■^T ^^?i*^^ w^ ^/ ■' yiv.U't M'T...-V'^ THE GIFT OF MAY TREAT MORRISON IN MEMORY OF ALEXANDER F MORRISON )t? 3 UNIFORM WITH THIS VOLUME. The World's Progress. A Dictionary of Dates. Being a Chronological and Alphabetical Record of the essential facts in the Progress of Society. With Tabular views of Universal His- tory, Literary Chronology, Biographical Index, etc., etc. From the beginning of History to August, 1877. By George P. Putnam. Revised and continued by Frederick Beecher Perkins. Octavo, containing 1028 pages. Cloth extra, $4.50 ; half morocco, $7.00. *:(=* The most comprehensive book of its size and price in the language. " It has been planned so as to facilitate access to the largest amount of useful information in the smallest possible com^a.%^."— Buffalo Courier. " It is absolutely essential to the desk of every merchant, and the table of every student and professional man." — Christian Inquirer. "It is worth ten times its price. * * * It completely supplies my need." — S. W. Piegart, Principal 0/ High School., Lancaster^ Pa. " A more convenient literary labor-saving machine than this excellent compilation can scarcely be found in any language."— iV. F. Tribune. "The best manual of the kind that has yet appeared in the English lan- guage." — N. V. Tribune. G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, Publishers, New York. THE CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY A RECORD OF THE LIVES OF EMINENT PERSONS. By PARKE GODWIN. »» NEW EDITION. WITH A SUPPLEMENT, BROUGHT DOWN TO AUGUST, 1877. -;.:> NEW YORK : G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS. 182 Fifth Avexue. 1878. Copyright, 1877, Q. P. PUTNAM'S SONS RIVERSIDE, CAMBRIDGE: iTEREOTTPED AND PRINTED BT H. O. HOUGUTON AND COMPANV, s G54-C ADVERTISEMENT. The first edition of this work, prepared by Mr. Parke Godwin, was published in 1851. In his prefatory remarks, Mr. Godwin justly claimed for it the compactness of Maunder 's " Biographical Treas- ury," with greater comprehensiveness and more fidelity to the sym- pathies and principles of the American peojjle. PreseutiHi>- within 5# small compass a great variety of information, little scope was afforded J^ for the expression of critical opinions. The volume commended itself ffi to po[)ular favor liy the combination of accuracy and brevitv, with a * fuller record of names and dates than could be found in any similar pul)lica!ion. In the present edition an attempt lias been made to supply the few notable names that had been omitted. A copious 2 Supplement is appended, embracing notices of persons who have died ^ since the issue of the original edition. These supplementary pao-es 5 embrace more than an average proportion of distinguished men, American and European ; and though some names which deserve to be remembered have doubtless been passed over, it is believed that the volume, as novf publisheil, embodies nearly all that will be looked for in a manual which is intended to bring its information down to the present time. To economize space, the arrangement of the same generic names under one head has been usually adhered to; and the letters b. and d. are used respectively for " born " and " died." Riverside, August 29, 1877. 5 CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. A. AA, Peter Van Deb, an eminent bookseller of Leyden. D. 1730. AA, Charles IIenry \'ander, a Lu- theran minister, who was among the founders of the Academy of Sciences. at Harlem, b. at Zwolle, 1713, d. 1795. A family of this name was distinguished in the annals of the United Provinces, for their resistance to the tyranny or Philip II. of Spain. AAGARD, Christian, a Danish poet. B. 161*3; d. 16G4. — Nichol^vs, a brother of the above, b. 1612, d. 1657, was a philosopliical writer. AALST, Everard, a Dutch painter of fruit pieces. B. 1602; d. 1658.— His nephew, William, also a painter, was b. 1620, d. 1679. AAGESKX, SvEND, a Danish histo- rian of the 12th century. Sometimes called Sueuo Agonis. AAEON, St.^ a Briton, who suffered martjTdotn under Diocletian in 303, and was canonized ten centuries later. AARON, a physician and priest at Alexandria in the 12th century; the first man who described measles and the small-pox, on their first appearance m Eg>-nt. AARON, OF Barcelona, a Spanish Jow, who wrote a book called " Pre- cepts of Moses," at Venice, in 1523. AAEON BEN ASSER, a Jew, who is said to have invented the points in Hebrew writing, in the 5th century. AARSENS, Francis Van, lord of Someldyck and Spyck, one of the greatest ministers for negoti^Jtion that the United Provinces of Holland have at any time possessed. He was the first person ever recognized as Dutch ambassador by the French court: the first of three extraordinary ambassadors 1 sent to England in 1620 ; and the second in 1641, who were to treat about the marriage of Prince William, son of the prince of Orange. Aarsens died at an advanced age ; and left behind him very accurate and judicious memoirs of all embassies in wLiich he was employed. B. 1572; d. 1679. ABACO, Avaristo Felice D'All^ a musical composer and violinist of V e- rona. There was another of the same name, who flourished about the same time in 1750. ABAGA, an emperor of the Mosuls, who opposed the Crusaders with firm- ness and warlike skill, and d. in 1284. ABAEIS, a celebrated character of antiquity, said to have possessed vast abilities," and to have been endowed with the power of performing miracu- lous cures. He was a Scythian by birth. ABAS, ScHAH, surnained the Great, 7th king of Persia. D. in 1629.— Ab.vs, Schah, great grandson of the preeedmg, was a prince remarkable for mildness and huin-.iiiitv. D. in 1666. ABASCAIL, Don Jose Fernando, viceroy of Peru during several years of the South American war of indepen- dence, was born at Oviedo in 1743, and having entered the military service of Spain, served in the numerous cam- Eaiirus of tliat country during the latter alf of last century in all parts of the globe. Appointed \'iceroy of Peru in 1804, he governed with a firm but gentle hand till 1816, when he was superseded by General Pezuela; and, on his retire- ment, he left behind him a character for ability and moderation which is still held in grateful remembrance. D. at Madrid, 1821. ABASSA, or ABB ASS A, sister of the CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [abd calipt Harc-nn a] Easebi^j .who gave her in marriage to his vizier* fjirfar,. on con- dition that thfir marriage should .r.ever b» consitomat^d'^ ' init'haHng broken the- eoucract, 'the caljrto, .jftu.' -(^isOr to death, and banished his wife from the palace, frivinfr orders that no one should afford her relief. ABATE, Andrea, a Neapolitan artist, ■who was employed, together with Luca Giordio, in adorning the Escurial for Charles II. of Spain. D. 1732. ABAUZIT, FmiiiN, a French author of great merit and erudition. He wa.s profoundly learned, and acquired the friendship of Voltaire, Rousseau, and Newton. B. at Uzes in 1679, and d. at Geneva in 1767. ABBADIE, Jaites, an eminent Prot- estant divine, who accompanied Mar- shal Schomberg to England in 1688, and was present when that creat commander fell at the battle of the Boyne. Tie wrote many works, chiefly theological and in the French language, the most esteem- ed of which is entitled " Traits de la Verity de la Religion Chrctienne." B. at Berne in 1658; d. in London, 1727. ABBAS, the uncle of Mahomet, of whom, though opposed to him at first, he became a disciple, and served in his army as a general. D. 653. — Ebn Abbas Abdallah, son of the foregoing; chief of the "Sahabab," or companions of the Prophet, and author ot a " Com- mentary on the Koran." — Hali or Magus, a Persian physician of the 10th century; author ot a pompous book on medicine, called "The Royal Work," which has been translated into Latin. ABBATI, NicoLo, an Italian painter in fresco ; b. at Modena in 1512. ABBATISSA, Paul, a poet of Sicily, who flourished about the year 1570, and translated the Iliad and Odyssey into Latin verse. ABBE, Louise, a French poet of the 17th century, surnamed " La Belle Cor- donniere." ABBIATI, FiLippo, an historical painter, of considerable eminence. B. at Milan in 1640; d. in 1715. ABBOX, or ABBO, Cernuus, a Nor- man monk of the 9th centiiry, who wrote, in Latin verse, an account of the Biege of Paris by the Normans. ABBO, Flokiacensis, a learned writer of ecclesiastical biographies, who was killed in 1004. ABBOT, George, archbishop of Can- terbury in the reign of James I. and Charles I., and one of the most active political characters of tliat period. He was bom, inl5fi2, -it Guildford, in Snr» rev. where his fatL?r was a ■w-eaver and clothworker. He raised himself gradu- ally till he became primate of all En- gland ; was the autnor of several the- olosrical works ; and one of the eight divines, who, in 1604, by the order of James I., translated the editkn of the Bible now in use. D. at Croydon in 1633. — Robert, bishop of Salisburj', tli« elder brother of the above, was an emi- nent divine, and famous for his skill in conducting polemical discussions, and vindicating t ne supremacy of kinjrs. B. 1560; d. 1617. — Maurice, youngest brother of the above, was an eminent London merchant, knighted by Charles I. Maurice's son, Geortre, was the au- thor of a Paraphrase on the Book of Job. B. 1600; d. 1648.— Hull, a respectable minister of Charlestown, (Ma.-;s.) B. 1696; d. 1774. — Samuel, one of the founilers of the Andover Theological Seminary. B. 1732; d. 1812.- Abdocl, a preacher, and author of several pub- lished sermons. B. at Andover, 1770; d. at Staten Island, 1828.— Cilvrles, was a celelirated statesman, once speaker of the house of commons, and suljscouent- ly raised to the peerage as Lord Col- chester. B. at Abmgdon, 1757 ; d. 1829. — Charlf.s, adistinguisiied lawver, who, in 1818, was made lord chief justice of •■he King's Bench, and during the pre- miership of Jlr. Canning, was crea'ed a peer, bv the title of Lord Tenterden. B. 17 ■; d. 1832. ABBT, Thomas, a German writer who wrote a clever work, called "Historia Vitaj Magistra," when he was only 13 years of age. He was professor of phi- losophy at Frankfort, and of mathe- matics' at Ritelin; wTote a treatise on "Merit," and on the "Duty of Dj'ing for one's Country." B. at Ulra, iu Suabia, 1738 ; d. 1766. ABDALLAH, a camel driver, the father of Mahomet. He was so much esteemed by his tribe, that the stories relate how one hundred girls broke their hearts on the night of iiis wedding. ABDAS, a bishop of Persia, who in- stigated the thirty years' persecution of the Christians, linder Tneodosius the Youncrer. ABDIAS, author of a legend called " Historia Certaminis Apostilici," pub- lished at Basle in 1571. ABDOLLATIPH, a Persian, who wrote the history of Egvpt, published in England in 1800. B. at Bagdad 1161. ABDOLMAMEN, a potter's son, who became a ffeneral and conouered Mo- abe] CTCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. ficoo, and made liimself monarch. D. 1156. ABEEL, JoHX Nei-son, an eloquent preacher, of New-York, who died in 1S12, ao'ed43. ABEILLE, G.\SPAR, a French dra- matic writer of extraordinary versatUitv and wit. B. 1648; d. 1718.— Scipio, a brother of the above, wrote a "History of the Bones," and the " Complete Army Surseon." D. 1697. ABEL, Thoma!?, teacher of grammar and music to Queen Catharine, but hav- ing opposed Henry VIII. 's separation from her, he was condemned and ex- ecuted, under a pretence of den\ing the kind's supremacy, in 1.^40. — Gaspak, a German historian. B. 1675; d. 1763. — Charles Fredep.ick, a famous German composer, and player on the viol di ffamba, appointed musiciim to Queen Charlotte. D. 1787. ABELA, John Francis, a commander of the order of St. .John of Jerusalem, who vrrote " Malta Illustrata," which was published in Malta in 1647. ABELAKD, Peter, a native of Pa- lais, in Brittany, made immortal rather by his unfortunate love, than by liis immense and varied attainments. He Was educated at the University of Paris, *>nd became one of the most learned 3en of his dav. lie opened a school of theoloiry and rhetoric, which was so popular that it attracted more than three thousand pupils. But in the midday of his fame he fell in love with a young and beautiful scholar, called Heloise, the niece of the canon of Paris, Fulbert. He was then forty and she but fifteen, yet the attachment grew into a passion which for warmth and intensity has never been surpassed. Abelard forgot his lectures, his studies, and his fame in his abandonment to the raptures of delight. Yet the att;iehment was an unhappy one for both ; Fulbert sepa- rated tlie lovers ; when Abelard betook himself to the residence of his aunt in Brittany, whither he was instantly fol- lowed by Heloise, and where she gave birth to a son. Abelard would have married her secretly, but she disdained the restraints of wedlock, preferring her free attachment to him to a relation sanctioned and enforced by law. After a while, however, she reluctantly con- sented to man-y him, yet refused to con- fess the marriage in public. Slie even denied it under oath. Her uncle was io incensed at this conduct, that he treated her with great severity, to re- lease hei from which Abeli\ra carried her away and placed her in the convent of Argenteuil. Baffled by this ma- noeuvre, Fulbert was so enri^ed that he had Abelard ignominiously mutilated, and thereby caused him, through sor- row and shame, to become a monk of St. Denis. 'When his mortification had somewhat subsided, he began to lecture again, but his enemies chai'ged him with heterodoxy, and had him .'ondemu- ed. He then erected an oratory, called the Paraclete, in the diocese of Troycs, but, being still pursued by bitter per- secutions, after a few years of vicissi- tude and desertion, died at the priory of St. Marcel. Heloise, then abbess of the Paraclete, did not deseit him in death, but had his ashes removed to a place where, in a few years later, she was destined to sleep by his side. The remains of both were taken to Pcre-la- Cliaise, in 1S17, by order of the nation. Abelard was a poet, an orator, a philos- opher and a mathematician — in snort, a man possessing the highest qualities of mind and heart — but, while his works lia\e mostly perished, his name is res- cued from oblivion by the story of his passion. The letters which passed be- tween him and Heloise have oeen mado the foundation of many poems and novels. The best of these is the cele- brated version of Pope. B. 1079 ; d. 1142. ABELL, John, a musician who flour- ished at the court of Charles II. ABELLI, Louis, bishop of Ehodes, and author of several theological works. B. 1604; d. 16iil. ABERCRO.MBIE, John, M. D., an eminent Scotch physician ami author, was born at Aberdeen, Nov. 11, 1781. Having taken his degree at Edinburgh in 1303, he permanently fixed his resi- dence in the Scotch metropolis, where he soon gained the first raiiK as a prac- tising and consulting physician. But the writings of Dr. Abererombie con- tributed more to his fame than his skill as a physician. Ilis purely professional works are meritorious, but the most per- manent monuments to his memory are his " Inquiries concerning the Intel- lectual Powers, &c.," published 1830, and the "Philosophy of the Moral Feel- ings," published 1833. In these works he has brought all the medical facts ac- cumulated in the course of his extensive experience and research to bear on va- rious moral and metaphysical systems. To his wide range of acquirements he added a piety as genuine as it was un- assuming, and he will long be remeui- CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [abr bered for his large but unobtrusive be- nevolence. D. 1844. A13EECR0MBY, Thomas, a Scotch iiuthor, who was physician to James II. J). 1726. — SiK Ralph, a British general, who served in the American war, in Flanders, HoUand, the West Indies, Ireland, and in Egypt, near Alexandria, where he was niortdly wounded, after a desperate battle with the French, whom he defeated, lie was one of the bravest of Britons, but of great modera- tion and military skill, and high char- acter. B. at Tillibodie, 1788 ; d. 1801.— John, a horticultural author, who pub- lished under the name of Mawe. B. 1724; d. 1806. ABERLl, Joh:^, an eminent landscape painter, of Switzerland. B. at Winter- then, 1723; d. 1786. ABERNETHY, John, an Irish dis- senter and divine, of whose sermons there are two \-olumes, which are held in considerable esteem. B. at Coleraine, 1680 ; d. at Dublin, 1740.— John, F.R.S., a surgeon of great repute and extensive praelioe. lie was brought up under Sir Charles Blick, surgeon of St. Bartholo- mew's Hospital, and was acknowledged to possess very considerable talent and originality; though he doubtless owed much of his fame to a blunt eccentricity of manner, of which a thousand various anecdotes are still current. He was the author of " Surgical Observations," '•Physiological Essays," &c. B. 1764; d. 1831. ABGARUS, a king of Edessa, in Mes- opotamia, cotemporary with our Sa- viour, to whom he is said to have writ- ten a letter and received an answer to it. Both are supposed to be inventions. ABGILLUS, surnamed Pkester John, son of a king of the Frisi. He accom- panied Charlemagne to the Holy Land ; and after his leader's return to Europe made vast conquests in Abyssinia, which was long called "Prester John's Dominion." He is reputed to have WTitten an account of Charlemagne's deeds in the East. ABILDGAAED, Philh* Christian, a Danish physician; one of the ablest naturalists of the 18th century. — Nicho- las Abe„vham, brother of the above ; a clever historical painter, and author of some equally elegant and useful essays on taste in works of art. B. 1744 ; d. 1809. ABINGTON, Frances, a celebrated comic actress. B. in London, 1731 ; d. ID Dubhn, 1815. ABINGER, Lord, (James Scarlett,) a liberal and distinguished statesman of England, who, both as a lawj-er and a politician, exhibited a high order of ability. He was raised to the bench in 1834 bv Sir Robert Peel. B. in Jamaica, 176'.» ; d. 1844. ABISBAL, Henry O'DoNNELL, Count of, a celebrated Spanish general, born m Andalusia, 1770. Having entered the royal guards at the age of fifteen, he served in the war against the French republic; and on Napoleon's invasion of Spain, the part he took in the relief of Gerona in 1809, led to his promotion to the command of Catalonia, where he displayed great energy, and reaped much success. Though defeated in me plains of Vich by General Soiiham, he a month afterwards forced Augcreau to abandon Lower Catalonia; and, at tlie village of Abisbal, he compelled the surrender of a whole French column under General Schwartz. From this action he took his title. Towards the close of the war, he commanded with brilliant success at the capture of Pancorvo. In 1819 he sup- pressed a mutiny of the troops in the isle of Leon ; but he fell into disgrace on suspicion of treachery, and it was not till 1823, on tlie invasion of Spain by the French under the Diike d'An- goideme, that he recovered his position and his fame. After the restoration of Ferdinand he retired to France, where he resided, almost entirely forgotten, till his death in 1834. ABNEY, Sm Thomas, Lord Mayor of London, in 1700, and one of the founders of the Bank of England. D. 1722. ABRAHAM, Nicholas, a learned Jesuit, and professor of theology in the university of Pont-a-Mousson ; author of a Commentary on Virgil and some of Cicero's Orations. B. 1589; d. 1«56._— A. Sancta Clara, a native of Suabia, wliose real name was Ulrich Me^erle. He was an Augustine friar, and ex- tremely affected and eccentric as a preacher. B. 1642; d. 1709.— A teacher of music at Paris, composer of airs for the clarionet, and author of a method for the bassoon. D. 1805. ABRASDATES, king of Susa, ren- dered memorable by the affection of his wife. ABRESCH, Frederick Louis, a cele- brated Dutch critic and Greek scholar. B. at llambui-iih, 1699; d. in Switzer- land, 1782. ABRILOLA, an Arabian poet. B 973 ; d. 1057. ABROSI, John, an Italian phyfiician ACC] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. of the 16th century; author of a Dia- logue on Astroloffv. "ABRUZZO, Balthazar, a Sicilian philosopher and civilian. B. in 1601 ; a. 1665. ABSTEMIUS, Laitkentius, an Italian writer, born at Maeerata, in La Maroa di Ancona, who devotee! hiuiself early to the study of polite literature. He published under the pontificate of Alex- ander VI. a treatise, entitled " Ileca- tomytliium," from its containinir 100 fables, which have been often printed with those of Jisop, Phsedrus, Gabrius, Avienus, &c. ABUBEIvER, father-in-law and suc- cessor of Mahomet. His original name was chantred to that of Abubeker, or " Father of the Viririn," on the occasion of his dauichtcr Ayesha becoming the bride of .Mahomet. On succeeding hi& Bon-in-law lie assumed the title of caliph, which signifies both suc'c<\-. 845. ACACIUS, bishop of Berea, an op- lonent of Chrysostom. D. 436. — There was another bishop of the same name, who flourished at Amida, on the Tigris, in the 5th century, and who is known for his berievolence, in having sold his church plate to ransom 7000 Persians taken prisoners by Theodosius the Younger. — Anotlier was the founder of the Acaciani sect, and d. about 365. ACADEMUS, the founder of tlie Academic sect at Athens, and of the Academic srrove. ACAMPIXTLI, the first Mexican king, who ruled forty years, and mtro- duced manv good laws. D. 1420. ACCA, ^T., an Anglo-Saxon, bishop at Hexham, who wrote "Sufferings of the Saints," and was a patron of arts and music. 1). 740. — Laurentia, the nurse of Romulus and Remus, to wlnm the Romans decreed a festival. ACCAIOLI — the name of a distin- guished Florentine family — Donatus, was a translator of Plutarch, and a learned commentator on Aristotle; John, was an author and public lec- turer ; Zenobio, a poet and critic, who translated Politian's epigrams, d. 1520, Magdalena, wrote "David Persecuted, and other poems, d. 1610 ; Renatus, was a general of the 14th century, who con quered Athens, C-orinth, and Bijeotia. - A(,"CIO, ZucHio, a poet of Verona, in the 15th century. ACCIUS, Lucius, a Latin poet and dramatist. I), about 180, b. c. — Tul- lius, ])rince of the Volsci, to whom Coriolanus resorted for aid against Rome. AC'COLTI, Benedict, an Italian law- yer, born at Florence in 1415, and au- thor of many works, among which was a narrative of the wars in Palestine, to which Tasso wa.s indebted in the " Jeru- salem Delivered." D. 1466. — Benedict, a relation of the preceding, born in 1497, was so perfect a mixster of the Latin tongue, that he was called the Cicero of the age. Clement VII. made him a cardinal. D. 1540. — Peter, son of the above, as eardiiuil of Ancona, composed the Papal bull against Luther. D. 1532. — Bkrnari), brother of the last named, a poet of considerable powers; his works were published at Florence, in 1513. — Francis, uncle of the above; a lawyer and sohnlar of trreat ability, hut even more rcmaikable for his parsimony than for his talents. — Benedict, a man of violent passions, who conspired with five others to murder Pius IV, He suf- fered death in 1564. ACCORSO, Marianqelo, a native of Aquila, in tlie 16th century' ; an emi- nent critic and scholar. Ho published remarks on Ausonius and Ovid, entitled "DiatriVue," and an edition of Ammia- nus Marccllinus. ACCUM, Frederick, an operative chemist of eminence, who wrote several 6 n'CLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ACt boolis of science. B. in "Westphalia, 1769; d. 1888. ACCUESIUS, Francis, an eminent Italian lawyer, born at Florence In 1182, and died in 1229. Tliis individual ren- dered himself famous by liis "Perpet- ual Commentary," or " Great Gloss," in illustration of the code, the institutes, and the dia;e9ts. ACERBI, Joseph, an Italian ; author of " Voyajje au Cape Nord, par la Suede," 'inl798. ACERBO, Francis, an Italian Jesuit and poet at Naples, in 1666. ACH, Van, or ACHEN, John, an eminent tiistoriaal and portrait painter. B. at Colojrne, 1566 ; d. 1621. ACHJiUS, a Greek poet and satir- ist, cotemporary with J^^schylus. Yet though he is said to have written forty tragedies, nothing but a few fragments Ht present exist. ACHAED, Anthony, a learned di- vine, B. at Geneva, 1966; d. 1772.— Francis Charles, a distinguished Prus- sian chemist ; known as tlie first fabri- cator of beet-Voot sugar, in 1792; and author of several treatises on chemistry and asrriculture. D. 1821. ACilAEDS, Eleazer, bishop of Avig- non, remarkable for the benevolent courage he displayed when tlie plague raged in his see. D. 1741. ACHENWALL, Godfrey, a lecturer on history and jurisprudence, in the university of Gottingen. D. 1772. ACHEE, N., a French judge; author of an " Abrege des Ilommes lUustres de Plutarque,"" 1807. ACHEEI, Luc d', a Benedictine monk ; author of " Lives of the Saints," &c. B. at St. Quintin, in Picardy, 1609 : d. at Paris, 1685. ACHILLES TAT I US, a native of Alexandria, who lived daring the 3d century, and in his old age was con- verted to Christianity, and became a bishop. He originally taught rhetoric in his native city, and wrote a " Treatise on the Sphere;" a "History of Great Men ;" and a romance, entitled " The Loves of Clitophon and Leucippe." ACHILLINI, Alexander, a Bolog- nese physician, known by his publica- tions on anatomy and medicine, I). 1512. — John Philotiieus, brother of the above, and author of a eulogistic poem, entitled " Viridario." D. 1538.— Claude, a relation of the above, distinguished for his knowledge of medicine, theology, and jurisprudence. B. at Bologna, 1574; d. 1640. ACHMET I., emperor of Turkey, son and successor of Mahot et III B. 1583 ; d. 1617. — AchmetII. succeeded his bro- ther Solyman on the throne of Con- stantinople. D. 1695. — Achmet III., son of Mahomet IV., was placed on the throne by the heads of a taction which had deposed his brother, Mustapha II. He was afterwards deposed, and his nepliew, Mahomet V., exalted to the throne. D. in prison, 1786. ACIDALIUS, Valens, a German au- thor and critic. D. 1595. ACKEEAL\NN, Conrad, a German comedian, and founder of the German theatre. I). 1771. — .John Christian Got- lieb, an eminent physician and author. B. 1756; d. ISOl. — Eudolph, an enter- prising tradesman, who went to En- gland and became a print-seller, where he published the " Forset Me Not," the first of a peculiar class of annual books. He improved the lithographic art, published sevend beautiful editions of histories, and was the first person who used gas-lights in London. B. at Schnceberg, in Saxony, 1764; d. 1834. ACKLAND, a British major in the American war. He was taken prisoner by Arnold, at Stillwater, Oct. 7, 1777. When released he returned to England, where he was shot in a duel by Lieut. Lloyd, to whom he had given the lie, when Lloyd charged the Americans with cowardice. Lady Harriett, his wife, lost her senses in consequence. ACKMAN, William, a Scotch por- trait painter, the first appreciator and friend of the poet Thomson. ACOLUTIIUS, Andrew, author of " Pe Aquis Amaris." 1). 1704. ACOSTA, Joseph, a Jesuit of Peru, who wrote a good history of the West Indies. D. 1600. ACQUAVIVA, Andrew Matthew, a learned Neapolitan, who published the first Encyclopasdia. B. 1456 ; d. 1528. ACRON, a Sicilian physician, who expelled the plague from Athens, by burning certain perfumes, about 473 ACROPOLITA, George, a Byzantine historian, learned in mathematics and skilled in rhetoric. B. 1220; d. 1282.— Constantine, son of the above, was grand chancellor of the empire. ACTON, Joseph, a Frenchman, who entered the navy of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, and rescued 4000 Spaniards from the Barbary corsairs. B. 1737 ; d. 1808. ACTUARIUS, a Greek physician, of the 18th century, who used water and mild cathartics as his principal reniedies. CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. Ada] ACTJNA, Chebtopher, a Jesuit mis- ilonary, who wrote an account of the " Great River of the Amazons." B. 1597. — Fernando de, a Spanish poet. D. »t Grenada, 1680. ADAIK, James, a recorder of Lon- lon. member of parliament, and chief- mstice at Chester. D. 1798. — Another James, was a trader among the North &.merioan Indians, in 1775, who wrote i book to prove them descended from the Jews. ADALAED, or ADELARD, a Ger- man divine and theological writer, the grandson of Charles Martel, and cousin- german of Charlem;igue. He is most distinguished for the foundation of a i distinct abbey, Cidled New Corbie, as a seminary for the education of mission- aries, who were to be employed in the conversion of the northern nations. B. 753 ; d. 827. ADALBERT, archbishop of Praj^ue, in the 10th century. He was one ot'^the first founders of the Christian religion in Hungary ; and also preached the gos- Eel in Prussia, and in Lithuania, where e was murdered by Sego, a pagan priest. ADAM, ScoTus, a doctor of the Sor- bonne. in the 12th century, and author of a life of David L of Scotland. — Alex- ander, a learned Scotch schoolmaster, well known to the literary and scholastic world by his " Latin fiexicou," " Ro- man Antiquities,'" &c. B. 1741 ; d. 1809. — Lambert Sigisbert, an eminent French sculptor, many of whose works were executed for the decoration of Ver- saUles and St. Cloud. B. 1700 ; d. 1759. — Nicholas Sebastiax, brother of the above, and eminent in the same profes- sion. He executed the admired statue of " Prometheus Chained." B. 1705 ; d. 1778. — Albert, a distmguished painter of battle-scenes, bom at^Nordlingen, in 1786, who went to Russia with Eugene Beauharnais in 1812, and afterwards produced many of the pictures in the gallery of the king of Bavaria. — Adol- PHrs Charles, a musiciJ composer of eminence, author of the "Postillion of Lonjumeau," and other operas. B. at Paris, ISO-i. — Willl^m, a lawyer and politician of Pitt's time, and one of the tnauairers appointed by the commons to loniluct the impeachment of Warren Hastings. B. 1751 ; d. 1889.— ilELceioR, a German di\ane and biographical au- thor of the 17th century. — Nicholas, a French grammarian: author of "The Ti-ue Mode of acquiring a Language whether Living or Dead, by means of the French," and other works of con- siderable ingenuity. B. 1716 ; d. 1792.— Robert, F.R.S., and F.S.A. ; a celebra- ted architect, much employed upon the public buildings and noblemen s man- sions of London. One of his works, ex- ecuted in conjunction with his brother, is the noble range of buildings called the " Adelplii,""the name being the Greek word for " Brothers." He at one time represented the county of Kinross m parliament. B. at Kirkaldy, Fifeshire, 1728; d. 1792. — James, brother of the above, and his coadjutor in most of his labors. D. 1794. — Thom.vs, an English di^'ine, and for 58 years the rector of Wintriusrham, in Lincolnshire. B. at Leeds, 1701 : d. 1784. ADAMANTEO, a learned Italian mathematician and orientalist; author of " Glossas et Interpretationes in Tal- mud Hebraorum." D. 1581. ADAMANTIUS, a Greek physician of the 5th century; author of a popular work on phvsiognomy. ADAMANUS, abbot of IcolmkO, in the Sth century ; author of a life of St. Columba. ADAMI, Leoxaeuo, an Italian schol- ar, eminent for his skill in the Greek and Oriental langua^s, and librarian to Cardinal Imperiali. B. 1690, at Bolsema, Ln Tuscany; d. 1719. ADAMS, John, the second president of the United States, and one of the most able men America has produced, was born at Braintree, Oct. 19, 1735. He was descended from Henry Adams, one of the original proprietors of the town of Braintree, who fled from En- gland with the Puritans, in the year 1630. Early in life he manifested great quickness of parts, and was educated in the best schools, and afterwards sent to Cambridge College. After he left college, he studied law with Col. James Putnam, at Worcester, instructing pu- pils in the Latin and Greek languages at the same time, to defray the expense- Subsequently he entered the office of Jeremiah Gridley. In 1761 he waa admitted a barrister-at-law, and com- menced practice. The attempts of En- gland to coerce the colonies mto obedi- ence, which had exasperated the colo- nials into most bitter indignation and hatred, were opposed by ilr. Adams from the outset, and on all the questions which arose between the two countries, he was on the side of the wronged and oppressed. Yet his was not a mere partisan zeal, but the just excitement of one who thouorht and felt earnestlj 8 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ada and deeply. WTien, therefore, tte re- sistance of the colonists broke out into open war, Adams was prepared to take an intelligent and an active part in their defence. In 1764 he married Abigail Smith, second daughter of AVhliam Smith, of Weymouth, and grand-daugh- ter of Col. Quincy, of Wollaston, a wo- man of fine personal appearance, good education, noble powers of mind, and the most patriotic devotion to the colo- nies. A year afterwards he published an Essay on Canon and FeaJal Law, which was reprinted in England and much commended. In 1769 he was appointed chairman of the committee, appointed by the town of Boston, to draw up instructions to its represent- atives to resist British encroachments, at the very time the town was invested by an armed force both by sea and by land. In 1770 he was sent to the legis- lature, where he took a prominent part in every important measure. In 1774 he was one of the committee who pre- pared the celebrated resolutions on the Boston Port Bill. The same year he was elected to the first continental con- gress, held in Philadelphia. From the outset he announced himself the friend of independence, and when, therefore, in 1775, the first blood was shed at Lex- ington and Concord, he was ready for war, and suggested the name of George Washington, as commander-in-chief. In 1776 he was appointed, with Jeffer- son, Franklin, Slierman, and Living- Bton, on the committee which reported the immortal " Declaration of Inde- pendence." In Nov. 1777, Mr. Adams was sent as commissioner to the court of Versailles, but treaties of commerce and alliance with France had been sicrn- ed before he arrived. Three months after his return he w.is again sent abroad, to negotiate a peace and a com- mercial treaty with Great Britain. He did not succeed in the former object till Jan. 14th, 1783. In 1785 he was appointed the first minister to England. While in London, he wrote his " De- fence of the x\merican Constitution." After his return he was elected first vice-president of the United States, and re-elected in 1798. He discharged the duties of the office till March 4th, 1797, when he was chosen president. His ad- ministration was a viirorous and im- portant one, but not without embarrass- ments and opposition. In 1801 he was defeated by .Jefferson, and retired to his &rm at Quincy. He was chosen to one or tw" inconsiderable posts afterwards. and died on the 4th of July, 1826. Hia last words were, " It is the glorious 4th of July I — God bless it — God bless you all !" He was a man of intrepid and honest character, great industry, a high order of talent, and the most elevated Christian sentiments. — Samuel, one of the foremost patriots of the American revolution, was born at Boston, Sept. 27th, 1722. He was made a member of the legislature in 1766, where he con- tinued tUl 1774, when he was chosen to the first congress under the confedera- tion. He was a signer of the Declara- tion of Independence. In 1794 he was elected governor of Massachusetts, and held the office three years. He died in 1803, universally respected as a man of the most exalted patriotism, and the most inflexible integrity. — .John Qurscr, son of John, and the sixth president of the United States, was born July 11th, 1767, at Quincy. The position of his father gave him great advantages of education, which he diligently employ- ed. He was abroad with his father before 1780. He studied law with The- ophilus Parsons, at Newburyport, and attracted attention by certain essays he published in the newspaper. Wash- nigton appointed him minister to the Netherlands, in 1794, and afterwards minister to Portugal, when his father, who had become president, transferred him to Berlin. In 1802 he was elected to the senate of Massachusetts, and, in 1803, to the senate of the United States, In 1806, he was appointed professor of rhetoric in Harvard, and delivered a course of lectures on "The Art of Speaking Well," which was, also, pub- lished in a book form. In .June, 1309, Madison appointed him minister to Russia. He was employed as one of the commissioners who negotiated the peace between the United States and England, at Ghent, in 1814. Madison sent him as minister to Great Britain in 1815. President Monroe made him secretary of state in 1817. In 1825 he was chosen president by the house of representatives, no choice having been made by the people. In 1829 he re- tired to private life, but, in 1831, was chosen a representative to congress, where he remained till 1848, when he fell into a fit from which he died a few hours after. "This," he exclaimed as he fell, "is the last of earth." He was an eloquent and incorruptible man, of strong prejudices, but independent, earnest, and true. — .John, a poet and preacher, of NewDort, E. L, whc d. in add] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 1740. — Ma thew, a tradesman of Bos- ton, who acquired some distinction as a writer in tlie time of Dr. Franltlin. — Andrew, a cliief-justice of Connecticut. D. 1797. — Sir Thomas, an eminent citi- zen of London, of which he was loi'd mayor in 1645. B. at Wem, in Shrop- shire, 1586; d. 1667. — William, an En- glish divine of the 18th century ; author of an answer to Hume on the Miracles. D, 1789. — Joseph, an able English phy- sician, author of a treatise on epilepsy, and numerous other medical works of great merit. B. 1758; d. 1818. — George, a celebrated maker of mathematical in- struments: author of " MicciyraphiEe Illustrata," and other scientific works. D. 1786. — George, son of theiibove, and of the same profession; author of " An Essay on Vision," &c. B. 1750; d. 1795. ADAMSON, Patrick, a Scotch. arch- bishop of the time of Queen Elizabeth, noted for his violent disputes with the Presbyters. B. 1536 ; d. 1599. AD'AMUS, Doeensus, an English ab- bot of the 13th ceutury, who wrote on music. ADANSON, Michael, an eminent French naturalist, who sutfered much during the French Kevolution. B. at Abe, 1727 ; d. 1806. ADDISON, Launcelot, an English Divine, attached to the Stuart fiimily, by which he was made dean of Lichfield. B. 1632; d. 1703. — Joseph, one of the brightest names of English literature, v/as b. May 1st, 1672, at^ Milston, Wilt- shire, at which place his father was a rec- tor of the church. He was graduated at Queen's College, Oxford, Feb. 14, 1693, where he had already achieved consid- erable reputation in criticism and poetry, and particularly in Latin composition. In 1695 he wrote a Latin poem to King William, and in 1697 another on the peace of Eyswick. Two years after- ward;) he obtained a pension of £300, that he might be enabled to travel. In Italy he wrote his " Dialogue on Med- als," and also the Letter to Lord Hal- ifax, which is among the most elegant of his poems. A description of his "Travels," written after his return, gained great popularity. Lord Godol- phin, in 1704, made liim under-secre- tary of state, and subsequently, when Wharton was made lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Addison accompanied him, and was appointed keeper of the records in Bermingham's Tower, at a salary of £300 per annum. It was while he was in Ireland that Sir Richard Steele Jwgan the publication of the "Tatler." The first nrmber of this periodical was published April 12, 1769, and Addison's first contribution appeared May 26. To the Tatler, in about two months, suc- ceeded the " Spectator," a series of es- says of the same kind, but written with less levity, upon a more regular plan, and published daily. The year 1713, in whicli " Cato" came upon the stage; was the grancl climacteric of Addison's rep- utation. The whole nation was, at that time, on fire with faction. The Whigs applauded every line in which liberty was mentioned, as a satire on the To- ries ; and the Tories echoed every clap, to show that the satire was unfelt. Another daily paper, called the "Guar- dian," was published about this time, by Steele, to which Addison ^ave great assistance. The papers of Addison are marked in the Spectator by one of the letters in the name of CUo, and in the Guardian by a hand. It was not known that Addison had tried a comedy on the stage, till Steele, after his death, de- clared him the author of " The Drum- mer;" this play Steele carried to the theatre, and afterwards to the press, and sold the copy for fifty guineas. In the midst of these agreeable emj)loyments, Mr. Addison was not an indifferent speetiitor of public atfairs. He wrote, as ditferent exigencies required, in 1707, "The present State of the War, &c.'* " The Whig Examiner ;" and the " Trial of Count Tarilf," all which tracts, being on temporary topics, expired with the subjects which gave them birth. When the' house of Hanover took possession of the throne, it was reasonable to ex- pect that the zeal of Addison would be suitably rewarded. Before the arrival of King George he was made secretary to the regency, and was required by his office to send notice to Hanover that the queen was dead, and that the throne was vacant. To do tliis would not have been difficult to any man but Addi- son, who was so overwhelmed with the greatness of the event, and so dis- tracted by choice of expressions, that the lords, who could not wait for the niceties of criticism, called Mr. South- well, a clerk in the house, and ordered him to dispatch the mesjage. South- well readily told what was necessary, in the common style of business, and val- ued himself upon having done what was too hard for Addison. He was better qualified for the " Freeholder," a paper which he published twice a week, from Dec. 23, 1715, to the middle of the next year. This was undertaken in defence 10 CTCLOr^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ado of the estaLlished government, some- times witb argument, sometimes with mirth. In argument he had many equals, but his humor was singular and match- less. On the 2d of August, 1716, he mar- ried the countess dowager of Warwick, whom he is said to have first known by becoming tutor to her son. This mar- riage, however, made no addition to his happiness ; it neither found them nor macife them equal. She always remem- bered her own rank, and thought herself entitled to treat with very little ceremo- ny, the tutor of her son. 'The year after, 1717, he rose to his liighest elevation, being made secretary of state ; but it is universally confessed that he was une- qual to the duties of his place. In the house of commons he coiUd not speak, and therefore was useless to the defence of the government. In the office he could not issue an order without losing his time in quest of fine expressions. What lie gained in rank he lost in credit ; and, finding himself unequal to the position, he solicited a dismission with a pension of £1500 a year. He subsequently wrote a Defence of the Christian Religion, and d. June 17th, 1719. ADELAIDE, Madame, mother of Louis XVI. of France ; fled from Paris during the Revolution, and d. in Rus- sia, in 1799. ADELAIDE, queen dowager, wife of William IV. of England. D: 1850. ADELARD, a monk of Bath in the 12th century; a man of considerable learning. He travelled into Egypt and Arabia, and translated Euclid's Ele- ments out of Arabic into Latin, before any Greek copies had been discovered. He" also wrote several treatises on math- ematical and medical subjects, which re- main in MS. at Oxford. ADELBOLD, bishop of Utrecht, the cfithedral of which he founded. He wrote the life of his patron, the emperor Henry II. D. 1027. ADELER, CuRTius, named also Ser- visen, an eminent naval commander. B. in Norway, 1622. He went to Venice, wliere he was made admiral ; and, after performing many gallant exploits asainst the Turks, retired to Constantinople, where he ended his days in honor and tranquillity, being made admiral-in- chiet of the Danish fleet, and created a noble. He d. in 1675. ADELHER, or ADELGER, a scho- lastic philosopher and theologian of the 12th century, who is only remarkable for his mode of conciliating the divine prescierce with free will. See his "De Libero Arbitrlo." He was a canon of Liege, and then monk of Cluny. ADELUNG, John Chbistopheb, _ a German pliilologist of great merit; chiefly cclebratecr for his "Grammatical and Critical Dictionary," 5 vols. 4to. B. 1734: ; d. 1S06. — Frederick, his neph- ew, an historian and linguist; president of the Asiatic Society at St. Petersburg. His writintrs were numerous and valu- able, relating chiefly to language and arts. B. 1768. ADEMAR, a monk of the 10th centu- ry, who wrote the chronicles of France, published by Labbe. ADER, William, a physician cf Toulouse, who wrote a book in 1621, entitled, " De ^Egrotis et Morbis Evan- gelicis;" in which he proves that the diseases healed by our Saviour were in- curable by medicine. ADET," P. A., envoy from France to the United States, in 1796 ; author of several chemical works, original and translated, and of a design for new chemical characters and nomenclature. ADHAD-EDDOULAT, emperor of Persia. B. about 935. In 977 he became master of Bagdad, which he adorned with hospitals, mosques, and other pub- lic works. He was also a great encour- ager of learning. D. 982. ADHELME, a learned prelate under the Saxon Heptarchy, and nephew to King Ina. He was the first Englishman who wrote in Latin, the first who brought poetry into Britain, and the first bishop of Sherborne. D. 769. ADLER, James George, a learned Danish orientalist, b. in 1756; author of " Museum Cuficum," some works on the Jewish language, laws, and rites, and several philological publications. — Philip, a German engraver of the 16th century, whose style of etching appears to have founded a school which gave rise to the Hopfers and Hollar. D. 1530. ADLERFELDT, Gustavos, a Swedish historian in the time of Charles XII., whom he accompanied throughout his campaigns, of which he wrote an ac- count, continued up to the day when & cannon-ball deprived him of life, at the battle of Piiltowa, in 1709. ADLZREITER, John, a German his- torian, and chancellor of Bavaria. D. about 1662. ADO, archbishop of Vienne, distin- guished bv his piety, and as an histo- rian. D. 875. ADOLFATI, an Italian composer and author of several operas. ADOLPHUS, emperor of Germany, CTCLOP.EDIA. OF BIOGRAPHY. aeg] was the count of Nassau, and elevated to the imperial throne in 1292. — Adol- pHus, coimt of Cleves, celebrated by the institution of the Order of Fools, in 1380, which consisted of the principal noblemen of Cleves.— FredekioII., kinff of Sweden, b. in 1710, and succeeded his ftither, Frederick, in 1751. D. 1771. — Jdhn, a well-known barrister and his- torian of London, who wrote histories of Georije III., of England, of the French Revolution, end "a memoir of Bannister, the comedian. ADRETS, Francis de Beaumont, Ba- ron des, an Hungarian leader, of a cruel, fiery, and enterprising spirit. Resent- ment to the Duke of Guise led him to side with the Huguenot party in 1562 ; and he signalized himself by many able and daring exploits, the skill and bra- very of which were soiled with the most detestable cruelty. D. 1587. ADRI A, John James, a Sicilian writer, and physician-general to Charles V. D. 1560. ADRIAM, Marie, a female, who, at the ago of 16, fought valiantly during the whole time that her native town, Lyons, was besieged, in 1793. After tlie engagement she was arrested, and being asked how she had dared to use arms, she replied, " I used thern to serve n.y country, and deliver it from its oppressors." She was instantly con- demned and executed. ADRIAN, or HADRIAN, Publius jEuus, the Roman emperor. B. a. d. 76. He married Sabina, the heiress of Tra- ian, whom he accompanied in his expe- ditions, and became successively prsEtor, governor of Pannonia, and consul. On the death of Trajan, in 117, he assumed the government, made peace with the Persians, and remitted the debts of the Roman people. In 120 he visited Gaul, and thence passed over to Britain, where he built Ji wall, 80 miles in length, from the mouth of the Tyne to Solway Frith, to secure the Roman provinces from the incursions of the Caledonians. He next travelled into Africa and Asia, and, on his return, was initiated into the Eleu- iinian mysteries at Athens. In his reign the 'Christians suffered a dreadful persecution ; he built a temple to Jupi- ter on Mount Calvary, and d. at Baite, 138. — There are several popes of that name. — Adrian I., a Roman, raised to he papal chair, and was a patron of arch- tecture ; embellished St. Peter's, rebuilt the walls of Rome, and restored the ancient aqueducts. D. 795. — Adrian 'I. succeeded to the pontificate in 867, 11 was designing and ambitious, and d 872. — Adrian III. was chosen in 834, and d. the next year. — Adrian IV. was an Englishman — the only one who ever became pope — named Bi-eakspear ; in his youth extremely poor, but in 1146 made "a cardinal by Eugenius III. He was then sent as legate into Denmark, and in 1154 chosen pope. He issued a celebrated bull in tavor of Henry II. of England, sanctioning the conquest of Ireland, and in 1155 exeommunicaled the king of Sicily, for ravaging the ter- ritories of the church. When the ar- mies of Frederick entered Italy, Adrian compelled him to make peace, and after- wards crowned him king of the Romans. D. 1159. — Adrian V. was a Genoese, who held the pontificate only a month, in 1276. — Adrian VI. was a native of Utrecht, of mean parentage, but \vho gradually rose from one ecclesiastical office to another, till he was made pope in 1522. He attempted to reform the papal court, and opposed classical learn- mg, but his etforts were frustrated by the cardinals. His attempts to excite Zninglius and Erasmus against Luther, were' also without success. D. 1525. — Adrian de Costello, a Tuscan of great learnins and ability, who received the bishoprics of Hereford, Bath, and Wells from Henry VII. He sold them to Car- dinal Wolsey, and retired to Italy, where he lived in great splendor out of the revenues. A prophecv that an Adrian should succeed Pope Leo X., betrayed him into a conspiracy, which bein^ dis- covered, led to his banishment. What became of him was never known. ADRIANI, Marcel Virgil, a chan- cellor of Florence, who translated Dios- corides out of Greek into Latin. B. 1464 ; d. 1521. — John Baptlst, secretary of the republic of Florence, who wrote a his- tory of his own times. B. 1513 ; d. 1579. — Marcel, his son, was also the author of some works as professor in the Acad- emy at Florence. D. 1604. ADRIANO, a Carmelite friar, who was also a p.ainter in Spain. D. 1650. ADRICHOMIUS, Christian, a Dutch geographer and historian. B. 1533 ; d. 1585. ADRY, J. F., a French professor of rhetoric, and author of several works, chieflv histories. B. 1749 ; d. 1818. JilDESIA, a female philosopher of the modern Platonic school, wife of Hermias, and mother of Ammonius. She was celebrated for her beauty and virtue, as well as her devotion to philosophy. .^GIDIUS, CoLONNA, a Roman monk, 12 CVCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, [aer distinguished as the scholastic preceptor to Philip III. of France. He wrote sev- eral able metaphysical works, such as "Traetatu de Esse et Essentia," and " Quodlibeta." D. 1816.— Peter, a law- yer of Antwerp, educated by Erasmus, and the friend of Sir Thomas More. 13. 1436 ; d. 1533. ^GIXETA, PAULrs, a medical author, who first noticed the cathartic virtues of rhubarb. D. 630. JiGINHARD, a German, secretary to Charlemagne, who wrote the annals of his reign from 741 to 889 ; tamous, too, for a singular love adventure with the princess Imma, daughter of Charle- magne ; who, carrying him across a court-yard from her chamber, to pre- vent the traces of his footsteps in the snow, was observed by the emperor, who generously agreed to their union. jEL FKIC, son of an earl of Kent, and archbishop of Canterbury in the middle of the lOtli centun', was a luminary for the age in which he lived. He became a monk of the Benedictine order at Abingdon, under the abbot Athelwold, who, on his promotion to the see of Wmchester, took JElfric with him to in- struct youth in his cathedral. Here he drew up his " Latin Saxon Vocabulary'," which was published at 0.\ford in 1609. He also translated from tlie Latin into the Saxon language most of the histori- cal books of the Old Testament, as weH as " Canons for the Rcirulation of the Clergy," which are inserted in Spelman's Councils. He subsequently became ab- bot of St. Alban's, and composed a liturgy for the service of his abbey, which was used in Leland's time. In 989, he was created bishop of Wilton : and, in 994, was translated to the see ot Canterbury. D. 1005. jELIAN, Claudius, an historian and rhetorician, was born in Italy, in 160. He was surnamed Iloneytongue, on ac- count of the sweetness of his style. iEIJANUS, Meccius, a Greek phy- sician of the second century, and the master of Galen, who mentions him in terms of high praise. He was the first who made use of the theriaca as a rem- edy and preservative acainst the plague. ^LIUS, Sextis PoKTis Cati-s, a Ro- man lawyer who was made consul at the close of the second Punic war. He pub- lished a collection, entitled '' Novella," which were called, after him, the ^lian aws ; and was author of " Tripartite," 'whe oldest treatise on jurisprudence now known. wfCTjST. EvERHAED VAN, a Dutch paint- er. B. at Delft in 1602 ; d. 1658. He was famous for his skill in painting fruit pieces and dead game. — William, his nephew, also distinguished himseli as a painter. D. 1679. ^EMILIANI, St. jEKOira, a Venetian nobleman, who, being taken prisoner in his youth, made a vow that, on his re- lease, he would devote his life to the care of orphans. In pursuance of thia E ledge, he laid the foundation of a ospitsil and religious order, the object of which was to instruct young persons, and particidarly orphans, in religion. D. 1537. .(EMILIUS, Paulus, an illustrious Ro- man general, the son of Paulus ..Emilius, the consul, who fell at CaunsE, was b. about 228 b. o. He greatly enriched liis country by the spoil taken in his war- fare with Pei-ses, king of Macedon, whom he took prisoner to Rome, which was so great, that it freed the Romans from taxes for 125 years. — Paulus, an historian of great celebrity, b. at Verona. D. 1.529. ^NEAS, or .t of his <^^lme. B. at Glaucheu, Misai^ 16 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [agu In 1494, and d. 1555. — George Andrew, a German physician, author of a curious work on the multiplication of trees and plants. B. at Ratisbon, 1672, and d. 1738. — John, a polemical writer of ce- lebrity. B. at Esleben, Saxony, 1492, and d. at Berlin, 1566. From being the friend and scholar, he became the antag- onist of Martin Luther, against whom, as well as Melancthoa, he maintained a spirited controversy, advocating the doc- trine of faith in opposition to the works of the law, whence the sect, of which lie bo^anie leader, received the name of Antinomians. — Eodolphus, one of the most learned men in the 15th century, ejioken of both by Erasmus and Bayle with great respect. B. in Friesland, 1442, and d. 1484. He was the first who in- troduced the Greek language into Ger- many. A'GEIPPA, CAMtLLE, a celebrated architect of Milan in the 16th century, who, under the pontificate of Gregory XIII., accomplished the removal of a vast obelisk to St. Peter's Square. — Henry Cornelius, was b. in 1486, at Cologne, of a noble family. He became secretary to the emperor Maximilian, by whom he was knighted for his bravery in the Italian wars. He next travelled through various parts of Europe, and, while in England, wrote a commentary on St. Paul's 'Epistles. In 1518 he set- tled at Metz, wnich place, however, he was obliged to quit, at the instigation of the monks, and went to Cologne, and tlience to Geneva. He next travelled to Antwerp, in 1528, and was taken into the service of Margaret of Austria, gov- erness of the Low Countries. In 1530 he published his treatise of the " Vanity of the Sciences," and soon afterwards his " Occult Philosophy." In 1535 he was at Lyons, where ne was imprisoned for dcfitniing the king's mother, but soon obtained his discharge, and d. the same year at Grenoble. AH his works were collected and printed at Lyons, 1550, in 3 vols. — I., Herod, grandson of Horod the Great. He gave great oftence to Tiberius, who threw him into prison ; but, on Caligula's succession, was not only released, but received from that emperor a golden chiiin equal in weight to the iron one he had worn in his con- finement, as also the kingdom of Jndea. He commenced a persecution of the Christians, in which the apostle St. James perished; and he is the person represented to have boen eaten by worms, on account of his impiety in ac- .cepting the adoration of the people. — II., Herod, son and successor of the preceding, was the seventh and last of the .lewisli monarchs of the family of Herod the Great. It was before this prince that St. Paul pleaded his causo with so much eloquence, that Agrippa acknowledged he had almost persuailed him to be a Christian. He d. at liome about the year 'J4. — Marcus Vipsanius, the celebrated friend and general of Augustus Ciosar. D. 12 b. c— Menenius, consul of Rome, 503 b. c. He is cele- brated for having appeased a eommotioc among the Romans, by the political fable of the belly and the members ; and d. at an advanced age, very poor, but uni- versally esteemed for his wisdom and integrity. AGRIPPINA, the elder, daughter of Marcus Agrippa, was manned in the first instance to Tiberius, who divorced her, and she became the wife of Germanicus Cajsar, whoui she accompanied in his military expeditions. On the death of the latter at Autioch, a. d. 19, she return- ed to Rome. Tiberius, jealous of the affection of the people for Agrippina, banished her to a small island, where she d. of hunger, in 35. — Agkippina, the younger, daughter of the foregoing, and mother of Nero, was at once cruel and licentious. After losing two husbands, she married her uncle, the emperor Claudius, whom she poisoned in 54, to make way for her son Nero, who caused her to be assassinated, and exhibited to the senate a list of all the crimes of which she had been guilty. AGUESSEAU, Henry Francis d', the descendant of a noble family of Saiu- tonge, was b. at Limoges, 1608, and after completing his education, which was begun under the direction of his father, he cultivated poetry with taste and ele- gance, and acquired the esteem and friendship of men of letters, particularly of Boileau and Racine. In tlie office of advocate-general of Pai-is, in 1691, and nine years after, of procurer-general, he displayed all the energies of his nature ; he gave vigor and support to the laws, banished corruption from the tribunals, and distributed justice with an impartial hand. His attention was particularly directed to the management of the hos- pitals ; and in the enlarged views of a benevolent heart, he often resisted with boldness and success the intrigues of royal fiivorites, and even the prejudices of Louis XIV. After this monarch's death he was appointed by the Duke of Orleans, the regent, to succeed Voi^iD as chancellor, and by his eloquence and aik] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 17 firmutss lie opposed and rejected the Bcliernes of Law, which were afterwards too fatallj adopted, and hurled the whole kingdom into ruin and despondency. The machinations of his enemies were, however, too powerful against his integ- rity of conduct, and Aguesseau was twice obliged to resign the seals, and re- tire in disgrace, and twice again he was Bolicitcd by the regent to resume a situ- ation which he adorned and dignified. His moderation and equity were ever apparent, and in his retirement at Fresnes, where, as he says, he passed the fairest days of his life, the chancel- lor of France was cmp'oyed in the edu- cation of his children, in literary pursuits, and often amused himself in dig2;insr the ground. Temperance and cheerfulness added to the pleasures of science, and contributed to the health of the body and vigor of the mind, and till liis SOth year he enjoyed a robust constitution. At this advanced age infirmities came Upon him, he resigned the otfice of chan- cellor, and d. soon after, on the 9th of February, 1751. AGUILLON, Francis, an eminent mathematician, was a Jesuit of Brussels, and d. at Seville, 1617. AGUIRRA, Joseph Sa.ens d', a Span- ish Benedictine, made cardinal by In- nocent XI. He wrote voluminously on theologv, philosophy, &c. D. 1699. AGUJARI, LucRETiA, a celebrated Binger of I'arma, who received a sal- arv of £100 a-night for two songs. D. 1783. AGYLJ5US, Henry, a lawyer and general scholar. B. 1.53-3 ; d. 1595. AIILWART, Peter, a learned Ger- man, son of a shoemaker at Greifswald, where he was b. in 1710, and d. 1791. He was the founder of -the Society of Abelltes, the object of which was to pro- mote sincerity. AHMED-BEN-FARES, surnamed El Eazl, an Arabian lexicographer and la\vTer.. D. 999. AHMED -BEN -MOHAMMED, or ABOU AMROU, a Spanish Moor, who wrote poems in the Eastern style, and an histoiical work on the annals of Spain. D. in 970. AHMED RESMY HAJI, a Turkish historian, who was counsellor of the Divan, and chancellor to the Sultan Mustnpha III. AHMED SHAH EL ABDALY, foiin- dcr of the kinardom of Candahar and Ca-ibul. D. 1773. AHRENDT, or ARENTS, Martin Fbederio, an antiquary and palaeograph- 2* er, was a native of Holstein. He spent forty years in travelling on foot through Norway, Sweden, Denmark, France, Spain, Italy, and other parts of Europe, in search of Scandinavian antiquities and Runic monuments, and carried on an extensive correspondence with his learn- ed cotemporaries relative to the objects of his investigation. D. 1824. AIDAN, a monk, who converted a large portion of '.he northern part of Britain to Christianity. D. 651. AIGNAN, Stephen, a French writer, and a member of the Academy. He was a zealous republican, and at the early age of 19, in the fiercest time of the rev- olution, was appointed to an official sit- uation in the district of Orleans. He subsequently filled offices under Napo- leon ; and also distinguished himself as the author of several dramas and poems, as well as by the translation of part or the works of Goldsmith and Pope. B. 1773 ; d. 1825. AIKIN, Edmund, an architect, and the author of an account of St. Paul's Cathedral. D. 1820.— John, M. D., b. 1747, at Kibworth, Leicestershire, was the only son of Dr. T. Aikin, a dissent- ing minister and schoolmaster. He commenced his education at home ; from thence he went to the dissenters' acad- emy at Warrington, and in 1764 became a student in the university of Edin- burgh ; settled in Chester as a surgeon, but soon removed to Warrington, where he remained until 1784, in which year he proceeded to Leyden, and graduated as a physician. On his return he went to Yarmouth, Norfolk, where, with little interruption, he continued till 1792, when lie removed to London. Dr. Aikin devoted himself chiefly to liter- ature, in which he was eminently suc- cessful. In 1796 he became the editor of the Monthly Magazine, which he superintended from its commencement till 1806. In 1799 he published, in con- junction with Dr. Enfield, tlie first volume of a General Biographical Dic- tionarv, in 4to, which, however, was not completed till 1815. D. 1822. AIKMAN, William, son of an advo- cate of Scotland of the same name, was b. 1784, and brought up to the profes- sion of his father. A natural bias for the arts, however, prevailed upon the son to relinquish tlie honors of the Scotch bar for distinction in the cultiva- tion of painting ; and an absence of five years in visiting Italy and Constantino- ple and Smyrna, served to improve and adorn his mind, and enlarge and correct 18 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAi^HT. [ala hh taste. As his fortune was indepen- dent he did not court tlie patronage of the great by flattery, and to his merit alone he was indebted for the esteem of John dake of Argyle, and of tlie earl of Burlington, and for the affectionate friendship of Allan Ramsay, Thomson, Swift, Pope, Arbuthnot, Gay, Somer- ville, and the other wits of the age. Ilis genius was exerted in portrait painting, and many of those who then shone in rank and fashion will receive more ce- lebrity from his pencil than from their own merit. A picture of the royal fam- ily of England, now in possession of the duke of Devonshire, and several por- traits of the earl of Bncking'ham's fiim- ■Jy, were among the last of his pieces. J). 1731. AILBY, Peter d', a cardinal and legate, chancellor of the university of Paris, and president of the famous Council of Constance, which condemned John Huss. B. 1350; d. 1419. AT NS WORTH, Henry, a biblical commentator of much learning and acuteiicss, who was among the most eminent of the English non-conformist divines of his time. D. 1622. — Robert, a grammarian, whose Latin dictionary is well known. B. at Woodyale, Lanca- shire, 16Hr, ; d. 1743. AIRAULT, Peter, an advocate of Paris, b. at Anders, where he also d., 1601, July 21st, in his 6.)th year. As a magistrate he behaved with firmness and integrity, and was deservedly called the rock of the accused. He left ten children, the eldest of whom, Rene, was intrusted to the Jesuits for his educa- tion, and induced to enter into the order, from which he never could extricate himself, though his father procured the interest of the king of France and of the pope. Rene d. at la Fleche, 1664, in his 77th year. His father wrote some treatises, especially on the power of fathers, &e. AITON, William, a botanist of Lan- arkshire, and head-gardener to George in. at Kew. He formed the best col- lection of exotics then known, and pub- lished a cata'ofirue of them. J). 1793. AITKEN, Robert, a printer, who was imprisoned by the British during the Amenean revolution, for his attachment to liberty. He published a magazine, an edition of the Bible, and the Am. Phil. Trans. T). 1802. AlTZExMA, Leo, of Friesland, wrote a history of the United Provinces, B 1600; d. 1669. AKALIA, M.utTiN, physician to Henry TIL, and authorof several medical books. B. 1479 ; d. 158S. AKBAH, a celebrated Saracen, who conquered the whole of Africa. AKBER, Mohammed, a descendant of Tamerlane, and sultan of the Moguls, who ascended the throne when he was only 14, and became distinguished as a great conqueror, but a wise and clement monarch. AKENSIDE, Mare, a physician of note, but more distinguished as a poet. He was b. at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in 1721, and educated at Edinburirh and Leyden. When only 23 years of age ho wrote a poem on the " Pleasures of Imagination," which gave him a poetical fame which has lasted to the present day. He also wrote several odes, a satire, and some medical books, all of more or less merit. J). 1770. AKERLAD, John Datid, a Swede, distinguished as an orientalist and anti- quarv.' D. 1819. AKIBA, a Jewish rabbi, of literary taste, who .ioincd Barcochebas, a pre- tended Messiah, and was flayed alive, at the age of 120, by the emperor Ha- drian, ALABASTER, William, an English divine, author of a Latin tragedy called Roxana, and a pentaglot dictionary, D. 1640. ALAIN, CnARTiER, author of the " Chronicles of Charles VII.," and other French works, in the 14th century. — De Lisle, surnamed the Universal Doe- to>; because of his learning, T>. 1294. ALAMANNI, Louis, a Florentine poet and statesman, distinguished fot his love of philosophy and Greek lite- rature. B. 149G ; d. 1556. Two others- of the same name are known in the lit- erary world. ALAN, William, sometimes called Alleyn, an eminent Catholic divine. B. in 1580. He was educated at Oxford, but changed his religion, and became archbishop of Mechlin and a cardinal. It was at his suggestion that Philip TI. undertook the invasion of England. He was supposed to have been poisoned in 1594. ALAND, Sir John Fortescue, (Lord Fortescue,) a baron of the exchequer, and a puisne judse of the courts of King's Bench and Common Pleas, in the reiirns of George I. and IT., was descend- ed from the famous Sir John Fortescue : was b. in 1670; was an able lawyer, and well versed in Saxon literature ; lived in habits of intimacy with Pope, and the ether wits of the day; and wrote the ALBJ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 19 lecfal burlesque of "StracUing versus Styles." ALARD, Francis, a native of Brus- Bcls, was bred in the Konian church ; but, meetiiifj with the works of Luther, he turned Protestant, and escaped to Wittenibercr. Afcer some time he re- turned to Brussels, and d. in 1578.— William, sou of the above, became rec- tor of the college of Krempen. D. 1644. • — Lambert, son of the last named, com- piled a Greek Lexicon, wrote some the- ological works and Latin poems, and was inspector of the pub ic schools of Brunswick. D. 1672. ALARIC L, king of the Visigoths, and conqueror of Rome, was descended from a noble tamily, and for some years served in the imperial armies ; but, be- ing refused preferment, ho revolted against Arcadius, and desolated many of the provinces, sparing neither age nor sex. In tlie year 400, being then the acknowledged sovereign of the Visi- goths, he invaded Italy, and carried off immense plunder. In 402, he made a second irruption, but was defeated by ytilicho, and compelled to sue for peace. After this, he was emjiloyed in the ser- vice of tiie emperor Ilonoi-ius, but soon violated his engagements, and again entered the Roman territory, and laid siege to the capital. His terms were complied with, and he retired into Tus- cany ; but, being joined by his brother, Ataulphus, he returned ay a work entitled " Dies Geniules," an imitation of the Noetes Atticue of Gel- lius.— TuALLiANTS, a Greek physician of the Gill century. His works are con- sidered tlie best after those of Hippo- crates. — Bishop of Alexandria, who op- posed Arias, and condemned his errors at the council of Nice. D. 326. — Bishop of Hierapolis, in the 5th century, who espoused the doctrine that there were two ditferent natures in Clirist; for which he was banished by the council of Ephesus. — Of .^gea, the' tutor of Nevo, whom he is said to have corrupted by his instructions. — De Medici, u licen- tious duke of Florence, assassinated by Lorenzo dc Medici, a relation, at tlie in- stigation of Strozzi, a republican, l.');37. — An Enghsh abbot, who supported the rights of his master, Henry 111., at tlie court of Rome, with sueli boldness, that Pandulplius, the pope's legate in En- eland, excommunicated and imprisoned him. D. 1217. — Noel, a Dominican, a laborious writer. B. at Kouen, 16;3ti, and d. at Piiris, 1724. His most celebrated work is a Latin Church History, in 2G vols. — Of Paris, a Norman poet of the 12th century, who wrote u metrical poem called '" Alexander the Great," in verses of twelve syllables, which meas- ure has ever since been called " Alexan- drine.'" — Neuskoi, grand duke of Rus- eia. B. 1218. The most noted action of his life was a great victory he obtained over the more northern tribes on the banks of the Neva. D. 1263.