis Senefchallus. This Allufion was compofed to the honour of a de Fau- conberge. ALLUSIONS. 175 religious man called Robertus, refolving it into Ros, Ver, Thus : " Tu bene Robertus quafi Ros, Ver, Thuiq; vocaris, Ros lata, Ver flores, Thus holocaufta facit. Sic tu Ros, Ver, Thus, geris haec tria, Ros fata verbi, Ver floris morum, Thus holocaufta piecum." Upon the fame another framed this — " Robertus titulo dotatur triplice, Roris Temperie, Veris dulcedine, Thuris odore." Upon the fame name and invention I have alfo found this — " Es bene Ros, Ver, Thus ; Ros es quod neftare ftillas, Ver quod flore vires, Thus, quia mente lapis, Ros (inquam) Ver, Thus : Ros qui dulcedine ftillat, Ver quod flore nitet, Thus quod odore lapit. Nam qubd tu lis Ros, Ver, Thus, perhibet tua Roris Temperies, Veris gratia, Thuris odor." Upon the fame name Robertus, another made Robur, Thus, with this Diftich — "Tu bene Robertus quafi Robur, Thus : bene Robur, Nam virtute viges ; Thus, quia mente lapis." When Pandulphus, the Pope's Nuncio, came into England, a Scholar fmoothed him with this foolifh allufion — " Te totum dulcor perfundit, & inde vocaris Pandulphus, quid Pan nifi totum ? Dul nili dulcor? Phus nifi fulus ? id eft, totus dulcedine fufus." One in a dedication alluded unto Roger, an Ec- clefiaftical perfon, in this Verfe — " Qui Cleri Rogeri Roi'am geris, annue vati." A poor Poet begging of one whofe name was John, which is in Hebrew the grace of God, begged of him by praifing his name in this manner — " Nomen habes non immerito, Divina, Johannes, Gratia, voce iua conveniente rei. 176 ALLUSIONS. Ergo vel gratus fummo, vel gratia fummi Es, pro parte mea calus uterque facit. Si fummo gratus, ergo pietatis alumnus, Ergo pauperibus ferre teneris opem." Another played upon the name of Turbervill, when praclifing with the French ; he played firft with his Soveraign K. Edward the Firft — "Turbat tranquilla clam Thomas Turb'ida Villa." Thefe may feem over many in fo flight a matter, yet I will in refpecl: of the perfons offer you two or three more to be regarded. William, Lord Mont- joy, famous for his Learning, great Grandfather to Charles, late Earl of Denfhire (who was no lefs famous for hereditary love of Learning), when he was the Queen's Chamberlain, in an Epiftle to Eraf- mus, called King Henry the Eighth Oclavius, for Oclavus, refembling him thereby to Oclavius Au- guftus, the only mirrour of Princely vertues. Lady Jane Grey, Daughter to the Duke of Suf- folk, who pay'd price of others' ambition with her blood, for her excellency in the Greek tongue was called for Greia, Graia, and this made to her honour in that refpedt : " Miraris Janam Graio fermone valere ? Quo nata eft primiim tempore, Graia fuit." When the Duke of Buckingham was put to death by the practice of Cardinal Wolfey, a Butcher's fon, the Emperour Charles the Fifth faid, It was great pity that fo fair and goodly a Buck mould be worried to death by a Butcher's curr; alluding either to the name of Buckingham, or to a Buck, which was a badge of honour to that Family. Domingo, a Spaniard, in the time of Oueen Mary, offended with an Englifh man that called him Domingus, told him he was Dominicus ; but REBUS. i 77 he was, I afTure you, more highly offended when he after for Dominicus called him Daemoniacus. In the beginning of her late Majefties reign, one alluded to her name Elizabetha, with Illaefa Beata, that is, Safe without hurt, and happy. The fence whereof, as the Almighty by his fatherly mercy performed in her perfon, fo fhe by her motherly providence under God effected in this Realm in blifsful peace and plenty, whereas contrariwife other confining Regions have been overwhelmed with all kind of miferies. The caufe whereof one in thefe laft French broyls referred by Allufion to Spania and Mania, two Greek words, fignifying Penury and Fury ; but implying therein clofely the late King of Spain and Duke du Main. 1 Rebus, or Name-devises. [ANY approved Cuftoms, Laws, Manners, Fafhions, and Phrafes have the Englifh always borrowed of their Neighbours the French, efpecially fince the time of King Edward the ConfefTour, who refided long in France, and is charged by Hiftorians of his time to have re- turned from thence wholly Frenchified ; then by the Norman Conqueil: which immediately enfued, after by the honourable Alliances of the Kings of Eng- land with the moft renowned Families, yea, and with the very Royal Houfe of France. But after when and that the triumphant victorious King Edward the 5S&?* 1 they firli began. 1 Many more puns upon names, good, bad, and indifferent, may be found in my " Englifh Surnames." N r 7 S REBUS. Third had traverfed France with his victories, and had planted Englifh Colonies in Calice, Hammes, and Guynes, our people bordering upon the preg- nant Picardes began to admire their fooleries in painted Poefies. For whereas a Poefie is a fpeak- ing picture, and a picture a fpeechlefs Poefie, they which lack'd wit to exprefs their conceit in fpeech did ufe to depaint it out (as it were) in pictures, which they called Rebus, by a Latine name well fitting their device. Thefe were To well liked by our Englifh there, and, fent over the ftreight of Calice with full fail, were fo entertained here (al- though they were moft ridiculous) by all degrees; by the learned and unlearned, that he was no body that could not hammer out of his name an inven- tion by this wit-craft, and picture it accordingly : whereupon who did not bufie his brain to hammer his device out of this forge ? Sir Thomas Cavall, whereas Cavall fignifieth an Horfe, engraved a gallopping horfe in his feal, with this limping verfe : " Thomas credite, cum cernitis ejus equum.'" So John Eaglefhead, as it feemeth, to notifie his name about his Armes, as I have feen in an old Seal with an Eagle's head, (et down this : " Hoc aquiias caput eft, fignumque figura Johannis." The Abbot of Ramfey more wifely fet in his Seal a Ram in the Sea, with this Verfe, to fhew his fu- periority in the Convent : " Cujus figna gero dux gregis eft, ut ego." William Chaundler, Warden of New-colledge, in Oxford, playing with his own name, fo filled the Hall-windows with candles, and thefe words, "Fiat lux," that he darkned the Hall : Whereupon the REBUS. i 79 Vidam of Chartres, when he was there, faid, It fhould have been " Fiant tenebrse." Did not that amorous Youth myftically ex-Prefs his love to Rofe Hill, whom he courted, when in the border of his painted cloth he caufed to be painted as rudely as he devifed grofsly, a Rofe, an Hill, an Eye, a Loaf, and a Well ? that is, if you will fpell it : " Rofe Hill I love well." ' You may imagine that Francis Cornefield did fcratch his elbow when he had fweetly invented to fignifie his name, Saint Francis with his Friery kowle in a Corn-field. No lefs witty was that of James Denton, Dean of Lichfield, by making a ftatue in copper (which flood in the Quire of that Cathedral, on a Defk whereon the great Bible lay) in the habit of a Pil- grim, viz. with his Scrip, Staffe, and Efcallop-fhells (alluding to S. James the Apoftle) to exprefs his Chriftian name ; intending that his office of Dean mould demonffrate the firlf. fyllable of his Surname, and a Tun under his feet the latter. Nor that of Roger Wall, fometime Dean like- wife of that Church, whofe picture in glafs, kneel- ing before our Lady, was in a South window there, clofe by a fair embatteled wall, (under which, near unto him, fate a Roe-buck, with Ger written on his fide) this Diftich in a fcroule coming from his mouth: " Gignens virgo Deum; decus, Lux, & Flos mulierum Digneris Murum temper fervare Rogerum." 1 This reminds us of a South-Down lafs in the days of our grandfathers, who replied to an offer of marriage with a ftroke produced by the end of a burnt (tick and a lock of wool pinned to the paper, " / ivull /" 180 REBUS. Neither did a Canon of that Church, whofe name was John ap Harry, a little ftrain himfelf to repre- fent his name, when he caufed in one of the win- dows of his lodging an Eagle to be depicted, to fignifie his Chriftian name, fcil. Joh. i. in regard it is the badge commonly ufed where S. John the Evangelift is pictured; and an Ape with a Hare fupporting a fheaf of Rye, to exprefs his furname. It may feem doubtful whether Bolton, Prior of Saint Bartholomews in Smithfield, was wifer when he invented for his name a Bird-bolt through a Tun, or when he built him an houfe upon Harrow Hill, for fear of an inundation after a great con- junction of Planets in the watry Triplicity. Iflip, Abbot of Weftminfter, a man moft favoured by King Henry the Seventh, had a quadruple device for his fingle name; for fomewhere he fet up in his windows an eye with a flip of a tree ; in other places one flipping boughs in a tree: in other an J with the faid flip; and in fome one flipping from a tree with the word Iflip. Whofoever devifed for Thomas Earl of Arundel a capital A in a Rundle, wherewith he decked an houfe which he built, did think, I warrant you, that he did the Noble man great honour. No lefs did he like his invention, which for Sir Anthony Wingfield devifed a Wing with thefe four Letters, F. E. L. D. quarterly about it, and over the Wing a crofs, to (hew he was a Chriftian, and on the crofs a red Rofe, to fhew that he followed the houfe of Lancafter. Morton, Archbifhop of Canterbury, a man of great wifdom, and born to the univerfal good of this Realm, was content to ufe Mor upon a Tun; and fometime a Mulberry tree called Morus in Latine, out of a Tun. So Luton, Thorneton, Afhton did REBUS. 181 notifie their names with a Lute, a Thorn, an Afh upon a Tun. So an Hare on a bottle for Harebottle; a Magpie upon a Goat for Pigot ; An Hare by a fheaf of Rie in the Sun for Harrifon ; Med written on a calf for Medcalfe; Chefter, a cheft with a Star over it; Allet, a Lot; Lionel Ducket, a Lion with L on his head, whereas it mould have been in his tail. If the Lion had been eating a Duck, it had been a rare device worth a duckat, or a duck-egge. And if you require more, I refer you to the witty inventions of fome Londoners, but that for Garret Dews is moft memorable, two in a Garret cafting Dews at Dice. This for Rebus may fuffice, and yet if there were more, I think fome lips would like fuch kind of Lettuce. In part to excufe them yet, fome of the greateft Romans were a little blafted with this foolery, if you fo cenfure it. Our great Mafter Cicero, in a Dedication of his to his gods, infcribed Marcus Tullius and that little pulfe lefs than a peafe, which we call (I think) a chich- peafe, and the Latines Cicer, in ftead of Cicero. As in the Coins of Julius Caefar we have feen an Elephant, for fo Caefar figniheth in the Mauritanian Tongue : and the two Mint-mafters in that Age, L. Aquilius Florus, and Voconius Vitulus, the one ufed a Flower, the other a Calf in the reverfes of their Coyns, alluding to their Names. 1 ' Several other rebufes are given, with illuftrative cuts, in my " Eng. Sum." vol. ii. Anagramms. HE only Quinteffence that hitherto the Alchymy of wit could draw out of names, is, Anagrammatifme or Metagrammatif- me, which is a diffolution of a Name truly written into his Letters as his Elements, and a new connexion of it by artificial tranfpofition, without addition, fubfrraclion, or change of any Letter into different words, making fome perfect fence apply- able to the perfon named. The precife in this practice ftriclly obferving all the parts of the definition are only bold with H. either in omitting or retaining it, for that it cannot challenge the right of a letter. But the Licentiats fomewhat licentioufly, left they mould prejudice poetical liberty, will pardon themfelves for doubling or rejecting a letter, if the fence fall aptly, and think it no injury to ufe E for JE, V for W, S for Z, and C for K, and contrariwife. The French exceedingly admire and celebrate this faculty for the deep and far fetched antiquity, the piked fines and the myftical fignifications there- by: for that Names are divine notes, and divine notes do notifie future events ; fo that events con- fequently muft lurk in names, which only can be pryed into by this myftery. Affirming that each man's fortune is written in his Name, as Aftro- logians fay all things are written in Heaven, if a man could read them ; they exemplifie out of the Rabbins, they quote dreaming Artemidorus, with other allegations, they urge particular experiments, and fo enforce the matter with ffrong words and ANAGRAMS. 183 weak proofs, that fome credulous young men, hover- ing between hope and fear, might eafily be carried away by them into the forbidden fuperftition of Onomantia, or South-faying bv names. Some of the fowre fort will fay it is nothing but a troublous joy, and becaufe they cannot attain to it will condemn it, left by commending it, they fhould difcommend themfelves. Others more mild, will grant it to be a dainty device and difport of wit not without pleafure, if it be not wrefted out of the name to the reproach of the perfon. And fuch will not deny, but that as good names may be ominous, fo alfo good Anagrams, with a delightful comfort and pleafant motion in honeft minds, in no point yielding to any vain pleafures of the body. They will alfo afford it fome commendations in refpeit of the difficulty; ("Difficiliaquaepulchra,") as alfo that it is a whetftone of patience to them that (hall prac- tice it. For fome have been feen to bite their pen, fcratch their heads, bend their brows, bite their lips, beat the board, tear their paper, when they were fair for fomewhat, and caught nothing herein. If profound antiquity, or the inventor may com- mend an invention, this will not give place to many. For as the great Adafters of the jews teftifie, Mofes received of God a Literal Law, written by the finger of God, in the two Tables of the ten Command- ments, to be imparted to all; and another Myftical, to be communicated only to feventy men, which bv tradition they fhould pafs to their pofterity, whereof it was called Cabala, which was divided into Mer- cana, concerning only the facred names of God, and Brefith, of other names confifting of Alphabetary revolution, which they will have to be Anagram- matifm ; by which they fay Marie, refolved, made Our holy Miftrifs. But whether this Cabala is more i8 4 ANAGRAMS. ancient than the Talmudical Learning, hatched by the curious Jews (as fome will) about 200 years after Chrift, let the learned confider. The Greeks refer this invention to Lycophron, (as Ifaas Tzetzes hath it in his Preface to his ob- fcure Poem Caffandra) who was one of thofe Poets which the Greeks called the feven Stars, or Pleiades, and flourifhed about the year 380 before Chrift, in the time of Ptolemaeus Philadelphus, KingofEpypt, whofe Name he thus Anagrammatifed : ITTOAEMAIOZ. 'awo (UeXito?, Made of hony. And upon Arfinoe, his wife, thus : AP2IN0H. "Epa; »e», Juno's violet. Afterward, as appeareth by Euftachius, there were fome Greeks difported themfelves herein, as he which turned Atlas for his heavy burthen in fup- porting Heaven, to Talas, that is, wretched; Arete, Vertue, into Erate, that is, lovely; Ilaros, merry, into Liaros, that is, warm. But in late years, when Learning revived under Francis the Firft in France, the French began to diftill their wits herein, for there was made for him : Francis de Valoys. De facon fuis royal. For his Son: Henry de Valoys. Royes de nulhay, For Charles of Borbon, the Prince of Conde : Borbonius. Orbi bonus. For the late Queen of Scotland, his Majefties Mother, Maria Ste-uarta. Veritas armata. ANAGRAMS. 185 Her unhappy fate, by deprivation from her King- dom, and violent death, was exprefled in this; but after her death: Maria Ste ut afterward, when as all God's gifts were by Civit Dei o y ub. 4. ' Pagans made Gods and GoddefTes, Money was alfo MONEY. 193 enfhnned by the name of Dea Pecunia, in the figure of a woman holding a pair of ballances in one hand and Cornucopia in another: unto whom I doubt not but as many commit Idolatry now as then ; when as the Greek proverb will be always verified, Chremata, Chremata Aner, Money, Money is the man, yea, and the fifth Element. And as he faith : " Uxorem cum dote, fidemque, & amicos, Et genus & formam Regina Pecunia donat." From the Latin word Moneta came the old word among our Englifh-Saxon Anceftours Munet, which we now call Money, as the Germans Muntz, the French Monoies, the Italians Moneta, and the Spa- niards Moneda. Which, as Civilians note, muft confift of matter, form, weight, and value : for the matter, copper, is thought to have been firft coyned ; afterward filver, for the cleannefs, beauty, fweet- nefs, and brightnefs ; and laftly gold, as more clean, more beautiful, more fweet, more bright, more rare, more pliable and portable, apteft to receive form, and divifible without lofs, never wafted by fire, but more purified, not leflened by occupying, ruft or fcurf ; abiding fretting, and liquors of Salt and Vinegar without dammage ; and may be drawn without wooll, as if it were wooll. So that thefe two metals have been chofen amongft all civil na- tions, as by the common confent, to be the inftru- ments of exchange and meafure of all things. Albeit other matter hath been ufed for money, as among the ancient Britains, befides brafs, and iron rings, or, as fome fay, iron plates reduced to certain weight ; and among the Lacedemonians iron lingets quenched with vineger, that they may ferve to no other ufe ; and now the Indians have their Cacoas in fome parts, and fhells in other, to ferve for money. There alfo o 194- MONEY. hath been ftamped money of leather, as appeareth by Seneca, who mentioned that there was in ancient time Coriiim forma publica percuffiim : and alfo that Frederick the Second, when he befieged Millan, tramped leather for currant. And there is a tradi- tion that in the confufed ftate of the Barons' War, the like was ufed in England, yet I never faw any of them. But we have feen money made by the Hollanders of paftbord, anno 1574. As for form, becaufe I haften home, it were im- pertinent to note here how the Jews, albeit they detefted Images, yet they imprinted upon their {heckle on the one fide the Gold pot which had the Manna, with this infcription in Hebrew — Siclus If- raelis, /. e. Sydus Ifraelis; and on the other fide the rod of Aaron, with buds and bloflbms, and Hieru- falem San£ta. Or how the Dardanians ftamped in their coyns two Cocks fighting; Alexander his Horfe Bucephalus j the Athenians an Owle or an Oxe, from whence came the Proverb againft bribing Lawyers, Bos in Lingua. They of iEgina a Snayl, whereof alfo rofe another Proverb, "Virtutem & Sapientiam vincunt teftudines," for that money goeth beyond both valour and wifdom. As for the Romans, as they did fet down the Image and Infcription of the Conful while the Com- monwealth flourifhed, afterward of the Emperour on the one fide, fo they changed the reverfe always upon new events or exploits ; and it is fuppofed by fome that the great ounce Medalls both of brafs and gold were ftamped for honour, and to continue the memory of Princes : neverthelefs they were currant as well as the fmalleft. And this manner of ftamp- ing the Prince's image upon coyns was continued amongft all civil nations ; only the Turks and other Mahumetans in deteftation of Images infcribed the MONEY. i 95 Prince's name and year of the tranfmigration of their prophet Mahomet, which happened in the year of our Lord 622. After the arrival of the Romans in this Ifle the Britains imitated them; for they coyned both gold and copper, and yet there are extant fome of Cuno- belin, King of Effex and Middlefex, with a beardlefs image infcribed Cunobelin, and in the reverfe, fome with an Horfe; fome with a Coyner and Tafcio; fome with two heads conjoyned and Cuno, and in the reverfe either an Hog under a tree with Camu, or one ear of corn with Camu, to note as it feemeth Camalodunum, as they then called it, now Maldon, which was the principal feat of the Kingdome. There are likewife fome to be feen of that famous Brunducia, which only I hear of, but hitherto have not feen. When the Romans had extinguifhed the Kings here they fuppreffed the Britifh coyns, and brought in their own as a proof of their conquefr, which were currant here from the time of Claudius unto Valentinian the younger, the l'pace of fome 500years. And whereas all the money for this part of the world was coyned a long time, either at Rome, Lyons, or Trier, Conftantine as it feemed erected a Mynt at Mint at London; for we have feen copper coyn of his with in ,' n Q e " P. Lond. S. implying Pecunia Londini fignata: and ' there was an Officer as Treafurer of this Mynt at London called Praepofitus Thefaurorum Auguften- fium; For London was called Augufta in the de- clining ftate of the Empire. Of thefe Roman coyns great plenty have been found, and dayly are found, which were hid (as the Saxon Cronicle faith) when Maximus carried fo many Britains into France with him, and at divers other times overcovered in the time. 196 MONET. ground in the fuddain ruinating of Towns by the Saxons and others. After the Romans had given over the poffeffion of this Realm, it feemeth probable that their coyn was ftill currant here a long time; for there never as yet, as far as I understand, have been any coyns found of Vortiger, Vortimer, Aurelius, Ambrofius, Arthur, and others which lived in thofe times. As for the Britains or Welfh, whatfoever Jura Majeftatis their Princes had, I cannot underftand that they ever had any coyn of their own, for no learned of that Nation have at any time feen any found in Wales or elfe- where. The moft ancient Englifh coyn which hitherto hath come to my fight, was of Ethelbert, King of Kent, the firft Chriftian King of our Englifh Nation, and in that Age and fucceeding times all Pence. Mony-accounts paffed by the names of Pence, Shil- lings, Pounds and Mancufes. Pence feemeth to be borrowed from their Latine word Pecunia, or rather from Pendo, for the juft weight thereof, which weighed about three pennies of our money, and were rudely ftamped with the King's Image on the one fide, and the Mint-mafter's on the other, or elfe the name of the City where they were coyned. Five of thefe pence made their milling, which they shining, called fcilling, probably from fcilingus, which the Romans ufed for the fourth part of an ounce, L.21 parag. filium; and forty eight of the fallings made pound, their pound, and 400 of thefe pounds were a legacy for a King's daughter, as appeareth by the laft Will and Teftament of King Alfred. By thefe names they tranflated all fumms of money in their old Englifh Teftament, as Talents, by Pundes; the thirty filver pieces, Judas's price of treafon, by thirtig fcill'inga ; tribute money by Penining; the farthing and mite by Feortling. Only the Stater found in the fifh's MONEY. 197 mouth by Weeg, which we now tranflate a piece of weeg. 20 pence. But they had no other coyned money but penceonly, the reft were namesofnumbersorweights. Thirty of thefe pence, as Alfric, Archbifhop of Canterbury, in his Saxon Grammar notes, made a Mancus, which fome think to be all one with a Mancufe Mark, for that Manca and Mancufa is tranflated in ancient Books by Marca. And Manca, as appeareth by an old fragment, was quinta pars uncice. They reckoned thefe Mancufe or Mancus, both in gold and filver: For about the year of our Lord 680 ina, King of the Weft Saxons, as we read in Malmfbury, enforced the Kentifh men for to redeem their peace at the price of thirty thoufand Mancas of gold. In the notes upon King Canutus Laws I find this dif- ference, that Mancufa was as much as a Mark of filver; and Manca was a fquare piece of gold, com- monly valued at thirty pence. The Danes alfo brought in a reckoning of Money by Ores, per Oras, which is mentioned in Domes- ores. day-book. Whether it were a feveral coyn, or a certain fumm, 1 know not, but I collect out of the Abbey-book of Burton that 20 Oraewere ratable to two Marks of filver. I may alfo fuppofe that the Sound of Denmarke, where Ships pay toll for paf fage, called Ore-found, hath the denomination from this Ores. In Doomes-day-book there is alfo men- tion of " Libras arfae, penfatae, ad numerum, & de albo Argento," which implieth in my opinion Moneys tryed for their allay by fire, payed by weight, number, and in bullion. Gold they had alfo which was not of their own coyn, but Out-landifh; which they called in Latine Bizantini, as coyned at Conftantinople, fometime called Bizantium, and not at Befanfon in Burgundy. Bezants This Coyn is not now known; but Dunftan, Arch Bizan- tines or 198 MONET. bifhop of Canterbury, (as it is in the Authentical deed)purchafed Hendon in Middlefex of King Edgar to Weftminfter, for 200 Bizantines: of what value they were was utterly forgotten in the time of King Edward the Third; for whereas the Bifhop of Nor- wich was condemned to pay a Bizantine of gold to the Abbot of Saint Edmunds-bury, for encroaching upon his liberty (as it was enacted by Parliament in the time of the Conquerour), no man then living could tell how much that was, fo as it was referred to the King to rate how much he mould pay. Which I do much marvell at, when, as but one jonviiie hundred years before, two hundred thoufand Bizants i n . f the , were exacted of the Soldan for the redeeming of Life of . . . o s.Lewis, Saint Lewis of r ranee, which were then valued at cap. 41. ^^ hundred thoufand Lieurs. The name continueth yet in the blazon of Arms, where Plates of Gold are called Bezantes; and in the Court of England, where a great piece of Gold valued at fifteen pound, which the King offereth upon high Feftival days, is yet called a Bizantine : which anciently was a piece of Goldcoynedby the Emperoursof Conftantinople; but afterward there were two purpofely made for the King and Queen with the refemblance of the Trinity inferibed, " In honorem fan6tae Trinitatis," and on the other fide the Picture of the Virgin Mary, with " In honorem fan£f,ae Marias Virginis :" and this was ufed till the firft year of King James, who upon juft reafon caufed two to be new caft, the one for himfelf, having on the one fide the Picture of a King kneeling before an Altar, with four Crowns before him, implying his four Kingdoms, and in the Cir- cumfcription, "Quidretribuam Domino proomnibus quae tribuit mihi?" on the other fide a Lamb lying by a Lion, with "Cor contritum & humiliatum non defpiciet Deus." And in another for the Queen, a Leg. Ath- cap. MONEY. i 99 Crown protected by a Cherubin, over that an eye, and "Deus" in a cloud, with " Teget ala fummus;" on the reverfe a Oueen kneeling before an Altar, with this circumfcription, "Piis precibus, fervente fide, humili obfequio." But to our purpofe. Albeit the coyning of money is an efpecial right and prerogative of Sovereign Majefty, yet our ancient Saxon Kings communicated it to their fubjecl:s ; for there was in every good Town eiflliiC one coyner, but at London eight; at Canterbury J?^ s *£; four for the King, two for the Archbifhop, one for Hjft-An- the Abbot ; at Winchefter fix; at Rochefter three; two script. at Haftings; fo at Hampton, Excefter, Shaftefbury, j^'&coi. Lewis, 1 and Chichefter; at which timefalfe coyners 8 99- 8 - loft their hands by Law. The Norman Kings continued the fame form, coyning only pence with the Prince's Image on the one fide, and on the other the name of the City where it was coyned, with a crofs fo deeply im- videHift. prefled that it might be eafily parted and broken into scrfpt!" two halfs, which fo broken they called Half-pence, £°'; 2377- and if into four parts, they called them fourthings, or Farthings. Grievous were the punifhments* of falfe coyners * Ib . co i. in this Age, who were punifhed by putting out of 8 ? 8 4 >' eyes, cuttingoft hands andgenitals. Great alfo was the *54->7, diforder : For in King Stephen's time every Earl and 504.21, Baron erected his Mvnt; but Henry the Second fup- 1^'.%] preffed them all, + altered the coyn, which was cor- t Matth. rupted by counterfeitours, to the great good of the Tn. n u8o. Common-weale, but dammage of fome private men : he alfo granted liberty of coyning to certain Cities and Abbies, allowing them one ftaple and two pun- cheons at a rate, with certain reftri£l:ions. In the 1 Lewes. 200 MONEY. Hkfaiiit time of his fon, King Richard the Firft, money cambden. c°y n ed in the Eaft parts of Germany began to be of ficutper efpecial requeft in England for the purity thereof, um v. d. and was called Eafterling money, as all the Inhabi- sonmeri tants of thofe parts were called Eafterlings, and ™*f- fhortly after fome of that Country, fkilful in Mint scnpt. vo- matters and allaies, were fent for into this Realm to imgusiu- bring the coyn to perfection; which fince that time pate"!" was ca 'l ea " or " them Sterling, for Eafterling, not from sterling Striveling in Scotland, nor from a Star, which fome ™ ney dreamed to be coyned thereon ; for in old deeds they are always called Nummi Efterlingi, which implyed as much as good and lawful money of England, or Proba Moneta among the Civillins, and Monoy de Roy in France. Otho, a German, was the principal among thefe Eafterlings, and in old Records is called OthoCuneator,who grew to fuch wealth that Thomas his fon, furnamed Fitz-Othes, married one of the co- heirs of Beauchamp, Baron of Bedford; was Lord of Mendlefham in Suffolk, and held in fee to make the coyning ftamps ferving for all England : which office defcended by an heir general to the Baron Boute- tort, from whom Ferrers of Tamworth, Berklays of Stoke, Knivets and others are lineally defcended. Neverthelefs this Eafterling good money was in a fhort time fo corrupted and clipped by Jews, Italian Ufurers, called then Corfini (who were the firft Chriftians that brought in ufury among us), and Mat. Paris Flemings, that the King by Proclamation was en- 1247& forced to call in the old money, make a new ftamp, I2 "* 8 - and to ereit Exchanges where the weight of old money was exchanged for new, allowing thirteen pence for every pound, to the great dammage of the people, who beiide their travel, charge, and long attendance received (as my Authour faith) of the Bankers fcant twenty fhiilings for thirty, which the MONET. 201 Earl of Cornwall farmed of the King, referving only the third part for the King. King Edward the Firft, as he eftablifhed the mea- 82 - fure of an Ell by the length of his arm, imitating therein Carolus Magnus, fo he firft eftablifhed a cer- tain ftandard for the coyn which was prefcribed in this manner by Gregory Rockley, Mayor of London, 3 e. i. and Mint-mafter, if I do not mifconceive it. " A pound of money containeth twelve ounces ; s°Ed-° f in a pound there ought to be eleven ounces, two ™ unds Eafterlings and one ferling, and the other allay. The faid pound ought to weigh twenty fhillings and three pence in account. So that no pound be more than twenty fhillings four pence, nor lefs than twenty fhillings two pence in account and in weight. "The ounce ought to weigh twenty pence, and M - Par ' s c • J u 1/ -vr l referreth a penny twenty four grains and a hair. JNote that this to eleven ounces two pence ferling ought to be of fo one! pure filver as is called leaf filver, and the Minter J D °^ lf& muft add of other weight feventeen pence half-penny & p°"- farthing, if the filver be fo pure." Monetae. This King alfo firft coyned the penny, half-penny, retonfo and farthing round, which before were the half part, or fourth part broken of the penny. Whereupon the ejufflem dfitrucn— Chronicles verified hereby a Prophecy of Merlin, dis, vide u Findetur forma commercii, dimidium rotundum joh.'mlj. erit," and thereupon thefe Rhimes were made at illdorf °' that time. " Edward did finite round penny, half-penny, farthing 5 The crofi partes the bond of all throughout the ring. The King's fide was his head, and his name written ; The crofs fide, what City it was in coyned and fmitten. To poor man to prieft the penny frafes nothing, Men give God aie the lead, they feaft him with a farthing. A thoufand two hundred fourfcore years and moe On this money men wondred, when it firft began to go." The fame King likewife called in certain coun- ribus & falfonariis zoi MONET. vide Hiii. terfeit pieces coined by the French, called Pollards, scnpt. col. Crocars, and Rofaryes, whereupon was then made 611.41, & thi s Ecchoing barbarous Verfe: col. 2377. ° 6o ' & " Laude decoreris, noftris fterlinge gereris, 6 62 & Crocar es, aefque peris, fugias, as rite teneris." 7 e. 1. ' Money fo refined was by ftealth tranfported and counterfeited, and forreign coins called Mitres Lyons imported in fuch quantity that they were forbidden by Proclamation, and 280 Jews executed at London for clipping the King's Coin. Afterward Crocars 18 e. i. and Pollards were decried down to an half-penny. Rofaries, Stepings and Staldings forbidden. Black money (what that was I know not, if it were not of Copper, as Maile and Black-maile) was forbidden by King Edward IIL upon pain of forfeiture thereof, and Gaily half-pence brought hither by the Gallies of Genoa, who had great trade in England, was eftfoons prohibited by Parliament in the time of King Henry the Fourth; Sufkins and Dodkins 1 by King Henry the Fifth, and Blanks by King Henry the Sixth. About the year 1320 the Kings and States of cold. Chriftendom began to coin Gold, as the Emperours of Almain, the French King, the Duke of Venice and Genoa, whofe pieces were thereupon called Ducats, and our King Edward the Third imitating them, firft coined Gold. Why they fo long forbare to coin Gold, I know not, unlefs it were of igno- rance, for I think it proceeded not from the Law of Juftinian the Emperour, who forbad forreign Princes to coin Gold. The firft Gold that King Edw. III. coined was in the year 1343, and the pieces were called Flo- 1 Dodkin or Doitkin, a minute coin, valued at a little more than half a farthing. Both it and Sujkin were Dutch coins. MONET. 203 rences,becaufe Florentineswerethe coiners. Shortly vide after he coined Nobles, of noble, fair and fine gold, "^ the penny of gold; afterward the Rofe-Noble then Sc "P<- currant for fix (hillings eight-pence, and which our 2584.26, Alchymifts do affirm (as an unwritten verity) was 2678.60. made by projection or multiplication Alchymical of Raymund Lully, in the Tower of London, who would prove it as Alchymically, befide the tradition of the Rabbies in that faculty by the infeription; for as upon the one fide there is the King's Image in a Ship, to notifie that he was Lord of the Seas, with his titles, fo upon the reverfe, a crofs floury with Lioneux, inferibed, u Jefus autem tranfiens per me- dium eorum ibat." Which they profoundly expound, as Jefus palFed invifible and in molt fecret manner by the middeft of Pharifees, fo that gold was made by invifible and fecret art amidft the ignorant. But others fay, that Text was the only Amulet ufed in that credulous warfaring age to efcape dangers in battles. This King coined alfo half Nobles, called then the half-penny of gold, lefs pieces of gold of three {hillings four pence, and fonie of twenty pence, called the farthing of gold: and likewife in filver, Groats and half groats, by the advice of William Edingdon, Bifhop of Winchefter, and then Treafurer of England. It is memorable that the reverend and learned Cuthbert Tunftall, Bifhop of Durham, obferved in the Gold of this King, that it came neareft to that of the ancient Romans. As that four Rofe-Nobles did weigh an ounce, and were equivalent to the Roman Aurei both in weight and finenefs, and fix Noble-Angels made an ounce, and were anfwerable in all points tothe old Roman Solidus Aureus. Like- wife, in filver coins, that an old fterling groat was equivalent to the Roman Denarius, the half groat 204 MONET. to the Ouinarius, and the old fterling penny to the Seftertius Nummus; and Seftertium in the Neuter gender (a thoufand Seftertii) to five pound fterling, when three (hillings four pence went to the ounce; but now to feven pound ten (hillings, according to Sir Thomas Smith's account, when five millings goeth to the ounce. The fucceeding Kings coined Rofe-Nobles and double Rofe-Nobles, the Great Sovereigns, with the faid infcription, " Jefus autem tranfiens per medium eorumibat;" and half Rofe-Nobles, with " Domine ne in furore arguas me;" and half Henry-Nobles with the fame, and K. H. VI. when he was crowned K. of France, coined the Salut, fo (hortly contracted for the Salutation, having on the one fide the Angel faluting the Virgin Mary, the one holding the Arms of England, the other of France, with the King's Title. On the reverfe a crofs between a Flower de luce and a Lion paflant, with " Chriftus vincit, Chriftus regnat, Chriftus imperat." The George- Noble had S. George, with "Tale dicata figno mens fludtuare nefcit." The Angels had " Per crucem tuam falva nos Chrifte Redemptor." The Sovereigns of K. Edw. VI. and Q. Elizabeth, "Scutum Fidei protegeteam." The Angels of Q. Eliz. "A domino factum eft iftud, & eft mirabile." The Crown of Philip and Mary, "Mundi falusunica." King Henry the Seventh ftamped a fmall coin called Dandyprats; and firft, as I read, coined (hillings, whereas before it was a name of weight rather than a coin, on the reverfe whereof, as of fixpences, groats &c. was written, "Pofui Deum adjutorem meum," as upon leffer pieces of our Sovereign " Rofa fine fpina:" for (he firft coyned the pieces of three pence, three half pence, and three farthings. Upon this former MONEY. 