— Sir Wil- tJLVM, e-.irl of Stirling, an eminent 8cot- tisli statesman and poet in the reigns cf James I. and Charles I. D. 1640. — Wu.LiAM, a major-general in the Amer- Icaii army of the revolution. He was b. in New York, 1726 ; received a classical education; and was distinguishtd for his knowledge of mathematics ai.d as- tronomy. His father was a native of Scotland, and he was the reputed righ.t- ful heir to an earldom in that country: en which account he was usually callea Lord Stirling ; but was unsuccessful in his etibrts to obtain from the govern- ment the acknowledgment of his claim. At the commencement of the revolution he joined the American army, and ir; the "battle on Long Island, August 27, 1776, was taken prisoner, alter having, by attacking Cornwallis, secured to a part of the "detachment an opportunity to escape. He was always warmly at- tached to General Washington, and the cause wliich he had espousei.1. D. at Albany, 17S3. — Wii.llvji, an able artist. B. at Maidstone, 1768. His father, who was a coaehmakcr, gave him a good education, and sent him at an early ago to study the fine arts in London, which he did with so much success, that ho was selected to acconipanv the embassy of Lord Macartney to Cliina. On his return, besides his'drawings in illustra- tion of the work of Sir George Staunton, he published a splendid one of his own, entitled, "The Costume of China," which obtained so much notice that he was in- duced to publish a second part. At tho time of liis death, in 1816, he was keeper of the antiquities at the British Museum. — Jaxius, a native of Scotland, who came to New York in 17 1."). He was bred to the law, and became eminent in his profession. By honest practice and un- wearied application to business, he ac- quired a great estate. For many years he was a member of the legislature, and of the council. In 1721," he was ap- pointed attorney-general ; and after- waids was secretary of the province. His death took place in the beginning of 17.56. — Nathaniel, a governor or North Carolina. He received his col- legiate education at Princeton, N. J., obtained his first degree in 1776, and afterwards studied medicine. Subse- quently he entered the army ; but at the CMOse of the war pursued his profession in the state of which he became chief magistrate in 1806. In all his public stations he had the reputation ot eon- ducting with ability and firmness. D. 1808, iiged .52 vears. — Caleb, D.D., b. in Northfield, ilass., and graduated at Yale College in 1777. He was first set- tled, as a Congregational minister at New Marlborough; and, afterwards, at Mend--"'!, in his native state. Hia con- ale] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 27 tjnunnco in each of these situations was less tliaii two years. The remaining part of his life was spent in teaching, anXANDRINI, Julius, a physician of Trent, in the 16th century, lie was the first who endeavored to prnvc the connection of bodily diseases with tho passions. ALEXIS, a Greek ootnic poet, uncle and instructor of Alexander. ALEXIS, MicHAELoviTscn, czar ofRus- sia. B. in 1630; succeeded his father Michael in 1646 ; d. 1677. He was the father of Peter the Great, and the first Russian monarch who acted on the j)olicy of a more intimate connection with the other European states. — Petro- viTscH, oniy son of Peter the Great. B. 1 690. This unhappy prince opposed tho new policy of his father, and expressed an unalterable attachment to the ancient barbarous usages and customs of his country : for which the czar resolved to disinherit him. Alexis fled to his brother-in-law, the emperor of Ger- many, and lay concealed for some time at Vienna, until his retreat was discov- ered by his father, before whom he was conducted as a criminal, and compelled formally to renounce the succession ; after this he was tried by secret judges, and condemned to death, 1719. — Dei 1 Arco, a Spanish painter. B. at Madrid, in 1625. He was deaf and dumb ; bu' his reputation as a portrait painter waf« considerable. D. in 1700. ALEXIUS I., CoMNENUs, emperor ot the East. B. at Constantinople, 1048. He signalized himself in the wars with tho Turks and Saracens, was bountiful to his friends and clement to his enen ies, a lover of letters, and equally versed in tho arts of government and of A'ar. _D._1118. — II., CoMNENUS, succeeded his father Michael on the throne of Constantinople in 1180, when only 12 years of age ; and, with his mother, was murdered two years afterwards by Andronicus, who usurped the crown. — HI., Angelas, emperor in 1195, gained that station by the basest perfidy towards his brother, Isaac Anffclus, whom he confined in prison, aucl then caused his eyes to be put out. His etfeminate reign rendered him despicable, and his capital was besieged and taken, 1203, by an army of Venetian and French crusaders, headed by liia 28 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [alf nephew, Alexiur, sou of Isuac. The usurper received the same punishment he had iiillicted on liis brother, and d. a few years afterwards in a monastery at Nice ; and the conqueror placed his blind father on the throne, with whom he reigned as Alexius IV. ; but his ele- vation was succeeded by a rebellion, and he was deposed, imprisoned, and put to death, 1204. — V.j Ducas, surnamed Murtzuffle, from his black shaggy eye- brows, was raised to the throne after the murder of Alexius IV., but deposed by the crusaders, who attacked and took his capital, and he was put to an igno- minious death. ALEYN, Charles, an English histor- ical poet. D. 1640. AL,FAEABI, an eminent Arabian philosopher in the 10th century, who obtained much reputation in his day, both as a great traveller, and as a master of 70 languages. Among his works is an Encyclopaedia, the manuscript of which is in the Escurial. ALFARO Y GAMON, Juan de, a distinguished Spanish painter. B. 1640. ALFENUS VAKUS, Publius, a Ro- man civilian, who became consul, and is mentioned by Horace and Virgil with gratitude. ALFIERI, ViTTORiA, count, was b. at Asti, in Piedmont, in 1749, of a rich and distinguished family. His early educa- tion was defective ;'for, thoujrh sent to the academy of Turin, he learned noth- ing. He atYerwards travelled over Italy, France, England, Spain, Portugal, Ger- many, Russia, and Holland, returned, tried to study history, and then became a wanderer again for three years. From pure listlessness he took to writing dra- matic poetry, at the age of 27, and de- voted the rest of life to becoming a tragic poet. He tirst studied Latin and Tus- can, for which purpose he went to Tuscany ; meeting on the journey the Countess of Albany, consort of the En- glish pretender, he" became attached to her, and lived alternately,^ leading an irregular and roving life, in England, France, and Italy. He composed 21 tra- gedies and 6 comedies, and is regarded as the grest tragic poet of his native .^nd. Above the degeneracy of his times, cherishing an ardent hatred of despotism, and possessing a free, proud, and passionate heart, his works are per- vaded by a decided political spirit. His etyle was stiff and unadorned, but bold, lo'ftv, and correct. D. 1803. ALFORD, MicHAEL,an English Jesuit. B. in London, 1587. He d. at St. Omer'a, 1652, leaving behind him two celebrated works, "Britannia lllustrata," and " An- nales Ecclesiastici Britiinnorum." ALFEAG AN, or AHMED BEX FER- GAN, an Arabian astronomer of the 9th century ; author of an " Introduc- tion to Astronomy," and other scientific works. ALFRAGO, Andrew, an Italian phy- sician ; author of a history of Arabian physicians and philosophers, and other works connected with the East, where he resided for some years. D. at Padua, 1520. ALFRED THE GREAT. This mon- arch was the youngest son of Ethelwolf, king of the VVest Saxons, and was b. at Wantage, Berks, in 84'j. On the death of his" brother Ethelred, Alfred sue ceedcd to the throne of England, 871, at a time when kis kingdom was a prey to domestic dissensions, and to the inva- sions of the Danes, with whom, after a disastrous engagement, he was forced to conclude a treaty on disadvantageous terms. The Danes soon violated their ensagement, and renewed their hostility with such success, that, in 877, the king was under the necessity of concealing himself in the cottage of one of his herdsmen. He afterwards retired to the island of Athelney, and there received information that one of his chiefs had obtained a great victory over the Danes. Alfred then disguised himself as a harp- er, entered the Danish camp, and gained a knowledge of the state of the enemy. After this,"he directed his nobles to meet him at Selwood, with their vassals, which was done so secretly, that the Danes were surprised at Ecldington, and com- pletely routed. He now put his king- dom hito a state of defence, increased his navy, and brought London into a flourishing state ; but, after a rest of some years, an immense number of Danish forces landed in Kent, and com- mitted great ravages ; they were, how- ever, soon defeated by Alfred, who caused several of the leaders to be ex- ecuted at Winchester. Thus he secured the peace of his dominions, and struck terror into his enemies, after 56 battles by sea and land, in all of which he was personally ensraged. But the warlike exploits of Alfred formed, perhaps, the least of the services he rendered his country. He composed a body of stat- utes, instituted the trial by jury, and divided the kingdom into shires and ♦hundreds ; was so exact in his govern- ment, that robbery was unheard of, and valuable goods might be left on the high ALl] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGBAPHT. 29 roads. His great council, consisting of bishops, earls, aldermen, and thanes, was, by an express law, called together twice a-year in Loudon, for the better governnient of the realm. The state of learniug in his time was so low, that, from the Thames to the Huniber, scarce- ly a man could be found who understood the service of the church, or could trans- late a single sentence of Latin into En- glish. To remedy this evil, he invited men of learning from all quarters, and placed them at the head of seminaries in various parts of his kiuijdom ; and, if he was not the founder of the university of Oxford, it is certain he raised it to a reputation which it had never before enjoyed. Alfred himself wrote several worts, and translated others from the Latin, particularly " Orosius's History of the Pagans," and " Boethius's Con- solations of Philosophy." England is indebted to him for the foundation of her naval establishment, and he was the first who sent out ships to make the discov- ery of a northeast passage. To crown his great public character, Alfred is de- scribed as one of the most mild and ami- able men in private life ; of a temper serene and cheerful, and not averse to fioeiety, or to innocent recreation ; he was also personally well-favored, pos- sessing a handsome and vigorous form, and a disrnified and engaging aspect. D. 900.— "The Philosopher," an English- man, was greatly esteemed at the court of Eome, and wrote five books on the "Consolations of BoGthius." D. 1270. — An English bishop of the 10th century' ; author of a " History of the Abbey of Malmsbury," a treatise " Dc Naturis Rerum," &e. ALGARDI, Alexaxder, a Bolognese sculptor of the 17th century. ALGAROTTI, Fkancis," an eminent Italian writer. B. at Venice, 1712: d. 1764. ALHAZEN, an Arabian mathema- tician, who was the first that showed the importance of refractions in astronomy. D. at Cairo, in 1038. ALI, cousin, son-in-law, and vizier of Mahomet, and one of the main pillars of the new taith. He obtained tne name of the Lion of God, always victorious ; but was opposed in his succession to the caliphate by Omar and Othman, and re- tired into Arabia, and made a collection of the sayings of the prophet. There he laid the foundation of a new sect, and, ifter the death of Othman, he was de- clared c;diph, 655 ; but was murdered four years afterwards in the mosque. ALI BEG, a man of extrac rdinary learning ard attainments, b. in Poland of Christian parents, but who was kid- napped in his infancy by a horde of Tui- tars, and sold to the Turks, in whose language and religion he was educated. His skill in languages procured him the post of chief interpreter to the grand signior ; while his leisure hours were employed in translating the Bible and the catechism of the Church of Eng a ,' into the Turkish language. D. Ie7.>. ALI BEY, a Greek, son of a Natolian priest. B. 172S. He fell, when a child, mto the hands of robbers, who carried him to Cairo, and sold him to Ibrahim, lieutenant of the .Janizaries, who ad:>pt- ed him. Ali soon rose to the rank of sangiak, or member of the council ; and when his patron was assassinated by Ibrahim, the Circassian, he avenged his death, and slew the murderer with his own hand. This action raised him numerous enemies, and he was obliged to fly to Jerusalem, and thence to Acre ; but in time he was recalled by the peo- ple, and, being placed at the liead ot the government, Egypt began to recover its former splendor. In a battle fought against the troops of a rebellious Mame- kike, Ali was cut down, after defending himself with a degree of desperate valor, and d. of his wounds eight davs after, in 1773. ALI PACHA, an Albanian, born at Zepelina, 1744, who, by fifty years of constant warfare, brought "under his sway a large extent of territory, which the Porte sanctioned. He took the title of Pacha of Jannina, and received agents from foreign powers. But the Porte was made jealous by his intrigues with England, Russia, and France, and finally had him shot. ALIAMP^T, .James, a French engraver of the last century. ALIPAC, J., a French „ inor poet. B. 1796. ALISON, Archibald, a clerg-.^man of Edinburgh, educated at Oxford, and aftei^'ards preferred to various livings in the church of England. In 1780 he published his famous " Essay on tb" Nature and Principles of Taste." Ho subsequently published two sermons, and a memoir of Lord Woodhousie. B. 1757; d. 1839. — There is another of the same name, distinguis'ied for his " Treatise on Population," and his " History of Europe," still living.^ RicH.vRD, one of the ten composers who set the psalms to music, at the order of Queen Elizabeth, 30 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [aU ALIX, Peter, ( Great, from his wisdom and success. — VIII., count of Savoy, elected 1391. He wa3 one of the most singular men of his time, and acquired the name of Pacific. — IX., count of Savoy, who married Jolande of France, and distinguished himself by his good deeds, so that his subjects called him the Blessed. D. 1472. AMAIA, Francis, a Spanish lawyer of much reputation, and professor of legal science at Salamanca. D. 1640. AMAK, or ABULNAGIE AL BOK- HARl, a Persian poet of the 5th cen- tury, entertained at the court of sultan Kh'edar Khan, who instituted an acad- emy of poets, of which he made Amak president. His chief poem is the " His- tory of the Loves oi Joseph and Zo- leiskah." AMALARIUS, Fortunatus, arch- bishop of Treves in 810. He established Christianity in Saxony, consecrated a church at Hamburgh, and was sent am- bassador in 813 to Constantinople by Charlemaffne. D. 814. AMALTHEUS, Attilius, archbishop of Athens. D. 1600. — Jerome, an Italian physician and poet of some repute. B. 1507 ; d. 1574. — John Baptlst, brother of the above, was born, 1525 ; attended the Venetian ambassador to England, and, on his return, was made secretary to Pope Pius IV. His Latin poems were printed, 1550; and he died, 1573. — Cornelius, another brother of tho above, was also eminent in physic and poetry. AMAND, Mark Anthony Gerard, Sieur de St., a French poet. B, at Rouen, 1594; d. 1661. He was one of the first members of the French academy. AMAR DURIVIER, J. A., author of a great variety of literary works, trans- lations from Gay, Terence, Lucan, &e. B. 1765. AMARA-SINGHA, a Hindoo author of great antiquity, who compiled a die- tionary of the Sanscrit language, part tt which" was published at Rome, 1798. AMARETTI, Abbe C, a Milanese mineralogist, Vjorn in 1743 ; author of "Viaggio di Trilaghi," "Memoirs of Leonardo di Vinci," &c., &c. He was a knight of Napoleon's order of the Iron Crown. AMASEO, EoMULUs, an eminent amh] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 37 teaclier of the belles lettres at Padua. His celebriiy caused hira to be invited to Rome by Paul III., by whom he was employed in various embassies ; and by Julius III. he was appointed secretary of the briefs. He translated Pausanias and the Cyrus of Xenophon into Latin ; and published a volume of his own Latin speeches. B. 1489 : d. 1552. AMATI, a celebrated violin maker of Cremona, about the year 1600. AMATUS, a Portuguese Jew, born 1511, at Castel Bianco. He studied medicine with success at the university of Salamanca, and afterwards grave lec- tures on the science at Ferrara, Ancona, and otlicr places. AMAURI, DE Ch.\rtres, a French visionary of the 13th century, who maintained the eternity of matter, and that religion had three epochs, agree- able to the three persons of the Trinity. His ojiinions were condemned by the council of Paris, 1209, and some of his followers burnt. To avoid a similar fate, he renounced his errors, but died of vexation. AMBERGER, Cheistopher, a painter of Nuremberg, in the 16th century, was a disciple of Hans Holbein. lie was likewise a good engraver on wood. D. 1550. AMBOTSE, Francis, a French writer, educated in the college of Navarre, and afterwards an advocate in the parlia- ment of Paris, and counsellor of state. He published several poetical pieces in French and Latin, but is chiefly known as the collector and editor of the works of the celebrated Abelard. D. 1612.— George d', a French cardinal and min- ister of state, born of a noble family, 1460. He became successively bishop of Montauban, archbishop of Narbonne, and lastly of Rouen. Louis XII. made bim prime minister, and he soon ac- quired great popularity by taking off the taxes whicli had been usually leviad on the people at the accession of every new monarch. The king, by his ad- vice, undertook the conquest of the Milanese, which succeeded. Soon after this, he was appointed the pope's legate in France, with the dignity of cardinal, and in that capacity effected a great re- form among the religious orders. He d. 1510. — Amery d', a fiimous French admiral, and brother of the above, who gained a splendid victory over the sul- tan of Egypt, in 1510.— Michael d', a natural son of Amboise, admiral of France, born at Naples. He was the author of numerous poems iu the French language, which ne published under the name of the Signior do Cha- Villon. D. 1547. AMBROGI, Antotne, a Roman .Jesuit and poet. He translated Virgil and some of the works of Voltaire into Ital- ian. B. 1712; d. 1788. AMBROGIO, Tesco, one of the most celebrated among the early Italian ori- entalists. B. at Pavia, 1469 ; d. 1540. AMBROSE, St., bishop of Milan, was burn, 340, "it Aries, in Gallia Narbon- ensis, of which province his father was lieutenant. While yet a youth, ha pleaded causes with so much eloquence, that Probus, prefect of Italy, chose hira one of his council, and afterwards nom- inated him governor of Milan, which office he held 5 years. In 374, Auxen- tius, bishop of Milan, died ; and so fierce was the contest in the election of a successor to the vacant see, that tho governor was called upon to quell tho tumult. This he attempted by per- suasion in the great church ; and at the conclusion of his address, a voice in the crowd exclaimed, " Ambrose is bishop." This circumstance was considered as of divine direction, and Ambrose was de- clared to be the object not only of the popular choice, but of divine selection. His first efforts were directed to the ex- termination of Arianism, which was then making great progress. He also successfully resistecl the Pagans, who were attempting to restore their ancient worship. When Maximinus invaded Italy, and actually entered Milan, Am- brose remained at his post, to assuage the calamities produced by the invading army. When, in consequence of a tu- mult at Thessalonica, Theodosius sent an order for a general massacre, Am- brose repaired to the emperor, remon- strated with him on his barbarity, and prevailed on him to promise that the command should be revoked. The mandate was, however, carried into ex- ecution, and 7000 persons were slaugh- tered in cold blood. Shortly afterwards, when Theodosius, in the anguish of self-reproach, was about to enter the great church of Milan, A inbrose met him at the porch and sternly foibade him to appear in the holy place. The emperor pleaded the example of David: — " You have imitated David in his crime, imitate him in his repentance," was the reply ; and Theorfosius was compelled, not only to peiform a poa- rNE, princess of Prussia, sister of Frederic the Great. She was distinguished by her taste for the arts, aud set to muMC "The Death of the Messiah," by Eamler. B. 1723; d. 1787. — Duchess "dowager of Saxe Weimar, duchess of Brunswick and Luneburg, who liberally patronized men of learn- ing and genius, among whom were "Wieland, Gotthe, Schiller, and Herder. B. 1739; d. 1807.— Youngest child of George III. and Queen Charlotte; a princess who in mind and manners was amiable and accomplished. B. 1783; d. 1810. AMELOT, Nicolas, a French minister of state in 1788, who was accused of per- Becuting one Latude, as the agent ot M. Pompadour, during the ancient regime. For some offence to the republicans, he was imprisoned in tlie Luxemburg, where his life was saved and prolonged by a young female, who avowed a pas- sion for him ; but at length he died in the prison. His victim, Latude, on escaping from the Bastilc, brought an action of damages, and recovered from Amelot's heirs. AMP:L0T DE LA HOUSSAYE, Nicholas, a French historian of the 17th century. He resided for some time at Venice, as secretary to the French em- bassy, and wrote a liistory of its gov- crninent. He also translated "The Prince," by Machiavel, and other Italian works into French. D. 1706. AMELUNGHI, Jerome, a Pisan poet, preceding Tasso in the mock- heroic style ; author of " La Gigautca del Forabosco," in 15'17. AMENTA, N., an admired Neapolitan poet. B. 1659. AMEKBACH, John, a printer of Basil, in the 15th century; the first who used the Koman type instead of Gothic and Italian. D. 1515. — Boniface, son of tlie above, syndic of Basil ; and inti- mate friend of Erasmus. D. 1562. — Vitas, a learned professor at Wittem- burg, in the 16th century; editor of the orations of Isocrates and Demosthenes; and translator of selections from Epi- phanius and Chrvsostom. AMEEICUS VESPUCIUS, or, more properly, Amerigo VESPrcci, an eminent navigator, v.as born at Florence, in 1451, After receiving a liberal education, he was sent by his father to Spain for the purpose of conducting his coniraerc.;:il affiiu-s ; and, being at'Seville when Co- lumbus was making preparations for his second voyage, he resulved to quit mer cantile pursuits, and enter on the career of discovery. His first expedition to tlie new continent was in 1499, under the command of Ojeda, a year after the discovery and examination of that part of the coast by Columbus. After this he entered the service of King Emman- uel of Portugal, and made two voyases in Portuguese ships : the first in 1501 ; the second in 1503. The object of this last voyage was to find a westerly pas- sasre to Malacca. He arrived at Brazil, and diseo\ered the Bay of All Saints. In 1505 he asain entered the service of the king of Spain, but made no more voyages, as appears from memoranda, showing that he was at Seville till 1508, at which time he was appointed prin- cipal pilot. His duties were to prepare charts, and prescribe routes for vessels in their voyages to the new world, which took his name, thousrh the honor clearly belonged to Columbus, whose priority of discovery is not to be ques- tioned'. D. 1516. AMES, William, a native of Norfolk, who, at\er beiiijj educated at Christ's col- lege, Cambridge, left his country, where his Calvinistical tenets were becoming unpopular, and settled as professor in the university of Franeker, in Holland. Here he enjoyed fame and independ- ence ; but as the air of the place was too sharp for his asthmatic constitution, he removed to Rotterdam, with the inten- tion of passing into New England. He, however, d. At Rotterdam, 1663, .aged 57. He was a learned divine, and his wri- tings were voluminous, his principal work being " Medulla Theologica." — .Jo- seph, a ship-chandler of Wapping, who, in an advanced period of lite, studied antiquities, and rose by his genius and application to consequence, and to the seeretarvship of the Society of Antiqua- ries, lie published an account of the earliest printers, with a register of the books which they printed, in quarto, 1749, besides the list of English heads engraved in mezzotiiito, &c., in Svo. AM I J CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHl 39 Ho also compiled the "Parentalia," from Wren's papers. He d. Oct. 7th, 1759, and the tollowmof year his curious collection of fossils, shells, medals, &c., was sold by public auction. His daughter married. Captain Dampier, in the East India sea-service. — Fisher, LL.D., one of the most eloquent of American statesmen and writers, was b. at Dedliam, in Massachusetts, April 9, 1758. He was educated .it Harvard uni- versity, where he received his degree in 1774. He studied law in Boston, and commenced the practice of it in his native village, mit the affairs of the revolution soon drew his attention to politics, and he became conspicuous by bis speeches, and bj' Ids animated and beautiful style as an essay writer. He distinguished himself as a member of the Massachusetts convention for ratifying the constitution, in 1788, and from this body passed to the house of representa- tives in the state legislature. Soon at\cr he was elected the representative of the Suffolk district in the congress of the United States, where he remained with the Inixhest honor during tlie eisht years of Washington's administration. On the retirement of Wasliington, Mr. A. returned to his residence at Dedham, where he occupied himself with the management of liis farm and the prac- tice of the law. The latter he relin- quished, a few years afterwards, in con- sequence of his declining health ; but he felt too deep an interest in the wel- fare of his country to withdraw his mind and pen from politics. He wrote much in tlie public papers, relating to the contest between Great Britain and revolutionary France, as it might affect the liben;y and prosperity of America. In 1804 iie was chosen president of Harvard collesre — an honor which he declined. He'd. July 4th, 1808. His •writings, in the following year, were published in one volume octavo, pre- faced by a memoir of his life, from the pen of the Kev. Dr. Kirkland. AMHERST, .Jeffrey, Lord, an En- glish general of considerable celebrity, descended from an ancient family seated at Sevenoaks, in Kent. He was b.l727, and at tlie age of fourteen embraced the military profession. In 1741 he was aid-de-camp to General Lijronier, at the battles of Dettinsren, Fontenoy, and Eo- coux, and in 1756 obtained the colo- nelcy of the 15th regiment of foot. His abilities and experience were now called into action ; he was employed, 1758, at the siege of Louisbourg, and was made governor of Virs^lnia, and commander- in-chief of the forces in An.eriea ; and, in this part of the world, the fall of Ni- agara, Ticonderoga, Quebec, and Mon- treal, with the submission of all Canada, marked the progress oi his judicious and successful measures. His great ser- vices were honorably rewarded by the court ; he was made a knight of the Bath, in 1771, appointed governor of Guernsey, the next year lieutenant-gen- eral of the ordnance, and in 1776, created baron Amherst of Holmsdale. In 1778 he was made commander-in-chief, and though upon the change of ministry these offices were withdrawn, he was again reinstated in 1793, when, two years after, he resigned the command of the forces to the duke of York, and was raised to the rank of field-marshal. D. 1797. AMHUEST, Nicholas, an English political and miscellaneous writer. B. at Mardeii, Kent, 1701, and d. 1742. He was author of the " Terra3 Filius," a satirical work on the university of Ox- ford ; and published, with the assistance of Pulteuev and Lord Bolingbroke, the work bv wliicli lie is most known, en- j titled "'The Craftsman." AMICO, Antonio, a Sicilian priest, and canon of the cathedral of Palermo, distinguished by some considerable works in history, for which Philip IV. of Spain made him historiographer royal. D. 1641. — Vito Maria, a pro- fessor of theology in the 18th century; principally known by his Sicilian an- tiquities. AMICONI, GiACOMo, a Venetian his- torical and portrait painter, who visited England in 1729. He afterwards went to Spain, and was appointed portrait painter to the king. D. 1752. AMILCAR, a Carthaginian general, of great valor, was descended from the an<;ient kings of Tyre ; and being early intrusted with military command, he distinguished himself in the wars cf Carthage, particularly against the Ro- mans, towards whom he bore an im- placable hatred. He was. the father of Hannibal. AMIOTj Father, one of the most learned ot the French missionaries to China. B. at Toulon, 1718, and d. at Pekin, 1794. This zealous .Jesuit, who arrived at Macao in 1750, was invited to Pekin, in 1751, by the emperor of China, and remained in that capital 43 years. By continued application he be- came acquainted with the Chinese and Tartar languages ; and, fi-om time to 40 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [amo dine^ remitted to France the result of Qis labors, which atterwards appeared in several publications. AMINTA, T., author of the mock- heroic poem, " La Nanea," in 1566. AMMAN, John Co.vrad, a native of Schaffhausen. B. 1669 ; d. 1724, in the Netherlands. He was chiefly distin- guished by his success in teaching per- sons born deaf and dumb to speak. — John, his son, was a fellow of the Royal Society in London, and a member of the Academy of Sciences at Petersburgh, where he lectured on botanv, and ac- quired great reputation, t). 1740. — Paul, was a native of Breslaw, who set- tled in 1674 at Leipsic, where he gave lectures on physiology, natural history, and botany. D. 1691. — Justus, a famous engraver and painter at Zurich, in the 16th century. He painted with great brilliancy on glass, out excelled chiefly in engraving, both on wood and copper. D. 1591. AMMANATI, Baktolomeo, a Floren- tine architect and sculptor in the 16th century, whose chief performances are the colossal statue of Neptune at V'euice and the statue of Hercules at Padua. AMMIANUS, Marcellinus, a Latin historian of the 4th century, b. at Anti- och. He wrote the Roman history from the reign of Nerva to the death of Valens, in 31 books, of which only 18 are extant. D. about 390. AMMIRATO, Scipio, an esteemed Neapolitan poet, b. in 1531 ; author of a " History of Florence," which he wrote at the instance of the Grand-Duke Cosmo; of the "Argomenti" to "Or- lando Furioso ;" and of numerous prose tracts, political and historical. D. 1601. AMMON, Andueas, a Latin poet, b. at Lucca, in Italy, of whose genius Eras- mus made frequent and honorable men- tion. He was sent to England in an oflSoial character. AM MO N I US, a surgeon of Alexandria, who invented a method of extracting the stone from the bladder, which procured him the surnajnc of the Lithotomist. — Levinus, a monk of Flanders, much esteemed by Erasmus for his learning and piety. D. 1556. — Saccas, a philos- opher of the 3d century, founder of the neo-platonic sect, who d. about 243. — Andrew, a learned native of Lucca, who settled in England. He lived some time in Sir Thomas More's house, and afterwards in St. Thomas's college ; for he Man not in circumstances sutficient to hire or keep a house of his own. There lubsisted a strong friendship and close correspondence between him and Eras- mus. The advice which Erasmus gives him in regard to pushing his fortune, has a good deal of* humor in it, and was certainly intended as a satire on the art- ful methods generally practised by the selfish and ambitious part of mankind. " In the first place (says he) throw off all sense of shame ; thrust yourself into every one's business, and elbow out whomsoever you can ; neither love nor hate any one ; measure every thing by your own advantage ; let tliis be the scope and drift of all your actions. Give nothing but what is to be returned with usury, and be complaisant to every body. Have always two strings to your bow. Feign that you are solicited by many from abroad, and get every thing ready for your departure. Show letters in- viting you elsewhere, with great prom- ises." Fortune, at length, began to smile upon Ammonius, for he was ap- pointed secretary to Henry VIII. , and honored by Pope Leo X. with a public character at the court of that prince ; and in all appearance he would have soon risen higher, had not death carried him off when he was but of a middle age. He d. of the sweating sickness in 1517. Ammonius wrote several Latin poetic;il pieces. AMONTONS, "William, was b. ia Normandy, 1663. He was in the third form of the Latin school at Paris, when, after a dangerous illness, he contracted such a deafness as obliged him to re- nounce almost all conversation with mankind. In this situation he began to think of employing himself in the in- vention of machines; he applied, there- fore, to the study of geometry ; and, it is said, that he would not try any reme- dy to cure his deafness, eitlier because he thought it incurable, or because it in- creased ^lis attention. He studied with great care the nature of barometers and thermometers; and, in 1687, presented a new hygroscope to the Royal Academy of Sciences, which was very much ap- proved. Amontons found out a method to acquaint people at a great distance, in a very little time, with whatever one pleased. This method was as follows : Let there be people placed in several stations, at such a distance from one another, that, by the help of a telescope, a man in one station may see a signal made by the next before him ; he must immediately make the same signal, that it may be seen by persons in the station next after him, who are to communicato it to those in the following stations, and amy] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 41 BO on. In tliis proljably originated the modern telegraph. When the Koyal Academy was newlj^ regulated in 1699, Amontons was admitted a member of it, and read there his " New Theory of Friction," in which he happily cleared up a very important part of mechanics. D. 1705. AMORE, S. D., a Sicilian poet, author of " L'Aususto," and "II Sesostri," tragedies. 'B. 1644. AMORETTI, Charles, a mineralogist. He became one of the keepers of the Ambrosian library, at Milan, and pub- lished, in Italian, " A Tour from Milan to the Three Lakes of Como, Lugano, and Maior." B. 1740 ; d. 1816. AMO'RY, Thomas, D. D., was son of a grocer at Taunton in Somersetshire, and distinguished himself as a preacher among the dissenters. After passing the greatest part of his life near the place of his nativity, as public teacher, and as instructor of youth, he removed to Lon- don, where he formed an intimate ac- quaintance with the most respectable members of his persuasion. He was a bold assertcr of toleration, and, there- fore, warmly espoused the cause of those who solicited the repeal of the test act. His discourses from the pulpit were ex- cellent, and his writings, which were mostly on theological subjects, have been enumerated by Dr. Kippis, Biogr. Brit. I. p. 178. B. 1700; d. 1774.— Thomas, an eccentric character, son of counsellor Amory, who went with king William to Ireland, and acquired con- siderable property in the county of Clare. Young Amory was not born in Ireland, though he resided there, and frequently accompanied Dean Swift in his walks and excursions round Dublin. He shun- ned all company, and only walked abroad during the night. The most remarkable of his publications are his " Memoirs on the lives of several ladies," and his life of John Buncle, Esq. In this last he is supposed to give a description of him- self. He is said, by a person who knew him, to have had a peculiar look, though not without the deportment of the gen- tleman. His application to his studies was intense, and his walks through the most crowded streets exhibited him wrapped in the deepest meditation, and inattentive to what surrounded him. B. 1692; d. 1789. AMPERE, Andre Marie, whose name Is imperishably connected with the great discoveries in electro-magnetism, was b. at Lyons, 1775. In 1804 he was nomi- nated professor in the Polytechnic School 4* of Paris. ; and here, in connection irith Oersted, Faraday, and other distingt^ish- ed men of science, with whom he was in constant correspondence, he paved the way for those brilliant discoveries that have already issued in the electric tele- graph, and promise an illimitable exten- sion of the boundaries of science. D. 1836. AMSDORF, Nicholas, a spirited fol- lower of Luther, and bishop of Nuren - burg. He d. at Magdeburg, 1541, and the sect who adhered to his tenets, and maintained, in opposition to Melancthon, that good works are not necessary to salvation, were called Amsdorflans. AMURATH I., an Ottoman emperor, who succeeded his father Orchan, and was known for his cruelties towards his son, and those who espoused his cause. He was a great warrior, and obtained 37 Tictorics, in the last of which he perish- ed, 1389, aged 71, by the hand of a sol- dier. He was the iirst who established the formidable force of the Janizaries. — • II., emperor of the Turks, was son of Mahomet I., whom he succeeded in 1421. He was an exceedingly warlike prince, and among his numerous victories was that of Varna, in 1444, when the Chris- tians were defeated, and numbered among their slain the king of Hungary. George Castriot, celebrated by the name of Seanderbeg, at length put a period to the career of Amurath, who d. of chagrin at his reverses, in 1451. — III. succeeded his father, Selim II., in 1575. On hia accession, he caused his five brothers to be murdered. D. 1596. — IV. succeeded his uncle Mustapha in 1622. He recov- ered Bagdad from the Persians in 1637; after which he put 30,000 of his prison- ers to the sword. D. 1640. AMYN AHMED, a learned Persian of the 17th century, who ■vvrote an elab- orate work, entitled, "The Seven Cli- mates, or a Geographical Description of the East." AMYOT, James, was b. at Milan, 1513, of an obscure family ; but though of a dull understanding, he improved him- self by indefatigable application, and after studying at Paris, lie .acquired in- dependence and reputation, as tutor to the children of persons of respectability. His merit recommended him to Margaret of Berri, sister to Francis I., and he was promoted to a public professorship in the university of Bourges. His time was here usefully devoted to literature, and he piiblished translations of the loves of Theagenes and Cliariclea, be- sides Plutarch's lives and morals. He 42 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [ana visited Venice and Eome, and ou Ms re- turn to France he was, at the recom- mendation of cardinal de Tournou, intrusted with the care of the king.'stwo younger f;ons, and for his meritorious Bervices was raised to tlie bishopric of Auxerre, the abbey of Coruehus de Compicgne. the liigh otlice of great al- moner and curator of tlie iiniversity of Paris, and commander of the order of the Holy Ghost. Among his various works, chiefl\ translations, the most celebrated is his version of Plutarch, which remains uns\trpassed in the French limffuage. B. 1514; d. 1593. AMYRAULT, Moses, a French Prot- estant divine. B. at Bourgueil in Tou- raine, 1596. He at first studied the law, but afterwards entered the church and was divinity professor at Saunuiv, and distinguished himself by his zcitl and activity so much, that he was deputed by the national councO of Charenton to present an address to the French king, concerning the inspection of edicts in favor of the Protestants, without, how- ever, paying homage upon his knees. Richelieu, who was present at this inter- view, saw and admired the bold char- acter of Amyrault, and wished to use his abilities to procure a reconciliation between the Roman church nnd the Protestants, but in vain. His life was passed in the midst of theological dis- putes, nnd his works, which are very numerous, are chiefly theological. 1). 1664. AMYRUTZES, a philosopher of Treb- izond, who was carried to Constantino- ple with David, emperor of Trebizond, when that city was reduced, 1461. He renounced the Christian faith for Ma- hometanism, and assumed the name of Mahomet Beg. He translated several books into Arabic, at the desire of Ma- homet II., whose favor he enioved. AN ACIIARSIS, an illustrious Scythi- an nhilosopher. He travelled to Athens in tlie time of Solon, with whom he con- tracted an intimate friendship ; and Solon not only instructed him, but sought all opportunities of doing liim honor. He had a quick and lively genius, a strong and masterly eloquence ; and there was something so determined and resolute in his manner, that those who imitated him were said to speak in the Scythian style. He was extremely fond of poetry, and wrote upon certain laws of the Scythians and Greeks. Croesus invited him to Sardis, and offered him money : but the philosopher answered, " that he was come to Greece to learn the laws and manners of that country ; that he had no occasion for gold or silver : and that it would suffice for him to return to Scythia a wiser and more intelligent man tiian he came from thence." After stay- ing long in Greece, he prepared to return home : and passing through Cyzicum, he found that city celebratino^ very solemnly the feast of Cybe.c, ind vowed to do the same, if he should get home in safety. Upon his arrival in Scythia, %.e attempted to change the ancient customs of his country, and to establish those of Greece, which proved extremelv dis- agreeable to the Scythians, and at length destructive to himself. For entering one day a thick wood, to perform his vow toCybele as secretly as might be, he was discovered in the midst of the solemnity, and shot dead with an arrow by the king himself. There are many beautiful apophthegms of this philoso- pher preserved by Laertius, Plutarch, and other writers. AN ACLETUS, or CLETUS, reckoned by Roman Catholics the third pope, suc- ceeded Sinus, as bishop of the church of the Romans, in 79, and held that of- fice till his dciith in 92, when he was enrolled anions the saints and martyrs. ANACREON, a Greek poet, b. at Teos, a seaport of Ionia, fioiirished about the 6'Jd Olympiad. This poet had a most delicious wit, and love and wine had the disposal of all his hours. The manner of his death, which hap- pened at Abdera, is said to have been very extraordinary ; for they tell us, he was choked with a grape-stone, which lie swallowed as he was regaling on some new wine. A small part only of Anacreon's works remains ; and these consist cliicfly of bacchanalian songs and love sonnets! "The odes of Anacreon (says Riipiii) are flowers, beauties, and perpetuiil graces." ANARIA, G. L., a noble Calabrian cosmograplier. B. 1561 ; author of a celebratecl work on demonology, pub- lished at Venice, "apud Aldum!" D. 1589. ANASTASIUS I., emperor of the East. B. at Illyricum, 480, and d. 518. He was elevated to the throne in 491. — II., raised to the throne of Constantino- ple from the condition of secretary, 713, was a man of learning, and a zealous Catholic, yet he did not neglect the de- fence of the empire, then threatened by the Saracens. He was put to death by Leo, who had usurped the crown. ANASTASIUS I., pope, a Roman, succec'ed Siricius in 328, and d. 402. ANC] CYCLOP-^EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 43 His epistle to John, bishop of Jerusa- lem, wlio had written to him in belia'.f of Ruttinus, a presbyter of Aquileia, is extant, together witli Kuffinns'' apology. — II., son of a Roman citizen, succeecled Pope Gelasius in 496, and d. in 49S. — III., a Roman by birth, was raised to the pii^xil chair, after Sergius, 911, and d. two years afterwards. — IV., succeed- ed Eugcnius III., 1153, and d. the fol- lowing year. Ten letters of this pope are preserved in the Collections of Coun- cils by Labbe and Harduin, and in Du Chesnc's History of France. — Theopoli- TANUS, bishop of Antioch in the 6th century, banished by Justin the Young- er for liolding the opinion that the body of Christ was incapable of suffering even before the resurrection. He was after- wards restored to his see by Mauritius. D. 599. — BiBLioTHECARirs, a Roman ab- bot, of Greek origin, of the Oth century; author of " Liber Rontiflcalis.'" He was principal librarian in the Vatican. AN AX AGORAS, of Clazomcna?, a cel- ebrated philosopher. B. 500 b. c. He inherited a considerable estate in his own country, which he relinquished to indulge his thirst for knowledge at Athens, where he applied to the study of poetry and eloquence, and taught philosopliy, having had among his pu- pils Euripides, the tragedian, and Peri- cles, the orator. His reputation, how- ever, create*! him enemies, and he was condemned to death on a charge of atheism, but the sentence was com- muted into banishment. Anaxagoras then withdrew to Lampsacus, where he tauglit philosophy imdisturbed until his death, which happened in his 72d year, 428 n. c. ANAXANDEIDES, a Greek comic poet, said to have been the first who in- troduced love adventures on the stage. He was a native of Rhodes, and starved to deatli at Athens, for libelling the gov- ernment. B. 400 B. c. ANAXARCHUS, a Grecian philoso- pher of the Eleatic sect of Leucippus. He was the friend and companion of Alexander the Great. ANAXIMANDER, the friend and dis?iple of Thales, of Miletus. B. 610 B. c. He had a considerable knowledge of astronomy and geography, and was the first who noticed the obliquity of the ecliptic: he also taught that the moon receives her light from the sun, and that the earth is globular; and to him is ascribed the invention of the sphere and geoirraphical charts. ANAXIMENES, the pupil and suc- cessor of Anaximander. He maintained that air is the fii-st princijile of all things; and Pliny attributes to him the inven- tion of the sun-dial. — A Greek historian and philosopher of Lampsacus, son of Aristoeles. He was one of the preceptors of Alexander the Great, whom he ac- companied in most of his ciimpaigns, and afterwards wrote the history of his rciffu, and tluit of his father Philip. ANCHIETA, Jos., a Portuguese Jes- uit, surnamed the Apostle of the jMew World. B. at Tenerifte, 1538, and d. 1597. At the age of 28 lie went to Bra- zil, where he founded the first college for the conversion of the savage natives. ANCHVVITZ, N., the Cracovian nun- cio to the Polish Diet ; a man as talented as base ; wlio sold Poland to Russia and her partitionarv colleagues, in 1782, and was hanged the year after, in an insur- rection of the people. ANCILLOiS, David, a Protestant di- vine. B. at Metz, who in his youth refused to sacrifice his religion to the solicitations of the .Jesuits. He studied divinity and philosopliy at Geneva, un- der Du Pin, Spanheim, the Deodati, &e., and deserved to be recommended by the synod of Charenton to the church of Meaux. After the revocation of the edict of Nantes, he retired to Frankfort, and settled at Ilanau, where his dis- courses were heard and admired by tli« most crowded audiences. His colleague!) in the ministry, however, were jealous of his popularity, and their little in- trigues forced him to abandon the place. He went to settle at Berlin, where he was received with kindness by the court, and had the satisfaction to see his family promoted to places of honor and trust. As his learning was very extensive, ha published several useful works, and from the afHuence of his circumstances, he made so judicious a collection of^ books, that it was frequently visited as a curiosity by foreigners who travelled through ilctz. The best known of his works are, "A relation of the contro- versy concerning traditions, 1657;" "An apology for Luther, Zuinelius, and Beza, 1666;" "The Life of William Farel;" "Conversations;" two volumes, 12mo, published by his son. D. 1692. — Charles, eldest son of the foregoing, was b. at Metz, July 29th, 1659, and was made inspector of the French courts of justice, in Berlin, and historiographer to the king. He wrote on the edict of Nantes, and the persecution of the Protestants, liothek." B. 1763. — There was a German composer of the name of Andre, whose son, J. A. Andue, first applied lithography to the printing of music. — John, an adjutant-general in the British army during the American war. He was originally a merchant's clerk ; employed to negotiate the treason of General Arnold, who proposed to surrender the American works at West Point. He was seized in disguise and sent prisoner to the commander-in- chief, General Washington. His case was submitted to a board of general offlcers, by whom he was condemned to death, as a spy, and hung, Oct. 2, 1780. His youth, his accomplishments, and his character, created a great deal of sym- pathy in his behalf. A monument to his memory has been erected in West- minster Abbey. — Yves Mari, a French Jesuit and mathematical writer. B, 1675; d. 1764. ANDREA, Caval Canti, an Italian writer of novels and poetry, whose style was admired for its elegance. D. 1672. — Cecciiini, a Tuscan poet, Avho pub- lished a tragedy, called "Troja De- strutta," in 1663. — Salvadore, another Tuscan poet, who flourished at the be- ginning of the 17th century. B. 1600. ANDREA A DA, Ferdinand, a Por- tuguese admiral, who led the first Eu- ropean fleet that visited China. He reached the coast in 1518. ANDREAL, John Reinhard, a Han- overian naturalist. B. 1724 ; d. 1793. ANDREAS, James, a reformer of Wirtemijcrg, and chancellor of the uni- versity of Tubingen. B. 152S; d .1590. — John, a bishop of Aleria, in Cor-^iea, and a great promoter of the art of print- ing. B. 1417 ; d. 1475. — -John, a famous canonist of Florence. His austerity was such that he was said to have laid upon the bare ground for twenty years, with nothing to cover him but a bear-skin. He had a daughter, of great beauty and learning, who was accustomed to lecture to his students durir^rhis alisence. Her name was Novella, and in her honor he called one of bis commentiries " The Novellae." D. of the plague in 134S.— 46 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [and John was b. a Mahometan, at Xativa, in the kingdom of Valencia, and suc- ceeded his tather in the dignity ofalfaqni of that city. He was enlightened witli the knowledge of the Christian religion, by being present at a sermon in the great churcli ot^Valencia on the day of the As- Butr.jition of the blessed Virgin, in 1417. Upon this he desired to be baptized; imd in memory of the calling of St. John find St. Andrew, he took the names of John Andreas. At the desire of Martin Garcia, bishop of Barcelona, he under- took to translate from the Arabic, into the language of Arragon, the whole law of the Moors ; and after having finished this undertaking, he composed his fa- mous work of " The Contusion of the Sect of Mahomet :" it contains 12 chap- ters, wherein he has collected the fabu- lous stories, absurdities, impossibilities, lies, and contradictions, which Mahomet has dispersed in the Koran. This book, which was published at first in Spanish, has been translated into several lan- guages ; and all those who write against the Mahometans quote it very much. ANDREINI, Isabella, a native of Padua, an excellent poetess and most celebrated actress toward the beginning cf the 17th century. — Francis, a cel- ebrated comic writer of Pistoa. D. 1616. — John Baptiste, his son, a dramatic writer, whose "L'Adamo" is said to have suggested to MUtou his "Paradise Lost." ANDRELINI, Pcblio Festo, an Ital- ian, who was poet-laurtate to Louis XII. D. 1518. ANDREOSSI, Anthony Francis, a count of France, distinguislied as a mil- itary officer and diplomatist, who served under Napoleon, both in Italy and Egypt. He was afterwards an ambassador to London, Vienna, and Constantinople, and author of several military memoirs. B. 1761; d. 1828.— Francis, a French engineer, who assisted in forming the canal of Lancruedoc. D. 1688. ANDREOZZI, a celebrated Italian composer. B. 1767. ANDRES, Don Juan, a Spanish au- thor, who wrote on the " Origin of Let- ters." ANDRE DES VOSGES, J. F., author of " Le Tartare ;" " Paris." B. 1744. ANDREW, John, a learned bishop of Aleria, in Corsica; and editor of the Vrorks of Herodotus, Livy, and other classics. D. 1493.— Bishop of Crete. B. at Damascus, and d. about 720. lie wrote C"!ninentaries on the Scriptures, &c., published at Paris, 1644. — of Ratis- bon, an historian of the IStli centary, wlio wrote a chronicle of the dukes or Bavaria, and a history of Bohemia. — Of Pisa, a sculptor and architect. B. 1270 ; d. 1345. lie built several grand struc- tures at Florence and Venice ; and also obtained great reputation as a painter, poet, and musician. — Of Cyrenc, an im- postor who, in the reign of Trajan, had the art to deceive his fellow-countrymen, the Jews, into a belief that he was or- dained to be their liberator. They ac- cordingly revolted, and horrible cruelties were committed on both sides before they were reduced to obedience. ANDREWS, Henry, a self-taught mathematiciiin. B. of poor parents at Frieston, near Grantham, 1774, ani.1 d. Jan. 26, 1820. Having, while in a menial employment, occupied his leisure mo- ments in the study of astronomical sci- ence, he attained therein great proficien- cy, and for more than 40 years was a computer of the Nautical Ephemeris, and the calculator of Moore'f Almanac. — James Pettit, an English miscellane- ous writer, youngest son of Joseph An- drews, Esq.", of Newburv, Berks, where he was b. 1737, and d. at Brompton,_1797. — Lancelot, an eminent English divine, bishop of Winchester in the reigns of James I. and Charles I. B. in London, 1565. There is a pleasant story related of him, in the life of Waller the poet, who, going to see the king at dinnei, overheard a very extraordinary conver- sation between his majesty, the bishop of Winchester, and Neale, bishop of Durham. These two prelates standing behind the king's chair, his majesty asked them, " My lords," said he, " can- not I take my subjects'' money when I want it, without all this formality in par- liament ?" The bishop of Durham readi- ly answered, " God forbid, sir, but you should ; you are the breath of our nos- trils." Whereupon the king turned, and said to the bishop of Winchester, " Well, my lord, what say you ?" ''• Sir," replied the bishop, "I have no skill to judge of parliamentary eases." The king answered, "No put-offs, my lord: answer me presently." " Then, sir," said he, " I think it lawful for you to take my brother Neale's money, for he offers it." This prelate d. September 27. 1626, having written many tracts, particularly " A Manual of Private De- votions and Meditations for every Day in the Week;" "A Manual of Direc- tions for the Visitation of the Sick," and " Tortura Torti." — Lorino, an e. 1548.— PoLiciANO, b. in 1454; author of numerous works, in prose and verse, translations from Greek and Latin: " Kusticus," " Orfeo Favola," &c. — Mi- chael BuoNAROTTi, the greatest of Italian artists, alike eminent in painting, sculp- ture, and architecture, no bad poet, and a noble-hearted man. He was descend- ed from an ancient family of the counts of Canosa, and was b. at Caprese or Chiusi, in 1474. It is said that he was suckled by a woman of Settinianno, who was the wife of a distinguished sculp- tor, so that he drank in the influences of one of the great arts in which he was destined to e.xcel with his milk. He gave evidence of genius at an early age, so much so as to excite the jealousy of his young rivals, one of whom, Forrigi- ano, gave him a blow, the marks of wliich he carried to his grave. Per- haps, however, the impetuous boldness of Michael was as much the cause of their encounter as his genius. Giiirlan- daio was his first master in drawing, and Bertholdo in statuary. Before ho was 16 he copied the head of a satyr in marble with such skill as to excite uni- versal admiration. Attracting no less attention as a painter, he was commis- sioned, in connection with Leonardo da Vinci, to decorate the senate hall of Flo- rence. In the prosecution of this order, he sketched his famous cartoon of a scene from the Pisan war. Pope Julius II. then invited him to Rome, and in- trusted him with the erection of his se- pulchral monument. This work was twice interrupted, once by the artist himself, whose pride had been otfended by the pope, and a second time by the petty envy of his cotemporary. lira- maute and Juliano du San Gu3llo per- suaded the pope to get Michael to paint the dome of the Sistine chapel, in the hope that ho would fail, and so abandon the tavor of his patron. Angelo refused the task, but being ordered to undertake it, he executed the frescoes with such masterly genius that they excited gen- eral wonder and praise. The chapel is to this day one of the grandest monu- ments of art. Michael then returned to his labors for the sepulchre, when Julius died. But Adrian VI. commissioned him to complete the work, which he did, making many statues for it, and particularly the statues of Moses and Christ, wliich were afterwards placed in the church "della Minerva," at Rome. Under Clement VII. he finished the new Sacristy, and Laurentindan library at Florence. In the first the monuments of the Medici are by him, e.g., the fig- ures of Day and Night. Tumultuous times followed in Italy, which separated him from his public labor for a while, but when these had passed, he was en- giiged to paint the Last Judgment for the Sistine chapel. He was already sixty years of age, and hesitated about under- taking a work which might hazard his fame." But the subject was one con- genial to his own profound and lofty tone of thought. How he accomplished it, the grand and gigantic picture which ang] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 49 has ever since been alike the -worship and the despair of succeeding artists, is the proof. His subhme and inexhausti- ble mind poured over the broad and higli walls of the chapel the profoundest studies, the richest experience, and the holiest sentiments of the man. At a later day he painted a '' Conversion of St. Paul," and a " Crucifixion of St. Petiir," and he sculptured {; ground erf the "Descent of Christ into Hell," and a liaochus, which Eaphael said was equal to the masterpieces of Phidias and Praxiteles. In 1546 he was compelled to c< nrinue the buUding of St. Peter's, the plans of which he recovered from their confusion, and corrected. The Capitol of the Farnese palace and other edifices were the work of his hands. His style in architecture was grand and imposing, full of untamed imagination and native original strength. Indeed, all liis. works, his poeticixl and prose writing as well as has statues, partook of the character of the man, wlio was ardent, severe, finn, and haughty, but profound, original, and true. D. at Eorae in 1564:. — Mich.vel, another of the name, but better known as Caravaggio, from the place of his birth, was at first no other than a day-laborer ; but having seen some painters at work upon a brick wall which he had helped to raise, he was so charmed with their art, that he immediately applied himself to the study of it, and in a few years made so con- sidei'able a progress, that in Venice, Rome, and other parts of Italy, he was cried up and admired as the author of a new style in painting. His pieces are to be met with in most of the cabinets in Europe ; and one picture of his drawing is in the Dominican church at Antwerp, which Eubens used to call his master. B. 1569 ; d. 1609. ANGELONI, Francesco, an Italian historian, principally known by an elab- 01 ate work on the history of Eome, which he illustrated by a reference to ancient medals. D. 16o2. — Luigi, a dis- tinguished Italian writer, who lived at Paris. AN'aELUCCI, Theodore, an Italian poej and physician, who held a profes- sorshin at Padua, was a member of the academy of Venice, and principal phy- sician at Montagnana, where he d. 1600. AXGELUS, Christopher, a Greek, who, being driven from his own country by the Turks, found an asy'um in En- gland in 1608 ; and, under he patron- ag'e of the bishop of Norwich, he was placed in Trinity college, Cambridge, whence he removed to Baliol college, Oxford, where he was of great service to the junior students, and where he d. 16oS. He published many works La Greek, Encrlish, and Latin. ANGEESTEIN, John Julius, a dis- tinguished patron of the fine arts. B. at St. Petersburg, 1735 ; d. at Blackheath, Jan. 22, 1822. He removed to England under the patronage of the late Andrew Thompson, and was the first who pro- posed a reward of £2000 from the fund at Lloyd's to the inventor of the life- boats. His celebrated collection of paintings, esteemed inferior to none of the same extent in Europe, was pur- chased by the English government for £60,000, and forms the nucleus of a national gallery. AXGBTIEEA, Peter MARTiTt d', an Italian scholar of a noble Milanese fam- ily. B. 1455 ; d. 1526, at Grenada, leav- ing several historical works, which are usually quoted under the name of Peter Martvr. AXGILBERT, St., the son-in-law of Charlemagne, and afterwards abbot of St. Eiquier. He had a great taste for poetry, but nothing remains of him ex- cept a history of his monastery. D. 814. ANGIOLELLO, John- M-Ujio, a Vene- tian historian of the loth century, taken captive by the Turks, and made'slaveto sultan Mustapha, whom he attended in an expedition to Persia, 1473, and wrote the history of Mahomet II., in the Turk- ish and Italian languages ; also the his- tor^■ of Ussun Cassan. "He d. about 1530. ANGLES, Count Boissy d', one of the committee of Public Safety during tho French revolution. B. 1756 ; d. 1824. ANGIOLIXI, Francesco, an eminent Italian Jesuit, professor at Modena and in Russia. He translated Josephus and the tragedies of Euripides and Sophocles, aud wrote a histon- of his order. B. 1738; d. 17fc8. ANGLUS. Thoi£as, an English priest,' ' the friend of Sir Kenelm Digbv, known by the several names of Albius Candidus, Bianchi, Eichworth, White, and Vitus, which he assumed in the different coun- tries of Europe, where he spent the greatest part of his life. He distingiush- ed himself by his learning: and geruus, but his fondness for the Peripatetic phi- losophy, and his attempts to apply the principles of Aristotle to explain the mysteries of religion, created him many enemies, who procured the condemna- tion of his writings, both at Douay and at Eorae. He d. after the restorati'onof Charles U., but the year is unknown. 50 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [\NJI ANGOULEME, Charles de Valois, duke d', natural son ofCliarles IX. E. 157.5; d. 1G50. Catherine de Medicis beqiioathed to hiin her estates, but tlie wiJi was set aside in favor of Margaret de Valois. Cliarles, however, retained the title of count d'Auvergne, and in 1619 was ma.le duke d'Augouleme. He giiuied great reputation as a militury commander, but was twice charged with treason, and the second time condemned to death, which seutence was changed into perpetual inipnsonmout. He was, however, once more pardoned, and em- jdoyed both in a military cap.iclty and in various embassies ; he also wrote his ow," memoirs.— Louis Antoine de Bour- bon, duke d', nephew of Louis XVIIL, who fought against Bonaparte, and after the downfall of that leader, was president of the electoral college in the department of the Gironde. B. ITTo. — Maria Teresa Charlotte, duchess d', daughter of Louis XVI., a princess of understanding • and cliaraeter. B. 1778; d. 1851. ANGUIER, Francis and Michael, two sculptors, natives of Eu, Normandy. Francis, the eldest, was keeper of tiie roy;d cabinet of antiquities, and executed several great works, particularly the mausoleum of the duke of Montmorency. Mieliael's best piece was a cr.icitix over the altar of the church of the Sorbonue. The former d. I'jG'J ; the latter, 16S6. ANGUlLLAliA, John Andisew Dell', one of tlie most celebrated Italian poets of the Itjtli century, was b. at Sulri, in Tuscany, about 1517. His principal work is his translation of Ovid s Meta- morplioses, which, though often un- faithful, and sinning against good taste, has great merit. For tlie representation of his tragedy of CEdipus, a theatre was built at vincenza by the celebrated Fal- ladio. Anguillara, however, lived and died in poverty. D. 1564. ANGUSCIOLA, Sopiionisba, a native of Almona in Italy, eminent for her his- torical and portrait paintings, and also a writor of some repute. Slie bestowed such attention toiler profession that she became blind. Her sisters Lucia and Europa also excelled in the execution of the peucil. B. 1550 ; d. 1626. AN'ICH, Peter, son of a turner, was b. at Oberpersuf, near Inspruck, 1723, and after being employed as a laborer and a shepherd, his genius for mecliau- jca burst forth, and was improved and con'ccted by the friendly assistance of Father Hill, a Jesuit. He was admired for his knowledge of astronomy, for the elegance and accuracy of the maps and charts which he drew ; and for tho supe- rior beauty of the pair of globes wliich he made for the university of Iuhj ruck. D. 1766. ANICHINI, Lewis, a Venetian en- graver, much celebrated for the delicacy and precision with which he engraved even the minutest objects. It Wiis at the sight of ills pieces that Michael An- gelo exclaimed, tiiat the art of engraving under liis hand had reached the summit of perl'eotiou. His best pieces was a medal of Alexander the Great, pros- trating himself before the high-priest at Jerusalem, the head of Pope Paul III. and Henry III. of France on the reverse. ANKEiiSl'liOEM, John James, a Swedish oitiLicr, who, in the war carried on by Sweden against Kussia, took part against his country because of an ani- mosity he cherished against the king. He was discovered and sentenced to death, but the pardon of the king, in- stead of producing gratitude and loyalty, rendered his hatred more inveterate. He conspired with tiie counts Horn and liibbiug, barons Badke and Peoalin, and Col. Liljehorn, and others, against Gus- tavus, and as the unsuspecting monarch entered a room wiiere a masked ball was assembled, the assassin discharged at him a pistol containing two balls and some nails. The wound was mortal, and the king expired, 29th March, 1792. Tae 27th of April following tue mur- derer was led to execution, but instead of repenting he gloried in his deed. His riirlit hand and his head were cut off. The others were banished. ANNA COMNENA, daughter of Alexis Comnenus, emperor of Constan- tinople, and celebrated for the Greek history which she has written, in which, with great elegance and spirit, though often with partiality, she records Iho events which distinguished her father's reign. D. 1148. ANNA IVANOVNA, datighter of Ivan Alexiovitch, emperor of Eussia, married in 1710 Frederic William, duke of Courland, and succeeded Peter II. on the throne, 1730. At the death of her husband, 1719, she took for her favorite, Biren, a person of low birth, but great duplicity ; and when raised to the throne her subjects were ruled by this capri- cious and cruel minion, who, it is said, banisiied no less than 20,000 persons to Siberia through pique, malice, and re- venge. Anna d. 1740, aged 47. AiVNAND, William, A.M., a native of Eilinburgh, who was cho.'sen one of th i ministers and became a popular anqJ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 51 preacher there. He behaved with grea'j kindness towards the persecuted Pres- byterians, and opposed James wlieu he wished to dispense with the peual laws. At the revolution he was made dean of Kaphoe, in Ireland, where he died, 1710, aged 64. lie wrote a volume of valu- able sermons, little known. ANNAT, Francis, a native of Eou- ergue, of the order of the Jesuits, teacher of philosophy at Toulouse, and afterwards employed at Kome and in France, in the service of the pope. He ■was made confessor to the French king 1('54, which office he held 16 years, and then solicited his dismission from in- creasing infirmities. He is known for his great zeal in opposing the Jansen- ists. D. 1«T0. ANNE, of Austria, queen of France, eldest daughter of Philip 111. of Spain; married Louis XIII. of France, 1615, at whose death, 1643, she was declared sole legent during the minority of her son, Louis XIV., who assumed the reins of government, 1661. Anne then retired, passing the remainder of her life in pious exercises. B. 1604; d. 1666.^ Anne, of Beaujeu, daughter of Louis XI. of France, and wife of Peter Beau- jeu, duke of Bourbon ; appointed by her father's will gouvernante iluring the minority of his son, Charles VIII. This preference excited a civil commotion, which was terminated by the defeat of the insurgent nobles, 14S8. The prin- cess held tlie reins with much firmness, and in general acted prudently. D. 1522. — Anne, of Brittany, queen of France, daughter and heiress of Francis XL, duke of Brittany ; married to Charles VIIT., of France, 1491; and, on his death, 1499, to Louis XII. This prin- cess first instituted the order of maids of honor to the queen : first had the pre- rogative of guards and gentlemen of her own, and was the first who gave audi- ence to foreign ambassadors. B. 1476 j d. 1514. — Anne, of Cleves, daughter ot John, third duke of Cleves, and wife of Henry VIII. of England, who divorced her. 'D. 1557. — Anne, queen of Great Britain, second daughter of James II., by his first wife, Anne Hyde, was born in 1664; married to Prince George of Denmark, 1683 ; succeeded to the crown on the death of William III., 1702; and died, 1714, aged 50. The contention of parties during the reign of Anne was extremely violent, in consequence of the hopes entertained by the Jacobites that she would be induced by natural feel- ings to favor the succession of her brother, the Pretender. Iler reign waa iilso much distinguished for leivrning; and the number of eminent writers who flourished under her, several of whom rose to high stations, has rendered it a sort of Augustan age of English litera- ture, though her own acquirements had no share in making it such. ANNESLEY, Artuur, earl of An- g'.esea, born at Dublin, 1614. At the commencement of the civil wars he joined the royal party, and sat in tho parliament at Oxford, 1643; but hav- ing made peace with the republicans, ho was sent commissioner to Ulster, 1645. He, however, took an active part in the restoration of the king, for which he was created earl of Anglesea, made treasurer of the navy, and, shortly after- wards, lord privy seal. D. 1686.