205 infcription of " Pofui Deum adjutorem meum" a rude Scholar grounded his Apology (when he was charged to have gotten a Fellowfhip in a Colledge indire6r.lv) by protefting folemnly by his faith and honefty that he came in only by " Pofui Deum ad- jutorem meum." And no marvel, for fome are faid to have higher place by mediation and help of Angels ! Thefe coins and infcriptions continued until King James having happily attained the whole Monarchy of Great Britain, caufed new coins to be made of feveral ftamps, weights, and values, to be currant in his Kingdoms, that is to fay, one piece of Gold ot the value of 20s. fterling, called the Unite, ftamped on the one fide with his picture formerly ufed with this ftile, "Jacobus Dei Gra. Mag. Britanniae, Fran. & Hibern. Rex," and on the other fide his Arms crowned, with this word, " Faciam eos in gentem unam." One other gold money of ten millings called the Double Crown, and one of five millings called the Britain Crown, on the one fide with his Picture accuftomed, and his ftile, as aforefaid; and on the other fide his Arms, with this word, " Henricus Rofas, Regna Jacobus." One other piece of four fhillings, called the Thiftle Crown, having on the one fide a Rofe crowned, and his title " Ja. D. Gra. Mag. Br. Fr. & Hiber. Rex:" and on the other fide a Thiftle Flower crowned with this word, "Tueatur unita Deus." Alfo pieces of two fhillings fix pence, called Half Crowns, with his Picture accuftomed, and this word, " Ja. D. Gr. Rofa fine fpina:" and on the other fide his Arms, and this word, " Tueatur unita Deus." And for filver monies, pieces of five fhillings and two (hillings fix pence, having on the one fide his Picture on Horfeback, and his ftile 206 MONET. aforefaid: and pieces of twelve pence and fix pence, having his Picture formerly ufed, and his ftile: and on the other fide his Arms, with this word, " Quae Deus conjunxit, nemo feparet." Alfo pieces of two pence, having on the one fide a Rofe crowned, and about it, " Ja. D. Gr. Rofa fine fpina:" and on the other fide a Thiftle Flower crowned, and about it, "Tueatur unita Deus." And one penny having on the one fide a Rofe, and about it, "Ja. D. Gr. Rofa fine fpina:" and on the other fide a Thiftle Flower, with this word, " Tueatur unita Deus." And the half-penny, having on the one fide a Rofe, and on the other a Thiftle Flower. King Henry the Eighth, who had infinite wealth left by his prudent and fparing Father, and fo en- riched himfelf by the fpoyls of Abbies, by Firft fruits, Tenths, exactions, and abfenties in Ireland, was yet fo impoverifhed by his pompous profufion, that in his later dayes he firft corrupted the rich coin of this flourifhing Kingdom with Copper, to his great difhonour, the dammage of SucceiTburs, and the people, although for his advantage for the prefent. Upon which occafion, that we may infert a tale, when we purpofe nothing ferious here, Sir John Rainsford meeting Parfon Brocke, the principal de- vifer of the Copper Coin, threatned him to break his head, for that he had made his Sovereign Lord (the moft beautiful Prince, King Henry) with a red and copper nofe. So bafe and corrupted with copper were his moneys, as alfo of King Edward the Sixth, that fome of them which was then called Teftons, becaufe the King's head was thereon figured, con- tained but two pence farthing in filver, and other four pence half-penny. But Queen Elizabeth, of thrice happy memory, to her ever Glorious Renown, MONET. 207 confidering in the beginning of her Reign by the long (utterance of that bafe and copper moneys, not only her Crown, Nobility, and Subjects of this her Realm to be daily more and more impoverifhed, the ancient and fingular honour and eftimation which this Realm of England had beyond all other by plenty of moneys of Gold and Silver, only fine and not bafe, was hereby decayed, but alfo by reafon of thefe faid bafe monies, great quantity of forged and counterfeits were daily made and brought from be- yond Seas, for the which the ancient fine gold and filver, and the rich Merchandize of this Realm was tranfported and daily carried out of the fame, to the impoverifhing thereof, and enriching of others; And finally, hereby all manner of prices of things in this Realm, neceflary for fuflentation of the people, grew daily exceflive, to the lamentable and manifeft hurt and oppreflion of the State, efpecially of Penfioners, Souldiers, and all hired fervants, and other mean people that live by any kind of wages, and not by rents of Lands, or trade of Merchandize. She, upon thefe confiderations, defirous to refine the coin, not according to the legal, but natural eftimation of the mettal, firft marked the bafe money, fome with a Grey-hound, other with a Portcullices, and other with a Lion, Harp, Rofe, or Flower de Lys, and after a time, calling them to her Mint, repayed lb much for them as they contained in pure filver; lb that by her benefit England enjoyeth as fine or rather finer fterling filver than ever it was in this Realm by the fpace of two hundred years and more, a matter worth marking and memory. Verily a greater matter than either King Edward the Sixth or Queen Mary durft attempt. Whatfoever doth remain for money, let Money-mongers fupply when they will. And I 208 APPAREL. refer to Politicians to difpute among themfelves, whether the dearth of all things, which raoft com- plain of, doth proceed from plenty of Gold and Silver fince the late difcoveries, or from Monopolies and combinations of Merchants and Craftfmen, or from tranfportation of Grain, or from pleafure of great Perfonages, which do moft highly rate fuch things as they moft like, or excefs in private perfons, or to all thefe conjoyntly. 1 Apparel.. iS^SO doubt but after the creation mankind went firft naked, and in probability might fo have continued. For that as nature had armed other creatures with hair, briftles, fhels, and fcales, fo alfo man with fkin fufficient againft the injuries of the air. For in this cold Countrey in Severus' time, the moft Northern Britains were all naked, and thereunto ufe had fo hardened them : according to that which a half naked poor beggar anfwered in cold weather to one warmly clad with his furs, muffs, and fables about his neck, marvailing at his nakednefs: I as much 1 Had The Times exifted in his day, I have no doubt that Mafter Camden, from his large acquaintance with things in general, could have produced a very able " money article " in that journal. But methinks that, could he have forefeen the exiftence of a fcience of which (as to England) the prefent chapter was in all probability the germ, he would have been highly gratified. I mean, of coiirfe, the fcience — for to that dignity it has arrived — of Numifmatics. APPAREL. 209 marvail how you can abide your face bare, for all my body is made of the fame metal that your face is. But a bamful fhamefaftnefs in-bred in man, and withal a natural defire of decency, and neceffity of coverture in extreme weather, firit gave occaiion to invent apparel, and afterward pride, playing upon con- ceited opinions of decency, hath infinitely varied the fame in matter, form, and fafhion, and fo now doth and will continually. Lucretius, the ancient Poet, thought that gar- ments of knit work, and after of woven, were firft in ufe by this verfe : " Nexilis ante fuit veftis, quam textile tegmen." As that iron was found out afterward, without which weaving could not be ufed. But others think that Beafts' fkins after Adam's leaves was man's firft coverture. Certainly at Caefar's arrival, fome years before Chrift's Nativity, the Britains in the South parts of this our Ifle, were attired with (kins, and after as civility grew under the Romans, they ai- fumed the Roman habit. The Englifh which at their firff. arrival here ufed long Jacquets,were (horn all the head, faving about the crown, and under that an iron ring. After they wore loofe and large white garments, with broad guards of divers colours as the Lombards. Some- what before the conqueft they were all gallant with coats to the mid-knee, head fhorn, beard fhaved, arms laden with bracelets, and face painted. Whofoever will enter into this argument fince the conqueft, his pen may have a fpacious walk; 1 but I, purpofing to be brief, will omit the royal habits of Kings at their Coronation, the mantle of 1 Although colhime has not yet been fo Scientifically itudied as numifmatics,yet this " Ipaciouswalk" has been well trodden, P 2io APPAREL. Saint Edward, the Dalmatica with fleeves (a facer- dotal garment), their hofe and fandals. As alfo the honourable habiliments, as robes of State, Parlia- ment robes, Chaperons and Caps of Eftate, houp- lands, which fome think to be trains, the Surcoate, Mantle, Hood,andColler of the order of the Garter, &c. the Ghimners, Rochets, Miters of Bifhops, with the Archbifhop's Pall bought fo dearly at Rome, and yet but made of the wool of white lambs, fed by Saint Agnes' Nunnes, and led about Saint Peter's Altar, and laid upon his tomb. Neither will I fpealc of the Judges' red robes, and Coller of S S. which they ufed in memory of S. Simplicius, a fan citified Lawyer and Senatour of Rome. 1 I omit, I fay, all thefe matters, whereof each one would require a whole treatife, and will briefly note what I have obferved by the way in my little reading. Robert, eldeft fon to the Conqueror, ufed Ihort hofe, and thereupon was by-named Court-hofe, and fhewed firft the ufe of them to the Englifh. But how flight they were then you may understand by King William Rufus's hole, of which I fhall fpealc hereafter. in wie King Henry the firft reprehended much the im- modefty of apparel in his days; the particulars are not fpecified, but the wearing of long hair, with locks and Perukes, he abolilhed. King Henry the fecond brought in the fhort Mantle, and thereof had the by-name of Court- siik. mantle. And in this time the ufe of filk, I mean Bombycina, made by filk-worms, was brought out 1 The collar of SS. and its origin have been largely dif- cuffed, particularly in the " Gentleman's Magazine " a few years fince, and " Notes and Queries," vols. ii. to x. (Firft Series). After all, it may reafonably be doubted whether this ornament has any fpecific meaning. APPAREL. 211 of Greece into Sicilie, and then into other parts of Chriftendome. For Sericum, which was a doune kern bed ofF from trees among the Seres in Ealr- India, as Byflus was a plant or kind of filk grafs, as they now call it, were unknown. There was alio a coftly IrufF at thofe times here in England, called in Latine Aurifrifium ; what it was named in Engiifh I know not, neither do imagine it Auriphrygiwn, and to fignifie embroydery with gold, as Opera Phrygla were embroideries. Whatsoever it was, much delired it was by the Popes, and highly efteemed in Italy, But to the purpofe. What the habits, both civil and military, were in the time of King John, Henry the third, and fuc- ceeding ages, may better appear by their monuments, old glafs windows, and ancient Arras, than be found in writers of thofe times. As alfo the robes (which claus the Kings then allowed to each Knight when he ™™f y was dubbed,) of Green or Burnet, viz. Tunicam & pallium cum penulis byffis, as they fpake in that age, and appeareth upon record. Neither is it to be doubted but fucceffive time and Englifh mutability- brought in continually new cuts, as in the time of King Edward the third, which may be understood by this rhime then made : " Long beards, heartlefs, Painted hoods, witlefs, Gay coats, gracelefs, Makes England thriftlefs."' Many Statutes were alfo provided in that behalf, and the hiitory called " Eulogium" proveth no lefs. " The Commons (faith he) were befotted in excels of apparel, in wide furcoats reaching to their loyns, fome in a garment reaching to their heels, clofe be- fore and ftrowting out on the fides, fo that on the 2i2 APPAREL. chron. back they make men feem women, and this they M.s-' 11 call by a ridiculous name, Gown. Their hoods are Bodi.(in- little, tied under the chin, and buttoned like the dices"' women's, but fet with gold, filver, and precious canO P ftones. Their lirripippes reach to their heels all jag- k. 84. g e d. They have another weed of filk which they & 154, ' call a Paltock. Theirhofeare of two colours, or pied with more, which with lachets, which they called Herlots, they tie to their Paltocks, without any breeches. Their girdles are of gold and filver, fome worth 20 Marks: their fhoes and pattens are fnowted and piked more than a finger long crooking upwards, which they call Crackows,' refembling the Divel's claws, which were faftned to the knees with chains of gold and filver. And thus were they garmented which (as mv Authour faith) were Lyons in the Hall and Hares in the Field." The Book of Wor- cefter reporteth that in the year of our Lord 1369, they began to ufe caps of divers colours, efpecially red with coflly lynings, and 1372 they firft began to wanton it in a new round curtal weed which they called a Cloak, and in Latine Armilaufa, as only covering the moulders. Here you may fee when Gowns, Cloaks, and Caps firft came in ufe, though doubtlefs they had fome fuch like attire in different names. How ftrangely they were attired under King Richard the Second, the good perfon 2 in Chaucer fhall tell you. " Alas, may not a man fee, as in our days, the finful coftly array of cloathing, and, namely, in too much fuperfluity of clothing, fuch that maketh it fo dear, to the harm of the people, not only 1 So called, lay the coftumirts, from the city of Cracow, in Poland, from whence the fafhion came. 2 See the " Peribnes Tale," edit. Wright, iii. 115, et feq. APPAREL. 213 the coft of embroidering, the difguifed endenting, or barring, ounding, playting, winding, or bending, and femblable wafte of cloth in vanity. But there is alfo the coftly furring in their gowns, (o much pounfing of che'ell to make holes, fo much dagging of fheres forche, with the fuperfluity in length of the forefaid gowns, trayling in the dung, and in the mire, on horfe and alfo on foot, as well of man as of woman. That all that trailing is verily as in effect wafted, confumed, and thredbare, and rotten with dung, rather than it is given to the poor. Upon that other fide, to fpealc of the horrible difordinate fcantnefs of cloathing, as been thefe cutted flops, or hanfelinefs, that through their fhortnefs cover not the fhameful members of man, to wicked intent. Alas, fome of them fhew the bofs of their fhape, and the horrible fwoln members that feemeth like the malady of Hernia, in the wrapping of their hofen, and alfo the buttocks of him fare, as it were the hinder parts of a fhe ape in the full of the Moon. And moreover the wretched fwoln members that they fhew through difguifing, in departing of their hofen in white and red, feemeth that half their privy members were (lain. And if fo be that they depart their hofen in other colours, as is white and blew, or white and black, or black and red, and fo forfooth, then feemeth, as by variance of colour, that the half part of their privy members been corrupt by the fire of S. Anthony or by canker or by other fuch mifchance. Of the hinder part of the buttocks it is full horrible for to fee,*for certes in that part of their body there, as they purge their ftinking ordure, that foul part fhew they to the people, proudly in defpight of honefty, which honefty Jefu Chrift and his friends obferved to fhew in their life. Now as to the out- ragious array of women, God wot, that although the 2i4 APPAREL. vifages of fome of them feem full chaff and debo- naire, yet notifie in her array and attire licoroufnefs and pride. I fay not that honefty in cloathing of man or woman is uncovenable, but certes the fuper- fluity of difordinate quantity of cloathing is re- proveable." They had alfo about this time a kind of Gown called a Git, a jacket without fleeves called a Hake- ton, a loofe jacket like an Herald's Coat of Armes called a Tabard, a fliort gabbardin called a Court- pie, a gorget called a Chevefail, for as yet they ufed no bands about their neck ; a pouch called a Gifper. And Oueen Anne, wife to King Richard the fecond, who firft taught Enelifh women to ride on fide-fadles, when as heretofore they rid aftride, brought in high head attire piked with horns, and long trained gowns for women. ms in But farther, of the extravagancies in Apparel, let Bodi.dn- us hearken to what Thomas Occlive, who lived in clmuar. King Henry the fourth's time, in a Poem* of his Archiep.) exprefleth : — K. 78, P . r 67, b. Of Pride ^ and of waj} clothing of Lordis ?nene, vjhich is a%ens her afate. j-,' Ndir an old pore abyte regneth ofte v^k* Great vertew, though it moftre poorly : And wher as grete aray is up on loft, Vice is but feldom hit, that wele wot I: But not report I pray the inwardly That freih aray y general deprave Thes worthi men mow full weel it have. But this me thynketh an abufion To fene one walke in a Robe of fcarlet, Twelve yerdis wide with pendaunt flevis doune On the ground, and the furrur therein let Amounting unto xx. 1. or bett; And zef he for it payd hath he no good LefFte him wherwith to by himfelf an Hood. APPAREL. 2 i 5 For thogh he gete forth among the prees And overloolce evere poor wight His cofre and eke his purs I trow be peneles, He hath no more than he goth yn upright: For Lond, Rent or Cattell he may go lyght, The weight of hem (hall not fo mych peyfe As doth his Gown; Is fuch aray to preyfe ? Nay fothly fone it is all mys me thynkith So poor a wight his Lord to contrefett In his aray, yn my conceyt it ftynkith ; Certes to blame bene the Lordis grete, Zef that I durft fey they her men lete Vfurp fuch Lordly apparayle It is not worthy, my Child, without fayle. Some a farre men myght Lords knaw By her aray from other folk or now, A man mail ftodye or mufyn now a long throw Which is which; O Lords it fittes to zow Amend this, for it is for your prow Zef bytwen zow and zour men no difference Be yn aray leffe is your reverence. Alfo ther is another new jett A fowle wait of cloth and exceffyf Ther goth no lalfe in a mannes typett Than of brode cloth a zerde be my lyf, Me thinkith this a very indultyf Vnto the Itelth were hem of hempen lane For itelth is medid with a chekew bane. Let everie Lord his awn men defende Such gret aray, and than on my peryll This land within a while foon fhall amend Now in Godd's name put it in exile Hit is fynne outrageous and vyle Lordis of ze zour aftate and honour Loven, flemyth this vicious errour. What is a Lord without his mene I put cafe that his foes him affayle Sodenly in the ftrete, what help fhall he Who's fleves encombrous fo fyde, trayle, Do to hys Lorde he may hym not avaylc In fuch a cafe he nys but a woman He may not ftand hym in ftede of a man. zi6 APPAREL. Hys Armes two have right y now to done And fumwhat more his ileves up to hold The Tayllours y trowe moto her affter lone Shape in the feld, thei mall not fliape and folde On her boord, thogh the never fo fayn wolde The cloth that fliall be in a gown wroght Take an hole cloth is belt, for lafle is noght. The Skynner unto the felde mote alio, His Houfe in London is lb ftreyt and fours To don his crafte, fumtime it was not fo, O Lords, zeve ze unto your men her pars That fo don, and queynt hem bett with Mars God of Batell, he loveth none aray That hurtith manhood at preffe or alfay. Who now moft may bere on his bak at ons Of cloth and furrour hath a frelh renoun He is a lufty man clepyd for the nones But Drapers, and eke Skynners in the town; For fuch folk han a fpeciall Orifon That floriflied is with curies here and there, And ny fliall till they be payd of her gere. In days old whan lmall apparayll SufHled unto hy aftate or mene Was grete howlholde ftuffid with vitalle But now houlholds be fed fears and lene For al the good that men may repe and glene Wayfted is in outrageous aray So that houlholdis man ne hold may. Pride hath wele levere bere an hungry maw To bed, than lak of aray outrage He no price fettith by mefures law Ne takyth of hym cloth, mete, ne wage, Mefure is owt of lande on Pilgremage, But I fuppofe flie lhall reftore as blyve For verry nede wol us therto dryve. There may no Lord take up no new gyfe But that a knafe fliall the fame up take Than zef Lordes wolden in this wifle For to do fuch gowns for hem make As men in old time undertake The fame get wold up, be take, and ufyd And all the cofllew owtragre refufid. APPAREL. 2i 7 Of Lancailre Duke John, whofe faule in Heven I fully deme, and trull iittith full hy, A noble Prince I may allegge, and nevene Other may no man of hym teltifye I never faw a Lord that cowd him gye Rett like hys allate, for knyghtly proweffe Was to hym girt, O God his faule blefTe! Hys gey Garments were not full wide And zet thei hym bycam wonder wele Now wold God the waft of cloth, and pryde Were now I put in exile perpetuell For the good and proffet univerfell And Lordis myght helpp al this if they wold The old get, take, and it forth ufe and hold. Than myght fylver walke more thyke Among the peple than yt doth now ; There wold y fayn that let were the pryk Bott for my felf y mall do wele y now But fone for that fuch men as thow That with the world wreften myght have plente Of coyne that they now have of grett fcarlete. Now have thes Lordis butt litill nede of Broes To fwepe away the fyth owt of the llrete Sithyn fide flevys of penyles Gromes Will it up lyk, be yt dry or wete. O England, ftond right up on thi fete So fowle a waft in fo fymple degre Banyfhe fone, or fore it fhall repent thee. If a wight vertuous but narow clothed To Lordis Courtes now a dayes goo, His cumpeny is to myck folk lothed Men paflyn by hym both to and froo And fcorn hym, for he ys arayed foo To her conceyte there ys no wight vertuous But he whos aray is outrageous. But he that flatre can, or ben a Bawde, And by the tweyn frefh aray him gete Holdyn it is to hym honour and lawde, Trouth and clennefs mull en men forzete In Lordis Courts for thei hertes frete They hyndren folke, ry upon tonges witrew They difplefaunce in Lordis courtes brew. 2i8 APPAREL, Lo Tone myn this Tale is at an end Now, good Ion, have of me no difdeyn Thogh I be old and myn aray unhende For many a zong man wote I weel certen OrTcorage is fo prowde and Co hawteyn That to the poor and old man's Do£tiine, Full l'eld hym deymeth or encline. And not many years after foolifh pride fo de- fcended to the foot, that it was proclaimed that no man mould have his fhoes broader at the toes than fix inches : and women bummed themfelves with foxes' tails under their garments, as they now do with French farthingalies, and men with abfurd fhort garments, infomuch as it was enacted, in 22 E. 4, chap I, that no manner of perfon under the eftate of a Lord, fhall wear from that time any gown or mantle, unlefs it be of fuch length that he being upright, it fhall cover his privy members and buttocks, upon pain to forfeit to our Sovereign Lord the King at every default 20 millings. Neither was the Clergy clear, then, from this pride, as you may perceive by Perce Plowman. Albeit Polydor Virgil and the late Archbifhop of Canterbury (moft reverend D. Parker) noteth that the Clergy of England never wore filk or velvet until the time of the pompous Cardinal Wolfey, who opened that door to pride among them, which hitherto cannot be fiiut. The civil wars could not purge this general vain humour, neither the laws ftill enacted in this behalf ; neither if a contempt of gold, filver, and filk, could be brought into men's minds, which is an impoflibility,but fuppofed by fome to be the only means to reftrain the vain expences herein : neither do I think that the fhameful ex- ceptions, which Zaleucus the Locrian provided in his laws, could ftay our vanity ; who ordained that APPAREL. 219 no woman mould be attended with more than one maid in the frreet, but when me was drunk ; that fhe fhould not go out of the city in the night, but when fhe went to commit Adultery; that fhe fhould not wear gold or embroidered apparel, but when fhe purpofed to be a common ftrumpet. As for men, that they fhould not wear rings or tifTues, but when they went a whooring. Yet for a clofe I will tell you here how Sir Philip Calthrop purged John Drakes, the fhoemaker, of Norwich, in the time of King Henry the eighth, of the proud humour which our people have to be of the Gentlemen's cut. This Knight bought on a time as much fine French tawney Cloth as fhould make him a gown, and fent it to the Taylours to be made ; John Drakes, a fhoemaker of that town, coming to the faid Taylours, and feeing the Knight's gown-cloath lying there, liking it well, caufed the Taylour to buy him as much of the fame cloth and price to the fame intent, and further bad him to make it of the fame fafhion that the Knight would have his made of. Not long after, the Knight coming to the Taylours to take meafure of his Gown, perceiveth the like Gown-cloth lying there, afked of the Tay- lour whofe it was. Quoth the Taylour, It is John Drake's, who will have it made of the feif-fame fafhion that yours is made of. Well, faid the Knight, in good time be it. I will (faid he) have mine made as full of cuts as thy fheers can make it. It fhall be done, faid the Taylour : whereupon, becaufe the time drew near, he made hafte of both their Gar- ments. John Drakes, when he had no time to go to the Taylours till Chriftmas day, for ferving of cuftomers, when he had hoped to have worn his Gown, perceiving the fame to be full of cuts, began to fwear with the Taylour for the making of his 220 APPAREL. Gown after that fort. I have done nothing (quoth the Taylour) but that you bad me, for as Sir Philip Calthrop's is, even fo have I made yours. By my latchet, quoth John Drakes, I will never wear Gen- tleman's fafhion again. How we have offended lately herein, I refer to every particular man's own knowledge. I fear it will be verified, which an old Gentleman faid, when our pofterity mail fee our pictures, they fhall think we were foolifhly proud in apparel, as when they fhall fee our contrails, purchases, deeds, covenants and conveyances, they will think we have been ex- ceeding crafty, as we judge the contrary by the pictures and deeds of our Anceftours whom we commend for plainnefs both in meaning and attire, though in fome Ages they offended in the latter as well as we. To what caufe our mutability (whereas our Cofins the Germans have been immutable herein) may be referred, I know not, unlefs that we, as all I (land- ers, are Lunaries, or the Moon's men, who, as it is in the old Epigram, could be fitted with no ap- parel, as her mother anfwered her, when fhe in- treated nothing more. They which miflike moft our prefent vanity herein, let them remember that of Tacitus : All things run round, and as the feafons of the year, fo men's manners have their revolutions. But nothing maketh more to this purpofe than that of Seneca : Our Age is not only faulty, our Anceftours have complained, we complain, and our Pofterity will complain, that manners are corrupted, that naugh- tinefs reigneth, and all things wax worfe and worfe. But thofe things do ftay and fhall ftay, only toiled a little to and fro, even as the billows of the Sea. In one Age there will be more adulterers ; in another ARTILLERY. 221 time there will be exceffive riot in banquetting ; another while ftrange garmenting of the body not without deformity of the mind. At another time, malapert boldnefs will fquare it out ; In another A ge, cruelty, and fury of civil war will flafhout ; and fome- times carowfing and drunkennefs will be counted a bravery. So vices do ruffle among themfelves, and ufurp one upon another. As for us, we may fay always of ourfelves : We are evil, there have been evil, and evil there will be. There will be always Tyrants, Murderers, Theeves, Adulterers, Extor- tioners, Church-robbers, Traytours, and other of the fame rabblement. Artillery. ;F ever the wit of man went beyond itfelf, it was in the invention of Artillery or Engines of War, albeit the firft inventors are thought by lome to have been either timorous and traitorous, or fpightful and dangerous. Wonderful it was of what force the Aries or Ram was in battery, the Mufcles, walking Towers, He- lepolis or Win-City, wherewith Demetrius got the furname Poliorcetes or Town-taker; the Balifta, in violent mooting great Hones and quarrels ; as alfo the Catapultes, the Malleoli in firing buildings, which could be extinguifhed with nothing but duft ; and that fo famous of Archimedes' invention at the fiege of Syracufe, for mot of great ftones with a marvel- lous crack. But that we may come home, our Nation had the practice of molt of thefe, and more- over of Mangonels, Trahucches, and Bricolles, wherewith they ufed to caft mil-ftones, and the French men veffels of venemous infection, which they prepared againft Caiice, Anno 1410, but were m ARTILLERY. fired with the whole town of Saint Omars, by an Englifh Youth. With thefe Engines the Turks fhot putrified earcafes of horfes into Negroponte, when they befieged it, and it is reported by Wil- liam Brito, that the Arcubalifta or Arbalift was firft fhewed to the French by our King Richard the FirfV who was fhortly after (lain by a quarrel thereof. Whereupon the French Poet, William Briton, made thefe Verfes, in the perfon of Atropos the fatal Sifter : " Hac volo, non alia Richardum morte perire, Ut qui Francigenis baliftae primitus ufum Tradidit, ipfe lui rem primitus experiatur : Quamque alios docuit in fe vim fentiat arris." Some kind of Bricol, it feemed, which the Eng- lifh and Scots called an Efpringold, the fhot whereof King Edward the Firft efcaped fair at the fiege of Strivelin, where he, with another Engine, named the Warwolf, pierced with one ftone, and cut as even as a thread two vauntmures, as he did before at the Matt, iiege of Brehin ; where Thomas Maile, the Scots man, fcofted at the Englifh Artillery with wiping the wall with his handkerchief, until both he and the wall were wiped away with a (hot. And as the an- cient Romans had their Crates, Vineae, Plutei, and fuch like to make their approaches ; fo had the Eng- lifh in this Age their Cat-houfe and Sow for the fame purpofe. This Cat-houfe, anfwerable to the Cattus mentioned by Vegetius, was ufed in the fiege of Bed- ford Caftle, in the time of King Henry the Third. The Sow is yet ufual in Ireland, and was, in the time of King Edward the Third, ufed at the fiege of Dun- 1 This ftatement may well be queftioned. I believe that it could be mown from contemporary evidence that the balijfa u led at Haftings, in 1066, were mere croi'sbows. Welt. ARTILLERY. 223 bar, which when the Countefs, who defended the Caftle, faw, fhe (aid merrily, That unlefs the Eng- lish men kept their Sow the better, (he would make her to caft her Pigs. When a Catapult was firft feen at Lacedaemon, Archidamus exclaimed : " O Hercules ! now man- hood is come to an end." But what would he have (aid, had he feen the Canon or great Ordinance of our Age ; which made all ancient Engines to ceafe, as furpaffing them all, in force, violence, impetuofity, fuddainnefs, and fwiftnefsf according to that of Saxo Pamphilius : " Vis, fonitus, rabies, motus, furor, impetus, ardor, Sunt mecum, Mars hasc ferreus arma timet.'" So violent it is in breaking, tearing, bruifing, rent- ing, razing, and ruinating Walls, Towers, Caftles, Rampiers, and all that it encountereth, that it might feem to have been invented by practice of the Devil to the destruction of mankind, as the only enemy of true valour and manful couragioufnefsbymurthering afar off. Notwithstanding fome there are, which think that hereby hath been the faving of many lives, for that fieges, before the common ufe of them, con- tinued longer, to the greater lofs of people; and more fields were fought, with (laughter of greater multi- tudes. At the liege of Jerufalem there were (lain and died ten hundred thoufand. At the Surprifes of Maldon in E(Tex, then called Camalodunum, and Verulam, near St. Albans, were (lain by Brundwica, Princefs of Norfolk and SufFollc,in the time of Nero, 80,000. At the fiege of Alexia by Caefar 39 thoufand, who alfo in his French and Britifh wars, vaunted that there were (lain eleven hundred ninety two thou- fand men. But to omit ancient wars, at the battel of 224 ARTILLERY. Haltings, where England was conquered, were flain at the leaft 47,944 Englifh. At Crefli 30,000 French. In that of Palm Sunday 360,700. Whenas fince the common ufe of guns, at Flodden field were flain but 8,000 ; at Mufleborough 4,000 ; at the great battel of Dreux feven or eight thoufand ; and fewer in the latter battels. Unlefs you will, with King Lewis the Eleventh of France, fuppofe the number to be cor- rupted in the ancient Hiftories, who could not be induced to believe, that there were fo great Armies levied, or fo many flain as are Specified in them. sir John Some have fayled a long courfe as far as China, "n" ng " the fartheft part of the World to fetch the invention of Guns from thence, but we know the Spanifh pro- 's erb, u Long wayes, long lies." One writeth, I know not upon whole credit, that Roger Bacon, commonly called Fryer Bacon, knew to make an Engine, which with Saltpeter and Brimftone, mould prove notable for battery, but he tendring the fafety of mankind would not difcover it. The beft approved Authours agree that they were invented in Germany, by Berthold Swarte a Monk, fkilful in Geber's Cookery or Alchymy, who tem- pering Brimftone and Saltpeter in a morter, per- ceived the force by cafting up the ftone which covered it when a fpark fell into it. But one faith he confulted with the devil for an offenfive weapon, who gave him anfwer in this obfcure Oracle, " Vulcanus gignat, pariat Natura, Minerva Edoceat, nutrix ars erit atque dies. Vis mea de nihilo, tria dent mihi corpora paftum : Sunt foboles ftrages, vis, furor, atque fragor." By this instruction he made a trunk of iron with learned advice, crammed it with fulphure bullet, and putting thereto fire, found the effects to be deftruc- tion, violence, fury and roaring crack. This being ARTILLERY. *2 5 begun by him, by fkill and time is now come to that perfection, not only in great iron and brafs pieces, but alio in fmall, that all admire it ; having name given them, fome from Serpents or ravenous Birds, as Culverines, or Colubrines, Serpentines, Bafi- lifques, Faulcons, Sacres ; others in other refpecls, as Canons, Demicanons, Chambers, Slinges, Arque- buze,Caliver, Handgun, Mufkets, Petronils, Piftoll, Dagge, &c. and Petarras of the fame brood lately invented. The very time of their firft invention is uncer- tain, but certain it is that King Edward the Third ufed them at the fiege of Calice, 1347, for Gunnarii had their pay there, as appeareth by Record. About 33 years before they were feen in Italy, and about that they began, as it feemeth, to be ufed in Spain, but named by Writers Dolia ignivoma, as fire-flaming veffels. Yet the French, as Polydore Virgil noteth, fcant knew the ufe of them until the year 1425, when the Englifh by great Ordinance had made a breach in the walls of Mans, under the conduct of Thomas Montacute, laft Earl of Salifbury of that Surname, who was after flain at Orleans with a great (hot, and is noted to be the firft Englifh Gentleman flain thereby ; albeit now he is thought the moft unfor- tunate, and curfed in his mother's womb, who dyeth by great fhot. But amongft all the Englifh Artillery, Archery challengeth the preheminency, as peculiar to our Nation, as the Sariffa was to the Macedonians, the Gefa to the old Gauls, the Framea to the Germans, the Machaera to the Greeks, firft fhewed to the En- glifh by the Danes, brought in by the Normans, continued by their Succeffours, to the great glory of England in atchieving honourable victories, but now mus 226 ARTILLERY. difpoflefled by gunnery, how juftly let others judge. Much may be laid for either. Sir John Smith and Sir Roger Williams have encountred with their pens in this quarrel. I will fay no more, but as one faith, " When Englifh men ufed Hercules' weapons, the bow and the black bill, they fought vi&orioufly with p.- Nan- Hercules' fuccefs," fo I hope they fhall carry away no victory more happily now, when they adjoyn to thofe weapons of Hercules, Jove's thunderbolt ; for fo fome now call our great fhot. Some there are notwithstanding which compare the ancient flings with our fmall fhot in force ; for Authours teftifie, that the bullet of a fling in the courfe hath continued a fiery heat in the aire, yea fometime melted ; that it killeth at one blow ; that it pierceth helmet and fhield ; that it reacheth farther, that itrandoneth lefs, as in the holy Scripture they of Gabaa could hit a hair with their fling, but thefe flingers do not now appear. To fpeak of lefler weapons, both defenfive and offenfive, of our Nation, as their Pauad, Bafe- lard, Launcegay, &c. would be endlefs and need- lefs, when we can do nothing but name them. Armories. ■HERE AS fomewhathath been faid of Al- lufions and Anagrams which refult out of Names, I think itfhall not be impertinent to add alfo fomewhat of Armories or Arms, which as filent Names do diftinguifh Fami- lies ; but with this Preface, Salvo femper meliori judlcio, and that I will but touch it lightly and flightly without offence to fuch as have, or preju- ARMORIES. 