— Samuel, an English divine, born in Warwickshire about 1620; d. 1696. At the time of the rebellion, he preached some violent sermons against the crown and church, for which he received the vicarage of St. Giles, Cripplegate ; but, in 1662, he was ejected from it for non- conformity. ANNET, Peter, a deistical writer of the 18th century ; author of " The Free Enquirer," and other works of a skejv tical turn. He was a native of Liver- pool. D. 1778, ANNIUS, of Viterbo, a Dominican monk, who wrote various books which he pretended were the remains of emi- nent ancient authors, particularly Mar uctho, ArchDochus, andXenophon. For a time the imposture succeeded, and they were printed in 1498. D. 1502. ANNO, archbishop of Cologne in the 11th century. He was chancellor to tho emperor Henry III., and regent during the minority of Henry IV. ; and from the exemplary conduct he displayed in those situations, as well as from the sanctity of his life, he acquired the title of Saint. ANQUETIL. Loms Pierre, a cele- brated historian, writer of a "Universal History." B. at Paris, 1728; d. 1803. — Du Perron, Abraham Hyacintue, brother of the preceding, was born at Paris, 1731. In order to gratify his taste for oriental literature, he joined the expedition fitting out for India, in 1574, as a private soldier ; employed every moment of his leisure in the study of the Sanscrit ; and made suf- ficient progress in that tongue to trans- late the "'Vendidade Sade," a diction- ary of the language. On the taking of Pondicherry by the English, he returned 52 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ant to Europe, visited London and Oxford, and conveyed the various MSS. he had obtained to Paris. He was then ap- f)ointed oriental interpreter in the king's ibrary, with a pension, and devoted himself to the pubUcation of his re- searches. D. 1805. ANSALDI, C. J., a celebrated man of learning, of Piacenza. B. in 1700. His best antiquarian treatises are in Latin. ANSAKT, Andrew Joseph, a French historian and ecclesiastical writer. He became a Benedictine, but, beuig ap- t ointed to a place of trust in his order, r-e decamped with the funds, and joined the order of Malta. B. 1729 ; d. 1790. ANSCAEIUS, bishop of Hamburgh nud Bremen. B. in France, 801 ; d. 8t;4. He preached the gospel to the Danes and Swedes, and was very instrumental in converthig the northern nations to Christianity. ANSELM, archbishop of Canterbury in the reigns of Wilham Kufus and Henry I., born at Aost, Piedmont, 1033 : died at Canterbury, llO'J, and canonized in the reign of Henry VII. ANSELME, of Paris, an Augustine monk, the original compiler of the ''His- torical Genealogies of the House of France." B. i6'2o ; d. 1691. — Geop.ge. There were two of this name : the elder, a mathematician of some eminence in the early part of the loth century. D. 1440. l^he latter, his grandson, who assumed the name of Nepos, was phy- sician at Parma, of which city he was a native. D. 1523. ANSON, George, Lord, a British commander, who managed the fleet of ships sent out during the Spanish warj to attack the enemy on the coast ot South Carolina, where he landed and founded a town. But he did not ac- quire celebrity till he was placed at the head of an expedition to the South Sea, in 1740. After losing all his ships but one, and encountering many difficulties, but not without having severely har- assed the Spanish settlements, he was 90 fortunate as to capture a rich galleon, on her passage from Acapulco to Ma- nilla, and to reach England in safety, after an absence of nearly four years. He was successively made rear-admiral of the blue, a lord of the admiralty, rear- admiral of the white, and vice-admiral of the clue. In 1747 he defeated a French squadron, and captured six men of war and four East Indiamen. He was rewarded with a barony, and rose through all the intermediate ranks of the navy till he became admiral, and commander-in-chief of the British fleet. D. 1762. — Peter HaBERX, a miscellane- ous French writer. B. 1744: d. 1810. ANSPACH, Elizabeth, Margravine of, was the youngest daughter of the earl of Berkeley. When little more than sixteen, she married Mr. (afterwards earl of) Craven, by whom she had seven children; but after living to- gether thirteen years, they separated from mutual feelings of dissatisfaction. Lady Craven made "a tour, and took up her residence in the court of Auspach, where she established a theatre, wrote Elays, directed the performance, and ecame a principal personage with the margrave. ANSTEY, Christopher, a poet, was born in 1724 ; studied at Eton and Cambridge ; and on succeeding to some patrimonial property, resided principally at Bath. He blended the avocations of a country gentleman with literary pur- suits, and, among many other things, produced that humorous poem, ''The New Bath Guide," which obtained a rapid and deserved popularity. D. 1805. ANSTIS, John, an antiquary, and the author of various heraldic works, was born at St. Neots, Cornwall, in 1669, and educated at Oxford. He was member for St. Germaius, and in 1718 appointed garter king at arms. D. 1744. ANTAR, an Arabian chief and dis- tinguished poet, who lived in the 6th century. His works, which form a por- tion of the famous Moallakah. are de- voted to the description of his warlike deeds, and his love for the fair Abla. The celebrated Arabian romance, en- titled "Antar," by Asmai, affords a perfect idea of the manners, opinions, and superstitions of the early Arabians' and of this there is an English version, entitled " Antar, a Bedoueen Romance, translated from the Arabic by Terrick Hamilton," in 4 vols. 12mo. ANTHEMIUS, Procopics, of the family of the tyrant Proeopius, married Flavia Eupheinia, daughter of Marcian. His dliance as well as his valor pro- cured him the title of Augustus, 467. He gave his daughter in marriage to Ricimer, a general, who soon after at- tacked Rome and imbrued his haud.*^ iu the blood of his father-in-law, 472. — A Lydian, eminent as an architect, sculp- tor, and mathematician. He was em- ployed by the Emperor Justinian. D. 534" ANTHING, Frederic, the com- panion in arms and biographer of the SimoiLS Marshal Suwarrow, was born ant] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 53 »t Gotha, in Saxony, and died at St. Petersburg, in 1805. ANTHONY, Saint, tlie founder of monastic life, was born at Coma, in Egypt, 251. He sold liis possessions, wliicli lie distributed to the poor, and retired into the desert, where, for 20 years, his virtue was exposed to the greatest temptations from the wiles of Satan, till he prevailed, and saw himself at last surrounded by a crowd of fol- lowers, zealous to merit his blessings and to imitate his piety. He twice visited Alexandria to give assistance to the suffering Christians under the per- secution of Arius. He died 350, in the 105th year of his age. — Francis, was born in Loudon, 1550, and studied at Cambridge, where he laid the fouuda- 'jion of tliat chemical knowledge which enabled him to impose upon tlie credu- lous and the unwary, by selling his panacea of potable gold, on which a treatise was printed at Hamburgh, 159S. His success as an empiric was great, Init he was violently opposed by Drs. Gwinne and Cotta, and it was con- fidently asserted that his nostrum was Eoisonous, and many on their death ed attributed their death to it. The inofl'ensiveness of his manners, his learning and his private virtues, how- ever, stennued the torrent of unpopu- larity, and though he was lined and imprisoned for practising without a license, his reputation and his fortune increased. D. 1(323. — King of Navarre, was son of Charles of Bourbon, duke of V'eni.iome, and married Joan d'Al- bret, 154S, who brought him tlie prin- cipality of Bearne and the kingdom of Navarre. He was a weak and irresolute prince. He abandoned the Protestant tenets for the Catholic faith, and then formed, with the duke of Guise and the constable Montmorency, the famous league called triumvirate. During the civil wars, in 15G2, he took the com- mand of the army, and Blois, Tours, and Eouen surrendered to his arms. He was wounded on the shoulder at the siege of this last place, and died 35 davs after at Andeli, 17th Nov., 1562. His son was afterwards the celebrated Henry IV., of France.— A titular king of Portugal, W.1S son of Lewis, the second son of King P^manuel. Hi|j pretensions to the throne were opposed by Philip IL of Spain, who sent the duke of Alva against him, 1580, and obliged him to fly from his dominions. Anthony was a wretched fugitive in H( ''and, France, »iid England. D. at Parii., 1595. 6* ANTIGNAC, a popular French song writer. B. 1770. ANTIGONUS, one of the generals of Alexander the Great, the most powerful who shared the Grecian empire, .'■lain at the battle of Ipsus, Sol b. c. ANTIMACHO, Makk Anthony, au Italian author, who translated mnch from the Greek. B. 1472 ; d. 1552. ANTINE, Maue Francois u', a French Benedictine monk ; author of an " Essay on the Art of verif\ing Dates," &c. B. IGSS; d. 1748. ANTIOCHUS THE GREAT, king of Syria and Asia. lie conquered the greatest part of Greece, of wliich some cities implored the aid of Rome ; and Hannibal, who had taken refuge at his court, encouraged him to make war against Italy ; but his measures were not agreeable to the advice of Hannibal, and lie was conquered and obliged to retire beyond Mount Taurus, and pay a yearly tine of 2000 talents to the Ro- mans. His revenues being unable to pay the tine, he attempted to plunder the temple of Belus in Susiana, which so incensed the inhabitants, that they killed him with his followers, 187 b. o. — Of Ascalon, 'a philosopher, and dis- ciple of Philo, the Platouist. — A monk of Seba, Palestine, who wrote in the 7th century I'JO homilies on the Scriptures, stUl extant. ANTIPATEE, a native of Macedon, pupil of Aristotle, and the faithful min- ister of Philip and Alexander. While Alexander was abroad, he left Antipater in the government of Macedon ; and by his pruilent management he kept aU Greece in order. On the death of his master, in the distribution of his ter- ritories, Antipater obtained the Euro- pean provinces. Not long after the confederate states of Greece attacked him, but he subdued them, and sub- verted their democratic forms of govern- ment, on which he was called the father of Greece. He died 318 b. c. — L^tius C.ETIUS, a Roman historian, who lived in the time of Gracchus, and wrote au account of the Second Punic War. —Of Sidon, a Stoic philosopher and poet, much praised by Cicero and Seneca. He lived about 140 b. c. ANTIPANES, a Greek comic poet, in the time of Alexander, who gidnea three prizes at the Olympic games. ANTIPHILUS, a painter, rival of Apelles ; celebrated for a line drawing representing a youth blowing a spark of fire. ANTIPHON, the Ehamnusian, au 54 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ant Atlicuiau orator, who flonrislied 430 b.c. He was the first '-vho laid down the rules of oratory, and assisted in establishing the tyranny of the four hundred ; for ■which he was put to death, 411 b. c. ANTIQUARIOUS, James, a learned Italian seliolar of Canipanus. D. 1512. ANTISTIIENES, founder of the sect of the Cynics, by whose means Melitus was put 'to deatli, and Anytus banished, for tlieir persecution of Socrates. He was born at Athens, 423 a. c. ANTOINETTE, Makie, of Lorraine, archduchess of Austria and queen of France, barn at Vienna, in 1755, was the dauifhter of the Emperor Francis I. and Jklavia Theresa. lu 1770, when only 15 years of age, she was married to Louis XVL ; and when her husband ascended the throne she gained the af- fections of the people by repeated acts of generosity. It was, however, soon observed that her natural liveliness brought upon her the scandal of her enemies about the court, who attributed the undisguised frankness and cheer- fulness of her nature to levity and indis- cretion. An extraordinary' occurrence added fuel to the flame of calumny, while it subjected the name of the queen to a disgraceful law-suit. Two jewellers demanded the payment of an immense price for a necldace, which had been puroliased in the name of the qncen. In the examination which she demanded, it was proved that slie had never ordered the purchase. A lady of her size and complexion had impudently passed herself otf for the queen, and at midnight had a meeting with a cardinal in the'park of Versailles. She was be- headecl durinsr the revolution of 1792. Her fate produced a profound impres- sion on the world. ANTONELLE, Peter Antony, Mar- quis cV ; a conspicuous character in the French revolution. He voted for the death of the queen, and for the destruc- tion of the Girondists. He was himself near meeting the fate to which he con- signed others, as he was trie 1 for com- pUcity in the conspiracy of Babeuf ; but he was fortunate enougli to be acquitted, and d. at an advanced age, in 1817. ANTONELLT, Nicholas Maria, count of Pergola, who rose through various ecclesiastical promotions to the cardinal- ship. B. 1697; d. 1767. ANTONI, Sebastiano Degli, a Vicen- zan noble author. B. in 1665 ; author of "The Conspiracy of Brutus," a tra- gedv. ANTONI A NO, Sylvio, an Italian poet, made a cardinal by Clement VIIL B. 1540 ; d. 1603. ANTONIDES, or VANDER GOES, John, a Dutch poet. B. in Zealand, 1647. He is principally known by hia poem in honor of the river Y, which flows through Amsterdam ; in which city his works were collected and pub- lished, 1714. D. 16S4. ANTONINE, DE FoRciGLioNi, a Roman prelate and saint. B. at Flo- rence, 1389; d. 1459, and canonized in 1523. He highly distinguished himself at the council of Florence, where he dis- puted with the Greeks. ANTONINI, Anxibal and Joseph, two brothers, natives of Italy, in the 17th and 18th centuries : they wrote in conjunction the history of Lucania ; and Annibal was the compiler of an Italian grammar and dictionarv. ANTONINUS PIUS, Titus Aukelius FuLvius, emperor of Rome, was b. at Lanuvium, 86; succeeded Adrian, 138: and d. 161. His reign was distinguished by tranquillity, and by such excellent manacrement, as procured him tlie title of Piu't. — Marcus Anxius Auuelius, surnamed the Philosopher. B. 121 ; adopted by Pius Antoninus, -whom he succeeded, in conjunction with Lucius Verus, as emperor of Rome ; and d. 180. His death occasioned universal mourn- ing throughout the empire ; the Roman senate and people voted him a god, and his image was long afterwards regarded with peculiar veneration. This emper- or's book of meditations in Greek and Latin has been often printed, and uni- versally admired for the excellence of its morality.— A geographical author, the writer of a valuable Itinerarium, whose age is unknown. Burton publislied an excellent commentary on it, as far as re- lates to Britain. ANTONIO, or ANTONELLO, b. at Messina, Sicily, 1426; d. 1475. Heis said to have been the first artist who in- troduced oil painting' into Italy.— Nich- olas, a Spanish historian. B. at Seville, 1617: d. 16-^4. ANTONIUS, GoDEFROY, a lawyer, who became chancellor of the university of Giessen. — Marcus, one of the greatest orators ever known at Rome. It was owine to him, according to Cicero, that Rome might boast herself a rival even to Greece itself in the art of eloquence. He defended, amontj inanv others, Mar- cus Aquilius; and moved the judges in so sensible a manner, by the tears he F.hed, and the scars he showed upon thfi breast of liis -dient, that he carried lii« CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. f ape] cause. lie was unfortunately killed, during the disturbances raised at Kome by Marius and Cinna, in tlie year of Kome, 667. — Marcus, the triumvir, was Bon of Autonits Creticus, by Julia, a noble lady of such merit, that Plutarch affirms her to have been " comparable to the wisest and most virtuous ladies of thai age." Marc Antony, losing his father when young, launched out at once into all the excess of riot and de- bauchery, and wasted his whole patri- mony before he had put on the manly gown. lie afterwards went abroad to learn the art of war under Gabinus, who ave him the command of his horse in yria, where he signalized his courage _ a tlie restoration of Ptolemy king of Egypt. From Egypt he went to Coesar, in feaul; and after some stay there, be- ing furnished with money and credit by Csesar, returned to Eome" to sue for the questorship. In this suit he succeeded, and afterwards obtained the tribimate, in which office he was amazingly active for Ciesar, wlio, when he had made himself master of Rome, gave Antony the government of Italy, with the com- mand over the legions" there, in which post he gained the love of the soldiery. But what was more to his honor, he as- sisted Cassar so successfully ou several occa.'sions, that, twice particularly, when Cajsar's army had been put to flight, he rallied the scattered troops, and gained the victory. He was afterwards a col- league ofCaisarin the consulship, and on the death of the latter, strove to get possession of the sovereign power. But the patriots of the day "took part Avith Octavius, Cresar"s son, against him, when he went with an army to Cisalpine Gaul, and laid siege to Mantua, which Deci- mus Brutus "valiantly defemled. It was during this absence that Cicero spoke those fanous orations against Antony. The senate declared him a public enemy, and both consuls, Ilirtius and Pausa, accompanied by Octavius, met him in the field. At first he vanquished Pausa, but was afterwards subdued by Hirtius. Both consuls fell, and Octavius took command of the repubhcan army; An- tony lied with his troops over the Alps. But Octavius betrayed the senate, and joined with Antony "and Lepidus to form a triumvirate. Their return to Eome was marked by violence, bloodshed, and proscription. " They were opposed by Brutus and Cassius,' who were, however, defeated at Philippi. Owing chiefly to the military skill of the latter,^ Antony obtained the sovereign dominion, and 55 went into Asia, where he had the most splendid court that ever was seen. The kings and princes of Asia came to hi» levee, and acknowledged no other sov- ereign in the East but him. Queens and princesses, knowing him, doubtless, to be a man of amour and gidlautry, strove who should win his heart ; and the famous Cleopatra of Eg\-pt suc- ceeded. When tliat queen gave out a fidse report of her death, Antony threw himselt upon his sword and perished — a fit end to a life of dissolute violeuco and crime. — ^Elius Xebrissexsis, a Spanish writer, and an eminent profes sor at the university of Salamanca, who wrote the " Historv of New Spain," and other works. B. 1-142 ; d. 1520. ANTONY, of Bourbon, son of Charles of Bourbon, duke of Vendome. B. 1527 ; married Joan of Albret, queen of Navarre, 1548 ; and d. from a wound received in the shoulder at the siege of Rouen, 1562. — St., of Padua, a learned Franciscan monk, was b. at Lisbon, 1195 ; d. at Padua, 1231 ; and was can- onized. His works were printed at the Hague, 1641. AN VARI, a Persian poet. B. at Cho- rassan. He was well versed in astrol • ogy, and composed sevenU books ou that science; but having failed in a pre- diction, he retired from the court of the sultan Sandler, and d. at Balke in 1206. ANVILLE, John Baptist Bourignon d', a most famous French writer on ge- ography. B. at Paris, 1702 ; d. at Paris, 1782. As much esteemed for the gentle- ness and simplicity of his manners as for his extensive knowledge. He labored at his maps 15 hours a day for 50 years. ANYSIUS, or ANISO," Giovanni, an Italian poet of some celebrity. B. at Naples, about 1472 ; d. 1540. ANYTA, an ancient Greek poetess, some of whose compositions are still preserved. ANYTUS, an Athenian rhetorie'an, who aided in procuring the condemna- tion of Socrates, and was himself after- wards banished. APEL, John, of Nuremberg, one of the earliest preachers of the Reformat tion, and originally a lawyer. B. 1486 ; d. 1536. APELLES, one of the most celebrated painters of antiquity, was b. in the isle of Cos, and flourisfied in the time of Alexander the Great. He was in high favor with that prince, who made a law that no other person should draw hia picture but Apelles, who accordingly drew him holding a thunderbolt in hia 56 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [apo hand. The piece was finished with so much skill and dexterity, that it used to be said there were two Alexanders : one invincible, the sou of Philip ; the other inimitable, the production of Apelles. Alexander gave him likewise another remarkable proof of his regard : for when he eniployea ApeUes to draw Campaspe, one of his mistresses, having found that the painter had conceived an affection for her, he resigned her to him ; and it was from her that Apclles is said to have drawn his Venus Anadyomene. One of ApeUes' chief characteristics was, the makuig Ills pictui s so exactly resemble the persons represented, that the physi- ognomists were able to form a judgment as readily from his portraits as if they had seen the originals. His readiness and dexterity at taking a likeness was once of singular service in extricating him from a difficulty in which he was involved at the coui't of Egypt : he had not the good fortune to be in favor with Ptolemy : a storm forced him, however, to take snelter at Alexandria during the reign of that prince ; where a miscliiev- ous fellow, in order to do him an un- kindness, went to him, and in the kind's name invited him to dinner. Apelles went: and seeing the king in a prodigi- ous passion, told him, by way of excuse, that he should not have come to his table but by his order. He was com- manded to show the man who had in- vited him ; which was impossible, the person who had put the trick upon him not being present : ApeUes, however, drew a sketch of his image upon the wall with a coal, the outlines of which discovered him immediately to Ptolemy. — There was a native of Syria of the same name, who was the founder of an heretical sect, some time during the 2d century. APELLICUS, a philosopher to whom the world is indebted for the works of Aristotle, which he collected, at great expense, sbout 90 years b. c. APEI^ Marcus, a Gaul, who was among the finest orators of his time. D. 85. APIAN, Peter, a German mathema- tician and astronomer, who made several valuable observations on comets. B. 1495 ; d. 15S9. APICIUS. There were three noted Roman epicures of this name : the first lived in the time of the republic, the second under Tiberius and Augfustus, and the third in the time of Trajan. It was the second one, however, who was the most famous. He is said to have wasted £1,250,000 on the luxuries of the table, wrote a book on the pleasures and incitements of eating, and finding hi» finances reduced, hung himself from fear of starvation. APIOX, a historian of Oasis in Egypt, who was professor at Rome during the 1st century. His "Antiquities ot the Jews," in which he attacked that nation, was answered bv Josephus. APOLLINARlUS, Claudius, a bishop of Hieropolis, who wrote a defence of tho Christian religion about 177. It was addressed to Marcus Aurelius. — There was a presbyter of Alexandria of this name, in the 4tli century, who wrote a history of the Hebrews in Greek heroics. — His son became bishop of Laodicea, and wrote a treatise, which he sent to Julian, against paganism. D. 382. APOLLODORUS, a grammarian of Athens, flourished 104 b. c. — A famous painter at Athens, 40S b. c. Pliny men- tions two pictures by him, one of a priest of Apollo at the altar, and the other of the shipwreck of Ajax. — A celebrated arcliitect. B. at Damascus, and lived under Trajan and Adrian. He was era- ployed by the former in building the great stone bridge over the Danube, and other structures ; but, falling into dis- grace with Adrian, he lost his life through that emperor's caprice. APOLLONIA, a female Christian martyr, who, at a very advanced age, fell a sacrifice to intolerance at Alexan- dria, 248. APOLLONIUS, CoLLATius, a monk and poet of Navarre in the 15th century, who published an epic on the siege of Jerusalem, and other pieces. — Dtscolus, a grammarian of Alexandria in the 2d century, who wrote a work on syntax ; a collection of historical curiosities is also ascribed to him. — Tlierc was another grammarian of this name, who lived in the reign of Augustus Csesar, and com- piled a Lexicon Horaericum, printed at Paris, 1773. — A mathematician of Alex- andria, about 240 years b. c. He com- posed several curious geometrical works, of which his book on conic sections alone exists. — Rhodus, so called from the city of Rliodes, in which he presided over a school of rhetoric, was a native of Alex- amlria, and afterwards became keeper of the celebrated library there, in which situation he remained until his death, 240 B. c. He wrote a poem, in four books, on the expedition of the Argo- nauts. — Ti'ANEDS, a philosophic empiric of Tyana, in Cappadocia., B. about the Christian era. He visited Rome, where AQtjJ CTCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 51 Vespasian became liis dupe ; but Domi- tian sent him to prison. — A Koman sen- ator and Christian martyr, who lived in the reign of Commodus, and probably SuflFered death about 186. AFONO, or ABANO, Peter of, an astrologer and physician, born at Abano, who made himself celebrated by a work entitled, " Conciliator Differentiorum Philosophorum et precipue Medicorum." B. 1250 ; d. 1816. APOSTOLIUS, Michael, a learned Greek of the 15th century. APPIAN, an ancient historian. B. at Alexandria, whence he went to Kome, in the reign of Trajan, and became an emi- nent pleader. He wrote the history of Eome in Greek. APPIANI, Andre, a celebrated Mi- lanese painter. B. 1750. His pieces are found in most of the palaces of Milan ; but his masterpiece, in fresco, adorns the cupola of Santa Maria de S. Celso. B. 1750; d. 1818. APPLETON, Nathaniel, Congrega- tional minister of Cambridge, Mass. He was b. Dec. 9, 1693, at Ipswich ; gradu- ated, in 1712, at Harvard university ; and was ordained Oct. 9, 1717. He was much distinguished in his time, for learning and moral worth. In 1771 his alma mater conferred on him the degree of doctor of divinity, an honor which had been conferred upon but one per- son. Increase Mather, about 80 years be- fore. He d. Feb. 9, 1784, in the 91st year of his age. — Jesse, D.I)., graduated at Dartmouth college, in 1792. He was ordained pastor of the Congregational church at Hampton, N. H. in Feb. 1797. In 1807 he was chosen president of Bowdoin collecre, the duties o^ which station he taithuilly performed for about 10 years, when his health became im- paired. D. 1819. APREECE, or EHESE, John, a learn- ed antiquary. B. in Wales in the early part of the 16th century, and d. in the reign of queen Mary. One of his works, entitled " Fides Historiai Britannia3," is preserved in manuscript in the Cottouian collection. APROSIO, Anoelico, an Augustine monk, born at Genoa. He wrote a num- ber of books, but is best known by a work, entitled " Bibliotheca Aprosiana." B. 1607: d. 1681. APTHONIUS, a rhetorician of Anti- och, who wrote a book called " Progym- nasmatn Rhetorica," in the 3d century. APTIIORP, East, a learned divine. B. in New England, 1782, and d. at Canterbury, 1816. The Society for the Propagation of tbe Gospel in Foreign Parts sent him out as one of their nns- sionaries to Cambridge, Massachusetts, in which state he resided for a short time, and then returned to England, and obtained the living of Croydon, Surrey, about 1765. In 1778 he took tlie degree of D.D., and was appointed to the rec- tory of St. Mary-le-Bow, London ; but, in 1793, he resigned his living on obtain- ing the valuable stall of Finsbury, in St. Paul's cathedral. APULEIUS, Lucius, a Platonic phi- losopher in the 2d century, b. at Madaura, Africa. He composed several boqks, the chief of which is a romantc, entiJed " The Golden Ass," Which has been translated into almost all the modern European languages. AQUA VIVA, Andrew Matthew, duke of Atri, Naples, was celebrated both as a scholar and a soldier. B. 1456 ; d. 1528.^Claude, b. at Naples, 1542, became general of the order of Jesuits, and d. 1615. — Octavio, a prelate of great reputed piet5^ and IpaTnmg. D. arch- bishop of Naiples, 1612. AQUILA, of Sinope, Pontus, an ar- chitect and mathematician in the time of Adrian, by whom he was employed in the rebuilding of Jerusalem, where he embraced the Christian religion, but was afterwards excommunicated for prac- tising astrology, when he turned Jew. AQUILANO. Serafino, an admired Italian poet. B. at Aquila, Abruzzo, 1466 ; d. 1500. AQUILANUS, Sebastianus, a Neapol- itan phvsician of Padua. D. 1543. AQUINAS, St. Thomas, called the angelical doctor, was of the noble fomily of Aquine, descended from the kings of Aragon and Sicily. He was educated by the monks ot Mount Cassino, and removed to Naples ; but the inclination which he had to embrace an ecclesiasti eal life was opposed by his mother, who, after great difficulties, obtained him from the power of the monks, and confined him in her castle for two years. He, however, escaped, and fled to Naples, and afterwards to Rome ; and when im- proved by study, and the famous lectures of Albertus Magnus at Cologne, he ap- peared at Paris, and read public lectures to an applauding audience. On his re- turn to Italy, he became divinity pro- fessor to several universities, and at last settled at Naples, where he led an ex- emplary life of chastity and devotion, and refused the archbishopric of the city, in the most disinterested manner, when offered by Clement IV. Gregory 58 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ara X. invited him to the council of Lyons, to read the book whicli he had written against the Greeks ; and he d. on his way to join the pontiff at the monastery of tossanova, near Terraciua, 7tli Marcli, 1274, in his 50th year. He was canon- ized, 1323. His writings, which are nu- merous, and mostly upon theological subjects, prove liim to liave been a man of great learning, and extensive knowl- edge. Tliey have been piiblislied, in 17 vols, folio. It was in defence of Thomas Aquinas that Henry VIII. composed the book which procured him from the pope the title of Defender of the Faith. AQUINO, Charles d', a Neapolitan Jesuit, and an eminent teacher of rhet- oric at Rome. B. 165i; d. 1740. — Louis Claude u\ a distinguislied musician. At tlie age of 6 he performed on the harpsichord before Louis XIV. ; at 8, the celebrated Beruier declared he could teach him no more ; and at 12 he became organist of a church at Paris. B. 1694 ; d. 1772. — Philip, a learned Jew of the 17th century, b. at Avignon, converted to the Christian faith, and received bap- tism at Aquino, Naples, whence he de- rived his name. He was celebrated for his skill in the Hebrew language ; and was intrusted by Le Jay with the care of printing and correcting the He- brew and Chaldee te.vt of liis Polyglot Bible. AEABSCHAH, a Mahometan histo- rian, wlio wrote a history of Tamerlane, and a treatise on the divine unity. He was a native of Damascus, where he d. 1450. ARABELLA STUART, commonly called the Lady Arabella, was tlie only child of Cliarles Stuart, carl of Lennox, the brother of Henry Lord Darnley, father to James VI. of Scotland, by Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Cav- endish. This innocent victim of jeal- ousy and state policy, while an infant, lost' her fatiier, and tlius became heiress to a larffc estate. Several matches were projected for her at home and abroad ; anii her cousin, Kin;^ James, was inclined to marry her to Lord Esme Stuart, whom he had created duke of Lenno.'c, and whom, before his marriage, he consider- ed as his heir; but tliis union was pre- vented by Queen Elizabeth, who held the Lady Arabella under restraint. Siie was finally married in secret to the earl of Hertford, but some Scottish noble- men conspiring to place her on the throne, the plot was discovered and she was wrongfully arrested as an accom- pli'^ of tlieir design. She was com- mitted to the Tower, where she passed the rest of her life in close and melan- choly conlLnement. D. 1615, In her 3Sth year. ARAGOX, TuLLiA d', a poetess of thfl 16th century ; descended from an ille- gitimate branch of the royid family of Spain ; and higldy celebrated for her wit, beauty, and various accomplishments. ARAJA, Francisco, a Neapolitan musician and composer in the 18th cen- tury, who entered the service of the Empress Catherine of Russia, and pro- duced at St. Petersburgh "Ccphalo et Procris," the first opera written in the Russian language. ARAM, Eugene, was a native of Ramsgill, Yorkshire, and the son of a gardener. His genius displaved itself while he followed the humble occupa- tion of his father; mathematical Cir- culations and geometrical knowledge were quicklv acquired by him, and, with the most indefatigable zeal, Lilly's gram- mar, though in unintelligible language, was learned by heart, and afterwards Camden's Greek. He then with rapid steps advanced to the comprehension of more difficult authors, till the whole store of Latin and Greek literature was open to his understanding. He also studied and made himself perfect in Hebrew, and with these great acquire- ments he gained his livelihood, by en- gaging in sevend schools in the south of England. In 1757 he came to the free school at Lpin, a perfect master of the most abstruse studies, and ac- quainted with heraldiy and botany. He had begun to make collections for radical comparisons between the mod- ern languages and ancient tongues, and already inore than 3000 words had been selected to establish their affinity in a comparative lexicon, when his labors were stopped by the hands of justice. He was arrested at Lynn, 1758, for the murder of Daniel Clarke, a shoemaker of Knaresborough, who had been mur- dered thirteen years befbre; and, after a trial, in which he defended himself with coolness and ability, he was found guilty of the crime, and failing in an atteinpt to commit suicide, he suffered death at York, August, 1759. He ac- knowledged the justice of liis sentence, and attributed the crime to a suspicion of adultery between his wife and Clarke. Mr. Bulwer has made his story the sub- ject of a most romantic fiction, in which, however, he has taken great liberties with the facts of the ease. ARATOR, a Latin poet of the 5th cyclop.edta of biography. arc] centurv. bom in Liguria, vrho turned the Acts of the Apostles into vei-se. AEATUS, a Sicilian astronomer and poet, whose " Pha;nomena" was trans- lated by Cicero, and from which St. Paul quotes in liis address at Athens. — The sou of Clinias, who restored Sicyon, brought about the Achtean league, and rescued Corinth from the Macedonian Anti^onus. Rewrote "Commentaries" on hfs own life. D. 216 b. c. ARBOGAST, Louis Fr. Au., a French- man, professor of mathematics at Stras- burg, and eminent as a geometrician. D. 1803. ARBOGASTES, a French soldier of fortune, who went to Rome at the time of Valcntinian the Younger, became a general of the army, and after the death of the emperor, caused the rhetorician Eugenius to assume the purple. He was defeated by Theodosius, tied to his native mountains and put an end to his life, about 895. ARBRISSEL, Robert of, founder of the abbey of Fontevraud, was born in the village of Arbrissel, Brittanv, about 1047. D. 1117. ARBUCKLE. James, a Scotch poet, born at Glasgow, and died in the north of Ireland, where he had settled as a schoiihnaster, 1734. ARBUTHXOT, Alexander, a Scot- tish divine and a zealous reformer, was born in 1538, and died in 1583. — John, a celebrated wTiter and physician in the reign of Queen Anne, was born at Ar- buthnot, near Montrose, and educated at Aberdeen. He was appointed phy- sician in ordinary to the queen, and ad- mitted a fellow of the college. He en- gaged with Pope and Swift in many of their literaiy schemes, particiilarly in the satire under the title of " Martinus Scriblcrus.'' In 1727, Dr. Arbuthnot published "Tables of Ancient Coins, Weights, and Measures," which valu- able work was followed by an " Essay concerning Aliments," &c., and another on the "Effects of Air on Human Bodies." So excellent a character did he bear with his cotemporaries, that Swift thus pithily describes him: "He has more wit than all our race, and his humanity is equal to our wit." D. 1735. ARCERE, Anthont, a very learned Frenchman, who applied to the study of the oriental languages, made a tour into the East, and'returned richly fur- nished with manuscripts. B. 1664 ; d. 1609. — Louis Stephen, a French eccle- siastic, poet, aiid historian of the 18fh 59 century; chiefly known by his works on Rochelle and Amiens. ARCESILAUS, a Greek philosopher, the founder of the second or midcUe academy, was born at Pitane, in .^Eolia 316 B. c' — A king of Macedon, natural son of Perdiccas IL, whom he succeeded, after murdering his brother Alcetas. He liberally encouraged literature and the aits, "entertained and patronized Euripides and Zeuxis, 398 B.C. — A GreeK philosopher, the disciple and suc- cessor of Anaxagoras at Lampsacus,bnt removed afterwards to Athens, where he had Socrates for a pupil. — A geog- rapher; author of a treatise on all the countries conquered by Alexander, in whose time he lived.— A Christian di- vine, bishop of Mesopotamia, who flour- ished under Probus, about 278, and was a zealous champion for the CathoUc faith, acrainst the Manicha?ans. ARCHENHOLZ, John, a Swedish historian, bore hv Helsingfors, 1695 ; d. 1777. — John William vox, a verj' volu- minous German author. His two most important works are " Annals of British Historv," 20 vols., and a "Historv'of the SeVen Years' War." B. 1742 ; d. 1818. ARCHTAS, ArLus Lictnus, a native of Antioch, chiefly known from the elo- quent orations made by Cicero, to de- fend his right to the' citizenship of Rome. ARCHIGENES, a Greek physician of the Pneumatic sect, who flourished in the times of Domitian and Trajan. His works are frequently referred to hj Galen. ARCHILOCHUS, a Greek satirist, born in the isle of Paros, 660 b. c. The invention of the Iambic metre is at- tributed to him. ARCHIMEDES, the most celebrated mathematician among the ancients, was a native of Syracuse, and related to King Hiero. He was equally skilled in the sciences of astronomy, geometry, mechanics, hydrostatics, and optics; his aptness in solving problems had be- come proverbial in Cicero's days, and his singular ingenuity in the invention and construction of warlike engines is much dwelt upon by Li\7-. Tlie com- bination of puUevs for raising immense weights, the endless screw, &e., were invented by him ; but his genius for in- vention was never more signally dis- played than in the defence of Syracuse, when it was besieged by Marcellus ; for among other astonishing novelties, he produced a burning glass, composed of 60 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [aub reflecting mirrors, by -wliich he fired the enemy's fleet. At length, however, the city was taken bv storm, and Ar- chimedes, then in his 74th year, was among the slain, 212 B.C. ARCHINTO, Charles, a learned Mi- lanese of noble family, who founded an academy for the sciences and mechanics in his native city, which he enriched with an extensive" hbrary, &c. B. 1669. AKCIION, Loris, an antiquaiy, chap- lain to Louis XIV. ^ author of a "His- tory of the Royal Chapel of France." B. 1645; d. 1717. ARCHYTAS, a Pythaororean philos- opher and mathematician of Tarentum, who was one of the first who applied the theory of mathematics to practical purposes, 400 b. c. ARCO, NicH0L,\s, Count, a Latin poet, born at Arco, in the Tvrol, 1479 ; d. 1546. ARCOTs, J. C. Eleonore Lemiceaud, a French ofticer, born at Pontarlier, 1733; d. ISOO. ARCUDIUS, Peter, a Greek priest, born in tlie isle of Corfu, who wrote several pieces in defence of the Roman church, and was sent by Clement V' IIL to Russia, to settle some religious dif- ferences. D. 1635. ARCUDI, Alexander Thom.\s d', a Dominican of Venice, who wrote sev- eral works, chiefly biographical, of which the " Galatana Letterata" is the principal. D. 1720. ARCULPIIUS, a French divine of the 7th century, who visited the Holy Land, and wrote an account of his travels. ARCY, Patrick, a military writer of the 18th centnry, born at Galway. D. )779. ARDENE, Esprit .Tean de Rome d', a French author, born at Marseilles, 1G84; d. 1748. — John Paul, brother of the preceding, was a priest at Marseilles, and superior of a college ; but more celebrated as a florist than as an eccle- siastic. D. 1769. ARDERN, John, an English surgeon of Ncwark-upon-Trent, to whom the credit of being the re\iver of surgery in England in the 14th century has been given. ARDERNE, James, an English di- vine, made dean of Chester by Charles II. D. 1601. ARDINGHELLI, Maria, a Neapol- itan author, of noble origin, born in 1730. He was distinguished in algebra and the phvsical sciences. AREAGATHUS, a Greek physician, who lived 269 b. c, and practised with repute at Rome ; but having introduced the use of caustics and the knife, he was banished. ARENA, Anthony de, a French writer of the 16th century, chiefly known by his poem on the war of Pro- vence, canied on by Charles V. D. 1544. — James de, a learned civilian and writer in the 13th century. He was professor of law at Padua and Bologna, and wrote " Commentajies on the Di- gest and the Code." — Joseph de, an officer in the French service, born in Corsica; arrested at the opera, .Vug. 10, ISol, and executed Jan. 31 following, for an attempt on the life of Bonaparte, then first consul. ARENDT, Martin Frederic, a cele- brated traveller, was born at Altona, in 1769. He commenced his travels in 1798, visiting the nortiiern parts of Eu- rope, and making researches into the antiquities of the countries through whicli he passed. He afterwards trav- elled through Spain, Italy, and Hun- gary; and it was his practice to carry all his papers with him, live on the charitv of others, and sleep in the open air. D. 1824. ARESI, Paul, bishop of Tortona, Mi- lan, who taught theology, pliilosophy, and rhetoric, at Rome and Naples, and wrote some philosophical and religious pieces. B. 1574; d. 1644. ARET.EUS, a Greek physician in the time of Vespasian ; his works are held in great esteem. ARETIN, A. and J. G., brothers. B. in 1769 and 1771 ; authors of several German works on the fine arts, '' Ma- gazin des Arts du Dessin." — Christo- pher, Baron. B. in 1773 ; a laborious German bibliograph, curator of the Royal library at Munich, and member of the most famous German academies. Among his works are, " Historical and Literary Memoirs :" a " History of the Jews of Bavaria;" "On the Eifects of Printing;" and many curious treatises on Mnemonics, a Universal Language, the Divining Rod, &e. He edited the " Aurora" in 1806, and published the "Nouvel Indicateur Litteraire," at Tu- bingen, 1808. D. 1824. ARETINO, Charles, b. in Tuscany, in the 15th century. He was secretary to the republic of Florence ; and emi- nent both as a Greek scholar and a Latin poet. D. 1470. — Francis, a learned ci- vilian of Italy in the loth century. — Guido, a Benedictine monk, who lived in the 11th centarv. He rendered him- arg] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, 61 self famous h} disco verintj a new method of learning music-, or ratlier by restoring the true principle of the ancient Greek music ; and was said to have been the inventor of the six notes in music, Ut, Ee. Mi, Fa, Sol, La. They are thought to nave been taken from a hymn of St. John, composed by Paul, in 770, and which runs as follows : Ut queant laxia Rf sonare fibris Mi m gt-slonmi. Fa inuli tuorum, Sol ve pollutis, ta bios reHtuin. — Leon.vrdo, was one of the ablest men in eloqucncxis, an eminent advocate of Cremona; author of various works, »f which the most valuable is his "Cre- nona Literati." B. 1657 ; d. 1743. ARIST^NATUS, a Greek writer of the 4th century, praised by Ammianus Mareellinus, but only known now by two books of elegant Amatory Epistles. ARISTARCHUS, a critic and gram- marian, of Samothrace, who flourished about 150 B. c. Having settled at Alex- andria, he was made tutor to the son of Ptolemy Philomater. His criticisms ■were so severe that his name has be- come proverbial. — A Greek philosopher, supposed to have flourished about 4 centuries b. c. He is said to be the first wlo knew of the earth's rotatory motion on its own axis ; and a work of liis treats of the magnitude and distance of the sun and moon. ARISTEAS, a Jew, in the employ- ment of Ptolemy Philadelphus, who as- sisted in the Septuagint translation of the Bible. ARISTIDES, an Athenian, whoso equity and integrity gained for him tho glorious appellation of the Just, was the son of Lysnnachus. Being an admirer of the laws of Lycnrgus, he preferred an oligarchy to a democracy, and was, con- sequently, the great opponent of The- mistocles, the head of the democratical party. The dissensions between these two eminent men were so prejudicial to the conmion weal, that Aristides himself once exclaimed, that "the Athenians would never prosper till he and The- mistocles were consigned to the dungeon for condemned criminals." The self- denial and patriotism of Aristides were strongly manifested by his giving up his share of the command to Miltiades, be- fore the battle of Marathon ; and his con- duct at\er the battle, when intrusted to divide the spoils, was equally praise- worthy. In the year 491 b. c. he w-a? archon, or chief magistrate; an officj which he filled with high reputation. Themistocles, however, succeeded in having him sentenced to banishment by ostracism. On this occasion, a voter who could not write, and did not know him, met him, and asked him to inscribe the name of Aristides on the shell for him. " Did Aristides ever injure you ?" said the patriot. " No," replied the man, " but I am weary of hearing nira called the Just." Aristides wrote his own name, and returned the shell. Be- ing recalled from banishment, when Xerxes was preparing to invade Greece, he laid all private differences aside, and acted in perfect concert with Themisto- cles. At the battle of PlatKa he com- manded the Athenian forces, and fought bravely, and, subsequent to the battle, his wisdom put an end to a dangerous quarrel which arose between the con- federates. He d. of old age aoout 467 years b. c, and did not leave sufficient property to defray the expense of his fu- neral. He was buried at the public cost, a pension and an estate were given to his son, and suitable portions to his daugh- ters. — .(Elius, a native of Adriani, in Mysia ; an orator of great practice and ability during the reigns of Antoninus, Aureiius, and Commodus. — A Christiaa philosopher, of Athens, in the 2d cen- tury. Jerome praises his " Apology f )r the Christian Faith," but none of hia 64 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [aei writings are extaRC. — A painter of Thebes in the 8d century b. c, famous for his power of represeriting tlie passions. — QuFNTiLiAN, a Greek musician, who, about the year ISO, wrote a treatise on music. — Au historian of Miletus, often mentioned by Plutarch. AEISTIPPUS, founder of the Cyre- naic sect of philosophers, was b. at Gy- rene about 4 centuries b. c. He became a pupil of Socrates, but his niDde of life was so effeminate as to indue .. that great man to compose the lecture on pleasures, which is preserved in the Memorabilia of Xenophon. Excellent as that lecture is, it had little effect on Aristippus ; who, both in lecturing and living, made pleo-.ure the chief good. At Corinth he was the companion of the courtesan Lais ; and, at Syracuse, he was favored by the tyrant, Dionysius, to whom he paid his court. He established a school of philosophy at Gyrene, which con- tinued for about a century, when it was merged into the sect of Eipicurus. AiRISTO, of Chios, a Stoic philosopher, 260 B. c. — An Aristotelian philosopher, of Geos, 230 B. c. A work of his, en- titled " Amatory Similes," is cited by Athenseus. ARISTOGITON, a citizen of Athens, 516 B. c, who was executed, after being horribly treated, for conspiring with his friend Harmodius to slay the tyrants Hippias and Hipparchus. Hipparchus they succeeded in slaying ; and Hippias, who put Aristogiton to death, was ex- pelled the state about three years after- wards, when the statues of Aristogiton and Harmodius were placed in the forum, and it was decreed that no slave should ever bear the name of either. ARISTOMENES, a Greek, son of Nicomedes, a descendant of the regal family of Mcssene, whose exertions caused the Messenians, in conjunction with the Arcadians and Argi ves, to com- mence the second Messenian war, 685 B. c, in order to shake off the yoke of Sparta. The Messenians, however, were unsuccessful, and went over to Sicily, ■where thev founded the city of Messina. ARISTOPHANES, a dramatic poet of Athens, cotemporary with Socrates, Plato, &c., in the 5th century b. c. His comedies were marked by a severity of satire which made him at once feared and popular ; and his description of Athenian manners was so exact, that when Dionysius, of Syracuse, wished to study the language and manners of Athens, Plato sent him the comedies of Aristophanes as the readiest means of doing so. Only 11 of his 50 ot medics remain. These are Plutus, The Clouds, The Knights, The Acharncuses, The Wasps, Peace, The Birds, The Female Orators, the Priestesses of Ceres, and Lysistrata. " The Clouds," which he wrote in ridicule of Socrates, is the most celebrated of all his comedies : Madame Daeier tells us, she was so much charm- ed with this performance, that, after she had translated it, and read it over 200 times, it did not become the least tedi- ous to her. Aristophanes, having con- ceived some aversion to the poet Euripides, satirizes him in several ot his plays, particularly in hi* " Frogs" and his " Thesmophoriazuste." He wrote " The Lysistrata" when all Greece was involved in war ; in which comedy the women are introduced debating upon the affairs of the commonwealth ; when they come to a resolution not to go to bed with their husbands till peace should be concluded. He invented a peculiar kind of verse, which v>'as called by his name, find Suidas says, that he also was the inventor of the tetrameter and octa- meter verse. The time of his death is unknown. ARISTOTLE, the chief of the Peri patetic philosophers. B. at Stagyra, a small city in Macedon, in the 99th Olympiacl, about 334 b. c, was the son of Michomachus, physician to Amyntas, the grandfather ot Alexander the Great. By the advice of the Delphic oracle he went to Athens when about 18, and studied under Plato till he was 37. He followed his studies with most extraor- dinary diligence, so that he soon sur- passed all in Plato's school. He ate little, and slept less ; and that he might not oversleep himself, Diogenes Laertius tells us, that he laid always with one hand out of bed, having a ball of brass in it, which by its falling into a basin of the same metal, awaked him. When he had studied about 15 years under Plato, he began to form different tenets from those of his master, who became highly piqued at his behavior. Upon the death of Plato, he quitted Athens, and retired to Atarnra, a little city of Mysia, where his old friend Hermias reigned. Here he married Pythias, the sister of this prince, whom he is said to have loved so passionately, that he offered sacrifice to her. Some time after, Hermias hav- ing been taken prisoner by Maranou, the kinsr of Persia's general, Aristotle went to Mitylene, the capital of Lesbos, where he remained till Philip, king of Macedon, having heard of his great reputation, armJ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. 65 Bent for him to be tntor to his son Alex- ander, then about 14 years of age. Aris- totle accepted the otter ; ancT in eight veai-s taught him rhetoric, natural phi- losophy, ethics, politics, and a certain sort of philosophy, according to Plutarch, which he taught nobody else. Philip erected statues in honor of Aristotle-' and for his sake rebuilt Stagyra, which had been almost ruined by the wars. Aristotle having lost the favor of Alex- ander by adhering to Calisthenes, his kinsman, who was accused of a conspir- acy against Alexander's life, removed to Athens, where he set up his new school. The magistrates received him very kind- ly and gave him the Lycaeum, sotamous afterwards for the concourse of his dis- ciples ; and here it was, according to some authors, that he composed" his principal works. When Aristotle was accused of impiety by one Eurymedon, a priest of Ceres, he wrote a large apol- ogy for himself, addressed to the magis- trates : but, knowing the Athenians to be extremely jealous about their religion, and remembering the fate of Socrates, he ■was so much alarmed that he retired to Chalcis, a city of Euboea, where he end- ed his days in the 63d year of his age, being the third of the 114th Olympiad, two years after Alexander. The Stagyr- ites carried away his body, and erected altars to his memory. AEIUS, a divine of the 4th century, and the head and founder of the Arians, a sect which denied the eternal divinity and consubstautiality of the Word. He was bom in Libya, near Egypt. The Arian principles, according to Span- heim, were, that Christ was only called God by way of title ; that he was less than the Father, who only was eternal and without beginning ; that he was a creature, having a beginning of exist- ence, created out of things, having no being before the beginning of all things : hence he was made God, and the Son of God by adoption, not by nature ; and that the Word was also subject to change ; that the Father created aU things by him as an instrument ; and that he was the most excellent of all creatures ; that the essence of the Father was different from the essence of the Son ; neither was he co-eternal, co- equal, nor consubstantial vvith the Fa- ther ; that the Holy Ghost was not God, but the creature of the Son. begot and created by him, inferior in dignity to the Father and Son, and co-worker in the creation. His death happened in the vcar 33G. 6* AEKWEIGHT, Sir Eichard, a man who was born in one of the lowest sta- tions of life, being Uterally a penny bar- ber at Manchester, but by uncommon genius and persevering "industry in- vented and perfected a system of ma- chineiy for spinning cotton, that had in vain been attempted by many of the first mechanics ot the 17th and 18th centuries ; and which, by giving per- petual employment to many thousand families, increased the -copulation, and was productive of great commercial ad- vantage to his country. The machine is called a " Spinning Jenny." Sir Eichard died Aug. 3, 1792, leaving prop- erty to the amount of near halt a inil- hon sterling. AELAND, Jastes A^"THO^T, a Gene- vese painter of great merit. His last work was the " Amour of Jupiter with Leda," which, from some whim unex- plained, he destroyed by cutting it to pieces. A copy of it was sold in the artist's lifetime for 600 guineas. B. 1668; d. 1743. AELOTTO, Maix.vrdo, a fiicetious Florentine of the 15th century, and of whose witticisms a collection has been frequentlv printed, was a parish min- ister in tiie bishopric of Fiesole ; who, though regarded as a religious buffoon by some, was as benevolent as he was jocose. B. 1395; d. 1483. AEMELLINI, Makiaud, a learned Dominican, born at Ancona, was the author of " Bibliotheca Benedictino Ca- sinensis," and other works. D. 1737. AEMFELDT, Gustavus Maurice, Count, a Swedish statesman of some note. D. 1814. AEMINIUS, or HEEMANN, who by his intrepidity and success acquired the title of "the Deliverer of Germany," was the son of Segimer, a chief of the Catti. Having been sent to Eome as a hostage, he was there educated, served in the Eoman army, and for his valor was raised to citizenship and knighted. But his attachment to his native country induced him to revolt, and he became one of the most powerful leaders of the discontented German nations. He drew Varus, the Eoman commander on the Ehine, into that ambuscade in which he and nearly all his troops were slain, and completely baffled German- icus; but after having for years with- stood the vast power of Eome, Anni- nius was assassinated by one of his own countrymen, in the 37th year of his age, a.d. 21. — ^James, a native of Oude-water. in Holland, 1560, founder of the sect or 66 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, [a- in the Arminians. As he lost his father early, he was supported at the uui- versity of Utrecht, and of Marpiirg, by the h'beraUty of his friends ; but when he returned home, in the midst of the ravages caused by the Spanisli arms, insteiid of being received by his mother, he found that slie, as well as her daugh- ters, and all her family, iiad been sae- ritieed to the wantonness of the ferocious enemy, llis distress was for a while in- consolable, but the thirst af er distinc- tion called him to the newly founded university of Leyden, where his in- dn-^try acquired him the protection of the magistrates of Antsterdam, at whose expense he travelled to Geneva and Italy, to hear the lectures of Theodore Beza and James Zabarella. On his re- turn to Holland, he was ordained min- ister of Amsterdam, loSS. As professor of divinity at Leyden, to which ottice he was calleil, 1603, lie distinguished him- self by three valuable orations on the object of theology — on the autlior and end of it — and on the ••crtainty of it — and he afterwards explained the prophet Jonah. In his public and private life, Armlnius has been admired for his moderation ; and tliougli many gross insinuations have been tiirown against him, yet his memory has been fully vindicated by the ablest pens, and he seemed entitled to the motto which he assumed, — a good conscience is a para- dise. A life of perpetual labor and vex- ation of mind at last brought on a sick- ness of wirich he died, October I'J, 1619. His writings were all on controversial and theoloirical subjects. ARMSTRONG r)r. Joh.v, a celebrated poet, born at Castleton, Edinburghshire, where his father and brother were min- isters. He took his degree of M.U. m the university of Edinbiirgli, 1732, but ho did not meet witii the success in his profession whicii his merits deserved. His first exertions for the amusement of the public were some small medical tracts, which were followed by the " Economy of Love," a poem after the manner of Ovid, objectionable for its licentiousness, though admired for the spirit of its linos, corrected and purged in the edition of 176S. In 1744 the "Art of Preserving Jtealth" was pub- lished, and on this great and highly finished performance, the fame of Ann- strong totally depends. By means of his friends, the poet was recouunended to the notice of the great. He was ap- pointed physician to the lame and sick soldiers, behind Buckingham house, I and in 1760, he was made physician to ' the army in Germany. It was at this ' time tiiat he wrote his poem called ! "Day," inscribed to John Wilkes; and the freedom of remark which he used in one passage upon ChurcliiU not only drew the vengeance of the satirist upon him, but dissolved the friendship which had before cordially existed with vVilUes. He collected his scattered pieces which lie published in 1770, and the following year he wrote a "Short Ramble through Eranee and Itidy," by Lancelot Teinplo He died in September, 1779, leaving be- huid him about £3000, a sum which surprised his friends, as they knew that his income was small. — John, a phy- sician and medical writer, celebrated for llis researches on the causes and phe- nomena of febrile diseases. B. 1784; d. IS'29. — John, an American gcnerid, di.stingulshed in the Indian wars. He defended Eort MouLtric, and was in the battle of Germantown. D. 1795. — John, son of the preceding, was also a gen- eral, who at the age of IS joined the revolutionary army, contrary to the wishes of his parents, was aid to Mer- cer at the battle of Princeton, receiving him into his arms when he fell, and afterwards served as major under Gates. Just before the close of the war, he wrote a series of anonymous addresses which are celebrated as the " Newburg Lettei-s," and the cticct of which was so great, that Washington felt called upon to issue an address to counter- mand their intiuence. He w;is sub- sequently secretary of state for Penn- sylvania, a member of the old congress, a United States senator from New York, minister to Erance under Jefferson, ana secretary of war under Madison. He passed the latter part of his life in lite- rarv and agricultural pursuits. B. 1758; d. 1843. AKMYXE, Lady M.vry, daughter of Henry Tall)ot, tiie fourth son of George, earl of Shrewsbury, married Sir William Armyne, and renclcred herself distin- guished bv her pietv and benevolence, as well as her knowledgf. of history, or divinity, and of the lang lages. She en- dowed three hospitals. D. 1675. ARNALD, RiuH.vRo, B.D., a native of London, educated at Benet's and Emanuel college, and presented to the rectoiy of Tliurcaston m Leicestershire. He published several sermons, but his best known performance is his " Com- ment;irv on the Apoerypha." D. 1756. AR>iALL, William, an attorney's clerk, who became a political writer in arn] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 67 the par of Sir Eobert "^alpole. It ap- pears from the report of a secret com- mittee, that, in four years, he received £10,997 6s. Sd. for his pamplilets ; and though so liberally rewarded, he died of a broken heart and m debt, 1741, aged 26. ARXAUD, Fr-\xcis Thosl\3 Bacu- LAKD d", a prolific French writer of the j time of Voltaire. His principal works | were " Epreuves des Sentiments," I •'Loisirs L tiles," "Coligny," &c. B. i 171S; d. 1751. i AKNAUD DE VILLA NOVA, a physician, who improved himself by travelling through Europe, and created himself enemies by havmg recourse to astrology. He enjoyed some reputation at Parish and afterwards retired to Sicily, to Frederic, king of Aragon. He was Bhipwreeked on the coast of Genoa as he was returniug to attend Pope Clem- ent, who labored under a severe ill- ness. 1310 or 1313. AliXAULD, Hexry, a French eccle- B'dbtic, the son of an eminent advocate, was born in l.')97, and. after having boen intrusted with important missions to Eome, and other Italian courts, was made bishop of Angers, in 1649, and thenceforth devoted "himself strictly to the performance of his episcopal duties. His piety and charity were exemplary, and the only time, during nearly half a century, that he quitted his diocese, •was to reconcile the prince of Tarento with his father. Angers having re- volted, the queen mother threatened that city with severe vengeance, and was long inflexible. Arnauld at length Baved it, by saying, when he adminis- tered to her the sacrament, "Receive, madam, your God, who pardoned liis enemies, even when he w;is dying on the cross." To a friend who told him that he ought to take one day in the week for recreation, he replied, " I will readily do so, if you will point out any day on wliich I am not a bishop." D. 1692. — Anthony, brother of Henrv, was born at Paris, in 1612, studied in the colleges of Calvi and the Sorbonne, and t*iok his doctor's degree in 1641. Tlie publishing, in 1643, of his work on '' Frequent Communion," which was virulently attacked by the Jesuits, was his first appearance on the arena of con- troversy, where, during the remainder of his Ufe, he made so conspicuous a figure. He next espoused the cause of Jansenius, for which he was expelled from the Sorbonne. The result of this was, that he was compelled to live in retirement till the year 1668, and, while thus secluded, he produced many trea- tises. The Calvinists were the next ob- jects of his attack ; after which he had a contest with Malebranche. The in- trigues of his enemies haviiig rendered it necessary for him to quit France, he withdrew to the Netherlands, where he continued hostilities against the Jesuits and Protestants. He died at Brussels, in 1694. Arnauld was a man of exten- sive erudition, and an indetiitigable and excellent writer on a variety of subjects, literary and philosophicid as well as the- ological. His works extend to no less than Ibrty-five quarto volumes. Tliough in social life his manners were mild and simple, he was of an impetuous dis- position. Nicole, his fellow-laborer in some of his controversies, having de- clared to him that he was tired of this ceaseless warfare, and wished to rest, "Rest I" exclaimed Arnauld, " wUl you not have all eternity to rest in?" ARNAULT, Antoine Vpncent, an esteemed dramatic poet of France, who laid the foundation of his fame by l.ho tragedy of "Mariusa Mintunies," which was first performed in 1791. He soon after published his " Lucreee," and then "Cinciniiatus" and "Oroas," besides several operas. In 1797 Bonaparte com- mitted to him tlie organization of the government of the Ionian isles. While there he wrote his " Vencticus." In 1805 he was made president of the Na- tional Institute. After the restoration lie was banished, and resided in Bel- gium and Holland. His tragedy of " Gcrmanicus," when first performed in 1817, excited a furious contest be- tween the opposite political parties. Two years after lie returned to Paris, and subsequently wrote "Les Guelfes et le3 Gibelins," "Lycurjje," and "Guilliam I.," besides contributing to several peri- odicals, and editing a life of Napoleon. In 1833 he was appointed perjietual secretary of the academy. He took an active part in the literary controversy between the classic and romantic scliools, in favor of t'le foni. ir. D. 1834. ARNDT, Christian, professor of lo^o at Rostock, in Germany ; author of " Observations on the Right Use of Logic in Divinity," &c. B. 1623; d. 16S3. — JosnuA, brother ot the above, and his successor in the chair at Rostock ; author of a " Dictionary- of Ecclesiasti- cal Antiquities," and other valuable' works. B. 1626; d. 1685.— Gottlieb Vox, imperial Russian counsellor, assist- ant to the Empress Cath^.rine II. in hei 68 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [arn literary employment, and autlior of a learned work on " The Origin of Euro- pean Dialects," published in 1318. D. 1829. — Chakles, son of the last-named, Hebrew professor at Rostock ; author of " PhUoloffical Discourses," •' Bibliotheca Politico Heraldica," &c. B. 1673 ; d. 1781. — John, a native of Anhalt; author of a treatise " On True Christianity." B. 1555; d. 1621. ARNE, Dr. Thomas Augustine, a cel- ebrated composer of music. At the early atje of 18 he produced an opera, entitled ""Rosamond," and shortly afterwards composed the music for a masque, en- titled " Alfred," written by Thompson and Mallet. On the masque of " Comus" being adapted to the stage, ArneV music for it obtamed kim so hi^h a reputation, and such constant employment, that a mere catalogue of the various works he was subsequently the author of, would demand a far larger space than we can afford. His sister was the celebrated Mrs. Gibber. B. 1704; d. 1778.— Mi- chael, sou of the preceding, and, like him, a musical composer ; author of the music of Alcmena and of Cymon. ARNIGIO, Bartholomew, an Italian poet, was originally a blacksmith, but at 18 years of age devoted himself to litera- ture, and distinguished himself so much, that the university of Padua gave him the degree of doctor. As a pnysician, which profession he followed, he was far less distinguished than as a poet. His works are numerous. B. 1523 ; d. 1577. ARNIM, Ludwi& Achin von, a Ger- man poet, and writer of romances, was b. at Berlin, studied at Gottingen, and passed his life in literary leisure and independence, at Heidelberg, Berlin, and his country seat. His chief works are "Ariel's Offenbaruugen," " Der Knabe Wunderhorn," " Der Winter- gartcu," "Grafln Dolores," "Die Kro- nen-Wiichter," "Die Gleichan." D. 1831. His wife, Bettina Brentano, is still more celebrated than himself, both from her own writings, and the interest- ing relation in which she stood as a shild to the illustrious Goethe, her cor- respondence with whom, so singularly fresh, impulsive, and full of sentiment, has been translated into several lan- guages. ARNOLD, Chbistophee, a German peasant, whose energy and natural ge- nius enabled him to become one of the most accomplished astronomers of his age. The only work he left was entitled ''Signs of Di"uue Grace, exhibited in a Solar Miracle." B. 1646; d. 1695.— John, an English watchmaker, and au- thor of many inventions for the more accurate mensuration of time. B. 1744; d. 1799. — John, a miller, celebrated in consequence of the interference on his behalt of Frederic the Great of Prussia, Believing that Arnold had been wronged of territorial land, by the decision against him of a lawsuit, Frederic rev'.''sed the sentence, and imprisoned the judges.— Dr. Samuel, a musical composer of em- inence. He edited the woi-ks of Handel, and composed the " Prodignl Son," and other excellent oratorios. His opera of the " Maid of the Mill" still keeps the stage. B. 1789; d. 1802.— Thom.\s, ari English physician, eminent for his skhl in the treatment of mental insanity. Ho was the author of " Observations on the Management of the Insane," " A Case of Hvdrophobia successfully treated," &c. 'B. 1742; d. 181^.— Rev. Thomas, D.D., head-master of Rugby school, and professor of modern history in the uni- versity of Oxford, was b. at Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, and educated at Win- chester and Corpus Christi college, Oxford. Dr. Arnold was a most accom- plished scholar, a successful instructor of youth, and an author of sterling value. In proof of the latter it is necessary only to mention his admirable Histoiy of Rome, his edition of Thucydides, his Lectures on Modern History, and his various pamphlets on political and eccle- siastical subjects. From the time of his appointment to the head-mastership of Rugby, in 1828, the school which had previously been declining, rose rapidly m public 'estimation, and at the time of his death contained 370 boys, including those on the foundation. His singu- larly upright character, and his warm- hearted benevolence, joined to the ac- complishment 'A' the scholar _ and the gentleman, gave him great influence over all whom he approached. His me- moirs is one of the most interesting and instructive books of the day. — B. 1795 ; d. 1842. — Nicholas, a professor of the- ology at Franeker, in Friesland, whose sermons and polemical works are not without merit. B. 1628 _; d. 1680.