227 dice to them that will undertake this matter more ferioufly. Arms, as Enfigns of Honour among Military men, in the general iigniiication, have been as anciently ufed in this Realm as in any other ; for as neceflity bred the ufe of them in managing of Military affairs, for order and diftindtion both of whole companies and particular perfons amongft other Nations, that their valour might thereby be more confpicuous to others; fo iikewife no doubt among the Inhabitants of this Ifland, who always have been as martial as any other people whatfoever ; in fo much as, unlefs we would conceive hardly of our own Progenitours, we cannot think but that in martial fervices they had their conceits in their Enfigns, both for diftinc- tion, direction and decency. He that would fhow variety of reading in this argument might note, out of the facred Scripture, that every Tribe of Ifrael pitched under their own Standard; out of prophane Authours, that the Ca- rians, who were the firft mercenary fouldiers, firft alfo bare marks in their fhields: that the Lacede- monians bare the Greek letter A, the Meflbnians M, &c. But to come home, fome give the firft honour of the invention of the Armories in this part of the World to the ancient Pi6ts and Britains, who going naked to the wars, adorned their bodies with figures and blazons of divers colours, which they conjecture to have been feveral for particular Families, as they fought divided by kindreds. When this Ifle was under the command of the Notitia Romans, their troops and bands had their feveral figns. As the Britanniciani in their fhield a Car- buncle, Britannici a Plat party per Saltier, Stable- fiani a Plate within an annulet, Secundani an annulet Provin- ciarum. 228 ARMORIES. upon a crofs. For particular perfons among the Gre- cians Ulyfles bare in his fhield a Dolphin ; among the Romans Julius Caefar,the head of Venus; Crixus the French Captain, a man weighing gold ; A Sagun- tine Spaniard an hundred Snakes, fo I only read among the Britains that the victorious Arthur bare our Lady in his fhield, which I do the rather remem- ber for that Nernius, who lived not long after, re- cordeth the fame. In the Saxon Heptarchy I find little noted of Arms, albeit the Germans, of whom theydefcended, ufed fhields, as Tacitus faith, "colore fucata," which I know not whether I may call Arms or no, neither know I whether I may refer hither out of Beda, how Edwin, King of Northumberland, had alwayes one Enfign carried before him called in Englifh a Tuffe, which Vegetius reckoneth among Military Enfigns, or how King Ofwald had a Bannerol of Gold and Purple, interwoven palie or bendie, fet over his Tomb at Bardney Abbey, in Lincolnfhire; or how Cuthred, King of Weir/ex, bare in his Banner a golden Dragon at the battel of Bureford, as Hovedon noteth, and the Danes in their Standard a Raven, as AfTerius reporteth. Hitherto of Arms in the general fignification, now fomewhat of them in the reftricSr. fignification, as we define, or rather defcribe them, viz. That Arms are Enfigns of Honour born in Banners, Shields, Coats, for notice and diftinclion of Families one from the other, and defcendable, as hereditary, to Pofterity. Here might divers enquiries be made when they began to be hereditary, which was very anciently, if we relie upon the Poets credit. For to overpafs others, Virgil faith, that Aventinus, Hercules' ion, bare an hundred fnakes, his father's Arms. ARMORIES. 229 " Clypeoque infigne paternum, Centum angues; cin<5tamque gerit ierpentibus hydram." Alfo whether fome have aptly applied this Verfe Ph. of Lucretius to Arms of this kind : " Arma antiqua manus, ungues dentefque fuerunt." And whether thefe places of Suetonius may be re- in caii- ferred to arms of this fort, where he faith that Cali- fap!'?;. gula the Emperour, " Familiaria infignia nobiliffimo cuique ademit Torquato torquem, Cincinnati, crinem." And In v e r- that the houfe of Flavia was obfcure, " Sine ullis P af,ano - armorum imaginibus." Whatfoever fome difcourfe out of the Kings Seals of hereditary Arms in England, certain it is, that the Lions were the Arms of our Kings in the time of Henry the Firft. For John of Marmonftier, in Touraine who then lived, recordeth that when the faid King chofe Geftray fon of Foulk, Earl of Anjou, Tourain, and Maine, to be his fon in law, by marry- ing to him his only Daughter and Heir, Mawde, and made him Knight, after the bathing and other folemn Rites, boots embroydered with golden Lions were drawn on his legs, and a fhield with golden Lions therein hung about his neck. That King Richard the Firft, his Grandchild, bare Lyons, appeareth by his Seal, as alfo by thefe Verfes in Philippeidos uttered in the perfon of Monfieur William de Barr, ready to encounter Gil Richard, when as yet he was but Earl of Poiclou, Brit. 1. J. " Ecce comes Pi&avus agro nos provocat, ecce Nos ad bella vocat ; riclus agnolco Leonum Illius in clypeo, ftat ibi quafi ferrea turris, Francorum nomen blafphemans ore protervo." It is clear alfo by that Authour, that Arundel bare 2 3 o ARMORIES. then Swallows in his fhield,as hisPofterity inCorne- wall do at this day. For of him he writeth, when he was upon the fhock with the faid William de Barr, " Vidit hiiundela velocior alite quae dat Hoc agnomen ei, fert cujus in agide fignum, Se rapit agminibus mediis clypeoque nitenti, Quern fibi Guillelmus laeva praetenderat ulna, Immergit validam praeacutae cufpidis haftam." About this time the estimation of Arms began in the expeditions to the Holy Land, and afterward by little and little became hereditary, when it was ac- counted mod honourable to carry thofe Arms which had been difplayed in the Holy Land in that holy fervice againft the profefled enemies of Chriftianity. To this time doth Petre Pithaeu and other learned French men refer the original of hereditary Arms in France; and in my opinion without prejudice to others, about that time we received the hereditary ufe of them, which was not fully eftablifhed, until the time of King Henry the Third. For the laft Earls of Chefter, the two Quincyes Earls of Win- chefter, the two Lacyes Earls of Lincoln, varied f till the Father from the fon, as might be particularly proved. In thefe Holy Wars many Arms were altered, and new afTumed upon divers occafions, as the Veres, Genea- E ar ] s f Oxford, who bare before quarterly Gules antiqua. and Or, inferted a Mollet in the firft quarter, for that a (hooting ftar fell thereon, when one of them ferved in the Holy Land. The Lord Barkleys, who bare firft Gules aCheveron/\rgent,after one of them had taken upon him the Crofs (for that was then the phrafe) to ferve in thofe wars, inferted ten Croffes patte in his fhield. So GefFray of Boullion, the glo- rious General in thofe wars, at one draught of his ARMORIES. 231 bow, fhooting againft David's Tower in Hierufalem, broched three feetlefs Birds called Allerions upon his arrow, and thereupon affumed in a fhield Or, three Allerions Argent on a Bend Gueles, which the houfe of Loraine, defending from his race, con- tinued to this day. So Leopold the Fifth, Marquefs of Auftria, who bare formerly fix Larks Or in Azure, when his Coat-Armour at the fiege of Acres in the Holy Land was all dyed in blood, fave his Belt, he took for his Arms, Gueles, a white Belt, or a Fefle Argent (which is the fame), in memory thereof. 1 About this time did many Gentlemen begin to bear Arms by borrowing from their Lords Arms of whom they held in Fee, or to whom they were moft devoted. So whereas the Earl of Chefter bare Garbes, or wheat fheafs, many Gentlemen of that Country took wheat fheafs. Whereas the old Earls of Warwick bare Chequy Or, and Azure a Che- veron Ermin, many thereabout took Ermin and Chequie. In Leicefterfhire and the Countrey con- fining, divers bare Cinquefoyles, for that the ancient Earls of Leicefter bare Gueles a Cinquefoile Ermyn. In Cumberland and thereabouts, where the old Baron of Kendall bare Argent two bars Gueles and a Lion paflant Or in a Canton of the fecond ; many Gen- tlemen thereabout took the fame indifferent colours and charges in the Canton. 1 Camden is the earlieft Englifh writer on heraldry who difcards the abfurd notion, previoufly entertained, that this lcience afcends to the claffical ages and even to patriarchal times. It is now a pretty generally accepted truth that the early Cruiades gave rife to heraldry properly fo called. See this fubjeft difcuffed in " Curios, of Heraldry," and in " Re- trofpeft. Review," N. S. vol. i. p. 120. For lb me arguments on the other fide, fee, however, Mr. Ellis's " Antiquities of Heraldry," Lond. 1869. 232 ARMORIES. Hugbertde Burgo,EarlofKent, who bare for his Arms in aShield, Gules feven Lozenges vaire, 3, 3, I. granted Lands to Anfelme de Guife in the Counties of Buck- ingham and Gloucefter, Whereupon the faid Anfelmus de Guife bare the fame Coat with a Canton Or, charged with a Mullet of fix points pierced Sable. The ancientFamily of Hardres in Kent, bears Gules, a Lion rampant, Ermin debruifed, with a Cheveron Or, denoting that they held their faid Mannor of Hardres by Knights fervice of the Caftle of Tunbridge in Kent, which was the ancient Seigniory of the Clares, Earls of Gloucefter, who did bear for their Arms in a Field Or, three Che verons Gules : and the Lord Strafford, that was after Lord of the fame place, bore Or, a Cheveron Gules. ARMORIES. 233 This Great Family of the Clares being refident for the moft part at their Caftle of Tunbridge in Kent, to which they had a Liberty called the Loway, con- taining three miles every way from the Centre, anfwerable to that which belonged to their Seigniory of Bryony in Normandy, which they ex- changed for this here (as writethGemeticenfis),gave occafion to many of the antienteft Families in Kent to take up Coats, alluding to thefe Lords of Tun- bridge. Simon de Abrincis, Albranc, or Averinges (for by all thefe names he is written in Record), Lord of Folkftone, and one of thofe eight Barons, to each of whom many Knights Fees were afligned in defence of Dover Caftle, and each of them to maintain a Tower there, gave Or, five Cheverons Gules, And was imitated by Evering of Evering, that held a Knights Fee of him, by changing the Che- verons into Azure, And Robert de Hougham, who was his next Neighbour, bare in allufion to him the fame charge, but differing in colours, viz. in a Field Argent five Cheverons Sable. 2 34 ARMORIES. Ralph de Curva Spina,orCrey- thorne, defcended from an An- ceftour well landed in Kent, in the 20. of William the Conquerour, bare in imitation of the former charge Azure five CheyeronsOr, a Label of five points Gules. Then Cryoll or Keryell, the great landed man of Kent, he bare Or, 2. Cheverons,anda Can- ton Gules. And in imitation of him, Sir Robert of Rumney. Sir Robert Orlan- ftonofOrlanlton. Howdlow of Bellerikey. The faid Bertram de Cryoll was Lord of Often- hanger, and thofe that know that Countrey know that all thefe before-mentioned inhabited in the fame Lath of Shepwey. ARMORIES. At the other fide of Kent the Lord Leybourne, of Leybourne Caftle, was the great man. Sir Roger Leybourne was a great agent in the Barons wars, and William was a Parliamentary Baron in the time of King Ed- ward the firft. 235 Sir Robert de Sherland, of Sherland in Shepey, Lord War- den of the Cinque Ports, the fe- male heir of which family being married to Cheyney, which is the Coat of Sherland, they many ages bore this Coat in the firft place. Sir Richard Rockifley,ofRock- ifley in Kent, from whofe heir general the Lord Marquefs of Winchefter is defcended, bare the Lord Leybournes Coat, with a FefTe Gules. William Kirlcby, of Horton Kirkby in Kent, not many miles from Leybourn Caftle, bare the fame Coat with a Canton and Mullet, and is quartered by the Stonards of Stonard in Oxford- fhire, who married the heir gene- ral of Kirkby. 236 ARMORIES. TheFamily of the Culpeppers, of Kent, as it is one of the moft numerous families (for I have noted at one time there were twelve Knights and Baronets alive of this houfe together), fo cer- tainly it is reckoned of as much antiquity and good allyance as any Family in that tract. They bare for their arms Argent, a Bend in- greyled, Gules. Halden,of Halden, in the parifh of Rolvinden in Kent, whofe heir general was marryed into the Guildfares Family, bare the fame Coat with a Chief Sables, And one of the name of Mal- manis in Kent bare Argent, a Bend ingreyled, purple. The Lord Sey was a Baron of maple poffeflions at Birlinge in Kent, and very many other places from thence to Deptford, where Seys Court, that came from the Lord Magminot by his heir gene- ral, gave quarterly Or and Gules. ARMORIES. 237 Peckham, of Peckham and Yaldham, bare it thus in Chief. Parrock, of Parrock near Gravefend, bare it as in the mar- gent. ..mm. - 1 ^ . #v 4^. /$■ ^ ^ ^ ^ ■% ^ ^ ^ ^ And Saint Nicholas, of Saint Nicholas in Thanet, came as near as could be to that of Peck- ham, fo that we conceive they were at firft all one family, elfe fome queftion would in fo many ages have been raifed for bearing the fame blazon, as in divers other Families upon the like ground hath been obferved. Touching the granting of Arms from fome great Earls, and pafling of Coats from one private perfon to another, fome prefidents, not impertinent to this fubje£t, are here inferted, which were all before the reduction of the Heralds under one regulation : — " Hum frey,Countde Staff. &de Perche feigneur de Tunbrigg & de Caux, a tous ceux qui celles prefentes lettres verront ou or- ront falutes ; Saches que nous confiderans lez merites que dei- vent eftre attribues a toutes per- tfki ^X i^ V /^\ j Arms granted to Ro- bert Whit- grave by Hum- phrey Earl of Stafford. 238 ARMORIES. Tonnes iflues de bone lieu & excerfantez bones meures & vertues eux conduifantes termis d'onneur & gentilefe ycelle, a confideration a nous amove d'augmenter en honneur & nobleffe noble home Robert Whitgreve, luy avoir donne & donons per iceftes prefentes, pour memory d'onneur perpetuell, au portre fet armes enfigne de NoblefTe un Efcue, de azure, a quatre points d'or, quatre Cheverons de Gules ; & luy de partire as autres perfones nobles de fon linage en defcent avecques les differences de Defcent au dit blazon, & pour de tout armoyor & reveftire fon dit blazon & en honneur le reparer a vous avecque celuy ordeine & attribue Helme & Timbre, ceft aflavoyr le Helme ove mantle de bloy, furre d'Ermines, au une Coronne un demy Antelope d'or : Et pour cefte noftre lettre patente de dit donne verifier, en tefmoigne la nous fait feeler du feele de nos properes Armes, le xiii. jour d' Auguft l'an du reigne le Roy Henry le fifme puis le con- queft vintifme." Arms granted to Wil- liam Morgne by Tho- mas Grendall. 11 A touz ceux que cefte prefente lettre verront ou orront, Thomas Grendale de Fenton, cofyn & heir a Johan Beaumeys jadys de Sautre faluz in Dieu. Come les Armes d' anceftrye du dit Johan, apreslejourde fon moriant,foient par loy & droit d'eritage a moy efchaietz, com a fon profchein heir du fon linage : Sachetz moy l'avant- dit Thomas, avoir donnee & grantee per yceftes, les entiers avantdites Armes, ove leur appurtenantz a William Moigne Chivaller, quelles Armes ceftaf- cavoir font d'argent ove une Crois d'afure ove cinq, Garbes d'or, en le Crois ; A avoir & tenir touz lez avantdites Armes ove leur appurtenantz au dit Mon- fieur William a ces heires & affignes a tous jours. ARMORIES. 239 En tefmoignance de quelle chofe a ceftez prefentes lettres j'ay mis mon faelx. Donne a Sautre le vint feconde jour de Novembre, Tan du regne le Roy Richard feconde, quinzifme." " A touz ceux que cefte lettres ||| verront ou orront, Roberte de Mode, Marifcall D' Irlande, fa- luz en dieu. Saches moi avoir donne & grante a mon bon amee Robert de Corby, & a ces heires, les Armesque me font defcenduz per voie de Heritage apres le deces Monfieur Baldwine de Manoires, ceftafcavoir d' Argent, ove une Saltier engraile de Sable : avoir & porter entirement les Armes jufdits au dit Robert de Corby, & fes heires a tous jours, fans impedi- ment ou challenge du moy ou de mes heires apres fes heures. Et moy avant-dit Robert de Morley & mes heires, au dit Robert de Corby & a ces heires, les Armes avant-dites, enquanq en nous eft, envers toutz homes a toutz joures garranterons. On tef- moignance de quel chofe a ceftes mes lettres over- tees iaimis mon feale. Donne au Chafteau de Rifinge, le jour de la Tiffanie, le fifme jour de Januare l'an du regne Edward tiers puis le Conq. d'Engleterre 22. & de France, neofifme." " Noverint univerfi per prsefentes, me Joannam nuper uxorem Willielmi Lee de Knightley, domi- nam & re£tam haeredem de Knightley, dediffe, con- cefliffe & hac prsefenti carta mea confirmafle Ri- cardo Pefhale fllio Humfridi Pefhale fcutum Armo- rum meorum ; Habend. & tenend. ac portand. & utend. ubicunque voluerit fibi & haered. fuis imper- petuum : Ita quod nee ego, nee aliquis alius nomine meo, aliquod jus vel clamium feu calumpniam in praedicto fcuto habere potuerimus, fed per praefentes Arms granted by Rob. de Morle, Marftial ofl re- land to Sir Baldw. de Ma- noires. Arms af- figned by this inftru- ment from Joane Lee to Richard Pifhalla. 24° ARMORIES. fumus exclufi imperpetuum. In cujus rei teftimo- nium Sigillum meum appofui. Dat. apud Knightley die Mercurii, prox. poft feftum Pafchae, Anno regni regis Henrici fexti poft conqueftum quarto decimo." A Writ out of the Court of Chivalry. " Jehan, filz, frere, & uncle au Roys, Due de Bedford, Conte de Richmond & de Kendall, & Con- neftable d'Angleterre, a noftre trefcher coufin Je- han, Due de Northfolk, Marefchal d' Angleterre, faluz. Nous vous mandons & chargeons que vouz facez arreftre & venir devant nous ou noftre Lieu- tenant a Weftminfter, a la quinfieme du faint Hil- lari, prochain venant, William Clopton, du Counte de Suff. Efquier, pour adonques refpondre devant nous ou noftre Lieutenant en la Courte deChivalree, a Robert Dland,Efquier,du Counte de Nicholl, de ce que le dit Robert adonques luy furmettra par voie darmes, touchant ce, q'uil fauxment & encontre honefte & gentilefte d'armes, ad mis & appofe le feel de fes armes a un faux & forge fait, as dammages du dit Robert, de CI. & plus ; a ce q'uil di remandantz par devers nous a dit jour ou icefte noftre mande- ment, cous ce que vous en aurez faitz. Donne foubz le feal de noftre office, le xxiii. jour de No- vember, l'an du regne noftre Seigneur le Roy Henry fifme, pius le conqueft d' Angleterre, cetifme." a gram " <[ Sciant praefentes& futuri quod ego, Thomas by A rhl de Clanvowe, chivalier, dedi concefli & hac praefenti Msde carta mea confirmavi, Willielmo Criketot confan- vowto guineo meo, Arma mea, & jus eadem gerendi quae crike- niihi jure haereditario defcenderunt : Habend. & tenend. praedicta Arma mea & jus eadem gerendi praefato Willielmo, haeredibus & affignatis fuis, abfque reclamatione mei vel haeredum meorum im- tot. ARMORIES. 2+ i perpetuum. Et ego praedictus Thomas & haeredes mei praedicli, Arma & jus eadem gerendi, praefato Willielmo, haeredibus & affignatis fuis, contra omnes gentes warrantizabimus imperpetuum. In cujus rei teftimonium praefenti cartas meae figillum meum appofui. Dat.apud Hergaft,in fefto Corporis Chrifti, Anno regni regis Henrici quarti, poft conqueltum, undecimo." In this and the fucceeding ages, at every expedi- tion, fuch as were Gentlemen of blood would repair to the Earl Marfhal, and by his authority take coats of Arms, which were regiftred always by officers of Arms in the Rolls of Arms made at every fervice, whereof many yet remain, as that of the fiege of Caerlaveroc, the battel of Sterling, the fiege of Calice, and divers Tourniaments. At this time there was a diftinction of Gentlemen of blood, and Gentlemen of coat-armour, and the third from him that firft had coat-armour, was to all purpofes, held a Gentleman of blood. Well, whofoever would note the manners of our progenitours in this age, in wearing their coat- armours over their harnefs, and bearing their Arms in their fhieids, in their Banners and Penons ; and in what formal manner they were made Bannerets and had licence to rear their Banner of Arms, which they prefented rolled up to the Prince, who unfolded, and redelivered it with happy wifhes ; I doubt not, but that he will judge that our anceftors were as valiant and gallant as they have been fince they left off" their Arms, and ufed the colours and curtains of their Miftris beds inftead of them. Now what a large field would lie open to him that fhould ferioufly enter into this matter ! He might fay much, to omit Charges which feem infinite, of the difFerences in Arms of them which defcended of R 242 ARMORIES. one Houfe by the male ; I do not mean Labell for the firft Son while the Father furviveth ; the Crefcent for the fecond ; the Mullet unpierced for the third; the Martlet for the fourth ; an Annulet for the fifth ; a Flour de lys for the fixth ; and the reft, according as it pleafed the King of Arms ; thefe, faving the firft, were not in ufe in elder times, but began about the time of King Richard the fecond, and now, when Families are very far propagated, are not fuffi- cient for that ufe, for many mould bear a Mullet within a Crefcent, and an Annulet and Martlet there- upon very confufedly. But in paft ages, they which were defcended from one ftem, referving the prin- cipal Charge and commonly the colour of the Coat, took Borders, Bends, Quarters, Bendelets, CroiTets, or fome other addition or alteration. As for example, the firft Lord Clifford bare Chequy Or and Azure, a Bendelet Geules, which the elder brethren kept as long as they continued ; a fecond Son turned the Bendelet into a bend Geules, and thereon placed three Lioneux paffant Or; from whom the Cliffords of Frampton defcended; Roger Clifford, a fecond Son of Walter Clifford the firft, for the Bendelet took a Feffe Geules ; as the Earl of Cumberland, from him defcended, beareth now ; and the Cliffords of Kent, branched out of that Houfe, took the fame with a border Geules. Likewife the eldeft Houfe of Stafford bare Or, a Cheverons Geules, but the younger, defcended from them, took divers dif- ferences, as they of Pipe did fet about their Cheveron three Martlets fable, another placed three plates upon the Cheveron; they of Southwike added a border Sable ; they of Grafton, a Quarter Ermin ; they of Frome, a border Geules; whereas alfo the Lord Cobham did bear Geules on a Cheveron Or, three Lioneux rampant fable, the younger brethren of that ARMORIES. 243 houfe, viz. Cobham of Sterborrow, of Blackburg, of Biluncho took, for the three Lioneux, three Eftoiles, three Eaglets, and three Crefcents : So of the defcen- dants from the Lords Barkley, they of Stoke, Gif- ford, and Vefey added Ermines in the Cheveron ; they of Beverfton, a border of A rgent ; they of Wi- mondham,in the County of Leiceiter,changed their ten Crofles into as many Cinquefoiles. As for the difference of Baftards,none in old time bare the Father's Arms, with abend finifter, unlefs they were avowed and bare alfo their Father's fur- name, but other coats were commonly devifed for them ; As Sir Roger of Clarendon, baftard Son of the Black Prince, bare Or on a bend fable three feathers Argent, which was borrowed from his fa- ther's devife ; John de Clarence, bafe fon to Thomas, Duke of Clarence, who valiantly recovered from the enemy the Corps of his Father flain at the battel of Bavoy, bare party per Cheveron Geules and Azure two Lyons adverfe and Saliant Gardant Or, in the chief, and a Floure-de-lis Or, in bafe point ; John Beauford, a bafe fon of the houfe of Somerfet, bare party per pale Argent and Azure a bend of England with a label of France, &c. Thefe Arms were for a long time born fmgle, afterward two were quartered, then more marmalled together, to notify from what houfes the bearers were defcended by heirs general. Quartering of Coats began firfl: (as far as I have Quar- obferved) in Spain, in the Arms of Caftile and Leon, when thofe two kingdoms were conjoyned; which our King Edward the third next imitated when he quartered France and England (for I omit his mother, Queen Ifabel, who joyned in her feal Eng- land, France, Navarre and Champaine). He in this firft quartering varied, fometime placing France, tering. 244 ARMORIES. fometime England, in the firft quarter, whether to pleafe either nation, I know not. But at the laft he refolved to place France firft, whether as more honourable, or of which he held great and rich ter- ritories, let others determine. All Kings hitherto fucceeding have continued the fame. Yea, and when King Charles the fixth of France changed the femee P'lour-de-lys into three, our King Henry the fifth did the like, and fo it continueth. The firft of the nobility that quartered another Coat was Haftings, Earl of Pembroke, who quar- tered his own coat with that of Valence, of the houfe of Lufignian, in whofe right he had that Earldome. And fhortly after Matila, fifter and heir to Anthony, Lord Lucy, gave a great part of her lands to the heir male of the Lord Percy, her fecond hufband, conditionally that her Arms, being three Lucyes and Geules, mould be quartered always with Percyes Lyon Azure, rampant Or ; and hereupon Eic.ai was a fine leavied in the time of King Richard the ,,.'38. fecond. After thefe times every gentleman began to quarter the coat of the chief heir with whom his progenitour had matched, and often preferred that in the firft place, if fhe were honourable. But after that divers were marfhalled together for the honour ofOueen Elizabeth, wife to King Edward the fourth (who firft of all our Kings fince theConqueft married hisfubje6f.),fomanyin imitation did the like, which fo increafed, that now of late fome have packed fifty in one (hield. And this is to fhew their right; for it was objected againft Richard Duke of York, when he claimed the Crown as heir to Lionel, Duke of Clarence, that he did not bear the faid Duke's Arms ; Rot - but he anfwered thereunto that he might lawfully 39Henr. have done it, but forbare it for a time, as he did for making his claim to the Crown. ARMORIES. 245 For Augmentations, fome were of meer grace, f a "f ™ e:i " fome of merit. Richard the fecond, choofing Saint Edward theConfeflbr to be his Patron, empaled his Coat with the Arms of England, and of his meer grace granted toThomas, Duke of Surrey, to empale likewife the fame Saint Edward's Arms in a Border Ermine with his own, and to Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, the fame holy King's Arms in- tirely. Notwithstanding, Henry Howard, Earl of Pat. 9 Surry, lineally defcended from him, was attainted, among other pretences, for fo bearing the fame. The faid King Richard alfo granted* to his Favo- »Pat. 9 rite, Robert Vere, Earl of Oxford and Duke of Ire- J.' ?.' land, that he fhould bear during his life Azure 3. m '- Crowns Or within a border Argent. In like manner and refpeft, to omit many, King Henry the eighth granted to the family of Manours, now Earls of Rutland, the Flowr-de-Lys and Lyons, which he beareth in chief, for that they defcended from a filler of King Edward the fourth. He honoured his fecond wife, Queen Anne Bollen, with three Coats; his third^wife, Queen Jane, with one; Katherine Howard, his fifth wife, with two ; his laft wife, Katherine Par, with one, by way of Aug- mentation. For merit he granted* to Thomas Howard, • pat. 5 Duke of Norfolk, and his pofterity, for his vi&ory *;?; at Flodden field, wherein King James the Fourth m ,8 - of Scotland was flain, a demy Lion Geules, pierced through the mouth with an arrow, within a double treafure floured of the fame, in the midft of the bend of the Howards Arms. And about the fame time he rewardedSir John Clerk,ofBuckinghamfhire, who did take the Duke of Longvile at the battle of Spurs, with a Canton Azure, therein a demy Ram falient Argent, two Flowers-de-lys, Or in chief; 246 ARMORIES. over all a bafton trunked in the finifter point of his own Arms (as appeareth upon his Monument at Tame in Oxfordshire) for that no Chriftian may bear entirely the Arms of a Chriftian whom he taketh in war. In like manner Ferdinand, King of Spain, honoured Sir Henry Guilford with a Canton of Granado, and Charles the Fifth, Peter Read of Grimingham with a Canton of Barbary, for his fer- vice at Tunis. infco- An Infchocheon of Arms may have place amongft augmentations, which is the Arms of a Wife, being an Heir general, inferted in the center or middle of her Hufbands Coats after he hath ifTue by her, to manifeft the apparent right of her Inheritance, tranfmiffible to his and her Iffue. Otherwife, if fhe be not Heir, he may but only empale it with his own. Creafts, being the Ornaments fet on the eminent top of the Helm, and called Tymbres by the French, I know not why, were ufed anciently to terrifie the enemy, and therefore were ftrange devifes, or figures of terrible fhapes, as that monftrous horrible Chi- mera, out-breathing flames upon Turnus Helm in Virgil. "Galea alta Chimeram LWius. Suftinet ./Etneos efflantem naribus ignes." Of which fort many might be remembred, but when as Papirius faid of the Samnites Creafts, when he encouraged his Souldiers againft them, " Criftae vulnera non faciunt," milder were ufed, as the Corvus or Raven by the Family of Corvinus ; for that, while he fought againft his Enemy, a Raven pearched upon his Helm, and fo feconded him with his bee and fluttering wings, that he gained the vic- tory, whereupon he aflumed both his furname and his Creaft, as Silius Italicus thus remembreth : ARMORIES. 247 " Nomenque fuperbum Corvinus, Photbea ledct cui caflide fulva, Oftcntans ales proavitae iniignia pugnae." And by this Verfe of the fame Poet : " Caflide cornigera dependens infula." We learn that horns were in ufe upon Helmets for Creafts, and that a Riband depended from the Helm, as Mantles are painted now. The firft Chriftians ufed no other blazon in their fhield than the name of Chrift, and a crofs for their Creaft, whereupon Prudentius — " Clypeorum infignia Chriftus Scripferat, ardebat fummis mix addita criilis."" Many years were thefe Creafts arbitrary, taken up at every man's pleafure ; after, they began to be hereditary, and appropriated to Families, here in England firft, as I have hitherto obferved, about the time of King Edward the Second. Of what efteem Creafts were in the time of King Edward the Third may appear by Record in the 13. year of his reign, when the faid King gave an Eagle, which he him- felf had formerly born for a Creaft, to William Montacute, Earl of Salifbury; he alfo gave to him the Mannours of Woodton, Erome, Whitfield, Merfhwood, Worth and Pole (which came to his hand by the forfeiture of John Matravers), to the maintenance thereof. And the faid Earl regranted the faid Creaft to Lionel the King's Son, and his Godfon, with much honour. What careful confi- deration was then of Creafts may alfo appear by Record among the Patents* 17. of King Richard • Px the Second, who granted that, whereas Thomas Mowbray, Earl Marfhal and Nottingham, might lawfully bear a Leopard Or, with a Labell Argent about his neck, which might lawfully appertain to R. 1. p. 1. m 2. M-8 HISE SPEECHES. the King's Son and Heir, that he fhould in place ol that Labell hear a Crown Argent. More might be hereunto added of Helms, Creafts, Mantles, and Supporters, but for them and hich like I leave the reader to Edmond Bolton, who learnedly and judi- ciouflvhath difcovered the hrtr Elements of Armory, to Gerrard Leigh, John Feme, John Guillim Por- tifmouth, Purfivants of Arms, who have diligently laboured therein, and to others that have written, or will write hereafter in this Argument, leit I lhould feem to glean from the one, or prevent the other. 1 Grave Speeches and witty Apothegms of worthy Personages of this Realm in former times.'- "v^WENTY vears fince, while J. Bifhop If (whole memory for his Learning is dear %£) to me) and my (elf turned over all our Historians we could then find, for divers ends, we began to note apart the Apothegms or 1 For an enumeration of EngliSh writers on heraldry, both anterior and fubfequent to Camden, con Suit Moule's " Biblio- theca Heraldica." Since the publication of that work Several confiderable volumes have appeared, two of which may be Specified as containing all that is neceilary to be known of heraldry tor general purpoSes. My own *' CurioSities of He- raldry" (Svo. Lond. 1S45) gives the hiftoryof the Science and expounds its" philoSophy," while the " GloSSary of Heraldry " (Svo. Oxford, 1847) contains the belt elucidation of principles and technical terms. ' J One of the moSt interefting collections of anecdotes in any language. WISE SPEECHES. 249 Speeches (call them what ye will) of our Nation, which fince that time I have fo far increafed as our Countrey-writers (fpare in this point) have afforded; and here do offer them unto you. Albeit I do know they will lie open to the cenfure of the youth of our time, who, for the mofl part, are fo over-gulled with felf-liking, that they are more than giddy in admiring themfelves, and carping at whatfoever hath been done or faid heretofore. Neverthelefs, I hope that all are not of one humour, and doubt not but that there is diverfity of taffes, as was among Horace's guefts, fo that which feemeth unfavoury to one may feem dainty to another, and the moft witlefs fpeech that (hall be fet down will feem witty to fome. We know that whereas Dianaes Temple at Ephefus was burned that night that Alexander the Great cicer.de was born ; one faid, u It was no marvel, for fhe Deorum, was then abfent, as mother Midwife at fo great a p^ z ' rh child-birth." Tully doth commend this for a witty » Alex- conceit, and Plutarch condemneth it as a witlefs jeft. The like is to be looked for in thefe ; which neverthelefs, whatfoever they are in themfelves, or in other men's judgments, I commend them to fuch indifferent, courteous, modeft Readers, as do not think bafely of the former Ages, their Country, and Countrymen ; leaving the other to gather the preg- nant Apothegms of our time, which 1 know will find far more favour. And that I may fet them in order of time, I will begin with the ancient Britain Prince, called by the Romans Caratacus (happily in his own tongue Caradoc), who flourifhed in the parts now called Wales, about the fixtieth year after the birth of Chriff. Caratacus, a Britain who nine years withftood the Roman puiflance, was at length vanquifhed, and in triumphant manner, with his Wife, Daughters, 25° WISE SPEECHES. and Brethren, prefented to Claudius, the Emperour, in the view of the whole City of Rome ; but he, nothing appaled with this adverfity, delivered this Tacitus. Speech : " Had my moderation and carriage in profperity been anfwerable to my Nobility and Ef- tate, I might have come hither rather a friend than a captive ; neither would you have difdained to have entred amity with me, being nobly defcended and fovereign over many people. My prefent ftate, as it is reproachful to me, fo it is honourable to you : I had horfemen, munition and money ; what marvel is it if I were loth to lofe them ? If you will be fo- vereign over all, by confequence all muft ferve you; had 1 yielded at the firft, neither my power nor your glory had been renowned, and after my execution oblivion had enfued ; but if you fave my life, I fhall be for ever a prefident and proof of your clemency." This manly fpeech purchafed pardon for him and his, and the Senate affembled adjudged the taking of this poor Prince of Wales as glorious as the con- quering of Siphax, King of Numidia, by P. Scipio, or of Perfes, King of Macedonia, by L. Paulus. When this Caratacus, now enlarged, was carried about to fee the ftate and magnificence of Rome, " Why do you," faid he, " fo greedily defire our poor Cottages, when as you have fuch ftately and magnifical Palaces ?" [Zonarus.] In the time of Nero, when the Britains could no longer bear the injuftice wherewith the Romans, both here and elfewhere, grounded their greatnefs ; Bundica, called by fome Boadicia, Princefs then of the parts of Norfolk and Suffolk, exceedingly in- jured by them, animated the Britains to fhake oft" the Roman bondage, and concluded : " Let the Romans, which are no better than Hares and Foxes, underftand that they make a wrong match with WISE SPEECHES. 251 Wolfs and Grey-hounds:" And with that word, let an Hare out of her lap, as a fore-token of the Romans' fearfulnefs, but the fuccefs of the battel proved otherwife. [Xiphilinus.] Galgacus, a warlike Britain commanding in the North part of this Ifle, when he had encouraged his people with a long fpeech to withftand the Romans, ready to invade them, concluded emphatically with thefe words : " You are now come to the fhock, think of your Anceftours, think of your Pofterity ; " for the Britains before the arrival of the Romans enjoyed happy liberty, and now were in danger of moll heavy flavery. Severus the Emperour, an abfolute Lord of the moft part of this Ifle, when from mean eftate he had afcended to the higheft honour, was wont to fay : " 1 have been all, and am never the better." When he lay fick of the gout at York, and the fouldiers had faluted his fon there, by the name of Auguftus, as then Sovereign, he got him up, caufed the principal pradtifers of that facl: to be brought before him, and when they, proftrate, craved pardon, he, laying his hand upon his head, faid : " You fhall underftand that my head, and not my feet, doth govern the Empire;" and fhortly after ended his life in the City of York with thefe words : " I found the State troublefome everywhere, and I leave it quiet even to the Britains, and the Empire fure and firm to my Children, if they be good, but unfure and weak, if they be bad." A Prince he was, very in- duftrious, of marvellous difpatch, and fo inured in continual aclion, that at the laft gafp he faid, " And is there any thing for me to do now ?" While he ruled the world was fo loofe that three thoufand were indicted at Rome of adultery, at which time Julia the Emprefs blamed the Wife of Arge- ^5* WISE SPEECHES. tocox, a Northern Britain Lady, that the Britifh women did not according to womanhood carry themfelves, in accompanying with men (for then ten or twelve men had two or three Wives common among them). But (he, not ignorant of the Roman incontinency, replied: "We accompany indeed with the beft and braveft men openly, but moft vile and bafe companions do ufe you fecretly." [Xi- philinus.] At York alfo dyed Conftantinus Chlorus, the Emperour, who being not able to furnifh Dioclefian, his Confort in the Empire, with fuch a mafs of money as he required at that inftant, faid : " He thought it better for the Common-wealth that money would be in the hands of private men than fhut up in the Emperour's coffers ;" concurring with Tra- jane, who compared the treafure of the Prince unto the fpleen, that the greater it groweth the limbs are the lefler. [Eufebius.] His fon Conftantine, inverted in the Empire at York (and a Britain born, as all Writers confent, befide Nicephorus, who lived not long lince, and now Lipfius, deceived by the falfe printed Copy of Julius Firmicus),the nrft Emperourwhich advanced the faith of Chrift, followed the humility of Chrift, for he ufed to call the common people " His fellow- fervants and brethren of the Church of God." When a flattering Prieft (for in all Ages the Clerical will flatter, as well as the Laical) told him that his godlinefs and vertues juftly deferved to have in this world the Empire of the world, and in the world to come to reign with the Son of God, the humble Emperour cried, " Fie, fie, for fhame ! let me hear no more fuch unfeemly fpeeches : but rather fuppliantly pray unto my Almighty Maker, that in this life, and in the life to come, I may feem worthy to be his fervant." WISE SPEECHES. 253 When he fought by fevere Edi£ts to abolifh all Heathenifh fuperftition, and laboured by godly Laws to eftablifh the true Religion and Service ; yea, and unceflantly endeavoured to draw men unto the faith, perfwading, reproving, praying, intreating in time, out of time, publickly and privately, he one day faid merrily, yet truly, unto the Bifhop that he had bidden to a banquet, " As ye be Biihops within the Church, fo may I alfo feem to be a Bilhop out of the Church." He diffwading one from covetoufnefs, did with his lance draw out the length and breadth of a man's grave, faying, " This is all that thou fhalt have when thou art dead, if thou canft happily get fo much." He made a Law that no Chriftian fhould be bond- man to a Jew ; and if that any Jew did buy any Chriftian for his flave, he fhould be fined therefore, and the Chriftian enfranchifed ; adding this reafon, "that it ftood not with equity, that a Chriftian fhould be flave to the murtherers of Chrift." Ethelbert, King of Kent, was hardly induced to embrace Chriftian Religion at the perfwafion of Auguftine, fent to convert the EngSifh Nation; but at length, being perfwaded and defirous to be baptized, faid: "Let us come alfo to the King of Kings, and giver of Kingdoms ; it may redound to our {name that we, which are firft in authority, ihould come laft to Chriftianity. But I do befeech that true King that he would not refpecl the pre- cedence in time, but devotion of mind." [Jofceli- nus.] When Paulinus brought unto Edwin, King of Northumberland, the glad tidings of the falvation of mankind by Chrift, and preached the Gofpel unto the King and his Nobility zealoufly and eloquently, 25+ WISE SPEECHES. opening unto them the Myfteries of our Faith and Precepts of Chriftian Religion, one of the Lords thus fpake unto the King (but fome now haply will fmile at this Speech): "We may aptly compare man's ftate unto this little Robbin-Red-breaft that is now in this cold weather here in the warm cham- ber, chirping and finging merrily, and as long as fhe (hall remain here we mail fee and underftand how fhe doth ; but anon, when me fhall be flown hence abroad into the wide world, and fhall be forced to feel the bitter ftorms of hard Winter, we fhall not know what fhall become of her ; fo likewife we fee how men fare as long as they live among us, but after they be dead neither we nor our Religion have any knowledge what becomes of them ; where- fore I do think it wifdom to give ear unto this man, who feemeth to fhew us, not only what fhall become of us, but alfo how we may obtain everlafting life hereafter." [Beda.] When Rodoald, King of the Eaft Angles, being won with rewards, was fhamefully minded to have delivered unto Edelfride, the King of Northumber- land, the innocent Prince Edwin, who had fled unto him to be faved from the bloody hands of Edelfride, who had unlawfully bereft him of his Kingdom, his wife turned his intent by telling him that, " It ftood not with the high and facred ftate of a King to buy and fell the bodies of men, as it were a petty chapman ; or, that which is more difhonourable, flave-like to fell away his faith, a thing which he ought to hold more precious than all the gold and gems of the whole world, yea, and his own life." [Beda.] Ina, King of Weft Saxons, had three daughters, of whom, upon a time, he demanded whether they did love him, and fo would do during their lives, WISE SPEECHES. 255 above all others ; the two elder fware deeply they would ; the youngeft, but the wifeft, told her Father, without flattery, "That albeit (he did love, honour, and reverence him, and fo would whilft fhe lived, as much as nature and daughterly duty at the utter- moft could expecl, yet fhe did think that one day it would come to pafs that fhe fhould aftedt another more fervently," meaning her Hufband, "when fhe was married, who, being made one flefh with her, as God by commandement had told, and nature had taught her, fhe was to cleave faft to, forfaking Father and Mother, kiffe and kin." [Anonymus.] One referreth this to the Daughters of King Leir. 1 Imperious was that Speech of Theodore the Gre- cian, Archbifhop of Canterbury, in depriving a poor Englifh Bifhop, "Although we can charge you with nothing, yet that we will, we will," like to that, u Sic volo, fie jubeo, flat pro ratione voluntas.'' But humble was the Englifh Bifhop's reply ; " Paul ap- pealed from the Jews to Caefar, and I from you to Chriir." [Vitae S. Wilfredi.] The Reverend Bede, whom we may more eafily admire than fufficiently praife for his profound Learning in a moll barbarous Age, when he was in the pangs of death, faid to the ftanders by : "I have fo lived among you that I am not afhamed of my life; neither fear I to die, becaufe I have a molt 1 ' One^ William Shakefpeare, gent., Camden's greateft contemporary, but as yet unrecognized as the world's greateft genius. " Why have my fillers huibands, if they fay, They love you all ? Haply, when I fliall wed. That lord, whole hand muft take my plight, mail carry Half my love with him, half my care and duty: Sure I fliall never marry, like my lifters, To love my father all ! " — King Lear, acl i. fcene 1. 2 S 6 WISE SPEECHES. gracious Redeemer." He yielded up his life with this prayer for the Church : " O King of glory ! Lord of Holts ! which haft triumphantly afcended into Heaven, leave us not fatherlefs, but fend the promifed fpirit of thy truth amongft us." Some write that he went to Rome, and interpreted there " S. P. Q. R." in derifion of the Gothes fwarming to Rome, " Stultus Populus quaerit Romam ;" and that in his return he died at Genoa, where they {hew his Tomb. But certain it is that he was fent for to Rome by Sergius, the Pope, and more certain that he died at Weremouth, and from thence was trans- lated to Durham. And that I may incidently note that which I have heard, not many years fince a French Bifhop, returning out of Scotland, coming to the Church of Durham, and brought to the fhrine of Saint Cuthbert, kneeled down, and after his de- votions offered a Bauby, faying, " Sancle Cuth- berte, fi fan&us fis, ora pro me." But afterward, being brought unto the Tomb of Beda, faying like- wife his Orifons, offered there a French Crown, with this alteration, " San£te Beda, quia fanCtus es, ora pro me." Johannes Erigena, furnamed Scotus, a man re- nowned for Learning, fitting at the Table in refpect of his Learning with Charles the Bauld, Emperour and King of France, behaved himfelf as a flovenly Scholar, nothing courtly; whereupon the Emperour afked him merrily, "Quid intereft inter Scotum & Sotum " — " What is the difference between a Scot and a Sot ?" He merrily, but yet malapertiy an- fwered, "Menfa," "The Table," as though the Emperour were the Sot, and he the Scot. [Rog. Hovedenus.] And another time the Emperour did fet down un- to him a dim, with two fair great fifties and one WISE SPEECHES. 257 little one, willing him to be carver unto two other Scholars that fat beneath him. Then Mafter John, who was but a little man, layed the two great fifties upon his own trencher, and fet down the one little fifh unto the other two Scholars, who were big men. Which, when the Emperour faw, he fmiling faid : " In faith, Mafter John, you are no indifferent di- vider." " Yes, if it like your Highnefs, very indif- ferent," faid he; "for here," pointing to himfelf and the two great fifties, u be two great ones and a little one ; and fo yonder," reaching his hand to- wards the Scholars, "are two big ones and a little one." \_Idem.~] Winefridus, born at Kirton, in Devonftiire, after furnamed Boniface, who converted Freefeland to Chriftianity, was wont to fay : " In old time they were golden Prelats, and wooden Chalices, but in his time wooden Prelats, and golden Chalices." [Beatus Rhenanus, lib. 2. rerum Germanicarum.] Ethelwold, the Biftiop of Winchefter, in the time of King Edgar, in a great Famine fold away all the facred gold and filver veflels of all his Church, to relieve the hunger-ftarved poor people, faying, " That there was no reafon that the fenfelefs Tem- ples of God ftiould abound in Riches, and living Temples of the Holy Ghoft ftarve for hunger." When as Kinnad,King of Scots, a vaflal to King Eadgar of England, had faid at his Table, " That it flood not with the honour of the Princes of this Ifle to be fubje£l to that Dandiprat Eadgar," who was indeed but of fmall ftature, yet full of courage : He underftanding thereof, withdrew Kinnad pri- vately into a wood, as though he had to confer with him of fome important fecret; where he offered him the choice of two fwords, prepared for that purpofe, with thefe words : " Now we are alone, you may s 2S 8 WISE SPEECHES. try your manhood ; now may it appear who mould be fubjedr. to the other ; retire not one foot back ; it ftandeth not with the honour of Princes to brave it at the Table, and not to dare it in the field." But Kinnad, hereat difmayed, defired pardon by ex- cufe, and obtained it. [Malmefburienfis, pag. 33.] The fame King Eadgar, having brought into his fubje&ion the aforefaid Kinnad, King of Scots; Mal- colm, Kingof Cumberland; Maccuis, the Arch-pirate Lord of the Ifles, with Dufnall, Griffith, Howell, Jacob, Judethill, Princes of Wales, was rowed by them in triumphant manner in his Barge upon the River of Dee at Chefter, at which time it is reported he faid; " Then may my Succeflours, the Kings of England, glory when they (hall do the like." [Ma- rianus Scotus, Anno 973.] When Hinguar of Denmark came fo fuddainly upon Edmund, the King of the Eaft-Angles, that he was forced to feek his fafety by flight, he hap- pened unhappily on a Troup of Danes, who fell to examining of him, whether he knew where the King of the Eaft-Angles was, whom Edmund thus anfwered : " Even now, when I was in the Palace, he was there, and when I went from thence, he de- parted thence, and whether he fhall efcape your hands or no, only God knoweth." But fo foon as they once heard him name God, the godlefs Infidels pitifully martyred him." [Vita San£ti Edmundi.] When Brithwold, a Noble Saxon, marchingagainft the Danes encamped near Maldon, was invited by the Abbot of Ely to take his dinner with him, he refufing, anfwered : " He would not dine from his Companies, becaufe he could not fight without his Companies." [Liber Elienfis.] King Canutus, commonly called Knute, walking on the Sea-fands near to Southampton, was extolled WISE SPEECHES. 259 by fome of his flattering followers, and told that he was a King of Kings, the mightieft that reigned far and near ; that both Sea and Land were at his com- mand. But this fpeech did put the godly King in mind of the infinite power of God, by whom Kings have and enjoy their power, and thereupon he made this demonftration to refel their flattery: He took off" his cloak, and wrapping it round together, fate down upon it near to the Sea, that then began to flow, faying, " Sea, I command thee that thou touch not my feet : " But he had not fo foon fpoken the word but the furging wave dalhed him. He then, rifing up and going back, faid : " Ye fee now, my Lords, what good caufe you have to call me a King, that am not able by my commandement to ftay one wave. No mortal man doubtlefs is worthy of fuch an high name, no man hath fuch command, but one King which ruleth all. Let us honour him, let us call him King of all Kings, and Lord of all Nations: Let us not only confefs, but alfo profefs him to be Ruler of the Heavens, Sea, and Land." [Polydorus, and others.] When Edric, the extorter, was deprived by King Cnute of the Government of Mercia, he, impatient of the difgrace, told him he had deferved better, for that to pleafure him he had firft revolted from his Sovereign King Edmund, and alfo difpatched him. Whereat Cnute, all appalled, anfwered ; " And thou fhalt die for thy defert, when as thou art a Traitour to God and me, in killing thy King, and my confederate Brother; His blood be upon thy head, which haft layed hands upon the Lord's Anointed." Some report that he faid : " For his deferts he fhould be advanced abovealltheNobilityofEngland," which he immediately performed, advancing his head upon the Tower of London. [Florilegus. ] 2 6o WISE SPEECHES. King Edward the Confeflbur, one Afternoon lying in his bed with the Curtains drawn round about him, a poor pilfering Courtier came into his Cham- ber, where, rinding the King's Cafket open, which Hugoline, his Chamberlain, had forgotten to fhut, going forth to pay money in hafte, he took out fo much money as he could well carry, and went away. But infatiable defire brought him again, and fo the third time, when the King, who lay ftill all this while and would not feem to fee, began to fpeak to him, and bad him fpeedily be packing : tC For he was well if he could fee ; for if Hugoline came and took him there, he were not only like to lofe all that he had gotten, but alfo ftretch an halter." The fellow was no fooner gone, but Hugoline came in ; and finding the Cafket open, and much money taken away, was greatly moved. But the King willed him not to be grieved, " For," faid he, " he that hath it had more need of it than we have." This at that time was adjudged Chriftian lenity, but I think in our Age it will be accounted fimplicity in the worft fence. [Vita San£H Edwardi.] This Edward halted out of Normandy, whither his expelled Father, King Ethelred, had fled with him, with a great power to recover the Kingdom of England from the Danes, near unto whofe forces he was encamped, ready to give them battle. But when his Captains promifed him afiured victory, and that they would not leave one Dane alive, " God forbid," quoth Edward, " that the Kingdom mould be recovered for me, one man, by the death of fo many thoufand men : It is better that I do lead a private and unbloody life, than be a King by fuch butchery:" and therewithall brake up Camp, and retired into Normandy, where he ftayed until God fent opportunity to obtain the Kingdom with- out blood. [Paulus iEmilius.] WISE SPEECHES. 261 Harold, as he waited on the cup of the faid King Edward, chanced to (tumble with one foot, that he almoft killed the ground, but with the other leg he recovered himfelf, and faved the wine ; whereat his Father, Godwyn, Earl of Kent, who then dined with the King, fmiling faid : " Now one brother did help another." At this word, although fpoken proverbially, the King's blood began to rife, thinking how inamefully they had murdered his Brother Al- frede, and angerly anfwered : " And fo might my Brother have been a help to me if it had pleafed you." [Vita S. Edwardi.] The fame King Edward, pairing out of this life, commended his Wife to the Nobility, and faid, " That fhe had carried her felf as his Wife abroad, but as his Sifter or Daughter at home." Afterward, feeing fuch as were prefent weeping and lamenting for him, he faid : " If you loved me, you would forbear weeping, and rejoyce becaufe I go to my Father, with whom I mail receive the joys promifed to the faithful, not through my merits, but by the free mercy of my Saviour, which fheweth mercy on whom he pleafeth." [Eilredus Rivallenfis.] Sywarde, the martial Earl of Northumberland, feeling in his ficknefs that he drew towards his end, arofe out of his bed, and put on his Armour, fay- ing, " That it became not a valiant man to die lying like a beaft : " and fo he gave up the Ghoft ftanding. As valiantly, both fpoken and performed, as it was by Vefpafian. When the faid Syward underftood that his fon, whom he had fent in fervice againft the Scottifh men, was {lain, he demanded whether his wound were in the forepart or hinder part of his body ; when it was anfwered, in the fore part, he replied : " I am right glad, neither wifh any other death to me or mine." [Hen. Huntingdon.] 262 WISE SPEECHES. In this Age, when a Bifhop living loofely was charged that his converfation was not according to the Apofrles' lives, he made a mock at it, and ex- cufed himfelf with this Verfe, which was after taken up for a common excufe in that behalf: "Nunc aliud tempus, alii pro tempore mores." [Anonymus.~\ When the fatal period of the Saxon Empire was now complete, and battels were marfhalled between William, Duke of Normandy and Harold, King of England, Girthe, Harold's younger Brother, not holding it beft to hazard the Kingdom of England at one caft, fignifled to the King that the fuccefs of war was doubtful, that victory was fwayed rather by fortune than by valour, that advifed delay was mod important in Martial affairs, " And if fo be, Bro- ther," faid he, " you have plighted your faith to the Duke, retire your felf, for no force can ferve againft a man's own confcience •, God will revenge the violation of an oath : You may referve your felf to give them a new encounter, which will be more to their terrour : As for me, if you will commit the charge to me, I will perform both the part of a kind Brother, and a couragious Leader. For being clear in confcience, I (hall fell my life or difcomfit your enemy with more felicity." But the King, not liking his fpeech, anfwered : " I will never turn my back with difhonour to the Norman, neither can I in any fort digeft the reproach of a bafe mind." " Well then, be it fo," faid fome difcontented of the company, " let him bear the brunt that hath given the occafion." [Anonymus.] William Conquerour,when he invaded this Ifland, chanced at his arrival to be gravelled, and one of his feet ftuck fo faft in the fand that he fell to the ground. Wherewithal one of his attendants caught WISE SPEECHES. 263 him by the arm, and helped him up, faying : " Stand up, my liege Lord, and be of good chear, for now you have taken faft footing in England ; " and then, efpying that he brought up fand and earth in his hand, added : " Yea, and you have taken livery and feifin of the Countrey." For you know that in de- livering of livery and feifin a piece of the earth is taken. [Hift. Normanica.] 1 A Wizard (or a Wife man, as they then called them) had foretold William that he mould fafely arrive in England with his whole Army, without any impeachment of Harold ; the which, after it came to pafs, the King fent for the Wizard to confer further with him. But when it was told him that he was drowned in that fhip which only of all the whole fleet mifcarried, the Conquerour faid : " He would never make account of that fcience that pro- fited more the ignorant than the fkilful therein, for he could fore-fee my good fortune, but not his own mifhap." That morning that he was to joyn battel with Harold, his Armorer put on his back-piece before, and his breaft-plate behind; the which being efpied by fome that flood by, was taken among them for an ill token, and therefore advifed him not to fight that day ; to whom the Duke anfwered : " 1 force not of fuch fooleries, but if I have any fkill in Southfaying (as in footh I have none), it doth prog- nosticate that I fhall change Copy from a Duke to a King." [Idem.^f Magick, in the time of Nero, was difcovered to be but a vanity; in the declining ftate of the Roman Empire accounted by the Gentiles a verity ; in the 1 See alio " Chronicle ot Battel Abbey," Lond. 1851, p. z. 2 Ibid. p. 3. 264. WISE SPEECHES. time of Hildebrand (if we believe Authors) fo ap- proved, that it was commonly praclifed. For as in the time of Valens divers curious men (as hath been faid) by the falling of a ring Magically prepared upon the letters 0EOA, judged that one Theodorus fhould fucceed in the Empire, when indeed Theo- dofius did. So when Hildebrand was Pope, by like curiofities it was found that Odo mould fucceed. Whereupon Odo, Earl of Kent and Bifhop of Ba- yeux, brother to King William the Conquerour, devoured the Papacy in hope, fent money, his per- fwading meffenger, to Rome, purchafed a palace there, and prepared thitherward ; when King Wil- liam, for his prefumption, and other his mifdemea- nours, ftayed him, and committed him, faying : "Offenfive fool-hardinefs muft be timely reftrained." [Liber Cadomenfis.] When the fame Odo, who was both Bifhop of Ba- yeux in Normandy, and Earl of Kent, in former time had fo difloyally carried himfelf againft King William the Conquerour that he complained of him to his Lords. Lanfranc, Arch-bifhop of Canterbury, ad- vifed the King to commit him. " But what fay you," quoth the King, " when as he is a Clergyman?" " You may not," faid he, " commit the Bifhop of Bayeux, but you may well commit the Earl of Kent." [W„ Malmfbur.] Like unto this was that diftinction of Piramus, Secretary to Charles the fifth in late years, when Pope Julius the fecond did com- bine with the French King againft the Emperour, of the Pope's honefty, and Julius's difhonefty, fay- ing, that the Pope was an honeft man, but Julius a very Kn. This King William, by reafon of ficknefs, kept his chamber a long time, whereat the French King fcoffing, faid : " The King of England lyeth long in WISE SPEECHES. 265 child-bed." Which, when it was reported unto King William, he anfwered ; " When I am Churched there (hall be a thoufand lights in France " (al- luding to the lights that women ufed to bear when they were Churched), and that he performed within few days after, wafting the French frontiers with fire and fword. The fame King, at the time of his death, faid : " I appoint no fucceffour in the Kingdom of Eng- land, but I commend it to the eternal God, whofe I am, and in whofe hands all things are:" haply remembring thatof the Monk before fpecified,pag. 5. [W. Malmibur.] This King, perceiving his own defects in fome points for want of learning, did exhort his children oftentimes to learning with this faying, " An un- learned Prince is a crowned Afs:" Which fpeech took fo great impreffion in his fon Henry that he obtained by ftudy and learning the furname of Beau- clarke, or fine Scholar. [Annales Ecclefiae Cant. & Malmefburienfis.] William Rufus loved well to keep vacant Bi- fhopricks and Abbies in his hands, faying : " Chrift's bread is fweet, dainty, and moft delicate for Kings." But although this King made moft commonly, as it were, port fale of the Spiritual livings, yet when two Monks were at dropvied 1 Bezantines (the cur- rant gold of that age) before him for an Abbey, he efpied a third Monk of their company ftanding in a Corner, whom the King afked what he would give to be Abbot ? " Not one farthing," faid he, " for I renounced the world and riches, that I might ferve God more fincerely." " Then," faid the King, " thou art moft worthy to be made Abbot, and thou fhalt have it." [Liber Cantuar.] 1 " Drop-vie," a gambling term, to hazard. 266 WISE SPEECHES. When news was brought him that the French King had befieged the City of Conftances, in Nor- mandy, he pofted with a few to the Sea-coaft to take fhip. But becaufe the wind blew very ftrong from the South, the Sailers fignified that it was very dangerous for him to take Sea ; but the King re- plyed, " Hoife up fails in God's name, for I have not heard of a King drowned by tempeft : You fhall fee both wind and weather ferviceable to us." Anfwerable to that of Julius Caefar, which inforced a poor Pilot in the like cafe to launch forth, and in the rage of the ftorm comforted him with laying, Ccefarem iff Cajarls fortunam vebis. And as couragioufly was that of Charles the Fifth, who in the battle of Tunis, when he was advifed by the Marquefs of Guaffo to retire his Perfon when the great Ordnance began to play, faid : " Marquefs, thou never heardft that an Emperour was flain with a great fhot." I will here prefent you with another Speech (or call it what you will) of the fame King William Rufus, out of the good and Hiftorical Poet Robert of Glocefter, that you may compare a Prince's pride in that Age with our private pride, and that our firft fineft Poets may fmile at the Verfes of that time, as fucceeding Ages, after fome hundred years will haply fmile at theirs : " As his Chamberlain him brought, as he rofe on a day, A morrow for to wear, a pair of hofe of Say : He afked what they coftned, three millings, he feid, Fie a Dibles, quoth the King, who fey fo vile a deed ? King to wear fo vile a cloth, but it coftned more, Buy a pair for a marlce, or thou (halt ha cory fore. A worfe pair enough, the other fwith him brought, And faid they coftned a marke, and unneth he them fo bought : Aye, bel-amy, quoth the King, thefe were well bought, In this manner lerve me, other ne ferve me not/' WISE SPEECHES. 267 Hitherto alfo may be referred that of this King William, who the morning before he was flain with an arrow in hunting, told his company he dreamed the laft night before that an extreme cold wind parted through his fides ; whereupon fome diflwaded him to hunt that day ; but he refolved to the contrary, anfwering, tC They are no good Chrif- tians that regard dreams." But he found the dream too true, being fhot through the fide by Walter Tirell. [Fragmentum antiquae hiftoriae Franc, a P. Pithaeo editum."] Of Henry the firft I have read no memorable fpeech, but what I have read I will report. He was by common voice of the people commended for his wifdom, eloquence and victories ; difpraifed for co- vetoufnefs, cruelty and lechery (of which he left proof by his fixteen Baftards). But it feemeth that his juftice was deemed by the common people to be cruelty, for the learned of that age furnamed him the " Lyon of Juftice." [Huntingd. Polycraticon, Gemeticenfis.] It was the cuftom of the Court in the time of King Henry the firft that Books, Bills, and Letters fhouid be drawn and figned for fervitors in the Court, concerning their own matters, without fee. But at this time Turftane, the King's fteward, or Le Defpencer, as they then called him, from whom the family of the L. Spencers came, exhibited to the King a complaint againft Adam of Yarmouth, Clerk of the Signet, for that he refufed to fign without fee a Bill pafled for him. The King firft heard Turftane, commending the old cuftome at large, and charging the Clerk for exacting fomewhat con- trary thereunto for parting his Book. Then the Clerk was heard, who briefly faid, " I received the Book, and fent unto your fteward, defiring him only los, ^68 WISE SPEECHES. to beftow on me two fpice Cakes, made for your own mouth, who returned anfwer, He would not, and thereupon I denied to feal his Book." The King greatly difliked the fteward for returning that ne- caftd- gative, and forthwith made Adam fit down upon the bench, with the feal and Turftane's Book before him, but compelled the fteward to put off his Cloak, to fetch two of the beft fpice Cakes for the King's own mouth, to bring them in a fair white Napkin, and with low courtefie to prefent them to Adam the Clerk ; which being accordingly performed, the King commanded Adam to feal and deliver him his Book, and made them friends, adding this fpeech, " Officers of the Court muft gratifie, and mew a call of their office, not only one to another, but alfo to all ftrangers, whenfoever need mail require." [Gualterus Mapes, De nugis Curialium]. There was allowed a pottle of wine for livery every night to be ferved up to King Henry the firft's chamber, but becaufe the King did feldom or never ufe to drink in the night, Paine Fitz-John, his Chamberlain, and the Pages of the Chamber did carowfe the wine among them. On a time it hap- pened the King at midnight called for wine, but none was to be found; Paine and the Pages beftirred them- felves in vain, feeking wine here and there. Paine was called in to the King, who aflced him if there were not allowance for livery? he humbly anfwered, That there was a pottle allowed every night, but for that he never called for it (to fay the truth in hope of Pardon) we drunk it up amongft us. "Then," quoth the King, " have you but one pottle every night ? That is too fhort for me and you ; from henceforth there mall be a whole gallon allowed, whereof the one pottle fhall be for me, the other for you and yours." This I note, not for any gravity, WISE SPEECHES. 269 but that the King in that age was commended herein both for bounty and clemency. [Gaulterus Mapes.] Queen Maud, wife to King Henry the firft of England, and daughter to Malcolm Canmore, King of Scotland, was fo devoutly religious, that fhe would go to Church barefoot, and always exercife her felf in works of charity, infomuch that when David her brother came out of Scotland to vifit her, he found her in her privy chamber with a towel about her middle, warning, wiping, and luffing poor people's feet, which he difliking, faid, " Verily, if the King your hufband knew this, you mould never kifs his lips." She replyed, "That the feet of the King of Heaven are to be preferred before the lips of a King in earth." [Guil. Malmes. & Matth. Paris.] Simon, Dean of Lincoln, who for his Court- like carriage was called to Court, and became a fa- vorite of this King Henry, was wont to fay : " I am caft among Courtiers, as fait among quick Eeles," for that he falted, powdred, and made them ftir with his fait and fharp quipping fpeeches. But what faith the Authour, who reporteth this of him? " The fait loft his feafon by the moifture of the Eeles, and was caft out on the dunghil," for he, incurring hatred in Court, " was difgraced, committed, and at laft baniihed." [Henr. Huntingdon in Epiftola.] When the Scots in the time of King Stephen, with a great army invaded England, the Northern people brought to the field the Earl of Albemarle, the only refpecled heir of thofe parts, in his cradle, and placed him by the Standard, hoping thereby to animate the people. But Ralph, Bifhop of Durefme, animated them more with this faying, " A fibre your felves that this multitude, not trained by difcipline, will be cumberfome to it felf in good fuccefs, and in 270 WISE SPEECHES. diftrefs eafily difcomforted." Which proved ac- cordingly, for many Scottifhmen left their carcafes in the field. [Hiftoriola de Standardo.] Maud the Emprefs, daughter and heir of this King Henry the firft, which ftiled her felf Lady of the Englifhmen, would often fay to her fon King Henry the Second: "Be hafty in nothing, hawks are made more ferviceable when ye make fair fhews of offering meat often, and yet with-hold it the longer." [Gualterius MapesJ. Other Maximes of her, In arte Regnandi, proceeding from a niggifh old wife, I wittingly omit as unbefitting a Prince. Robert, Earl of Gloucefter, bafe fon to King Henry the firft, the only martial man of England in his age, ufed Stephen Beauchampe with all grace and countenance, as his only favourite and privado, to the great diflike of all his followers. Where- upon, when he was diftreffed in a conflict, he called to fome of his company for help, but one bitterly bade him '* Call now to your Stephen.'' " Pardon me, pardon me," replyeth the Earl, " in matters of venery I muft ufe my Stephen, but in Martial af- fairs I relye wholly upon you.'' [Gaulter Mapes, De Nugis Curialium.] Henry the Second caufed his eldeft Son Henry to be crowned King, and that day ferved him at the Table. Whereupon the Arch-bifhop of York faid unto the young King, " Your Majefty may rejoice, for there is never a Prince in the world that hath this day fuch a waiter at his Table as you have." " Wonder you fo much at that, my Lord," faid the young King, " and doth my father think it an abafe- ment for him, being defcended of royal blood only by his mother, to ferve me at the Table, that have both a King to my father, and a Queen to my mother ?" Which proud fpeech, when the unfortunate father WISE SPEECHES. 271 heard, he rounded the Arch-bifhop in the ear, and faid : " I repent me, I repent me of nothing more than of untimely advancements." [Anonymus.] Wimund, Biihopof the Ifle of Man, in the time of King Stephen, a martial Prelate (as many were in that age), after he had with many an inrode an- noyed the Scots, fome Englifh procured by them fuddainly apprehended him, put out his eyes; and gelded him, as my Authour faith, for the Peace of the Kingdom, not for the Kingdom of Heaven. Who, after retiring himfelf to the Abbey of Biland in York-fhire, would often couragioufly fay, " Had I but a fparrow's eye, my enemies mould never carry it away fcot-free." [Nubrigenfis.] When King Henry the Second was at S. David's, in Wales, and from the cliffs there in a clear day difcovered the coaft of Ireland, that moft mighty Monarch of this Realm faid : " I with my fhips am able to make a bridge thither, if it be no further : " which fpeech of his being related to Murchard, King of Lemfter, in Ireland, he demanded if he added not to his fpeech "with the grace of God?" When it was anfwered that he made no mention of God, then faid he more chearfully, " I fear him lefs which trufteth more to himfelf than to the help of God." [Giraldus Cambrenfis.] Owen of Keveliac, Prince of Powis, admitted to the table of King Henry the fecond at Shrewsbury, the King, the more to grace him, reached him one of his own loaves, which he, cutting in fmall pieces and fetting them as far off as he could reach, did eat very leifurely. When the King demanded what he meant thereby, he anfwered, " I do as you my Sove- reign ;" meaning that the King in like manner took the fruition of offices and fpiritual preferments as long as he might. [Giraldus.] z 7 a WISE SPEECHES. The fame King Henry, returning out of Ireland, arrived at St. David's, in Wales, where it was fig- nified unto him that the Conquerour of Ireland, re- turning that way, fhould die upon a ftone called Lech-laver, near the Church-yard : whereupon in a great prefence he palled over it, and then, reproving the Welfh Britain's credulity in Merlin's Prophecies, faid : " Now who will hereafter credit that liar Merlin?" [Giraldus.] Gilbert Foliot, Bifhop of London, diflikingThomas Becket, Archbifhop of Canterbury, would fay often- times, Ad Zacbceum non divertijjet Dominus, nifi de ficomoro jam dejcendijfet : "That Zacheus had never entertained and lodged Chrift, unlefs he had come down from the fig-tree;" as though Chrift could never like the lofty, until they would humiliate themfelves, and come down. [Anonymus MS.] The fame King would often fay, " The whole world is little enough for a great Prince." [Girald. in Diftina.] In the time of this Henry the fecond, the See of Lincoln was fo long void, as a certain Convert of Tame prophefied that there would be no more Bi- fhops of Lincoln. But he proved a truthlefs Pro- phet, for Geffrey, the King's bafe fon, was preferred after fixteen years' vacancy thereunto, but fo fit a man, as one faid of him, " That he was fkilful in fleecing, but unfkilful in feeding." [Vita Epifco- porum Eboracenfium.] This gallant bafe Bifhop would in his protefta- tions and oaths always protelt, " By my faith, and the King my father." But Walter Mapes, the King's chaplain, told him, " You might do as well to remember fometimes your mother's honefty, as to mention fo often your father's royalty." [Mapes, De Nugis Curialium.] This Bifhop Geffrey, in all WISE SPEECHES. 