— Jef- frey, the writer of a History of Mystic Theology, and also a History of the Church' and of Heretics, — himself a zeal- ous pietist, who preached at Pcrleburg. D. 1714. — Benedict, the most notorious of the name, was b. in Connecticut,_of obscure parentage, and was in early life, a dealer in horses, which may account for some parts of liis subsequent con- arn] CrCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 69 duct. On the breaking outepf tlie revo- lutionary war, he espoused the cause of the colonists with enthusiasm. He was chosen to the command of a volunteer mihtarv company of New Haven, and immediately after the battle of Lexing- ton, joined the army of AVashinsTton, at Cambridge, 1775. The Massachusetts committee of safely appointed liim a a colonel, and authorized him to raise four hundred men for the purpose of taking Ticonderoga, which lie took with the aid of Col. Allen, on the 10th of May. He connnanded tlie expedition sent against Canada the same year. He commenced his march on the 16th of Sept., through the wilderness of Maine, with about one thousand men, and quit- ted Canada on tlie 18th of June follow- ing. After this lie was appointed to the command of the American fleet on Lake Champlaiu. In the northern cam- paign of 1777, he acted a conspicuous part under Gen. Gates, and was present at the capture of Biirgoyne's army. Be- ing rendered unfit for actual service by a severe wound in the leg after the re- covery of Philadelphia, lie was appointed to the command of the American garri- 6on. All the while the thoughtless ex- travagance of his living, reduced him to the necessity of resorting to every and any means to support it. He was guilty of every species of artifice by which Eroperty both public and private might e obtained, and converted to his own use. More than half of the amount of his accounts were rejected, first by the commissioners, and afterwards by con- gress. He was soon obliged to abide the decision of a court-martial, upon charges preferred against him by the executive of the state of Pennsylvania, and he was subjected to the mortification of receiv- ing a reprimand from the commander- in-cliief. His trial commenced in June, 1778, and ended Jan. 2»i, 1779. The sentence of reprimand was approved by congress, and soon afterwards carriecl into execution. It is probable that tliis was the moment, when, smarting under the inflictions of supposed injuries, he resolved to obtain revenge by the sacri- fice of his country. Obtaining by arti- fice the command of the important post of West Point, he. in a letter addressed to Col. Beverly Bobinson, signified liis cliange of principles and liis wish to re- store himself to the favor of his prince by some siularity, when he published another on the possibility of avoiding death, which drew down upon him the .'di,um of the friends of the church, and particularly of I>r. Sacheverell ; so that, when ho after- wards went to Ireland, and by success in the law purchased an estate, and pro- cured a seat in the house of commons, he was ignominiously expelled for the contents of his pamphlet. On his re- turn to England, he was returned for Braraber, in Sussex; and here the mo- rality of his writings was also called in question, and though he made an elo- quent defence in favor of his opinionii, whicli he refused to retract, he was ex- pelled as a disgraced and unworthy member. This blow hastened the riiiu of his fortunes, he became a prisoner of the King's Bench and afterwards of Ihe Fleet, wiiere he continued to subsist by writing political pamphlets, and by transacting some professional busi- ness. After 30 years thus spent in confinement and poverty, he expired in November, 1738, aged upwards of 80. ASH, John, a Baptist divine, pastor of a congregation at Pershore. lie was author of a " Dictionary of the English Langiage," and he also wrote an "In- troduction to Lowth's Grammar," which has passed through a vast num- ber of editions. B. 1724; d. 1779. ASUBURTON, Alexander Baring, Lord, the second son of Sir Francist Baring, Bart., and for many years the head of the "great mercantile house. Baring Brothers & Co., was b. in 1774. After due initiation into business in London, he came to the United States, where he aided in swelling tne fortunes of his firm. His political life com- menced in 1812 as member for Taunton, which he continued to represent tUI 1820 ; after which he sat for CiJlington in successive p:>rliaments till 1831, and in 1832 he was returned for North Es- sex. Lord Ashburton commenced life as a Whig. On the formation of the Peel ministry in 1834, he became presi- dent of the Board of Trade; and in 1835 he was raised to the peerage. In 1842 he was appointed by Sir Robert Peel as a special commissioner to settle the dis- putes about the (Oregon territory, which then threatened to involve this country in a war with England. Lord Ashbur- ton continued to support the policy of Sir Robert Peel, until the final measure of free trade in corn was p'-oposed in 1846, when his position as a peer andn great land-owner probably overcome hia convictions as a man. Lord Ashburh>a married, in 1793, the daughter of Wil- liam Bingham, Esq., of "Pl iladelpliia» ash] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 75 and by that lady, who survived liira, he left a numerous family. D. 1848. ASHE, Simeon, a noucoiiformist, chaplain to Lord Warwick during the civil wars. He was a man of property, and of great influence among his per- suasion. He was educated at Emmanuel college, and settled in Startbrdsliire, where he became acquainted with Dod, Ball, Hildersham, Langley, and others. His principles were oti'ensive to Crom- well's party, and it is said, that he was greatlv instrumental in the restoration of Charles II. He d. 1662. _ He pub- libhed sermons, and also edited Ball's works. ASHLEY, Robert, a native of Nash- hill in Wilts, educated at Harthall, Ox- ford, and the Middle Temple, London. He was called to the bar, and distin- guished himself as an eminent writer, as a collector of books, in Holland, France, &c., and as a benefactor to the society to which he belonged. He pub- lished a "Relation of the Kingdom of Cochin China," and the " Life of Al- manzor," &e., and d. October, 1641, in an advanced old age. ASiniUN, John Hooker, a distin- guished American scholar, was b. at Blanford, Mass., on the 3cl July, 1800. He was graduated at Harvard university in 1818, and appointed professor of law in the same institution, in 1829. Al- though he did not reach the age of 33 years he acquired an enviable reputa- tion. " The honors of the university," says Judge Story, in his funeral dis- course, "were never more worthily be- stowed, never more meekly w-orn, and never more steadily brightened. He gathered about him all the honors, which are usually the harvest of the ripest life." D. 1833. — -Jehudi, an agent of the American Colonization So- ciety, was b. at Champlain, N. Y., edu- cated at Burlington college, and made a professor in the Bansror theological Bchool. He afterwards joined the Epis- copal church, and edited the " Theolo- gical Repository." Being appointed to take charge of a reinforcement to the colony at Liberia, he embarked for Af- rica, ^une 19, 1822, and arrived at Cape Monserado, August 8th. About three months after his arrival, while his whole force was 3.5 men and boys, he was at- tacked by 800 armed savages, but by his energy and desperate valor the as- sailants were repulsed, ar d again, in a few days, when they returi.ed with re- doubled numbers, were utterly defeated. When Ul health compelled him to take a voyage to America, he was escorteil to the place of embarkation by tlirce com- panies of the militia : and the men, wo- men, and children of Monrovia parted with him with tears. He left a com- munity of 1200 freemen. He arrived at New Haven, August 10, 1828, a fort- night before his death. He was a per- son of great energy of character, and most devoted piety, and his services to the infant colony were invaluable. ASIIMOLE, feuAs, a celebrated En- glish philosopher and antiquary, and founder of the Ashmolean museum at Oxford, was born at Lichfield, in Staf- fordshire, the 23d of May, 1617. Be- sides filling several offices, civil and military, he was a diligent and curious collector of manuscripts. In 1650 he published a treatise written by Dr. Arthur Dee, relating to the philoso- pher's stone; togetlier with another tract on the same subject, by an un- known autlior. About the same time he was busied in preparing for the press a complete collection of the works of such English chemists as had till then remained in manuscript : this un- dertaking cost him great labor and ex- pense ; and at length appeared towards the close of the year 1652. The title of this work was, "Thcatrum Chemicum Britannicum," &c., &c. He then ap- plied himself to the study of antiquity and records. In 1658 he began to col- lect materials for his "History of the Order of the Garter ;" which iie lived to finish, and thereby did no less honor to tlie order than to himself. In Sep- tember following he made a journey lo Oxford ; where lie set about a full and particular description of the coins given to the public library by Archbishop Laud. Upon the restoration of King Charles II., Mr. Ashmole was appointed to give a description of his medals, which were accordincjly delivered into his possession ; and King Henry VIII. 's closet was assigned for his use. On the 8th of May, 1672, he presented his "In- stitution, Laws, and Ceremonies, of the most noble Order of the Garter," to the king, who received it veiy graciously, and, as a mark of his approbation, granted him a privy seal for £400. In 1679 a fire broke out in the Middle Temple, in the next chamber to Mr. Ashmole's, by which he lost a noblo library, with a collection of 9000 coins ancient and modern, and a vast repos itory of seals, charters, and other an tiquities and curiosities ; but his manu sf^ripts, and his most valuable gold med- 76 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [iSP als, were at his house at South Lam- beth, la 1633 the university of Oxford having finished a masrnificeut repository near "the theatre, Mr. Ashmole sent thither his carious collection of rarities ; and this benefaction wsis considerably augmented by the addition of his man- uscripts and! hbrary at his death, in 1692. ' ASHTON, Charles, a learned critic, ■was elected master of Jesus college, Cambridge, July 5, 1701, and installed in a prebend of Ely on the 14th of the same month. His great knowledge in ecclesiastical antiquities was excelled by none, and equalled by few. — Thomas, rector of Si. Botolph, Bishopsgate, a popular preacher and excellent divine. B. 1716; d. 1775. ASHWELL, George, an English di- vine of the 17th century : author of several religious works. 15. 1612; d. 1693. ASHWORTH, Caleb, a native of Northamptonshire, who, from the hum- ble employment of carpenter, rose, by the instruction and patronage of Ur. Doddridge, to the respectability of min- ister of a dissenting congregation, and at last successor in the school of his able master. He wrote Paradigms of Hebrew verbs, and other works, and was respect- ed as a man and as a scholar. B. 1709 ; d. 1774. ASKEW, Anne, an accomplished lady, daughter of Sir William Askew, of Kel- say, in Lincolnshire. B. in 1529. She received a learned education, and in early life showed a predilection for the- ological studies. By these she was led to favor the Reformation ; in conse- quence of which she was arrested, and, having confessed her religious princi- ples, committed to Newgate. She was first racked with brutal cruelty in the Tower, and afterwards burned alive in Smithfield, July 16, 1546 ; a ]3unishment which she endured with amazing courage and firmness. — Anthony, a physician and scholar of the 18th century ; 'author of an appendix to the Greek Lexicon of Scapula, &c. B, at Kendal, 1722; d. 1784. ASPASIA, a celebrated female, native of Miletus, who went as an adventurer to Athens in the time of Pericles, and by the combined charms of her manners and conversation, completely won the tflfections of that eminent man. Her station had freed her from the restraints which custom had laid upon the educa- tion of the Athenian matron, and she had enriched her mind with accomplish- ments rare even among men. After parting with his wife, by mutual con- sent, Pericles attached himself to Aspa- sia, by the most intimate ties which the laws allowed him to contract with a foreign woman, and she acquired an as- cendency over him which soon became notorious, furnished themes for the comic satirist, and subjects for graver strictures by his more serious enemies. But many of the rumors which were set afloat in regard to them were unques- tionably without foundation. They had their origin in the peculiar n.ature of Aspasia's private circles ; which, with a bold neglect of established usage, were composed not only of the most intelligent men to be found at Athens, but also of matrons, whose husbands carried them thither to profit by her conversation. This must have been instructive as well as brilliant, indeed, since Plato did not hesitate to describe her as the precep- tress of Socrates, and to assert that she both formed the rhetoric of Plato, and composed one of his most admired harangues, the funeral oration. Her- mippiis, the comic poet, brought a crim- inal prosecution against her, on the ground of offences against religion, and as a corruptor of the Athenian women ; but the indictment was not sustained. After the death of Pericles, Aspasia at- tached herself to an obscure youth named Lysicles, whom she fitted for and raised to some of the highest employments in the republic. — Tiiere was another of the same name, a native of Phocoea, in Asia Minor, who seems to have been almost as extraordinary a person as the first. She was so remarkable for her beauty that a satrap of Persia carried her off and made her a present to Cyrus the Young- er. Her modesty and grace won his af- fections, and he lived with her as with a wife, so that their attachment was cele- brated throughout Greece. Her original name had been Milto, but Cyrus changed it to Aspasia. When he died she fell into the hands of Artaxerxes, whom she despised, and who relinquished her to his son Darius. She was afterwards made a priestess of Diana of Ecbatana, but .Justin savs a priestess of the sun. ASPINWALL, William, a skilful and noted physician, was b. in 1743, at Brookline, in Massachusetts, and took his decree at Harvard college, during the revolution. He was appointed a surgeon, in the army, and at the battle of Lexing- ton fought" as a volunteer. He was par- ticularly successful in the treatment of small- pox ; yet when vaccine inoculation Ast] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 77 was introduced, he warmly adopted the practice, and abandoned his hospital, Blthouffli it greatly reduced his profes- Bional emoluments. D. 1823. ASSALINI, PiETRO, a physician of Modena, who was surgeon-major in the French army, and accompanied Napo- leon in his expedition to Egypt. He saw a great deal of the plague at Jaffa, and wrote intelligently of that pest. He also wrote on yellow fever, dysentery, dis- eases of the eyes, and improved several surgical instruments. ASSAKOTTI, OcTAvirs. B. at Genoa in 1753, and d. there in 1829. The Abbe Asearotti was one of those few noble spirits whose lives are devoted to the amelioration of the miseries of their fellow-creatures. He was the great rival of the Abbe I'Epee in the estab- lishment of institutions for the instruc- tion of the deaf and dumb : a model of piety, humanity, and charity. ASSELYN, John, a Dutch painter of the 17th century, was pupil to Isaiah Vandervelde, and afterwards went to Eome. Settling at Amsterdam, in 164.5, he obtained great reputation by the pro- ductions of his pencil, which consisted principally of historical paintings, battle- pieces, and landscapes with ruins, and were distinguished for their adherence to nature, and a correct style of coloring. A set of his landscapes (24 in number) has been engraved by Perelle. D. 1650. ASSEMANI, Joseph Simon, an arch- bishop of TjTC, and librarian at the Vat- ican. He was profoundly skilled in the oriental languages, and published sev- eral learned works, such as the " Bibli- otheca Orientalica," " Italica; Historife, &c.," " Kalendica," "Ecclesiae Univer- se," &c. B. 1687; d. 1768. — .Stephen Evonius, his nephew, bishop of Apaniea, succeeded him as keeper ot the Vatican library, and was also an oriental scholar. He published an Oriental Catalogue, and " Acta Sanctorum Martvrum," &c. ASSER, a Rabbi of the 5th century ; one of the compilers of the Babylonian Talmud. D. 427. ASSERIUS MENEVENSIS, a learned ecclesiastic, the tutor, friend, and biog- rapher of Alfred the Great, by whom he was made bishop of Sherborne. His "Annals" contain, at once, tlie fullest »nd most authentic account of the life of his august sovereign and friend. 1). 909. AST, George Anthony Frederick, a German pliilologist. B. at Gotha, who wrote an introduction to the study of the works of Plato, which is one of the 7* best of the kind. He also put forth an admirable edition of those works, with a Latin translation, and able and ex- panded commentaries, to which was added subsequently, a "Lexicon Pla- tonicum." He was professor at the university of Landschut, and afterwart's at that of Munich. B. 1778 ; d. 1S41. ASTELL, Mart, b. at Newcastle- upon-Tyne, about the year 1688. Her uncle, a clergyman, observing marks of a promising genius, took her under his tuition, and taught her matheraalios, logic, and philosophy. She let> the place of her nativity when she was about 20 years' of age," and spent the re- maining part of her life at London and Chelsea, in writing for the advancement of learning, religion, and virtue, and in the_ practice of tliose religious duties which she so zealously commended to others. D. 1731. ASTLE, Thomas, an eminant archteo- logical writer, and author of a Treatise "On the Origin and Progress of Wri- ting," &c., &c. D. 1803.— John, a por- trait painter, pupil of Hudson, who married Lady Daniel, and gained great wealth. D. 1787. ASTLEY, Philip, author of "Re- marks on the Profession and Duty of a Soldier," " A system of Equestrian Ed- ucation," &c. ; but better known as the founder, and for many years the man- ager of the Amphitheatre in London, which still goes by his name. B. 1742 ; d. 1814. ASTON, Sir Arthur, a brave com- mander of the royalist troops in the reign of Charles L", who greatly distin- guished himself at the battle of Edtre- hill, &c. He was governor of DroLrheda in 1649, when it was taken by Cromwell, and is said to have had his brains beaten out with his own wooden \es- — Sir Thomas, also a royalist, who, in the civil wars, raised a troop of horse for the king's service; and was hiffh sheriff of Cheshire, in 1635. He was killed while attempting to escape after being os.f>- tured by the republicans, in 1645, AST6R, John .Jacob, a New Y'ork merchant, noticeable for the enterprise and energy by which he accumulated oie of the lararest fortunes in America, was b. at Waldorf, Germany, in 1763. He came to this country, in 1784, a poor orphan boy, landing at Baltimore ; sup- ported himself as he could for a wiiile, but gradually got into the fur business, which rapidly enlaro-iug by a profitable trade he carried on with the Mohr /k Indians, when New York was a wil ir- 18 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ath ness, enabled liini to project that stu- peudous expedition across the Rocky Sloiintains, and around Cape Horn, by whicli tlie American fur trade was es- tablished on the coasts of the Pacific. Washington Irving, in his " Astoria," and " The Adventures of Captain Bou- neville," has written charming descrip- tions of tlie various incidents of tliese gigantic enterprises. lie was subse- quently engaged in the Canton trade. Ky his will, Mr. Astor established a public library in the city of New York, which bids fair to become one of the most extensive and valuable institutions of the kind within the limits of the United States. D. 184S. ASTOKGA, a Spanish marquis and grandee, declared a traitor by Napoleon, hi 180S. ASTORGAS, Marchioness i>', a wo- man in the reign of Charles II. of Spain, who killed with her own hands a beau- tiful mistress to whom her husband was attachel. She afterwards prepared the heart of her victim for her husband to eat, which, when he had done so, she rolled the bleeding head of his mistress before him on the table. This wretched woman escaped into a convent, where she became insane through rage and jealousy. ASTORI, Jonx Anthony, secretary to the academy of the Aucmosi, at Venice, and also to that of the academy at Rome, who wrote copiously on Greek and Ro- man literature and antiquities. B. 1672 ; d. 17-4B, ASTORINI, Eli.vs, a professor of mathematics and natural philosophy, at Cosenza, who published a dissertation on the life of the Foetus, a translation of Euclid's Elements, and another of Apollonius Pergffius on Conic Sections. D. 1702. ASTRUC, John, a French physician, who wrote several medical dissertations, and a Natural History of Languedoc. B. lfiS-4; d. 17(5(5. ATAHUALFA, or ATABALIPA, the last of the Jncas, succeeded his father, in 1529, on the throne of Quito, whilst his brother Huascar, obtained the kingdom of Peru. Tiiey soon made war against each other, and when the latter was defeated, his kinjjdom fell into the hands of Atahualpa. The Spaniards, under Pizarro, taking advan- tage of these internal disturbances, in- vaded Peru, where they were entertained with no little hospitality by the king and Bis people ; but, instead of returning the kindness, they took Atahualpa cap- tive, and requested him to acknowledge the king of Spain as his master, and embrace the Curistian religion. Upon his asking their authority for this re- quest, the friar Valverde gave him the breviary as authority. Atalnudpa put- ting it to bis ear, said, " It tells mo nothing;" and then threw it away. This was made a pretext for a massacre of the people and the imprisonment of the Inca. He offered a large sum of gold as a ransom : this the Spaniards took, but still kept him prisoner. At last, he was burnt, ui 1533. ATAIDE, Don Louis d', a Portuguese noble and military officer, who wua ap- pointed viceroy of India, in 156U. at a period when all the native powers wero combined to expel the Portuguese. His etforts t-) quell the revolt were success- ful, and he returned ; but on being seat out a second time, he d; at Goa, 15S0. ATANAGI, Den-is, an Italian authoi and editor, who lived at Urbino. Among his works are a "Treatise on the Excel- lence and Perfection of History ;" and an edition of the " Rhetoric of Aristotle," a translation of the " Lives of Illustrious Men," ascribed to Pliny, but really writ- ten by Aurelius Vietro. He was per- sonally chastised for the publication of the latter, by a student who called the translation his own, and denounced Atanagi as a barefaced plagiarist. D. about 1570. ATI! A, a famous Turkish impostor, who flourished noTess at Albany in 1754. D. 1779.^ Ti.,>MAS, a miscellaneous writer of some note, was b. at Glasgow, 1801. Among other works, he publisliod (in two senses, for he was a bookseller as well as an author) the Chameleon and the Ant, a weekly periodical, and was an extensive conrributor to many of the local publica- tions. D. 183:3. ATKYNS, Sir Robert, a distinguished lawyer and patriot, who aided in the de- fence of Lord VVilliaui Kussel, and eon- ducted that of Sir W. Williams, speaker of the House of Commons, when pros- ecuted for signing the orders to print Dangertield's narrative of the popish plot. He also distinguished himself by his opposition to the arbitrary measures of James II., and at the revolution was made chief baron of the exchequer. He subsequently was made speaker. B. 1621 ; d. 1709.— Sir Robert, son of the precedino', was the autlior of the " An- cient and Present State of Gloucester." B. 1646; d. 1711. — Richard, of the same family, wrote the " Origin and Growth of Printing." D. 1677. ATLEE, Samuel John, a colonel in the old French war, who also acquired distinction at the battle of Long Island. In 1780 he was elected to Congress. D. 1786. ATRATUS, Hugo, an English cardi- nal, known as Hugh the Black ; a skilful mathematician and natural philosopher; author of " C'anones Medicinales," &c. ATTAIGNANT, Gabriel Charles de f, a French ecclesiastic and poet ; author of " Pieces Derobees k uu Ami," &c. B. 1097 ; d. 1779. ATTERBUr.Y, Francis, a celebrated English prelate, was born in 1662, and received his education at Westminster, where he was elected a student of Christ-church college, Oxford. He dis- tinguished himself at the university as a classical scholar, and gave proofs of an elegant taste for poetry. In 1687 he took his dejjree of M.A., and for the first time appeared as a controversialist in a defence of the character of Luther, entitled " Considerations on the Spirit of Martin Luther," &c. He was also thought to have assisted his pupil, the Hon. Mr. Boyle, in his famous contro- versy with Bentley on the Epistles of Phalarius. Having taken orders in 1691, he settled in London, where ha became chaplain to William and Mary, preacher of Bridewell, and lecturer of St. Bride's, and soon distinguished him- self by the spirit and elegance of his pulpit compositions, but not without uicurring opposition, on the score of their tendency and doctrine, from Hoadly and others. Controversy, how- ever, was altogether congenial to the disposition of Atterbury, who, in 1706, commenced one with Doctor Wake, which lasted 4 years, on the rights, privileges, and powers of convocations. For this service, he received the thanks of the lower house of convocation, and the degree of doctor of divinity from Oxford. Soon after the accession of Ciueen Anne, he was made dean of Car- lisle, and, besides his dispute with Iloadl}' on the subject of passive obe- dience, he aided in the defence of the famous Sachcverell, and wrote a " Rep- resentation of the present State of Re- ligion," which was deemed too violent to be presented to the queen, although privately circulated. In 1712 he was made dean of Christ-church, and, in 1713, bishop of Rochester and dean of Westminster. The death of the queen, in 1714, put an end to his hopes of fur- ther advancement; for the new king treated him with great coolness, doubt- less aware of either the report or the fact of his otier, on the death of Anne, to proclaim the Pretender in full canon- icals, if allowed a sufficient guard. At- terbury not only refused to sign tho loyal declaration of the bishops in the rebellion of 171.5, but suspended a cler- gyman for lending his church, for the performance of divine service, to the Dutch troops brought over to act against the rebels. Not content with a con- stitutional opposition, he entered into a corresponaence with the Pretender's party, was apprehended in August, 1722, and committed to the Tower; and, in the March following, a bill was brought into the house of commons for the infliction of p;;ins and penalties. This measure met with considerable op- position in the house of lords, and was resisted with great firmness and elo- quence by the bishop, who maintained his innocence with his usual aeuteness and dexterity. His guilt, however, has been tolerably well proved by docu- ments since published. He was de- prived of his dignities, and outlawed. AUBJ CrCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 81 an 1 went to Paris, -where he chiefly oc- cupied liimself in study, and in corrc- Bpondence witli men of letters. But. even here, in 1725, he was actively en- gaged in fomenting discontent in the Highlands of Scotland. D. 1731. As a composer of sermons, he still retains a great portion of his original reputa- tion. His letters, also, are extremely easy and elegant ; but, as a critic and a controversialist, he is deemed rather dexterous and popular, than accurate and profound. — Lewis, an elder brother of the above, author of some " Ser- mons," "Tracts against Popery," &c. B. 1656 ; d. 1731. ATTICUS, son of Julius Atticus, and a descendant from the family of Mil- tiades, acquired so much reputation as a teacher of eloquence at Athens, that he was invited by Titus Antoninus to superintend the education of his adopted Bons, Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Vc- rus. He subsequently became consul, prefect of the free cities of Asia, &c. He employed his great wealth in public works ; but at the close of his life he retired to Marathon, his native place, where he d., a. d. 185. — Titus Pompo- Nius, a Roman knight, whose vast Wealth enabled him to aid men of all parties, while his prudence prevented Iiim from siding with any ot them in their public measures. He thus escaped injury amid the contentions of Cinna and Marius, Cajsar and Poinpey, and in the horrible times of the Triumvirate. Of the ability and influence of Atticus, we may form some opinion from the correspondence between him and Cicero. He is said to have written " Annals" of great value ; but it is for liis pru- dence, his wealth, and, above all, his friendship with Cicero, that he is now remembered. D. 33 b. c. ATTIRET, John Francis, a French Jesuit and painter. Being appointed missionary to Pekin, he acquired by means of his pictures, great tavor with the Emperor Kien Long, of whose gar- dens he wrote a very amusing account. B. 1702; d. 1768. AT WOOD, George, an eminent mathematician, author of a " Disser- tation on the Construction and Prop- erties of Arches," and many other valuable works on mechanical and mathematical science. B. 1745 ; d. 1807. ^Thomas, an eminent musician and compoer.r, who commenced his musical cducaticn under Dr. Nares. In 17S3 he set out for Naples, and after studying for a time with Filippo Cinque and La- till a, he proceeded to Vienna, where he reaped great advantages from the cele- brated Mozart. In 1796 he was ap- pointed organist of St. Paul's cathedral, and composer to the chapel royal ; he also held the situation of organist at the chapel of the Pavilion, Brighton. His compositions consist of several dramatio pieces, numerous services and anthems, songs, glees, sonatas, and otlier pieces for the pianoforte. B. 1767 ; d. 1838. AUBAIS, Charles de Baschi, Mar- quis of, an ingenious Frenchman, who published a work on " Historical Ge- ography," and furnished materials for Menard's "Pieces fugitives pour 1' His- toire de France." D. 1777. AUBAT, Abbe, cen^seur roijal in 1784; a sarcastic French fabulist, whom Vol- taire pronounces first after La Fontaine. AUBIGNE, Theodore Aorippa d', a French Calvinist of good family, re- markable for his attachment to Henry IV., and for the honesty with which he spoke the truth to that liing even when it was least agreeable. He spent the latter part of his life in retirement at Geneva. D. 1630.— Constant u', son of the above, and father of the notorious Madame de Maintenon. His moral character was very inferior to that of his father; but as an author, his " Uni- versal History," and his satires, poems, memoirs, &c., do him considerable credit. AUBLET, John Baptist Chrlstopheb Fl'vee, an able French botanist, author of "Histoiresdes Plantes de la Guienne Frangoise." It was in honor of him that Linnaeus gave the name of Verbena Aubletia to a species of vervain. B. 1720 : d. 1778. AUBREY, John, an eminent English topographer and antiquary. He left a vast number of MSS., evincing great re- search, of which Wood has availed him- self in his Oxford biographies ; but he only published one work, entitled " Mis- cellanies," a collection of popular super- stitions. Many of his MSS. are in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. B. 1626 ; d. 1700. AUBRIET, Claude, a French painter of natural history subjects. D. 1740. AUBRIOT, HiiGH, a French mercliant, mayor of Paris, and superintendent of finance to Charles V. He was im- prisoned for heresy, but the populace, who had risen against the taxes termed Maillotins, released him, and he escaped to Burgundy. It was from him that the French reformers had the name of Hu- guenots. 82 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [aud A.UBEY DE MONTDIDIER, a Fronch kniglit of the time of Charles v., who, accorJing to tradition, was baeely murdered, in 1371, by his eom- pauion iu arms, Richard de Maoaire. The murder was discovered by means of a dog of the deceased, who sliowed the most liostile disposition to the mur- derer. The king compelled Mucaire to Jight with his accuser, tiie dog, in order 1,0 decide tlie case; aud the murderer ■was conquered. From this story the drama of '• Tlie Dog of Montargis" has been taken. — John" Baptlst, a French prior who was deprived of his sitvuition at the revolution, author of "Questions Philosophiques sur la Reliifion Natu- rclle," &c. B. 1735 ; d. 1809^— MLLE.,_a figurante of the French opera, who, in 17y3, publicly personated the " God- dess of Reason" at Paris. — A Parisian librarian, and profound mathematician, author of a work addressed to the legis- lative body in 17y9, " On Weights and Measures;'' and another, "On the system." Fr, nch Fkanuis, a Fr, nch physician of the 18th century, author of " Les Oracles de Cos," a review of the practice of Hip- pocrates, and other ancient physicians. — Dubonchet N., a deputy of the Tiers Etats in 1789 ; and author of sev- eral works on political economy. — F., one of the French connnittee of public Bafety in 17.94. who aimed at counter- revolution. He deprived Bonajiarte, after the siege of Toulon, of military employments, and reduced him to great distress; the latter revenged liimself afterwards, by preventing liis re-entry into France after iiis deportation to Cayenne, on the return of some of his feliow-victims. — De Gouges, Map.ie- Olympie, a female republican, celebrated for her beauty and talents. She founded the popular female societies called Tri- coteuses, and was a perfect enthusiast in her political opinions. At length she was put to death by Robespierre's piirty, 11 consequence of her having denounced ihem in a pamphlet called the " Trois Urues." Slie died with heroic spirit. She is the author of the " Memoires de Madame de Valmont ;" of " L' P^selavage des Negres," a melodrame; "Le Mar- riai^e de Cherubim," a comedy; and "Molicre ehez Ninon," an episodical piece, &c. B. 17.55. AUBUSSON, Peter d', surnamed the Buckler of the Church, after having Berved with great distinction under the Emperor Sigismund against tlie Turks, entered the Order of St. John of Jeru- salem, became grand-master, and, ia 1430, compelled Mahomet II. to raise the siege of Rhodes. D. 1501'. AUCIIMUTY, Sir Samuel, a distin- guished English general. He served with great zeal and ability in North and South America, and when commanding in India, reduced to the dominion of Great Britain the rich settlements of Java and Biitavia. On bis return to Europe, he was appointed to the com- mand of Ireland, where he d. in 1822. AUCKLAND, William Eden, Ijord. an able netrotiator. who was the tiiira son of Sir Robert EJen, Birt., of West Auckland, Durham. lie was appointed under-secretary of state in 1772; went to Ireland in itSO with Lord Carlisle, as chief secretary ; in 1788 was ambassa- dor to Spain ; and in the year following was ambassador to Holland. He wrote "The rrinciples of Penal Laws," "The History of New Holland," and numerous other valuable works. B. 1744; d. 1814. AUDE, Joseph, knight tf Malta, sec- retary to the Neapolitan philosophical minister, Carraccioii, and subsequently to ths French Pliny, Buffon, whose life he published in 1788. He is the author of several dramas; " Le Holine Aii- gloise," " Le Retour de Camillc," " Le Nouveau Ricco," and some melodrames; "The Exiles of Siberia," &c. B. 1755. AUDEHERT, Germain, a French lawyer of the IGth century, author of "Roma," "Veiietia," and other Latin poems. D. l.')98 — John Baitist, a cele- brated French engraver of natural his- tory. The spirit of his engravings of monkeys, snakes, birds, &c., is inim- itable. B. 1759; d. 18O0. AUDIFREDI, John Baptist, a famous Italian astronomer, author of " Demon- strazione della Stazione della Cometa, 17G9," &c. B. 1714. AUDIFFREDY, Therese, born in Guinea in 1757. When returning thither, at 18, from Bordeaux, she wa-* exposed, through the etfect of her youthful beauty, to the re.iected love of the captain of the vessel, but was relieved from his ollored violence by Sonnini and the Chevalier Audiffredy, the latter of whom she married ; and becoming on.; of the richest proprietors in Cayenne, she saved Pichecrru, and the numerous de- ported victims of the 181 h Fructidor, from bein? starved to death. AUDINOT, founder of the Tlieatro Audinot, and the inventor of melo- drames. He was a favoi^ite actor in, as well as author of, nianv of the latter. B. 1750 ; d. 1801. >ud] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. 83 AUD-LEY, Thomas, chancellor of En- gland, daring the reign of Henry VIII. , was b. in 14:88, of a noble family in the county of E^isex, and in addition to con- Biderable abilities and erudition, was possessed of an ample fortune. How- ever, notwithstanding all these advan- tages, he was, during the whole period of his public life, one of the most vile and fawning hirelings of the kins. He was appointed to succeed Sir Thomas More, as chancellor, having long acted as a mere instrument as speaker of the parliament, so justly denominated the ''Black Parliament," — and although Queen Ann Boleyn had been in many instances his patroness, yet he sat in judgment upon her, and also on his pre- decessor Sir Thomas More, and Bishop Fisher. In the affairs of Ann of Cleves and Catharine Howard, he was likewise made an active tool, and in short, re- fused no undertaking, however incon- sistent and miserable, imposed upon him by the wayward and haughty Henry. As a reward for these base services, tlie title of Lord Audley of Walden wa^ conferred upon him ; he also received the order of the Garter. He d. in lo44, having been a liberal patron to Magdalen collegre, Oxford. AUDOUIN, Jean Victor, one of the most diligent zoologists of his day. He was professor of the Museum of Natural History at Paris, and lectured as well as wrote extensively on entomology. B. 1797 : d. 1841. AUDRAN, the name of a family of French artists, of v/hom the following are the most emiaent — Charles, the elder, whose works are numerous and excellent. B. 1594; d. 1679.— Claude, a nephew of the jireceding, was b. at Lyons, in 1639, and studied under his uncle. He was employed by Le Brun in painting part of the pictures of Alex- ander's battles at Versailles, and became professor of painting in the Royal Aca- demy of Paris, where he d. in 16S4. — GiRARD, the brother of the last-men- tioned, and the most celebrated of the feiaily, was b. at Lyons, in 1640 ; studied under Le Brun at Paris ; and engraved that artist's pictures in a masterly style. D. 1703. — Claude, a nephew of Girard, was b. at Lyons, in 1635. He was cele- brated for ornamental designs ; appoint- ed kire's painter. D. 1734. — John, bro- ther of Claude, was b. in 1067 ; studied engraving under his uncle, and d. at Paris, in 1756. AUDRIEX, Yves M., a French ec- ilesiastic, who joined Robespierre, de- clared for the revolution, and proposed his " Plan d' Education," to withdraw the education of youth trom the priest- hood. In 1800, while proceeding to his bishopric, he was dragged out of his carriage by the Chouans, and assassin- ated. " AUDCBOX, John James, an eminent American ornithologist, whose tame be- longs to the world, while it is the pecu- liar pride of America, was the son of an adnural in the French navy, living on a plantation in Louisiana, who took him to France, where he received a varied and accomplished education. At the age of 17 he returned from France — then in the midst of its revolution — to the woods of the new world, with fresh ardor, and began a collection of draw- ings, under the title of the "Birds of America." This collection multiplied upon his hands, and after many years ot devoted toil, he was persuaded to undertake the publication of his great work, and with the view of obtaining subscribers he visited Europe in 1824. Everywhere was he well received. On the Continent, Ilerschel, Cuvier, and Humboldt, whom he had encountered in America, gave him a hearty reception. In Edinburgh he was warmly received by Brewster, Jeffrey, Wilson, and Sir Walter Scott. Professor Wilson gives a graphic description of Audubon in an article in " Blaekwoocl!s Magazine," and he was everywhere hailed as the Amer- icsm backwoodsman, who shared the highest elevations of science with Erro- pean celebrities. He published, after tiis second return to America, a work on the Animals similar to his work on Birds. He pursued the objects of his pursuit into their native haunts, sometimes spendintr years away from his family, and painted them trom nature. The life-like fidelity and beauty of his delin- eations placed him in the first rank as an artist, whilst his minute accuracy in describing their habits proves him to have been the closest observer. He was as stanch as a man as he was renowned as a naturalist. The childlike simplicity of his niimners, and cheerfulness of temper, were worthy of all imitation, and made him beloved by all who knew him. At the age of 60 years, when ha was first personally known to the writer of this sketch, he had all the sprightli- ness and vigor of a young man. In person he was tall, and remarkably well made. His aspect sweet and animated. His whole head was remarkably striking. The forehead high, arched, and uncloud 84 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [auq ing; the hairs of the brow prominent, particularly at the root of the nose, which was long and aquiline ; chin prominent, and mouth characterized by energy and determination. The eyes were dark gray, set deeply in the head, and as restless as the glance of the eagle. D. 1851. AUERBACH, Henky, the builder of the court and cellar at Leipsic, men- tioned in Goethe's Faust. His real name was StrOmer, but according to the fashion of the time, he took the name of the place where he was bora. The building was erected in 1530, and tradition says that five years afterwards Doctor Faust was seen ridini,^ out of it in a barrel of wine. AUGEKEAU, Pierre F. Charles, duke of (Jastiglione, marshal of France, was the son of a fruit merchant, servea as a carbinier in the French army, went from thence into the Neapolitan service, estabhshed himself at Naples, in 1787, as a fencing master, and was banished thence, in 1792, with the rest of ids countrymen. lie served, afterwards, as a volunteer in the army of Italy, in which his talents and courage soon gained him promotion. He distinguished himself m 1794, as general of brigade in the army of the Pyrenees, and in 1796, as general of division in the army of Italy. He took the pass of Millesimo ; made him- self master of the intrenched camp of the Piedmontese at Ceva, afterwards of that at Casale ; threw himself on the bridge of Lodi, and carried it with the enemy's intrenchnients. June 16th, he passed the Po, and made prisoners tiie papal troops, together with the cardinal legate and the general's staff. Aug. 1st, he came to the assistance of Massena ; maintained, during a whole day, a most obstinate struggle against a superior number of troojis, and took the village of Castiglione, trom wliioh he derived his ducal title. In the battle of Arcole, when the French columns wavered, he Beized a standard, rushed upon the ene- my, and gained the victory. The direc- tory bestowed this standard on him, Jan. 27th, 1797. He was the instrument of the violent proceedings ofthelSthof Fructidor, and was saluted, by the deci- mated legislative body, as the saviour of his country. In 1799 he was chosen a member of" the council of five hundred, and, therefore, resigned his command. He then obtained from the consul, Bona- parte, the command of the army in Hol- land. He led the French and Bntavian army on the Lower Rhine to the support of iloreau, passed the river at Frank- fort, and fought with the imperial gen- eral, with various success, until the battle of Hohenlinden ended the campaign. In October, ISUl, being superseded by General Victor, he remained without employment till 1803, when he was ap- pointed to lead the army, collected at Bayonne, against Portugal. When this enterprise tailed, he went back to Paris, and. May 19th, 1804, was named marshal of the empire,, and grand officer of the legion of honor. • At the end of 1805, ho was at the head of a corps of the great army in Germany, formed of troops col- lected under his command at Brest. He contributed to the successes which gave birth to the peace of Presburg, and in March, 1806, had possession of Wetzler and the comitry around, until, in the autumn of this year, a new war called him to Prussia. The wounds which he received in the battle of Eylau compelled him to return to France. " He was after- wards made a peer by Louis XV 11 1.; quarrelled with Napoleon, who proclaim- ed him a traitor in 1815. D. 1816. AUGER, Athanasius, a learned abbe, and professor of rhetoric at the college of St. Rouen. He published several political works (among others "Cate- chisme da Citoyen Francois," &c.) in favor of the re'volution. His learned publications are numerous : " Constitu- tion des Remains ;" " De la Tragedie Grecqiic ;" the complete works of Iso- crates, Lysias, Xenophon, &c. B. 1734 ; d. 1792. AUGURELLO, Giovanni Aurelio. an Italian poet and professor of the Belles Lettres ; author of " Chrysopseia," and other poems, Latin and Italian. B. 1440 ; d. 1524. AUGUSTIN, St., bishop of Hippo, and one of the fathers of the Christian cliurcli, was b. at Tagaste, in Africa, A. D. 354. He was in his youth attached to the Manichean doctrines, and of very loose morals ; but his conversion from his errors was complete and permanent ; and he wrote with great zeal, and very voluminously, against all the sects which the church lieldto be heretical. D. 430. —S AIN'T ANTiioxr, a Spanish prelate of the 16th century ; author of some trea- tises on law and on medals. D. 1586. — One called the Apostle of the English, flourished at the close of the 6th century He was sent, with 40 monks, by Gregory, to introduce Christianity into the Saxon kiu'^doms. He was kindly received by Ethelbert, king of Kent, whom he soon converted: and such was his success with his subjects, that he is said to have aur] CVCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. 85 baptized 10,000 in one day. This suc- cess may be attributed to liis reiiutatiou 3f miraculous power in tlie restoration of sight and life, more probably than any other cause. He has the merit of allowing no coercive measures to be used in the propagation of the gospel. Elated by the rapid progress he had made, Augustin became ambitious of possessing the supreme authority over the English churches as archbishop of Canterbury, and received the archiepis- copal pall from the pope, with instruc- tions to establish 12 sees in his province. The British bishops in Wales, successors of the British converts of the 2d century, had never submitted to the jurisdiction of the churcli of Rome, and Augustin endeavored to persuade them to unite with the new English church. They asserted their independence, and 1200 Welsh monks were soon after put to the Bword, as thought, at his instigation. D. 604. AUGUSTULUS, Komulus, the last emperor of the West, was raised to the throne by his father, the patrician Orestes, who deposed Julius Nepos, in 476 ; but his reigfi was little more than nominal, and of very short duration ; being soon after conquered and de- throned by Odoacer, king of the lieruli, who spared his Ufe, and "allowed him a pension. AUGUSTUS, Caius Julius Cjesar Oc- TAViANOs, a Roman emperor, was the son of Caius Octavius and Accia, niece of Julias Caisar, who, on the death of his father, which happened when he was only four years old, adopted him as his son. When Ca;sar was assas>inated. Octavius (for by that name he was called before his accession to the throne) was in Epirus, whence he immediately re- turned to secure his inheritance,' and entered into an alliance with Antony and Lcpidus, though he at tirst was in- imical to the former. The triumvirate thus formed shed the best blood of Rome ; and Octavius was fully as guilty iis either of his associates. At length Lepidus was deposed, Antony hurried to ruin and death, and Octavius, tlicn 36 years of asre, became emperor, with the title of Augustus. As emperor, his course was wise and beneficent; litera- ture and the arts flourished under his auspices ; good laws were enacted ; and he was in m;my respects deserving of the lavish praise heaped upon him by the writers of that time. B. 63 b. c. ; d. A. D. 14. AULISIO, Dominic, a Neapolitan pro- fessor of civil law, but more celebrated as a linguist, and for his great proficien- cy in general science and the belles lettres. He was author of " Connnen- taries on Civil Law," a " History of the Rise 'and Progress of Medicine," &e. B. 1639; d. 1717. AULNAGE, F. H. S. de, a Spanish writer. B. in 1739 ; author of a work on ancient pantomime, and of " Histoire Generale des Relisrions," &e. AULUS GELLIUS, a grammarian in the reigns of Trajan and Marcus Aure- lius ; chiefly remembered for his " Noctea Atticse." AUNGERVILLE, Richard, or Rich- ard DE Bury, was the tutor of Edward III., by whom he was made bishop of London, lord high chancellor, lord nigh treasurer, &c. He was a munificent patron of learning, and the author of a learned work, entitled " Philobiblion." B. 1281 ; d. 1345. AUNOY, countess of, a lively French authoress of the 17th century. D. 1705. AURELIAN, Lucius Domitius, a Ro- man emperor, was the son of a peasant, and b. in Pannonia, about the year 220. Having throughout an active life greatly distinguished himself as a skilful, val- iant, and successful general, he was chosen emperor on the death of Claudius n. in 270. He drove the barbarians from Italy, conquered Tetricns, who had assumed the purple in Gaul, and van- quished the celebrated Zenobia, of Pal- myra, and carried her a prisoner to Rome ; but while on his march towards Persia, in 275, he was assassinated by his mutinous troops. AURELIO, Louis, an Italian monk of the 17th century ; author of an account of the Bohemian rebellion. He also abridged the Universal History of Tur- sellinus, and other works. D. 1637. AURIA, ViNCENTio, author of a his- tory of eminent Sicilians. B. 1625; d. 1710. AURIGNI, Giles, a French lawyer and poet of the 16th century; author of a poem, entitled "Tuteur d' Amour," and some other works of no great value. AURUNGZEBE, the great Mogul, or emperor of Hindostan, was the third son of Shah .Jehan. His early life was marked by gravity and seeming devo- tion, but these were merely the disguise of an ambitious and crafty spirit. He deposed his father, put to death two of his brothers, and tlie son of the elder of them, and assumed the sovereign au- thority. Ill, however, as he obtained his power, he used it with akiU and 86 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [avi courage. He subdued Golconda, the Carnalic, V'^isapour, anjj Bengal, and routed the pirates who had infested the month of the Ganges. His achieve- ments obtained him'the respect of Eu- ropean as well as Asiatic powers.* But the close of his life was embittered by the rebellious conduct of his sous, wlio aimed at deposing him, as he had de- posed his father. After the death of Aurnncrzebe, the might and splendor of the Mogul empire rapidly declined. B. 1618 ; d. 1707. AUSEGIUS, a French abbot of the 9th century, who made a collection of tlie capitularies of Charlemagne and his Boi: Louis, whicli has been several times reprinted. T>. 834. AUSONIUS, Decius Magnus, a Ro- man poet of the 4th century; son of Julius Ausonius, a physician of Bor- deaux. He early gave proof of genius, and was appointed tutor to Gratian, son of the emperor Valentinian; and when his pupil came to the throne, he made him pnetorian prefect of Gaul, and sub- sequently raised him to the consulship. His poems are various both as to sub- ject and merit : but though they contain much that is beautiful, they are but too frequentlv deformed bv licentiousness. AUSTEN, .J.vNE, tlie celebrated au- thoress of "Pride and Prejudice," "Sense and Sensibility," and other prose fictions, was the daughter of a cler- gyman in Hampshire. B. 177.5; d. 1817. AUSTREA, D. Jitan, a Spanish ad- miral. B. in 154'); remembered as the conqueror of the Turks at Lepanto. AUVERGNE, Anthony, a French musician and composer of the 18th cen- tury, who composed the first comic opera ever performed in France. D. 1797. AVALOS, Ferdinand, marc^uis of Pescara. a brave Neapolitan soldier, and the author of a " Dialogue on Love," ■which he wrote while a prisoner of war, and dedicated to his wite, the beautiful Vittoria Colonna. B. 1489 ; d. 1525.— Alphonso, marquis del Vasto, nephew of the preceding, was b. at Naples, in ]502, and obtained the command of the imperial army at his uncle's death, for the brilliant Valor he displayed at the siege of Pavia. D. 1546. AVAUX, Claude df. Mesne, count of, a celel)rated French diplomatist, and an accomplished seliohir. D. 1650. AVELLANEDA, Alphonsl-s Fernan- dez i)E, a Spanish writer, who. to the great annoyance of Cervantes, wrote a jontinuatim of the first part of Don Qui.\ote. AVELLONE, F., an Italian dramatic writer, whose pieces .are numerous, and many of them successful; "Lanterns Masique," " Jules Willenvel," &c. B. 1756. AVENTINE, John, a native of Bava- ria; author of the "Annais of Bavaria," and of a curious work, entitled " Nu- merandi per Digitos," &c. B. 1466 ; d. 1534. AVENZOAR, or EBN ZOAR, an Arabian physician of the 12th century. B. at Seville ; author of a medical com- pendium, entitled " Al Theiser." AVERANI, Benedict, a Florentine, was a learned and voluminous prose wri- ter and poet. B. 1645; d. 1707.— Joseph, brother of the above ; author of various scientiilc treatises, and of a defence of Galileo. AVERDY, Clement Charles de i,', comptrnllcr-gencral of France in the 18th century; author of "Code Penal," and other useful works. He was guil- lotined in 1794, on a charge of having caused the scarcity of wheat which then afflicted France. AVERROES, or AVEN ROSCH, an Arabian philosopher and physician of the 12th century. His talents caused hiin to be made chief ruler of Morocco, by the caliph, Jacob Almanzor, but be- ing accused of heresy by the Maliometan priests, lie was imprisoned and other- wise persecuted. Again, however, he acquired both the royal favor and the popular confidence, and d. at Morocco, in 1198, in possession of the highest honors below the sovereiirnty. He was author of a paraphrase of Plato's Repub- lic, and several other works. AVIGNY, a national French poet. B. at Martinique, in 1760; author of "Jeanne d'Arc," "Le Depart de la P6- rouse ;" and some successful dramas, "Les Lettres," " Les Deux Jockeys," " Doria," &c. His best prose produc- tion is on the progress of the British power in India, inserted in Miehard'a " Histoirc de Mysore." AVILA, John d', a Spanish priest, who for the space of 40 years journeyed through the Andalusian mountains and forests, enforcing by his precepts ami example, the doctrine of the gospel ; on which account he acquired the appella- tion of the Apostle of Andalusia. D. 1569. AVILA Y ZUNIGA, Louis d', a dis- timxuished diplomatist, warrior, and his- torian, under Charles V. He wrote "Commentaries" on the wars of his sovereign, who si much admired them. AZU] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 87 that ho deemed himself more fortunate than Alexander, in having such an his- torian. AVIRON, James le Batiieliek, a French lawyer of the 16th century ; author of "Commentaries on the Pro- vincial Laws of Normandy." AVISON. Charles, a composer and musician ; author of " Essays on Musi- cal Expression," &c. D. 1770. AVITUS, Marcus M^cilius, raised to the empire of the West, on the death of Maximus, in 455, but deposed after a reign of only 14 months. AV0GA£)K0, Lucia, an Italian poet- ess, whose earlv talents won the praise of Tasso. D. 1568. AY ALA, Petee Lopez d', a learned, brave, and eloquent Spanish statesman, was b. in Murcia, in 1332. After serv- ing under four Castilian monarclis, botli in the council and the field, he distin- guishiiig liimself also as a man of erudi- tion. D. 1407. AYESHA, daughter of Abubeker, and favorite wife of Mahomet. On the death of her husband she resorted to arms to oppose tlie succession of Ali; but though conquered by him, she was dismissed in safety, and d. in retirement, at Mecca, in 677. The Mussulmans venerate her memory, and designate her the proph- etess. AYLMER, John, bishop of London in the rei^n of Queen Elizabeth. He was a reatly, but not very rigidly prin- cipled writer; and was more disposed to intolerance than is consistent with the character of a true Christian. B. 1521 ; d. 1594. — The true name of Jack Cade. AYLOFFE, Sir Joseph, an able anti- quary of the 18th century. He was keeper of the state papers, and author of "The Universal Librarian," besides numerous other works. B. 1708 ; d. 1781 . AYMON, JoirN, a Piedmontese priest of the 17th century. He abjured Pa- pacy fur tlie doctrines of Calvin, but re- turned to Ills original faith, and had a pension from the Cardinal de Noailles. Availing himself of his intimacy with Ihe librarian of the royal collection at Paris, he stole some MSS., one of which, an account of the synod of Jerusalem in 1672, he published in Holland. He wrote a "Picture of the Court of Rome," and some other works. AYRAULT, Pierre, a French lawyer •»f the 16th century ; author of a treatise "De Patris Jure," occasioned by the »eduction of his son bv the Jesuits, and 6ther works. B. 1526'; d. 1501. AYRTON, EDMtTNn, a joraposer of catliedral music, and one of the directors of the Commemoration of Handel. B. 1734; d. 1808. AYSCOUGH, George Edw.u?d, sou of the dean of Bristol, by a sister of the first Lord Lyttleton. He was the author of a volume of "Travels on tlie Conti- nent," " Index to Shakspeare," and the "Tragedy of Semiramis." 1). 1779. — ■ Samuel, an industrious literary charac- ter of the last century. He contributed laro-ely to the Britisli Critic and other r>eriodicals ; and compiled a variety of laborious indexes, of which his index to Shaku^-eare is the principal. He was curate" of St. Giles's, and lecturer at Shorcditch. B. 1745 ; d. 1804. AYSCUE, Sir George, a distinguished admiral in the time of Cromwell, and one of the coadjutors of Blake in his tainous action with tlie Dutch admiral, Van Tromp. At the restoration he was made rear-admiral of the blue ; and be- ing captured in Albemarle's action off Dunkirk, remained many years a pris- oner. AYTON, Sir Robert, a native of Fife- shire, in Scotland, a poet of considerable merit. He wrote in Greek, Latin, and French, as well as English. B. 1570; d. 1638. AZAIS, P. IL, author of a " Systeme Universel," and the ediior of several lite- rarv and political works, " Le Mercure," " Aristarque," - sic, where a prosecution having been connnenced against him at Vienna for the heterodo.xy of his writings, lie fled to Prussia ; and at length he settled at Halle, took a farm and an inn, and ojienly avowed himself a deist. D. 1792. BAIAN, or BAK^N, Andrew, a na- tive of Goa, wlio was converted to Christianity, and ordained a priest at Rome about 1630. He translated the ^neid into Greek verse, and the Lusiad into Latin. BAIER, John William, a German divine, author of a "Compendium of Theology," &c. B. 1647; d. 1694.— John James, a German physician, and director of the botanical garden at Alt- dorf : author of " De Hortis celebriori- bus Germanic, et Ilorti Medici Acade- mici Altdorflni Hist.," &c., &c. B. 1677 ; d. 1735. BATE,, Lazarus, a French abbot, and counsellor to the parliament of Paris, in the 16th century; author of treatises "De re Navali," "De re Vestiaria." — ■ John Antony, son of the above, and author of some poems. D. 1592. BAIL, Louis, a French divine of the 17th century, author of an " Account of Celebrated Preachers," a " Summarv of Councils," &c. BAILEY, Nathan, an English lexicog- rapher, was a schoolmaster at Stepney. Besides several school books, he was the author of " Dictionarium Domesti- cum ;" but W\s principal work was an " Etymological English Dictionary," which may fnirly be regarded as the basis of Dr. .Tohnson's unrivalled work. D. 1742. — Peter, author of "Sketches from St. George's Fields," "The Queen's Appeal," &c. D. 1823. BATLLLT, Adrian, a learned French- man, born of poor parents at Neuville, 1649, in Picardy, and educated by the humanity of the fathers of a neiglibor- ing convent. He early distinguished himself bv* his great application, and the extent of his learning. In 1680 ho BAl] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 95 became library keeper to M. de La- nioiguoii, and began to t'oriu an index of every subject which was treated iu the books wliich he possessed ; and so vohmiinous were his kibors, that they were contained in 35 folio volumes, and all written with his own hand. His next work was " Jugeinens des Sa- vans," which had a very rapid sale, and which he totally gave to the bookseller requesting only a few copies for his friends. As in this work he mentioned not only the praises but the censures passed on different authors, he met witli violent opposition from those who suf- fered under the severity of his criticism. The Jesuits were particularly severe against him, because he had spoken disrespectfully of their society; and, on the otlier hand, expressed himself in handsome terms of the gentlemen of the Port Royal. Besides these, his inde- fatio'able laboi's produced a prolix " Life of Descartes,'" 2 vols. 4to., a "His- tory of Holland," the " Lives of Saints," 4 vols, folio, and several theological works; and he formed the plan of " An Universal Ecclesiastical Dictionary," which was to contain a perfect system of divinity, supported by authorities from scripture and from the fathers of the church, but died 1706, before it was completed. BAILLIE, Roche, surnamed La Ri- viere, physician to Henry IV. of France, and author of " A Summary of the Doctrines of Paracelsus." He pretended to great skill in astrology. D. 1605.— Robert, a Scotch divine, 'born in Glas- gow, 1599. He was one of the deputa- tion sent to London to exhibit charges against Archbishop Laud; and also one of the connnissioners sent from the feneral a.ssembly of Scotland to Charles I. at the Hague. His letters, and a journal of his transactions in England, were published in 1775. D. 1662. — Matthew, M.D,, a celebrated anatomist and physician, was born in 1671 at the manse of Shotts, in Lanarkshire, Scot- laud. He succeeded Dr. Hunter as lec- turer on anatomy, in conjunction with Mr, Cruickshank, at St. George's Hos- pital; he was also one of the physicians m ordinary to their majesties " George in. and IV., and was held in high esteem among his professional brethren. His professional nicorae at one time amounted to £10,000 per aimum, and no physician since the days of Dr. Syd- enham had attained such a supremacy. He was the author of several highly «hleemed works, as well as of many im- portant papers in the Philosophical rransactions, itc. ; and be presented to the (.'<,illcgc ot' Physicians a valuable mu senm of anatomical specimens. D. 1823. — Joanna, his sister, became distinguished as one of the greatest female writers of Great Britain. She was born at Both- well about tiie year 1765, and at an early age, manifested a strong predilection for literary pursiuts. Her first dramatic eflbrts were published in 1798, uniler tho title, ''A Series of Plays," in which itisj attempted to delineate the stronger pas- sions of the mind, each passion being the subject of a tragedy and a comedy. A second volume was published in 1802, and a third in 1812. During the interval she gave the world a volume of miscel- laneous dramas, including the "Family Legend," a tragedy founded upon a story of one of the Macleans of Appin, and which, principally through Sir Walter's endeavors, was brought out at the Edin- burgh theatre. She visited Scott in Ed- inburgh in 1808. In the following year the drama in question was play^ed with, great temporary success, and Sir Walter Scott's enthusiasm in its favor communi- cating itself to Edinburgh society, tho drama ran fourteen nij^lits. In 1814 it Was plaved in London. The only " Play of the Passions" ever represented on a stage was " De Montfort," brought out by John Kemble, and played for elev- en nights. — In 1821 it was revived for Edmund Kean, but fruitlessly. Miss O'Neill played the heroine. In fact, like all Joanna's dramatic efforts, it was a poem — a poem full of genius and tho true spirit of poetry — but not a play. Scott, nowever, was strongly taken by it ; his lines are well known : *'Till Avon's swans — while runpr the ffrove With Montfort's hate, and BasiVa love 1 — Awakening at the inspiring strain Deeni'd their own Sbakspeare lived again !" In 1836 the authoress published threw more volumes of plays. Previous to this, in 1823, a long-promised collection or poetic miscellanies appeared, containing Scott's dramatic sketch of " Macduft'a Cross," with, inter alia, some of Mrs. Ileman's poetry and Miss Catharine Fan- shaw's Je//,i; d'espi'it. She always lived in retirement, and latterly in strict se- clusion, in her retreat at Hampstead. The literary fame which she had ac- quired by her own works, aided in no small degree by the long and loudly ex- pressed admiration of Walter Scott, who always visited her when in London, never succeeded in drawing her gener- ally into societv. D. 1850. During the 96 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [baj greater part of her life she hved with a maideu sister, Agnes — also a poetess — to whom she addressed her beautiful Birtliday poem. Tliey were of a family in wliich talent and genius were he- reditary. Their father was a Scottish clergyman, and their mother a sister of the celebrated Dr. William Hunter. — John, an active and able officer of the East India Company, went out to India as a cadet, in IT'jf, where at the com- mencement of the Mahratta war he ef- fected the peaceable transfer to the British dominions of a territory yielding an annual revenue of £225,000. On re- turning to England, Colonel Baillie was, in 182U, elected M. P. for Ilendon ; and subsequently represented the burghs of Inverness, &c. D. 1833. BAILLON, William de, a French physician, and author of Conciliorum iledicinaUum. B. 1538; d. 1616. BAILLY, David, a painter, engraver, and author, of Ley den. B. 1630. — John Sylvain, a famous astronomer. B. at Paris, 15th September, 1736. The acci- dental friendship of the abbe de la Caille directed him in the pursuit of science ; and in 1763 he introduced to the acad- emy his observations on the moon, and the next year his treatise on the zodiacal stars. In 1766 he published his essay on the satellites of Jupiter, and in other treatises enlarged further on the import- ant subiect. In 1775 the first volume of his history of ancient and modern astronomy appeared, and the third and last in 1779 ; and in 1787 that of Indian and oriental astronomy, in 3 vols. 4to. He was drawn from his literary retire- ment to public view as a deputy to the first national assembly ; and such was his popularity, that he was, on July 14th, 1789, nominated mayor of Paris. In this dangerous office he conducted himself in a very becoming manner, which of- fended the terrorists, and at the same time showing sympathy with the royal family, he became unpopular. He re- signed his office, and m 1793 was guil- lotined by order of the sanguinary tribunal of Kobespierre, showing in his death as in his life, resignation, firmness, and dignity. BAILY," Francis, famous in the annals of astronomical science, was the son of a banker at Newbury, and for many years well known on the Stock Ex- change, in which busy arena he realized an ample fortune. The Astronomical Society was organized by him, and throughout life he was the most consid- erable contributor to its memoirs. Sys- tematic order and steady perseverance were the secrets of his success. D. 1844, aged 70. BAINBRIDGE, Dr. John, an eminent physician and astronomer. B. in 1582. He gained considerable reputation by his work entitled a "Description of the late Comet in 1628," and was appointed pro- fessor of astronomy at Oxford. D. 1648. — William, a commodore of the United States navy, was b. at Princeton, N. J., May 7th, 1774. He was apprenticed to the' sea-service at an early period of his life, and at the age of 19 rose to the com- mand of a merchant vessel. In 1798 he entered the naval sen-ice with the rank of lieutenant. In 1800 he sailed for Al- giers as commander of the frigate George Washington ; and in 1803 he sailed for Tripoli, as commander of the frigate PhUadelpliia, in consequence of the grounding of which he was captured. On the 29tli of December, 1812,l]aving the frigate Constitution under his com- mand, He captured, after a severe action, the British Irigate Java; and his gener- osity to the prisoners gained for him a strong expression of their gratitude. Since the close of the war Commodore Bainbridge commanded, with great rep- utation and popularity, at several naval stations ; and for several years filled the office of a commissioner of the Navy Board. He d. at Philadelphia, July 27th, 1833, in his 60th year. BAINE, Michael, a divine, deputy at Trent, whose writings were condemn- ed as Calvinistic. B. 1513 ; d. 1589. BAINES, a noted friend of civil and religious liberty in the British parlia- ment. He was originally a printer at Leeds, but in 1838 was elected to parlia- ment, where he served 7 years. He wrote a " History of the reign of George III.," &c. B. 1774; d. 1848. BAIED, Sir David, a distinguished English general, who served in the East Indies, Egypt, Cape of Good Hope, Spain, &c.' D. 1829. BAJAZET I., a wariike, but tyranni- cal sultan of Turkey, who succeeded Amurath, his father, in 1889, having strangled his rival brother, Jacob. The greatness and rapidity of his conquests got him the name of II Derim, or the Lightning. In three years he acquired Bulgaria, Macedonia, a part of Servia, Thessaly, and the states of Asia Minor. Constantinople was besieged by him for ten years, which at last yielded. He was 'finally defeated by Tamerlane on the plains of Agora. He d. in Timour's camp in 1403.^There was a .second sul- bal] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOORAPHY. 97 tan of this name, who was poisoned in 1512. BAKER, David, an Enfflisli monk of the Benedictine order, originally a Pro- testant, but being converted to the Eomish faith, he came to England as a missionary from Italy. He wrote an ex- position of Ilylton's " Scale of Perfec- tion." D. in 1641. — Sir Richard, author of a " Chronicle of the Kings of En- gland," &c. B. 1568 ; d. 1645.