273 his inftruments patting from him, ufed the ftile of " G. Archiepifcopus Eborum ;" but in the circum- ference of his Seal, to notifie his royal parentage, " Sigillum Galfredi filii Regis Anglorum," as I ob- ferved in his Seals. Savage, a Gentleman, which among the firft En- glifli had planted himfelf in Ulfter, in Ireland, ad- vifed his fon for to build a Caftle for his better de- fence againft the Irifh Enemy, who valiantly an- fwered, " That he would not truft to a Caftle of ftones, but to his Caftle of bones," Meaning his body. [Marlebrigenlis.] Robert Blanchmains, Earl of Leicefter, was wont to fay, " Sovereign Princes are the true Types or refemblances of God's true Majefty," in which re- fpecl, faith mine Authour, Treafon againft the Prince's Perfon was called Crimen Majejlath. [Po- lycraticon.] Pope Adrian the Fourth, an Englishman born, of the Family of Breakfpear, in Middlefex, a man com- mended for converting Norway to Chriftianity be- fore his Papacy, but noted in his Papacy for ufing the Emperour Frederick the Second as his Page in holding his ftirrop, demanded of John of Sarif- bury, his Countreyman, what opinion the World had of the Church of Rome and of him ; who an- fwered : " The Church of Rome, which fhould be a Mother, is now a Step mother, wherein fit both Scribes and Pharifees ; and as for yourfelf, when as you are a Father, why do you expect penfions from your Children?" &c. Adrian fmiled, and after fome excufes told him this Tale, which, albeit it may feem long, and is not unlike that of Menenius Agrippa in the Roman Hiftory, yet give it the reading, and happily you may learn fomewhat by it. " All the members of the body confpired againft the T 274 WISE SPEECHES. ftomach, as againft the fwallowing gulf of all their labours ; for whereas the eyes beheld, the ears heard, the hands laboured, the feet travelled, the tongue fpake, and all parts performed their functions, only the ftomach lay idle and confumed all : Hereupon they joyntly agreed all to forbear their labours, and to pine away their lazy and publick enemy. One day palled over, the fecond followed very tedious, but the third day was fo grievous to them all, that they called a common Council. The eyes waxed dim, the feet could not fupport the body, the arms waxed lazy, the tongue faltered, and could not lay open the matter, therefore they all with one ac- cord defired the advice of the Heart. Their reafon laid open before them, that he againft whom they had proclaimed wars was the caufe of all this their mifery ; for he, as their common fteward, when his allowances were withdrawn, of neceffity with- drew theirs from them, as not receiving that he might allow. Therefore it were a far better courfe to fupply him than that the limbs mould faint with hunger. So, by the perfwafion of Reafon, the fto- mach was ferved, the limbs comforted, and peace re-eftablilhed. Even fo it fareth with the bodies of Commonwealths ; for albeit the Princes gather much, yet not fo much for themfelves as for others, fo that if they want they cannot fupply the want of others ; therefore do not repine at Princes herein, but refpecSl the common good of the whole publick eftate." [Idem ] Oftentimes would he fay, "All his preferments never added any one jot to his happinefs or quiet- nefs." [Idem.] He alfo (that I may omit other of his Speeches) would fay : " The Lord hath dilated me by ham- mering me upon the anvile ; but I befeech him he WISE SPEECHES. 275 would underlay his hand to the unfupportable bur- then which he hath laid upon me." [Idem.~\ When it was figniried unto King Richard the Firft, Son to the forefaid King Henry, fitting at Supper in his Palace at Weftminfter (which we call the old Palace now), that the French Kingbefieged his Town of Vernoil, in Normandy, he in greatnefs of courage protefted in thefe words ; " I will never turn my back until I have confronted the French." For performance of which his Princely word, he caufed the wall in his Palace at Weftminfter to be broken down directly towards the South, ported to the coaft, and immediately into Normandy, where the very report of his fuddain arrival fo terrified the French that they raifed the fiege and retired them- felves. [Ypodigma.] The fame King Richard, purpofingan expedition into the holy Land, made money at all hands ; and among other things fold unto Hugh Pudfey, Bifhop of Durham, the Earldom of Northumberland, mer- rily laughing when he inverted him, and faying ; " Am not I cunning, and my Craft's-mafter, that can make a young Earl of an old Bifhop?" But this Prelate was fit to be an Earl, for the world (as one of that Age laid of him) " was not crucifixus to him, but infixus in him." [Lib. Dunelm.] One Fulke, a Frenchman of great opinion for his Holinefs, told this King Richard that he kept with him three Daughters that would procure him the wrath of God if he did not fhortlv rid himfelf of them. " Why, Hypocrite," quoth the King, " all the world knoweth that I never had child." " Yea," faid Fulke, " you have, as I faid, three ; and their names are Pride, Covetoufnefs and Lechery." " Is it fo ?" faid the King, " you fhall fee me prefently beftow them : the Knights Tern- 27 6 WISE SPEECHES. plars fhall have Pride ; the white Monks Covetouf- nefs, and the Clergy Lechery ; and there have you my three daughters beftowed among you." When there was a fair opportunity offered unto this King Richard, and to Hugh, Duke of Burgundy, for the furprife of Jerufalem, they marched forward in two battels from Acres. The King of England led the firft, the Duke of Burgundy the other j when they approached, the Duke of Burgundy, en- vying the glory of the Englifh, fignified to the King of England that he would retire with his Company, becaufe it fhould not be faid that the Englifh had taken Jerufalem. While this meflage was de- livering, and the King grieving that fo glorious an enterprife was fo overthwarted by envy, one amongft the Englifh Companies cried aloud to the King, and faid, " Sir, Sir, come hither, and I will fhew you Jerufalem." But King Richard caft Irs Coat of Arms before his face, and weeping uttered thefe words with a loud voyce : "Ah! my Lord God, I befeech thee that I may not fee thy holy City Je- rufalem, when as I am not able to deliver it out of the hands of the enemies." [Jan Sire de Jonville, in the life of Saint Lewes, cap. 70.] This Authour alfo giveth this teftimony of the faid King in the eighth Chapter of the faid Book : " This Prince was of iuch prowefs, that he was more feared and redoubted amongft the Sarazens than ever was any Prince Chriftian. Infomuch that when as their little Infants began to cry, their mother would fay, to make them hold their peace, c King Richard cometh, and will have you;' and immediately the little children, hearing him named, would forbear crying:" and likewife the Turks and Sarazens, when their Horfes at any time ftarted, they would put fpur to them and fay, " What, you jades, you think King Richard is here?" WISE SPEECHES. 277 When the fame King Richard had fortunately taken in a fkirmifh Philip, the Martial Bifhop of Beavoys, a deadly enemy of his, he caff him in Prifon with bolts upon his heels, which being com- plained of unto the Pope, he wrote earneftly unto him not to detain his dear Son, an Ecclefiaftical perfon, and a Shepheard of the Lord's, but to fend him back unto his flock. Whereupon the King fent unto the Pope the Armour that he was taken in, and willed his AmbafTadour to ufe the words of Jacob's Sons unto their Father, when they had fold away their Brother Jofeph, " Hanc invenimus, vide utrum tunica filii tui fit, an non. This we found ; fee whether it be the Coat of thy fon,or no." " Nay," quoth the Pope, " it is not the Coat of my fon, nor of my brother, but fome imp of Mars, and let him procure his delivery if he will, for I will be no mean for him." When the French King and King Richard the Firft began to parly of peace, his Brother John, who had falfly and unnaturally revolted unto the French King, fearing himfelf, came in of his own accord, and fuppliantly befought Richard, Brotherly to par- don his manifold offences, that he had unbrotherly committed againft him ; he rehearfed the ftraight League of brotherly piety ; he recounted the many merits of his Brother ; he bewailed with tears that hitherto he had been unmindful of them, as an un- natural and unthankful Perfon. Finally, that he doth live, and fhall live, he doth acknowledge that he hath received it at his hands. The King being mollified with this humble fubmiiTion, faid : " God grant that I may as eafily forget your offences as you may remember wherein you have offended." In the woful Wars with the Barons, when King John was viewing of the Caftle of Rochefter, held 278 WISE SPEECHES. againft him by the Earl of Arundel, he was efpied by a very good Arcubalifter, who told the Earl thereof, and faid that he would foon difpatch the cruel Tyrant if he would but fay the word. " God forbid, vile Variet," quoth the Earl, u that we mould procure the death of theholyone of God." "What," faid the Souldier, " he would not fpare you if he had you at the Jike advantage." " No matter for that," quoth the Earl, "God's good will be done, and he will difpofe thereof, and not the King." [Matth. Paris]. When one about him fhewed where a Noble man that had rebellioufly born arms againft him lay very honourably intombed, and advifed the King to de- face the Monument, he faid, " No, no, but I would all the reft of mine enemies were as honourably buried." [Idem']. When divers Greeks came hither, and offered to prove that there were certain errours in the Church of England at that time, he rejected them, faying, " I will not fuffer our faith eftablifhed to be called in queftion with doubtful difputations." [Fragm. antiquum editum a P. Pithaeo], Yet when the faid King John faw a fat Buck haunched, he faid profanely to the ftanders by, " See how fair and fat this Buck is, and yet he never heard Mafs all his life long." But this may be forged to his difgrace by the envious. [Matth. Paris']. In a folemn Conference between King Henry the Third of England and Saint Lewes, King of France, the only devout Kings of that Age, when the French King faid, He had rather hear fermons than hearMaffes, our King replied, which fome will fmile at now (but according to the Learning of that time), That he had rather fee his loving friend (meaning the real prefence of Chrift in the Sacra- WISE SPEECHES. 279 ment) than to hear never fo much good of him by others in Sermons. This I note, becaufe it was then thought facetious, which I doubt not but fome will now condemn as fuperftitious. [Guil. Rifhanger]. Peclcham, that Optical Archbifhop of Canter- bury, who wrote " Perfpe£tiva Communis," when Pope Gregory the Tenth, who had created him Archbifhop, commanded him to pay four thoufand marks within four months, under pain of Excom- munication, he, that came unto the See then deeply indebted, faid : " Behold, you have created me j and as a Creature doth defire to be perfected by his Creatour, fo I do in my oppreffions flie unto your Holinefs to be recreated." [Archiep. Cantuar]. Sewal, Archbifhop of York, much aggrieved with fome practices of the Pope's Collectors in England, took all patiently, and faid: " I will not with Cham difcover the nakednefs of my Father, but cover and conceal it with Sem." As Conftantine the Great faid that he would cover the faults of Bifhops and Fathers of the Church with his Imperial Robe. [Matth. Paris.] Pope Innocentius the Fourth, when he offered the Kingdom of Sicil and Naples to Richard, Earl Cornewall, with many impoffible conditions, " You might as well," faid the Earl's Agent at Rome, " fay to my Lord and Mafter, I fell or give you the Moon, climb up, catch it, and take it." [Anonymus qui incipit, Rex Piclorum.] Alexander, SuccefTour to Innocentius, fent unto the faid Earl Richard to borrow a great mafs of money ; but the Earl anfwered, " I will not lend to my Superiour, upon whom I cannot diftrain for the Debts." This Richard is reported, by the faid Author, to have had fo great Treafure that he was able to difpend for ten years an hundred marks a 2S0 WISE SPEECHES. day, which, according to the Standard of that time, was no fmall fumm. \Idem\i In the Reign of King Henry, a Bifhop of London ftoutly withftood the Pope's Nuncio, that would have levied exactions of the Clergy : Whereupon the Nuncio complained unto the King, who fhortly menaced the Bifhop, and told him he would caufe the Pope to pluck his Peacock's tail : but the Bifhop boldly anfwered the King, that the Pope and he, being too ftrong for him, might bereave him of his Bifhoprick by might, but never by right ; and that although they took away his Mitre, yet they would leave him his Helmet. [Lib. Cantuar]. Wicked rather than witty is that of a Dean, High Treafurer of England, that had demeaned himfelf fo well in his Office that when he died he made this wicked Will: " 1 bequeath all my Goods and PofTeffions unto my Liege Lord the King, my Body to the Earth, and my Soul to the Devil." \_Idem.~\ l When Edward the Firft heard of the death of his only Son, he took it grievoufly as a Father, but patiently as a wife man. But when he underftood fhortly after of the departure of his Father, King Henry the Third, he was wholly dejected and com- fortlefs ; whereat, when Charles King of Sicily, 1 This reminds us of the fpeech of Henry II. to the breth- ren of a certain monarlery who had applied to the monarch for leave to bury the body of Alan de Neville, the king's forefter, in their church, hoping by this means to acquire fome of his lands : — " You may have, if fo you pleafe, The carcafe of Alan de Neville ; But his lubftance I fhall feize, And his foul may go to the D — !" — Chron. of Battel Abbey, p. 124. WISE SPEECHES. 281 with whom he then fojourned in his return from the Holy Land, greatly marvelled, He fatisfied him with this, *' God may fend more Sons, but the death of a Father is irrecoverable." [Walfingham]. This is that King Edward the Firft who, as in lineaments of body he furpafled all his people, being, like Saul, higher than any of them, fo in prudence conjoyned with valour and induftry he excelled all our Princes, giving thereby fure anchor-hold to the Government of this Realm, waving up and down before moft uncertainly. Which he effedted not fo much bv eftablifhing good Laws, as by giving life unto his Laws, by due execution. And as my Authour faith, " Judices potiffimum judicans quos conftituit judices aliorum." Who addeth alfo this of him : " Nemo in confiliis illo argutior, in eloquio torrentior, in periculis fecurior, in profperis cautior, in adverfis conftantior." [Commendatio lamenta- biiis in tranfitu Regis Edw. primi.] Whereas the Kings of England before his time ufed to wear their Crown upon all folemn Feaft- dayes, he firft omitted that cuftom, faying merrily : " That Crowns do rather onerate than honour Princes." [Idem traciatus\\ When a fimple religious man, feeing him meanly attired, wondring thereat, afked him why he, being fo potent a Prince, ware fo fimple a fute, he an- fwered, " Father, Father, you know how God re- gardeth Garments : What can I do more in Royal Robes than in this my Gabberdine ?" [Idem.] When the Clergy, pretending a difcharge by a Canon, lately made at the Council held at Lyons in France, would contribute nothing to the tempo- ral neceflities of King Edward, he laid unto them in Parliament, " Seeing you do refufe to help me, I will alfo refufe to help you, &c. If you deny to pay 282 WISE SPEECHES. tribute to me as unto your Prince, I will refufe to protect you as my Subjedts ; and therefore, if you be fpoyled, robbed, maimed, and murthered, feek for no fuccour nor defence of me or mine." The Pope fent an Injunction unto the fame Ed- ward, the which was delivered unto him in one of his Journeys againft the Fautours of John Baliol King of Scotland ; the tenour of it was that he fhould furceafe to difquiet the Scots, which were an exempt Nation, and properly appertaining to the Roman Chappel, wherefore the City of Jerufalem could not but defend her Citizens, and help them that did truft in the Lord, like Mount Sion. He had no fooner read it, but rapping out an Oath, faid : " I will not hold my peace for Sion nor Jerufalem's reft, as long as there is breath in my body, but will profecute my juft right known unto all the World, and defend it to the death." [Tho. Walfingham.] When John, Earl of Athol, nobly defcended, who had with other murthered John Comin, was appre- hended by King Edward the Firft, and fome intreated for him, the King anfwered : " The higher his call- ing is, the greater muft his fall be ; and as he is of higher Parentage, fo he fhall be the higher hanged," which accordingly was performed, for he was hanged on a Gallows fifty foot high. [Florilegus.] When as in fiege of the Caftle of Strivelin in Scot- land King Edward the Firft, by his over-forward- nefs, was often endangered, fome advifed him to have more regard to his Perfon, he anfwered them with that of David in the Pfalm, " A thoufand fhall fall at my fide, and ten thoufand at my right hand, but it fhall not come near me." [Florilegus.] When the Learned Lawyers of the Realm were confulted in a caufe by him, and after long confulta- tion did not fatisfle him, he faid (as Kings impatient WISE SPEECHES. 283 of delays may be bold with their Lawyers), " My Lawyers are long advifing, and never advifed." [Florilegus]. As for other Speeches of his I wit- tingly and willingly overpafs. Eleanor, Wife to King Edward the Firft, a moft vertuous and wife woman, when he took his long and dangerous Voyage into the Holy Land, would not be diftwaded to tarry at home, but would needs accompany him, faying: "Nothing mud part them whom God hath joyned, and the way to Heaven is as near in the Holy Land (if not nearer) as in Eng- land or Spain." This worthy Queen maketh me remember Eu- bulus, a fcoffing Comical Greek Poet, which curfeth himfelf if ever he opened his mouth againft Women, inferring, albeit Medea were wicked, yet Penelope was peerlefs : if Clytemneftra were naught, yet Al- ceftes was paffing good ; if Phaedra were damnable, yet there was another laudable. But here, faith he, " I am at a ftand ; of good Women I find not one more, but of the wicked I remember thoufands." Befhrew this fcoffer, ye good Wives all, and let his curfe fall upon him, for of your kind may many a million be found, yea, of your own Country; and that I may referve other to a fitter place, I will fhew unto you a rare example in this Queen of Eng- land a moft loving and kind Wife, out of Roderi- cus Santtius, not mentioned by our Hiftorians. When King Edward the Firft was in the Holy Land, he was ftabbed with a poyfoned Dagger by a Sarazen, and through the rancor of the poyfon the wound was judged incurable by his Phyficians, this good Queen Eleanor his Wife, who had ac- companied him in that journey, endangering her own life, in lowng affection faved his life, and eternized her own honour ; for fhe dayly and nightly fucked 284. WISE SPEECHES. out the rank poyfon, which love made fweet to her, and thereby effected that which no Art durft at- tempt, to his fafety, her joy, and the comfort of all England. So that well worthy was fhe to be re- membred by thofe CrofTes as Monuments, which inftead of Statues were erected by her Hufband to her honour at Lincoln, Grantham, Stanford, Ged- dington, Northampton, Stony-Stratford, Dunftable, Saint Albanes, Waltham, and that of Weftminfter, called Charing-Crofs, all adorned with the Arms of Caftile, Leon, and the County of Pontieu, which by her right was annexed to the Crown of England. Robert Winchelfey, the Archbifhop of Canter- bury, was banifhed by King Edward the Firft, but afterward reftored again by him, and all the Rents that had been fequeitred during his abfence repayed him : whereby he became the richeft Archbimop that had been in that feat before him : Wherefore, often recording his troubles, he would fay : " Adver- fity never hurteth where no iniquity overruleth." [Lib. Cantuar.] William de March, Lord Treafurer unto King Edward the Firft, caufed all the Treafure throughout all the Land, that was laid up in the Monafteries and Churches, to be at one inftant violently taken away by Military men, faying, " It is better that money mould be moving, and according to the name be currant, and go abroad to the ufe of the people, than refting in chefts without fruit and occupation:" con- curring in this laft point with a Maxime of the Ufurers Hall. Of King Edward the Second, I find nothing me- morable but that which grief and great indignity wrefted from him, when Corney and his rafcal rabblements, after his depofition, would needs fhave him on the way, left he mould be known and refcued. WISE SPEECHES. 285 They enforced him to fit down upon a mole-hill, and the Knave Barber infulting told him that cold water taken out of the next ditch mould ferve for his trimming at that time. He anfwered, "Whe- ther you will or no, there mail be warm water:" and therewithall, he fhedding tears plentifully, veri- fied his words. [Thorn, de la More]. After the battle of Poitiers, James, Lord Audley, was brought to the Black Prince in a litter moft grievoufly wounded, for he had carried himfelfmoft valiantly that day. To whom the Prince, with due commendations, gave for his good fervice four hun- dred marks of yearly revenues. The which he, re- turning to his Tent, gave as frankly to his four Efquires, that attended him in the battle : whereof when the Prince was advertifed, doubting that his gift was contemned, as too little for fo great good fervice, the Lord Audley fatisfied him with this an- fwer : " I mufl do for them who deferved beft of me. Thefe my Efquires faved my life amidft the enemies. And God be thanked, I have fufficient Revenues left by my Anceftours to maintain me in your fervice." Whereupon the Prince, praifing his prudence and liberality, confirmed his gift made to his Efquires, and affigned him moreover fix hun- dred marks of like Land in England. [Froftard]. William Wickham, after Bifhop of Winchefter, came into the fervice, and alfo into the great favour of King Edward the Third, by being Overfeer of his great Work at Windfor, whereas before he ferved as a poor Parifh Prieft. Wherefore he caufed to be written in one of his windows, "This Work made Wickham." Which being told unto the King, he was offended with Wickham, as though he had gone about to rob him of the glory of that Magnificent Work. But when Wickham told him 286 WISE SPEECHES. that his meaning was that that Work had been his making and advancement, the King refted content and fatisfied. [Vita Wiccami.] When the faid William Wickham (as it is com- monly faid) fued unto Edward the Third for the Bifhoprick of Winchefter, the King told him that he was unmeet for it, becaufe he was unlearned ; but he faid, " In recompence thereof, I will make many learned men." The which he performed in- deed, for he founded New Colledge in Oxford, and another in Winchefter, which Houfes have af- forded very many learned men both to the Church and to the Commonwealth. When Henry of Lancafter, furnamed the good Earl of Darby, had taken (134.1) Bigerac in Gaf- coigne, he gave and granted to every Souldier the Houfe which every one mould firft feize upon, with all therein. A certain fouldier of his brake into a Mint-mafter's houfe, where he found fo great a mafs of money that he, amazed therewith, as a prey greater than his defert and defire, fignified the fame unto the Earl, who with a liberal mind anfwered, " It is not for my ftate to play Boy's play, to give and take. Take thou the money, if it were thrice as much." [Walfingham.] When news was brought unto King Richard the fecond, that his Uncles of York and Gloucefter, the Earls of Arundel, Warwick, Darbyand Nottingham, with other of that faction, who fought to reform the miforders of the King, or rather of his Coun- fellers, were aflembled in a Wood near unto the Court ; after he had afked other men's opinions, what was to be done in fo weighty and doubtful a cafe, at length he merrily demanded of one Sir Hugh a Linne, who had been a good military man in his days, but was then fomewhat diftraughtof his WISE SPEECHES. 287 wits, what he would advife him to do : " IfTue out," quoth Sir Hugh, " and let us fet upon them, and flay them every mother's fon ; and by God's eyes, when thou haft fo done, thou haft killed all the faithful friends that thou haft in England." [Ano- nymus.] King Henry the fourth, a wife Prince, who full well knew the humour of the Englifh, in his admo- nition to his fon, at his death, faid : " Of Englifh- men, fo long as they have wealth and riches, fo long malt thou have obeyfance •, but when they be poor, they be always ready to make infurredlions at every motion." [Hall.] King Henry the fourth, during his ficknefs, caufed his Crown to be fet on his pillow, at his bed's head, and fuddenly his pain fo fore troubled him, that he lay as though his vital fpirits had been from him de- parted : Such Chamberlains as had the care and charge of his body, thinking him to be dead, covered his face with a linnen cloth. The Prince his fon, being thereof advertifed, entred into the Chamber, and took away the Crown, and departed. The Fa- ther, being fuddenly revived out of his trance, quickly perceived that his Crown was taken away: and un- derstanding that the Prince his Son had it, caufed him to repair to his prefence, requiring of him for what caufe he had fo mifufed himfelf. The Prince with a good audacity anfwered : " Sir, to mine and all men's judgments you feemed dead in this world; wherefore I, as your next and apparent heir, took that as mine own, not as yours," " Well, fair fon," faid the King with a great figh, " what right I had to it, and how I enjoyed it, God knoweth." " Well," quoth the Prince, " if you dye King, I will have the garland, and truft to keep it with the Sword againft all mine enemies, as vou have done." [Hall.] 288 WISE SPEECHES. King Henry the fifth, when he prepared wars againft France, The Dolphin of France fent him a prefent of Paris Balls, in derifion ; but he returned for anfwer, " That he would fhortly refend him London Balls, which fhould fhake Paris walls." [Anonymus Anglice.] When King Henry the fifth had given that famous overthrow unto the French at Agincourt, he fell down upon his knees, and commanded his whole army to do the fame ; faying that verfe in the Pfalm, " Non nobis Domine, non nobis, fed nomini tuo da gloriam : Not unto us, O Lord, not unto us, but unto thy name give the glory." Henry the fixth did take all injuries, whereof he received plenty, fo patiently, that he not only did not feek to revenge them, but " gave God thanks that he did fend them to punifh his fins in this life, that he might efcape punifhment in the life to come." [Vita Henrici Sexti.] As the Emperour Frederick the third, when he heard of the death of a great Noble man of Auftria, who lived ninety three years mod wickedly in flefhly pleafures, and yet never once afflicted with grief or ficknefs, faid : " This proveth that which Divines teach, that after death there is fome place where we receive reward or punifhment ; when we fee often in this World, neither the juft rewarded, nor the wicked punifhed." The fame King Henry, having in Chriftmas a fhew of young women, with their bare breafts laid out, presented before him, he immediately departed with thefe words, — " Fie, fie for fhame, forfooth you be to blame." [Idem.'] He receiving on a time a great blow by a wicked man, which compafled his death, he only faid, " Forfooth, forfooth, ye do fouly to finite a King anointed." WISE SPEECHES. 289 Not long before his death, being demanded why he had fo long held the crown of England unjuftly, he replyed : " My Father was King of England, quietly enjoying the Crown all his reign ; and his father, my grandfire, was alfo King of England ; and I, even a child in cradle, was proclaimed and crowned King without any interruption, and fo held it for forty years well-near, all the ftates doing homage unto me as to my Anceftors. Therefore I fay with King David, ' My lot is fallen in a fair ground, I have a goodly heritage ; my help is from the Lord, which faveth the upright in heart.' " [Idem.] Thomas Mountacute, Earl of Sarifbury, when he befieged Orleans, and had fo enforced it that the inhabitants were willing to articulate, and to yield themfelves to the Duke of Burgundy, then being in his company : he highly difdaining it, faid in the Englifh Proverb ; " I will not beat the bum, and another fhall have the birds." Which pro- verbial fpeech fo offended the Burgundian, that it wholly alienated his mind from the Englifh, to their great lofs in all the French wars following. [Aul. MnaL] John Lord Talbot, firft Earl of Shrewfbury, of that Family, furprifed on a fudden by the French Army at Chaftilion, far from cowardly fear of death, and fatherly affected to his fon, the Lord Lyfle, who would not forfalce him in that danger, adviied him to fly, faying : " My death, in reflect of my former exploits, cannot be but honourable ; and in refpecl of thy youth, neither can it be honourable for thee to dye, nor difhonourable to fly." But this young Lord, in height of courage nothing degene- rating from fo worthy a Father, loft his life with his father in the field, and with them a bafe fon, u 29 o WISE SPEECHES. and a Ton in law of the faid Earl's. [Paulus iEmi- lius, Lib. io, & Commentarii Pii P. P. 2. Lib. 6.] After this battel, when the flames of inward war began to flafh out in England, the martial men of England were called home out of France, to main- tain the factions here : at which time a French captain fcoflingly afked an Englifhman when they would return again into France. He anfwered feelingly, and upon a true ground, " When your fins fhall be greater and more grievous in the fight of God than ours are now." 1f Until this time, from the beginning of King Edward the firrr, which was about an hundred and fixty years, whofoever will with a marking eye con- fider the comportment of the Engiiih Nation, the concurrent of martial men, their Counfels, military difcipline, defigns, actions, and exploits, not only out of our own Writers, but alfo foreign Hiftorians, cannot but acknowledge that they were men of ef- pecial worth, and their prowefs both great and glorious. Why afterward it mould decay, as all other profemons,— which even like plants have their times of beginning or in-rooting, their growing up, their flourifhing, their maturity, and then their fading, — were a difquifition for the learned. Whe- ther it proceedeth from celeftial influence, or thofe Angels which Plato makes, or the Secundet which Trithemius imagined to have the regiment of the World fuccemvely, or from the degenerating of numbers into fummes, which I confefs I underftand not, being an ignorant in abftrufe learning. Only I have read in Paterculus, that when either envy, or admiration, hath given men an edge to afcend to the higheft, and when they can afcend no higher, after a while thev muft naturally defcend. Yet I relye upon that of Ecclefiaftes, as I underftand it : WISE SPEECHES. 291 " Cun£la fecit bona in tempore fuo Deus, & mun- dum tradidit difputationi eorii, ut non inveniat homo quod operatus eft Deus ab initio ufque ad finem." But pardon me. I cannot tell how I have been by admiration of our Progenitours diverted from my purpofe. In the year of our Lord 141 6, when fifteen hun- dred Englilh, under the conduct of I. Beaufort, Earl of Dorfet, were encompafied between the Sea and fifteen thouland French, the Earl of Arminac, General of the French, fent to the Earl, advifing him to yield himfelf ; but he anfwered, " It is not the manner of the Englilh to yield without blows, neither am 1 fo heartlefs that I will deliver my felf into their Hands, whom God may deliver into mine." And accordingly God gave him the honour of the day, to the great confufion of the enemy. (Walfingham in Ypodigmate.) When Elizabeth, the widow of Sir John Gray, was a fuiter unto King Edward the fourth (againft whom her hufband loft his life) for her joynture, the kind King became alfo a fuiter to her for a night's lodging : but me wifely anfwered him, when he be- came importunate, " That as fhe did account her felf too bafe to be his wife, fo fhe did think her felf too good to be his harlot." When love grew fo hot in this King Edward the fourth, that he would needs marry the faid Eliza- beth, widdow of fir John Grey, to the great difcon- tent of his Council, but efpecially of his mother ; who, alledging many reafons to the contrary, faid that only her widowhood might be fufncient to re- ftrain him, for that it was high difparagement to a King to be difhonoured with bigamy in his firft marriage. The King merrily anfwered : " In that fhe is a widdow, and hath already children ; by God's 292 WISE SPEECHES. blefled Lady I am a Batcheller, and have fome too: and fo each of us hath a proof that neither of us are like to be barren and therefore, Madam, I pray you be content, I truft in God fhe (hall bring you forth a young Prince that fhall pleafe you. And as for the bigamy, let the Bifhop hardly lay it in my way when I come to take Orders : for I underftand it is forbidden to a Prieft, but I never wift it yet that it was forbidden to a Prince." His hot love neverthelefs was partable among three other of his Miftrefles, of whom he was wont to fay, " The one was the faireft ; the other was the merrieft ; and the third the holieft, for me had wholly devoted her felf to his Bed and her Bedes." When Lewis the eleventh (French King) enter- tained divers Counfeilours of King Edward the fourth with large penfions to fteed him in England, he fent Peter Cieret,one of the Mailers of his houfe- hold, unto the Lord Haftings the King's Chamber- lain, to prefent him with two thoufand crowns. Which when he had received, Peter Cleret did pray him, that for his difcharge he mould make him an acquittance : the Lord Chamberlain made a great difficulty thereat. Then Cleret doth requeft him again that he would give unto him only a letter of three lines for his difcharge to the King, fignifying that he had received them : the Lord Chamberlain an- fwered : " Sir, that which you fay is very reafonable ; but the gift comes from the good will of the King your maiter, and not at my requeft at all : If it pleafe you that I mall have it, you mail put it within the pocket of my fleeve, and you (hall have no other acquittance of me. For I will never it fhall be faid of me, that the Lord Chamberlain of the King of England hath been Penfioner to the King of France: Nor that my Acquittances fhall be found in the WISE SPEECHES. 293 Chamber of accounts in France." The aforefaid Cleret went away male-content, but left his money with him, and came to tell his meffage to his King, who was very angry with him. But thenceforth theLordChamberlainofEngland was more efteemed with the French, and always paid without acquit- tance. [Philip de Commines.] King Richard the third, whofe monftrous birth forefhewed his monftrous proceedings, (for he was born with all his teeth, and hair to his fhoulders,) albeit he lived wickedly, yet made good Laws, and when divers fhires of England offered him a bene- volence, he refufed it, faying, I know not in what fenfe, " I had rather have your hearts than your money." [Joannes Roflus Warwicenfis.] John Morton, the Bifhop of Elie, but afterward of Canterbury, being folicited by the Duke of Buck- ingham, then alienated from Richard the third, to fpeak his mind frankly unto him in matters of State, the Bifhop anfwered him : " In good faith, my Lord, I love not much to talk with Princes, as a thing not all out of Peril, although the words be without fault. Forafmuch as it fhall not be taken as the party meant it, but as it pleafeth the Prince to conftrue it. And ever I think on iEfop's tale, that when the Lyon had proclaimed, that on pain of death there fhould no horned beaft abide in that wood, one that had in his forehead a bunch of flefh fled away a great pace. The Fox, that faw him run fo faft, afked him whither he made all that haft: he anfwered, ' In faith I neither wote nor reck, fo I were once hence, becaufe of this proclamation made of horned beafts.' ' What, fool,' quoth the Fox, < thou mayeft well enough abide ; the Lion meant not by thee, for it is no horn that is upon thy head.' l No, marry,' quoth he, * that wote I well enough, but what 2 9 4 WISE SPEECHES. and he call it an horn : where am I then ? ' [Tho. More ] Sir Thomas Rokefby being controll'd for firft fuffering himfelf to be ferved in Treen 1 Cups, anfwered : " Thefe homely cups and dimes pay truly for that they contain : I had rather drink out of treene, and pay gold and filver, than drink out of gold and filver, and make wooden payment." When Richard the third was flain at Bofworth, and with him John Howard Duke of Norfolk, King Henrv the feventh demanded of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey, the Duke's fon and heir, then taken Prifoner, how he durft bear Arms in the behalf of that tyrant Richard. He anfwered : " He was my crowned King, and if the Parliamentary authority of England fet the Crown upon a flock, I will fight for that ftock : And as I fought then for him, I will fight for you, when you are eftablifhed by the faid authority." And fo he did for his fon King Henry the eighth at Flodden field. [Anonymus.] When Margaret, the widow of Charles the Hardy, Duke of Burgundy, and fifter to King Edward the fourth, envying much the happy eftate and reign of King Henry the feventh, defcended of the adverfe family of Lancafter, had at fundry times fuborned two rafcals to counterfeit the perfons of her two brothers' fons, thereby to withdraw the hearts of his fubjecls, and raife uproars in his Realm, the King fent over unto Philip, the Duke of Burgundy, Doctor Warham, afterward Archbifhop of Canter- bury, to inform him of her treachery. This Dodtor, in the latter end of his Oration, thus nipped the fe- ditious Dutchefs : " That within few years after fhe was paft threefcore years of age fhe had brought forth 1 Treen, wooden, made of "tree." WISE SPEECHES. 