— Thomas, a divine and antiquary ; author of " Re- flections on Learning," &e., &c. B. 1658 ; d. 1740. — Henhy, a diligent and ingenious naturalist. He was originally brought up as a bookseller, and married one of the daughters of the celebrated Daniel De Foe. He obtained the gold medal of the Royal Society, for his mi- croscopical experiments on saline par- ticles ; and wrote "The Universe,^' a poem, "The Microscope made Easy," &c. B. 1704 ; d. 1774. — David Erskine, Bon of the above, was author of the " Companion to the Playhouse," subse- quently enlarged by Stephen Jones, and published under the title of " Biographia Dramatica." D. 1774. — Sir George, M.D., b. in 1722, was a physician of considerable reputation, and a fellow of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies. D. 1809. BAKEWELL, Robert, a country gen- tleman of small fortune, who acquired considerable notoriety as a grazier at Dishley, in Leicestershire. He greatly improved his breeds of cattle and sheep. B. 1726 ; d. 1795. BAKKER, Peter Huzinoa, a Dutch poet ; author of a poem on the Inunda- tion of 1740, and 01 numerous songs and satires on England. B. 1715; d. 1801. BALAMIO, Ferdinand, a Sicilian physician ; translator, into Latin, of sev- eral treatises by Galen. B. 1555. BALASSI, IIIario, a Florentine paint- er. B. 1604; d. 1667. BALBI, Adrian, a geographer. B. at Venice, in 1784. He wrote a statistical Essay on the Kingdom of Portugal, an Ethnographic Atlas of the Globe, and an Abridgment of Geography, all works of profound and extensive research, which have made him an authority both m Europe and America. D. 1848. BALBINUS, Decimds C^elius, chosen emperor of Rome, in conjunction with Maximus, in 287 ; and murdered bj' the soldiery in the following year. BALBOA, Vasco Nunez de, a Castil- ian, one of the first who visited the Wr'st Indies. He established a colony on tlie isthmus of Panama, where he 9 built the first town on the continei.t of South America, penetrated into the in- terior, discovered the Pacific Ocean, and obtained infonnatiun respecting the em- pire of Peru. Jealous ot his talents and success, rival adventurers accused him of disloyalty, and he was put to death in 1517, by Peurarias Davila, the Spanish governor of Darien. BALBUENA, Bernardo de, a Span- ish poet, and bishop of Porto Rico. D. 1627. BALBUS, Lucius Cornelius Theo- PHANEs, a native of Cadiz, whose military exploits caused Pompey to obtain for him the privileges of a Roman citizen ; and he subsequently became consul, being the first foreigner on whom that diirnitv was conferred. BALCANQUAL, Walter, a Scotch divine, who accompanied James I. to England. He was made dean of Roches- ter and bishop of Durham, but in the civil wars he was a severe sufi'erer, being driven from place to place for shelter. He wrote the " Declaration of Charles i. concerning the late Tumults in Scot- land," &c. D. 1642. BALCHEN, John, an English admiral, who was lost, with all his crew, on board his ship the Victory, in a violent storm off Jersev, October 8, 1744. BALDERIC, bishop of Dol in Britan- ny, in tlie 12th century; author of a history of the Crusade to the year 1099. BALDI, Bernard, an Italian mathe- matician and poet ; author of Italian poems, lives of mathematicians, &c. He was a man of almost universal genius, and abbot of Gnaitallo. B. at Urbino, 1553; d. 1617. — De Ubaldis, an Italian lawyer and author. B. 1319 ; d. 1400.— James, a German Jesuit and poet. B 1603; d. 1668. — Lazzaro, a Tuscan painter, employed by Alexander VII. to paint the gallery at Monte Cavallo. D. 1703. BALDINGER, Ernest Godfrey, a German physician and author. B. 1738 ; d. Ift04. BALDINUCCI, Philip, a Florentine artist and connoisseur ; author of " A General Ilistorv of Painters," &e. B. 1634; d. 1696. " BALDOCK, Ralph de, bishop of Lon- don, and lord high chancellor in the reign of Edward I. ; author of a " His- tory of British Affairs," which was ex- tant in Leland's time, but is now lost. D. 1307. — Robert de, a divine, who was favored by Edward II. He shared his royal master's misfortunes, and died in Newgate. 98 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bal BALDWIN, William, an Ensrlish wriier of tlie 16tli century; one of the cliief authors of "The MiiTorfor Magis- trates." — Thomas, a Baptist minister of Boston, who was a while at the head of his denomination in New England. D. 1828. — Fea>-cls, a learned civilian of the 16th century, much employed by the po- tentates of ills time, lie wrote " Leges de Re nistica Novella," &c., &c. — Abra- ham, a f)resident of the university of Georgia, member of the convention whicii passed the constittition of the TJ. S., and subsequently a member of contrress. D. 1807. BALDWIN I., a distinguished leader in the 4th crusade. On the conquest of Constantinople by the Latins in 1204, he was elected emperor of the East; but being taken prisoner by the Greeks, he was "never aftenvards heard of.— II., Bucceecled his brother Robert, as empe- jor of the East, in 1228. On the taking of Constantinople, in 1261, by Michael Palajologus, Buldwin escaped to Italy, where he d. 1278. BALDWIN, archbishop of Canter- bury. This prelate accompanied Rich- ard' I. to Palestine, and d. there, 12P1. His writings were published by Tissier, in 16«2. BALDWIN I., king of Jerusalem, succeeded to that dignity in 1100, took Antipatris, Csesarea^ and Azotus in 1101, and Acre in 1104. D. 1118.— II., king of Jerusalem, succeeded the above in 1118; Eustace, brother of Baldwin I., having renounced his claim to the throne. Baldwin II. was taken prisoner by the Saracens in 1124, and gave them the city of Tyre as his ransom. D. 1131. — lit. succeeded to the throne in 1143. He took Ascalon and other places from the infidels. D. 1163.— IV.. the son of Amaury, succeeded his tather on the throne of Jerusalem in 1174. He subse- quently resigned in favor of his nephew. T). 118o. — V^, nephew and successor of the last named, was poisoned in 1186. BALE, John, an English ecclesiastic. B. at Cove, in 1495, who became bishop of Ossory, in Ireland. Educated a Ro- mani.st, he was converted to Protestant- ism. His clergy opposed and forsook him, and so furious was their opposition, that in one tumult five of his servants were murdered in his presence. He was obliged to fly, and after enduring many hardships, found shelter in Swit- Sierland, where he remained till the death of Mary. On his return to England, he made no attempt to recover his Irish dioces3j but settled as a prebend of Canterbury, in 1563. He wrote "An account of the Ancient Writers of Bri- tain," several Scripture plays, and nu- merous polemical tracts. — Robert, prior of the Carmelites of Norwich ; author of "Annales Ordinis Cannelitarum," &c. D. I.i03. BALECHOU Nicholas, a French en- graver, whose works are held in high estimation. B. 1710; d. 1765. BALEN, Heindrich van, a Dutch painter, whose "Judgment of Paris'" and " Drowning of Pharaoh" are much admired. John van Balen, his sen, was a distinguished historical and landse-ape painter." B. 1560; d. 1632. BALES, Pf.tj:r, a skilful |jenman, em- ployed by Secretary Walsingham to im- itate writings. He published a work called " The Writing Master." B. 1547 ; d. 1600. BALESTRA, Antony, a Veronese his^ torical painter. B. 1666; d. 1720. BALFOUR, Alexander, a novelist and miscellaneous writer, was a native of Forfarshire, Scotland. He was the author of "Highland Mary," besides other novels and poems, and for many years a contributor to various Scottish ■periodicals. B. 1767; d. 1829.— Sir An- drew, an eminent botanist and physi- cian, and one to whom medical science in Scotland owes a lasting debt of grati- tude for a botanic garden, museum, &c. B. 1630; d. 1694. BALGUY, John, an eminent divine of the church of England, and a theo- logical writer, was b. at SheflReld, in 1686. and in 1727 became a prebendary of Salisbury. He engaged deeply in the Bangorian controversy ; and among his several i^-orks may be noticed " An Es- say on Redemption," a "Letter to a Deist on the Beauty and Excollence of Moral Virtue," &c.' D. 1748.— Thomas, son of the above, prebend and archdea- con of Winchester; author of "Divine Benevolence, asserted and vindicated," a sermon on church government, &e. B. 1716; d. 1795. BALIOL, Sir Aottn de, a native of Durham, who, on the marriage of the daughter of HeniT III. to Alexander III. "of Scotland, was made one of the guardians of the royal pair. He found- ed Baliol college, (Oxford; and having sided with Henry III. against his re- volted barons, the latter seized upon his lands. D. 1269. — John de, son of the preceding, laid claim to the crown of Scotland on the death of Queen Mar- garet. His claim was disputed by f ey- eral competitors, one of whom was the bal] CTCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHV. 99 femous Kobert "Rruce. But Elward I., to whom the n.atter was referred, de- cided in favor of Baliol. lie soon gave otfenee to Edward; and beincf defeated by him in a battle near Dunbar, he was Bent, tojrether with his sou, to the Tow- er of London. Tiie intercession of the pope having procured his release, lie retired to France, where he d. in 1314. BALL, John, a puritan divine, who ■while he disapproved of the discipline of the church, wrote against separa- tion from it on that gi»und. B. 1585; d. 1640. BALLANDEN, John, a Scotch divine of the 16tli century; author of various works, and translator of Hector B.Je- thius's Historv of Scotland. D. 1550. BALLAXTYNE, James, a printer of considerable note in Edinburgh, and at whose press the whole of the produc- tions of Sir Walter Scott were printed, was a native of Kelso, where he first opened an office for the " Kelso Mail," of which he was the editor. For many years he also conducted the " Edin- burgh Weekly Journal." He survived his friend and patron but a few months, dying in January, 1S33. — Johx, his brother, was the confidant of Sir Walter, in keepinir the secret of the authorship of " \\ averley." He was a man of fine humor, with' an inexhaustible fund of anecdotes. D. 1821. BALLARD, George, a native of Campden, in Gloucestershire, who, while the obscure apprentice of a habit-maker, employed the hours which his com- panions devoted to sleep to the acquisi- tion of the Saxon lanaruage, and recom- mended to the patronage of Lord Chedworth, he went to Oxford, where, by the kindness of Dr. Jenner, he was made one of the eight clerks of Magdalen college, and at\erwards one of the beadles of the university. His weakly constitu- tion was impaired by the severity of his studies, and he d. June, 1755, in the prime of life. His access to the Bodleian was the means of his increasing his val- uable collections ; but he published only " Memoirs of British Ladies celebrated for their Writings," in 4to., 1752. — Vo- lant V'ashon, a rear-admiral of the Brit- ish navy, was b. in 1774. On entering naval life he accompanied Vancouver on ais laborious voyage of discovery to the northwest coast of America, in which he was absent from England nearly five years. In 1807, when captain of the Blonde frigate, lie captured five French privateers. He afterwards distintruish- ed himself at the taking of Guadaloupe ; and eventually attained the rank of rear admiral, in 1825. D. 1832. BALLERINI, Petek and Jerome, two priests and brothers, natives of Verona, who, in the ISth century, conjointly wrote some works, and edited several editions of ecclesiastical authors. BALLESTEROS, Francis, an eminent Spanish ottieer. B. 1770. BALLEXFERD, N., a citizen of Ge- neva, author of a treatise on the ''Phys- I ical f^ducation of children," &c. B. 1726 ; d. 1774. BALLI, Joseph, a Sicilian divine ; au- thor of a treatise "De Morte Corporum Naturaliuin," &c. D. 1640. BALLIANI, John Baptist, a senator of Genoa ; author of a treatise on the " Natural Motion of Heavy Bcdies." B. 1586 ; d. 1666. BALLIX, Claude, a skilful artist cf chased work in gold and silver. He was b. at Paris in 1615, and brought up to the occupation of a goldsmith under his father, who exercised that art. He studied drawing, and improved his taste as a designer by copying the pictures of Poussin. When only 19 he made four sUver basins, decorated with figures rep- resenting the four ages of the world. These were purchased by Cardimd Riche- lieu. He was subsequentlv employed in making plate services for Louis XfV., of which it is said the workmanship added ten times to the value of the ma- terial. D. 1678. BALMEZ, .James Lucien, one of the most renowned of the late Spanish wri- ters, and an ecclesiastic, whose phi- losophical, theological, and pohtical treatises have given him a Europe.in fame. He was b. at Vich, in Catalonia, in 1810. He was early distinguished for his acquirements, and in 1833 was ap pointed to the chair of niaihemativ.-3 m Ms native place. His writings were chiefly in defence of the Roman Catholic church, which he endeavored to restore to its ancient dignity and influence. His "Protestantism and Catholicism com- pared in their Elfeets on the Civilization of Europe," a very able book, has been translated into English, French, and German. D. 1848. BALTHASAR, Christopher, a king's advocate at Auxerre, who abandoned the emoluments of his office, and the Catholic religion, to embrace the tenets of the Protestants, in whose favor he ^vrote several controversial treatises, especially against Baronius, which were rei.'eived with great avidity. The synod of Loudun granted him, in 1659, a pen- 100 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bam Biou of 75f> livres, for his literary ser- vices. — J. A. Felix de, author of a ''Defence of William Toll," and presi- dent of the council of Lucerne. D. 1310. BALTHAZARINI, surnamed Beau- joyeux, an Italian musician, recommend- ed bv I5rissae, provernor of Piedmont, to Hcniv III. of France, by whom he was liberally patronized, and for the enter- tainment of whose court he wrote several iallads and pieces of music. He com- posed a ballet called Ceres and her nymphs, for the nuptials of the Due de Joyeuse with the queen's sister, Made- Uioisclle de Vaudemont ; and this is re- garded as the origin of the heroical ballet of France. BALTUS, John Francis, a Jesuit of Metz, author of several works, especially of an answer to Fontenelle's history of oracles, printed at Strasburg, 8vo. Baltus possessed considerable learning and tal- ents, which he wholly employed in de- fence of Roman Catholic orthodoxy. He d. librarian of Rheims, 1743, at the age of 76. BALUE, John, a cardinal, b. of mean parents, in Poitou. He raised himself to consequence by flatteiy and merit, and sjradually became bishop of Evreux and of Arras. He was made a cardinal by Paul II., and when honored with tlie confidence of Louis XL, became his minister, and acted as general over his troops. Ungrateful to his duty and to his master, he formed intrigues with the dukes of Burgundy and Berri ; and when at last discovered by the king, he was imprisoned for eleven years, in an iron cage, after which he repaired to Ronie, and rose to new preferments. He after- wards came to France as pope's legate, though he had so ill deserved of the con- fidence and honor of his country. He d. at Ancona, 1491. B ALUZE, Stephen, a native of Tulles in Guienne, patronized by Peter de Marca, archbishop of Toulouse, by Tel- lier, afterwards chancellor of France, and by Colbert. He employed his lei- bure liours in enriching the libraries of his patrons with valuable manuscripts. tUl in his 39th year he was appointeil professor of canon law in the royal colleo. His " American Poems" were printed at Litchfield, shortly after he feftcolle.^e. The "Vision of Columbus" appeared in 1787. He prepared a new version of Watts' Psalms for the clergy of his native state. While in France he became a warm friend of tlie leading Girondists. In England, about 1791, he printed his " Advice to the Privileged Orders," and afterwards the " Conspir- acy of Kings," and a " Letter to the National Convention." But his _mo_st popular poem was a mock heroic, in three cantos, called " Hasty Pudding," in which he celebrated a national New Endand dish. Keturning to America, in 1808, he published a noticeable poem called the Columbiad, which is still ex- tant, and some people read. BARLOWE, William, a bishop of Bath and Wells under Queen Mary, and bishop of Winchester under Eliza- beth. D. lfi.58. — William, his son, arch- deacon of Sarum, skilled in natural phi- losophy, and the first English writer on the' properties of the loadstone. D. 162.5. BARNARD, Theodore, a Dutch Eainter who settled in England, said to ave painted the kings and bishops in Chichester cathedral. — John, D.D., pre- bendary of Lincoln in the reign of Charles II., author of a " Life of Dr. Ileylyn," &c. D. 1683.— Sir .Iohn, lord mayor of London, and one of its repre- een'tatives in parliament for forty years. He was an able speaker, and a remark- ably conscientious and religious man ; and so greatly was lie respected by his fellow-citizens, that they erected a statue to his memory in the Roval Exchange. B. at Readincr, 1685 ; d. 1764. BARN AVE, Anthony Peter Joseph, an eloquent and popular member of the French national assembly. He wtis charged with the conveyance of the king from Varennes to Paris ; on which occasion he conducted himself with great delicacy and respect. Though he had retired to private life, he was ar- rested by the faction then in power, and guillotined in 1794. BARNES, Juliana, prioresa of St. Alban's in the 15th century, author of treatises on " Hunting, Hawkin;^, and Heraldry." — Robert, D.D., chaplain to Henry VI 11. ; burnt to deatli in Smith- field "for Lutheranism, in lo40 ; authot of a treatise on " Justification," &c. — JosHCA, a learned divine, educated at Christ's hospital, London, and Emman- uel college, Cambridge, author of the "Life of Edward TIL," and a poem "On the History of Esther," and editor of the Avorks of Euripides, Anaereon, and Homer. B. 16.-i4; d. 1712.— TnoM.\s, a gentleman of famous literary ability, and principal editor of " The Times," whicli journal owes much of its celebrity and influence to the powerful political leaders that came from his pen, as well as to the rare skill and discrimination he evinced in the general control and adaptation of the articles furnished by his coadjutors, &c. Notwithstanding the share he necessarily took in the strife of politics, it is recorded to his honor that he retained the friendship of aU who had once intimately known him, how much soever they might chance to differ on questions of public interest. Mr. Barnes was educated at Christ's hospital and Pembroke college, Cambridge, where he took his B.A. and M.A. degrees. D. 1841, aged 5r>. — Daniel II., a distinguished conchol- ogist, who, with Dr. Griscom, originated and conducted with great reputation the high school of New York. He was also a Baptist preacher. On Sunday, the day before his death, be preached at New Lebanon from the text, "Ye know not what shall be on the mor- row;" on the next day, the driver hav- ing been thrown from his seat, Mr. Barnes in his alarm jumped from the carnage, fractured his skull, and died soon after. His learned communications on conchology were published in Silli- man's journal, with explanatory plates. BARNEY, Joshua, a distinguished commander in the American navy. He was employed in the public service du- ring the war of the revolution, and was twice captured. In a vessel named the Ilyder AH, carrying 4 nin( and 12 si? pounders he captured, after an aetioii. of 26 minutes, the Gen. Monk of 18 guns, nine-pounders, with the loss of 4 men killed, and 11 wounded. The Gen. Jlonk lost 30 killed, and .53 wounded* He sailed in the Gen. Monk with dia- BARJ CrCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 11. Eatclics for Dr. Franklin at Paris, and rought back a valuable loan from the king of Franco. In 17y(! he went to France with Mr. Munroe, deputed the bearer of tlie American tlag to the Na- tional Couveution. In 1813 he was ap- pointed to the command of the ilotilla for the defence of the Chesapeake. He participated in the battle of Bladeus- burg, and was wounded by a ball iu the tiiigh. In 1815 he was sent on a mission to Europe. He d. in 1819, aged 59. He had been 41 years in public service, and engaged in '26 battles. BARNEVELDT, John- u' Oldex, a Dutch state:^man of great abilities, am- bassador to Elizabeth in England, and to Henry IV. of France. HLs attempts to limit tic authority of Maurice the second Btadtholder of Holland, raised him ene- mies, by whose virulence he was accused of designs to deliver tlie country to the Spaniards, and in consequence of this fiuse charge, he was tried and beheaded in 1619. His sons, William and Rene, resented the cruelty exercised against their father, and tliougli the elder es- caped, Rene felt the punishment due to a conspirator. The mother stepped in in defence of her sou*, and when Maurice expressed surprise to sec her eager to save him wdieu she had seen his father fsill uulamented, she indignantly re- plied, '' I would not solicit a pardon for my husband, for he was innocent. I ask it for mv son because he is guilty." BARO or BARONI, Petek, a native of Estampes, in France, who left his country on account of his attachment to Protestantism, and found a hospitable a.sylum in England, in the house of Lord Burleigh, and at Cambridge with Dr. Pierce, by whose influence he was chosen Margaret professor of divinity, 1574r. The tranquillity of Ids residence was however of short "duration. He op- posed Whitaere, Tindal, and Chadder- tou, who violently supported the tenets of absolute predestination, and whilst he gave a more moderate explanation to tho doctrine in his sermons and iu his lectures, he found himself cited before the vice chancellor, and accused before Archbishop Whitgift ; and though Lord Burleigh, the chancellor, disapproved of the virulence of his prosecutors, he found himself obliged to leave Cam- bridge for Cruteh'edfriars, London, frliere he died. His writings were on divinity subje--;, and in Latin. BAROCCio, Frederic, a painter of Urbino, who learnt sculpture of his fli- Uier, and arcliilecture, geometry, and perspective of his uncle, and drew the li-'.acfs of his Virgins after the features ot his sister, and those of his Jesuses after his nephew. Cardinal de la Re- vere became early his patron, but the jealousy of }ns rivals proved nearly fatal. "He was maliciously poisoned, and though he recovered by the im- mediate application of medicine, his constitution grew weak and languid, and he lingered in an unhealthy state, till his 84th year, 1(512. His paintings are in good esteem, his historical pieces are deservedly admired, but he shines with superior lustre in the execution of his devotional portraits. His merits were universally admitted, and his in- firmities alone prevented Iiim from ac- cepting the honors which were liberally offered to him by the duke of Tuscany, the Emperor Rodolph II., and Philip II. of Spain. In correctness he is great; he understood well the effects of light and shade, and though the attitudes of some of his figures are out of propor- tion, he may be said to approach the sofcness and graces ofCorrcggio: BARON, BoxAVENTCRE, a native of Clonmcl, Ireland, educated by his undo Luke Wadding, and afterwards em- ployed as divinity professor at Rome, where he spent 60 years, and died blind in a good old age, March 18th, 1696. He was a learned and voluminous writer. His " Theologia," in 6 vols., is his best performance. See a list of his works iu Sir James Ware's writers of Ireland, p. 253. — Michael, son of a merchant ot Issoudun, became cele- brated as a player. His powers in ex- pressing the passions were unusually great, and he was deservedly called the Roseius of his time. He was not insen- sible to the popularity which he enjoyed, and with arrogance and vanity he ob- served, that once in a century a Csesar might arise, but that 2000 years were requisite to produce a Baron. His su- perior excellence was in a great degree owing to his own exertions, so that Ra cine in representing his Andromache to the actors, with the judgment and cor- rectness of a poet and of a man of feel- ing, paid him the highest compliment, assuring him that he could give him no instructions, "for," added he, "your own heart will tell you more than any lessons of mine can suggest." He died at Paris, 22d Dec. 1729, aged 77. Three volumes in 12mo. of theatrical pieces, appeared in 1760, uuder his name, of which, however, some suppose that he was not the authoi. His dialogue is 112 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bah lively, and his scenes diversified ; but there is not very Uttle of brilliancy of coloring which an acquaintance witii the manners of the great could have Bupplicd. BARONI, Adriaiwe Basile, a native of Mantua, sister to the poet Basile. She was so admired for her beauty, her wit, and her accomplishments, that vol- umes were written in her praise. Her daughter Leonora possessed equal charms, and met equal admiration, and iu 1639, a collection of pieces in Latin, Greek, Spanish, Italian, and French, was published, in which her beauty and ti^r perfections were portrayed with aU tue graces of poetiy. She also wrote some poetical trifles. The daughter had profound skill in music, a sweet voice, and the utmost delicaev of manner. Mr. B.iyle styles her one ot the finest singers in the world. BARONIUS, Cesar, confessor to Cle- ment VIIL, who made liiui cardinal and librarian of the Vatican ; author of " Ecclesiastical Annals." B. at Sora, 1588; d-. 1607. BAROZZI, .James, a celebrated archi- tect, successor to Michael Angelo as ar- chitect of St. Peter's ; author of " Rules for the Five Orders of Architecture," &c. B. 1.507 ; d. 1577. BARRAL, Peter, a French abbe; author of a "Dictionary of Roman An- tiquities," &c. D. 1772. — Louis Mat- thias DE, bishop of Troyes, was a native of Grenoble. He emigrated at the rev- olution ; but returning to France in 1801, Bona]>arte made him bishop of Meaux, and afterwards arclibishop of Tours, and almoner to the Empress Josephine. D. 1810. BARRAS, Patil Fr.^nck John Nicho- las, Count de, was originally a sub- lieutenant in the regiment of Languedoc, and served for some time in India. Embracing revolutionary principles, he assisted at the attack on the Bastile, and voted in the National Convention for the death of the unfortunate Louis XVI. He subsequently became one of the chiefs of the government, but retired from public life when Bonaparte as- sumed the direction of atfairs. For some yea^s he resided at Rome, but returned to France in 1814, and remained there till his death in 1829. BARRE, William Vincent, a native of France, who, after serving in the Rus- sian navy with credit in his youth, re- turned to his own country on the break- ing out of the French revolution, joined his cnintrymen in arms, and was ovent- ui Hy appointed interpreter to the French government; but having indulged his vein of sarcasm on the legitimacy of the First Consul, he was put under ar- rest. He escaped the vigilance of hia enemies, and got to London, where he published a "History of the First Con- sulate." He translated into French Sir Sydney Smitli's pamphlet on the expedi- tion into Egypt ; for which the English government rewarded him. "While at Dublin, in 1829, he committed suicide. BARRELIER, .James, a friar and bot- anist ; author of " I" anttB per Galliani, Hispaniam," &c. B. 16'Ji5 ; d. 1763. BARRERE, Pierre, a French physi- cian ; author of a " Dissertation sar la couleur des Negres," &c. D. 1755. BARRET, George, a landscape paint- er, of considerable eminence. He was b. in Dublin, but passed most of his life in England, and was a chief founder of the Roval Academv. B. 1730; d. 1784. BARRETT, William, an English to- pographer; author of a "Histoiy of Bristol." D. 1789. BARRINGTON, John Shtjte, the first Viscount Barrington ; author of " An Essay on the several Dispensations of God to Mankind," the " Rifflits of Dis- senters," &c., &c. B. 1678"; D. 1734.— Daines, fourth son of Viscount Barring- ton, was bred to the law, and rose to the office of second justice of Chester. He was author of " Observations on the Statutes," &c. B. 1727 ; d. 1800.— Sam- uel, youngest brother of the last-named, entered early into the navy, and became rear-admirai of the white.. He took St. Lucia, in the tace of a superior force . and was conspicuous for his zeal and courage at the memorable relief of Gib- raltar, by Lord Howe. D. 1800. — Shute, bishop of Durham, was the si.xth son oi the first Viscount Barrington, and b. in 1734. After obtaining a fellowship at Merton college, Oxford, and taking his degrees, he w.is appointed royal chaplain on the accession ot George ill. In 1768 he was made a canon of St. Paul's, and in tlie following year was i-aised to the bishopric of Llandaff'. In 1782 he was promoted to the see of Salisbury, whence HI 1791 he was translated to that of Dur- ham. He engaged in some controversial disputes both with the Calvinists and Catholics ; but, though hostile to the doctrines of the latter, he was a liberal benefactor of the French (^i^rgy who took refuge in England dun .^ the revolu- tion ; and few men were more munifi- cent in their charitable support of be- nevolent institutions. D. 1826. — Tho bar] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 113 Hon. Georqe, M. P., was b. at Durham in 1794, and entered tlie naval service at the usual age. He obtained the rank of post-captain in 1826 ; and in the follow- ing year married Lady Caroline, third daughter of Earl Grey, who, on becom- ing prime minister, appointed him a lord of'the Admiralty. He was returned one of the members for tlie newly-created borough of Sunderland in 1832, from which he afterwards retired in conse- quence of ill health, which continued until his death, in June, 1835. BARROS, John de, a learned Portu- guese, treasurer of the Indies, and author of a "History of Asia and the Indies." D. 1570. BARROW, Is,vAC, a learned mathema- tician and divine of an ancient family in Suffolk, was b. in London. He was ad- mitted pensioner of Peter-house, Cam- bridge, 1643; but two years after he became member of Trinity college, after being ejected from Peter-house for wri- ting against the covenant. He was after- wards chosen fellow of the college. His studies were directed to divinity ; but when he observed the connection which exists between chronology and astrono- my, he applied himself with indefatiga- ble zeal to those higher sciences, and made a rapid progress besides in anato- my, botany, and chemistry. Upon his disappointment in not being elected Greek professor, on the death of Dr. Duport, he resolved to travel, and to Bupply his expenses he parted with his books, and left the kingdom, 1655. He visited Paris, Leghorn, and Florence, and everywhere enriched his mind by observation and inquisitive researches. From Leghorn he passed to Smyrna, and in his voyage displaj'ed his unconunon courage by assisting the crew of the ves- sel in beating off an Algerine corsair that threatened them with death or slavery. He passed from Smyrna to Con- stantinople, where he resided one year, and returned to England through Venice, Germany, and Holland, in 1659. He now took orders, agreeable to the statutes of his college, and in 1660 he was elected to the Greek professorship of the uni- versity, and two years after to that of geometry in Gresham college. The next year he was made Lucasian mathemati- cal lecturer at Cambridge, an office which, in 1669, he resigned to his great friead Isaac Nev\'ton, that lie might with •iloser application devote himself to di- .■inity. He now received the preferment which was due to his merit from his uncle, bishop of St. Asaph, and from 10* Ward, bishop of Sa'-^o-ry, and, m 1672, the king, whom he served oy his con- duct, and flattered by his poetry, raised hina to the mastership of Trinity college, observing, that he gave it to the best scholar in England. He was vice chan- cellor in 1675 ; but his public services were of short duration. He died of a fever, 4th May, 1677, aged 47, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, where his friends, by contribution, erected a monument over him, uf which the epi- taph was written by L)r. Mapletoft. The writings of Barrow are i..imerous and valuable, and chiefly on mathematical subjects. As a divine he was great as well as exemplary. His sermons are highly esteemed, and have beeu fre- quently edited. His works in English were published together by Dr. TiUot- son, in 3 vols, folio.- — Sir John, Bart., for many years a secretary to the En- glish admiralty, an extensi\'e traveller, and a voluminous writer of travels, bi- ographies, &c. B. 1764; d. 1848. BARRUEL, AuGusTiN, a French eccle- siastic, and of some note as a man of letters during the French revolution, was born in 1741. He was for some years editor of " Le Journal Ecclesi- astique ;" but as the principles he there advocated were opposed to the revolu- tion, he was obliged to fly to England, where, in 1794, he published his "His- tory of tlie French Clergy," &c. ; but his best known work is entitled " Memoirs for a History of Jacobinism, Impiety, and Anarchy," in 5 vols. Bvo. ; a pro- duction in which fact and fiction are so closely interwoven as to destroy its an thenticity. He returned to France in 1802, and died there in 1820. — De Beauveet, Anthony Joseph, Count de, was boru at the castle of Beau vert, near Marseilles, in 1756. In 1790 he belonged to the national guard at Bag- nols ; and on the flight of the royal fam- ily to Varennes he ofl'eied himself as a hostage for Louis XVI. In 1795 he was editor of tlie journal entitled " Les Actes des Aputres;" for which he was sen- tenced to deportation, but escaped. For a time during the consulate he was under the surveillance of the police ; but at length obtaining the protection of the Empress Josephine, he was ajipointed to an office in the department of Jura; where he died in 1817. He wrote the " Life of Rousseau," and various works relative to the Bourbons during their exile. BARRY, Gfrald, better known as Giraldus Cambrensis ; author of " Topo- 114 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bar graphia Ilibemica," " Itinerariiim Cam- bria',"' &c. lie flourished in the 12th centurj-. — SpRANOtR, a celebrated actor, and, for a time, the rival of Garrick, and, iu the lii^rlier walks of the drama, is supposed bv many to have greatly excelled him. S. 17ly; d. 1777.— James, lord of Sautry, chief justice of the King's Bench in Ireland; author of "The Case of Tenures upon the Commission of De- fective Titles." D. 1678.— Jamks, an eminent painter, bom at Cork, 1742 ; ha\ ing early discovered ^reat genius for the art, he was patronized by Mr. Burke, and brought to London, where he be- eame a pupil to Sir Joshua Reynolds. When Mr. Burke came into administra- tion with the marquis of Rockingham, he sent Mr. Burry to Italy at his sole e.-iyionse. After visiting all the celebrated schools of the continent, in which he occupied three years, he returned to Lontlon; and iu 1V75 published "An inquiry into the Real and Imaginan' Obstructions to the Acquisition of the Arts in England." About two years after this he was elected a royal acade- mician, and in 1786 made professor of painting to the Royal Aoademy ; but in 17y'J, on an alleged addiction to demo- eratic principles, was removed from that otHce. He seems soon afterwards to have taken disgust at society ; from which he retired into obscurity, living unattended, and half-starved, till some friends raised about £1000, with which they purchased an annuity for him ; but before the first quarter's payment of it bee-ame due he died, 1806. His greatest ettbrt of art is a series of alle- gorical pictures, which he painted gra- tuitously forthe sreat room of the Society of Arts in the Adelphi. — William T., an American statesman, postmaster-gener- al under Jackson, and afterwards minis- ter to Spain. B. 178."); d. 1835. — John, a distinguished naval officer in the 8cr\ice of the United States, born at Wexford, in Ireland, who was of great assistance to Washington during the revolutionary war. lie took many prizes, and conquered the British ship of war Atalanta. B. 1745; d. 1808.— Marie Jeanne Gomart de Vaubernier, Coun- tess Du, a celebrated mistress of Louis XV. of France, was the daughter of a commissioner of the customs at Vau- couleurs, became a milliner at Paris, and, on being seen by the king, soon took the place of Madame de Pompadour. She was married to the Coimt du Barry, and acquired proditrious influence at the toart. She caused the ruin of the haughty Duke de Choiseul, and pro- moted the Duke d'Aiguillon. "VSTien the king died she was" banished to an abbey near Meaux. During the revolu- tion she was condemned to death and executed. Her conduct in her last mo- ments betraved the gTcatest weakness and fear. B'. 1744; d. 1793. BART AS, William de Sai.lust vv, a Frencli poet, warrior, and statesman; confidentiallv emploved bv Ilcnrv IV.: author of " the Week of ihc Creation,'' &c D. 1590. B\RTH, John, a French naval officer, rcpiarkable for his skill and darinsr as a privateer. B. at Dunkirk, 1551 ; d'." 1602. BARTIIE, Nicholas Thomas, a French dramatic writer, and translator of "Ovid's Art of Love" into French, &c. B. 1738: d. 1785. BARTHELEMI, Kicholas, a monk of the 15th century; author of a treatise "On the Active and Contemplative Life, &c. BARTHELEMY, John James, the learned author of "The Voyage of the Younger Anacharsis in Greece;" was b. at Cassis, in Provence, 1716; d. 1795. BARTHEZ, Pall Joseph, an eminent French physician, was born at Montjic- lier in 1734, where he founded a medical school, which acquired great reputation throughout Europe. For many years he practised in Paris, and was consulted upon the most important cases; he also wrote in the "Journal des Savans," the " Encyclopedic," &c., and was a mem- ber of almost every learned society. Du- ring the revolution he suff"ered greatly in his fortime ; but Napoleon, who knew his great merits, restored him, in his old age, to wealth and honors. D. 1806. BARTIIOLDY, Jacob Solomon, a Prussian diplomatist, born a Jew, but after travelling in Greece he abjured Judaism, and became a Protestant. Iu 1807 he served against the French as an officer in the land-wehr of Vienna, and wrote a tract called "The War of the Tvrol," which produced a great sensiv- tibn. D. 1826. BAETHOLEMON, Francis IIppo^ LITE, a musical composer and violinist, was born at Bordeaux, in 1741, but resided chiefly in London, and was for many years leader at the opera-house. As a composer he was remarkable for rapidity; and as a performer for taste and execution. D. 1808. BARTLETT, Josiah, a governor of New Hampshire, who was originally a physician of merit, then commailded a CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. bar] regiment of militia in the revolution, Wits a member of the continental con- aress, anil was the first who voted for, and, after the president, si. no 1 the Dec- laration of Independence. B. 1729 ; d. 1795. BARTOLI, or BAKTOLUS, a learned civilian, who is said to liave contributed more tiian any of his predecessors to the elucidation of Ipgal science. B. 1312; d. l;3.JtJ. ^Daniel, a learned Jes- uit; author of a '-History of the Jes- uits," &c. B. at Ferrara, 1608; d. 1685. — Cosmo, an Italian writer of the 16th century ; author of a " Life of Frederic Barbarossa," &e. BAKTOLO, an Italian lawyer of the 14th century ; professor of law at Pisa, and author of numerous works on law and other subjects. BARTOL()/!;ZI, Franck, an engraver of first-rate merit, was born at Florence in 1728 ; went to England in 1764 ; was admitted a member of the Koyal Acad- emy in 1769, and went to Lisbon, at the invitation of the prince-regent of Portu- gal, in 1802. The productions of his graver are numerous, highly esteemed, and eaffcrlv sought after. l). 1815. BARTON, Bernakd, the "Quaker poet," was born near Loudon, 1784. In 1810 he became a clerk in Alexanders bank, at Woodbridge, where he otUciated almost to the day of his death. His first volume of poetry was published in 1811, and this was succeeded by numerous others, most of them devoted to homely subjects, but all of them animated by the purest feeling and the most glowing fancy. But it was not only for his merits as apoet, that Bernard Barton deserves to be held in remembrance. He was en- dowed with every quality which endears a man to all that come within his influ- ence. His genial good-humor and vast stores of information made him a wel- come guest wherever he appeared ; and the native sincerity of his cluiracter, which was set forth" in every act of his life, was enhanced by a benignity, lib- erality, and charity in entire accordance with the precepts'of his faith. D. 1849. — Bex-jamin S., a noted physician and naturalist of Philadelphia, educated at Grottingen, and a contributor to the transactions of the American Philosoph- ical Society. He was for many years professor of natural history and botany in the university of Pennsylvania, and 3uceaeded Dr. Rush in the chair of med- icine. B. 1766; d. 1815.— Elizabeth, a country girl of Aldinsjton, iu Kent, (tkeretbre called the "holy maid of 116 Kent,") of whom English Protestants give this account. She was used as an instrument, by the Catholics and adhe- rents of Queen Catherine, to excite the English nation a^^ainst the projjosed di- vorce of Henry \ III. from his first wife, and the apprehended separation of the English church from Rome, with which the king then threatened the pope. Her delirium, in a violent nervous illness, was made use of by the jsarson of Al- dington, and by a canon of Canterbury, to persuade her that she was a pDphet- ess inspired by God, and destined to prevent this undertaking of the king. During her paroxysms, she cried out against this divorce, and against the pre- vailing sins and heresies. The arch- bishop of Canterbury and bishop of Rochester encouraged her to continue her revelations, wliich she pretended were communicated to her by a letter from heaven. By the prophecy, that Henry, if he persisted in his purpose of divorce and second marriage, would not be king for one month longer, and would die a shameful death, she excited many monks and nuns to violence against the king. Her revelations pro- duced such a fermentation among the people, tliat Henry ordered the appre- hension and examination of Elizabeth and her accomplices before the star- cliamber. Afcer they had there con- fessed the imposture, they were con- demned to make a public confession and sutler imprisonment; and when it was found that the party of the queen were laboring to make them retract their confession, they were adjudged guilty of high treason, for a conspiracy iigaiiist the king, and executed, April 30th, \: are in the churches of Bassano, Venice, Vieenza, and other towns of Italy. He left four sons, who all became painters. — Francisco was employed bytlie Vene- tian republic, with Paul Veronese and Tintoret, to adorn the palace of St. Mark. He was of a mehmcholy turn, and once thought himself pursued by archers, so that in a tit of self-created terror he threw himself out of a window, and d. 1694, aged 44. — Leaxdeu, another bro- ther, olitained as a reward for his pieces the collar of St. Mark, from the doije of Venice, and a gold medal from the Empe- ror Eodolphus II. — John Baptiste and Jerome were eminent as imitators of the style and manner of their father. BASS.\NO, Hughes Beknaru Maret, Duke of a celebrated French political writer and statesman, was the son of an eminent physician at Dijon. On the first outburst of the French revolution he enthusiiustically embraced its ex- tremest principles, and published a paper under the title of tlie '• Bulletin de I'Assemblee," which he continued until a bookseller started the Moniteur, of which Maret Wiis appointed editor, and which speedily become the official organ of the government. He became acquainted with Bonaparte just as that .extraordinary man began to rise into celebrity and intluence, and was placed by him ir. the important office of chef de division in the foreign office. In 1811 he was made Due de Bassano and minister of foreign atf;iirs ; and in 1812 he conducted a'ld signed the well-known treaties between France, Austria, and Prussia, preparatory to the fatal ex- pedition to Russia. When the emperor vras sent to Elba, in 1S14, the Due de Bassano retired from public life ; but Imme'ruitC'ly after the return of the em- peror, he joined him, and was very aearlj being taken prisoner at Waterloo. On the utter ruin of Napoleon, the duke was banished from France, but at the revolution of July, 1S30, he was recalled, and restored to all the honors of which he had been deprived. In 18-38 he was made minister of the interior, and presi- dent of the council, but the ministry of which he formed a part, survived only three days. B. 1758; d. 1839. BASSANTIN, James, a Scotchman, who aficr studying astronomy and the mathematics at Glasgow, travelled , through the Netherlands, Switzerland, Italy, and Germany, and at last settled at Paris, where he acquired both repu- tation and money, as a mathematical teacher. He returned in 1562 to hia I native country, and becoming early ac- quainted with Sir Robert "Mel vil, a strong partisan of Mary queen of Scots, he afterwards supported the pretensions and ambitious views of the earl of Mur- ray. In his religion he was a zealous Protestant, as a man of learninsr he was strongly tinctured with the failings and the superstition of the time. He placed great confidence in astrology, and with more zeal than good sense asserted the influence of the planets on the affairs of the world. His works are all on math- ematical subjects, and tliousrh not free from pedantry, and improbable conclu- sions, they yet bear strong testimony to his merits as a philosopher. D. 1568. B.\SSET, Richard, governor of Dela- ware, was a member of the old congress in 1787, and was appointed a senator under the new constitution. In 1801 he was placed on the bench of the fed- eral jucliciary ; but the repeal of the act constitutintr the courts, deprived liim of his office in 1802. D. 1815. BASSI, Lacra, wife of Joseph Verati, honored in 1732 with the dcirree of doc- tor of philosophy for her high mental accomplishments, which she displayed in her lectures on experiment il philos- ophy. Her private life was also clesers'- ing of the highest encomiums, and ex- hibited her as the pos.-essor of every amiable virtue. D. 1778. B.\SSOMPIERRE, Francois de, a marshal of France, of a family of dis- tinction in Lorraine, was confined in the Bastile by Richelieu, who dreaded the power of his satire. He remained in this confinement 10 years till the death of his persecutor, and employed his time in writing his memoirs, which are interesting, though occasionally trivial. On his release he received the offer of 500,000 livres from the duchess of Aiguillou, niece of Richelieu, which 118 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bat he politely refused, adding, "Madam, your uncle has done me too great an injury, to allow me to receive so much good from you." He was employed in embassies by Louis XIII., and he pos- sessed all the requisites of a courtier, with great presence of mind, affability, wit, and uncommon generosity. lie spoke the languiiges of Europe with great fluency. He was found dead in fjs bed, in 1646, in his 6Tth vear. BASTIAT, Frederic, a French polit- ijal economist, who achieved a wide reputation by his writings. Without benig a discoverer of new truths, he possessed the rare faculty of expanding, with clearness, vivacity, and vigor, the grounds and the etfects of complex natural laws already developed by the technical processes of philosophy. The wliole, or nearly the wliolc, of the tracts written by M. Bastiat, under the generic title of ''Sophismes Economiques," originally appeared in the Journal des Eeenomistes, a periodical of which, for tlie last six years, he has been a prin- cipal supporter. M. Bastiat was a mem- ber of the French national asscii.'"ly; and he bore the highest character as an able, upright, and zealous servant of his constituents and liis country. D. 1850. BASTIDE, JoHX Francis de la, an industrious French miscellaneous writer, was born at Marseilles in 1724. He settled in Paris, where he engaged in various literary enterprises ; of which the most voluminous were the " Bibli- otlieque Universelle des Eomains," in 112 vols., and the "Chois des Anciens Mercures," in 108 vols. BASTWICK, John, an English phy- sician, and a famous writer against the church in the time of Charles I. B. at Writile, in Essex, 1593 ; d. 1650. BATE, George, physician to Charles I., Oliver Cromwell, and Charles II., and one of the tirst members of the Eoyal Society. He was the author of a Latin historv of tlic civil wars, and some medical v/orks. B. 1593; d. 1669.— Julius, an Enslish divine, author of a "Hebrew Lexicon," &c. D. 1771. BATECUMBE, William, an English mathematician of the 15th century, au- thor of a treatise, *' De Sphsera Solida," &e. BATEMAN, William, bishop of Nor- wich, a learned prelate, and the founder of Trinitv Hall, Cambridge. D. 1354. BATES, William, a non- conformist divine, author of "Lives of Learned and Pious Men," &c. B. 1625 ; d. 1699. «-JoHN, an eminent musician, boru at Halifiix, Yorkshire, in 1740. He was unanimously chosen conductor of the commemoration of Handel at West- minster Abbey; and till the year 1793 he conducted the choral portbrmances of ancient music, when he retired, and was succeeded by Mr. Greatorcx. His wife was a first-rate singer. D. 1799. BATHALMUSI, an Arabian writer, author of a work on " Genealogie?," &c. D. 421 of the Hegira. BATHE, William, an Irish Jesuit, governor of the Irish semiuarv at Sala- manca. D. 1641. BATHURST, Eali r, dean of Wells, author ^f some elegant Latin poems, and o'.e of the founders of the Eoyal Society. B. 1620; d. 1704. —Allen, Ear' I zealous opposer of the measures of Sir Robert Walpole, and the intinuite friend of Bolingbroke, Pope, Addison, and the other eminent writers of his time. B. 1684; d. 1775.— Henry, Earl, son of the above, and lord chancellor of England, author of the " Theory of Evi- dence," &c. B. 1714; d. 1794.-^IIenrt, bishop of Norwich, was born at Brack- ley, in Northamptonshire, in 1744 ; and "ducated at Winchester, and New col- lege, Oxford. He was presented to the rectory of Witchingham, in Norfolk, in 1770, subsequently became dean of Dur- ham, and, in 1S05, was consecrated bishop of Norwich. In the house of lords. Dr. Bathurst was a strenuous supporter of the Catholic claims : in his diocese, an exemplary prelate. D. 1837. — Henry, archdeacon of Norwich, eldest son of the preceding, and rector of the valuable livnis's of North Creake, Nor- folk, and of Hollesley, Suffolk, was the author of " Memoirs" of his right rev- erend father ; a work overflowing with spleen and expressions of disappoint- ment, that one so faithful to his old friends, the Whigs, should have never been preferred to a richer diocese ! D. 1844. BATHYLLAS, the coteniporary of Pylades, and one of the most celebrated pantomimists of antiquity, was born at Alexandria, and became the slave of Maecenas, who enfranchised him. The art of these celebrated mimics consisted in expressing the passions by gesture, attitudes, &c., not by the modern fool- eries of harlequin, clown, and scenic changes. Bathyllus excelled in repre- senting: comedy; Pylades in tragedy. BATONI, PoMPEo GiROLAMo,"an Ital- ian painter, who was the restorer of the modern Roman school and had no rival but Mengs. All his pieces are takrn bad] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 119 from natnre. The manner in which he executed his } aiutings was pecuHar. He covered his sketch with a cloth, and bcEran to paint tlie upper part on the letl hand, and proceeded gradually to- wards the riifht, never uncovering a new place before the first was entirely fin- ished. Boni, wlio compares him with Mengs, calls the latter the " painter of philosophy;" tlie former, the "painter of nature.'' Batoni painted many altar- pieces, and numerous portraits ; for instance, that of the Emperor Joseph and the Empress Maria Tneresa, in the imperial gallery. His "Magdalen," in Dresden, and his " Keturn of the Prodi- gal Son," in Vienna, are celebrated. BATOU, or EATU KHAN, grandson of Zeugiiis Khan, and his successor in the northern part of his vast empire. He died, after a long reign and very numerous conquests, in 1276. BATSCH, Augustus John George Charles, an eminent German naturalist ; author of " Elenehus Fungorum," &c. B. 17(51 ; d. 18U1. BATTELY, John, archdeacon of Can- terbury, and cliaplain to Archbishop Bancroft; author of " Antiquitates Ku- tupinffi," (tc. B. 1747 ; d. 1708. BATTEUX, Charles, a French phi- losopher, eminent for his erudition, as well as for his private virtues, and the humanity which was directed to the maintenance of a numerous and im- poverished family. His worlds are vari- ous, but chiefly on classicjil literature, in which he displays frequently more method and labor than eloquence or purity or depth of thought. It is said that iiis deatli v.'as accelerated by grief in observing that the elementary book which he wrote for the military school of Paris, did not succeed so well as he wished. Among other works he pub- lished the four poetics of Aristotle, Hor- ace, Vida, and Boileau, with notes. D. 1780. BATTHYANI, Count, a noble Hun- garian who took an indirect part in the attempt to redress the wrongs of his country in 184S. He was one of the deputation who undertook the recon- ciliation of the authorities and the people. But the deputation failed in its object, and this was his last public act. On the 8tli of January, he was arrested in the drawing-room of his sister-in-law, at Pesth, transferred successively to Oeden- burg, Laybaeh, and Pesth, and, after nine months' imprisonment, was tried by court-martial, declared guilty of high- treason, and sentenced to die on the gal- lows, October 6, 1849. He beard the sen- tence with tranquillity and composure. Having taken leave of his wife, he en- deavored in the course of the nisrlit to open the veins of his neck by means of a blunt paper-knife, and thus to escape the last indignity of what the Austrians called the " law." But his attempt was discovered and his life preserved till he was fonnally executed, or rather nuir- dered. He was never in oyicn rebellion, and his ettbrts mainly had been to reform and improve rather than revolutionize. But the detestable and cruel spirit of despotism makes no distinctions. BATTISHALL, Jonathan, an emi- nent musical composer, who added to grofoimd knowledge great taste and a ne imagination. His " Kate of Aber- deen" will be celebrated (amonjj numer- ous other of his compositions") as long as pure melody shall be admired. B. 1738: d. 1801. BATTIC, William, ft physician of eminence who was skilful in the treat- ment of diseases of the mind, and wrote a "Treatise on Mental Madness." B. 1708; d. 1776. BAUDELONQUE, John Louis, a French surgeon of distinction, appoint- ed by Napoleon to be midwife to Maria Louisa. His works on midwifery are in repute. B. 1746 ; d. 1810. BAUDIER, Michael, a native of Lan- guedoc, historiographer of France under Louis Xlll. He wrote the " Histoiw of the Mahometan Religion," the " Life of '('ardinal Amboise," of " Marechal de Toiras," 1644, of "Ximenes," " Suger," and others ; and though his style is heavy and inelegant, yet his works are curious and interesting, and valuable for their authenticity and the variety of his matter. BAUDIN, Nicholas, a well-kno-\vn navigator, wlio contributed many speci- mens of natural history to the collections of Europe. B. 1750;" d. 1803. — Peter Ch.vrles, a member of the French na- tional assembly and convention, and author of anecdotes "Sur le Constitu- tion." B. 1751 ; d. 1799. B AUDI US, Dominique, a native of Lisle, who studied at Aix la Chapelle, Leyden, and Geneva. He visited En- gland in the suite of the ambassador of the states of Holland, and formed an acquaintance with Sir Philip Sidney, and afterwards he went to France, where he staid 10 years, and by means of Achilles de Harlai he was admitted ad- vocate of the parliament of I'aris. He next went to Leyden, where he waa 120 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bau raised to the professorial chair of elo- quence, and with Meursius named his- toriographer of the states of Holland in 1611.' lie was a man of genius as well as erudition, and in his Latin poems he displayed taste and elegance of com- position. D. 1613. BAUDOT DE JUILLI, Nicholas, a native of Vendonie, son of a collector of ■ excise, and author of several historical pieces, written with method and inge- nuity, though too much in the spirit of romimco. His " History of the Conquest of Euirland, by William of Normandy," of ''Philip Augustus," and "Charles VII.," are his liest pieces. He wrote besides the "History of Catherine of France, queen of England ;" " Germaine de Foix ;" the " Secret Historv of the Constable of Bourbon;" "Spam Inva- ded by the Moors," four vols., &c. D. 1759. BAUDRAND. Michael Antoine, an ecclesiastic, born at Paris. He visited Rome, Germany, and England, and dis- tiiiffuished himself by his " Dictionnaire Geographique," two vols, fol., printed first in Latin, and afterwards in French. B. 1633 ; d. 1700. BAUHINUS, or BAUHIN, John, a French physician and celebrated bota- nist; author of " Historia Plantarum," &c. B. 1541; d. 1613. — Gaspard, brother of the above ; an excellent botanist, author of " Institutiones Anatomicoa," " Plivtopinax," " Pinax," and numerous other works. B. 1560 ; d. 1624. BAULDRI, Paul, professor of sacred bistorv at Utrecht ; author of " Chrono- logicai Tables," &c. B. 1639 ; d. 1706. BAULOT, James, a French lithoto- mist, whose method was adopted and improved upon bv the celebrated Ches- elden. B. 1651 ; d. 1720. BAUME, James Francis de la, a French divine; author of "The Chris- tiadc," &c. &e. D. 1757.— Anthony, a French chemist; author of a "Treatise on Theoretical and Experimental Chem- istry," " A Manual ot Pharmacy," &c. D. 1805. — Nicholas Augustus de la, marquis of Montrevel, and a marshal of France, was born 1636. It is related of him, that although from his earliest youth he had been distinguished by his darin? valor, and had frequently braved death in the field of battle, yet such was his ridiculous superstition, that on the contents of a salt-cellar having been ac- cidentally tl rown on him, he instant- ly exclaimed that he was a dead man, and expired from the terror with which it inspired him. D. 1716. BAUMER, John Willtam, a German physician ; author of a " Natural Histo- rv of the Mineral Kingdom," &c. B 1719 ; d. 1788. BAUMGAKTEN, Alexander Got LIES, an acute and clear thinker of the school of Wolf, was born in 1714, at Berlin, studied at Halle, and was for a time professor extraordinary there. In 1740 he was made professor of philoso- phy at Frankfort on the Oder, and died there in 1762. He is the founder of aesthetics as a science, and the inventor of this name. He derived the rules of art fsom the works of art and their ef- fects. His ideas of this science he first developed in his academical discussion, "De Nonnullis ad Poema pertinenti- bus." Meir's "Principles of all Liberal Sciences" originated from his sugges- tions. Eight years later, Baumgarten published "his* " uJlsthetica," a work which death prevented him from com- pleting. His theories of art are now superseded in Germany by the more profound and extensive works of Schil- ler, Schelling, Hegel, and their followers. BAUR, Frederic William Von, a na- tive of Hessian Hanau, who served in tlie Hessian troops in the pay of Britain 1755. In 1757 he was made a general, and was ennobled by Frederic" II. of Prussia, and in 1769 he entered into tho service of the Russians, and was ap- pointed by Catherine inspector of the salt-works of Novogorod. His abilities as an engineer and mechanic were also employed in supplying Moscow with water," and in making deeper the canal of Petersburg, and in constructing a capacious harbor at its extremity. Ho was also author of " Mcmoires Histori- ques et Gcographiqucs sur la Vala- chia," and of a "Chart of Moldavia," to illustrate the war between the Turks and Russians, in seven siieets. D. 1783. — John William, a painter of Stras- bur bay] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 123 tnetria," a celestial atlas. — Theophilus BiEOFKED, a German philologist ; author of a very curious and able work, enti- tled " Masfflum Sinicuui." B. 1694; d. 173S. BAYLE, Pierre, author of the "His- torical and Critical Dictionary," was b. at Carlat, in the county of Foix, (Langue- doc,) in 1647, and received his first in- structions from his father, a Calvinistic preacher. He gave early proofs of an astouisliing memory, and of singular vivacity of mind. At the age of 19 he entered tlie college of Puy-Laurenes, to finish his studies. The ardor with which he devoted himself to them weakened his constitution. All books were eagerly devoured by him ; his taste foi; logic led him particularly to study religious controversies, but Amyot's Plutarch and Montaigne were his favor- ite works. In Toulouse, he studied phi- losophy with the Jesuits. The arguments of his professors, and, still more, his friendly discussions with a Catholic priest, who dwelt near him, confirmed his doubts of the orthodoxy of Protest- antism, so that he resolved to change his, religion. His conversion was a triumph to the Catholics. His family, however, tried all means to regain him, and after 17 months he returned to his old faith. In order to escape from the pun- ishment of perpetual excommunication which the Catliolic church then pro- nounced against apostates, he went to Geneva, and thence to Copet, where Count Dohna intrusted him with the education of his sons, and where he studied the philosophy of Des Cartes. But after some years he returned to France, and settled in Paris. In 1675 he obtained the philosophical chair at Sedan, where he taught with distinction until the suppression of this academy in 1681. The appearance of a comet, in 1680, which occasioned an almost uni- versal alarm, induced him to publish, in 1682, his " Pensees diverses sur la Comete," a work full of learning, in which he discussed various subjects of metaphysics, morals, theology, history, and polities. It was followed by his " Critique generale de rilistoire du Cal- vinisme de Maimbourg." This work, received with equal approbation by the Catholics and Protestants, involved him in many disputes. He afterwards un- dertook a periodical work, " Nouvelles de la Republique des Lettres," in 16S4. The death of his father and of his two brothers, together with tlie religions persecutions in France, induced him to undertake his " Commentaire Philoso- phique sur ces Paroles de I'Evangile; Contrains-les d'Eutrer |" which, in re- gard to style and tone, is not worthy of him. He next devoted all his attention to the composition of his " Dictionnaire Historique ct Critique,'" which lie first published in 1696, 2 vols., fol. This was the first work which appeared under his name. He died, so to speak, with the pen in his hand, in 1706, at the age of 59. " Bayle," says Voltaire, "is the first of logicians and skeptics. His great- est enemies must contess that there is not a line in his works which contains an open aspersion of (Christianity ; but his warmest apologists must acknowl- edge that there is not a page in his con- troversial writings which does not lead the reader to doubt, and often to skepti- cism." Bayle compares himself to Ho- mer's cloud-compelling Jupiter. BAYLEY, Anselm, an English di- vine, author of " A Grammar of the Hebrew Language," &c., &e. D. 1791. — ^Sir John-, a learned and upright judge, was called to the bar in 1792, and ap- pointed a serjeant-at-law in 1799. In 1803 he was made one of the justices of the King's Bench, and received the honor of knighthood. He was a man of liberal education and enlarged no- tions. His work on '•'■ The Law of Bills of Exchange" has long been a standard book in the profession, and its value in the commercial world is universally ac- knowledged. B. 1773; d.l841.— KicH.\RD, an eminent American physician, was b. in Connecticut, in 1745. After study- ing at home, he completed his profes- sional education in London, and settled at New York. In 1792 he was appointed professor of anatomy in the college of Columbia, wlrere he acquired great ce- lebrity. In 1799 he published his work on yellow fever, wherein he proved it to ie a local malady. D. 1801.— ^^fAT- THiAS, remarkable for longevity, died about the year 1789 at Jones' creek, a branch of the Pedee, in North Carolina, aged 136 years. He was baptized at the age of 1*34. His eyesight remained good, and his strength was very re- markable till his death. BAYLY, Thomas Hatxes, a lyrical poet of some merit, and the author of several dramatic pieces, and one or two novels. Though very popular in liia own day, the majority of liis writings are already rapidlv passing into oblivion. B. 1797 ;'d. 1839.— Lewis, bishop of Bansor, autlior of " Practice of Piety." p. 1632. — William, an astronomer, whd] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRArHY. 129 popular of his works, and has acquired additional celebrity by the traiislutioa of Kinij Alfred. The collections which he made for it were the labor of many years. Besides his own personal inves- tisations, he kept up a correspondence with the niona-steries throughout the heptarchy, to obtain archives and rec- ords for his purpose ; and thus nearly all the knowledge possessed of the early state of Christianity in this country is due to Bede. There have been several editi:-ns of the original Latin, which is easy, although not elegant. While the nuinber and variety of the writings of Ecde show the extent of his erudition, his probity, moderation, and modesty insured him general respect ; and his disinterestedness is proved by the fiict, that he was never any thing higher than an unbeneficed priest. A letter of ad- vice, which he wrote late in life, to Eg- bert, archbishop of York, proves at once the purity of Ins morals, the Hberality of his sentiments, and the excellence of his discernment ; his wish being to cur- tail the number of monasteries, and to increase the efficacy and respectability of the secular clergy. Notwithstanding the veneration with which he was re- garded, not a single miracle is recorded of him ; and as monks were the great miracle-mongers, and his views of mo- nastic reform such as we have mention- ed, this is not surprising. The manner of the death of this virtuous ecclesiastic was striking and characteristic. He was dictating a translation of the Gospel of St. John to an amanuensis. The young man who wrote for him said, '' There is now, master, but one sentence wanting ;" upon which he bade him write quickly ; and when the scribe said " It is now done," the dying sage ejaculated, " It « now done," and a few minutes after- wards expired, in the act of prayer, on the floor of his cell, in the 6'3d year of his acre, in the year 735. BEDDOES. Thomas, a physician and author, b. 17(50, at Shiffnal, in Slirop- Bhire ; d. 1808. He made great pro- tress at scliool, in classical studies, and istinguished himself at Oxford by his knowledge of ancient and modern lan- guages and literature. The great dis- coveries in physic, chemistry, and physiology irresistibly attracted him. He continued his studies with success in London and Edinburgh. In his 2(;th year he took his doctor's degree, after- wards visited Paris, and formed an acquaintance with Lavoisier. On his 'et'Tn he was appointed professor of chemistry at Oxford. There he publish- ed some excehent chemical treatises, and " Observations on the Calculus, Sea- Scurvy, Consumption, Catarrh, and Fe- ver." But, by showing his sympathy with the people of France during the first French revolution, he offended some of his former admirers, and excited such a clamor of the dominant faction in this country against him, by the publication of his political opinions, that he resigned his professorship, and retired to the house of his friend Mr. Reynolds, in Shropshire. There he composed his " Observations oi^ the Nature of Demon- strative Evidence," in which he endeav- ors to prove, that matliematical reason- ing proceeds on the evidence of the senses, and that geometry is founded on experiment. He also published the " History of Isaac Jenkins," which was intended to impress useful moral lessons on the laboring classes in an attractive manner. Above 40,000 copies of this popular work were sold in a short time. After he had married, ,ii 1794, he form- ed the plan of a pneumatic institution, for curing diseases, particularly con- sumption, by means of tactitious airs or gases. He succeeded, with the assist- ance of the celebrated Wedgewood, in opening this institution, in 1798. He engaged, as a superintendent of the whole, a young man, Humphrey Davy, the foanda'^ion of whose future fame was laid here. The cliicf purpose of the institution, however, was never re- alized, and Beddoe's zeal gradually re- laxed, so that he rcl;:iquished it one year before his death, r.fter having pub- lished a number of valuable works upon the application of factitious airs. In the last years of his life, he acquired the reputation of the best medical writer in Great Britain, particularly by his "■ Hy- geia," in three vols., a popular work, which contains passages ot extraordinary eloquence. His political pamphlets, from 1795-97, are forgotten ; but will proba- bly be viewed with more interest by the spirit of the present day. BEDELL, William, bishop of Kil more and Armagh ; greatly reverenced in Ireland for his learning, piety, and benevolence. B. 1570; d. 1641. — Greg- ory T., D.D., an eloquent and popular clercrymau of the Protest:int Episcopal church. He was born on Staten Island, October the 28th, 1793, and was gradu- ated at Columbia college. New York, in 1811. His father was Israel Bedell, and his mother was a sister of the Rt. Rev, Richard Channiug Moore, D.D,, bishoj. 130 CTCLOP.^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bee of Virginia. Soon nfiar leaving college he commenced preparation tor holy orders, and was ordained deacon by Bishop Hobart, on the 4tli of November, 1814, within one week after lie had at- tained the canonical age. In the sum- mer of 1815 he accepted a rcctorsjiip in Hudson, on the North River. In the latter part of the year 1818 he left Hud- son, and removed to Fayetteville, N. C. He was after that rector of St. Andrews, in Philadelphia. D. 1834. BEDFORD, Hilkiah, an English di- vine, wiio was heavily fined as the au- thor of "The Hereditary Right of the Crown of England asserted," a Jacobite work, which was in reality written by George Harbin. D. 1724. — .John, duke .of, third son of King Henry IV. of En- gland, and one of the most successful cotnmanders ever opposed to the French. He was- appointed regent of France by the will of Henry V., and well sustained the glory of his coiuitry during the ar- duous struggle there. I). 143.5. — .John Er^sELL, 6th duke of Bedford, K. G., an Entjlish nobleman, distinguished even among his own distinguished race for practical patriotism, and a princely pat- ronage of the fine arts, and every branch of industry which tends to the improve- ment of tlie social condition. A mem- ber of several learned societies, and em- inently versed in science and fond of literature, he was no less attached to agriculture, to the improvement of which he devoted many years and larce sums of money. Of his liberality, when any useful object was in view, some opinion may be formed from the fact, that he expended upwards of £40,000 in re- building Covent-Garden market, in such a style as to render it one of the great- est ornaments of that part of London. B. 1766; d. 1839. BEDLOE, William, captain, an infa- mous informer, noted for his perjuries, and rewarded with £")00 for pretended information respectin? a popish plot, anrl the death of Sir Edmundbury God- frev. I). 