295 too Monfters, Lambert and Peter, & not in the ninth and tenth months, as women naturally, but in the hundred and fourfcore month, (for they were both about fifteen years of age when (he brought them abroad, as it were, out of her belly :) neither were they Crifomers, 1 but fuch child-choppers, that as foon as ever they were born, they were able to wage war with a mighty King. [Tho. More.] The Earl of Kildare being charged before King Henry the feventh for burning the Metropolitan Church of Caffiles in Ireland, and many witnefles procured to avouch the truth of the Article againlt him, he fuddenly confefled it, to the great wondring and deteftation of the Council. Then it was looked how he mould juftifie that fa£l. " By Jefu," quoth he, " I would never have done it, if it had not been told me that the Arch-bifhop had been within it." And becaufe the Bifhop was one of the bufieft ac- cufers prefent, merrily laughed the King at the plainnefs of the man, to fee him alledge that in- tent for excufe which moft of all did aggravate his fault. When among many articles exhibited by the Iriih againft that Earl of Kildare, the laft was: Finally, all Ireland cannot rule this Earl. " Then," quoth the King, " fhall this Earl rule all Ireland;" and fhortly after he made him Deputy thereof. When one reproved King Henry the feventh for his flownefs in making wars on thofe that wronged him, he anfwered : " If we Princes mould take every occafion that is offered us, the World (hall never be quiet, but wearied with continual wars." 1 i. e., children dying within a month of their birth. See Halliwell, in voc. Chrifome. 296 WISE SPEECHES. When a Gentleman, none of the wifeft, told King Henry the feventh that he found Sir Richard Croftes, who was made Banneret at the battel of Stoke, to be a very wife man : The King anfwered, " He doubted not that, but marvelled much how a fool could know a wife man." It happened that there was fallen in communi- cation of the ftory of Jofeph, how his Mafter Poti- pher's wife, a great man with the King of Egypt, would have pulled him to her bed, and he fled away. " Now, Mafter Maio " (he was the King's Almoner) quoth King Henry the feventh, " you be a tali ftrong man on the one fide, and a cunning Do£tor on the other, what would you have done if you had not been Jofeph, but in Jofeph's ftead ? " " By my troth," quoth he, " and it like your Grace, I cannot tell what I would have done, but I can tell you what I mould have done." [Tho. More.] The Lady Margaret, Countefs of Richmond, mother to King Henry the feventh, a moft worthy Patronefs of good Letters, would often fay, " On the condition that Princes of Chriftendom would com- bine themfelves, and march againft the common enemy the Turk, fhe would moft willingly attend them, and be their Laundrefs in the camp." There was a poor blind man in Warwickfhire, that was accounted very cunning in prognofticating of weather. Upon a day Empfon, a great lawyer, as he rode that way, faid, in fcorn of his cunning, I pray you tell me, father, when doth the Sun change ? 1 he chafed old man, that knew his corrupt con- fcience, anfwered : " When fuch a wicked lawyer as you goeth to Heaven." Dodtor Collet, the Dean of Pauls, faid that if the Clergy were nought, the Laity were worfe, for it could not otherwife be, but the lay-men tnuft ever WISE SPEECHES. 297 be one degree under the Clergy : for furely it can be no lye that our Saviour faith himfelf, who faith of the Clergy, that they be the fait of the Earth, and if the fait once appall, the World muft needs wax unfavoury ; and he faith that the Clergy be the light of the world ; and then, faith he, if the light be darkened, how dark will then the darknefs be? that is to wit, all the World befide, whereof he calieth the Clergy only the light. Cardinal Wolfey, his teeth watering at the rich Bifhoprick of Winchefter, fent one unto Bifhop Fox (who had advanced him to the King's fervice) for to move him to refign the Bifhoprick, becaufe extream age had made him blind : the which mefTage and motion Fox did take in fo ill part, that he willed the mefienger to tell the Cardinal thus from him: "That although old age bereaving me of fight I know not white from black, yet I can difcern truth from falf- hood, and right from wrong : yea, and that now I am blind, I have efpied his malicious unthankfulnefs : the which I could never before perceive when my eye-fight was at the beft, and let my Lord Cardinal take heed, that his ambition and covetoufnefs bring him not into a worfe blindnefs than I have, and make him fall before he fear." At Sir Thomas More his firft coming to the fer- vice of King Henry the eighth, the King gave him this godly lefTon : " Firft look unto God, and then after unto me.'' He would alfo wifh (as I have heard of an ancient man of that age) that his Counfellours would com- mit fimulation, dimmulation, and partiality to the Porter's lodge, when they came to fit in Council. The fame King Henry, finding fault with the dif- agreement of Preachers, would often fay, " Some are too ftifF in their old Afumpjimus, and other too 298 WISE SPEECHES. bufie and curious in their new Sumpjimus ;" haply borrowing tbefe phrafes from that which Mafter Pace his Secretary reporteth in his book de fruftu Doc- trina, of an old Prieft in that age, which always read in his Portafs, Mumpfimus Do/nine for Sumpjimus : whereof when he was admonifhed, he faid that he now had ufed Mumpfimus thirty years, and would not leave his old Mumpfimus for their new Sumpfimus. A Noble man of this time, in contempt of learning faid, that it was for Noble men's fons enough to wind their horn, and carry their Hawk fair, and to leave ftudy and learning to the children of mean men. To whom the forefaid Richard Pace replyed : " Then you and other Noble men muff, be content that your children may wind their horns and keep their Hawks, while the children of mean men do manage matters of eftate." [R. P. de fruclu do&.] John Fifher, Bifhop of Rochefter, when the King would have tranflated him from that poor Bifhop- rick to a better, he refufed, faying, " He would not forfake his poor little old wife, with whom he had fo long lived." Happily thinking of the fifteenth Canon of the Nicene Council, and that of the Canonifts, Matrimonium inter Epifcopum, Cjf Ecclefiam effe con- trattum, Sec. There was a Noble man merrily conceited, and riotoufly given, that having lately fold a Mannor of an hundred tenements, came ruffling into the Court, in a new fuit, faying, " Am not I a mighty man, that bear an hundred houfes on my back?" Which Car- dinal Woolfey hearing, faid, u You might have better imployed it in paying your debts." "Indeed, my Lord," quoth he, " you fay well ; for my Lord my father owed my mafter your father, three half-pence for a Calf's head; hold, here is two pence for it." As Skel- ton jefted at the Cardinal, that he was defcended of WISE SPEECHES. 299 Sanguilier, he was caft out of a Butcher's flail, for his father was a Butcher of Ipfwich. When Stephen Gardiner was advanced unto the Bifhoprick of Wincheiter, and fent over as Ambaf- fadour into France with great pomp, he faid unto an old acquaintance of his that came to take his leave of him, " Now I am in my Gloria Patri. ,y " Yea," faid his friend, " and I hope, Et nunc & femper." u Or," replied the Bifhop, " if it pleafe the King my mafter, Sicut erat inprinapio, A poor Scholar of Cambridge again." When Sir Thomas More was Speaker of the Par- liament, with his wifdom and eloquence, he fo eroded a purpofe of Cardinal Wolfey's, that the Cardinal in a chafe fent for him to White-hall ; where, when he had danced attendance long, at length the Car- dinal coming out, faid in the prefence of many, " Mafter More, I would you had been at Rome, when you were made Speaker of the Parliament- houfe." He immediately replied, " And if it pleafe your Grace, fo would I, for then I fhould have feen a famous City, whereof I have heard much, and read much, butnever faw it " [VitaTho. Mori imprefTa.] The fame Cardinal, at a full Council Table, when Sir Tho. More was nrfr. made privy Counfellor, moved that there might be a Lieutenant-General of the Realm, chofen for certain confiderations ; and the body of the Council inclined thereunto. Sir Thomas More oppofed himfelf. Whereupon the Cardinal in a chafe laid : " Are not you afhamed, who are the meaneft man here, to diflent from fo many honourable and wife Perfonages : you prove your felf a plain fool." Whereunto Mafter Moor forthwith anfwered : " Thanks be to God that the King's Majefty hath but one fool in his right honourable Council." [Idem.~\ 300 WISE SPEECHES. When he was Lord Chancellour, he enjoyned a Gentleman to pay a good round fumm of money unto a poor Widow whom he had opprefled ; and the Gentleman faid : "Then I do hope your Lordfhip will give me a good long day to pay it." " You fhall have your requeft," laid Sir Thomas ; " Munday next is St. Barnabas day, the longeft day in all the year, pay her me then, or elfe you fhall kifs the Fleet." When he had no luft to grow greatly upward in the world, neither would labour for office of autho- rity, and over that, forfoolc a right worfhipful Room when it was offered him, his Wife fell in hand with him, and afked him, " What will you do, lift you not to put forth your felf as others do ? Will you fit ftill by the fire, and make Goflings in the Afheswith a flick, as Children do ? Would God I were a man, and you mould quickly fee what I would do. What ? By God, go forward with the beft ; for as my Mother was wont to fay, It is evermore better to rule than to be ruled; and therefore I warrant you, I would not be fo foolifh to be ruled where I might rule." "By my truth, Wife," quoth he, "I dare fay you fay truth, for I never found you willing to be ruled yet." He ufed, when he was Lord Chancellour, upon every Sunday, when he was at home, to fit in the Quire in his Surplice, and fing the Service : and being one day efpied in that attire by the Duke of Norfolk, the Duke began to chafe, crying, "Fie, fie, my Lord, the Lord Chancellour of England a Parifh Priefr, and a paltry finging man ! You difhonour the King, you difhonour the King." " No, my Lord," quoth Sir Thomas, " it is no fhame for the King, if his fervant ferve his Sovereign and Saviour, who is the King of Kings." During the time of his Chancellourfhip of Eng- WISE SPEECHES. 301 land, he ufed to fend his Gentleman-Ufher to his Wives Pew, after Divine Service was done, to tell her that he was gone ; but the next Sunday after he gave up his Chancellourfhip of England, he came himfelf to her Pew, and ufed the ufual words of his Gentleman-Ufher, " Madam, my Lord is gone." His latter Wife was a Widdow, of whom Erafmus writeth, that he was wont to fay, that (he was nee hella, nee puella ; who, as (he was a good Hufwife, fo was fhe not voyd of the fault that often followeth that vertue, fomewhat (hrewd to her fervants. Upon a time Sir Thomas found fault with her continual chiding, faying, " If that nothing elfe would reclaim her, yet the confideration of the time (for it was Lent) mould reftrain her." "Tufh, turn, my Lord," faid fhe, "look, here is one ftep to Heaven-ward," fhewing him a Friar's girdle. "I fear me," quoth Sir Thomas Moor, " this one ftep will not bring you up a ftep higher." One day when fhe came from fhrift, fhe faid merrily unto him, " Be merry," Sir Thomas, " for this day was I well fhriven, I thank God, and pur- pofe now therefore to leave off my old fhrewdnefs." " Yea," quoth he, " and to begin afrefh." When he was fent Prifoner unto the Tower, and the Lieutenant, his old Friend, received him with a heavy chear, he faid: "Is this the entertain- ment and good countenance you give your Guefts when they come to you? Why look, man, here are twenty angel nobles (fhewing him his purfe) and when this is fpent, turn me out at doors, as a bare gamefter, and not able to pay for that he takes." Hitherto may be referred his filent anfwer, when at his entring into the Tower, one of the Officers claimed for a Fee his upper Garment (meaning his Gown or his Cloak) he offered him his Cap. 3oi WISE SPEECHES. Being afked after his condemnation, and before his execution, whether he had changed his minde, he faid : " Yea, for I thought to have been fhaven, but now feeing I fhall die (o fhortiy, I will let my beard grow." His Daughter Roper one day, as fhe repaired unto him into the Tower, counfelled him to recover the King's favour, and his own former liberty, by doing I know not what, the which fhe faid one of the greateir. States of this Realm, and a man learned too, and his tender Friend, faid he might do, without fcruple of confcience, as moft of the Nobility of the Realm had done, not one flicking thereat, fave only himfelf and one other man. This Speech of her he anfwered with a pleafant Tale. " At a Bartholomew Fair at London, there was an Efcheator of the fame City that had arrefted a Clothier that was outlawed, and had feized his Goods, which he had brought into the Fair, tolling him out of the Fair by a train. The man that was arrefted was a Northern man, which by his Friends made the Efcheator to be arrefted within the Fair, upon an Aclion I wot not near what; and called a Court of Pipowders. Now had the Clo- thier, by frienclfhip of the Officers, found the means to have all the Oueft almoft made of the Northern men, fuch as had their Booths ftanding in the Fair, who were no fooner departed from the Bar, and come into the Houfe, but the Northern men were agreed, and in effect all the other, to caft our London Ff- cheator. They thought they needed no more to prove that he did wrong, than even the name of his bare Office alone. But then was there amongft them, as the Devil would, an honeft man of another Quar- ter called Company. And the fellow feemed but a filly foul, and fate ftill, and faid nothing ; they made no reckoning of him, but faid, ' We be agreed now, WISE SPEECHES. 303 come let us go and give up our verdict.' Then when the poor fellow law that they made fuch haft, and his mind nothing gave him that way that theirs did (if that their minds gave them that way,) they faid, he prayed them to tarry and talk upon the matter, and tell fuch reafon therein, that he might think as they did, and when they fhould fo do, he would be glad to fay with them : or elfe, he faid, they mult pardon him : For fith he had a foul of his own to keep, as they had, he muft fay as he thought for his foul, as they muft for theirs. When they heard this they were half angry with him. 'What, good fellow,' quoth one of the Northern men, c whare wannes thou? 1 Be not we eleven here, and thou but one all alone, and all we agreed, whereto fhouldft thou ftick ? What's thy name, gud fellow ? ' ' Maf- ters,' quoth he, 'my name is called Company.' 'Com- pany,' quoth they, .'now, by my troth, good fellow, play then the gud companion, come thereon forth with us, and pafs even for gud company.' ' Would God, good Mafters,' quoth the man again, ' that there lay no more weight thereon. But now, when we fliall hence, and come before God, and that he fhall fend you unto Heaven for doing according unto your con- fcience, and me unto the Devii for doing againft mine, all palling at your requeft here for good com- pany now. By God, Mafter Dickenfon,' that was one of the Northern men's names, ' if I then fliall fay unto you all again, Mafters, I went once with you for good company, which is the caufe that I go now to Hell, play you the good fellows now again with me ; as I went then for good company with you, fo fome of you go now for good company with me : would you go, Mafter Dicken- 1 Where dwelleft thou ? 3 o4 WISE SPEECHES. fon ? Nay, nay, by our Lady, nor ever a one of you all. And therefore mull you pardon me for pairing as you pafs ; for the paffage of my poor foul paffeth all good company.' " In the like fence he ufed often to fay, " That he would never pin his foul at another man's back, not even the beft man that he knew that day living, for he knew not whither he might hap to carry it." When one came to him to fignifie that he muft prepare himfelf to die, for he could not live, he called for his Urinal, wherein when he had made water, he caft it, and viewed it (as Phyficians ufe), at laft he faid foberly, " That he faw nothing in that water, but that he might live, if it pleafed the King." When he was in prifon, and his books and papers taken from him, he did fhut his Chamber windows both day and night, faying : " When the wares are gone, and the tools are taken away, we muft fhut up mop." When he went to death, a certain woman offered him a cup of wine, which he refufing, faid : " Good woman, Chrift in his paffion drunk gall, and no wine." When he was to mount the Scaffold, he faid to one of the Sheriffs men, " I pray thee help me up : as for coming down, I take no care." When the Hangman (according to his manner) defired him to pardon him his death, he anfwered : " I do forgive thee with all my heart ; but one thing I will tell thee, thou wilt never have honefty in cutting off my head, my neck is fo fhort." Now we have done with Sir Thomas Moor his own Apothegms which have come to my hands, I will tranfcribe out of his Works a few Tales, or call them what you pleafe. " A poor man found a Prieft over-familiar with WISE SPEECHES. 305 his Wife, and becaufe he fpake it abroad, and could not prove it, his Prieft fued him before the Bifhop's Official for Defamation, where the poor man, in pain of curfing, was commanded, that in the Pariih Church he mould upon the Sunday, at high Mafs, ftand up and fay, * Mouth, thou lieft : ' whereupon, for fulfilling of his Penance, up was the poor foul fet in a Pew, that the people might wonder at him and hear what he faid ; and there all aloud, when he had rehearfed what he had reported by the Prieft, then he fet his hands on his mouth, and faid, 'Mouth, thou lieft:' And by and by thereupon, he fet his hands upon both his eyes, and faid: 'But eyne,' quoth he, 'by the Mafs ye lie not awhit.' : When Sir Thomas Moor had told one (whom he termeth in his Dialogue the MefTenger) how he might yearly have feen a miracle done at the Rhodes, if he would have gone thither. " So far ? " quoth the MefTenger. " Nay, I had rather have God's bleffing to believe that I fee not, than to go fo far for it." " I am well apaid," faid Sir Thomas, " thereof, for if you had rather believe, than take the pain of a long Pilgrimage, you will never be fo ftiffe in any opinion that you will put your felf in jeopardy for pertinacy and ftubborn ftanding by your part." "Nay, marry," faid the MefTenger, "I warrant you that I will never be fo mad to hold till it wax too hot, for I have fuch a fond fantafie of mine own, that I had rather fhiver and make for cold in the Summer than be burned in the middeft of Winter." " It happened that a young Prieft very devoutly in a ProceiTion bare a Candle before the Crofs for lying with a Wench, and bare it light all the long way, wherein the people took fuch fpiritual pleafure and inward folace that they laughed apace. And one merry Merchant faid unto the Priefts that followed x 3 o5 WISE SPEECHES. him, * Sic luceat lux 'vejlra coram ho?ninibus. Thus let your light mine before the people.' But a lewd Prieft in latter time, being reproved of his loofe life, and told that he and other of the Clergy ought to be the Lanterns of light, * How can we,' faid the fhamelefs Prieft, c be Lanterns of Light, when as ye Lay men have all the horns ?' "When a lufty gallant faw a Fryar going bare- foot in a great Froft and Snow, he afked him why he did take fuch pain. He anfwered, that it was very little pain, if a man would remember Hell. ' Yea, Fryar,' quoth the Gallant, ' but what and if there be no Hell ? Then art thou a great fool.' 1 Yea, Mafter,' quoth the Fryar, c but what if there be hell, then is your Mafterfhip much more fool.' " A Fryar, as he was preaching in the Country, efpied a poor Wife of the Parifli whifpering with her Pew-fellow, and he falling angry thereat, cryed out unto her aloud, c Hold thy babble, I bid thee, thou Wife in the red hood;' which when the Huf- wife heard, fhe waxed as angry, and fuddainly fhe ftarted up, and cryed unto the Fryar again, that all the Church rang thereon: ' Marry, Sir, I befhrew his heart that babbleth moft of us both ; for I do but whifper a word with my Neighbour here, and thou haft babbled there a good large hour.' " King Ladiflaus ufed much this manner among his fervants, when one of them praifed any deed of his, or any condition in him, if he perceived that they faid nothing but the truth, he would let it pafs by uncontrolled. But when he faw that they did fet a glofs upon it for his praife, of their own making, befide, then would he fhortly fay unto them, ' I pray thee, good fellow, when thou fayeft Grace, never bring in Gloria patri y without a Sicut erat. Any a£t that ever I did, if thou report itagain to mine honour, WISE SPEECHES. 307 with a Gloria patri, never report it but with a Sicut erat. That is to wit, even as it was, and no other- wife, and lift not me up with lies, for I love it not.' " Fryar Donalde preached at Paul's Crofs that our Lady was a Virgin, and yet at her Pilgrimages, there was made many a foul meeting, and loud cried out, ' Ye men of London, gang on your felves with your Wives to Wilfdon, in the Devil's name, or elfe keep them at home with you, with a forrow.' " Sir John Moor was wont to compare the choof- ing of a Wife unto a cafual taking out, at all a very ventures, Eeles out of a bag, wherein were twenty Snakes for an Eele. Sir John Fineux, fometime Chief Juftice of the King's Bench, was often heard to fay, "Who fo taketh from a Juftice the order of his difcretion, taketh furely from him more than half his Office." Wife was that faying of Do£tour Medcalf, " You young men do think us old men to be fools; but we old men do know that you young men are fools." Katherine, Wife to Charles Branden, Duke of Suffolk, when her Hufband,at a Feaft, willed every Lady to take to fit by her him that fhe loved beft, provided he were not her Hufband, fhe took Stephen Gardiner, Bifhop of Winchefter, faying : " Seeing fhe might not have him whom fhe loved beft, fhe would take him whom fhe loved worft." King Edward the Sixth, when three fwords were delivered at his Coronation unto him, as King of England, France, and Ireland, faid, There was yet another fword to be delivered unto him. Whereat, when the Lords marvelled, he faid: C T mean," faid he, " the facred Bible, which is the fword of the Spirit, without which we are nothing, neither can do any thing." [Balaeus in Centuriis.] When Sir Ralph Fane was condemned to die by 3 o8 WISE SPEECHES. the practice of the Duke of Northumberland, he faid no more, protefting his innocency, but, " My blood mail be the Duke's bolder, as long as he liveth;" meaning, as I think, that his confcience, affrighted with fhedding innocent blood, mould enjoy little quiet, but pafs reftlefs nights. [Relatio Gallica.] Thirlby, Bimop of Ely, when he was Ambafladour at Rome, one of his men negligently laying down his Livery Cloak in his Lodging, loft it ; wherewith the Bimop, being angry, rated the fellow roughly, who told him that he fufpedted nothing in fo Holy a Place as Rome was, but did take them all for true men. " What, Knave,'' quoth the Bifhop, " when thou comeft into a ftrange place, think all men there to be Thieves, yet take heed thou do not call them Thieves." When he was prifoner in the Tower, he was fearched by the Lieutenant, and live hundred French Crowns found in his purfe and in his doublet about him : whereat, when the Lieutenant wondring afked him what he meant to carry fo much money about him, he anfwered, " I love to have my friends ftill near about me, and cannot tell how I mould be ufed, if I lacked them." In the Rebellion in the Weft, during the Reign of King Edward the Sixth, Sir Anthony Kingfton, Marfhal of the Field, hanged up a fellow that was fervant to a rebellious Miller, whom he affirmed himfelf to be, until he came unto the Gallows, and then his denyal would not be allowed. Afterward the matter being better known, Sir Anthony was told that he had executed the Man for the Mafter. " It is well enough," quoth Sir Anthony, " he could never have done his mafter better fervice than have hanged for him." Thefe following are taken out of the life of Car- IVISE SPEECHES. 309 dinal Poole, 1 Archbifhop of Canterbury, written by a Learned man, and Printed at Venice. When one afked Counfel of Cardinal Poole, what method and way was beft to be taken to underftand the obfcure places in Saint Paul's Epiftles, he an- fwered him, he thought the beft and fhorteft way was, to read firft the latter part of thofe Epiftles, which do intreat of Chriftian manners, and under- ftand it, and exprefs it in life and good manners, and then to go unto the firft part, where the matters of Faith are fubtilly and exactly handled, faying, "That God will give his fpirit of underftanding fooneft unto thofe that with all their whole hearts feek to ferve him." He was wont to fay, " That he and all other Bifhops ought to confider that they were ordained, not only Judges over thofe of their DiocefTes, but Father Judges." In communication, when mention hapned to be made of a certain Bifhop, who was wont to blame the Bifhops that lived at Rome who neglected their charge, and yet he himfelf was refident at Rome, " He," quoth Poole, " doth like unto thofe that can- not abide the fmell of Garlick ; for if they have to do with them that have eaten Garlick, they eat fome too themfelves, that they may not perceive their ftinking breaths." Speech was heard of a young man that was learned indeed, but too bold, and ready to cenfure : " Learn- ing," quoth Poole, " doth work almoft that in young men that Wine doth in the Fat ; there it worketh, there it boyleth up, and fwelleth ; but as foon as it is purged, and put in the Veffel, having gathered his forces together, it is quiet and ftill." 1 Pole. 3io WISE SPEECHES. When one very fkilful in Aftrology told him that he had very exactly calculated his Nativity, and found that great matters were portended of him, Poole anfwered, u Perhaps it may be as you affirm ; but you mud remember that I was born again by Bap- tifm, and that day of Nativity wherein I was born again doth eclipie the other before." When one had faid that we muft be fo wholly bufied in the ftudy of the Scriptures that no time fhould be left for other ftudies, and another man had added that the ftudies of other Learning were to be ufed as waiting maids and Bond women, " What, do you not know," quoth Poole, " that Agar was caft out of the doors becaufe fhe was a Bond- woman ?" When Sadolet adhorted him unto the ftudy of Philofophy, giving to it the price above all other ftudies, Poole anfwered him, " While all the world was overwhelmed with the darknefs of Paganifm, it did excel all other Arts ; but fince that thick mift was chafed away, by the bright beams of the preach- ing of Chrift and his Apoftles, and their Succeffours, the ftudy of the facred Scriptures and Divinity had gotten the palm and chief praife ;" adding, that " Phi- lofophy was now as Tenedos, of whom Virgil writes : " ' NotiiTima fama Infula, dives opum, Priami dum regna manebant; Nunc tantum finus & ftatio malefida carinis.' " 'A famous Ifle of Riches, while Priamus Kingdom ftood ; Now nothing but a baggage bay, and harbour nothing good.' " He ufed friendly to admonifh a certain Bifhop, not to forfake his fheep, but rather leaving Rome to repair home and execute his Office. This Bifhop upon a time came unto him, and told him that he was minded to go out of the City, for one Month, WISE SPEECHES. 311 and to vifit his fheep, and therefore he did defire that he might depart with his good leave and liking : Poole anfwered, " I fhall take this comfort by your departure, that you fhall be beaten the lefs." When Letters were fbewed unto him very arti- ficially penned, which one had fent unto a great man, to comfort him for the death of his Friends, and to that intent had ufed all the places of Rhetorick, he read them, and then faid, " That he never in all his life had ever read Letters, that could bring greater comfort; for they were fuch, that no man that mould read them, could be able to keep himfelf from laughing." Having heard a certain Preacher of great name, who arrogated much to himfelf, and did paffingly pleafe himfelf ; he was afked what he thought of the man. Poole anfwered ; " Well, but I would that he would firft preach unto himfelf, and then after- ward to others." When a Nobleman of Rome told him, that he did truft that he fhould come to his pleafant Gardens, which he had fumptuoufly made, yea thirty years after, and wondred at the beauty of them, Poole anfwered, " I hope I have notdeferved fo ill of you, that you mould wifh me fo long a banifhment from my heavenly Country." While he was in the Low Countries, and one day would have gone unto Charles the Emperour, but he could not be admitted to his Speech ; but two dayes after the Bifhop of Arras was fent unto him by the Emperour, to excufe his long ftay, and delire him to come unto him, Pool faid, that he had ftrange hap, " That whereas he fpake dayly unto God for the Emperour, yet he was not admitted unto the Emperour to talk with him about a matter belonging to God." 2i2 WISE SPEECHES. There was one that was very curious in keeping of his beard, and it was reported that he beftowed every month two duckats upon the trimming of it. " If it be fo," faid Pool, " his beard will fhortly be more worth than his head." After the death of Paulus Tertius, when many Cardinals came unto him, and told him, that if he liked of it, they would make him Pope, " He de- fired them to look well to it, that they were fwayed by no paffion of the mind, or did ought for favour, and good will, but refer all their cogitations wholly unto thehonour of God, and the profit of his Church; the which only they all ought efpecially to have always before their eyes." When one of the Cardinals of the adverfe Faction did one day charge him with ambition, and faid that he did untimely and over-haftily feek the Popedome, he anfwered gravely, " That he thought not the burthen of that great Office to be fo light, but that he was of the mind, that it was rather to be feared, than defired. As for them which understood not, and thought more bafely of fo great a place, he lamented their cafe, and was forry for them." When the Cardinal Farnefs, and divers others of his Friends came unto him, at midnight, to make him Pope by adoration, he repelled them, faying, " He would not have fo weighty a matter tumul- tuoufly and rafhly done, but ufually and orderly ; that the night was no convenient time therefore, that God loved the light more than darknefs, where- fore they mould defer it until the next day, and that then, if it pleafed God, it might very well be done." But this his pious modefty loft him the Papacy. He ufed often to fay, " Thofe which would be- take them unto the ftudy of' the holy Scriptures (which was as though they would go into the inner WISE SPEECHES. 313 and fecret part of the Temple) muft pafs through a low and narrow door : For that no man can attain to the understanding of the Scriptures, that is proud and puffed up with the fharpnefs of his wit, or ex- cellency of humane learning ; but he that bringeth lowlinefs of mind, and contempt of himfelf, and yields his underftanding (as the Apoftle faith) cap- tive unto faith." Of this alfo did he often admoniih thofe that would ftudythe facred Scriptures, "That they fhould fpecially beware that they never went to the reading of them with this intent and mind, that they might difpute of them to fhew their learning, and by that knowledge to get them honours and riches ; for both purpofes were very contrary to this kind of ftudy. Whereunto ought to be adhibited, firft fervent pray- ers, then a lowly mind, and finally an heart void of all ambition and greedy defire." Thus far of this good Cardinal. William, Marquefs of Winchefter, being afked how he continued of the Council in the troublefome times of divers Princes, anfwered : " By being a Willow, and not an Oak." He would alfo often f3y that he found great eafe in this: "That I never fought to rule the roft, and to be the dire&our of others, but always fuffered my felf to be fwayed with the moft and mightieft." As another Courtier of for- mer times faid, he had born off many court-ftorms in dangerous times " Byfuffering injuries, and giving thanks for them." A lufty gallant that had wafted much of his patrimony, feeing Mafter Dutton, a Gentleman, in a Gown not of the neweft cut, told him that he had thought it had been his great-grandfather's gown : " It is fo," faid Mafter Dutton, " and I have alfo my great-grandfather's lands, and fo have not you." 314. WISE SPEECHES. A reverend man, my firft teacher, would often fay in the midft of his mirth, " Sorrow is good for nothing, fave fin only." Now we draw to an end, have a few fayings of merry M. Hey wood, the great Epigrammatic. When Queen Marytold this Heywood that the Prieftsmuft forgo their wives, he merrily anfwered, " Your Grace muft allow them Lemons then, for the Clergy cannot live without fawce." He being afked of the faid Oueen Mary, what wind blew him to the Court, anfwered her, " Two fpecially, the one to fee your Majefty" — "We thank you for that," faid Queen Mary; "but I pray you, what is the other ?" " That your Grace," faid he, u rht fe mignt lee me. When one told him that Pace, being a Mailer of Art, had difgraced himfelf with wearing a fool's Coat, he anfwered, " It is lefs hurtful to the com- mon-weal, when wife men go in fools Coats, than when fools go in wife men's gowns." When he faw one riding that bare a wanton be- hind him, he faid, " In good faith, Sir, I would fay that your horfe were over-loaden, if I did not per- ceive the gentlewoman you carry were very light." When a man of worfhip, whofe Beer was better hopped than maulted, afked him at his table how he liked of his Beer, and whether it were well hopped, " Yes, by the faith of my body," faid he, " it is very well hopped ; but if it had hopped a little further, it had hopped into the water." When one faid, that the number of Lawyers would marr the occupation, he anfwered, "No, for always the more Spaniels in the field, the more game." This ufual fpeech of Sir Thomas More, both of himfelf and other Book-breeders, which is alfo ex- WISE SPEECHES. 3 i 5 tant in an Epiftle of his, I have refolved to clofe up this part: " Book-makers are full wife folk, who pain and pine themfelves away by writing, to fub- je£t themfelves to the cenfure of fuch, which in Ordinaries and in Ale-benches will pill and pull them by their words, phrafes and lines, as it were by the beards; when fomeof them are fo pill'd themfelves, as that they have not one hair of honefty $/' or to ufe his own words, " Ne pilum boni hominis." But thefe he refembleth to thofe unmannerly guefts "which, when they have been well and kindly enter- tained, flinch away never giving thanks, but de- praving and difpraifing their courteous entertain- ment." Whereas proverbs are concife, witty and wife fpeeches, grounded upon long experience, contain- ing for the mo ft part good caveats, and therefore both profitable and delightful, I thought it not un- fit to fet down here Alphabetically fome of the fe- le£r.eft and moft ufual amongft us, as being worthy to have place amongft the wifeft fpeeches. 3 1 6 Certain Proverbs, 1 Poems or Poesies, Epi- grams, Rythms and Epitaphs of the English Nation in former times, and some of this present age. BOW long bent at laft waxeth weak. A high building a low foundation. A broken fleeve holdeth the arm back. A Cat may look upon a King. A Carrion Kyte will never be a good Hawk. A clofe mouth catches no flyes. As good loft as found. A curr will bite before he bark. A dog hath a day. A friend will help at a dead lift. A dog will bark ere he bite. Agree, for the Law is coftly. A fool's bolt is foon fhot. A fool and his money is foon parted. After meat muftard. A friend is not fo foon gotten as loft. A friend in Court is worth a penny in purfe. A friend is never known till a man have need. A good man can no more harm than a fheep. ' Camden has been aptly ftyled by Bifhop Nicholfon," The common fun whereat our modern writers have all lighted their little torches." Scarcely any fubjeft in thefe "Remains" had ever been previoufly fo fully — certainly never fo ably— handled. The prefent collection of Englifh Proverbs is, fo far as I know, the firft ever made, and John Ray's celebrated work was doubt- lefs fuggefted by it. PROVERBS. 