1680. •BEECHEY, Sir William, an eminent Eiitrlish portrait-painter, but he did not wliolly confine himself to that branch of the art, having painted some histor- ical compositions of more than conmion merit, especially his " Iris bearing to Somnus the command of Juno to warn Alcyone by a dream of the fate of her husband Ceyx." His chief excellence, however, lay in portrait-painting, to which, indeed, he chiefly confined him- self and in which he greatly surpassed most of his cotemporary artists in luimbcr. Died aged 80 years, in 1S39. BEER, Michael, a learned Jew of Paris. B. at Nancy in 1784, was the first of his religion who pursued the profession of an advocate in France. His success in this career w^as brilliant, but he soon gave himself up exclusively to literature, and received the honor never before conferred upon a Jew, of being admitted into the learned acade- mies of France. He was elected a mem- ber of the Royal Society of Antiquaries, of the Plnlotechnic Society, of the acad- emies of Nancy, Strasburg, Nantes, and Gottingen. Napoleon invited him, in 1807, to the assembly of Jews, who were to advise concerning the amelioration of that peopjle; and the general sanhedrim for France and Italy chose him their secretary. At the erection of the king- dom of Westphalia, on account of his knowledge of the language of the coun- try, heVeeeived an appointment in the ministry of the interior, and, afterwards, was appointed to a corresponding of- fice in the French ministry ; he also delivered a course of lectures on Ger- man literature iu the Athenaum of Paris. BEERING, Vitus, a captain in the Russian navy, was born at Horsens, in Jutland. Being a skilful seaman, he was employed by Peter the Great in the navy established at Cronstadt. His tal- ents, and the undaunted courage dis- played by him in the naval wars against the Swedes, procured him the honor of being chosen to command a voyage of discovery in the sea of Kamtschatka. He set out from St. Petersburg, Feb. .5th, 172-5, for Siberia. In the year 1728 he examined the northern coasts of Kamtschatka as far as lat. 67" 18' N., and proved that Asia is not united to America. It remained, however, to be determined whether the land opposite to Kamtschatka, was, in reality, the coast of the American continent, or merely islands lying between Asia and America. June 4th, 1741, he sailed, with two ships, from Ochotsk, and touched on the northwestern coast of America, between lat. 35° and 39° N. Tempests and sickness prevented him from pursuing his discoveries ; he was cast on a desolate island, covered w^ith snow and ice, where he grew danger- ously sick, and died Dec. 8th, 1741, The straits between Asia and Air'^rica have received the name of Beering's Straits, and the island on which he died that of Beering's Island. beh] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. 131 BEETHOVEN, J^ouis vox, b. in Boun, 1772, was the son of a man who had been a tcnov singer there ; but ac- cording to anotlier aecount, a natural son of Frederic WUliain II., king of Prussia. His great talent for music was early cultivated. He astonished in his eighth year all who heard liim, by his execution on the violin, on wliicli he was in the habit of performing, with great diligence, in a little irarret. In his eleventh year he played Bach's J' WoliI Temperirtes claviei"," and, in his thir- teenth, composed some sonatas. These promising appearances of great talent induced the then reigning elector of Co- logne, to send him, in 1792, in the char- acter of his organist, and at his expense, to Vienna, that he might accomplish himself there in composition, under the instruction of Haydn. Under Haydn and Albrechtsberger he made rapid pro- gress, and became, likewise, a _ great player on the pianoforte, astonisiiing every one by his extempore perform- ances. In 1809 he was invited to the new court of the king of Westphalia, at which several men of distinction per- suaded him to remain by the promise of a yearly salary. He composed his principal works afrer 1801. A few years before his death, a cold, which he had caught by composing in the open air, produced a deafness, which became, by degrees, very great. He lived, after- wards, very much retired, in the village of Modlingen, near Vienna. Instru- mental music has received from his compositions a new character. Beetho- ven united the humor of Haydn with the melancholy of Mozart, and the char- acter of his music most resembles Che- rabini's. His boldness is great; though the more powerful nature and richer imagination of Mozart embraced a wider field, and many of his compositions ex- press the whole height and depth of his character. Besides" the srreat sympho- nies and overtures of Beethoven, his quintets, quartets, and trios for stringed instruments, his numerous sonatas, his variations, and other pieces for the pia- noforte, in which he shows the great richness of his imagination, he also composed vocal music, with scarcely less success. To this department be- longs his opera "Leonore," (in its alter- ed state, called " Fidelio,'' ) some masses, an oratorio, (the " Mount of Olives,'') and songs for the piano-forte, among which the composition of Matthison's "Adelaide," called by us, "Rosalie," and some songs of Goethe are celebrated. He died March 26th, 1827, near Vienna, in great poverty. BEHAIM, Martin, b. at Nuremberg about 1430, is distinguished as one o'^ the most learned mathematicians auvl astronomers of his age. He was engaged in commerce, and travelled for the par- pose of carrying on his business from l-i-"i5 to 1479 ; but he also devoted him- self to the study of the mathematical and nautical sciences, in which Regio- montanus is said to have been his mas- ter. He went from Antwerp to Lisbon in 14S0, where he was received with marks of distinction. He sailed in the fleet of Diego Can on a voyage of dis- covery, and explored the islands on the coast of Africa as far as the river Zaire. He is also said to have discovered, or at least to have colonized, the island of Fay- al, where he remained for several years, and assisted in the discovery of the other Azores. He was afterwards knighted, and returned to his native country where he constructed a terrestrial globe in 1492, which bears the marks of the imperfect acquaintance of that age with the true dimensions of the earth. Benhaim died, after several voyages, in Lisbon, in 1506. Some ancient Spanish historians assert that he made several discoveries, and that he gave to his friend Columbus the idea of another hemisphere. Robertson (in his History of America) and other historians contradict this statement. It is also rejected by Irving. BEHX, Aphar'a, a lady of some celeb- rity as a writer of plays and novels, was descended from a good family in Canter- bury of the name of .Job.nson, and was born in tlie reign of Charles I. 1\>:T father, through the interest of his n'la- tion Lord Willoughby, being appointed lieutenant-general of Surinam, embark- ed witli his family for the West Indies, taking with him Aphara, who was then very young. The father died at sea ; but his family arrived safely at Surinam, and remainecl there for some years, du- ring which time Aphara gained the acquaintance of the American prince Oroonoko, whom she made the subject of a novel subsequently dramatized by Southern. On her return to England she married Mr. Behn, a London mer- chant, of Dutch extraction; but was probably a widow when selected by Charles' II. as a proper person to acquire intelligence on the continent during the Dutch war. She accordingly took up her residence at Antwerp, where she engaged in gallantries for the good of her countrj-; and it is said that, bjf 182 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [BEt means of one of her admirers she ob- tained advice of the intention of the Dutch to saU up the Thames, which she transmitted to England. This intelli- gence although true, being discredited, she gave up politics, returned to En- gland, and devoted herself to intrigue and veriting for support; and, as she had a good person and much conversa- tional talent, she became fashionable among the men of wit and pleasure of the time. She publialied three volumes of poems by Eochestcr, Etherege, Crisp, ana others, with some poetry of her own ; and wrote seventeen plays, the heartless licentiousness of which was disgraceful both to her sex and to the age which tolerated the performance of tiicm. She was also the authoress of a couple of volumes of novels, and of the celooratcd love-letters between a noble- man and his sister-in-law. Pope, in his character of women, alludes to Mrs. Behn, under her poetical name of " As- trea:" " The stage how looBely does Astrea trend, Who f;iirly puts her char".cter8 to bod." She died in 1689, between forty and fifty years of age, and was buried in the clois- ters of Westminster abbey. BEICII, ,T(jACiuM Francls, a native of Suabia, eminent as a painter of cattle pii'ces and landscapes. B. 165') ; d. 1-748. IIKINASCHl, John Baptist, a native of Piedmont, an eminent historical paint- er. B. 1684; d. 1088. BEK, or BEAK, Anthony de, bishop of Durliam, a bold and spirited prelate, who united the skill and courage of a soldier to the austerity of a divine. He led the van of the English army under Edward I. in an expedition against the Scots ; built Barnard castle and other fortresses, and performed many gallant exploits : but at length broke liis heart at being excommunicated by the arch- bishop of York, in lolO. — David, a Dutch painter, pupil of Vandyke, and portrait giiinter to Christina, queen of Sweden. , 1621 ; d. 1656. BEIKKHER, Balthasar, a divine of Amsterdam; suspended from liis func- tions for publishing "The World Be- witched," a rofutation of the popular errors in witchcraft, &c. B. 1634 ; d. 1698. BKKKER, Elizabeth, an ornament of Dutch literature in the department of the bc-lles lettres. Few female autliors have united with so great talents so much dignity and purity of morals. The influence of her numerous works was much increased by her character, and several of them are considered classics in Dutch literature, particularly her ro- mances, " Willem Leevend," in 8 vols.; "Letters of A. Blankart to C. Wild- schut," and the "History of Sura Burger- hart." She wrote her most i nportant works in conjunction with her friend Agatha Deken, and the share of each in the composition of them is unknown. Elizabeth was born at Flushing, in 1738, and died at the ILigue, in 1804. "^er inseparable friend in life followed tier nine days later in death. BEL, John James, a counsellor of Bordeaux, compiler of the " Diction- naire Ncologique," and author of " Let ters on Voltaii'e's Marianne," &c. D 1738. — Matthias, an Hungarian divine, historiographer of the Emperor Charles VL, author of " Apparatus ad Historiam Hungarian," &c. B. 1684; d. 1749.— Charles Andrew, son of the above, li- brarian and professor of poetry to the university of Leipsic. B. 171V ; d. by his own hand, 1782. BELCHER, Jonathan, governor of Massachusetts and New Jersey. He graduated at Harvard college in 1699. Not long after the termination of hia collegiate life, he visited Europe, and after the lapse of several years, returned, and commenced business as a merchant in Boston. He was chosen a member of the council, and in 1729 was sent as an agent of the province to England. After the death of Governor Burnet, he was appointed to the government of Massachuselts and New Hamiishire, in 1730. Hi this station he coutinuecl 11 years, when he was superseded. On repairing to England, he so far suc- ceeded in vindicating his character and conduct, as to obtain the appointment of governor of the province of New Jersey, where he arrived in 1747, and spent the remaining years of his life, lie enlarged the charter of Princeton college, and was its chief patron and benefactor. He d. in 1757, aged 76. — ■ Jonathan, chief justice of Nova Scotia, was graduated at Harvard college, in 1728. He studied law at the Temple, ia London. He was among the first settlers of Chebucto, afterwards sailed Halifax, and being, in 1760, senior counsellor, on the death of Governor Lawrence he \va.» appointed lieutenant-governor, in which office he was succeeded by Col. Wilmot, in 1763. In 1761 he received his ap- pointment of chief justice. B. 1708 ; d. 1776. BELCniER, John, was born at King- ston, Surrey, and after an Eton educa- bel] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 133 tioD was put apprentice to Cheselden, the most eelebruted surgeon of liis age. Perseverance and assiduity soon ren- dered him eminent in liis profession, and in 17o6 lie succeeded Craddocli as Burgeon in Guy's hospital. In this em- ployment he became respected and be- loved for his attention, and, unlike the mercenary practitioners of the times, he considered not the emoluments of his otfiee, but the character of his station, and treated w ith unwearied patience and humanity those whom diseases or misfortunes had placed under his care. In his private life lie was equally ami- able, his whole time was devoted either to his friends or to the improvement of his profession, and many are the in- genious eommuiiications with which he tavored the Philosophical Transactions and other publications. He respected the name of Guy almost to adoration, observing, that no other man would have sacrificed £15(»,U00 for the relief of his fellow-creatures. B. 1706; d. 1785. BELDEN, Joshua, physician. After graduating at Yale college, in 1787, he studied physic with Dr. L. Hopkins. Besides his useful toils as a physician, he was employed in various otiices of public trust. He was a zealous sup- porter of all charitable and religious iu- Btitutions. B. 1768; d. 1818. BELESIS, a Chaldean, who raised Arbaces to the throne of Media, and was rewarded with the government of Babylon. BELGRADO, James, an Italian Jesuit, eminent as a poet, antiquary, and math- ematician, author of a treatise entitled "The Existence of God demonstrated Geometrically," &c. B. 1704; d. 1789. — Manukl, an active partisan and com- mander in the cause of South American independence, whose disinterested con- duct proved highly favorable to Buenos Avres and the neighboring states. J). 1820. BELIDOE, Bernard Forest de, an eminent French engineer and mathema- tician, author of " i)ictionaaire portatif de ringtnieur," &e. B. 1695; d. 1761. BELING, KiCHARD, an Irish gentle- man, who took part in the rebellion of 16il, but recovered his estate at the restoration ; author of " VindiciiE Cath- olicorum Hibernite." B. 1613; d. 1677. BELISAKIUS, a Roman general, one of the most celebrated of his age, first perved with .'"!.■ 'inction in the guards of Justinian, fx_., subsequently rose to military eminence under that emperor. He deieated Cabades, and subsequently 12 Cosroes, king of Persia, detlironcd Gel- imer, king of the Vandals, routed tho Goths in Sicily and Italy, and pcrtbrmed other glorious actions. Justinian, how- ever, confiscated his estates, but at length restored them, and took him again into favor. The story of his Vilind- iiess and beggary is a fiction added by the more modern writers. D. 5ti.'5. BELKNAP, Jeremy, an An..:-rican historian and divine, was born at Bos- ton, Massachusetts, in 1744, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1762. He was first settled in the Christian ministry at Dover, New Hampshire, and afterwards in his native town. He waa one of the founders of the Massachusetts Historical Society, and devoted much of his time to the promotion of its ob- jects and interests. His published works are the "History of New Hamp- shire," " American Biography," and a number of political, literary, and reli- gious tracts. His writings are charac- terized by great researcli, clear arrange- ment, and perspicuity of style. D. 1798. BELL, Andrew, an English divine, the projector and founder of those ex- cellent establishments called National Schools, author of "An Experiment in Education at the Male Asylum, Madras," " Instructions for conducting Schools on the Madras System," &c., &c. Dr. Bell had acquired considerable property in the East Indies, and had some lucra- tive preferments in England, all of which he bequeathed to institutions connected with education and literature. B. at St. Andrews, Scotland, 1753 ; d. 1832. — -Benjamin', an eminent surgeon, and writer on surgery ; author of a " Treatise on the Manasement of Ul- cers," &c., &c. B. at Dumfries, 1749 : d. 1806. — Henry, the first successful applier of steam to the purposes of nav- igation in Europe, was born in Linlith- gowshire, in 1767. After serving an apprenticeship to his uncle, who was a millwright, he went to London, and was in the employ of Mr. Rennie, the cele- brated engineer ; but it was not till the year 1812 that he produced a vessel cal- culated to establish the practicability and important uses of steain-navi^'atiou ; and though Mr. Fulton, an Anuiicau engineer, had launched a boat upon the same principle five years before, which had performed Ion? voyages upon tlio Hudson river, yet Bell must be at least allowed the praise of having done, in his own country, what all other men, notwithstanding the superior advan- tages of skill and capital, had failed in 134 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bel doing. Died, at Helensburgh, 1830. — Jami-.s, an eminent geographical writer, was born at Jedburgh, in 17G9. He was brought up as a weaver, and became a manufacturer of cotton goods at Glas- gow, but left that business, and, being an indefatigable student, became a teacher of the classics to young men preparing for the university. He was the author of "A System of Popular and Scientific Geography," in 6 vols. : " A Gazetteer of England and Wales." D. 1833. — CiiAULES, an eminent anato- mist and professor of surgery in the university of Edinburgh, of which city he was a native, being born there in 1778. I^ lSO(j he went to Loudon, and was soon distinguished as a popular lecturer on anatomy and surgery, at the academy founded by the celebrated Hunter, in Windmill-street, where, as subsequently, when appointed a pro- fessor at the royal college of surgeons, the benches were crowded with atten- tive auditors. He was the author of many professional works of high repute, on anatomy, surtrical operations, and the nervous system ; all admirably illus- trated from drawings made by himself. On the accession of William IV'. he re- ceived the honor of kniglithood. As in Lis professional career Sir Charles was resjiccted for his great talents, so in Erivate life was he admired for the land simjilicity of his manners. B. 1778 ; d. 1842. — John, a distinguished citizen of New Hampshire, of great judgment, decision, and integrity, died at Londonderry, Nov. 80, 1828, aged 95 years. His father, John, was an early pettier of that town. During the revolu- tionary war, he was a leading memVjcr of the senate. Two of his sons, Samukl and .John, have been governors of New Hampshire. The former was twelve years a senator of the United States. BELLA, Stekano della, an eminent Florentine engraver, b. in 1610, was for a considcrabie time employed by Cardi- nal Kiclielicu. to engrave the conquests of Louis XIIL; and, after his return home, was liberally patronized by the house of Medici. The number of his plates is said to amount to one thousand four hundred. D. 1684. BELLAMY, Joseph, a distinguished Congregational minister of Woodbury, Conn. He was b. at New Cheshire in that state, 1719, and graduated at Yale college, in 1735. In 1750 he published a work entitled " True Religion Delin- eated." Such was his reputation, that many young men, studying for the miu- isti-y, placed themselves under his in- struction. He was reckoned one of the most learned divines of the country. His works were published in three vols. 1811. B.1729 ; d. 1790.— James, a Flem- ish poet, was b. at Flushing in the year 1757, and d. iu 1796. He was twen- ty-five years old, and followed the trade of a baker, when, in 1772, the second secular festival, in commem'>ration of the foundation of the republic, vius cel- ebrated throughout Holland. His genius suddenly inflamed bv the love of his native land, rendered him a poet, and his first productions met with success. He studied Latin, made himself better acquainted with his mother tongue, and composed several pieces of merit suffi- cient to induce the society of arts at the Hague to incorporate them in their col- lections. He published his patriotic songs under the title of " Vaderlandse- Gezeugen," which secure him a place among the first poets of his nation. Bellamy sung, likewise, the praise of love. The later works of this poet be- tray a certain melancholy, which renders them still more interesting. A biograph- ical account of him has been written by Kniper. He may be placed by the side of Bilderdyk, Helmers, Loots, R. Fcvth, &c., as one of the restorers of modern Dutch poctrv. BELLEGARDE, John Baptist Mor- van de, a French Jesuit, expelled from the society for Cartesianism ; translator of St. Chrvsostom, Thomas a Kcmpis, &c. D. 1734. BELLEISLE, Charles Louis Augus- tus FouQUET, Count de, a French mar- shal, whose talent and eminent successes were rewarded by his sovereign, Louis XV., with the iiighest dignities. B. 1684; d. 1771. BELLENDEN, William, a Scottish writer of the 17th century, distinguish- ed for the elegance of bis Latin style. He was educated at Paris, where he was professor of belles lettres in 1602, and though he was made master of requests by James L, he still continued to reside in the French metropolis. In 1608 ha •published a work entitled " Cicero Prin- ceps," containing a selection from the works of Cicero, consisting of passages relating to the duties of a prince, &o. He aftenvards republished this work, with some other treatises, in his " Bellen- denus de Statu, libri tres." This work was published again in 1787, by an anonymous editor, since known to have been' Dr. Parr, ■who added a Latin pref- ace on the politics of that time. From Bel] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 135 Bellendeu's work, Middleton's "Life of .Cicero," was almost entirely compiled without acknowledgment — a plagiarism denounced by Warfon and Parr. BELLENGEE, Francis, a doctor of theSorbonne ; author of a " Critical Es- say on the Works of Kollin," &c. D. 1749. BELLET, Charles, a French writer; author of "L' Adoration Chrctienue dans la Devotion Rosairc," &c. D. 1771. — Isaac, a French physician ; author of a " History of Cataline's Conspiracy," &e. D. 1778. BELLI AED, Augustin Daniel, Count de, a distinguished French general and diplomatist,' was b. in 1773, in La Ven- dee, lie entered the military service early, and was soon made an officer of Dumouriez's statf : he afterwards served with Bonaparte iu Itdy and Egjj^t ; and, returning from the latter country, he particijiated iu the victories of l.'lm auci Austcrlitz, and fought iu all the great battles in the war with Prussia, lie next went to Spain ; but in 1812 joined the army destined for the invasion of Eussia, and particularly distinguished himself in the battle of Moskwa. At Lcipsic, a cannon-ball carried away his arm. After Napoleon's abdication, _ he was made a peer of France, and major- general of the army under the Duke de Berri. When the emperor returned from Elba, he dispatched Belliard to king Joachim at Naples, but the vessel was" intercepted by a British ship, and driven back to France. On the return of the Bourbons, he was for a short time imprisoned, but soon taken into favor again. When Louis Philippe ascended the throne, he sent Belliard to Berlin, to^ treat respecting the acknowledgment of the new dynasty ; and during his em- bassy to Brussels, he contributed more than" any other diplomatist to the forma- tion of "the new Belgian government. D. 1822. BELLIEVEE, Pomponius de, a French 6tat03man, chancellor to Henry IV. B. 1529 ; d. 1607. BELLI N, James Nicholas, a French feographer; author of " Hydrographie ranc.'oisc," &c. D. 1772. BELLINI, Laurence, an Italian phy- sician ; author of several anatomical and medical works in Latin. B. 1043 ; d. 1702. — ViNCENZo, a celebrated musical composer, was b. at Catania in Sicily, in 1806. He was educated at Naples under Zingarelli, and before he liad completed his 20th year he had produced *' Bianco e Fernando" at the theatre San Carlo. This was sue ceded by various others, of which "II Pirati," ''LaSom- nambula," " Norma," and " I Puritani" are the best, and have gained for liim an undying celebrity. His moral character stood high, and his manners and com- positions were in harmonious accord- ance ;— agreeable, tender, and elegant. D. near Paris, 1835. — James, and his two sons. Gentile and Giovanni, who sur- passed their father, celebrated painters, who made a new epoch in the Venetian school. Of James's works nothing has been left ; but several of Gentile's havi- reaehed our times. In the year 1479, Gentile went to Constantinople, Ma- homet II. having sent to Venice for a skilful painter. He is said to have there copied the bas-reliefs of the column of Theoilosius, and to have died at Venice in the year 1501. The most distinguisL- ed of the family was Giovanni, born at Venice, about 1424, and who died about 1516. lie studied nature diligently, and his drawing was good. He contributed much to make oil painting popular, and has left many excellent pictures, of which one, the " Saviour pronouncing his Ben- ediction," is to be found in the gallery of Dresden. His own reputation was much increased by that of his celebrated disciples, namely, Titian and Giorgione. As tlieir instructor, he is sometimes called the founder of the Venetian school. BELLMAN, Charles Michael, the most original among the Swedish poets, was born at Stockholm, in 1741, and grew up iu the quietude of domestic life. The first proofs which he gave of his poetical talents were religious and pious effusions. The dissipated life of young men, at Stockholm, devoted to pleasure, was afterward the subject of his poems. By these his name was spread over aU Sweden. Even the attention of Gus- tavus III. was attracted to him, and ho received from the king an appointment, which enabled him to devote himself almost entirely to poetical pursuits, in an easy independence, until his death, in 1795". His songs are truly national, principally describing scenes of revelry. BELLOCQ, Pierre, valet-de-chambre to Louis XIV. ; author of a poem on the Hotel des Invalides, &c. D. 1704. BELLOI, Pierre Laurent Burette DE, the first French dramatist who suc- cessfully introduced native heroes upon the French stage, instead of those of Greece and Eome, or the great men of other nations, was born at St. Flour, in Auvergue, during 1727. He went to Paris when a child, lost Ids father soon 136 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bEk Wter, and was supported by his uncle, a distiiiguislied advocate in the parhament of Paris, who designed him for the same profession. He applied himself to this profession with reluctance, while he showed much genius for the drama. His uncle opposed this taste, and the young man secretly left his house and retired to Eussia, where he betook him- self to the stage. He now made his ap- pearance at several northern courts, as an actor, under the name of Dormont de Belloi. Everywhere his character gain- eel him love and esteem. He spent sev- eral years in Petersburgh, where the Empress Elizabeth showed him much kindness. In 1758 he returned to Fnmce, where he produced, from time to time, his uncle having died, his tra- gedies of Titus, Zelmaire, Siege de Calais, Gastu et Bayard, &c., &c. D. 1775. BELLOMONT, Rich.vrd, earl of, gov - ernor of New York, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire, was appointed to these offices early in May, lOyS, but did not arrive at N ew York until May, 1 698. He remained in the province of New York about a year. He reached Boston, May 26, 1699*; he was received with the great- est respect, as it was a new thing to see a nobleman at the head of the govern- ment. Twenty companies of soldiers, and a vast concourse of people met " his lordship and countess" on his arrival. " There were all manner of exjpressions of jov, and to end all, fireworks and a good" drink at night." He took every method to ingratiate liimself with the people; his success may be justly ap- preciated, by the remark of one of his biographers^ that by his wise conduct he obtained a larger sum as a salary, and as a gratuity, than any of his predecessors or successors. Though he remained but fourteen months, the grants made to him were £1875 sterling. His time was much taken up in securing the pirates, and their etfects, to accomplish which, was a principal reason of his appoint- ment. During his administration Cap- tain Kidd was seized, and sent to England for trial. In 1700 he returned to New York, and died there in 1701. Bl^.LLONl, Jerome, a celebrated Ro- man banker, created a marquis by Pope Benedict XIV. ; author of an "Essay on Connnerce." D. 1760. BELLORI, John Peter, a celebrated Italian antiquary and connoisseur in tlie polite arts ; author of "Lives of Modern Painters, Architects, and Sculptors," &c. D. 1696. BELLOTI, Peter, an Italian painter, chiefly of portraits. B. 1625 ; d. 1700. BELOE, William, a divine and critic, was born at Norwich in 1756, and edu- cated at Cambridge. After having been assistant to Dr. Parr, who was then head master of Norwich school, he took or- ders, and olrtained church preferment. He was finally rector of Allhallows, a prebendaiy of St. Paul's, and librarian of the British Museum. The latter situ- ation however he lost, in consequence of a visitor to the museum having pur- loined some valuable prints. In con- junction with Dr. Narcs, he established the " British Critic." He is the author of "Anecdotes of Literature" and "Scarce Books ;" the " Sexagenarian ," and other works; and the translator of "Herod- otus and Aulus GeUius." He died in 1817. BELON, Peter, an eminent French naturalist and physician of the 16th cen- tury, was born in Maine, about 1518, travelled into Palestine, Greece, Arabia, and England; published in 1558 a veiy interesting account of his travels ; and was assassinated in 1564. He is the author of several valuable works on natural history, particularly on fishes. Belon is considered as the inventor of comparative anatomy, and one of the founders of natural history. BELOSIELSKY, Prince, a Russian noble; author of "Poesies Fran-joisea d'un Prince Etrauger," &e. D. 1809. BELOT, John de Blois, advocate to the privy council of Louis XIV. ; author of " Apologie de la Langue Latine." BELSIIAM, Thomas, an eminent Uni- tarian divine ; author of a discourse "On the Importance of Faith, and the Duty of inakina: Open Professions of it," &c. D. in his 80th year, 1829.— William, brother of the preceding, an eminent writer; author ot "Essays, Political and Literary," " History of Great Britain, from tiie Revolution to the Treaty of Amiens," in 12 vols. Svo., &c, D. aged 75, in 1827. BELSUNCE DE CASTLE MORON, Henry Francis Xavier de, a virtuous and humane French prelate, was b. in 1671, at the castle of La Force, in Perigord. In 1709 he was made bishop of Marseilles, and when that city was visited by the plague in 1720, instead of deserting his flock, he hourly hazarded his life to afford them succor and con- solation. As a reward, he was offered the rich bishopric of Laon, wliieh con- ferred the title of duke; bat he replied, that " he would not quit a church to bem] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. in wMcli he had devoted liis life." A col- lese was founded by him in his episcopal city. This exemplary pastor wrote a " ilistory of the Bishops of his Dio- cese:" " Pastor.il Instructions ;■■ and the " Life of Mademoiselle de Foix." D. 1755. BELUS, celebrated in profane history Bs the founder of the Babylonian empire. He was deified afcer his death, and a temple was erected to him at Babylon. He 13 probably the Baal of Phcenicia, and the Nimrod of Scripture. Flour- ished 1322 B. c. BELYX, a British prince and com- mander under Caractaeus. BELZOXI, Gi.viiBATTisTA, that is, .John Baptist, an enterprising traveller, was born at Padua, and educated at Rome. He was destined for the monastic life, but left the city when it was occupied by the French armies, and in IBIS'S, went to London, where he exhibited as the Pd,tagorh'mn Samwn, at various minor theatres. There he acquired, besides an acquaintance with the English language, much knowledge of the science of hy- draulics, the study of which had been his chief occupation in Rome, and which afterwards carried him to Egypt. He left this country, after a residence of nine years, accompanied by his wife, and took his way through Portugal, Spain, and Malta, to Egypt. There he hved from 1S15 to 1819, at first as a dan- cer, till he won the favor of the pacha, who made use of his services. Belzoni, though often alone amidst the rude in- habitants of the country, kept them in awe by his extraordinary stature and strength. He succeeded in opening, not only the pyramid of Ghiza, which had been already opened in the ITth century by Pietro della Valle, and to which the French, during their expedition to Egypt, could not find the entrance, but also a second, known by the name of CepJirenes, and several catacombs near Thebes, es- pecially one in a fine state of preservation m the valley of Biban el Molook, which IS considered to be the mausoleum of Psammis, in 400 b. c. The drawings which he has furnished of these antiqui- ties are the most exact which we possess. In the year 1816 his perseverance and skill succeeded in transporting the bust of Jupiter Memnon, together with a sar- cophagus, of alabaster, found in the cata- combs', from Thebes to Alexandria, from whence they came to the Briiish Mu- seum. On the 1st of August, 1817, he opened the temple of Ipsambul, near the second cataract of the Nile, which two FreP'Uimen, Cailliaud and Drovetti, (the 12* French consul-general,) had discover sd the year before, but had not succeed id in opening. Belzoni found a subJ.;r- raneous temple in its ruins, which until that time had been unknown. He thea visited the coasts of the Red Sea, and the city of Berenice, and made an expe- dition into the oasis of Ju]>iter Amnion. His journey to Berenice ^vas rewarded by the discovery of the emerald mines of Zubara. Belzoni refuted Cailliaad's assertion, that he had found the farious Berenice, the great emporium of Europe and India, by subsequent investigaaons on the spot, and by the actual discovery of the ruins of that great city, four days' journey from the place which Caiiliaud had taken for Berenice. His " Narrative of the Operations and recent Discoveries within the Pyramids, Temples, Tombs, and Excavations in Egypt and Nubia; and of a Journey to the Coast of the Red Sea in search of Berenice : also of an- other to the Oasis of Jupiter Ammon," (Loudon, 1820,) accompanied by a folio vol. of forty-four copperplates, was re- ceived with general approbation. Padua, his native city, requited his prQ,sent of two Egyptian statues from Thebes with an honorary medal. In the year 1823, this enterprising traveller had made preparations for passing from Benin to Houssa, and Timbuctoo, when he died at Gato, on his wav to Benin, Dec. the 3d, 1823. He believed the Nile and Niger to be different streams, and thai the Niger empties its waters into the Atlantic ocean ; opinions which have eventually been proved to be correct. The following inscription was placed over his grave : *' Here lies the remains of G. Bklzoni, Who was attacked with dysentery, at Benin, (On his way to Ho ;8sa and Timbuctoo,) On the 26th of Xovember, and . at Leeds, in Yorkshire, about 1730, and his father, who was a Dutch mer- chant, gave him an education suitable to the same calling ; but his turn being to a military life, he entered into the Prussian service, and rose to the rank of captain. In 1756 he quitted that ser- vice ani_i entered into that of England, where he obtained the same rank. At the peace, in 1760, he went to Edinburgh, and began the study of physic ; while there he published his " Cla\ns Anglica LinguiB Botanic*," a book of great merit : in 1765 he went to Leyden, and took his degree of M.D. On liis return to England^ he settled at Isleworth, in Middlesex, and soon after published his "Pharmacopeia Medica." In 1778 he attended the British commissioners to America, and at Philadelphia he wa.** committed to prison, but he soon after- wards was set at liberty, and retuiTied with the commissioners to England, where he obtained a pension. D. 1791. BERLICHINGEN, G. tz, or Godfrey VON, with the iron hand ; born at Jax- thausen, in Snabia ; a bold, restless, warlike, and honorable German knight, of the middle ages. He placed himself at the head of the rebellious pca-sants, in the war which they waged against their oppressors, but was soon made prisoner. Before that time he had lost liis right hand, and therefore wore one made of [ iron. He died July tiie 23d, 1562. His I biography, written by himself, was I printed at Nuremberg in 1731 and 1775, I and, for the third time, at Breslau, in 1813. This book contains an excellent I picture of the socitd life and customs of ] the middle ages, and has furnished Goethe with tlfe subject for his beautiful drama, " Goetz von Berlichingen," which Sir Walter Scott translated. BERN ADOTTE, Charles John XIV., kinar of Sweden and Norway, whose original name was John Baptiste Jclics Bernadotte, was burn of very humble parents at Pan, in Bearne. He received a good education, and it is said that he was designed for the bar, but he sud- denly abandoned liis studies, and en- listed as a private in the marines. For nine years from his enlistment, that is, up to the year 1789, the utmost ranK tliat Bernadotte had attained was that of sergeant ; but in the opening made by the French revolution, by the sweep- ing away the arbitrary barrier which till then had rendered plebeian merit of little avail in the French service, Bernadotte saw his advantiisre, and improved it so well, that in 1792 he was a colonel in the army of Custines. In 1793 he so distinguished himself under tlie com- mand of Kleber, as to be raised to the rank of general of brigade, and shortly afterwards, of division. On the Rhine and in Italy he more and more distin- guished himself, and he showed that his talents were not those of a mere sol- dier, by his conduct in a somewhat dif- ficult embassy to Austria. Between him and Napoleon there seems to have been bek] CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHr. 147 a constant distmst, if not actual hatred ; nevertheless, Beruadotte had a mar- shal's staff on the establishment of the consulate, and was created prince of Ponte Corvo in 1306. In all his cam- paigns, Bemadotte was distinguished trom the great majoritv of the French commanders by the clemency and gen- erosity of his conduct from the moment that the hattle was at an end; and it was this conduct, even more than his brilliant reputation as a soldier, that caused him to be put in nomination as a successor of Charles XIII. of Sweden. Napoleon, then emperor, could but with difficulty be induced to consent to Ber- nadotte "becoming crown-jrince and heir to the throne. "WhatT' said Bema- dotte, '• wUl you make me greater than vourself by making me refuse a crown '"' the sareasm told, and Napoleon merely replied, " Go I our fates must be accom- Clished!" From the instant that he ecame crown-prince of Sweden, the fortunate soldier showed a determina- tion to trive all his energies to his adopt- ed country ; he formed a secret alliance with Kussia in ISli, and, in 1813, he took command of the combined armies of Northern Germany against France. Never durin* half a century before his accession had Sweden known the peace or the prosperity in which he left her in the hands of his son Oscar. B. 1765 ; d. 1S44. BEKNAED OF MENTHON, arch- deacon of Aosta, was born in y23, near Annecy, in Savoy, and was celebrated among his cotemporaries for his learn- ing and piety ; but his claims to the notice of later ages rest on his having been the benevolent founder of the two admirable institutions on the Great and Little Saint Bernard, by means of which the lives of so many travellers have been Baved. D. 1008. — Of Thckinglv, a fa- naHcal hermit of the 10th centurr, who threw almost all Europe into consterna- tion, by preaching that the end of the world was at hand. Multitudes relin- quished their occupations, and became pilsrims ; and others were so frightened at an eclipse of the sun, which then occurred, that they liid themselves in caverns and holes in the rocks. The error spread by this man was not whol- ly removed till towards the end of the eleventh century. — Edwaed. an English philosopher and critic: author of " Ety- molosicum Brirtanicum,"' a "Treatise ^n Ancient Weiehts and Measures,"' &c.. &c. B. 1638; d. 1697.— James, a French Protestant divine ; author of an "Historical Accorjit of Europe," &c B. 16o8; d. 1718. — John, an actor; au- thor of '• Ketrosj ection of the Stage." D. 1828. — Claudk, surnamed "'the poor priest," was a native of Dijon, whose active benevolence towards the poor and sick was unremitting during the whole course of his life, and for whose support he not only expended his whole iuher- itiince, £20,000, but was continually em- ployed in soliciting for them the bene- factions of others. B. 158 i; d. 1641, — Petek Joseph, a French amatory poet, styled by Voltaire, le (lentil Bernard, an epithet by which he is still distinguish- ed. B. at Grenoble, 1710 ; d. 1775. — Sir Thomas, a gentleman and scholar, to whom the Society for bettering the Con- dition of the Poor owes its estahlishment, and who was also the active promoter of many charities, was born at Lincoln, 17.jO; d. 1818. — l)rKE of Weolui, the fourth son of duke John of Saxe- Wei- mar, was a general whose mag'uanim- ity, skill, and impetuous valor were fre- quently displayed while commaudir^ the Swedish army after the death of Gustavus ; and who afterwards, while in alliance with France, did great ser- vice to the Protestant cause. He died by {wison, administered, as his cotem- pomries asserted, at the instigation of I the duke of Richelieu, who had become I jealous of his power : but of this there is no substantiiil proof. B. 1604 ;» d. 1639. — Srstox, general of engineers of France, I was b. at Dole in 177^. The kindness j of the parish priest supplied him with I sufficient of the rudiments of learning j to allow his entering the Polytechnio school at fifteen years of age. La Place, ' Hauy, and other" great men were then at j the head of the Polytechnic school, and i so well did Bernard avail himself of their I lessons, that he not only became one of the most distinguished engineer officers and aids-de-camp of Napoleon, but, subsequently to the emperor's fall, exe- cuted works in the United States, which are most undoubtedly unequalled else- where ; the most distant places lieiog united by canals, actual navigable rivers, and upwards of four thousand five hun- , dred miles of frontier rendered secure j against invasion by forts and works. ■ Since July, 1830, he returned to France, i and was for some time minister of war. j D. lS3y. — Saint, the abbot of Clairvaux, i and one of the most influential ecclesi- astics of the middle ages. He was bom of a noble family at Fontaines, in Bur- gundy, IOjI. He became a monk of Citeaiix in 1113, and two years later. 148 CTC'LOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [beb first abbot of Clairvaux. An austere mauuer of living, solitary studies, bold language and eloquence, with the repu- tation of a prophet, made him soon the oracle of Christian Europe. He was called the honeyed teacher, and his wri- tings, a stream from Paradise. He prin- cipally promoted the crusade in 1146, and quieted the fermentation, caused at that time by a party of monks, against the Jews in Germany. He declined all gromotion, and in the rank of abbot of is "beloved Jerusalem," as he used to call Clairvaux, he continued with all hu- mility, but with great boldness, his cen- sures of the clergy and his counsels to the popes. Innocent II. owed to him the succession of the right of investiture in Germany, and Eugeniiis III. his edu- cation. He was, at the same time, the umpire of princes and bishops, and his voice in the synods was regarded as di- vine. By his rigid orthodoxy and his mystical doctrines, which, though at- times enthusiastic, were always directed to the promotion of practical Christian- ity, he refuted the subtleties and dia- lectics of the scholastic philosophers, al- though his severity against Abelard and Gilbert of Force can by no means be justified. Luther says of him, " If there has ever been a pious monk who feared God, it was St. Bernard ; whom alone I hold in much higher esteem than all other monks and priests throughout the globe." He died in 1158, and was can- onized by Alexander III., in 1174. BERNAKDEZ, Diego, called by his countrymen the Portuguese Theocritus, was not more eminent as a pastoral poet, than as a brave warrior ; and after nu- merous deeds of heroism, was taken prisoner by the Moors at the battle of Alcazarquiver. D. 1.596. BERNARD!, ArousTus Frederic, a German philologist, whose great aim was to invent a universal grammar common to all laniruages, and w^io, in his endeav- ors to elfect that object, displayed great ingenuity and learning. B. at Berlin, 1768 ; d. 1820. — ^John, a celebrated en- graver and architect. D. 1555. BERNARDINE, a Catholic saint; canonized for his zeal in causing more han 300 monasteries to be founded. B. At Massa, in Tuscanv, 1380 ; d. 1445. BERXARDIN DE SAINT-PIERRE, JiVMEs Henry, was b. at Havre, in 1737, and is said to have been a descend- ant of the celebrated Eustace de St. Pierre, the patriotic mayor of Calais. &.t the J^ge of twenty he entered into the engine er service ; and he successively ^ served at Malta, in Russia, and in Po- land. On his revisiting his native coun- try, he obtained a captain's commission in the engineer corps, and was sent to the Isle of France, from whence, how- ever, after a residence of three years, he returned, with no other fortune than a collection of shells and insects, and a narrative of his voyage. The latter, which was his first literary eftbit, was published in 1773 ; and he, thencfftbrth, devoted himself to literature. His "Studies of Nature" appeared in 1784, and passed rapidly through several edi- tions. "Paul and Virginia" was pub- Hshed in 1788, and this delightful tale acquired an unprecedented popularity, and set the seal on his reputation. During the reign of terror, he narrowly escaped the scatfokl. From Napoleon and his brother Joseph he received pensions, which gave comfort to his latter days. He d. in 1814. His "Har- monies of Nature" was given to the press after his death. The best edition of his works is in 12 octavo vols. The philosophy of St. Pierre is occasionally eccentric ; but the purity of his morality, and the beauty of his style, deserve the hiarhest praise. IJERNES, or BARNES, Juliana, an English lady of the 15th century, of whom little more is known, than that she was prioress of the nunnery of Sope- well, near St. Alban's, and has her name prefixed, as the writer or compiler, to one of the earliest and most curious pro- ductions of the English press. The title of the second edition, printed in the abbey of St. Alban's, in 1486, is, "The Boke of Hawkyng and Huntyng, with other Pleasures dyverse, anrl also Coot- armuries." The first edition (1481) does not treat of coat-armor or her- aldry. This work, under the title of "The Book of St. Alban's," became a popular manual of sporting science, and was several times reprinted in the 16th century. As a typographical curiosity, a snuiU impression of it w'as published, in 1811, by Mr. Halsewood. BERNI, Francis, one of the most eminent Italian poets of the 16th cen- tury, was b. at Lamporeechio, in Tus- cany, and d. of poison, in 1536. He remodelled Bojardo's " Orlando Inna- morato." His " Rime Burlesche," and his Latin " Poems," are to be found in various collections. — ^Count Francis, a civilian, orator, and poet, was b. at Ferrara, in 1610. He was greatly in favor with Pope Innocent X., Alexaiide. VII., and Clement IX., and with two bsr] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. 149 successive dukes of Mantua. He ex- celled iu dramatic pieces, of wliicli he wrote eleven. A volume of his miscel- lanies was published with the title of "Academia."' D. 1673. BEKNIER, Francis, a physician and traveller, was b. at Anicers. In 1655, after having passed tliroutrh Syria and Egypt, he visited India, where he I'C- sided for some years, as physician to Auitingzebe. On his return to France be published his "Travels," a work of great interest and authenticity. Ber- nier was universally admired for the graces of his mind and person. His principal work, besides his "Travels," IS an "Abridgment of Gassendi's Phi- losophy," in S vols. D. 16S8. BERNINI, JoHX Laurence, who was at once a painter, a sculptor, and an aichitcct, and whom his coteniporaries denominated the modern Michael An- gelo, was b. at Naples, in 1598. At tlie early age of eight years, he mani- fested his genius by sculpturing the head of a child in marble. Some of his finest works were produced befoi'e he was twenty. He was patronized by Popes Urban VIII., Alexander VII., and Innocent X., and was invited to France by Louis XIV. His finest productions are at Kome. Bernini had a fine genius ; but he is accused of mannerism, and of having often violated the principles of true taste. D. 1680. BERNIS, Cardinal Feaxcis Joachim DE PiERREs DE, a French poet and Btatesman, was b. at St. Marcel de TAr- deche, in 1715. In early .ife, he Dub- lished some lig'^t poetry, which gained him the patronage of Madame de Pom- padoui, through whose influence he was pensioned, and received into the academy ; he was subsequently em- ployed to negotiate iu Italy, Spain, and Austria, promoted to be minister for foreign atfairs, and gratified with the dignity of cardinal. In 1764 he was made archbishop of Alby, and in 1769 was sent ambassador to Kome. The revolution deprived him of his rev- enues; but he obtained a pension from Spain. He left behind him a poem, with the title of "Religion Avenged." D. 1794. BEKNOUILLI, a family of eminent mathematicians, who emigrated from Antwerp to Bale, in consequence of the religious persecution of the duke of Alva. Eight distinguished men be- pnged to this tamily, whom we shiill notice in the order of seniority. — James, vas b. at Bale, in 1654, and, iu 1GS7, 16* was elected professor of mathematics in that college. He greatly advanced the science of mathematics, by his applica- tiou of the ditfo.rential calculus to the solution of goonietrical and mathemati- cal problems, bis invention of the Ber- nouillian numbers, and his calculation of curves, spirals, and evohites. He d. 1705. — John, brother of the former, was b. at Bale in 1667, and became one of the greatest mathematicians of his time. He was destined for the profession of a merchant, but was predilected to the sciences, and, in 1685, he published, in conjunction with his brotiier, a very valuable work " On the Dirt'erentiiJ Calculus," and was the first who de- veloped the method of integration. Four yenrs after this, he went to France, where he became the instructor ot the Marquis de I'Hopital, about wliich time he discovered the calculus of ex- ponents, and took the degree of M.D. In 1695 he became professor of math- ematics at Groniugen. I'rom Frederic I. of Prussia, he received a gold medal for the discovery of mercnrial phospho- rus, and was likewise chosen member of the academies of Berlin and Paris. In 1705 he succeeded his brother as pro- fessor of mathematics at Berlin, and died in 1748. — Nicholas, nephew of the the former, was b. at Bale, in 1687, and although intended for the law, de- voted himself to the favorite study of his uncles. He studied under John B. Math, at Groningen and Bale, and hav- ing travelled through Switzerland, Hol- land, and England, iu 1713, became member of the royal societies of London and Berlin. On being recommended by Leibnitz, he was chosen professor of mathematics at Padua, in 1716, but, in 1722, he went to Bale, as professor of logic, and, in 1731, he was translated to the chair of Roman and feudal law. He died in 1790, and left the three fol- lowing sons. — Nicholas, b. at B:i)e, in 1695, became, in 1723, professor of law- there, and died in Petersburg, in 1726. — Daniel, b. at Groningen, in 1700, studied medicine, and took the degree of M.D. He became professor of anat- omy and botany at Bale, in 1733, and, iu 1750, of natural pliilosophy, and died in 1782. He received ten ditferent prizes from the academy of Paris, one of which he shared with his father, for investiga- tions in astronomy. He was one of the greatest natural philosophers and math- ematicians of his time, and was a mem- ber of the societies of Petersburg, Paris, and Berlin, to whose transactions ho 150 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ber contributed many of their most valuable papers. — John, b. at Bale, in 1710, be- came professor of rhetorie there, in 1745, and tliree years afterwards ^yas translated to the chair of mathematics. He died in 1790, and lefc the two fol- lowing sons. — John, the author of sev- eral excellent works, was b. at Bale, 1744. became, at the age of nineteen, royiil astronomer at Berlin, travelled through all Europe, and returned, in 1770, when he became director of math- ematics of the academy, and died in 1807. — James, b. also at Bale, in 1759, became professor of mathematics at Pe- tersburg, and married the daughter of Euler. BERNSTORFF, John Hartwig Er- nest, Count, a celebrated statesman in the employment of the king of Den- mark, and founder of tlie Danish So- ciety of Languages and the Fine Arts, and' the Econoinical . and Agricultural Society. B. at Hanover, 171-J; d. 17 r2. — Andrew Peter, Count, nephew of the above, a Danish minister of state. Du- ring the American war he eft'eeted the armed neutrality of Kussia, Prussia, Denmark, and Sweden, for the protec- tion of the trade of those powers against the belligerents ; and it was chiefly owing to his skilful policy tiiat Den- mark" was prevented from being drawn into collision with either Sweden or Eussia, when the war broke out be- tween those powers in 17S8. B. 1735 ; d. 1797. BERO ALDUS, Philip, an Italian pro- fessor of eloquence. B. 1453; d. 1505. — Philip, nephew of the above, an Ital- ian poet, librarian of the Vatican under Pope Leo X. D. 1518. BEROSUS, priest of the temple of Belus, at Babylon, i)i the time of Ptol- emy Pl'.iladelphus. He wrote a "His- tory of Chaliioea," some fragments of which are preserved by Josephus. BERQUIN Arnauld, an elegant French writer, author of "Idyls," " L'Ami des Enfans," and other inter- eating works for youth. B. 1749 ; d. 1791. BERRETINI, Nicholas, an eminent historical painter, pupil of Carlo Muratti. B. H;i7; d. 1682. BERRl, Charles Ferdinand de Bour- bon, duke de, second son of the Count d'Ar;ois, afterwards Cliarles X. of France ; assassinated by one Louvel, ndio attacked him just as he had left the opera-house, and was on the point of stepping into his carriage, Feb. 18, 1820 He shared vu common with the Bourbons all the reverses they were doomed to sutler; and he deserved a better fate, if it were only lor the be- nevolence of his character. His son Henri, born posthumously, commonly called the Due de Bordeaux, or the Comte de Chambord, is the legitimate heir to the throne of France. BERRl MAN, William, an English divine, author of 5 vols, of sermons, &c. B. 1GS8 ; d. 1750. BFRRUYER, Joseph Isaac, a French Jesuit, whose writings were condemned at Rome for their too great liberality, author of a " History of the People of God," &c. D. 1658. BERRY, Sir John, an English naval conunander, knighted for his distin- guished bravery at the battle of South- wold Bay. lie died of poison, adminis- tered to liim on board his ship, 1691. — Sir Edward, a rear-admiral of England. This officer was the only one in the royal navy who had received three med- als for his services, having eonnnanded a line-of-battle ship in tlie memorable battles of the Nile, Trafalgar, and St. Dominso. D. 1831. BERSMANN, George, a learned Ger- man, author of "Notes on some of the Classics," and a Latin version of the "Psalms of David." B. 15 ;8 ; d. 1611. BERTAUT, John, a French prelate and poet, chaplain to Catherine do Me- dici, and secretary of the cabinet of Henry III. • B. 1562; d. 1611. BERTHIER, Alexander, prince of Neufchatel and Wagram, a marshal and vice-constable of France, was b. at Versailles, in 1753, and served with La- fayette in the war of American inde- pendence. At the commencement of the French revolution he was made a general officer, fought gallantly in La Vendee, and was at the head of Bojia- parte's stall" in Italy, Egypt, and Ger- many. He was, in fact, the companion of Napoleon in all his expeditions, di- ning and travelling in the same carriage ; and his skill in drawing up dispatches, joined to his unwearied anplieaiion and methodical habits, proved of incalcula- ble value to the emperor in the vast pressure of his aft'airs. On the restora- tion of Louis, however, in 1814, ho rec- ognized his authority, and was created a peer; but when his former master returned from Elba, ho retired to his family at Bamberg, where, as soon as the music of the Eussian troops, on their march to the French borders, was heard at the trates of the city, he put aii end to his life iu a fit of ireuzy or re :rJ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 151 morse, by throwing liimself from a win- dow of bis palace, June 1, 181"). — Joseph Stephen, a Freneli pliilosoplier of tlie Soei'-ty of the Oratory ; author of " Fhy- bique cles Cometes," &c. B. 1710; d. 17b3. — WiLLL\i[ Francb, a learned Jes- uit, one of the editors of the •' Dietion- naire Trevou," and translator of the Psalms into French. B. 1704; d. 1782. BERTIIOLLET, Claude Louis, Count, one of the most eminent chemists of the day, was b. at Talloire, Savoy, in 1748, and studied medicine at Turin. He afterwards settled in Paris, where he became intimate with Lavoisier, was admitted a member of the Academy of Sciences, and made professor of the nor- mal school. He accompanied Bonaparte to Eirypt, and returned with him ; and, durinir the emperor's reign, was made a senator and an officer of the legion of honor; notwithstanding which he was one of the first to desert his patron when his fortunes were on the decline; for which he received the title of count from Louis XVIIL His principal work is "Essai de Statique Chimiquc," but he wrote many other valuable essays, and had also a large share in the reforma- tion of the chemical nomenclature. D. 1822. BERTHOLON, N. de St. Laz.vre, a French chemist and philosopher of the 18th century, whose works on aerosta- tion, electricity, and other scientific sub- jects, evince nuich learning and ability. B. at Lyons, and d. in 1799. BERtnOUD, Ferdinand, a skilful Swi5.n clock and chronometer maker ; author of "Traitc des Horologes Ma- rine ;" " Histoire de la Mesure du Temps par les Horologes," &c. B. at Plance- mont, Kenfchatel, 1727; d. 1807. His nephew Louis inherited his talents, and was not less celebrated than his uncle. The accuracy of their chronometers is proverbial. BERTI, Alexander Pompet, a native cf Lucca; author of "La Caduta de' deccniviri della Romana Republica," &c. B. 1I5S6 ; d. 1752. — John Laurence, an Italian monk, and general of the order of the Augustines; author of some Ital- ian poetry, a work -'De Disciplinis The- ologieis."' &c. B. IfiOG ; d. 170i5. BERTIN, Joseph, a French physician Bnd anatomist ; author of a " Treatise on Osteology," and other valuable works on anatomy. B. 1712; d. 1781.— An- thony, a French military officer and an elegant poet: author of a "Collection of Elegies," and other poems, which were greatly esteemed. B. in tiie isle of Bourbon, 1752 ; d. at St. Domingo, 17'.i0. — Louis Francois, the principal founder of the "Journal dcs JJcbats,'' was an influential editor. B. in Paris, 1766; d. 1842. BERTINAZZI, Charles Anthony, a celebrated comedian, and an accom- plished wit, was b. at Turin, in 1713, and for more than forty years was one Of the most distinguished comic actors at Paris. D. 1783. BERTIUS, Peter, professor of mathe- matics, and cosmographer to the king of France; author of " Theatrum Ge- ographia Veteris," ifec. B. 1565 ; d. 1629. BERTOLI, GiovAKNi Domenico, ob- tained the name of the patriarch of Aquileia, from his having first directed attention to the antiquities of that place, and for his successful endeavors to pre- vent the inhabitants from mutilating or destroying them. B. 1676 ; d. 1758. BERTON, Henri Montau, an eminent French composer, who formed his style under Gluck, Piccini, Pasiello, and Sac- chini. He first appears before the public as a composer when only 19, m his "Concert Spirituel." He afterwards wrote 20 operas. B. at Paris, 1767 ; d. 1832. BERTRAM, Cornelius Bonaventure, Hebrew professor at Geneva and Lau- sanne ; author of a " Dissertation on the Republic of the Hebrews," &c. B. 1531 \ d. 1594. BERTRAND, Johx Baptist, a French physician; author of an "Historical Ac- count of the Plague at Marseilles," &c. B. 1670; d. 1752.— Henry Gratica, Count, a distinguished French general, who shared the exile of Napoleon, and whose military achievements were eclipsed by the fidelity of his devotion to the great captain. He was with his leader in all his campaigns, and acted a brilliant part at Spandau, Friedland, Lutzcn. Bautzen. B. 1770; d. 1844 BERTRANDI, John Ambrose Maria, an eminent surgeon and anatomist or Turin; author of a "Treatise on Surgi- cal Operations," and various other pro- fessional works. B. 1723 : d. 176". BERULLE, Pierre de. Cardinal, foun- der of the congregation of the Oratory, He was employed in many affairs of state in France ; and accompanied Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles 1., to England. D. 1629. BERWICK, James Fitzjames, duko of, natural son of James II. and Arabella Churchill, sister of the dnke of Marlbo- , rough ; a distinguished and gallant sol 152 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. dier, and author of a valuable volume | of nieuioirs. Killed at the siege of Phil- ipsburgh, in 17o4. BERYLLUS, au Arabian bishoj) of the 3d century ; converted by Origen from his heterodox opinion, that Christ had no existence prior to his incarna- tion. BERZELIUS, Baron, one of the great chenii.-^ts of modern times, was b. ill 177'J, in Ostgolhlund, a province of Swe- den, where his father kept a village school. After graduating at Upsala in 1804, lie repaired to Stockholm, where he became an assistant to Spawrnmann, who had accompanied Captain Cook in one of his vovages round the world ; and at his dea"th, in 1806, he succeeded him in the chair of chemistry, which he continued to fill for forty-two years. It would be impossible within > ur limits to give even a summary of his labors during this period ; suffice it to say, that in a century which has produced a great- er number of distinguished chemists than perhaps of any other class of men of science, Berzelius stood out as a star of tlie first magnitude. His patient labors, and ingenious investigations, have done inore'to lay the foundation of organic chemistry than those of any other chemist. 'To him pre-eminently belongs the lionor of applying the great principles which had been established by Dalton, Davy, Gay-Lussac, and him- self, in inorganic chemistry, to unfolding the laws which regulate tlie combinations forming ♦he structures of the animal and vegetable kingdoms: and in thus openinir the way for the discoveries of Muldei-', Liebig, Dumas, and otliei-s. To bim cliemistry is indebted for the dis- covery of several new elementary bodies, more "especially selenium, morium, and perium ; and to his skill as a manipula- tor may be traced many of the analytical processes at present in use. Under these circumstances it is not surprising that all the scientific societies of tlie world contended for the honor of enroll- ing his name among their members ; and tlie various minor honors which he received fiom his own sovereign from time to time, were finally crowned bv his beinsr made a knight grand cross of the order of Vasa in 1829, and his eleva- tion to the rank of a baron in 18^5. D. 1848. BESOLDE, Christopher, a counsellor of Vienna; author of a "Synopsis of Politics," a "History of the Ottoman Empire," &c. B. 1577 ; d. 1638. BESSARIAN, John, a Greek priest, [bei one of the most eminent revivers of learning in the 15th century, and founder . of the noble library of St. Mark, at Venice. He translated from Aristotle. Xeuophon, &c. : and zealously defended Plato against the attacks of George of Trebizond. He was made a cardinal by Pope Eugene, and had the title of patn- arcli of Constantinople given him by Pius 11. B. 1395 ; d. 1472. BESSEL, Dr. Frkderick Williait, a distinguished Prussian astronomer, b. 1784. He was professor of astronomy in the university of Berlin ; and such was the skill and assiduity with which he prosecuted his favorite study, that he was twice presented with a gold medal from the Eoyal Astronomical Society of London, for the number and accuracy of his observations. D. 1846. BESSIEKES, John Baptist, duke of Istria, and a French marshal, was b. at Poitou, in 1769. He distinguished himself in many memorable battles, and was highly esteemed by Napoleon for his honor, skill, and bravery, lie feU. in the combat that preceded the battle of Lutzen. BETHENCOURT, John de, a Norman baron, and a military adventurer, who conquered the Canary Islands, and after- wards held them as" a fief of the erown of Castile. D. 1425. BETIILEM-GABOR, the son of a poor Transyl vanian Calvinist gentleman, was patronized by Gabriel Battori, then dethroned him, and, in 1613, proclaimed himself prince of Transylvania. In 1618 he reduced Hungary, assumed the title of king, and invaded Austria and Mo- ravia ; whence, however, he was ex- pelled by Tilly. A treaty ensued, and he relinquished his Hungarian con- quests; but rem^iined sovereign of Transvlvania till his death, in 1629. BETHUNE, DiviE, an eminent phi- lanthropist and Christian, was b. at Dingwall, Rosshire, Scotland, in 1771. In early life he resided at Tobago, where his only brother was a physician. He removed to the United States in 1792, and settled as a merchant in New York. Before a tract society v/as formed in this country, Mr. Bethune printed 10,000 tracts at his own expense, and himself distributed many of them. He also im- ported bibles for distribution. From 1803 to 1816 he was at the sole expense of one or more Sunday schools. D. 1824. BETTERTON, Thomas, a celebrated actor, was b. in 1635, at Westminster, and began life as au apprentice to a bookbinder. At the a^e of twenty, ^] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 153 however, lie went upon the stage, and ultimately ticquired a high degree of reputation as a tragic actor ; especially in some of iShakspeare's principal char- acters. In 16'j5 he opened a new theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields ; but this spec- ulation was unsuccessful. Several pieces were altered by him for the stage. D. 1710. BETTINELLI, Xaviee, an elegant Italian writer, was b. at Mantua, in 1718, and beeaiae a member of the soci- ety of Jesuits. For some years he had the direction of the college of nobles at Parma, and afterwards was professor of eloquence at Modena. He continued his literary career till his death, which took place at Venice in 180s. His works oc- cupy 24 vols. 12mo., of which two are occupied by tragedies, and three by poems. Of his prose works, one of the most celebrated is '' Letters of Virgil." BETTS, John, an English physician of the time of Charles 11. ; author of a treatise " Do Ortu et Natura Sanguinis," &c. BETUSSE, Joseph, an Italian poet of the 16th century ; he translated into Italian the Latin works of Boccaccio, and wrote a life of him. BEUCKELS, W iLLLVM, a fisherman, a native of Dutch Flanders, is one of those men who have a claim to be con- sidered as benefactors of their country. About the beginning of the 15th century he discovered the art of curing and bar- relling herrings ; a discovery which proved in the highest degree beneficial to his native laud. His countrymen erected a statue to his memory. D. 1449. BEUF, John le, a French antiquary ; author of "Memoirs of the History of Auxerre," &c. B. 1607 ; d. 1670. BEUKNON VILLE, Feter Kiel, count of, a French marshal, was b. in Bur- gundy, in 1752, served in the East In- dies, and under Dumourier, and was made minister of war in 1793. He was one of the republican commissioners whom Dumourier gave up to the Aus- trians, and was imprisoned at Olmutz till 1795. On his return to France he was appointed to the command of the armies of the Sambre and the Me use, and of Holland. During the consulate he was ambassador at Berlin and Ma- drid ; and, under tho empire, was grand officer of the legion of honor, senator, and count. He voted for the deposition of Napoleon, followed Louis to Ghent, and was rewarded with the title of mar- shal. D 1821. BEVEE, Dr. Thomas, an English civU- ian ; a judge of the Cinque Torts, and author of a treatise on " The Legal Polity of the Komans," &c. D. 1791. BEVERIDGE, William, bishop of St. Asaph ; an eminent orientalist, critic, and theologian, and one of the most dis- tinguished scholars that ever adorned the prelacy, was b. at Burrow, Lin- colnsiiire, in 1638, and educated at St. John's college, Cambridge. He was the author of numerous works ; among which are 12 volumes of " Sermons," " Private Thoughts on Eeligion," " Institutionum Chronologic-arum Libri duo," &c. He bequeathed the principal part of his property to charitable uses. D. 1707. BEVEKLY, John of, tutor to the Venerable Bede, and subsequently arch- bishop of York. He was one of the most learned men of his time, and sev- eral of his devotional treatises are stiU extant. D. 721. BEVERNINCK, Jerome van, a Dutch statesman ; greatly instrumental in pro- moting the treaty of Nimoguen, which produced a general peace. B. 1614 ; d. 1690. BEVEEWICK, John db. a Dutch physician ; author of some valuable works on professional subjects. B. 1594; d. 1647. BEWICK, Thomas, a celebrated en- graver on wood, which art he acquired under a Mr. Beilby, of Kewcastle-on- Tyne, with whom he went into partner- sliip. He wasconsidered, when lie died, at tlie head of his art. — John, brother of the preceding, who also attained great excellence in the art of engraving on wood. These ingenious nlen carried their art to a state of perfection which will not easily be surpassed. The first work that attracted the notice of the piublic, and at once established their reputation, was a "History of Quadru- peds," published in 1790," with figures on wood. It was eaorerly sought after by the curious, and has been followed by many other proofs of their abilities, tho last of which is a " History of Brit- ish Birds," 8vo, published in 1797, two years after the death of John. BEZA, Theodore de, was b. in 1519, at Vezelay, a small town of Bur- gundy, of a noble family. He was con- fided' to the care of the celebrated professor Melchoir Wolmar, who taught him the Scriptures. But these pious in- structions seemed at first smothered un- der the passions of youth. Surrounded in Paris with all tliat could lead astray, amiable, rich, and full of spirit, l>e Uvod 154 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bio as a man of the world, published a vol- ume of" li^ht poetry, under the name of "Juvenilia," and eoutraeted a secret marriage, because one of his ancles, who was in orders, had bequeathed to liiiii the revenues of some ecclesiastical benefices. A severe sickness awakened his consci- ence. '• Hardly had I strength to rise," lie writes to Wolmar, " when, breaking all tics, and packing up my small elfects, I lefc at once my country, parents, friends, to follow Christ. 1 exiled my- Bclf voluntarily, and retired to Geneva with my wife." His marriage was pub- licly consecrated in the church, and he renounced all his youthful sins. Tliis occurr.-d in the month of November, 1548. He made the acquaintance of Calvin, whose life he subsequently wrote, and became his intimate fiiend. lie was appointed professor of the Greek lui- guage at Lausanne, and afterwarils pro- fessor of theology, rector of the academy, and a pastor in Geneva. He composed many writings, mostly of a polemical character ; among the rest a defence of the i-ight to punisli heretics. His largest works are Conunentarics on the New Testament, collections of Sermons, the translation into French verse of a part of the Psalms, and the History of the Re- formed Cliiireli of France, to the year 1562. D. 15)5. BKZ(JUT, Stephex, a celebrated math- ematician, and mathematical examiner of the naval and artillery schools, was b. at Nemours, in 17:30, and d. in the Gatinois, in 1783. He is the author of a " General Theory of Algebraic Equa- tions," and two " Courses of Math- ematics," the one in 4 vols., and the other in 6, for the use of the royal «ia- rine and artillery schools. One anecdote proves the kindness and courage of Be- zout. Though he had never had the *mall-pox, he ventured to the bedside if two youths of the naval acaJemy, who were laboring under it, and who would have been thrown back a year in their promotion, had he not eximined them. BIANCHI, Antonio, a Venetian gon- dolier of the 18th century, who obtained great note by his poetical talents, author of " U Tcinpli ovvero di Solomone," and " A Treatise on Italian Comedy." — JoKN, known also by the Latin name of Janus Plancus, a celebrated Italian phy- sician, anatomist, and naturalist, and the reviver of tlie Academy of the Le- Jicei. B. at Eimini, \6J-i] d. 1775.— Francis, a musical composer, born at Cremona, author of " Disertor Fran- cheso," " Semiramide," &c. He went to England, wrote "Castore c PoUuce" for Madame Storace, and " Inez de Cas- tro" for Mrs. Billington ; and died early in the present century. BIANCHINI, Fkancis, a philosopher and matlieniaticiau of Verona, author of "Istoria Universale provata con Alonu- menti et Figurata con symboli degli Antichi," and a vast number of sciea- titic and literary treatises. B. 1()62; d. 1729. BIART, Pierre, a Jesuit missionary, who came to Acadia in 1611, and who wrote a relation of the events of his voyage and \isit. The next year he as- cended the Kennebec, and in, 1613 sir- rived at Si. Saveur on the Penobscot. He was taken prisoner and carried to England by Argall. BIAS, called one of the wise men of Greece, b. at Priene, a small town of Caria, about 570 b. c. Tiiough born to great wealth, he lived without splendor, expending his fortune in relieving the needy. On one occasion, certain pirates brought several young women to sell a.s slaves at Priene. Bias purchased tliem, and maintained them until he had an opportunity of returning them to their friends. This generous action made hiin be styled "The Prince of Wise Men." BIBIENA, Bern.u{do da, a Roman cardinal, raised from a low origin by Leo X., autlior of a comedy entitled " La Calandria," greatly admired ia Italy. B. 1470 ; d. by poison, as it is supposed, 1520. — Ferdinand Galli, an eminent painter and architect. B. at Bologna, 1657; d. 1743. BICHAT, Maria Francois Xavikb, a celebrated French physician, who, da- ring a short career, gave an impulse to the science whicli he cultivated that has not yet ceased to be felt, was b. at Tho- irett, in the department of the Ain, Nov. 11, 1771. At Paris, he studied under the direction of Desault, who treated him as a son. On the death of that distinguished professor, Bichat su- perintended the publication of his surgi- cal works, and, in 1797, began to lecture upon anatomy, in connection with ex- perimental physiology and surgery. In ISOO appeareci his ''Traitd des Mem- branes,'' which passed through numer- ous editions, and immediately aftcr pub- lication, was translated into almost all the languages of Europe. In tlie same year was published his celebrated work '•Recherches sur la Vie et la Mort," which was followed the next year by his "Anatomie Gcuerale," a complete bid] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY'. 155 code of modern anatomy, physiology, and medicine. In the 28th year of his Rge, Bicliat was appointed pliysician of tlie IIotel-Dieu, in Paris, and, witli the energy characteristic of true genius, began his labors in pathological anat- omy. In a single winter, he opened no less than 600 bodies. Bichat is the founder of tlie medical theory at present received. He is the creator of general anatomy, or of the doctrine of the iden- tity of the texture of the ditfcrent organs, which is the fundamental principle of modern medicine. D. 1S02. BICKEESON, Sir Eichard Hcsset, admiral of the red, and general of ma- rines, was b. Oct. 11, 175ii, and entered the royal navy at an early period. D. 183'2. BICKEESTAFF, Isaac, a dramatic writer of the ISth century, author of "Love in a Village," "Lionel and Cla- rissa," &c. BIDDEEMAN, Johx Gottlieb, a German writer, and rector of the public Bcnool at Friedburg, author of treatises " De Latinitate Maccaronica," " De In- Bolentia, Titolorum Librariorum," &c. D. 1772. BIDDLE, JoHx, a celebrated Socinian writer, was b. 1615, at Wotton-under- Edge. Being led to doubt of the doc- trine of the Trinity, he drew up twelve arguments on the subject ; in conse- cjuencc of which he was committed to jail by the parliamentary connnittce then sitting at Gloucester, but was liberated, on security being given for his appear- ance when called for. About six months afterwards, he was examined before a committee of the parliament, and his pamphlet ordered to be burned by the common hangman. He however per- sisted in his opinion, and, in 1648, pub- lished two tracts, containing his "Con- fession of Faith, concerning the Holy Trinity, and the Testimonies of Irenteus, Justin Martyr, and several other early writers on tlie same subject." These puljlications induced the assembly of divines to solicit parliament to decree the punishment of death .against those who sliould oppugn the established opinions respeetmg the Trinity. He was, some time after, again remanded to prison, by the zeal of President Brad- shaw, and remained for some years in confinement, subjected to the greatest privations. A general act of oblivion, m 1651, restored him to liberty, when "he immediately disseminated his opin- ions. Cromwell banished him to St. Mary's castle, Scilly, where he remained three years, until the protector lib .rated him in 1658. He then became pastor of an Independent congregation, and continued to support his opinions until fear of the Presbyterian parliament of Eichard Cromwell induced him to retire into the countiy. On the restoration, he \vas apprehended at one of the pri- vate assemblies, and upon process of law, fined £180 and ordered to lie in prison until it was paid. He fell a mar tyr to this sentence, by catching one of the distempers so common at that time in jails, and d. during September of this year, in the 47th year of his age, a mar- tyr to religious intolerance. Toulmin styles him t;he father of the modern Uni- tarians. — Nicholas, an American naval commander, b. 1750. He was regularly bred to the sea, and was a thorough seaman. In 1770 he went to London, and entered the British navy. After the commencement of the revolution, he returned to Philadelphia. Being ap- pointed commander of the Andrea Do- ria, a bi'ig of 14 guns and 130 men, he sailed under Commodore Hopkins, in the s-uccessful expedition against New Providence. After refitting at New London, he was ordered to proceed oif the bank of Newfoundland. He cap- tured, in 1776, among other prizes, two ships from Scotland, with 400 Highland troops. Being appointed to the com- mand of tlic Eandolph, a fi-igatc of 82 guns, he sailed from Philadelphia in Feb. 1777. He soon c;u-ried into Charles- ton, four valuable prizes bound from Jamaica to London, one of them, the True Briton, of 20 guns. A little fleet was now fitted out under his command, with which he cruised in the West In- dies. In an action with the British ship Yarmouth, of 64 guns, March 7, 1778, Capt. Biddle was wounded, and, in a few minutes afterwards, while he was under the hands of the surgeon, the Eandolph, with a crew of 315, blew up, and he, and all his men but 4, perished. — Nicholas, a son of Charles Biddle who was distinguished in the revolu- tionary war, made himself known as a E resident of the bank of the United tales. He was b. in Pennsylvania, educated at Princeton, studied law un- der Gen. Armstrong, edited the Por\ Folio with Dennie, was a member of the Pennsylvania legislature, and finally president of the bank at the time it was destroyed by the policy of Gen. Jack- son. D. 1844. BIDLAKE, John, a divine and p -ct, was b. at. Plymouth in 1755. He was 156 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIT. [bii. educatec! at the school of his native place, and after taking his first degree in arts at Christ-church, Oxford, he became master of the same seminary, wliieh lie conJucted with reputation. He pro- ceeded to his doctor's degree, and in 1811 was appointed to preach tlie Bamp- tou Lectures ; bi\t in the act of deliver- ing the third discourse, he was suddenly seized with an epileptic fit, which pro- duced total blindness. Besides some single sermons on different occasions, he published two volumes of discourses ; the "Bampton Lectures;" "Introduc- tion to the Studv of Geography ;" Poems, "The Sea, a Poem;" "The Country Parson, a Poem ;" '' Eugenio, or the Precepts of Prudentius, a Tale;" "The Summer Eve, a Poem ;" " Virginia, a Tragedy ;" " Youth, a Poem ;" and "The Year, a Poem." D. 1814. BIDLOO, Godfrey, a native of Am- sterdam, eminent as a physician and an anatomical writer. He was professor at the Hague, and afterwards at Leyden, and physician to King William, whom he attended in England. Some of his poems in Low Dutch were published in 1719. His great work is "Anatomia Corporis Humani," Amsterdam, 1685, D. 1713. BIEFIELD, James Fkederick, baron de, a native of Hamburgh, employed by the king of Prussia as secretary of le- gation, "and afterwards as preceptor to his brother, Ferdinand, and in 1747 made curator of the universities, and afterwards baron and privy councillor. He spent the last part of his life in lite- rary retirement. He is the author of several works not highly esteemed. D. 1770. BIEVKE, Marquis de, a marshal of France, who acquired a high reputation as a wit and punster. When he was introduced to Louis XV. the king de- sired that he should make a pun. " Give me a subject, sire," he rejHied. " Oh ! make one on me," rejoined the monarch. " Nay," said the marquis, as quick as thought, "the king is never a subject." He wrote two comedies, one called the " Seducer," which still keeps possession of the French stage ; the other " Repu- tations," which has not so much merit. He went to one of the Spas for his health, and while there, on his death-bed, could not resist the temptation to play upon words. As he was dying, he said, '' Je m'en vais do ce pas, (de Spa.)" B. 1747 ; d. 1789. BIGLAND, John, a voluminous writer, originally a village f jhoolmaster, whose first publication did not appear till he was .50 years of age ; author of " A System of Geography and History," " Histories of Spain and England," " Letters on English and French His- tory." B. 1750; "d. 1832. filGNE, Marquerin de la, a doctor of the Sorbonne ; compiler of the first edition of the " Bibliotheea Patrum." B. 1546 ; and d. at Paris about the close of the 16th century. BIGNEY, Grace de la, a French ecclesiastic; author of a poem entitled " Le Roman des Oiseaux." D. 1374. BIGNICOURT, Simon de, a counsellor of Rheims; author of " Pensees et Re- flexions Philosophiques." B. 1709; d. 1775. BIGNON, Jeeom», a learned French writer ; author of treatises " On Rome and its Antiquities," " On the Election of the Pope," &c. ; and editor of the " Formulae" of Marculphus. B. 1589 ; d. 1656. — John Paul, grandson of the above, librarian to the king of France ; autlior of " Les Aventures d'AbdaUa fils d'Haniff," dec. D. 1743. BIGOT, Americ, an eminent French scholar. He assisted in the publication of several works ; and having discovered Palladius's Life of Chrysostom in the duke's library at Florence, he published both the Greek text and liis own Latin translation of it. B. 1626; d. 1689. BILDERDYK, William, an eminent Dutch poet, was b. at Amsterdam, 1750. In 1776 he obtained from the society of Leyden the first prize for a poem on the influence of poetry upon government. In the following year lie obtained from the same society two prizes for an ode and a didactic poem, " On True Patriot- ism." Since that period, he has ranked with Feith, and Madame do Launoy, among the first Dutch poets. In 1780 he obtained a new prize for a poem " On the Connection of Poetry and Eloquence with Philosophy." He added to this poem, some time afterwards, an import- ant commentary, which showed him to be a man of learning and a philologer. Bildcrdyk, besides devoted himself to law, at the Hague, with great success. (_)n the invasion of the Netherlands by the French, he left his country on ac- count of his adherence to the hereditary stadtholder, and removed to Brunswick, and afterwards to London, where ha delivered in the French language lec- tures on literature and poetry, whicb were numerously attended. After ths new order of things was firmly estab- lished in Holland, ho returned in 1799, Bioj CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY. 157 and soon afterwards published some of his principal works. Amoaa: these are a didactic poem on astronomy, and the masterly imitations of iJelille's "L'Honnne des Champs," and " Pope's Essay on Man." Louis Bonaparte, on his accession to the throne, appointed him his teacher of Dutch, and one of the first members of the national institute founded by him. After the incorpora- tion of Holland into the French empire, his muse was silent; but she rose the more vio-orousl y after the deliverance of his country. 1). 1S31. BTLFINGER, George Bisksard, a German writer and professor of philoso- phy and theolotry. He was a num of most extensive learning, and the author of " Dilucidationes PhOosophiete," &c. B. 1688; d. 1750. BILGUER, John Elrio, a Swiss sur- geon ; author of several professional treatises, in one of which he maintains the utility of amputation in cases of gun- shot wounds, 1). 1796. BILLAUD, Varennes de, the sou of a French advocate at Eochelle, was edu- cated at the same college as Fouchc, and proved himself one of the most violent and sanguinary characters of the French revolution, tte bore a principal part in the murders and horrid massacres which followed the destruction of the Bastile ; voted immediate death to the unfortu- nate Louis XVL ; and officiated as presi- dent of the convention on the 18th of Oct., 1793. He was afterwards deported to Cayenne, and subsisted on a small pension allowed him by Pethion. D. at St. Domingo, in 1819. BILLING, SiGisMOND, a French liber- al, b. at Calmar, in Alsace, in 1773. He entered the army at the very commence- ment of the revolution, and clistinguished himself at the battle of Genappe and on other occasions ; was commissary of war to the armies of the North, the lihine, &c., in 1792, and to the army of Ger- many at tlie time of General Moreau's retreat, and was present in many cele- brated battles and sieges. When the reverses of Napoleon had endangered the safety of France, Billing, as the com- mander of a legion of the national guard, surrounded and defended the chamber of representatives while it was in the act of pronouncing the emperor's for- feiture, and was otherwise active in bringing about his abdication. He was also, in concert with General Lafayette, greatly instrumental in effecting the revolution of 1830, which seated Louis Philippe on the throne. D. in 1832. 14 BILLINGTONj Elizabeth, one of the greatest female snigers of her own, or perhaps any other time, was of Gornuxn origin, but b. in England during 1770. At an early age she studied the piano- forte under Schroeter, and attained to an extraordinary proliciency. At four- teen, she made her first appearance as a singer at Oxford, and two years after- wards married Mr. Billington, a per- former on tiie double-bass. She appeared at Co vent- garden, for the first time, as Eosetta, in "Love in a Village," with such success as to secure her an imme- diate engagement at what was then con- sidered the enormous salary of £1000 for the rest of the season, besides a benefit; the managers atterwards voluntarily giving her the profits of a second night. In 1785, she appeared at the concerts of ancient music with Madame Mara, whose brilliant performance she, to say the least, fully equalled. From this period, till 1793, no music meeting, ojicra, or con- cert of reputation was considered com ■ plete without her. In the last-named year she visited Italy, and performed, accompanied by her brother C. Weiclisel, at the theatre of San Carlos at Naples; Bianchi composing expressly for her his celebrated opera "Inez de Castro." In 1801, her wonderful powers being then in their meridian, she returned to tho London stage, appearing alternately at either house. In 1817, she quitted En- gland for ever, and d. after a short ill- ness, at her villa of St. Artien, an estate she had purchased in the Venetian ter- ritories. BINGLEY, the Garrick of the Dutch stage, was b. at Rotterdam, in 1755, of English parents. In 1779, in his twenty- fourth year, he made his debut at Am- sterdam. Tlie public odium was then excited against England, on account of its ships having captured vessels under the Dutch flag, without any previous declaration of war, and Bingley was unfavorably received. But he soon con- quered this prejudice, and continued to be the favorite of the public. In 1796 he was di ector of a company of actors_ who T)!ayed principally at Rotterdam and the Hasfue, but also visited other cities of Holland. One of his last repre- sentations, in which he was assisted by the great actress Wattier Ziesenis, was the part of Farnese, in Ltilain's tragedy of "Maria," acted in 1818, before the royal family. In the same year, he d. at the Hasrue. BIOERNSTAEHL. James Jonas, a distinguished traveller, b. at Robirbo. 158 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY". BTR in the Swedish province of Sundermanu- land, in 1731, studied at Upsal, after- wards entered the family of Baron Rud- beek as tutor, and travelled with his son to England and tlie eontinent of Europe. Wliile residing in Paris lie studied Ori- ental languages. On the return of his pupil to Sweden, he was appointed by Gustavus III. to make tlie tour of Greece, Syria, and Egypt, receiving at the same time, the title of professor at the university of Lund. He now went, at the king's expense, to Constantinople, in 177H, where he remained for some time, to learn the Turkish language. He then proceeded on his travels as far as Saloniki, where he d. of the plague, 1779. He had given an account of his travels, in the form of letters to his friend Gloerwell, who at first published them separately in a journal, whicli ap- peared in Stockholm; and afterwards in separate works. BION, b. in Smyrna or in its neighbor- hood ; a Grecian pastoral poet, of whose life no account is to be found. Among the few poems written by him, which have descended to our times, his elegy on Adonis is considered as the best. His poems together with those of Mos- chus are generally found as an appendix to the idyls of' Theocritus, and have been well translated by Fawkes.— Nich- olas, a French mathematician ; author of a "Treatise on the Use of the Globes," &,c. U. 1733. BIEAGUE, Clement, an engraver on gems, said to have been the first discov- erer of the art of engraving on diamonds. lie was b. at Milaii, and fiourished du- ring the middle of the 16th century.— Kene de, a Milanese of noble family, who sought shelter in France from the vengeance of Louis Sforza, and became a cardinal and chancellor of France. He is infamously memorable as one of the authors of the massacre of St. Bartholo- mew. B. l.iOO; d. 1583. BIRCH, Thomas, an industrious histo- rian and biographer, was b. at London, in 1705. He became usher in three different schools, and afterwards took orders in the chureli, and obtained in 1732, a living in Essex, under the patronage of the attorney-general, after- wards Lord Hardwieke. In 1734 be en- o-uged with some coadjutors in writing the "General Historical and Critical Dictionary," founded on that of Bayle, and completed in 10 vols, folio, 1741. H ' subsequently obtained various pre- fermentb in the church. In .Tanuary, 1765, he wax killed by a fall from his horse, on the road between London and Hampstead. Birch had formed verj extensive manuscript collections, which, together with his library of printed books, he bequeathed to the British Museum. He was one of the pioneers of literature. Dr. Johnson was repeatedly obliged to him for literary information, bestowed on him a Greek epigram, and for many years corresponded with him. The lit- erature of his country is much indebted to the activity and diUgencc of this per- severing writer. — Samuel, who for many years played a distinguished part as a member of the corporation of London, was b. in that city in 1757, and succeed- ed his father in his well-established business of a pastry-cook, in Cornhill. He was the first to propose the measure of arming and training the inhabitants as volunteers; and he had the honor, successively, to become lieutenant, ma- jor, and lieutenant-colonel commandant of the first regiment of Loyal London Volunteers. Yet, although never un- mindful of his position as a party man in politics, he found leisure to employ his pen in various walks of literature. He was also among the earliest and most active supporters of the Literary Fund Society, to which he continued attached till his decease, and had long been the senior member of its council. In 1814 he filled the civic chair. D. 1841.— Harvey, the assumed name of Enoch Crosby, a person employed as a sjiy for the American army, and whose adven- tures have given occasion to one of the creations of Cooper, the Amei'ican nov- elist. BIRD, William, an eminent musician in the reign of Elizabeth. He chiefly composed sacred music, and to him " Non nobis Domine" is attributed. B. 1543 ; d. 1(553. — John, an eminent math- ematical instrument maker; author of "The Method of constr\icting Mural Quadrants," &c. D. 1766.— Edwaiid, a painter, chiefly of comic subjects, but who also executed many religious and historical pieces, and was made histori- cal painter to the Princess Charlotte of Wales. B. 1772; d. 1819. BIREN, John Ernest de, duke of Courland, the son of a peasant, whoso handsome person and address obtained him an unbounded influence over Anne, daughter of Peter I., and duchess of Courland, who, when she ascended tho throne of Russia, committed the ivjina of government to his hands, made him duke of Courland, and at her death, in 1740. lefc him regent of the empire. He bis] CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY. 159 was snliseqnently banished to Siberia; recalled by Peter III., and his duchy re- stored U iiira by Catherine, in 1763, but which, --'x years afterwards, he relin- quished in favor of his eldest son. B. 16S7; d. 1772. BIKKBECK, George, M.D., president of the London Mechanics' Institute, was the son of a merchant and banker at Settle, in Yorkshire, where he was b in 1776. In his boyhood he displayed a stronir inclination for those mechanical pursuits to which he afterwards became s6 devoted : but his friends having de- termined tliat ho should embrace the medical profession, he first studied for this object at Leeds, then removed to London to become a pupil of Dr. Baillie, and subsequently went to Edinburjrh to complete his education. At the age of twenty-one he was appointed professor of natural history in the Andersonian Institution of Glasgow ; and having while there successfully established a mechanics' class, he was induced, in 1822, to found the London Mechanics' Listitute in Chancery Lane, to whicli so- ciety he generously lent £3000 for erect- ing a museum, lecture-room, &o. Of this institution Dr. Birkbeck was elect- ed president, and from it nearly all the various mechanics' institutes throi.gh- out Great Britain have been established D. 1841. — Morris, an English gentleman who emigrated to America, where he purchased so vast a tract of land as to acquire the title of " Emperor of the Prairies ;" author of " Letters from Illi- nois, "Notes of a "Journey in Amer- ica," &e. He was accidentally drowned in 1825. BIRKENHEAD, Sir John, a political writer of the 17th centurj' ; several times imprisoned during the commonwealtli for writino: in favor of the exiled king. B. 1615 ; d. 1679. BIRKHEAD, Henry, a modern Latin Eoet, b. in 1617; author of " Otium literarium," &c. He d. at the latter end of the I7th century. BIRON, Armand de Gontaut, baron do, a celebrated French general, honor- ed with the friendship of Henry IV. He was slain at the siege of Epernay, in Champagne, in 1592. — Charles de Gon- tAtJT, duke dc, son of the above ; ad- miral and marshal of France, and a Javorite of Hei ry IV., who appointed him his ambassador to England, &c., and raised him to the dukedom. He was, however, seduced by the intrigues of the court of Spain to join in a conspir- acy against his royal and truly generous friend ; for which crime he was tried, condennied, and beheaded, in 1602. — ■ Duke de Lauzun, b. about 1760 ; one of the most celebrated men of the French revolution, remarkable at once for his amours, his attachment to liberty, and his military exploits. He served with Lafayette in America, and attached him- self to the party of the duke of Orleans, on his return. In 1792 he was joined with Talleyrand in a mission to this country; on his return, served under Rochambeau, in Flanders; and perish- ed by the guillotine at the end of 1793, on a eharsre of counter-revolution. Ho d. stoically, ordering oysters, and drink- inc wine vi ith the executioner. BISCHOP, John de, a Dutch histor- ical and landscape painter. B. 1646 ; d. 1686. — Samuel, an English divine an.l poet. B. 1731 ; d. 179o. BISCOE, Richard, an English divine : author of " The History of the Acts or the Apostles, confirmed by other Aa- thors.'* D. 1748. BISI, BoNAVENTURE, an esteemed Bo- logncse miniature and historical painter. D'. 1662. BISSET, Charles, an able physician, and a writer on fortification, wliich art he studied while in the 42d regiment, and received promotion for his skill in it at the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom, by the duke of Cumberland. B. 1716 ; d. 1791 — James, an ingenious artist and amusing writer, was b.at Perth, in 1762, but set- tled early in life at Birmingham, where he established a museum and shop for curiosities, which he afterwards removed to Leamington. He had a remarkable facility in writing rhymes ; and being ever ready to make his muse subserve the cause of loyalty, or aid the progress of art, his various works present a mot- ley appearance, and are often singularly droll and epigrammatic. " Guides," " Directories,'' and " Poetic Surveys" of the towns in which he lived, look oddly enough when placed in juxta- position with " Patriotic Clarions," "Critical Essays," and "Comic Stric- tures on the Fine Arts ;" yet such were among his numerous productions, all of which are more or less indebted for their notoriety to the jingle of rhyme. D. 1832. — Robert, a native of Scotland ; author of a " Life of Burke ;" a " Sketch of Democracy," &c. D. 1805. BISSON, Pierre T. J. G., b. 1767 ; a French general, who fouirht in most of Napoleon's campaigns, till his death, at his return in 1811. He was of prodigi- ous size, strength, aud appetite, and was 160 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. |_BLA always supplied with double rations of food, by order of Napoleon. BITAUBE, Paul Jekemiah, the son of French refugee parents at Konigs- berg, where he was b. in 1732, but in after life settled in Paris. He was an autlior of considerable repute, and patronized by Frederick II. of Prussia, and by Napoleon. He translated Homer, and wrote " Joseph," and other poems. D. 1808. BIVAK, Dox EoDRiGO Dias de, or the Cid, a hero of Spain, whose astonishing valor in various encounters with the Moors, and his unjust banishment, af- forded rich materials both for history and romance. B. at Burgos, 1040 ; d. at Valencia, 1099. BIZOT, PiEKRE, a French writer ; au- thor of a curious work, entitled " His- toire Medaillique de la Eepublique de Hollande."' B. 1686 ; d. 1696. BLACK, Joseph, a celebrated chemist, b. at Bordeaux, of Scottish parents, in 1728, studied medicine at GLasgow. Dr. Cullen, Jus instructor, inspired'him with a taste for chemical studies. In 1754 he .vas made doctor of medicine, at Edin- burgh, and delivered an inaugural dis- sertation, " De Ilumore acido a Cibis orto et Magnesia alba," which exhibits the outline of his discoveries relative to carbonic acid and tlie alkalies. In IZoO he published his Experiments on "Wliite Magnesia, Quicklime, and several otlier Alkaline Substances, in the 2d volume of the Essays, Physical and Literary, of the Edinburgh Society. He denion- Btrates the existence of an aerial fluid in these substances, wliich he calls fixed air, the presence of which diminishes the corrosive power of the alkalies and the calcareous earths. This discovery formed the basis of all those wliieh have immortalized the names of Cavendish, Priestley, Lavoisier, &e., and gave a new form to chemistry. In 1751 he en- riched this science with his doctrine of latent he.at, which has led to such im- portant results. In 1756 he was ap- f)ointed professor of medicine and ecturef on chemistry in the university at Glasgow, in the place of Dr. Cullen, and, in 1765, when Cullen left the pro- fessor's chair in Edinburgli, he was there also succeeded by Black. No teacher inspired his disciples with such a zeal for study; his lectures, therefore, contributed much to make the taste for chemical science general in England. Upon Lavoisier's proposal, the Academy Df Sciences, in Paris, had appointed liim one of its eight foreign members. His habits were simple, his character cold and reserved. Tiiough of eminent abil- ity as a chemist, he injured himself by his long opposition to the reception of the new chemical theory. At length, however, he was convinced of its supe- rior accuracy, and did justice to its mer- its. D. 1799. BLACKADDER, John, a distinguish- ed preacher among the Scottish Cove- nanters. BLACKBURNE, Francis, an English divine, eminent as a theological writer, and remarkable for the publication of works favoring dissent from the church to which he belonged, was b. at Rich- mond, in Yorkshire, in 1705, and wa.s educateil at Cambridge. In 1750, he was made archdeacon of Cleveland. He was a friend to religious liberty, and hostile to confessions of faith. On this subject he was deeply involved in controversy. The most celebrated of his performances on it is the Confessional, which appeared in 1776. His works have been collected in six volumes octavo. He d. in 1787. BLACKBURN, William, ennnent as an architect and surveyor, was b. Decem- ber 20th, 1750, in Southwark. His na- tive genius overcame the disadvantages of a contracted education, and he ob- tained a medal from tlie Royal Academy, and the more flattering commendation of Sir Joshua Reynolds, for the best drawing of St. Stephen's church, Wal- brook. D. 1790. BLACKLOCK, Thomas, a divine and poet, was b. at Annan, in Dumfries, iu 1721, and lost his si^ht by the small-j)ox when he was only six months old. To amuse and instruct him, his father and friend used to read to him, and by this means he acquired a fund of infoi'ination, and even some knowledge of Latin. At the age of 12 he began to versify, and his devotion to the Muses was continued through life. Considering hi« circum stances, his poems have great merit. He studied at the university of Edinburgh for ten years, and his progress in the sciences was very considerable. He was ordained minister of Kircudbright, but, being opposed by the parishioners, he retired on an annuity, and received stu- dents at Edinburgh as boarders, and as- sisted them in their studies. Besides his poems, he is the author of some the- ological works, and an article on the ed- ucation of the blind : the latter was printed in the Encyclopedia Britannica. lie d. in July, 1791, regretted by all his friends. BLACKMORE, Sir Richard, a poet bla] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 161 and physician, was b. in Wiltshire, ed- ucated at Oxford, took his decree at Pad- ua, and was knighted by William III., who also appointed him his physician. He was afterwards physician to Queen Anne. In 1696 he published his first poem. Prince Arthur, which was rapidly Buccee Jed by other works ; nor was he deterred from pursuing his career by the ridicule which was heaped upon him by Dryden, Pope, and nearly all the wits of the age, whose dislike of him was sharp- ened by his whig principles. He is the author of nearly thirty works, in verse and prose ; of the latter many are on medical subjects. His best poem is en- titled Creation. Blackmore was an in- different poet, but he was undoubtedly possessed of considerable talent, and was a piou^s and worthy man. He d. in 1729. BLACKSTONE, Sir William, an em- inent lawyer, was the third son of a silk mercer, and was b. at London, in 1723. After having been for several years at the Charter house, he completed his education at Pembroke college, Oxford, and at both seminaries displayed supe- rior talent. When he was only 29 he composed, for his own use, a Treatise on the Elements of Architecture. Having chosen the profession of the law, and entered the Middle Temple, in 1741 he wrote his eloquent valedictory poem, the Lawyer's Farewell to his Muse. In 1743 be was elected a fellow of All Souls, and in 1746 he was called to the bar, and went the circuit, but obtained little prac- tice. He remained in comparative ob- scurity till 1753, when he betran to de- liver, at Oxford, his beautiful lectures on liie English laws ; which, in 1765 and the four following years, he published, with the title of " Commentaries on the Laws of England." In consequence of these lectures, he was elected Vinerian professor of law in the university, and obtained a great accession of business. In 1761 he sat in parliament as member for Ilindon, and was made king's coun- sel, and solicitor-general to the queen. In 1770 he was offered the place of so- licitor-general, but declined it, and was made a judge of the King's Bench, whence he was soon after transfeiTcd to the Common Pleas. His Law Tracts were published in 1762, and his Reports, two volimies folio, after his death. Blaekstone was the first who wrote on the dry and repulsive subject of English lavr in such a manner as not to excite disgust in a reader of taste. Like al- most all lawyers, he leans to the side of 14* prerogative ; nor is there much more of enlargement in his principles of reli- gious liberty. For this reason he was exposed to attack from Priest)ey, Beu- tham, and Junius. D. 1780. BLACKW ALL, Anthony, an English divine, author of a " Latin Grammar," an " Introduction to the Classics," &c. D. 1780. BLACKWELL, Thomas, Greek pro- fessor of Aberdeen, author of " An In- quiry into the Life and Writings of Homer," "Memoirs of the Court of Augustus," &c. B. 1701 ; d. 1757.— Alexander and Elizabeth, husband and wife : the latter, a woman of talent, who in order to procure subsistence for her husband wJnle in prison for debt, pub- lished a " Herbal" in 2 vols., folio, with 500 plates, drawn, engraved, and colored by herself, all in the space of four years. The work succeeded, and her hus'oand was liberated ; but he seemed doomed to be the sport of fortune ; for after hav- ing been invited to Stockholm, and pen- sioned by the king of Sweden, in con- sequence of his being the author of a work on agriculture which attracted the notice of that monarch ; and having also had the merit of successfully prescribing for his majesty when he was danger- ously ill, he was charged with being concerned in a plot with Count Tessin for overturning the kingdom, tried, and beheaded, in 1747. BLACKWOOD, Sir Henry, a merito- rious British admiral, was the sixth son of Sir John Blackwood, Bart., and b. in 1770. He was present at Dogger-Bank, and with Nelson at Aboukir, and at Trafalgar. D. 1832.— Adam, a Scotch writer, author of "The Martyrdom of Marv Scuart," written in French, &c. B. 1539 ; d. 1613. BLADEN, Martin, a military officer under the duke of Marlborough, author of " Orpheus and Eurydice," a masque ; " A Translation of Caesar's Commen- taries," &e. D. 1746. BLAEU, or JEMSSEN, William, a celebrated geographer, and the disciple of Tycho Brahe. He was the author of a very magnificent atlas. D. 1688. BLAIR, John, a Scotch divine of the 14th century, author of a Latin poem on the " Death of Wallace." — Patrick, an eminent Scotch physician and botanist, of the 18th century, author of " Botanio Essays," &c. — John, a prebend of West- minster, author of " Chronological Ta- bles," and " Lectures on the Canon of the Old Testament." D. 1782.— Robert, a Scotch divine, author of the well- 162 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bla known and admirable poem, " The Grave." B. 1700; d. 1746.— Hugh, a celebraled divine, b. at Edinburgli in 1718. lie was educated at tlie university of his native city, where lie took his master's degree in 1786. He was soon invited to tlie second charge of the Can- nongate church of Edinburgh, and in 1758 he was promoted to the High church, and honored with the degree of ]).!). by the sister university of St. Andrew's. In 1759 he appeared before tho pubUc as lecturer in rhetoric and belles lettres, and with such etfect, that the king in 1762 erected for his encour- agement, witli a sakiry of £70 a year, a professorship on tliat branch of litera- ture in the university. His dissertation in support of the authenticity of O-sian's poems, appeared in 1763, and in 1777 he published the first volume of his "Ser- mons," which met with such applause that in 1779 he printed a second volume, and aficrwards three volumes more ap- peared. These discourses became pop- ular, not only in Scotland and England, but were translated into foreign lan- guages, and claimed the admiration of the learned on the Continent. At the instance of the queen, to whom the ser- mons were dedicated, the worthy pro- fessor obtained a pension of £200 a year, which was increased £100 more in 178;, when his iutirmities obliged him to re- sign his public otxic-es. His " Lectures," in 3 vols., appeared in 1783, and obtained as rapid a sale and as wide a circulation as his sermons. D. at Edinburgli, 1800. — JoHX, one of the associate judges of the supreme court of tlie United States, d. in 1800, aged 68. He was a judge of the court of appeals in Virginia in 1787, and ill the same year, he was a member of the general convention which formed the constitution of the United States. To that instrument the names of Blair an:l Madison are affixed as the deputies from Virginia. When the new govern- ment commenced its operation, he was api)ointed by Washington to the office, which he held till his death. ^-Samuel, a Presbyterian minister, was a native of Ireland, and came to America in early life. In 1745 he establislied an academy at Fog's Manor, Chester county, Penn- Bylvania, and took the pastoral care of the church in that place. He occupied the first rank among his cotemporaries in talents, learning, piety, and useful- ness, both as a preacher aiid an academ- ical instructor. D. about 1751. BLAIZE. a bishop martyred by the Empeivi jj.oclesiaa, but principally cel- ebrated a.s the inventor of wool-comb- ing. BLAKE, KoBERT, a famous English admiral, b. Aug. 15, 1599, at Bridge- water, in Somersetshire, where he waa educated at the grammar-school. Hav ing served some years in the parliament army, he was iu Feb. 1648-9 appointed to command the fleet, in conjunct'on with Col. Deane and Col. P( pham. During nine years' active service in the navy he performed exploits that, for the skill with which they were conducted, and the success that attended them, were never surpassed. His four vic- tories over the Dutch fleet under Van Tromp were his most brilliant exploits. He d. as the fleet was entering Ply- mouth, the 17th of Aug., 1657, aged 58. His body was conveyed to Westminster abbey, and interred in Henry Vllth'a chapel; but disgracefully disinterred from thence in 1661, by Charles II. and flung into a hole in St. Margaret's churchyard.— William, an engraver of great merit, but of eccentric taste ; ho was a pupil of Basire. B. 1759; d. 1S27. — John Bradley, b. in London, 1745, and educated at Westminster school. After acquiring a deep knowledge of chemistry and mathematics, in the pur- suit of his favorite study of botany, he went to China as supercargo of the India company, and with haulable assiduity collected and sent to Europe the seeda of all the vegetables of that remote country used by the natives for pur- poses either of medicine, food, or man- ufactures. He began likewise a valu- able collection of ores and fossils, but his great application weakened his con- stitution, he was afflicted with the stone, and the complaint when attended by a fever proved fatal. D. at Canton, 1773. —Joachim, a Spanish general, was b. at Velez Malaga, and served, flrst as cap- tain, and next as major, in the war, from 1793 to 1795, betv/een France and Spain. When Napoleon seized the crown of Spain, Blake espoused the cause of his country; but with more valor and zeal than success. Though defeated at Rio Seco and Espinosa, no still sustained his military character. In 1810 he was appointed one of the regency, from which rank he was trans- ferred to that of captain-general. Hav- ing been defeated at Murviedro, he shut himself up with his army in '^'aleneia, but was a*' length compelled to surren- der. In ': j20, on the establishment of the constitution, he was admitted into the council of state ; and his atti^'hrnent bla] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGEAPHY. 16? to that constitution subsequently ex- posed liiiu to danger. D. lS-27. — Joseph, governor of Soutli Carolina, was a pro- prietary and a nephew of the famous .A.dmir'al Blake. He was governor but one year. During Blake's administra- tion *a pet of 41 articles, called "The last Fundamental Constitutions," was Bent from England, by the earl of Bath, the palatine, and other patentees ; but the eliange in the government was never confirmed by the Carolina assembly. D. 1700. — William, a comedian of great accomplishments and talent, whose per- formances at Covent-garden were long llic delight of London. D. ISSo. BT-AKELY, Johnston, a captain in the United States' navy daring the late war, was b. in Ireland in 1781. Two years after his fathor emigrated to the United States, and settled in North Caro- lina. Yonng Blakely was placed, in 1796, at the university of North Caro- lina, but circumstances having deprived him of the means of adequate support, he left college, and in ISOO obtained a midshipman's warrant. In 1813 he was appointed to the command of the Wasp, and in this vessel took his Britannic Majesty's ship Reindeer, after an action of nineteen minutes. The Wasp after- wards put into L'Orient ; from which port she sailed August 27. On the eve- ning of the 1st of September, 1S14, .she feU in with four sail, at considerable dis- tances from each other. One of these was the hrig-of-war Avon, which struck after a severe action ; but captain B. w;us prevented from taking possession by the approach of another vessel. The enemy reported that they had sunk the Wasp by the first broadside, but she was afterwards spoken by^ vessel otF the Western Isles. After this we hear of her no more. Captain Blakely was considered a man of uncommon courage and intellect. In testimony of respect to his memory, the legislature of North Carolina educated his only child, a Uauffhter, at the public expense. BLAMPINI, Thomas, a Benedic- tine monk, editor of a splendid edi- tion of the works of St. Augustin. D. 1710. BLANC, Antony de Guillet de, a French dramatist; author of " Manco Capae," a tragedy, and various otlier dramas. B. 1730 ;' d. 1799.— John Ber- nard LE, a French writer, author of "Letters on the English Nation," &c. B. 1707; d. 1781. BLANCHAKD, James, an eminent ftainter, who bears the honorable de- nomination of the French Titian. Ho was an indefatigable artist, and left many pictures. His finest work is the "Descent of the Holy Ghost,'' which ia considered as one of the best produc- tions of the French school. B. 1600 ; d. I(3y8. — Francis, a celebrated French aero- naut, b. in 1738, was distinguished from his youth by his mechanical inventions. After making his first aerostatic voyage in 1784, he crossed the Channel from Dover to Calais, 1785, for which exploit he was rewarded by the king of France with 12,000 francs, and a pension of 1200 fr. He first made use of a para- chute in London, in 1785 ; went through various countries on the Continent, ex- hibiting his aeronautic skill ; visited America with the same object ; and re- turning in 1798, ascended in Kouen with 16 persons in a large balloon, and de- scended at a place 15 miles distant. D. ISOO.-t-Madame Blanchard, his wife, continued to make aerial voyages, but in June, 1819, having ascended from Tivoli, in Paris, her balloon took fire, at a considerable height, owing to some fireworks which she carried with her, the car fell, and the hapless aeronaut was dashed to pieces. — John Baitist, a French Jesuit, and professor of rhetoric, author of "The Temple of the Muses," &c. B. 1731 ; d. 1797. — Laman, a grace- ful periodical writer, was b. at Great Yarmouth, in 1803. His father having removed to London when he was 5 years of age, he received his education at St. Olave's school, Lambeth, and here was laid the groundwork of those lit- erary tastes and habits which distin- guished him tlirough life. His first occupation was that of reader at Cox and Baylis' printing-office in Great Queen-street; in 1827 he became secre- tary to the Zoological Society, and in 1831, editor of the Monthly Magazine. He subsequently became connected with the True Sun," the Constitutional, the Courier, the Court Journal, and the Ex- aminer, and was a constant contributor to the lighter periodicals of the day. D. bv suicide, 1845. 'BLANCHE, of Castile, queen of Louis VIII. of France. She died of grief, on account of the defeat and im- prisonment of her son, Louis IX., in alcstnie, ]2:i2. BLANCHELANDE, Pierre, b. 1735, governor of St. Domingo when the de- cree of instant einancipation for the slaves caused a nniversal tumult. He urged the suspension of the decree, and, being arrested as a counter-revolutionist, K 164 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. was conducted to Paris, and perished by the guillotine in 1793. BLANCHET, Francis, the son of parents in humble life, was b. in 1707, at Angerville, and educated at the col- lege of Louis XIV. lie was first a pro- fessor in two provincial colleges, next employed himself in private tuition, and lastly, obtained an office in the king's library and cabinet. Blanchet was one of the most amiable of men, and the most affectionately paternal of tutors. As an author he has great merit. His " Apologues and Tales" are told with spirit and grace. B. 1748. BLAND, Maria Theresa, an actress and vocalist, was b. at Caen, in Nor- mandy, in 1770, and went to England with her parents, who were Italians, shortly after. When under 5 years of age she sang (as Miss Eomanizi) at Sad- ler's WcUs ; obtained an engagement at Drury-lane theatre in 1789; and sub- sequently appeared as the heroine in the musical dramas written by Colman for his theatre in the Haymarket. In 1790 she was married to Mr. George Bland, brother of the celebrated Mrs. Jordan. She continued on the boards of Drury till that theatre was burnt, in 1809 ; and for many years delighted the lovers of simple melody with her strains at Vauxhall Gardens. Her latter years were clouded by a degree of mental im- becility which prevemed her appearing in public : but in 18 '4, by the proceeds of a beneht which was u'rauted to her at Drury-lane, together with a sum liber- ally given by the late Lord Egrcmont, an annuity of £70 was secured to her for life. b. 1837. — Elizabeth, an En- glish lady, eminent for her knowledge of Hebrew. A phylacterv of her writ- ings is preserved by the lloyal Society. I). 1720. — Richard, a political writer of Virginia, was for some years a principal member of the house of burgesses. In 1768 he was one of a committee to re- monstrate with parliament on the sub- ject of taxation ; in 1773 one of the com- mittee of correspondence ; in 1774 a delegate in congress. He was again chosen a deputy to congress in 1775. Though he declined the appointment from old age, he declared, he should ever be animated, " to support the glo- rious cause, in which America was en- gaged." D. 1778. — Theodoric, a patriot and statesman, was a native of Virginia. He was bred to medicine, but at the commencement of the revolutionary war, he took an active part in the cause of his country. He soon rose to the bleJ rank of colonel, and had the command of a regiment of dragoons. In 1779 ho was appointed to the command of the convention troops at Albemarle barraeka in Virginia. He was chosen a repro sentative from Virginia, in the first con- gress under the present constitution of the United States. D. 1790. BLAIsDRATA, George, an Italian physician, who renewed all the tenets of'Arius with respect to the Trinity. He fl.ed from the persecution of the in- quisitors of Pavia to Geneva, and after- wards to Poland, where the king, Ste- plien Battori, made him a privy coun- cillor. Ho attempted to make the king a follower of his opinions, but failed. He was strangled by his nephew, a worthless character, to whom he had left his property, 1593. BLANKOF, John Fennisz, a Dutch marine painter of considerable eminence. He was at the outset a scholar of Ever- dingen, but finished his studies at Rome. His best pictures represent storms on the coast of the Mediterranean, in which he combined Flemish fidelity with Ital- ian ffrandeur. B. 1G28. BLASIUS, Gerard, a Flemish phys'- cian, who distinguished himself by his researches in anatomy and physioiogy. He was graduated at Leyden, and was afterwards a professor at Amsterdam. He was the earliest writer of importance on comparative anatomy. His chief works were "Observata Anatomica," &c., and "Zootonical, sen AnatomsB variorum Animaliuiii." D. 1(582. BLAYNEY, Benjamin, a divine and biblical critic, was educated at Oxford, where he became M.A. in 1753,^ and D.D. in 1787. He was professor of He- brew at that university, canon of Christ- church, and rector of Polshot, Wilts. He translated Jeremiah, the Lamenta- tions, and Zechariah ; edited the Oxford Bible in 1769 ; and wrote a Dissertation on Daniel's Seventv Weeks. D. ISOl. BLEDDIN, a British bard of the 13th century, many of whose pieces are in the Welsh ArchaeoloffV. BLEDRI, bishop of Lltindraff in 1028 ; surnamed the wise on acc.unt of his great learnincr. BLEECKER, Ann Eliza, a lady of some literary celebrity in New York, dauffhter of' Mr. Brandt Schuyler, and wife' of John J. Bleeckcr. She resided after her marriage at Tomhanic, a soli- itary and beautiful place 18 miles above Albany, but was driven from it in the nisht by the approach of Burgoyne'» army. JHer writings, both in prose and BLOJ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, 165 poetry, were published in 1793, by her daughter, who likewise distino-uished herself as a writer, Margaret V. Fau- geres. B. 17.")2 ; d. 1783. — Anthont, a poet of the city of New York, educated at Columbia college, and attained a re- spectable position as a lawyer. For nearly thirty years he was a leading con- tributor to the periodicals of New York and Philadelphia. B. 1778 ; d. 1827. BLEFKEN, Dithmar, a voyager of tlie 16th century ; author of an exceedingly curious "Account of Iceland," &c. BLEISWICK, Peter van, b. in 1724 ; grand pensionary of the Dutch states- general at the revolution, by which he was divested of hisofKce. He was the au- thor of a viiluable work, "De Aggeribus." BLESSINGTON, Margaret Power, Countess of, celebrated for her beauty, accomplishments, and literary produc- tions, was b. in the county of Waterford In 1789. At the early age of 15 she con- tracted an ill-fated marriatje with Captain Farmer, and soon after his death tlie Earl of Blessington sought and obtained her hand in 1818. After her marriage she passed several years abroad, buttiiey are chiefly remarkable for having led to her acquaintance with Lord Byron, which soon ripened into intimacy, and enabled her subsequently to publish one of the most interesting works, her " Con- versations witli Lord Byron." Soon af- ter her husband's death in 1829, she fixed her residence in London, where she gain- ed a distino-uished place in literary and Bo-called fashionable society. Her house becttme tlie centre-point of every variety of talent ; and there were few literary celebrities, native or foreign, who did not share in tlie hospitalities of Gore House. Besides the "Conversations" above men- tioned, she published many novels, of which " Grace Cassady, or the Repeal- ers," " The Two Friends," "Meredith," " Stratherne," " The Lottery of Life," " The Victims of Society," . 16-33; d. 1704. BOCCUCI, Joseph, a Spanish author, b. in 1775. He served at first in the army, in the campaigns of 1798 and 1794, against republican France, but after- wards devoted himself to letters. He is the author of several comedies played at the Madrid theatre. BOCHART, Samuel, a French Prot- estant divine ; author of " Geographia Sacra," a treatise on the " Terrestrial Paradise," &c. B. 1599; d. 1667. BOCH, or BOCHIUS, John, a Flemish 15 writer of the 16th century; aulhor of various Latin works, and styled, from his skill in Latin poetry, the Belgic Vir- gil. B. 1555 ; d. 1609. BOCQUILLOT, Lazarus Andrew, a French divine ; author of a " Treatise on the Liturgy,' "Life of the Chivalier Bavard," &c. D. 1728. 130DAED DE TEZAZ, N. M. F., b. in 1758; a French poet and diplomatist; ambassador to Naples for the republic in 1799 ; author of " Lc Ballon," a comedy; " Allonsko," a melodrame; " Mine'tte et Marine," an opera, &c. BODE, John Joachim Christopher, a German writer. He was originally a musician in a Hanoverian regiment ; he then became a bookseller, and finally rose to be privy councillor to the landgrave of Hesse Darmstadt. He translated some of the best French and English authors into German with considerable taste and judgment. D. 1793. — Chris- topher Augustus, a learned German linguist and critic ; who edited the New Testament in Ethiopic, all the Evange- lists in Persian, St. Mattliew in Arabic, &c. B. 1723; d. 1796.— John Elert, an astronomer, b. at Hamburg, 1747, early discovered an inclination for mathemati- cal science, in which his father, and afterwards the famous J. G. Busch, instructed him. He gave the first public proof of his knowledge by a short work on the solar eclipse of August 5th, 1766. The approbation which this received encouraged him to greater labors, and in 1768, appeared his " Introduction to the Knowledge of the Starry Heavens," a familiar treatise on astronomy, which has done much to extend coiTect views upon the subject, and continues to do so, as it has kept pace in its successive editions with the progress of the science, In 1772 the Berlin academy chose him their astronomer, and ten years after- wards he was made a member of that institution. His best works are his "Astronomical Almanac," (commencing 1774,) a work indispensable to every astronomer ; and his large " Celestial Atlas" (Himmes atlas,) in twenty sheets, in which the industrious editor has given a catalogue of 17,240 stars, (12,000 more than in any former charts.) In 1825 he was released, at his own wish, from his duties in the academy of science, and the observatory in Berlin. D. 1827. BODIN, John, a native of Angers, who studied law at Toulouse, where he acquired reputation by his lectures. He came to Paris, but not succeedinjf at the 170 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHr. [boa bar, he devoted I'.imself totally to wrl- tin.f ^eat talent and beauty, accepted a coi iri,aud under Napoleon, and per- ished in tl'sje retreat from Moscow. BOIS, John Du, a French monk, who served in tho army of Henry III. On the death of Henry IV. he accused the Jesuits of liaviug caused the assassina- tion of that prince. For this accusation he was confined in the castle of St. An- felo, at Kome. D. If526. — Philip du, a 'reneh divine ; editor of an edition of Tibullus, Catullus, and Prcn^ertius, ad usum Uclphini. D. 1703. — Gerard du, a priest of the Oratory ; author of " An- nals of France," "History of the Church of Paris," &c. D. 169G. BOISMORAND, Abbe Chiron de, an unprincipled French satirist. Bred a Jesuit, he first satirized that order, and then refuted his own satire. I). 1740. BIOSROBERT, Francis le Metel de, a French abbot, celebrated for his wit, and patronized by Kichelieu. Ilis poems, plays, tales, &c., are extremely numer- ous. D. 1662. BOISSARD, John James, a French antiquary ; author of " Theatrum Vitte Hunnmaj," &e. D. 1C02. BOISSAT, Petkb de, an eccentric Frenchman ; at first a priest, then a sol- dier, and at last a pil;^rim ; author of "L'Histoire N(5gropontique ; ou, les Amours d' Alexandre Castriot." D. 16(52. BOISSY D'ANGLAS, Francis An- thony, Count de, a distinguished French senator and literary character, and a man who throughout the revolu- tionary frenzy constantly disyilaycd great firmness and a disinterested love of lib- erty. By Napoleon he waa made a senator and commander of the legion of honor; and in 1814 Louis XV'III. cre- ated him a peer; but he was, /or a time only, deprivetl of his title, in conse- quence of his recognition of the emperor on his return from Elba. His writings are on various subjects: among them are " Tiie Literary and Political Studies of an Old Man ;" an " Essav on the Life of Miiloshcrbes," &c. B. 1756 ; d. 1826. BOISSY, Louis de, a French comic writer, who, althougli he had been the autljor of numerous successful come- dies, was reduced to sucii extreme dis- tress, that had he not been opportunely rescued by the marchioness de Pompa- dour, lie and liis wife would have per- \slied through hunger. D. 1758. BOIVIN, Francis de, a French writer; Buthor of a " History of tlie Wars of Piedmont." D. 1618'. — Louis, a Frcn.ih advocate ; autlior of poems and ron.\f learned historical treatises. D. 1724. — John, brother of the above, professor of Greek in the Royal college of Paris, and keeper of the king's library; authoi of a French version of the "Birds of Aristophanes," and the " QCdipus of Sophocles," &c., &c. D. 1726. — Db Villeneuve, John, a Norman writer, chiefly on classical literature ; author of " An Apology for Homer," and tho " Shield of Achilles," &c. D. 1726. BOIZOT, Louis Simon, b. in 1743; a French painter and sculptor, but more distinguished as the latter. Tlie " Vic- tory" of the Fountain of the Place du Chatclet, is his chef-d''ixui're. Elegant, graceful, and delicate as are the various productions of his chisel, he is accused of too great monotony in the attitude and expression of his figures, as well as inaccuracy of outline. BOKHARI, a celebrated Mussulman doctor; he was a predestinarian, and the author of a collection of traditions, entitled "Tektirtch." D. 256 of the Hegira. BOL, Ferdinand, a Dutch historical and portrait painter, pupil of Rembrandt. B. 1611; d. 1681. BOL ANGER, John, an historical painter, pupil of Guido. D. 1660. BOLD, (SAMUEL, an English divine and controversial writer; author of a "Plea for Moderation towards Dissent- ers," &c. D. 1737. BOLDONIC, C, an Italian writer, b. in 1768; author of "La Constituzione Francese," (published in 1792,) which contributed to diffuse the renovated seeds of freedom over Italy at that epoch. BOLEYN, Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn, is known in English history as the wife of Ilonry VIII., and as the occasion of tlie reformation. She went to France in the seventh vear of her age, and was one of the attendants of the English princess, wife to Louis XII., and afterwards to Claudia the queen of Francis I. and then of the duchess of Alengon. About 1525 she returned to England, and when maid of honor to Queen Catherine, she drew upon herself the attention and affection of the king, and by her address in the management of the violence of his passion, she pre- vailed upon him to divorce his wife ; and as the pope refused to disannul hisinar- riase, England was separated from the spiritual dominion of Kome. Henry was united to his favorite, 14th Nov. 1532, by whom he had a daughter, after- wards Queen Elizabeth, but his passion was of short duration, and Anne Ro- eyn so long admired, so long courted by bol] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 175 the ainorouH monarch, was now despised for Jane Sej-inour, and cruelly beheaded May rJtli, l.J3(5. She bore her tate with rcsigjatiou and spirit ; but though branded with ignommy by Catholic wri- ters, she must appear innocent in the judgment of impartial men, and the dis- graceful accusation brought against her, of a criminal connection with her own brother and four other persons, must be attributed to the suggestions and malice of that tyrant, who, in every instance, preferred the gratification of liis lust to every other consideration. Her story is a favorite one with the dramatists and poet*. BOLINGBROKE, Hexkt St. John, Lord Viscount, son f>r 8ir Henry St. John, was b. at Battersea, in 1672^, and educated at Eton and Christ-church, Oxford. He obtained a "eat in parlia- ment in 1700, and in 1704 was appointed secretarv of war and the marines, but resigned the secretaiyship in 1707. In 1710 he again formed part of the minis- tiy, as Secretary of state, and had a prin- cipal share in the peace of Utrecht. In 1712 he was created Visco\int Boling- broke ; but, dissatisfied with not having obtained an earldom, and with other cir- cumstances, he became theenemy of his colleague Harley, of whom he had long been the friend. On the accession of George I. an impeachment of Boling- broke being meditated, he fled to France, and, at length, accepted the office of secretary to the pretender. He was soon, however, dismissed from this new ser- vice, and, in the mean while had been impeached and attainted in England. After a residence in France till 1723 he Was pardoned, and his estates were re- stored, but he was not allowed to sit in the house of peers. More indignant at this exclusion than gratified by his par- don, he became one of the chief oppo- nents of Sir R. Walpole, and by the power of his pen contributed greatly to the overthrow of that minister. In 1735 he again withdrew to France, and re- mained there till the death of his father, after which event he settled at Battersea, where he resided till 1751, when he d. of a cancer in the face. Bolingbroke was intimate with and beloved by Pope, Swift, and the most eminent men of nis age ; his talents were of the first order ; he possessed great eloquence, and, in point of style, his writings rank among the best in the English language. _ BOLIVAR, SiMos, the celebrated Liberator of South America, and the liost distinguished military commander that has yet appeared there, was b. of noble parents in the city of Caraccas, 1783. Ilaving acquired the elements or a liberal education at home, he was sent to Madrid to complete his studies ; and afterwards visited Paris, where he form- ed an acquaintance with several d'stin- guished men. He then made the tour of Southern Europe, again visited the Spanish capital, and married the young and beautiful daughter of the Marquis de Ustariz del Cro ; but soon after his return to his native land, whither slie ac- companied him, his youthful bride ."ell a victim to the yellow fever ; and he once more visited Europe as a relief to his sor- row for one so fervently beloved. On returning to South America, in 1810, he pledged himself to the cause of indepen- dence,and commenced his military career in Venezuela, as a colonel in the service of the newly founded republic. Soon at\er this he was associated with Don Louia Lopez Mendez, for the purpose of com- municating intelligence of the change of government to Great Britain. In 1811 he served under Miranda, and had the command of Puerto Cabello ; but the Spanish prisoners having risen and seiz- ed the fort, he was obliged to quit the town and proceed to Caraccas. At length Miranda was compelled to submit" to Monteverde, the royalist general ; and Bolivar, entering the service of the pa- triots of New Grenada, soon had another opportunity of assisting his old friends the Venezuelans. For a while he was successful, but reverses followed ; and when, in 1815, the Spanish forces under Morillo arrived, he threw himself into Carthagena, and subsequently retreated to St. Domingo. The spirit of resist- ance was, however, by no means extin- guished ; he found new means to lead his countrymen to victory ; and after many desperate conflicts the indepen- dence of Columbia was sealed, and Bol- ivar was chosen president of the repub- lic in 1821. His renown was now at its height, and every act of his government showed how zealously alive he was to the improvement of the national institu- tions and the moral elevation of the people over whom he ruled. In 1823 he went to the assistance of the Peruvians, and having succeeded in settling their internal divisions, and establishing their independence, he was proclaimed Liber- ator of Peru, and invested with supreme authority. In 1825 he visited Upper Peru, which detached itself from the government of Buenos Ayres, and was formed into a new republic, named Bo' 176 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [bon Uvia, in honor of the Uberator ; but do- mestic factions sprung up, the jjurity of his motives" was called in question, and he was charEred witli aiming at a perpet- ual dictatorsJiip ; he accordingly declar- ed his determination to resign his power as soon as his numerous enemies were overcome, and to repel the imputations of ambition cast upon him, by retiring to seclusion upon his patrimonial estate. The vice-president, Santander, urged him, in reply, to resume his station as constitutional president; and though he^ ■was beset by the jealousy and distrustof rival factions, he continued to exercise the chief authority in Columbia till May, 1830, when, dissatisfied with the aspect of internal affairs, he resigned the pres- idency, and expressed a determination to leave the country. The people ere long became sensible of their injustice to liis merit, and were soliciting liim to resume the government, when his death, ■which happened in December, 1830, pre- vented the accomplishment of their ■wishes. In person he was thin, and I'omcwhat below the middle size, but ca- pable of great endurance ; his complex- •on sallow, and his eyes dark and pene- trating. His intellect was of the highest order, and his general character of that ardent, lofty cast, which is so well calcu- lated to take the lead among a people emerging from the yoke of tyranny. BOLL AND, Sir W illiam, an eminent lawyer and one of the barons of Exche- quer, was a member and one of the originators of the Koxburirh Club, and is often mentioned by Dr. Dibdin among the most ardent admirers of tlie literature of the olden times. B. 1773; d. 1840. BOLLANDUS, .Jonx, a learned Flem- ish Jesuit ; one of the compilers of the " Acta Sanctorum." D. 16(55. BOLOGNESE, Francisco, the as- pumed name of Francis Grimaldi, an ex- cellent landscape painter, pupil of Anni- bal Caracci. D. 1680. BOLSEC, .Jerome, a Carmelite friar of Paris. He became for a time a Protest- ant, but again returned to the Catholic laith, and marked his zeal against Prot- estantism in his lives of Calvin and Theodore Bcza. D. 1582. BOLSWEKT, Scheldt, an engraver of the 17th century, a native of Friesland, but who passed most of his life in Ant- ■werp ; distinguished for the excellence of his engravings from Rubens and Van- dyck. 'BOLTON, Edmund, an English anti- qiiary of the 17th century ; author of ■'Elements of Armories," "Nero Cse- sar, or Mouarchie Depraved," &c. — Ro- bert, a Puritan divine ; author of a " Treatise on Happiness," &c. B. 1571 ; d. 1631. — Robert, dean of Carlisle ; au- thor of an " Essay on the Emplovment of Time," &c. D. 1763.— Sir William, a captain in the British navy, and a ne- phew of Lord Nelson, commenced his career in 1733, as a midshipman, on board the Agamemnon, commanded by his gallant uiicle ; under whom he serv- ed with credit and ability on the most trying occasions, during a great part of the war. Although he did not obtain higher promotion, owing chiefly to his not being present in the ever-memora- ble battle of Trafalgar, (which Nelson emphatically regretted during theen- giigement,)'his merits as a naval officer, his gentlemanly deportment, and above all, his humuni'tv, deserve to be record ed. B. 1777 ; d". 