3 , 7 A good tale ill told, in the telling is marred. A good Jack maketh a good Gill. A good neighbour, a good morrow. A grunting horfe and a groaning wife never fails their Mafter. Age and wedlock tames man and beaft. All is well that ends well. A hard beginning hath a good ending. A hard fought field where no man fcapeth unkil'd. A hafty man never wants woe. A honey tongue a heart of gall. All is not gold that glitters. A leg of a lark is better than the body of a kyte. A little pot is foon hot. A fhrew profitable, may ferve a man reafonable. As long liveth a merry man as a fad. As the old cock croweth, fo the young followeth. A long harveft of a little corn. A low hedg is eafily leaped over. A man is not fo foon healed as hurt. A man far from his good is nigh his harm. A man may buy gold too dear. A curft dog muff, be tied fhort. A flye hath a fpleen. A man may love his houfe well though he ride not on the ridg. A man will not lofe a hog for a half pennyworth of tar. A man will be a man though he hath but a hofe on his head. As welcome as water into a fhip. A muzled Cat was never good moufer. A light burthen far heavv. An old ape hath an old eye. A proud mind and a beggar's purfe goeth together. A rouling ftone gathers no mofs. 318 PROFERBS. A young Serving-man, an old beggar. A word enough to the wife. A young Saint, an old divel. All is well that ends well. A man may well bring a horfe to the water, but he cannot make him drink without he will. An ill weed grows apace. An old Cat laps as much milk as a young. A moufe in time may bite in two a cable. A piece of a Kid is worth two of a cat. A penniworth of eafe is worth a penny in a man's purfe. A poor dog that is not worth the whittling. As proud comes behind as goes before. A proud horfe that will not bear his own provender. A pound of care will not pay an ounce of debt. A fcald head is foon broken. A falfe knave needs no broker. A fcald horfe is good enough for a fcab'd Squire. A fhort horfe is foon curried. A fwine over-fat is caufe of his own bane. A traveller may lye with authority. A wonder lafteth but nine days. After black clouds clear weather. After a ftorm comes a calm. All is fifh that comes to net. After dinner fit a while, after fupper walk a mile. All covet, all lofe. As fit as a pudding for a Friers mouth. All fhall be well, and Jack fliall have Gill. All is well that ends well. An ill cook cannot lick his own fingers. An inch breaketh no fquare. An inch in a mifs is as good as an ell. An old dog biteth fore. An old fack alketh much patching. PROVERBS. 3 i 9 An unbidden gueft knoweth not where to fit. As a man is friended fo the law is ended. As deep drinketh the goofe as the gander. As good to play for nought as work for nought. Afk my companion whether I be a thief. As I brew, fo mult I needs drink. A white wall is a fool's paper. As good fit ft ill as rife up and fall. As foon goeth the young Lamb-fkin to the market, as the old Ewes. All the proof of a pudding is in the eating. B. Batchelers wives and maids' children be well taught. Backare, quoth Mortimer unto his Sow. Bate me an ace of that, quoth Bolton. Be it better be it worfe, do you after him that beareth the purfe. The black Oxe hath not trod on his foot. Bare walls make giddy houfwives. Better fill a glutton's belly than his eye. Beggars fhould be no chufers. Believe well, and have well. Better be envied than pitied. Better children weep than old men. Better aye out than always ach. Better fed than taught. Be as be may is no banning. Better half a loaf than no bread. Better late than never. Better leave than lack. Better one bird in the hand than ten in the wood. Better fit ftill than rife and fall. Better a loufe in the pot than no flefh at all. Better fpare at brim than at bottom. Better to be happy than wife. 320 PROFERBS. Better coming to the latter end of a feaft than the beginning of a fray. Better to bow than break. Better to rule than be ruled by the rout. Better unborn than untaught. Better be an old man's darling, than a young man's warling. Better a bad excufe than none at all. Between two ftools the tail goeth to the ground. Beware of had I will. Beware the geefe when the Fox preaches. Birds of a feather will flock together. Black will take no other hew. Brag's a good dog. Blind men mould judge no colours. Bought wit is beft. By wifdom peace, by peace plenty. Burnt child fire dreads. By fcratching and biting cats and dogs come to- gether. / C. Cat after kind. Cunning is no burthen. Change of Women makes bald knaves. Change of pafture maketh fat calves. Children and fools cannot lye. Children and chickens are always feeding. Children learn to creep ere they can go. Chriltmafs cometh but once a year. Claw a churl by the arfe, and he fhiteth in thy hand. Clofe fitteth my fhirt, but clofer my fkin. Cloudy mornings turn to clear evenings. Cut your coat after your cloth. Curft Cows have fhort horns. Courting and wooing bring dallying and doing. PROFERBS. 321 Can Jack an Ape be merry when his clog is at his heel r D. Dear bought and far fet are dainties for Ladies. Dinners cannot be long where dainties want. Do well, and have well. Draff was his errand, but drink he would. Dogs barking aloof bite not at hand. Enough is as good as a feaft. Eaten bread is forgot. Early pricks that will be a thorn. Ever drunk, ever dry. Even reckoning maketh long friends. Every Cock is proud on his own dunghil. Every man as he loveth, quoth the good man when he kift his Cow. Eflex ftiles, Kentifh miles, Norfolk wiles, many men beguiles. Every man bafteth the fat hog. Every man cannot hit the nail on the head. Every man can rule a fhrew fave he that hath her. Every man for himfelf, and God for us all. Every one after his fafhion. Ever fpare, and ever bare. Evil gotten goods never proveth well. Evil gotten, evil fpent. Evil will never faid well. Every thing helps, quoth the Wren when fhe pift in the Sea. F. Faint heart never won fair lady. Fare and foftly goes far. Few Lawyers dye well. Y 322 PROVERBS. Few Phyficians live well. Faft bind, faft find. Fair words make fools fain. Fair words hurt not the mouth. Few words to the wife fuffice. Fifh is caft away that is caft into dry pools. Firft come, firft ferved. Firft. deferve, and then defire. Folly it is to fpurn againft a prick. Foul water as foon as fair will quench hot fire. Foul in the cradle, proveth fair in the faddle. Fools with fair words are pleafed. Froft and fraud have always foul ends. Friends fail flyers. Forfake not the market for the toll. Fools fet (tools for wife folks to (rumble at. Fools lade the water, and wife men catch the fifh. G. Give an inch, and you will take an ell. Give a dog roaft, and beat him with the fpit. God never fendeth mouth but he fendeth meat. God fendeth cold after cloaths. God fendeth fortune to fools. God fends meat, the devil fends Cooks. Good wine needs no Bufh. God fendeth the fhrewd cow fhort horns. Good words coft nought. Goes much water by the Mill, the Miller know not. Good riding at two ankers, men have told ; for if the one fail, the other may hold. Give gave is a good fellow. Good to be merry and wife. Great boaft fmall roft. Great barkers are no biters. PROFERBS. 32; H. He that will live in peace and reft, mull hear and fee, and fay the belt. Half a loaf is better than no bread at all. Half warm'd, half arm'd. Happy man be his dole. Haft maketh waft. He can ill pipe that laclceth his upper lip. Hang the bell about the Cat's neck. He dances well to whom fortune pipes. He mends as fowre Ale mends in Summer. He that will have a Hare to breakfaft muft hunt over night. He that hath time, and looks for time, loofeth time. He that is affraid of every grafs muft not pifs in a medow. He that hopes for dead men's fhoes may go long barefoot. He fpent Michaelmas Rent in Midfummer Moon. He knows on which fide his bread is buttered. Hold with the Hare and run with the Hound. Hungry dogs will eat durty puddings. He lofeth the market for the toll. Hunger breaks ftone walls. He that kifles his wife in the market-place (hall have many teachers. He will play at fmall game before he will fit out. He that goes to fleep with dogs muft rife with fleas. He that is man'd with boys, and horft with colts, fhall have his meat eaten and his work undone. He loveth well fheep's flefti that wetteth his bread in the wool. He laugheth that winneth. He may ill run that cannot go. He muft needs go that the devil drives. 324 PROFERBS. He muft needs fwim that is held up by the chin. He runneth far that never turneth again. He that cometh laft makes all faft. He that cometh laft to the pot, fooneft wroth. He that hath an ill name is half hanged. He that hath plenty of good fhall have more. He that goeth a borrowing, goeth a forrowing. He that reckons without his Hoft muft reckon twice. He that hath but little, he fhall have lefs, and he that hath right nought, right nought fhall poffefs. He that is born to be hanged, fhall never be drowned. He that killeth a man when he is drunk, fhall be hanged when he is fober. He hath need of a long fpoon that eateth with the devil. He that ftriketh with the fword fhall be beaten with the Scabbard. He that buys a houfe ready wrought, hath many a pin and nail for nought. He that will not when he may, when he would he fhall have nay. He that worft may muft hold the candle. He that winketh with one eye, and looketh with the other, I will not truft him though he were my brother. He that plays more than he fees, forfeits his eyes to the King. He that mifchief hatcheth, mifchief catcheth. He that makes himfelf a fheep, the wolf will catch him. He is proper that hath proper conditions. Hold faft when you have it. Honours fhould change manners. Home is homely. Hope well, and have well. PROVERBS. 325 Hot love is foon cold. He that will not be ruled by his own dame, muft be ruled by his ftep-dame. He carts beyond the Moon that hath pift on a nettle. How can the fole amble when the horfe and mare trot ? Hunger maketh hard beans fweet. Hunger pierceth ftone walls. Hunger is the beft fauce. He is happy can beware by others harms. He who hath a good neighbour, hath a good morrow. He that fees his neighbour's houfe a fire, muft take heed to his own. I. Jack would be a gentleman if he could fpeak French. If you eat a pudding at home, the dog mail have the (kin. If every man mend one, all fhall be mended. Ill gotten, ill fpent. Ill egging makes ill begging. Ill putting a naked fword in a mad man's hand. Ill weeds grow faft. It is ill to fet fpurs to a flying horfe. In love is no lack. It is good to hold a candle before the devil. It is better be fpited than pitied. It is better to fee a clout than a hole out. In fpace cometh grace. In truft is treafon. It chanceth in an hour that happeneth not in feven year. It cometh by kind, it coft them nothing. It is bad cloth that will take no colour. It is a foul bird that defileth his own neft. It is an ill wind that bloweth no man good. 3*6 PROVERBS. It is a good horfe that never ftumbleth. It is better kifs a knave than to be troubled with him. Ill news comes too loon. It is better to be unborn than untaught. I fcratch where it itches not. It is not good jefting with edge-tools. It is better to be a fhrew than a fheep. It is eafier to defcend than to afcend. It is evil waking of a fleeping dog. It is good fifhing in troubled water. It is good to beware by other men's harms. It is good to be merry and wife. It is good fleeping in a whole fkin. It is better late than never. It is true that all men fay. It is good to have a hatch before the door. It is hard halting before a cripple. It is hard to wive and thrive both in a year. It is hard driving againft a ftream. It is ill coming to the end of a feaft and beginning of a fray. It is too late to grieve when the chance is paft. It is an eafie thing to find a ftaff to beat a dog. It is ill fifhing before the net. It is ill healing of an old fore. It is merry in hall when beards wag all. It is merry when knaves meet. It is not all butter that the cow fhites. It mult needs be true that every man faith. It is fhaven againft the wool. It is hard to teach an old dog tricks. Ill luck is good for fomething. It is an ill dog not worth whifteling. If the Lion's fkin cannot do it, the Foxes fhall. It is better to give the fleece than the wooll. If wifhes were Thrufhes, then beggers would eat birds. PROVERBS. 327 It pricketh betimes that will be a good thorn. It is not good to have an oare in every man's boat. It will not out of the flefh that's bred in the bone. It is good to ftrike while the Iron is hot. I will not buy a pig in a poke. K. Kick not againfl a prick. Kfling goes by favour. Keep the Wolf from the door. Ka me, Ka thee. Kindnefs will creep where it cannot go. Keep bayard in the ftable. King Harry lov'd a man. L. Lay no pearl before fwine. Leave is light. Light gains makes a heavy purfe. Like will to like. Little faid foon amended. Look ere you leap. Little good foon fpent. Like the Flounder, out of the frying-pan into the fire. Little knoweth the fat fow what the lean doth mean. Look not too high, left a chip fall into thine eye. Love cometh in at the window, and goeth out at the door. Lightly come, lightly go. Love is blind. Love me little, love me long. Love me, love my dog. Lovers live by love, as Larks by leeks. Like mafter, like man. Lean not to a broken ftaff. 328 PROVERBS. Look not a given horfe in the mouth. Light a candle before the Devil. 'Longs more to marriage than four bare legs in a bed. M. Many a good Cow hath an ill Calf. Many hands make light work. Many cannot fee wood for trees. Make hay while Sun fhines. Make not a balk of good ground. Much water goes by the Mill that the Miller knows not of. Malice never fpake well. Make a pipe of a pig's tail. Many kinsfolk, few friends. Many kifs the child for the Nurfe's fake. Many a little makes a mickle. Many fmall make a great. Moft mafter wears the breeches. Many fpeak of Robin Hood that never fhot in his bow. Many ftumble at a ftraw, and leap over a block. Many a man talks of little John that never did him know. Mifreckoning is no payment. Meafure is a merry mean. Might overcometh right. More afraid than hurt. My Kiln of Malt is on fire. Much would have more. Much cry and little wool. More hafte, worft fpeed. N. No longer pipe, no longer dance. Need hath no law. PROVERBS. 329 Need maketh the old wife trot. Never pleafure without repentance. No dearth but breeds in the horfe-manger. No man loveth his fetters, be they made of Gold. No man ought to look a given horfe in the mouth. No woman feeks another in the oven which hath not before been there. Near is my petticoat, but nearer my fmock. No fmoke without fire. No penny, no Pater-nofter. Nothing hath no favour. Nothing is impoffible to a willing heart. Nothing venture, nothing have. No butter will ftick on his bread. No fence for ill fortune. O. Of a good beginning cometh a good end. One may fee day at a little hole. Out nettle, in dock. Opportunity makes a Thief. Opportunity is whoredom's Bawd. Of a ragged colt cometh a good horfe. Of little meddling cometh great eafe. Of fufterance cometh eafe. One ill weed marreth a whole pot of pottage. One ill word afketh another. One good turn afeeth"an6ther. One fhrewd turn followeth another. One Swallow maketh not Summer ; nor one Wood- cock a Winter. Out of fight, out of mind. One begger is wo that another by the door fhould go. One bird in hand is better than two in the bufh. One beateth the bufh, another catcheth the birds. One fcabbed fheep will mar a whole flock. 33° PROVERBS. Old men and far travellers may lie by authority. Once an ufe, and ever a cuftom. Out of debt, out of deadly fin. Old birds are not caught with chaff. P. Poor and proud, fie, fie. Pain is forgotten where gain follows. Penny wife and pound foolifh. Pride goeth before, and fhame cometh after. Pride will have a fall. Proffered fervice ftinketh. Prove thy friend ere thou have need. Puff not againft the wind. Peevifh pity mars a City. Praife a fair day at night. Pouring oyl into the fire is not the way to quench it. R. Reckoners without their hoft mull reckon twice. Rome was not built in one day. Rowling ftones gather no mofs. Remove an old tree, and it will dye. Rob Peter to pay Paul. S. Save a Thief from the Gallows, and he'l cut your throat. Saying and doing are two things. Seldom cometh the better. Seldom feen is foon forgotten. Self do, felf have. Shame in a kindred cannot be avoyded. Shame take him that fhame thinketh. Shameful craving muft have ihameful nay. Set a begger a horfeback, and he will gallop. PROFERBS. 33i Small pitchers have wide ears. Short mooting loofeth the game. So many heads, fo many wits. Soft fire maketh fweet malt. Somewhat is better than nothing. Stumble at a ftraw, and leap over a block. Soon gotten, foon fpent. Soon hot, foon cold. Soon crooks the tree that good Cameril will be. Soon ripe, foon rotten. Soon it pricks that will be a thorn. So long goes the pot to the water that at length it comes home broken. Spare to fpeak, fpare to fpeed. Speak fair, and think what you will. Spend, and God will fend. Store is no fore. Struggle not againft the ftream. Such a Father, fuch a Son. Such beginning, fuch end. Such lips, fuch lettice. Such welcome, fuch farewel. Such Carpenters, fuch chips. Sweet meat will have fowre fauce. Stop two gaps with one bum. Spare at the brim rather than at the bottom. Spare and ever bare. Still Sow eats all the draffe. Such a one hath a good wit if a wife man had the keeping it. T. Take time when time cometh, left time fteal away. Take heed is a good reed. Three hungry meals makes the fourth a glutton. Threatn'd folks live long. 33* PROVERBS. There is no wo to want. Tales of Robin Hood are good for fools. That one will not, another will. The burnt child dreads the fire. That the eye feeth not, the heart rueth not. That penny is well fpent that faveth a groat. The begger may fing before the thief. The eye of the Matter makes the horfe fat. The beft cart may overthrow. The beft is beft cheap. The belly thinks the throat is cut. The blind eats many a flie. The blind lead the blind, and both fall into the ditch. The Cat knowethwhofe lipsfhe licketh well enough. The Cat would eat fifh, and would not wet her feet. The Crow thinketh her own birds faireft. The fewer the better fare. The Fox fareth well when he is curfed. The greateft talkers are the leaft doers. The greateft Clerks be not the wifeft men. The greateft Crabs be not all the beft. That groat is ill fav'd that lhames the Mafter. There is craft in dawbing. Takes pepper in the nofe. The weakeft goes to the walls. The pot goes fo oft to the water, at laft comes broken home. The wife and the fword may be {hewed, but not lent. The Cuckold is the laft that knows of it. The end makes all equal. The greateft Calf is not the fweeteft Veal. Thoughts are free from toll. Truft is the Mother of deceit. The gray Mare is the better horfe. PROVERBS. 333 The lame tongue gets nothing. The early Bird catcheth the Worm. There 'longs more to wedding than four bare legs in a bed. The King of good fellows is appointed for the Queen of beggers. To have a ftomach and lack meat, to have meat and lack a ftomach, to lie in bed and cannot reft, are great miferies. The proof of a pudding is in the eating. The more knave the better luck. Two hands in a difti and one in a purfe. The envious man fhall never want wo. The fluggard muft be clad in rags. The faireft Rofe in the end is withered. The higheft tree hath the greateft fall. The young Cock croweth as the old heareth. The keys hang not all at one man's girdle. The longer Eaft, the fhorter Weft. The longeft day hath his end. The low ftake ftandeth long. The more haft the lefs fpeed. The more the merrier. The more thy Years, the nigher thy Grave's. The more ye ftir a Turd, the worfe it will ftink. The nearer the Church, the faitfier Iferri God. The new broom fweepeth clean. The Parifh Prieft forgetteth that ever he hath been holy water Clark. The rough net is not the beft catcher of birds. The fhoe will hold with the fole. The ftill fow eateth up all the draff. The tide ftayeth for no man. There be more wayes to the wood than one. There is difference between ftaring and ftark blind. They muft hunger in froft that will not work in heat. 334 PROVERBS. They that be in Hell ween there is no other Heaven. There is falfhood in fellowfhip. There is no fool to the old fool. They that are bound muft obey. Three may keep counfel if two be away. Time loft we cannot win. Time ftayeth for no man. Touch a gall'd horfe on the back, and he will kick. Too much of one thing is good for nothing. Tread a worm on the tail, and it muft turn again. Truth fhameth the Devil. Two eyes can fee more than one. The fea hath fifh for every man. There is no fifhing to the fea, nor fervice to the King. 'Tis better to fit ftill, than rife to fall. There's more Maids than Maukins. There's no fence for ill fortune. There's no weather ill when the wind is ftill. The Fair lafts all the year. The poftern door makes thief and whore. They hardly can run that cannot go. Two anons and a by and by is an hour and a half. That's bred in the bone will never out of the flefh. The Horfe that is next the Mill carries all the Grift. Two falfe Knaves need no Broker. Two heads are better than one. The counfel thou wouldeft have another keep, hrft keep it thy felf. W. We can have no more of the cat but her fkin. What is a Workman without his Tools ? What the Heart thinketh the Tongue fpeaketh. When the belly is full the bones would be at reft. When the head aketh all the body is the worfe. PROFERBS. 335 What fome win in the Hundred, they lofe in the Shire. When the Iron is hot ftrike. When the pig is proffered hold up the poke. When the Skie falleth we fhall have Larks. When the fteed is froln fhut the ftable door. When the Sun fhineth make hay. Where fhall a man have a worfe friend than he brings from home ? When thy neighbours houfe doth burn be careful of thine own. When Thieves fall out, true men come to their Goods. Where nothing: is a little doth eafe. Where nothing is the King muft lofe his Right. Where faddles lack, better ride on a pad, than on the Horfe bare back. Where be no receivers, there be no thieves. Where nought is to wend with wife men flee the clog. Where the hedge is loweft, men may fooneft over. Where wine is not common, Commons muft be fent. While the grafs groweth the horfe ftarveth. Without hope the heart would break. Who is worfe fhod than the Shoemaker's wife ? Who lacketh a ftock, his gain is not worth a chip. Who medleth in all things may fhoe the goflings. Whom weale pricks, forrow comes after and licks. Who fo bold as blind Bayard ? Who fo deaf as he that will not hear ? We fometimes fcratch where it itches not. Who is fo blind as he that v/ill not fee ? Who fo that knew what would be dear, mould need be Merchant but one year. Who weddeth ere he be wife, fhall die ere he thrive. 336 POEMS. Wille will have wilt, though will woe win. Win Gold and wear Gold. Wifhers and woulders be no good houfholders. Wit is never good till it be bought. Who that may not as they would, will as they may. Winter's thunder makes Summer's wonder. Y. Yll gotten, ill fpent. Ynough is as good as a feaft. Young Saint, old Devil. You are as feafonable as Snow in Summer. You could not fee wood for trees. Young men may die, but old muft die. Young Cocks love no coops. Ye had as lief go to Mill as to Mafs. You cannot fare well but you muft cry roft meat. Poems. ]F the dignity of Poetry much hath been faid by the worthy Sir Philip Sidney, and by the Gentleman which proved that Poets were the firft Politicians, the firft Philofophers, the firft Hiftoriographers. I will only add out of Philo, that they were God's own creatures; who in his Book "de Plantatione Noe," reporteth, that when he had made the whole World's Mafs, he created Poets to celebrate and fet out the Crea- tour himfelf, and all the Creatures : You Poets read the place, and you will like it. Howfoever it pleafeth the Italian to cenfure us, yet neither doth the Sun fo far retire his Chariot from our Cli- mate, neither are there lefs favourable afpe£ls POEMS. 337 between Mercury, Jupiter, and the Moon, in our inclination of Heaven, if Poets are Fato, as it pleafed Socrates ; neither are our Poets deftitute of Art, prefcribed by reafon, and grounded upon experience, but they are as pregnant both in witty conceits and devices, and alfo in imitation, as any of them. Yea, and according to the Argument excel in Grandity and Gravity, in fmoothnefs and propriety, in quick- nefs and briefnefs. So that for fkill, variety, efficacy and fweetnefs, the four material points required in a Poet, they can both teach and delight perfectly. This would eafily appear if any lines were extant of that worthy Britifh Lady Claudia Ruhna, fo commended by Martial ; or of Gildas, which Lilius Giraldus faw in the Libraries of Italy, or of old Chedmon, 1 who by divine infpiration, about the year 680, became fo divine a Poet in our Englifh Tongue that, with his fweet Verfes full of compunction, he withdrew many from vice to vertue, and a religious fear of God ; or of our Claudius Clemens, one of the firft Founders of the Univerfity of Paris ; and doth moft clearly appear to all that can judge by many learned Poems publifhed in this our Learned Age. But whereas thefe latter are in every man's hand, and the former are irrecoverable, I will only give you a tafte of fome of middle age, which was fo overcaft with dark clouds, or rather thick fogs of ignorance, that every little (park of liberal Learn- ing feemed wonderful ; fo that if fometime you hap- pen of an uncouth word, let the time entreat pardon for it, whenas all words have their times, and as he faith, — " licuit femperque licebit, Signatum praefente nota procudere nomen." 1 Caedmon. z 33« , POEMS. We will begin with Jofeph of Excefter, 1 who followed our King Richard the Firft in his Wars in the Holy Land, celebrated his A£te in a Book called " Antiocheido," and turn'd Dares' " Phrigias " fo happily into Verfe that it hath been printed not long fince in Germany under the name of " Cornelius Nepos." The paffing of the pleafant River Simois by Troy and the encounter between the Waves of the Sea and it, at the difemboguing, or inlet thereof, he lively fetteth forth thus : " Proxima rura rigans, alio peregrinus ab orbe Vil'urus Trojam Simois, longoque meatu EmeruiiTe velit, ut per tot regna, tot urbes Exeat sequoreas tandem Trojanus in undas. Dumque indefeflb miratur Pergama vifu Lapfurum fufpendit iter, fluviumque moratur, Tardior & totam comple&i deftinat urbem : Sufpenlls infenlus aquis violentior inftat Nereus, atque amnem cogens procul ire minorem Proximus accedit urbi ; contendere credas Quis propior, fie altemis concurritur undis, Sic crebras iterant voces, lie jurgia mifcent." You may at one view behold Mount Ida with his trees, and the Country adjacent to Troy, in thefe few-lines, as in a raoft pleafant profpe£t, prefented unto you thus, by the faid Jofeph : " Haud procul incumbens intercurrentibus arvis Idaeus coniurgit apex, vetus incola montis Silva viret, vernat abies procera, cupieflus Flebilis, interpres laurus, vaga pinus, oliva Concilians, cornus venatrix, fraxinus audax, Stat comitis patiens ulmus, nunquamq; fenefcens Cantatrix buxus : paulo proclivius arvum Ebria vitis habet, non dedignata latere 1 " The bell of our mediaeval Latin poets." — Wrighfs Biog. Brit. Norman Period, p. 402. POEMS. 339 Cancricolam polcit Phcebum ; vicinus ariftas Prasgnantes foecundat ager ; non plura Falernus Vina bibit, non tot pafcit Campania meffcs." A right woman and Lady-like difdain may be obferved in the fame Author, where he bringeth in Pallas, mating dame Juno with modeft difdainful- nefs before Paris in the action of beauty, a matter of greateft importance in that fex, after this manner of reply : " Magna parens fuperum, nee enini nego ; magna Tonantis Nupta, nee invideo ; meritum, Paris inelyte, noftrum Si quod erat carpfit : teftor freta, teftor Olympum, Teltor humum, non armatas in praelia linguae Credideram venifTe deas ; hac parte loquaeem Erubeo fexum, minus hie quam fcemina poflum. Martem alium didici, viftoria fcedaubi victus Plus laudis viclore feret, noftrifque trophasis Hie haud notus honos. Sed quo regina dearum Effatu tendit ? Dea fit, cedo, imo Dearum Maxima ; non dextra fortiri fceptra potentis, Partirive Jovem certatim venimus, ilia, Ilia habeat, quae fe oftentat." In the commendation of Britain, for breeding martial men, and praife of the famous King Arthur, he fung in his " Antiocheidos ,;i thefe which only remain out of that work : " Inclyta fulfit Pofteritas ducibus tantis, tot dives alumnis, Tot fcecunda viris, premerent qui viribus orbem, Et fama veteres. Hinc Conftantinus adeptus Imperium, Komam tenuit, Byzantion auxit. Hinc Senonum du&or captiva Brennius urbe Romuleas domuit flammis viclricibus arces. Hinc & Scaeva latus, pars non obfeura tumultus Civilis, Magnum folus qui mole lbluta Obl'edit, meliorque ftetit pro Casfare murus. Hinc celebri fato tcelici floruit ortu Flos regum Arthurus, cujus tamen afta ftupori Non micuere minus, totus quod in aure voluptas Et populo plaudente favus. Quaecunque priorum 34-0 POEMS. Infpice, Pellaeum commendat fama Tyrannum, Pagina Caefarios loquitur Romana triumphos, Alciden domitis attollit gloria monftris. Sed nee pinetum coryli, nee fydera folem Equant, Annales Graios, Latiofque revolve. Prilea parem nefcit, aequalem poftera nullum Exhibitura dies : Reges iupereminet omnes: Solus praeteritis melior, majorque futuris. If a painter would pourtraicr. devils, let him paint them in his colours as Fcelix, the old monk of Crowland, depainted the bugges of Crowland in his verfes, and they will feem right hell-hounds. " Sunt aliqui quibus eft crinis rigidus, eaput amplum, Frons cornuta, gena diftorta, pupilla corufcans, Os patulum, labia turgentia, dens piaeacutus, Et quibus eft crinis quafi feta, caput quafi truncus, Frons quafi cera, gena quafi pix, oculus quafi carbo, Os quafi fporta, labra quafi plumbum, dens quafi buxus. Sunt alii quibus eft vultus gibboius & acer, Nafus curvatus & fcedus, & auris acuta, Et grandis cervix dependens & macilenta ; Caefaries & barba rigens, frons & gena pallens, Nafus & auris olens, vertex & finciput horrens. Et funt perplures qui crine videntur adufto, Fronte truci, naib praegrandi, lumine torvo, Faucibus horrendis, labris pendentibus, ore Ignivomo, vultu fquamofo, verticc groflb, Dente fero, mento peracuto, gutture rauco, Pelle nigra, fcapulis contraclis, ventre rapaci, Coftis mobilibus, Lumbis ardentibus, anis Caudatis, genibus nodatis, cruribus uncis, Plantis averfis, talifque tumentibus : & funt Nonnulli, quibus eft non horrida forma, fed ipfe Horror, cum non fint fcelerati, fed fcelus ipfum." He did feem alfo a good Poet, in his age, which defcribed a great battel between the Danes and the Englifh thus : " Eminus in primis hiberni grandinis inftar, Tela volant, fylvas haftarum fragmina frangunt ; Mox ruitur propius, praefcinditur enfis ab enfe, POEMS. 3+ i Conculcatur equus ab equo, ruit hoftis in hoftem, Hie effbi'a trahit hoitili vifcera ferro, Hie jacet ex animis fufa cum ianguine vita, Hie pedis, ille manus, hie pecloris ille lacerti Vulnere damnatus reditum proponit inanem." If he which fcraped together the fragments of ancient Poets had hapned on the verfes following, written to a Bifhop of Norwich, haply he would have inferted them. " Magnus Alexander bellorum faspe procellas Immixtus fregit ftudiis, Socrateique (tudendi Continuum iblitus interrupilTe laborem, Threicias tremulo numeravit pollice chordas. Cedit Atlas oneri, civili feriptor ab enie Julius abltinuit, invietus faepe quievit Alcides, rigidum mollis lyra flexit Achillem. Tu quoque lugenti patrias graviterque diuque Expeclate parens, fibi quern viduata maritum Jam Paftoralis Norwici regia poi'cit," &c. John Hauvill, a Monk of S. Alban's, made this good and godly invocation before his poem, com- parable with many of the latter brood. "Tu Cyrrhae latices noftrae Deus implue menti, Eioquii rorem iiccis int'unde labellis, DinHllaque favos, quos necdum pailidus auris Scit Tagus, aut fitiens admotis Tantalus undis, Dirige quae timide ililcepit dextera, dextram Audacem pavidamque juva, tu mentis habenas Fervoremque rege, qnitquid diftaverit ori Spiritus aridior, oleum fuffunde favoris. Tu patris es verbum, tu mens, tu dextera Verbum. Expediat verbum, mens mentem, dextera dextram.'" Lazy and fuperficial fcholars, which thruft the day forward with their moulders in the Univerfity, and return as wife as they came thither, he defcribeth in this fort : " Hi funt qui ftatuag veniunt, ftatuaeque recedunt, Et Bacchi iapiunt, non Phcebi pocula. Nyla 34* POEMS. Agmina, non Cyrrhas, Phoebo Bacchoque miniftrant, Hoc pleni, illo vacui. ' The old Ale-knights of England were well de- painted out of him, in the Ale-houfe colours of that time, in this manner : " Jamque vagante fcypho, difcinfto gutture avas heil Ingeminant ivas heil; labor eft plus perdere vini Quam fitis, exhaurire merum vehementius ardent, Quam exhaurire fitim.' 1 The fame John Hauvil, when he would fignifie whatfoever envy had wrought againft Troy the Roman vertue had repaired, fung briefly: " Si quid de culm in e Troja; Diminuit livor, virtus reparavit, ut orbi Hie urbem rapuit, haec orbem reddidit urbi." Paflionate are thefe verfes upon the death of King Richard the firft, penned by one Gaulfrid : " Neuftria fub clypeo Regis defenfa Richardi Indefenfa modo geftu teftare dolorem. Exundent oculi lachrymas, exterminet ora Pallor, connodet digitos tortura, cruentet Interiora dolor, & verberet aera clamor : Tota peris ex morte fua, mors non fuit ejus Sed tua, non una, fed publica mortis imago. O Veneris lachrymofa dies, o fidus amarum." And after a few verfes he, fpeaking to Death, addeth, in commendation of that Prince : " Nihil addere noverat ultra ; Ipfe fuit quicquid potuit natura, fed iftud Caufa fuit quare rapuifti, res pretiofas Eligis, & viles quafi dedignata relinquis." Thefe former verfes were mentioned by Chaucer, our Englifh Homer, in the defcription of the fudden ftir and Panicall fear, when Chanteclere the Cock was carried away by Reynold the Fox, with a re- lation to the faid Galfride. POEMS. 34.3 " The filly widow and her daughters two Herd the hennes cry and make ado. And out at the dore itert they anon And faw the Fox toward the wood ygon, And bare upon his back the Cock away, And cryed out harow and well away, Aha the fox, and after him they ran, And eke with ftaves many other man. Ran Coll our dogge, Talbot and eke Garland, And Malkin with her diftaffe in her hand, Ran Cow and calf and eke the very hogges : For they fo fore afFraid were of the dogges. And fhouting of men and of women eake, They ran lb her hert thought to breake. They yellen as fends do in hell, The Duckes cried as men would them quell, The Geefe for fear flew over the trees, Out of the hives came fwarms of Bees. So hideous was the noife, ah benedicite, Comes Jacke Straw, ne his meiney Ne made never fhouts half fo ihrill, When that they would any Fleming kill, As that day was made upon the Fox. Of brafle they blew the trumpets and of box, Of home, and box, i which they blew and pouped, And therewith they fhriked and fliouted, It feemed as though heaven (hould fall. O Gaulfride, dere matter foveraigne, That, when the worthy King Richard was flaine With (hot, complainedft his death fo fore, Why ne had I now thy fcience and thy lore ? Thy Friday for to chide as did ye, For on a Friday fliortly (lain was he, Then would I (hew you how that I could plaine, For Chauntecleeres died and for his paine. Certes fuch cry, ne lamentation, Was never of Ladies made when that Ilion Was won, and Pirrhus with his bright fword, When he hent King Priam by the beard, And flough him (as faith .^Eneidos) As made all the hennes in the cloos, When they loft of Chantecleere the fight : But foveraignly dame Pertelot (bright, Well louder than did Hafdrubal's wife, 344 EPIGRAMS. When that her hufband hath loft his life, And that the Romans had brent Carthage ; She was fo full of torment and of rage, That wilfully into the fire Ihe ftert, And brent her felf with a ftedfaft hert. O woful Hennes right fo cried ye, As when that Nero brent the city Of Rome, cryed the Senatours wives, For that her huibands ftiould lofe her lives." Thefe may fuffice for fome Poetical defcriptions of our ancient Poets ; if I would come to our time, what a world could I prefent to you out of Sir Philip Sidney, Ed. Spencer, John Owen, Samuel Daniel, Hugh Holland, Ben Johnfon, Thomas Champion, Mich. Drayton, George Chapman, John Marfton, William Shakefpeare, 1 and other moft pregnant wits of thefe our times, whom fucceeding ages may juftly admire. Epigramms. [N fhort and fweet Poems framed to praife or difpraife, or fome other fharp conceit, which are called Epigramms, as our countrey-men now furpafs other Nations, fo in former times they were not inferiour, if you confider Ages, as the indifferent Reader may judge by thefe. In the dark mift of all good learning, about 800 years fince, in commendation of the godly King Saint Ofuuald, was made this : " Quis fuit Alcides ? quis Caefar Julius ? aut quis Magnus Alexander ? Alcides fe luperafle 1 William Shakefpeare laft in the lift ! EPIGRAMS. 34.5 Fertur, Alexander mundum ; fed Julius hoftem. Se fimul Ofuualdus, & mundum vicit, & hollem." To the honour of Elfled, a noble Lady which repaired Darby, Chefter, Warwick, &c, I have found this : " O Elfleda potens, 6 terror virgo virorum, Vi6trix naturae nomine digna viri ; Te quo Iplendidior fieres, natura puellam, Te probitas tecit nomen habere viri. Te mutare decet, fed folum nomina fexus : Tu regina potens, Rexque trophaea parans. Jam nee Caefarii tantum meruere triumphi, Caefare fplendidior virgo, virago viges," This alfo may here have place, which William Conqueror's Poet made to him when he had ob- tained this Realm : " Caefariem Casfar tibi fi natura negavit, Hanc Willielme tibi ftella comata dedit.'" It may feem he alluded to the baldnefs of Julius Caefar, who for that caufe ufed a Lawrel Garland, to the Comet appearing before his conqueft of this Kingdom, portending the fame as it was thought, and to the manner of the French in that time, among whom long bufhy hair was the fignal mark of Majefty, as Agathias noteth, when as all fubjedts were rounded, and the Kings only long-haired. Which cuftom continued among the French Kings, until Peter Lombard, Bifhop of Paris, diiTwaded them from it, and among ours, as appeareth by their feals until King Henry the fifth. The happy fuccefs of Englifh and Normans, with the cowardly flight of the French at Nugent, 1109, in the time of King Henry the firft, was thus ex- prefTed : " Henricus regum rex & decus, abftulit altos Francigenis animos, Ludovicum namque Nugenti 34-6 EPIGRAMS. Rex re^em campo magnum major fuperavir: Praepoluere fugam bellis, calcaria telis Galli prsecipites: fama ipoliifque potitos Laurea Normanos, & laus aeterna coronat. Sic decus ifte ducum, fie corda tumentia preffit, Oraque Francorum fuperba mutire coegit." Maude, daughter to Malcolm, King of Scots, a woman of rare piety, buried at Weftminfter, to which Church fhe would come daily barefoot, while the Court lay there, had an excellent Epi- gramme made to her commendation, whereof thefe four verfes only remain : " Piofpera non laetam fecere, nee afpera triftem, Afpera rifus erant, piofpera terror erant. Non decor effecit fragilem, non fceptra fuperbam, Sola potens humilis, fola pudica decens.'" No bad Poet was he which wrote to the honour of Adeliza, fecond wife to King Henry the firft, who was daughter to the Duke of Brabant, and fifter to Lord Jofcelin, of Lovain, from whom the Percies, Earls of Northumberland, defcended. " Anglorum Regina tuos Adeliza decores Ipia referre parans Mufa ftupore riget. Quid Diadema tibi pulcherrima ? quid tibi gemma? Pallet gemma tibi, nee Diadema nitet. Deme tibi cultus, cultum natura miniftrat, Non exornari forma beata poteft. Ornamenta cave, nee quicquam luminis inde Accipis, ilia micant lumine clara tno ; Non puduit modicus de magnis dicere laudes, Nee pudeat dominam te precor efle meam." Maude, daughter to King Henry the firft, and mother to King Henry the lecond, happened on as good a Poet, who honoured or flattered her with thefe Epigramms : * " Auguftis Patribus auguftior orta Mathildis, Qiiaelibet in laudes ora dilerta vocas, EPIGRAMS. 347 Sed fruftra, quia nemo tibi praeconia folvet Quae genus, & mores, formaque digna petunt. Una loqui te lingua poteft ? quae laudis opimae Materiam Unguis omnibus una paras ? * " Filia praeteriti, praefentis nupta, futuri Mater regis, habes hoc fpeciale tibi. Aut vix aut nunquam reperitur fcemina quae fit, Haec eadem regum filia, nupta, parens. Nee tua nobilitas eft a te coepta, nee in te Definit, & poft te vivet, ut ante fuit. Nee tu degeneras revera filia matris : Talem te genuit, qualis & ipia fuit, Cafta pudicam, provida cautam, pulchra decoram ; Larga tulit largam, religiofa piam. Es rofa de radice rofae, de religione Religio, pietas de pietate fluit. * " Sic mores Regina tuos componis, & actus, Ut fit in his jufto plulVe, minufve nihil. Quippe nocere potes, non vis ; Oftenderis, ultro Condonas ; Cernis triftia, compateris. Vis dare, non differs : Vis parce vivere, nefcis. Si loqueris, multum fermo nitoris habet. Si taceas, rigor eft ; fi rides, rifiis honeftus ; Oras, orantis fletibus ora madent. Intus fimplicitas mentem, f'oris ornat honeftas Vultum, grata quidem fingula, plufque fimul." But among all our old Epigrammatifts all com- mendation is carried away by old Godfrey, Prior of Winchefter, who lived Anno noo, which City hath brought forth fo many excelling in Poetical faculty, not only in former ages, but alfo in latter, out of the worthy Colledge there, that the very Genius loci doth feem Poetical. Out of his Epi- gramms, firft imparted to me by the right learned Mafter Tho. Allen, of Oxford, I will here impart a few unto you. To one that would know how long he mould learn, he writeth thus : " Difcendi, Damiane, modum te quaerere dicunt, Difcas dum nefcis, fit modus ifte tibi." 348 EPIGRAMS. That the contempt of fools is not to be refpe&ed : " Contemptum ftulti contemnere, Dindyme, laus eft ; Contemni a ftulto dedecus efle nego." Againft pride in profperity : " Extolli noli quum te fortuna beavit, Pompone, haec eadem quae levat, ipfa premit." Againft fuch as teach well and live not accord- ingly : " Multa Solon, fed plura Cato me verba docetis, At nemo veftrum quanta docetis, agit." To one which had eaten ftinking meat : " Drufe, comedifti quern mifit Silvius hircum, Vel tibi non nafus, vel tibi nafus olet." He teacheth us to relye upon firm and fure fup- ports, left we fall to the ground with them in this : " Non eft fecurus fuper titubantia fultus : Jungere labenti, labitur ille, ruis." That we muft look for like meafure, if we do not as we would be done unto, he admonifheth all under the name of Albius : " Jurgia, clamores tibi gloria, gloria lites, Et facis & dicis omnibus, unde noces. Expe&es eadem quas nobis feceris, Albi, Nam quern tu lasdis, te ferit ille libens." Youth which, in their haughty heat, reject the advice of old men, he advifeth thus : "Pannorum veterum facile contemnitur ufus, Non fie confilium, Pofthumiane, fenum." The vanity of them which vaunt of their ancient nobility, and have no nobility in themfelves, he thus taxeth : " Stemmata continuas, recitas ex ordine patres, Qiieis nifi tu fimilis, Rufule, quid recitas ?" EPIGRAMS. 349 That there was no contending with him who with miflive bribes can prevail againft Juftice. " Miflilibus, Daciane, tuis Aftraea recellit, Vincis miflilibus Jus, Daciane, tuis." The common proverb, Love me, love mine, he thus advifed us to obferve : " Me tanquam focium te dicis amare, Trebati, Et quos totus amo dente furente tens: Sed nil! lis focius fociis, & amicus amicis, Non potero noftrum dicere te focium." Againft hooked gifts which draw others: "Multa mihi donas, vereor ne multa requiras, Nolo mihi dones, Aulice, fi repetas." Againft one that fought a benefice, and would teach before he could teach : " Qua doceat fedem quaerit Plotinus & aedem, Quaerit qua doceat, non ea quae doceat." Againft a covetous wretch : " Nafidiane diu vixifti Temper avarus, Oro tibi vivas Nafidiane diu." Againft one that would exadf, of others, and do nothing himfelf : '• Exigis a. nobis quern nulli lolvis amorem, Quam nulli praeftes exigis, Aule, fidem : Exigis a nobis quern non merearis honorem, Mirum elt quod non das, id tibi velle dari." Againft an Abbot that would defend his Monks from others, but worry them himfelf: " Tollit ovem de fauce lupi peifepe Molomis, Ereptamque lupo ventre recondit ovem. Tu quoque Sceva tuos praedone tueris ab omni. Unus prajdo tamen peidis ubique tuos." One, amidft the wars between King Stephen and 35° EPIGRAMS. Henry the Second, commended the fame Henry in thefe verfes : " Praelia quanta movet Stephanus, moveat volo, namque Gloria nulla foret fi praelia nulla moveret : Tu contra Stephanum, cui copia multa virorum, Duxifti paucos, cur paucos ? gloria major E(t, multos paucis, quam paucos vincere multis." At the fame troublefome time, and as it were defolation of England, were written to the fame Henry, as it were in a Profopopceia of England : " Dux Henrice nepos Henrici maxime magni ; Anglia tota ruo, nee jam ruo tota ruina, &c." Upon two fearful flights of the French, one at Vernoil, the other at Vendofme, in the time of King Henry the Second, one made this : " Gallia fugifti bis, & hoc Tub Rege Philippo, Nee funt fub modio facia pudenda duo. Vernolium fumit teftem fuga prima, fecunda Vindocinum, noclem prima fecunda diem. Nocle tugam primam celerafti, mane fecundam, Prima pavore fuit, vique fecunda fuit." When one had flattered William Longchamp, Bifhop of Ely, the only powerful man of England in his time, with this blandation : " Tarn bene, tarn facile tu magna negotia traclas, Ut dubium reddas fis homo, five Deus." Giraldus Cambrenfis, a man well born, and better lettered, of that Houfe from whence the Giraldines of Ireland are defcended, and Secretary to King John, played upon thefe Verfes, and that Bifhop after he was apprehended in woman's attire flying out of the Realm : "Tarn male, tarn temere, tarn turpiter omnia traclas, Ut dubium reddas bellua lis, vel homo. Sic cum fis minimus, tentas majoribus uti, Ut dubium reddas limia fis, vel homo." EPIGRAMS. 351 He that made the Verfe following (fome afcribe it to that Giraldus) could adore both the Sun rifing, and the Sun fetting, when he could fo cleanly honour King Henry the Second then departed, and King Richard fucceeding. " Mira cano, Sol occubuit, nox nulla fequuta." Great was the commendation of Mecaenas, who, when he could do all with Auguftus, yet never harmed any, whereupon in an Elegy upon his death, Pedo Albenovanus writeth : " Omnia cum poffes, tanto tarn cams amico, Te fenfit nemo poffe nocere tamen." Which commendation King Henry the Eighth gave to that worthy Duke of Suffolk, Charles Bran- don, who never ufed the King's favour to the hurt of any. And the fame Giraldus teftified the like of King Henry the Second, in this Verfe, very effec- tually. " Glorior hoc uno, quod nunquam vidimus unum, Nee potuiiTe magis, nee nocuifle minus.''' Thefe alfo following are referred unto him : " Vive Deo, tibi mors requies, tibi vita labori, Vive Deo, mors eft vivere, vita mori." Thefe following were likewife written by him againft lewd love : " Nee laus, nee probitas, nee honor fuperare puellam, Sed Veneris vitium vincere laudis opus. Vis melius fapiens, melius vis ftrenuus efle, Si Venerem luperes, iftud & iftud eris : Noli caftra fequi Veneris, fed caftra Minervae, Haec docet, ilia furit; haec juvat, ilia nocet. Cum fit amor vetitus, vetiti malus a£tus amoris, Si malus, ergo nocet, fi nocet, ergo fuge : Cujus ccepta timor, medium fcelus, exitus ignis, Tu fuge, tu reproba, tu metuendo cave." 352 EPIGRAMS. Why the Sun appeareth ruddy, and as it were blufheth at his firft rifing, Alexander Necham, fome- time Prior of Cirencefter, rendreth the caufe thus : " Sol vultu rofeo rubicundo fulget in ortu, Incettae no£tis fa6ta pudore nutans. Nempe rubore luo tot damnat damna pudoris, Cernere tot Phoebum gefta pudenda pudet : Tot blandos nexus, tot iuavia preffa labellis, Tot miferae Veneris monftra novella videt, Frigida quod nimium caleat lafciva fenefrus, Ignis quod gelido ferveat amne, ftupet. 1 ' Of the fiery colour of the Planet Mars, and the fpots in the Moon, he giveth this reafon : " Mars Venerem fecum deprenfam fraude mariti Erubuit, fupereft flarnmeus ille rubor. Sed cur Lunaris fades fuicata videtur? Quae vultu damnat, furta videre folet. Adde quod Ecclefiam Phoebe, macula; nota culpam Signat, habet maculas utraque Luna mas." If you will read carping Epigrammatical Verfes of a Durham Poet againft Ralph the Prior, here you may have them : " De fene, de calvo, de delirante Radulpho Omnia monftra cano, nil nifi vera tamen : Imputat errores aliis Temper, fibi nunquam, Eft aliis Argus Tyrefiafque fibi. Non vult effe bonus, fed vult bonus effe videri ; Eft ovis exterius, interiufque lupus. Sus vita, canis officio, vulpecula fraude, Mente lepus, paffer renibus, ore lupus. Talis qui Daemon nunquam poterit nifi morte Effe bonus, poftquam deiinat efTe malus." The fame Authour plai'd alfo prettily upon Wil- liam and Alan, Arch-deacons of Northumberland and Durham. " Archilevitas in forte Northumbria largos, Dunelmum cupidos femper habere folet. EPIGRAMS. 3 5 3 Nunc e converfo fedem dotavit utramque Willelmi probitas, crimen Alane tuum. Vos nunc degeneres patribus fucceditis ambo, Hie bonus, ante malus, hie malus, ante bonus." Anfwerable to thefe were thefe Verfes of the faid Durham Poet, upon the fate of a Pot and a Pipkin, when the Pot was all broken, and the Pipkin loft but the handle, by the fall of a window. " Lapfa feneftra ruit, luit urna fciphufque propinquus, Definit hsec efle prorfus, hie efle bene. Alias. Lapfa feneftra rait, fciphus urna luunt, nihil ilia Quo teneat, nihil hie quo teneatur, habet." When King Richard the Firft was detained pri- foner with the Emperour, one did write this fupplicant Verfe to the Emperour in a fharp clofe. " Magnus es, & genibus flexis tibi fupplicat orbis, Cum poffis, noli faevire, memento Neronis." A Hufwife which had encreafed her Family, in her Hufband's abfence, with a new brat allured her Hufband, at his return, that fhe conceived it of a Snow-ball caft at her. But he conveying it away, felling it to a beggar, allured her with the like lye : that as it was conceived by Snow, fo it was melted away by the Sun, which a Poet in the time of King John exprefled thus very briefly, and for that Age prettily. " Rebus in augendis longe remorante marito, Uxor mcecha parit puerum; port multa reverfo, De nive conceptum fingit : fraus mutua, caute Suftulit, afportat, vendit, matrique reportans Ridiculum fimile, liquefa&um fole refingit.'" But two others comprifed the fame matter more fuccinctly in this manner : " De nive conceptum quern mater adultera fingit, Sponfus eum vendens, liquefa&um fole refinxit." A A 354- EPIGRAMS. " Vir quia quern reperit genitum nive foemina fingit, Vendit ; & a fimili liquefaftum fole refinxit." That Scolar alfo could play at even and odd, that could keep the figure Compar fo precifely in thefe two Verfes upon the Spring : " Turba colorum, vis violarum, pompa rol'arum, Induit hortos, pauperat agros, pafcit ocellos. " A Suter, wearied with delaies in the Emperours Court, did at the length frame this Diftich,and coaled it on a wall : " Si nequeo placidas affari Caefaris aures, Saltern aliquis veniat, qui mihi dicat, Abi." So a poor Englifh man fed with vain hope by many in the time of King Henry the Third, did write this Diflich : " Spem mihi dent alii magnam, rem tu cito parvam, Res me parva juvet, lpes mihi magna nocet." Againft a carping companion was this made about that time by John Havill : " Zoile, tu laudum cuneus, tu ierra bonorum, Magna doles, majora notas, in maxima Isevis." Such as can fpeak feelingly of Church Livings, will not diflemble that thefe were the four entrances into the Church, which a Country man of ours long fince in this manner Epigrammatically opened. " Ecclelias portis his quatuor itur in omnes, Principis, & Simonis, fanguinis atque Dei. Prima patet magnis, nummatis altera, chads Tertia, led raris janua quarta patet." Good alfo is that under Saint Peter in the Cathe- dral Church of Norwich (were it not for the fault which is in the former), but therein you have St. Peter's Ship, Sea, Nets, and Fifh : EPIGRAMS. 355 " Ecclefiam pro Nave rego, mihi climata mundi Sunt mare, fcripturae retia, piicis homo." When Euftathius was elected Bilhop of London, one congratulated his advancement thus : " Omnes hie digni, tu dignior omnibus, omnes Hie plene fapiunt, plenius ipie lapis." Of a bragging brawl, between two well met, was framed this by Henry of Winchefter, but the be- ginning is loft. " Hie ait, ille negat, hie afTerit, ille refellit, Hie proavos multum praedicat, ille premit. Fifus uterque fibi fe venditat ifte decorem JacYitat, ille decus, hie opus, alter opes. Hie bonus, ille beatus, hie multis defl'erit, ille Multiplicata refert : hie levis, ille loquax." When Adrian, our Country-man, had converted fome people of Norway, and was made Pope, this was compofed to his honour : " Conferet hie Romas plus laudis quam fibi Roma, Plus dabit hie orbi, quam dabit orbis ei." But this would not eafily be matched in our age, which was written in the time of King Henry the Sixth over the entrance into the Receipt at W e ft- minfter, to admonifh Accomptants to be circumfpedt in entring as Janus with his two heads; and as vigilant in ending Exchequer Accounts as Argus with his hundred eyes. " Ingrediens Jani, rediture fis aemulus Argi." Thefe are all of former times, and with the quaint and moft excellent ones of our polite Age, which every where prefent themfelves to your view, 1 will only recover from oblivion thefe made upon the Pi&ures of the two moft potent and prudent * nan. 356 EPIGRAMS. Princes, Queen Elizabeth of England, Queen Mary of Scotland. In Elizabeth am Anglia Reginam. Bucha- " Cujus imago Deae facie ciii lucet in una, Temperie mixta, Juno, Minerva, Venus? Eft dea : quid dubitem ? cui fie confpirat amice Mafcula vis, hilaris gratia, celfus honos : Aut Dea fi non eft, Diva eft qua? praefidet Anglis, Ingenio, vultu, moribus aequa Deis." In Eandem. " Quae manus artificis tria fie confundit, ut uno Gratia, majeftas, & decor ore micent ? Non pi£toris opus fuit hoc, fed pectoris, unde Divinae in tabulam mentis imago fluit." Maria Regina Scotia. " Ut Mariam finxit natura, ars pinxit : utrumque Rarum & foletis fummum opus artificis. Ipfe animum fibi dum pingit, fie vicit utrumque, Ut natura rudis, ars videatur iners. " En tibi magnanimae fpirantia Principis 01a, Omnia quam mundi mirantur regna, venuftae Non decus ob formae tantum prolemque decoram, Innumerafque animi dotes, quas divite dextra Infudit natura potens : fed mafcula virtus, Religionis amor, fidei conftantia mentes Plus rapit attonitas hominum, quam fama vel oris Gratia rara fui." She fending to Queen Elizabeth a Diamond fafhioned in the figure of an Heart, accompanied it with thefe Verfes : " Quod te jampridem fruitur, videt ac amat abfens, Haec pignus cordis gemma, & imago mei eft, Non eft candidior, non eft hasc purior illo : Quamvis dura magis, non mage firma tamen." 357 Rythmes. TMING Verfes, which are called Verfus Leonini, I know not wherefore (for a Lion's tail doth not anfwer to the middle parts as thefe Verfes do) began in the time of Carolus Magnus, and were only in requefl then, and in many Ages following, which delighted in nothing more than in this minftrelfie of Meeters. I could prefent you with many of them, but few fhall fuffice, when as there are but few now which delight in them. In the praife of Miles, Earl of Hereford, in the time of King Stephen, was this penned, in refpedt he was both martial and lettered. " Vatum & ducum gloria Milo, cujus in peclore Certant vires & ftudia, Certat Heclor cum Neftore. Virtutum piivilegia Mente geris & corpore, Teque coronat arbore Mars Phcebi, Phoebus propria." Walter de Mapes, Archdeacon of Oxford, 1 who in the time of King Henry the Second filled England with his merriments, confefled his love to good liquor, with the caufes, in this manner : " Mihi eft propofitum in taberna mori, Vinum fit appoiitum morientis ori : Ut dicant, cum venerint, Angelorum chori, Deus fit piopitius huic potatori. 1 " The Latin Poems of Walter de Mapes," edited by Thos. Wright, Ei'q., M.A., F.S.A., have been publifhed by the Camden Society. 35« RYTHMES. " Poculis accenditur animi lucerna, Cor imbutum ne&are volat ad fuperna. Mihi fapit dulcius vinum in taberna, Quam quod aqua mifcuit praefulis pincema. " Suum cuique proprium dat natura munus, Ego nunquam potui fcribere jejunus : Me jejunum vincere poflet puer unus. Sitim & jejunium, odi tanquam funus. " Unicuique proprium dat natura donum, Ego verfus faciens, vinum bibo bonum, Et quod habent melius dolia cauponum, Tale vinum generat copiam fermonum. ' Tales yerfus facio, quale vinum bibo, Nihil poflum fcribere, nifi fumpto cibo, Nihil valet penitus, quod jejunus fcribo, Nafonem poft calices carmine praeibo. " Mihi nunquam fpiritus prophetias datur, Nifi tunc cum fuerit venter bene fatur j Cum in arce cerebri Bacchus dominatur, In me Phoebus irruit, ac miranda fatur." The infirmity and corruption of our nature, prone to fenfuality, he acknowledgeth thus : " Via lata gradior more juventutis, Implico me vitiis, immemor virtutis, Voluptatis avidus, magis quam falutis, Mortuus in anima, curam gero cutis. " Mihi cordis gravitas, res videtur gravis, Jocus eft amabilis, dulciorque favis ; Quicquid Venus imperat, labor hie eft fuavis, Quas nunquam in mentibus habitat ignavis. " Quis in igne pofitus igni non uratur ? Quis in mundo demorans caftus habeatur ? Ubi Venus digito juvenes venatur, Oculis illaqueat, facie pr£edatur." This luftyPrieft, when the Pope forbad the Clergy their wives, became Prodor for himfelf and them, with thefe verfes : deiiring only for his fee, that RYTHMES. 359 every Prieft with his fweet-heart would fay a Pater nofter for him : " Priiciani regula penitus caflatur, Sacerdos per Hie & Hac olim declinatur. Sed per Hie folummodo nunc articulatur, Cum per noftrura praei'ulem Hac amoveatur. " Ita quidem prefbyter coepit allegare. Peccat criminalifer, qui vult i'eparare, Quod Dens injunxerat, f'ceminam amare. Tales dignum duximus, fures appellare. " O quam dolor anxius, quam tonnentum grave, Nobis eft dimitteie quoniam fuave ! O Romane pontifex, ftatuifti prave, Ne in tanto crimine moriaris, cave. " Non eft Innocentius, immo nocens vere, Qiii quod faflo docuit, (ludet abolere : Et quod olim juvenis voluit habere, Modo vetus pontifex ftudet prohibere. " Gignere nos praecipit vetus Teftamentum : Ubi novum prohibet, nufquam eft inventum. Prasful qui contrarium donat documentum, Nullum necefiarium his dat argumentum. " Dedit enim Dominus malediftionem Viro qui non fecerit generationem. Ergo tibi confulo, per hanc rationem, Gignere, ut habeas benediftionem. " Nonne de militibus milites procedunt ? Et reges a regibus qui fibi fuccedunt ? Per locum a iimili, omnes jura laedunt Clericos qui gignere crimen efle credunt. " Zacharias hal^uit prolem Sc uxorem, Per virum quern genuit adeptus honorem : Baptizavit enim noftrum Salvatorem : Pereat, qui teneat novum hunc errorem. " Paulus coelos rapitur ad fuperiores, Ubi multas didicit res lecretiores, Ad nos tandem rediens, inftruenfque mores, Suas (inquit) habeat quilibet uxores. " Propter haec & alia dogmata doctorum, Reor effe melius, & magis decorum, 3 6o RTTHMES. Quifque fuam habeat & non proximorum, Non incurrat odium & iram eorum. " Proximorum foeminas, filias & neptes Violare nefas eft, quare nil difceptes, Vero tuam habeas, & in hac delecles, Diem ut lie ultimum tutius expeftes. " Ecce jam pro clericis multum allegavi, Nee non pro preftbyteris plura comprobavi, Pater nofter nunc pro me quoniam peccavi, Dicat quifque prelbyter, cum i'ua i'uavi. Merry Michael the Cornifh Poet, 1 whofe Rythmes for merry England you may read in the ninth page, begged his exhibition of King Henry the Third with this Diftich : • Money " Regie rector, miles ut Heclor, dux ut Achilles, my honey. Te ^ fefr ox ^ mellee ve a or ,* mel mihi ftilles." The fame Michael, highly offended with Henry of Aurench, the King's Poet, for difgracing Cornwal, thought to draw blood of him with thefe bobbing Rythmes. " Eft tibi gamba capri, cms pafferis, & latus apri, Os leporis, catuli nafus, dens & gena muli, Frons vetulx, tauri caput, & color undiq; Mauri : His argumentis quaenam eft argutia mentis ? Quod non a monftro differs, fatis hie tibi monftro." If you pleafe to hear a folemn Plea at Reafon's bar between the Eye and the Heart, run over this, which a Country man of ours made in the time of King Henry the Third. " Quifquis cordis & oculi Non ientit in fe jurgia, Non novit qui funt ftimuli, Quae culpa feminaria. Cauiam nefcit periculi, Cur alternant convitia, 1 See ante, p. 9. RYTHMES. 36' Cur procaces & aemuli Replicent in fe vitia. " Cor fie afTatur oculum, Te peccati principium, Te fontem, te ftimulum, Te mortis voco nuntium. " Tu domus meae janitor, Hofti non claudis oftium, Familiaris proditor Admittis adverfarium. " Nonne feneftra diceris Quod mors intrat ad animam, Nonne quod vides fequeris Ut bos duclus ad viclimam > " Saltern l'ordes quas ingeris ; Cur non lavas per lachrymam ? Aut quare non erueris Mentem fermentans azymam ? " Cordi refpondet oculus, Injufte de me quereris, Servus fum tibi fedulus, Exequor quicquid jufleris. " Nonne tu mihi praecipis, Sicut & membris caeteris ? Non ego, tu te decipis, Nuntius fum quo tu miferis. " Cur damnatur apertio, Corpori neceflaria, Sine cujus obfequio, Cuncla languent officia ? " Quo fi flat ereptio, Cum fim feneftra pervia, Si quod recepi nuntio, Qua; putatur injuria? " Addo quod nullo pulvere Quern immitto pollueris, Nullum malum te laedere Poteft, nifi confenferis. " De corde mala prodeunt, Nihil invitum pateris, Viitutes non intereunt, Nifi culpam commiferis. 362 . RTTHMES. " Dum fie uterque difputat Soluto pacis ol'culo : Ratio litem amputat Definitive) calculo. " Utrumque reum reputat, Sed non pari periculo, Nam cordi caui'am imputat, Occafionem oculo." Dan Elingham, a Monk of Linton, of Saint Bene- dict's order, coming to the White-fryers in Not- tingham, found there John Baptift painted in a white Fryers weed, whereat marvailing, he coaled out thefe rithms upon the wall near to the pi6f.ure : " Chriiti Baptifta, veftis non te decet ifta, Qui te veftivit fratrem, maledi6lus abivit. Nunquam Meffias frater fuerat, nee Helias, Non ftat plebs laeta, dum fit pro f rat re propheta. Si fratrem Jonam fingis, Geezi tibi ponam : Ac Jebufseum, ne jtmgas his Helifaeum." But a white Frier there anfwered Elingham, with thefe following in the perfon of John Baptift : " Elingham mentiris, metris fatuis quoque miris, Atque ea quae nefcis fie aftruis ut ea quae fcis : Nam Deus eft teftis, decet base me Candida veftis, Plufquam te veftis pulla, five nigra cuculla. Sum Carmelita merito, fed tu Geezita. Ac frater fi£his Benedicli, non benediftus." He which made this, when King Edward the Firft and the Pope concurred in exacting a payment from the Clergy, fhould have fmarted had he been known : " Ecclefia? navis titubat, regni quia clavis Errat: Rex, Papa facli funt unica capa : Hoc faciunt do, des, Pilatus hie, alter Herodes.'" Salomon, a Jew, fell into a Jakes at Tewxbury upon a Saturday; a Chriftian offered to pull him RTTHMES. 363 out, but he refufed, becaufe it was the Sabbath day of the Jews, whereupon the Chriftian would not fuffer him to be drawn out upon the Sunday, being the Sabbath of the Chriftians, and there he lay. This was then briefly exprefled Dialogue-wife be- tween the Chriftian and him in thefe rhythming Verfes : " Tende mantis Salomon, ego te de ftercore tollam : Sabbata noltra colo, de ftercore furgere nolo. Sabbata noftra quidem Salomon celebrabis ibidem." A merry learned Lawyer which had received Wine for a reward, or remembrance, from the Abbot of Merton, who had entertained him in a caufe, fent thefe two Verfes, as ftanding upon his integrity againft bribes, and requiring rather good evidence than good Wine. " Vinum tranlmiflum nunc me facit efle lemimun, Convivis vina, cauiis tua jura propina." The Abbot, which perfwaded himfelfw hat would move the Lawyer when Wine could not, returned thefe three DifHchs : " Tentavi temere vino te pofle movere, Non movi vere, fed forte moveberis sere. " Vinum non quaeris, fed tinnit fi Tonus aeris, Et fpe duceris, forfitan alter eris. " Ut mihi fis mitis, tibi mifi pocula vitis, Nee tamen ilia litis delink, unde litis/' King Edward the Third, when he firft quartered the Arms of France with England, declared his claim in this kind of verfe, thus : " Rex Turn regnorum bina ratione duorum, Anglorum regno i'um Rex ego jure pateino, Mat ris jure quidem Francorum nuncupor idem. Hinc eft Armorum variatio facia meorum.'' 1 364. RTTHMES. Thefe following were made by his Poet, when Philip de Valoys, the French King, lurked in Cam- bray, and fo well liked of him that he fware by Saint George they were valiant Verfes ; and com- manded them to be fhot upon an arrow into the City, as a cartel of challenge. " Si valeas, venias Valoys, depelle timorem, Non lateas, pateas, maneas, oftende vigorem." In the Chapiter houfe of York Minfter is written this in commendation thereof. " Ut rofa flos florum, fie eft domus ifta domorum." The Exchequer officers were extortours in the time of King Henry the 4, otherwife Henry Bell, Collec~tour of the Cuftome, (as he ftiled himfelf at that time), would never have written a riming long Satyre againft them, which beginneth thus : " O Scacci Camera, locus eft mirabilis ille. Ut referam vera, tortores funt ibi mille. Si contingat ibi temet quid habere patrandum, Certe dico tibi eoetum reperire nefandum." And concludeth in this manner : " O fie vexate tortoribus & cruciate, Non dices vere propter tales Miferere." But this is good advice, which he giveth to fuch as have to deal with the officers of the Receipt : " Qui tallus fcribunt, cum murmure faepe loquuntur, Summas quique folent in magna fcribere pelle. Scribere valde dolent, dum non fit folvere belle, Efcas mane datas propter jentacula pones, Coftas aflatas, pifces, pinguefque capones, Illos conforta pariter per iortia vina, Weftminfter porta, pro talibus eft medicina." Now for the Fleet then, he writeth thus : RTTHMES. 365 " Cum fis in Fleta, patieris mille molefta, Illic dona dabis, fi fanus vis fore pun£to ; Nam cuftos Fletas bona de piifonibus unit, Ni folvant laete mox hos per vincula punit : Tills qui baculos portant, oftendere debes Valde pios loculos, & ludere praebeo, prasbes." In the time of King Henry the 4, when, in leavy- ing of a Subfidy the rich would not, and the poor could not pay, fo they of the meaner fort bare the burthen, a fkilful dicer, and no unfkilful rimer wrote thefe verfes : " Dews Ace non poffunt, & Sice Sinke folvere nolunt : Eft igitur notum, Cater Tie folvere totum." Of the decay of gentry one made thefe rithms : " Ex quo nobilitas fervilia ccepit amare, Nobilitas coepit cum fervis degenerare." Many more and of great variety of metres in this kind I could prefent you withal, for thefe rithmers have as curious obfervations in their Arte Rithmi- zandi, as the Italian makers, in their Stanzas, Quartetts, Tercetts, Octaves ; but now they are counted long-eared which delight in them. Befide thefe, our Poets have their knacks, as young Scholars call them, as Echos, Achroftichs, Serpentine Verfes, Recurrents, Numerals, &c. ; yea, and our profe Authours could ufe Achroftics, for Ranulph of Chefter began the firft Chapter of his Polychronicon with P, the fecond with R, the third with E, the fourth with S, the fifth with N, and fo forth, as if you would fpell the firft Chapters of his Book, you fhall find " Praefentem Chronicam compilavit Ranulphus Monachus Ceftrenfis." And why not as well as Agapetus the Greek, who did the like in his admonitions to Juftinian the Em- perour. 366 IMPRESSES. But I will end with this of Odo, holding Matter. Doclour's Mule, and Anne with her Table-cloth, which coft the Maker much foolifli labour, for it is a perfect Verfe, and every word is the very fame, both backward and forward. " Odo tenet mulum, madidam mappam tenet Anna. Anna tenet mappam madidam, mulum tenet Odo." Impresses. 'N Imprefs (as the Italians call it) is a device in Picture with his Motto, or Word, born by Noble and Learned Par- fonages, to notifie fome particular conceit of their own, as Emblems (that we may omit other differences) do propound fome general inftru£tion to all ; as, for example, whereas Cofmi Medici, Duke of Florence, had in the afcendent at his Na- tivity the fign Capricorn, under which alfo Auguftus and Charles the Fifth, two great and good Princes were born, he ufed the celeftial fign Capricorn, with this Motto, " Fidem fati virtute fequemur," for his Imprefs, particularly concerning his good hope to prove like unto them. But a fair Woman pictured with an Olive Crown reprefenting Peace, carrying in one hand the horn of Plenty, leading a little golden boy for Plutus in the other, with " Ex pace rerum opulentia," is an Emblem, and a general document to all that Peace bringeth Plenty. There is required in an Imprefs (that we may reduce them to few heads) a correfpondency of the picture which is as the body; and the Motto, which as the foul giveth it life. That is, the body muft Britannia IMPRESSES. 367 be of fair reprefentation, and the word in fome dif- ferent language, witty, fhort, and anfwerable there- unto ; neither too obfcure, nor too plain, and moft commended when it is an Hemiftich, or parcel of a verfe. According to theie prescripts, neither the ltars with the Moon inTideus' fhield in iEfchilus; nei- ther Amphiaraus' Dragon in Pindar; neither the item of the Ihip ufed for a feal by Pompey, can have here place; much lefs the reveries in Roman Coyns, which were only hillorical memorials of their acts, as that of Claudius, with a plow-man at plow, camdeni. and this "Col. Camalodun," was to hgnifie that he made Maidon in Effex a Colony, and that of Hadrian with an Emperour, three fouldiers, and "Exerc. Britannicus," was in memory of fome good fervice by the three Legions reliant in this I fie at York, Chefter, and Car-leon upon Ufke. That alfo of Severus, with a woman fitting upon Cliffes, holding an enfign in one hand, and as it were writing upon a fhield, with " Victoria Britannica," was only to fhew his victories here. Such alfo as are fet down in " Notitia Pro- vinciarum," as a Boor feiant for Jovii; a circle party per Saltier for Britanniciani ; a carbuncle (as Blazoners term it) for Britannici, &c. cannot be admitted into the number of Impreffes, for they were the feveral enfigns of feveral military Com- panies, whereof the two laft feemed to be levied out of this Ifle. Childifh it is to refer hither the fhields of King Arthur's round-table Knights, when they were de- vifed, as it is probable, for no other end but to teach young men the terms of Blazon. Neither are Arms to be referred hither which were devifed to diftinguifh Families, and were moft 368 IMPRESSES. ufual among the nobility in wars, tilts and torna- ments in their Coats, called Coat-armours, Shields, Standards, Banners, Pennors, Guydons, until about fome hundred years fince, when the French and Italian, in the expedition of Naples under Charles the eighth, began to leave Arms — haply, for that many of them had none — and to bear the Curtains of their Miftrefles' Beds, their Miftrefles' Colours, or thefe Imprefles in their banners, fhields, and ca- parifons, in which the Englifh have imitated them: and, albeit a few have borrowed fomewhat from them, yet many have matched them, and no few furpafled them in witty conceit, as you fhall per- ceive hereafter if you will firft give me leave to re- member fome imperfect Devices in this kind of fome former Kings of England, which you may well fay to be livelefs bodies, for that they have no word adjoyned. Of King William the Conquerour I have heard none, neither dare (as Jovius taketh the Sphinx on Auguftus' fignet for an Imprefs) to fet down our Conquerour's Seal, which had his own picture on horfeback, with thefe verfes to notifie his Domi- nions : — " Hoc Normannorum Willelmum nofce patronum." On the other fide — " Hoc Anglis Regem figno fatearis eundem." As a King of Sicily had, about that time, this — " Apulus, Si Calaber, Siculus mihi fervit & Afer." Stephen of Bloys, the Ufurper, took the fign Sagittarius, for that he obtained this Kingdom when the Sun was in the faid fign. King Henry the fecond, grievoufly molefted by the difobedience of his four fons, who entred into IMPRESSES. 569 aclual rebellion againft him, caufed to be painted in his great Chamber at his palace in Winchefter an Eagle with four young chickens, whereof three pecked and fcratched him, the fourth picked at his eyes. This his device had no life, becaufe it had no Motto ; but his anfwer gave it life when he faid to one demanding his meaning, " That they were his fons which did fo peck him, and that John, the youngeft, whom he loved belt, pra£tiled his death more bulily than the reft." [Giraldus Cambrenfis diftina.] King Henry the third, as liking well of Remune- ration, commanded to be written in his Chamber at Woodftock, as it appeareth in the Records in the Tower — " Qui non dat quod amat, non accipit ille quod optat." Edmund Crouch-backe, his fecond fon, hrft Earl of Lancafter, ufed a red Rofe, wherewith his Tomb at Weftminfter is adorned. Edward the third bare for his device the rays of the Sun difperfing themfelves out of a cloud, and in other places a golden trunk of a tree. The victorious Black Prince, his fon, ufed fome- times one Feather, fometime three, in token, as fome fay, of his fpeedy execution in all his fervices, as the Pofts in the Roman times were Pterophori, and wore feathers to fignine their flying poft-hafte. But the truth is, that he wonne them at the battel of Crefly from John, King of Bohemia, whom he there flew ; wherunto he adjoyned this old Englifh word, "Ic dien," that is, "I ferve:" according 1 to that of the Apoitle, "The heir, while he is a child, differeth nothing from a fervant." Thefe feathers were an ancient ornament of military men, B B 37 o IMPRESSES. and ufed for Creafts, as it is evident by that of Virgil— " Cujus olorinae furgunt de vertice pennse ;" and were ufed by this Prince before the time of Canoy Chan, the Tartarian, who, becaufe his life was faved by an Owl, would have his people wear their feathers ; from whom Haithon fableth that the people of Europe received firft the ufe of feathers. John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, brother to this Prince, took a red Rofe to his device (as it were by right of his firft wife, the heir of Lancafter), as Edmund of Langley, Duke of York, took the white Rofe. Before thefe two brethren took thefe two Rofes, which the fautors and followers of their heirs after bare in that pitiful diftra£tion of England between the families of Lancafter and York, a white Rofe-tree at Longleete bare upon one branch a fair white rofe on the one fide, and as fair a red rofe on the other, which might as well have bin a fore-token of that divifion, as the white Hen with the bay-fprig lighting in the lap of Livia Augufta, betokened the Empire to her pofterity ; which ended in Nero, when both the brood of that hen failed, and the bays of that fprig withered. The faid Edmund of Langley bare alfo for an Imprefs a Faulcon in a fetter-lock, implying that he was locked up from all hope and poffibility of the Kingdom, when his brethren began to afpire thereunto. Whereupon he afked on a time his fons, when he faw them beholding this device fet up in a window, what was Latin for a fetter-lock ; whereat, when the young gentlemen ftudied, the father faid, " Well, if you cannot tell me, I will tell you : Hie, h