1830. BOLTS, AViLLiAM, an English mer- chant, of Dutch extraction, b. in 1740, He was invested with high employ in the East Lidia Company's service, and realized a large fortune in India ; but being accused of a design to subvert the Indian government, he was arrested, sent to England, imprisoned, and sub- jected to a seven years' process, which dissipated his large fortune. He d. at last m a poor-house. He left a work " On Bengal," and " Considerations on the Attairs of India." BOLZANI, Urbano Valeriano, a learned monk ; teacher of Greek at Venice, and the first who wrote a gram- mar of that language in Latin. D. 1524. BOMBELLI, Seb.vstian, an eminent Boloffnese historical and portrait painter. B. 1635 ; d. 1685. — Raphael, a celebrated algebraist of the 16th century, and the first who invented a uniform method of working eqiiations. BOMBERG, Daniel, a Dutch printer ; whose Bible and Talmud are highly valued. D. 1549. BOMPART, Jean Baptiste, a French republican vice-admiral, b. in 1757 ; brought into notice by his fighting^ a British frigate of 44 guns, witli his ship, the Ambuscade, 36 guns, off New York. His ship was taken, and himself made prisoner, durins: the expedition to Ire- land in 171)8. lie always retained his steady republican feelings during Bona- parte's imperial ascendency, and even durinsr the Hundred Davs. BON ST. HILARY, Francis Xavier, alearned French writer; author of "M^- moire sur les Marrones d'Inde," &c. D. 1761. bon] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 177 BONA, John-, Cardinal; author of geveral devotional works. Eaised to the cardinalate by Clement IX. D. 1674. BONAMY, Peter Nicholas, a French ■icclesiastic ; historiographer of Paris, Librarian of St. Victor, and conductor of the journal of Verdun, a clever periodi- cal work. He also contributed largely to the Memoirs of the Academy of In- Bcriptions. B. 1694; d. 1770. — A gener- al ; one of the conquerors of Naples, in 17S9. In chargingthe principal redoubt at Moskwa, he received twenty bayonet wounds, and was left in the hands of the I.'ussians. He returned to France in 1814. B. 1764. BONANNI, Philip, a learned Jesuit of Eome ; author of a " History of the Church of the Vatican;" '* Collection of the Medals of the Popes," &c., &c. D. 1725. BONAPARTE. The name of a Corsi- can family which has been made for ever Dlustrious by the prodigious military genius of one of its members, the late emperor of the French. The most au- thentic genealogical documents ascribe a Florentine origin to the family, and trace them back to the year 1120, when one of them was exiled" from Florence as a Ghibelline ; and in 1332 we find that John Bonaparte was podest'a of that city. In 1404, his descendant and namesake, who was plenipotentiary to Gabriel Vis- conti, duke of Milan, married the niece of Pope NicJiolas V. His son, Nicho- las Bonaparte, ('written Buonaparte until after Napoleon s first Italian campaign, when tbe u was dropped,) was ambas- sador from the same pontitf to several courts, and vicegerent of the holy see at Aseoli. In 1567 Gabriel Bonaparte es- tablished himself at Ajaccio, and for Beveral generations his descendants were Buecessively heads of the elders of that city. But Napoleon Bonaparte ridiculed the pride of ancestry, and was eager on ail occasions to declare that the exalted Btation he had attained was due to his own merits alone. — Carlo, his father, was a respectable advocate at Ajaccio, in the island of Corsica. He had studied law at Rome, but resigning the gown for the sword, he fought luider Paoli against the French, and when Corsica Bun-endered was reluctlantly induced to live under the French government. On this submission, being much noticed by the new governor. Count de Marboef, he was appointed judge lateral of Ajaccio. D. in his 3!ith year, of cancer in the sto- mach. — Marie Letitie, whose maiden Uame was Eamolini, the wife of Carlo, a lady of great beauty and accomplish- ments, bore him five sons and three daughters, and lived to see them eleva- ted to the highest positions. — Napoleon, was b. on the 15th August, 1769, at Ajaccio. He was educated at the mili- tary- school of Brienne from 1779 to 1784. His conduct there was unexceptionable. He seeVns to have cultivated mathematics more than any other branch of study He was fondof tlie history of great men, and Plutarch seems to have bvni hi.s favorite author, as he is with most young persons of an animated character. For languages he manifested little taste. He made himself well acquainted with the French classics. From the military school at Brienne, he went with nigh recommendations to that of Paris. In 1786 he commenced his military career, being appointed in that year second lieutenant in the regiment of artillery La Fere, after a successful examination, one year after the death of his father. While at the school in Paris, young Bonaparte expressed a decided dislike of the dis- cipline and mode of living there, which he thought by no means fitted to prepare the pupils for the privations of a military life. Napoleun, then 20, was at Paris at the epocn of the J^th of August. In September he returned to Corsica. The celebrated Paoli, who had acted as lieu- tenant-general in the service of France, had, meanwhile, been proscribed, with twenty other generals, as a traitor, and a price set on his head. In May, 1793, Paoli raised the standard of revolt to secure his own safety, and threw off the yoke of the convention. He assembled a consulta of the Corsican malcontents. Bonaparte openly opposed tlie views of Paoli, and a war broke out between the adherents of that leader and those of France. Many excesses were committed, and Paoli went so far as to mtfke attempts upon the persons of young Bonaparte and his family. But Bonaparte suc- ceeded in conducting them safely to France, where they retired to La Valette, near Toulon, and at a later period, to Marseilles. In the same vessel with vhe Bonapartes were the commissioners of the convention and the French troops. It was the persuasion of Joseph Bona- parte, one of the members of the depart- mental administration at the time of Paoli's revolution, that engaged his family in the French cause, and thus had an important influence on the fu- ture career of his brother. Bonaparte proceeded to Nice, to join the fourth regiment of artillery, in which he had 178 CYCL&P-UDIi OF BIOGRAPHY. [bok been made onptiiin. Tl.is was in tl i years 1798 nnJ 1794, when the Mou: ■ tain party developed its euersjies wit^j an unexampled rapidity, by an equally imexampled system; and, finding ro foundation for a rational liberty on the first emersion of the country from the corruption and tyranny of centurids, strove to save it' by terrorism.' The evident talents of the young officer com- mended him to the leaders of the con- vention. He was present at the affair at Lyons, and soon after greatly distin- guished himself in expelling the English from Toulon. He was consequently made a general of briirade in I7',i4. The same year he defended the convention from an attack of the Parisians, defeat- ing and dispersing them. In 1706 he married Josephine Beauharnois, the widow of Count de Beauharnois, who had been beheaded by Robespierre. He left his bride in three days for Nice, and taking the command of an army of 60,0t>0 men, half armed and in want of every necessary, be outmanceuvred the Austrians, and won th.e battles of Monte- DOtte, Millesimo, Dego, Mandovi, and Lodi, conquering all Piedmont and the Milanese. His victories of Louado, Cas- tiglione, Roverado, Bassano, Saniioriro, and Areola closed 1708. The following year he won the fields of Rivoli, La Fa- vorite, Tagliamento, Lavis, took Mantua. Trieste, and Venice, and compelled Aus- tria to sign the treaty of Campo Formio. On the lOtli May, of the same year, he sailed with an expedition to Egypt, of which he took possession after fighting several battles. In 1790 he returned to France, finding that the conquests he had made from Austria, she was recov- ering ; he dissolved the national conven- tion^ was declared first consul, restored peace in La Vendee, carried an army over the Alps, beat the Austrians at Rom mo, Montebcllo, and Marengo, and made the emperor sign a second treaty of peace. In IS'"*! be signed the prelimi- naries of peace with Ensrland. In 1802 lie was declared first consul for life. In 1804 be was made emperor. In 18^5 he was dedared king of Italy. Hostilities igain breaking out with Austria, be won Jne baftles of Wertinghen, Onrtzburcrh, Memminghen, Ekhingen, captured Ulm and an entire army, and taking Vienna and fighting the battles of Diernestein, and Austerlitz, he forced the Ans'rians to sign the treaty of Presburah. Tlie year 1806 may be regarded as the era of Ills king-making. New dynasties were ■reated by him, &nd princes promoted or transferred according to hi? will ; the crown of Naples he bestowed on his brother Joseph, that of Holland on Louis, and of Westphalia on Jerome ; while the Confederation of the Rliine was called into existence to give stability to his extended dominion. Prussia again declared war: but the disastrous battJi of Jena annihilated her hopes, and both she and Russia were glad to niake peace with the French emperor in 1807. Na- poleon now turned his eye on Spain. After taking measures to bring about the abdication of Charles IV. and the resignation of Ferdinand, he sent 80,000 men into that country, seized all the stronor places, and obtained possession of the capital. In 1800, while his ar- mies were thus occupied in the Pen- insula, Austria again ventured to try her strength with France. Napo- leon thereu]>on left Paris, and at the head of his troops once more entered the Austrian capital, gained the decisive victory of Vv'agram, and soon concluded a peace; one of the secret conditions of wliicli was, that he should have his marriasre v.ith Josephine dissolved, and unite himself to the daughter of the emperor, Francis II. His former mar- riage was accordingly annulled ; Jose- phine, with the title of ex-cmpress, re- tired to Navarre, a seat about 30 miles from Paris ; and he espoused the arch- duchess Maria Louisa, in April, 1810. The fruit of this union was a son, who was styled king of Rome. Dissatisfied with the conduct of Russia, be now put himself at the head of an invadinsr army, prodigious in number, and admirably appointed, and marched with his numer- ous allies towards the enemy's frontiei"3. This eventful campaign against Russia may be said to have opened on the 22d June, on which day he issued a procla- mation, wherein, with his usual oracular brevity, he declared that his "destinies were about to be accomplished." On the 2«th June he entered Wilna, where he established a provisional government, while he assembled a general diet at War- sav,'. In the mean time the French army continued its march, and passed the Nie- iTien on the 23d, 24th, and 25th June, arriving at Witepsk on the way to Smo- lenskoiin the early part of July. In the march it obtained several victories, and the Russians finding their enemy too powerful in open contest, contented themselves for the most part in wasting the eountiy, and adding to the severities and operation of the Russian climate upon a southern soldiery. The French bon] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 179 army, however, undauntedly proceeded, until arriviucT near Moscow on the 10th September, the famous battle of Boro- dino was fouffht, so fatal to both parties, and in which 60,000 are supposed to have perished. Napoleon notwithstand- ing pressed on to Moscow, from which the Kussians retreated, as also the greater part of the inhabitants, who abandoned it by order of the governor, Count Rostopchin. When, therefore, Napoleon entered the celebrated capital, four days after the battle, he found it for the most part deserted and in tlames. This strong measure saved the Russian empire, by completely destroying the resources of Napoleon. After remain- ing thirty-five days in the rains of this ancient metropolis, exposed to every species of privation, retreat became ne- cessary, amid one of the most strikino; scenes of human sutfering ever experi- enced. II\iuger, cold, and the sword attended the wretched fugitives all the way to Poland, and the narrative of Count Segur, who details all tlie events and their effect on Napoleon, possibly forms the most appalling picture in modern history. On thelSth Decem- ber, Napoleon entered Paris at nisht, and on the following day a bulletin, with no great concealment of their extent, disclosed liis losses. Early the next month he presented to the senate a de- cree for levying 350,000 men which was unanimously agreed to, and he forth- with besran preparations to encounter the forces of Russia and Prussia, now once more in combination. On the 2d May, they met at Lutzen, and the allies retired, on which Austria undertook to oiediate, but not succeeding, tlie battle of Bautzen followed, in which the French were victorious. On the 20th May, an armistice took place, and riego- tiations were opined, which proved fruitless ; and Austria was at length in- duced to join the allies. On this im- portant event. Napoleon endeavored to reach Berlin, while the allies sought to occupy Dresden, which attempt i)iduced liim to return and repulse them in tlie battle of Dresden, on which occasion, Moreau, who had come from Paris to fight under the banner of the confeder- ates, was mortally wounded. At length these equivocal contests terminated in the famotis battle of Leipsic, fought on the 16th, 18th, and 19th October, which was decisive of the war as to Germany. The French loss was immense: Prince Poniatowski of Poland was killed, fif- teen general ofiicers were wounded, and twenty-three taken prisoners ; and of 184,000 men, opposed to 300,000, n?l more than 60,000 remained. On this great victory, the Saxons, Bavarians, "VVestphalians, in a word, all the con- tingent powers declared for the allies. Napoleon returned to Paris, and inter- rupted the compliment of address, by thus stating the disagreeable fact, that " within the last year all Europe marched with us, now all Europe is leagued against us." He followed up this avowal by another demand of 300,000 men. The levy was granted, and on the 26th January, he again headed his army, and the allies having passed the Rhine early in the same month, in the succeeding month of February were fought the bat- tles of Dizier, Brienne, Camp Aubcrt, and Montmirail, with various success; but nov.- the advanced guard of the Rus- sians entered into action, and Napoleon was called to another ipiarter. The san- guinary conflicts of Montereau and No- gent followed, in which the allied forces surtered very severely, and were obliged to retire upon Troye.s. Early in March the treaty of alliance was concluded be- tween Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, by which each was bound not to make peace but upon certain condi- tions. This was signed at Chatillon, on the loth March, and made known to Napoleon, who refused the terms. His plan was now to get into the rear of the combined army, and by this manoeuvre to endeavor to draw them off from Paris; but the allies gaining possession of his intentions by an intercepted letter, has- tened their progress, and on the 30th March attacked" the heights of Chau- mont, from which they were repulsed with great loss. At length, however, their extensive array bore on so many points, that on the French being driven back on the barriers of Paris, Marshal Marmont, who commanded there, sent a flag of truce, and proposed to deliver up the city. Napoleon hastened from Fontainbleau, but was apprised five leagues from Paris of the result. He accordingly returned to Fontainbleau, where he commanded an army of .50,000 men, and the negotiation ensued which terminated with his consignment to the island of Elba, with the title of ex-em- peror, and a pension of two millions of livres. He displayed becominir firmness on this occasion, and on the 20th April, after embracing the officer commanding the attendant grenadiers of his guard, and the imperial eagles, he departed to his destination. Not long after, secretly ISO CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [BON embarkiu^ in some hired feluccas, ac- Compauied with about 1200 men, he lauded on the 1st March, 1814, in the gulf of Juan, iu Provence. He imme- diately issued a proclamation, announ- cing his intention to resume the crown, of which "treason had robbed him," and proceeding to Grenoble, was at once welcomed by the commanding officer, Labedoyere, and in two days after he entered Lyons, where he experienced a similar reception. In Lyons he pro- ceeded formally to resume all the func- tions of sovereignty by choosing coun- sellors, generals, and prefects, and pub- lishing various decrees, one of which wa-s for abolishing t le noblesse, of whom the restored family had already made the French people apprehensive, and another proscribing the race of Bourbon. Thus received and favored, he reached Paris on the 20th March without draw- ing a sword. In the capital he was re- ceived with the loud acclamations of " Vive TEmpereur !" and was joined by Marshal Ney, and the generals Drouet, Lallemand, and Lefebvre. On the fol- lowing day he reviewed his army, re- ceived general congratulations, and an- nounced the return of the empress. On opening the assembly of representatives, on tlie 7tli June following, he talked of establishing a constitutional monarchy. But by this time the allies were once more in motion, and having collected an im- mense supply of stores and ammunition, he quitted Paris on the r2th of the same mouth, to march and oppose their pro- gress. He arrived on the 18th at Aves- ues, and on the 14th and 16th fought the partially successful battles of Fleurus and Ligny. On the 18th occurred the signal and well-known victory of Water- loo, in whicli the British made so suc- cessful a stand under the duke of Wel- lington, until aidel into NNEV'IE, Abbe, a great preacher of funeral orations over the Bonaparte family and Bonapartists ; and equally zealous in preaching funeral orations for the Bourbons, after tlieir fall. " Is the abbi as virulent atrainst the tyrant as ever "' asked Napoleon, in passing his curi'', on returniuLr from Elba. But the abbe had disappeared. B. 1764. BONNEVILLE, a poet of the French revolution, who was the friend of Con- dorcet, La Fayette, and Paine, and was with Kosciusko when he fell. Though accused by Marat, in the National Con- vention, as an aristocrat, he was so far from bein? an ultra in his views as to denounce Bonaparte (on his becom- ing emperor) as the Cromwell of France, when the latter suppressed his periodi- cal, the "Bien Intorme." Among his works are "Theatre Allemand," " Poe- sies Republieanes," " Nouveau Code Conjugal," " Esprit des Religions," &c. B. 1760. BONNIER, a French republican, who was sent as a plenipotentiary to a " con- ference" with Praice Metternich, in 1799, at Rastadt ; but the negotiation was broken off by Austria, and Bonnier was murdered between that town and Strasburg, and his papers taken away Bonnier's seat in the Council of Ancients was for two years after covered with crape, as a testimony of respect. B. 1750. BONNINGTON, Richard Parkes, a British artist of great merit and of sin gular precocity. At 3 years old he could sketch most of the objects he saw, and at 15 was admitted to draw in the Lou- vre at Paris. After visiting Italy he brought back many able spechnens of his works, and finished a successful, though brief career, at the age of 27, in 1S28. BONNYCASTLE, John, professor of mathematics at the Royal Military Acad* emy, Woolwich ; autlior of" The Sehol • lar's Guide to Arithmetic," "The Ele ments of Geometry," " A Treatise upon Astronomy," &e.' D. 1821. — Charles, a son of the preceding, became an emi- nent professor of natural philosophy, at the university of V^irginia, and wroto several excelient mathematical works. D. 1840. BONNSTETTEN, Charles Von, a learned and voluminous German writer, the friend of Matthison, Salis, and Fred- ericka Brun. B. 1745 ; d. 1832. BONOMI, Joseph, an Italian architect of considerable taste and genius, from whose design the Roman Catholic chapel near Manchester-square was erected. D. 1808. BONTEMPI, Giovanni Andrea An- GELiNi, an Italian musician of tiie 17th century ; author of " Nova quatuor Vocibus eomponendi Methodus," Szc. BOOKER, Luke, a clergyman of the church of England, distinguisiicd for his literary acquirements, was b. at Not- tincrliam, in 1672; took holy orders in 1785 ; and eventually became the vicar of Dudley. Dr. Booker was the author of many works, viz., "Poems" on vari- ous occasions ; " Christian Intrepidity," CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. bor] "Calista, or tho Picture of Modern Life," " Euthanasia, the State of Man after Death," "Discourses and Disser- tations;" and a variety of others. D. 1835. BOONE, Daniel, one of the earliest settlers in Kentucky, was b. in Virginia, and was from infancy addicted to hunt- ing in the woods. He set out on an expedition to explore the region of Ken- tucky, in May, 1769, with five compan- ions. After meeting with a variety of adventures, Boone was left with his brother, the only white men in the wil- derness. They passed the winter in a cabin, and in the summer of 1770 trav- ersed the country to the Cumberland river. In September, 1773, Boone com- menced his removal to Kentucky witli his own and five other families. He was joined by forty men, who put them- selves under his direction ; but being attacked by the Indians, the whole party returned to the settlements on Clinch river. Boone was afterwards employed by a company of North Carolina to buy, from the Indians, lands on the south Bide of the Kentucky river. In April, 1775, ho built a fort at Saltspring, where Boonesborough is now situated. Here he sustained several sieges from the In- dians, and was once taken prisoner by them while hunting with a number of his men. In 1782 the depredations of the savages increased to an alarming ex- tent, and Boone, with other militia ofh- cers, collected 176 men, and went in pursuit of a large body, who hud march- ed beyond the Blue Licks, forty miles from Lexington. From that time till 1798 he resided alternately in Kentucky and Virginia. In that year, having re- ceived a'grant of 2000 acres of land from the Spanish authorities, he removed to Upper Louisiana, with his children and followers, who were nresented with 800 acres each. He settled with them at Charette, on the Missouri river, where be followed his usual course of life, — hunting and trapping bears — till Sep- tember^ 1822, when he d. in the 85th vcar of his age. He expired while on his knees, taking aim at some object, and was found in that position, with his gun resting on the trunk of a tree. BOOTH, Barton, a celebrated actor in the reigns of Anne and George I., was b. in 1681, in Lancashire, and was edu- Eated at Westminster school, under Dr. Busby. At the age of seventeen, how- ever, he joined a strolling company of players ; his talents, at length, gained una a footing on the regular theatre ; 16* 185 his popularity continually increased; and his performance of Cato, in 1712, set the seal upon his histrionic reputation. In 1715 lie became one of the joint patentees and managers of Drury-lane theatre. Booth was the author of a masque called Dido and Eneas, and of some songs and minor pieces. D. 1733 — George, Baron Delamere, a zealou? partisan of Charles II. Being deftvated by the parliamentary general, Lambert, he was confined in the Tower until the death of Cromwell. He then obtained his liberty, and was one of the twelve delegates 'sent to the new king. It was on this occasion that he obtained his title, and a present of £10,000. D. 1684. — Henky, eiirl of Warrington, son of the above. Having been among those who voted for the exclusion of the duke of York, when that personage bscame king, he w-as committed to the Tower, and was tried for high treason, but acquitted, in spite of the efforts of the infamous .Jef- fries. On the accession of William III. he was made a privy councillor and chancellor of the exchequer. His efforts to limit the prerogative, however, caused him to fall into disgrace ; but he was al- lowed to retire from office with a pen- sion, and the title of earl of Warrington D. 1694. BORA, Catharine von, wife of Luther was b. 1499. Her birth{)lacc is noi known, and other parents we only know that her mother, Anna, was descended from one of the most ancient families of Germany, that of Haugewitz. The daughter took the veil very early, in the nunnery of Nimptschen, near Grimma. Notwitiistanding her devout disposition, she soon felt very unhappy in her situ- ation, and, as her relations would not listen to her, applied, with ciglit othei nuns, to Lutlier, whose fame had reach- ed them. Luther gained over a citizen of Torgau, by the name of Leonard Koppe, who, in union with some other citizens, undertooa to deliver the nine nuns from their convent. This was done the night after Good Friday, April 4th, 1523. He brought them to Tortrau, and from thence to Wittenberg, where Luther provided for them a decent abode. At the same time, to anticipate the charges of his enemies, he published a letter to Koppe, in which he frankly confessed that he was the author of this enterprise, and had persuaded Koppe to its execution ; that he had done so in the confident hope that .Jesus Christ, who had restored his gospel and de- stroyed the kingdom of Autiehrisl^ 186 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bor would be their protector, though it might cost theiu even their lives. He also exhorted the parents and relations of the nine virgins to admit them again into their houses. Some of them were received by citizens of Wittenbei-g ; others, who were not yet too old, Luther advised to marry. Among the latter was Catharine, whom Fliilip Reichen- bach, at that time mayor of the city, had taken into his house, Luther proposed to her, (by his friend Nicholas von Ams- dorf. minister in Wittenberg,) doctor KasjDar Glaz and others, in marriage. She declined these proposals, but de- clared her willingness to bestow her hand on Nicholas von Amsdorf, or on Luther himself. Luther, who, in 1524, had laid aside the cowl, was not averse to matrimony, yet appears to have been led to the resolution of marrving by reason rather than by passion. "Besides, lie was not then favorably inclined to- wards Catlumne, because, he suspected her of worldly vanity. He says, how- ever, that he found in her a pious and faithful witii. There could be no want of disadvantageous rumors on this oeca- "on, some of them as shameful as they were unfounded. The domestic peace of the pair Wiis also drawn into question, and Catharine, in particular, was accused of being peevish and domineering, so that he^ luisband was ofien obliged to correct her. Although this last story is without Ibundation, yet Luther seems not to have been fidly satistied with her; for he speaks witii great sincerity of the BUtferings as well as of the happiness of his marriage. When, after Luther's death, in L5-47, Charles V. entered Wit- tenberg in triumph, Catharine saw her- self obliged to leave this place, and to remove to Leipsic, where she was com- pelled to take boarders for her support. She afterwards returned to Wittenberg, and lived there till 15.')'2, in want. When the plague broke out in this place, and the university was removed to Torgaii, she went thitlier also, arrived there sick, and d. soon after, December 27th, 1552. In the church of Torgau her tombstone is still to be seen, on which is her image of the natural size. BOKDA, .Jean Charles, an ensrineer, and afterwards a captain in the French marine, famous for his mathematical talents, was b. at Dax, in the depart- ment of Landes, in 1733. In 1756 he was chosen a member of the Academy of Sciences, and occupied himself in making experiments on the resistance of fluids, the velocity of motion, and other topics relating to dynamical sci- ■ enec. In 17C7 he published a disserta- j tion on hydraul'c wheels, and afterwards I one on the construction of hydraulic ! maohinery. In 1771, with Verdune and I Pingre, he made a voyage to America, I to determine the longitude and latitude of several coasts, isles, and shoals, and I to try the utility of several astronomical j instruments. In 1774 he visited the Azores, the Cape Verde islands, and the I coast of Africa for the same purpose. ! lu the American war he was very useful i to the Count d"Estaing, by his knowl- edge of navigation. Borda was the founder of the schools of navd archi- tecture in France. He invented an in- strument, of a very small diameter, which measures angles with the great- est acctiracy, and has been used in meas- uring the meridian; the reflecting cir- cle, which has made his name immortal; besides an instrument for measuring the inclination of the compass needle, and many others. On the establishment of the National Institute, he became one of its members, and was occupied, with other men of science, in framing the new system of weights and measures adopted in France under a republican government. Among the latest of his labors was a series of experiments to discover the length of a pendulum which could vibrate seconds in the latitude of Paris. BORDE, AxDRhw, an English physi- cian ; author of " The .Merrie Tales of the Madman of Gotham," and several other quaint works. D. 1539. — Joun Bkxja- Mix UE LA, a French miscellaneous wri- ter; author of " Adela de Ponthien;" " Essais sur la Musique, ancienue et moderne ;" " Memoires de Courey," f, an eminent French writer of the 17th century, author of "Letter^ on the Therapeutte," " Dis- eertations on Herodotus," &c. B. 1673; d. 1746. BOUHOURS, Dominic, a French Jes- uit and critic, author of " Les Entretiens d'Ariste et d'Eugene," " Maniere da bien Penser sur les Ouvrages de I'Esprit," &c. B. 1628; d. 1702. BOUILLE, Francis Claude Amoub, Marquis (.le, b. 17'>y, a distinguished French general, celebrated by his ex- ploits up to tlie era of the French revo- lution; from which, althongli he sat on liberal principles in the first assembly of notables, he detached himself, and, after making excellent preparations to assist the unfortunate ijouis XVI. in escaping from Varennes, which his sovereign refused to avail himself of, he quitted France and served under tho allies. His " 2tIemoirs of the French Revolution" rank isli()p of Canterbury. He crowned no fewer tiian three kings, viz., Edward IV., Richard III., and Henry VII. D. 148j. — John, Lord Herners, a military commander of great skill and repute in the reigns of Henry VII. and VIII., by the latter of whom he was made gov- ernor of Calais, author of a translation of "Froissart," " The Life of Marcus Aure- lius,' &c. D, 1532. BOUKDALOUE, Louis, a Jesuit, and a French preacher of consummate elo- querree; was b. at Bourges, in 1632. The reputation which he acquired by preach- ing in the country, induced his superiors to send him to Paris, where he immedi- ately acquired popularity, and became the favorite preacher of Louis XIV., who sent him into Languedoc, to convert the Protestants. The latter part of his life was spent in visiting the sick, and the prisons, and in other works of charity. His sermons occupy 16 vol- umes.' and have often been reprinted. D. 1704. * BOURDON, Skbastian, a painter of merit in various styles, but particularly in landscape; was b. at Montpelier, in 1616, and studied at Home, where he was the fi-iend of Claude Lorraine. In 1652, wishing to avoid the civil wars which threatened France, he visited Sweden, and was patronized by Chris- tina. She made him a present of some pictures which Gustavus had brtught from Dresden ; but on examining theni, Bourdon disinterestedh' told her that she ought not to part with so valuable a collection. Christina afterwards took them to Rome, and they at length formed a part of the famous Orleans gallery 196 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. BOD He was an engraver as well as a painter. D. 1671. BOUKGEOIS, Sir Francis, whose pa- rents were Swiss, was born in Loudon, in 1756, and was designed for the army, but displayed such an attachment to painting that he was placed under Loutherbourg. Afcer having travelled for improvement, lie became a royal academician. In 1791 he was appointed Diiintcr to the king of Foland ; and, in 1794, landscape painter to George III. The splendid collection of pictures which Mr. Deseufans had bequeathed to him. Sir Francis left to Dulwich college, with ten thousand pounds to build a gallery for them. D. 1811. BOUKGOING, John Francis, Baron de, was b. at Nevcrs, in 17-18; served early in the army, and successively acted as secretary uf legation, and lastly as am- bassador at various courts. Of las wri- tings, tiie principal are, tlie "Picture of Modern Spain," 3 vols.; and "liistori- cal and riiilosophical Memoirs of Pius VI. D. ISII. BOUKIGNON, Antoinetta, a fanatic, b. at Lisle, in 1616. She came into the world so very deformed that a consulta- tion was held in the family some days about stifling her as a monstrous birth. But if she sunk almost beneath Immauity in her e.vterior, her interior seems to have been raised as much above it ; for at 4 years of age she not only took notice that the people of Lisle did not live up to the principles of Christianity which they professed, but was thereby dis- turbed so mucli as to desire a removal into some more Christian country. Hav- ing an aversion to matrimony, she twice eloped from home to avoid it. The read- ing of mystical works inflamed her ima- gination," and she believed that she had visions and ecstatic trances, in which she was commanded to restore the true evangelical spirit in the world. She wandered about incessantly, and was expelled from many countries ; but she made numerous proselytes, among whom were men of abilities. D. at Franeker, in Holland, 16S0. Her reve- ries fill 22 volumes. BOUKLIE, Anthony de Guiscard, Abbe de la, who is known in Euglish history as the Marquis de Guiscard ■ was b. in 'Quercy, in 1658, and entered the church. For some crime, however, lie was compelled to fly. Failing in an attempt to spread the revolt of the Ce- vennes, he took refuge in England, where he received a pension from Ciueen Anne's ministers; but having betrayed them to his own government, he was summoned before the privy council. There he stabbed Mr. Harley, and in return, was so dangerously wounded by some of the counsellors that lie d. in Newgate, in 1711. BOUKNE, Benjamin, of Bristol, Khode Island ; was b. about the year 1755, and educated at Harvard college, where he was graduated in 1775. He was conspicuous for talents and learn- ing, and spent a large part of his life in public and iiouorable employments. He was for some time a member of congress, and in 1801 was appointed judge of the circuit court of the United States. D. 1808. — Vincent, one of the most elegant of modern Latin poets ; was educated at Westminster and Trinity college, Cambridge, took his degree of M.A. in 1721, and d. undermaster of Westmin- ster school in 1747. Covvper describes him as having been the neatest of aU men in his versification, the most slov- enly in his person ; and, as a poet, he thinks him not at all inferior to Ovid. BOUKKIENNE, Louis Antoine Fau- VELET DE, the secretary of Napoleon, who had formed a friendship witli him when they were scholars at JBrienne, was b 1769, and studied law at Leipsic. WMieu Napoleon was first consul he was made counsellor of state. Yet afterwards he was accused of not being sincerely at- tached to the government of Napoleon as emperor. He was an inconsistent and treacherous politician, and even wrote against his old patron and friend. Hi3 '' Memoirs of Napoleon" have been proved to be, in some respects, unworthy of entire confidence. D. 18:54. BOUKlilT, Mark Theodork, a native of Geneva, b. 1739, was a chanter in the cathedral of his native city. He is known to the public by his various jour- neys to the Alps, and particularly to the glaciers and Mont Blanc ; of which he published narratives in 1772 and 1785. The last of these works was reprinted in 1789, with a " Description of tliu Gla- ciers of the Pennine and Rhetian Alps." D. 1819. BOURSAULT, Edmund, a French writer, was b. at Muci I'Eveque, in Bur- gundy, 16j8, and though his father, a dissipated officer, to prevent him from knowing more than himself, would give him no education, he acquired a con- summate knowledge of the French lan- guage. He wrote several comedies,par- ticularly " Esop in Town," and " Esop at Court," three romances, and otlier 1 works of considerable merit, among BOWJ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, 197 which inay be mentioned " Letters to Babct." fioursaalt was a man of modest mind and a forgiving spirit. D. 1701. BOUKSIEK, Lawrence Francis, a doctor of tlie Sorbonne, who d. at Paris in 17-i'.<, aged 7o. He was author of several controversial books in divinity, and of an able treatise called " Paction de Dicu sur les creatures," 2 vols. 4to. or C vols. 12nio., which was attacked by Malcbrancbe. He wrote also an address to Peter the Great when he visited Paris, for the union of the Greek and Latin churches. — PniLH', an ecclesiastic of Pa- ris, who was the first concerned in tiie " Nouvelles Ecclesiastiques" in 1727, in which he was assisted by Berger, d'Ete- mare, do Fernanville, and others. D. 1767. BOURVALAIS, Paul Poisson, a fa- mous French financier, who rose from obscurity to opulence and consequence, by industry, and afterwards by dishon- est means. He was accused of having amassed a princely fortune from the dis- ti'csses of the state during the Spanish succession war, and his vast wealth was forfeited. He was some time indemni- fied ; but his disgrace had broken a heart natural! v fierce and impatient. D. 1710. BOUtEKWEK, Frederick, profes- sor of moral philosophy at Gottingen, a man of much merit as an academical in- structor and a writer on literature, was b. April l.'ith, 17Gfi, at Oker, a village not far from Goslar, in North Germany. After applying himself to many depart- \ ments of learning, jurisprudence, poe- try, &c., he at last became entirely de- voted to philosophy and literary history. Bouterwek has gained a peruianeut reputation by his "History of Modern Poetry and Eloquence," published 1801 -1821, a work which, though unequal in some respects, and in parts, especial- ly in the first volume, partial and super- ficial, is an excellent collection of notices and observations, and may be considered one of the best works of the kind in German literature. D. 1828. BOWDIOH, TnoMAs Edward, a wri- ter in the service of the English African Company, was a native of Bristol. He was selected to conduct a mission to the king of Ashantee, of which mission he pablished a very ijiteresting account. He again set out to explore the interior of Africa, and had already reached the river Gambia, when a fever, produced chiefly by anxiety, terminated his life in 1824. lie was an excellent linguist and a pleasing writer ; and besides the work ah-eady mentioned, the public are in- debted to him for a translation of Mol- lah's " Travels to the Sources of ihc Sen- egal and Gambia," and other works. B. 1798. BOW DITCH, Nathaniel, presicent of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, was b. at Salem, Mass., March 2(5, 1773. On acconnt of the straitened circumstances of his parents, he had no advantages of education than those af- forded by the common town schools ol that period ; and he was taken from school at the early period of lt> years. At the age of 12 or lo, he n as placed as an apprentice, or clerk, in a ship-chandler's shop, where he remained till he was 21. In his 22d year he went to sea in the capacity of captain's clerk ; and he spent about nine years in a seafaring life, during which he made five voyixges, four of them to the East Indies ; first as captain's clerk, afterwards as supercar- go, and finally as master. After relin- quishing his nautical life, he became, in 1804, president of a marine insurance company, in Salem, which station he held till 1823, when, on the establish- ment of the Massachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Company, in Boston, he was induced to leave his native place, and take L'harge of the institution. Notwith- standing his limited advantages of edu- cation, and his engagements, through life, in laborious employments, by his extraordinary genius, and almost equally extraordinary economy of time, he gain- ed a knowledge of the Latin, Greek, Ital- ian, Spanish, French, Portuirnesc, and German languages, made himself the most eminent mathematician and astron- omer that America has pi-oduced, and did more for the reputation of his coun- try among men of science abroad, than has been done by any other man, except, perhaps, Audubon and Dr. Franklin. His first publication was his well-known " Practical Navigation," of which the first edition appeared in 1802, while tlie author was engati'ed in a sea- faring life, in the capacity of supercargo. From that period it has been the stand- ard work on the subject ; and in point of practical utility, it is esteemed one of the most valuable works extant. Among his scientific labors were numerous and important communications to the Mem- oirs of the American Academy ; but the great work upon wIhcIi his fame, as a man of science will principally rest, is his copious and profound commentary upon the " Mcchanique Celeste" of La Place, of which he made the first entire traiis- latiou, and which he has elucidated in« 198 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGEAPHT. [bot manner that commands the admiration «)f men of science. D. 1838. BOWDLEK, Thomas, an English phy- sician ; author of " Letters from Hol- land," and editor of the " Family Shak- spearc," &c. B. 1754 ; d. 1825. — IIannah, was sister of the above : author of "Poems and Essays," and of some popu- lar "Sermons on th.e Doctrines and Du- ties of Christianity." D. 1830. BOW DO IN, James, a governor of Massachusetts, was born at Boston, in the year 17:^7, and was graduated at Harvard college, in 1745. He took an early stand against the encroachments of the British government upon the provincial rights, and in 1774 was elected a delegate to the first congress. The state of his health prevented his attend- ance, and his place was afterwards filled by Mr. Hancock. In 1778 he was chosen president of the convention which formed the constitution of Massachu- setts, and in 1785 was appointed gov- ernor of that state. He was a meinber of the Massachusetts convention assem- bled to deliberate on tlie adoption of the constitution of the United States, and e.xerted himself in its favor. He was the first president of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, established at Boston in 1780, and was admitted a member of several foreign societies of distinction. D. at Boston, 17'J0. BOWER, Archibald, a native of Dun- dec, b. in 1(58(5, was educated at St. Omer, entered tlie order of the Jesuits, and be- came a se ounllor of the Inquisition, at Macerata, in the Papal States. He, how- over, fled to EnglaniJ, in 172(5, embraced the Protestant faith, and was patronized by persons of eminence. His sincerity was much doubted, and his conduct was attacked by many, particularly by Dr. Douglas, the detector of Lauder. Bower conducted the " Histoi'ia Literaria;" wrote a very indifferent " History of the Popes," and contributed largely to the "Universal History." D. 1W6. BOWLES, Kcv. William Lisle, whose sonnets exercised no unimportant influ- encii on ICiiglish literature, was b. at King's Sutton, in Northamptonshire, a parisii of which his fatlier was vicar, in 1762. He was educated at Winchester and at Trinity college, Oxford, wiiere he took his degree in 1792. On leaving the onjvcrsity he entered into holy orders, and was appointed to a curacy in Wilt- shire; from which he was [>reterred to a living in Gloucestershire, and in 1803 to a canonry in Salisbury cathedral. His ucxt step was to the rectory of Bremhill in Wiltshire, to which he was presented by Archbishop Mooio. His first ap- pearance as a poet was in a small collec- tion of sonnets, which were published in 1789, and may be reckoned among the first-fruits of a new era in poetry. In these sonnets there were observed grace of expression, a musical versifica- tion, and especially an air of melancholy tenderness, so congenial to the poetical temperament. The subsequent poems of Mr. Bowles did not belie the promise of his youth. The chief of these were his "Hope, an Allegorical Sketch," "St. Michael's Mount," "Coombe Ellen," and " Grave of Howard." His " Spirit of Discovery by Sea," the longest of his productions, was published in 1804. Mr. Bowles published also an edition of Pope, which involved him in the famous controversy witii Lord Byron — as well as a great variety of smdl tracts, litera- ry, antiquarian, and theological. He was, in fact, a very frequent, though he cannot be cidled a voluminous, contribu- tor to the literature of the present cen- tury. D. 1850. BOWYER, William, an eminent scholar and typographer, was b. in London, in 1699, and after having been for some time at St. Joiin's college, Cambridge, became a partner with his father in the printing business. He wiis printer to various learned bodies, and to the house of lords. He published several philological tracts, and added notes to many erudite works from his press; but his principal production is an edition of the New Testament iu Greek, with conjectural emendations. D. 1777. BOXHORN, Mark Zuerius, professor of rhetoric, politics, and history, in the university of Loyden ; author of a trea- tise on the Discovery of Printing, and of numerous Latin works, both" prose and verse. B. 1612; d. 1653. BOYCE, William, doctor of music, and an eminent composer both of sacred and secular pieces. B. 1710; d. 1779. BOYD, Mark Alexander, an eminent Scotch writer; author of " Epistola; Ile- roidis," &c. B. 1562; d. 1601.— Huon Macauley, a Scotch political writer, to whom, without any sufficing reason, the celebrated Letters of Junius were at one time attributed. He accompanied Lord Macartney to Madras. D. 1791. — Rob- ert, an eminent Scotch di\ine, b. at Glasgow, in 1578; d. 1627. — Zachary, a Seotcii divine of the 17th century, and twice rector of the university of Glas- gow. Among various other works which Bor] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. 199 he published, is "The Last Buttle of the Soul in Death;" and among the uu- tnerous MSS. he left, is a collection of quaint poems, entitled, '' Zion's Flow- ers," popularly called "Zacliary Boyd's Bible. D. 16.>3, leaving a eonsidei'able legacy to the Glasgow college. BOYDELL, John, a worthy alderman of London, and distinguished encour- ager of the arts of painting and engrav- ing, b. at Dorington, in Shropshire, 1719, and intended for a land-surveyor, which was the profession of his father; but chance having thrown in his way "Bad- deley's Views of ditferent Country Seats," he determined on quitting the pen for the graver ; and at above 20 years of age put himself apprentice for seven years to Mr. Toms, whom he served six years, and bought up the seventh. He then applied closely till he had engraved 152 prints, which he published in a book at the price of five guineas. With the profits of this he set about encour- aging other professors of the art ; he discovered the talents of WooUett, and employed him to engrave the two fa- mous pictures of '"Niobe" and ''Phae- ton." He soon commenced a great foreign trade in English prints, and realized by his spirit of indu.stry and enterprise a considerable fortune, form- ing too the well-known "Shakspi-are Gallery." Tlie long duration of the French war, however, having almost wholly stopped his export trade, in which lie had embarked large sums of money, he was, in the spring of 1804, induced to crave permission of parlia- ment to dispose of the "Shakspeare Gallery" by lottery. D. 1804. BOVEL'DIEU, Adeian, one of the most celebrated opera composers of France. He was b. at Kouen, 1775, but went early to Paris, where he was ap- pointed professor of the piano at the Conservatoire. He wrote " Ma Tante Aurora," and the "Calife de Bagdad," when he was made chapel-master to Alexander of Eussia, and repaired to St. Petersburg. In 1811 he returned to Paris, and wrote " Le Dot de Susette," "Jean de Paris," " Le Chaperon Rouge," and best of all, "La Dame Blanche." A sweet and natural melody, simple but agreeable accompaniments, an expres- sive gayety, and great variety, are the characteristio excellences of his style. D. 1834. BOYER, Able, a well-known glossog- rapher; b. at Castres, in France, 1664. The work he is chiefly known by, is a very excellent " French and English, and English and French Dictionary." Ha wrote? also " A F>encli Grammar" in English, which still retains a hiirh rank in our schools. D. 1729. — John Baptlst NicnoLAs, a French physician, eminently skilful in the treatment of infectious dis- eases; author of a " Pharmacopteia," tracts on Contagious Disoi'ders, &c. D. 1768. — Jean Pierke, a celebrated mu- latto president of the island of llayti ; who was b. at Port au Prince in 1780. His mother was a negress from Congo, and his father a shopkeeper and tailor of good repute. Attaching himself to Rigaiid, he set out for France, but was captured by the Americans, but was released at the close of the war between France and the United States. He took Sirt in Leclerc's expedition against St. omingo, but afterwards joined Petioii's party, and rapidly rose till he was named Potion's successor in the presidency Adroitly placing himself at the head of the various insurgents as they rose, he reduced the whole island to one repub- lican government. He was subsequently obliged to seek safety from an insurrec- tion excited by his violence, in the island of Jamaica. BOYLE, Robert, a philosopher, who ranks with Bacon and with Newtou ; was the seventh son of the celebrated earl of Cork, and was b. at Lismore, iu Ireland, January the 26th, 1626, the year that Bacon died. Eton has the honor of his early education, whicli was perfected by private tutors, and lastly at Geneva. After having travelled over various parts of the Continent, he settled in England, and devoted himself to sci- ence, especially to natural philosophy and to chemistry. Every year of his life was marked by new experiments. We are indebted to him for the first cer- tain knowledge of the absorption of air in calcination and combustion, and of the increase of weight which metals gain by oxidation. He first studied the chem- ical phenomena of the atmosphere, and was thus the predecessor of Mavow, Hales, Cavendish, and Priestley. In all philosophical inquiries, he displayed an accurate and methodical mind, relying wholly upon experiments. At the same time his imagination was Avarm and lively, and inclined to romantic notions, which were first produced in his ciiild- hood, by the perusal of Amadis of Gaul, and always exercised a visible influence on his character. He was uaturallj' in- clined to melancholy, and this temper of mind was increased by circumstances, The sight of the great Carthusian mou- 200 CTCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bot asteiy at GrenoVle, the wildness of the country, as well as the severe ascetic life of the monks, riade a deep impression upon him. Tiic devil, as he said, taking advantage of his melancholy disposition, filled his soul with terror, and with doubts concerning the fundamental doc- trines of religion. This condition was 60 ir.sutferubie, that he was tempted to £i-ec himself from it by committing sui- cide, an I was only prevented by the tear of hell. While endeavoring to setde his faith, he found those defences of the Christian religion, which had been pub- lished before his time, unsatisfactory. In order therefore to read the originid works which are considered the founda- tion of Ciiristiauity, he studied the Ori- ental lunguages, and formed connections with I'ococke, Thomas Hyde, Samuel Clarke, Thomas Barlow, &c. The result of bis studies was a conviction of its truth, which was manifested not only by his theological writings, but by his benevolence and generous disinterested- ness. He instituted public lectures for the defence of Christianity. D. 161)1. — EioHARU, earl of Cork, an eminent states- man in the reign of James I. ; and foun- der of a family greatly distinguished in the arts, sciences, and literature. B. at Canterbury, 1566 ; d. 1643. — Roger, earl of Orrery,*fifth son of the above. When only 7 years old he was created Baron Broghill ; anfl, from an early age, was conspicuous for his zeal in the king's service. But after the king was p\it to death, the baron transferred his services to Cromwell, by wliom he was greatly trusted and employed. At the death of Cromwell he aided in bringing back Charles II., and was created earl of Orrerv for his service on that occasion. B. 16-21 ; d. 1679.— Cn.uJLEs, Lord Boyle, second son of Koger, earl of Orrery, a statesman and scholar; editor of the *' Epistles of Phalaris," and author of some slight but clever literary papers. B. 1676 -'d. 1731. — John', earl of Cork and Orrery, only son of the last named; author of a translation, with notes, of the "Epistles of Pliny the Younger," "Re- marks on the Life and Writings of Swift," papers in the Connoisseur and the World, &e. B. 17o7 ; d. 1762.— RicHAUi), third earl of Burlington, and fourt'.i earl of Cork, another branch of the same distinguished family. He was an enthusiastic amateur of architecture, and a veiy generous fi lend to men of letters. In him, Bishop Berkeley found his earliest and most efficient patron ; lud Pope did hiin tlie honor to address to him his fourth epistle. B. 1695; d. 1758. BOYLSTON, Zabdiel, wash, at Brook- line, Massachusetts, in 16S4. He studied medicine at Boston, and entered into the practice of his profession in that place. In 1721, when the small-pox broke out in Boston, and spread alarm through the whole country, the practice of inocula- tion was introduced by Dr. Boylston, notwithstanding i^ was discouraired by the rest of the faculty, and a public or- dinance was passed to prohibit it. He persevered in his practice in spite of the most violent opposition, and had the satisfaction of seeing inoculation in gen- eral use in New England, fcr some time before it became common in Great Brit- ain. In 1725 he visited England, where he was received with much attention, and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. Upon his return, he continued at the head of his profession for many years, and accumulated a large fortune'. Besides communications to the Royal Society, he published two treatises oa the Small Pox. D. 1766. ^Nicholas, a benefactor of Harvard college, who had been an eminent merchant, and was about to retire from business, to enjof the fruit of his industry, when he d. He bequeathed to the university at Cam- bridge £1500, as the foundation of a lectureship on rhetoric and oratory. John Quincy Adams, in 1806, was the first occupant of the chair thus created. D. 1771. ^Ward NictioLAs, also a dis- tinguished patron of Harvard college, having given to the medical school a collection of medical and anatomical books, and made provision for its en- largement. BOYS, William, b. at Deal, in Kent, 1735, was bred a surgeon, but devoted much of his time to antiquarian re- searches, and published, besides other works, an elaborate and valuable " His- tory of Sandwich, with Notices of the other Cinque Ports, and of Richbor- ough." D. 1803. BOYSE, John, one of the translators of the Bible in the reign of James I., was b. at Nettlestead, in Salfolk, 1560, and d. 1643. lea vini; a great many manu- scripts behind him, particularly a com- mentary on almost all the books of the New Testament. — Samdel, a very in- genious person, but as remarkable for imprudence as for ingenuity, b. in Dub- lin, 1709. In 1731" he published, at Edinburgh, a volume of poems addressed to the countess of Eglinton. He wrote also an elegy upon the death of Lady bra] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 201 Stonnont, entitled " The Tears of the Muses;" with which Lord Stonnont Was so much pleased that he ordered Boyse a handsome present. The:-.e pub- lications, and the iionorable notice taken of them, were the means of recommend- ing him to very high persons, who were desirous of serving him ; but Boyse was not a man to be served. He made an improper use of tliese recommendations, and had often recourse to the meanest arts to procure benetaetions. At some times he would raise subscriptions for poems which did not exist ; and at others, ordered his wife to inform peo- ple that Le was just expiring, to move the compassion of his friends, who were frequently surprised to meet the man in the street to-day who was, yesterday, said to be at the point of death. In May, 1749, liowever, he d., after a lingering illness, in obscure lodgings, near Shoe- laue, where he was buried at the ex- pense of the parish. BOZE, Claude Gros de, b. at Lyons, 1680, distinguished for hi.s knowledge of antiquities and medals, which gained the patronage of Chancellor Poutchar- train, and other illustrious characters, and the honor of a seat in the French Academy, and in the Academy of Belles- Lettres, of which he became perpetual secretary. He was respected for his private character, as well as his great learning. His worl?s were on medallie subjects, besides historical panegyrics on the members of the Academy, the first 15 vols, of which he published — and a valuable catalogue of his own library. D. at Paris, 1758. BEACCIOLINI DELL' API, Francis, an Italian poet of Pistoya, who, at the age of 40, became an ecclesiastic, and was patronized by Pope Urban VIII., and by Cardinal Antnony Barberini, ■with whom he had been secretary. He wrote several tragedies, comedies, and pastorals — besides " La Croce Riacqui- stata," a poem which the Italians rank next to Tasso's "Jerusalem," and a poem in twenty-three cantos, on the pope's election, for which, at his patron s de- sire, he assumed the surname of Delia Api, and added to his arms three bees. D. at the age of 80, 1645. BEACHMANX, Louisa, b. 1777, a poetess styled the " Sappho of Ger- many ;" she was found drowned in 1822": it was supposed that she threw herself into the water. BEACKENRIDGE, Hron Henry, a judge of the supreme court of Pennsyl- Tania. He was graduated at Princeton college in 1771. In 1781 he settled at Pittsburg, which was then almost a wil- derness, but he predicted that it would soon become a large town, and in its improvement he engaoied with zeal. In 1789 he was appointed judge. He pub- lished a poem on the "Eising Glory of America," 1774 j " Eulogium of the Brave Men who tell in the Contest with Great Britain," 1779 ; " Modern Chival- ry, the Adventures of Capt. Farrago," 1792 ; " Incidents of the Insurrection in 1794 in Pennsylvania," 1795; " Law of Miscellanies, containing Instructions for the Studv of the Law,"' 1814. D. 1816. BRAC'KETT, Joshua, a physician, graduated at Harvard college, 1752. He first became a -reacher, but gave up that profession for the study of medicine. He established himself in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and continued there during life. He took a deep interest in the promotion of natural history at Cam- bridge, and requested his wife to appro- priate $1500 towards the professorship of that science in Harvard college. She complied with his request, and added tc the amount. He was a benefactor ofthf N. H. Medicid Society, of which he wa? president from 1793 "to 1799, presenting to it, at its establishment, 143 vols, of valuable medical books. 1). 1802. BEACTON, Henry de, a native of Devonshire, who studied at Oxford, and became eminent as a lawyer, and in 1244 was made one of the judges itinerant by Henry III. He is chiefly known by his excellent work " De Legibus and Consu- etudinibus Anglise," a most finished and valuable performance, divided into five books, and containing, in good language, a curious and interesting detail of the legal learning, the laws and customs of our ancestors. Though blamed by Houard for mingling too much of the civil and canon law in his compositions, he li.as long been held as a writer of great authority, and deservedly esteemed by Lord Coke, and other great lawyers, as the first source of legal knowledge. BEADBUEY, Thomas, a native of London, educated at Clapham, in com- pany with Dr. Watts, and distinguished among tlie Nonconformists as a bold and eloquent preacher in defence of Calvin- istical doctrines and revolution princi- ples. He wrote some theological trea- tises, besides three volumes of sermons, and the "Mystery of Godliness." D. 1757. BEADDOCK," Edward, major-genenC and commander of the British a? my in the expedition against the French, on the river Ohio, in 1755, arrived in Virginia 202 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [bra in February of that year, and, in the sprinp:, marched against Fort du Qiiesuc, now Pittsbarir. He reached the Mouon- gahela, July 8th, at the head of 1200 men, the baggage haviag been left be- hind, under the care of Colonel Dunbar, to advance by slower marches. Ou the next day lie moved forward to invest the fort, and, by disregarding the caution of nis provincial otRcers, who warned him against the danger of a surprise in an Indian war, fell into an ambuscade, by which he lost nearly one half of his troops, and received himself a mortal ■\vouud. All his otlieers on horseback, except Colonel, afterwards General, AVashingtou, who acted as aid, being killed, the army retreated precipitately near forty miles, to Dunbar's camp, where the general, who was conveyed there in a tumbril, expired. BRADFORD, William, the second governor of Plymouth Colony, was b. at Austerfield, England, in l.'i88. At the age of IS he joined those dissenters wlio fled to Holland, to enjoy religious free- dom. Ilis leisure hours were passed in learning the art of silk dyeing. After a residence of ten years he removed to America. His wife fell into the sea and was drowned, just before the place for the colony was selected. In 1621 he was appointed governor of the new settle- ment, when one of liis first acts was to secure the friendship of the Indian Mussassoit, and all his subsec[ucnt ca- reer was one of devotion to his duties. The original government of Plymouth was fiiunded entirely on mutual consent. The first patent was obtained in the liame of -lohn Pierce ; but another pat- ent of larger extent was obtained of the council for New Enirland, in 1650, in the name of William Bradford, his heirs, associates, and assigns. In the year 1640 the general court requested Gov- ernor Bradfjrd to s\irrender the patent into their hinds. With this request he chc.'.rfully complied, and after the sur- render the patent was immediately de- livered again into his custody. Mr. Bradford was annually chosen governor as long as he lived, excepting in the years 1633, 1634, 1636, 1638, and 16 44. At these times it was by his own request that the people did not elect him. D. 1657. — William, a lawyer of eminence, b. in Philadelphia, 1755. In the spring of 1769 he entered the college at Prince- ton, then un ler the direction of the learned Dr. John Wotlierspoon. In 1779 he was admitted to the bar of the su- preme court of Pennsylvania, where his character soon introduced hira to an un- usual share of business ; and, in August, 1780, only one year after he was licensed to practice, he was appointed attorney- general of the state of Pennsylvania. August 22d, 1791, he was made a judge of the supreme court of Pennsylvania. His industry, integrity, and ability, en- abled hiin to give general satisfaction in this office. On the attorney-genrral of the United States being promoted to the otiice of the secretary ot state, Bradford was appointed to the vacant office, Janu- ary 2Sth, 1794 This office he held till his death. In 1793 he published an "Inquiry how far the Punishm'-Pt of Death is necessary in Pcnnsylv. nia." This performance justly gained him great credit. D. 179.5. — Samuel, was b. in Blackfriars, 20th December, 16i2, and after studying at St. Paul's school, the Charter house, and Benet's college, Cambridge, he went abroad on account of some scruples of conscience, and ap- plied himself to physic. He afterwards was reconciled to the doctrines of the church, and as the friend of Archbishop Sanci'oft, and the chaplain of King Wil- liam, he rose in ecclesiastical preferment to the rectory of St. Mary-le-bow, a pre- bend of Westminster, and tlie master- ship of his own college. In 1718 he became bishop of Carlisle, and in 1723 of Rochester, which he held to the time of his death, 1731.« He edited "Tillot- son's Sermons." — -Joh.v, an English mar- tyr, b. of a respectable family at Man- chester. He was for some time clerk to Sir John Harrington, the treasurer of the English forces at Calais, but after- wards turned his thoughts to the study of divinity, and took iiis master's degree at Cambridge. He was eloquent as a preacher, and his abilities exposed him to persecution in Mary's reign, so that, after a loiiir imprisonment, he was burnt in Smithfiehl, 1st July, 1555. Some of his letters are extant. BRADLEY, James, a celebrated as- tronomer, was b. at Sherborne, in the year 16.12. He studied theology at Ox- ford, and took orders ; but his taste for astronomy soon led him to change the course of his life. His uncle instructed him in the elements of mathematics, his own industry did every thing else, and, in 1721, he was appointed professor of astronomy at Oxford. Six years after- wards, he made known his discovery of the aberration of light. But, although this discovery gave a greater degree of accuracy to astronomical observations, and altnough the discrepancies of ditfer- BRk\ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 203 ent observations were much diminished, yet slight ditferences remained, and did not escape his observation. He studied them during IS years with the greatest perseverance, and finally discovered that they were fully explained by the supposi- tion of an oscillating motion of the earth's axis, completed during a revolution of the moon's nodes, in eighteen years. He called this phenomenon the nutation of the eartlis axis: and published, in 1748, (Philosoph. Trans. No. 78.i,) his account of the apparent motion of the fixed stars, with its laws, arising from this phenomenon of nutation. D" Alem- bert after\\ards explained the physical causes of this phenomenon, upon the principal of universal attraction. By these two discoveries, astronomers were ^for the first time enabled to make tables of the motions of the heavenly bodies with the necessary accuracy. Bradley had already, in 172G, explained the me- thod of obtaining the longitude by means of the eclipse of Jupiter's first satellite. In 1741, at the death of Doctor Halley, he received the appointment of astronomer royal, and removed to the observatory at Greenwich. Here he spent the remain- der of his life, entirely devoted to his astronomical studies, and left thirteen volumes folio of his own observations, m manuscript. Of these, the first vol- ume was published by Horcsby, 1798. The wliole appeared under the title of "Astronomical Observations made at the Observatory at Greenwich," 1750-62 ; Oxford, 1805. D. 1762.— Richard, pro- fessor of botany at Cambridge, and au- thor of several works, chiefly compila- tions on botany and horticulture. Dr. Brewster's popular invention, the ka- leidoscope, was at one time said to be due to Bradley ; but it appears that the doc- tor's instrument and the one proposed by Bradley are quite different, and that the latter would be very inferior. D. 1732. BRADSHAW, Johx, celebrated as president of the tribunal by which Charles I. was tried, is said by some to have been b. in Derbyshire, and by others in Cheshire, in 1586. He studiecl the law in Gray's Inn. In the contest between Charles and the people, Brad- shaw espoused the cause of the latter. The parliament made him chief justice of Chester, and he was also chosen to preside in the high court of justice which sat upon the king. Cromwell, to whose usurpation he was hostile, de- prived him of the chief justiceship. D. 659 ; but, at the restoration, such was the vehemence of the roj Jist bigotry, his renuiins were disinterred, and hang- ed at Tvburn. BRADSTREET, Simon, governor of Massachusetts. He was in March, 1630, chosen an assistant of the colony about to be established there, and arrived at Salem, in the sunmier of the same year. He was at the first court whicJi was held at Charlestown, August 23d. He was afterwards secretary and agent of Mas- sachusetts, and commissioner of tlio united colonies. He was sent witli Mr. Norton, in 1662, to congratulate King Charles on his restoration, and as agent of the colony to pi-omote its interests. From 1673 to 1679, he was deputy-gov- ernor. In this last year, he succeeded Mr. Leverctt as governor, and remained in office till May, 1686, when the ciiartcr was dissolved, and .Josepli Dudley com- menced his administration as president of New England. In May, 1689, after the imprisonment of Andros, he was replaced in the oifice of governor, which station he held, till the arrival of Sir William Phipps, in May, 1692, with a charter, whicii deprived the people of the right of electing their chief maaris- trate. D. 1697. — An.ne, entitled to re- membrance as the author of tlie first volume of poetry published in America. Her volume was dedicated to her father, in a copy" of verses, dated March 20, 1642. The title is, "Several Poems, compiled with great variety of wit and learning, full of delight; wherein espe- cially is contained a complete discourse and description of the four elements, constituting, ages of man, seasons ot the vear, together with an exact epitome of the three first monarchies, viz. : the Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, and Roman connnonwealth, from the beginning to the end of their last king, with divers other pleasant and serious poems. By a Gentlewoman of New England." A third edition was published in 1758. D. 1672, aged 60. — John, a major-general in America, appointed by the king of Great Britain, was, in 1746, lieutenant- governor of St. John's, Newfoundland. He was afterwards distinguished for his military services. It was thought of the highest importance, in the year 17"6, to keep open the communication with Fort Oswego, on lake Ontario. General Shirley accordingly enlisted forty com- panies of boatmen, and placed them under the connnand of Bradstreet. In the spring of this year, a small stock- aded post of 25 men had been cut otf. It became necessary to pass through th« 204 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. braJ country with large squadrons of boats, as tlie enemy infested the passage through the Onondaga river. On his return from Oswego, July, 1756, Col. Bradstreet, who was apprehensive of being ambushed, ordered the several divisions to proceed as near each other as possible. He was at the head of about 300 boatmen in the first division, when at the distance of nine miles from the fort, the enemy rose trom their am- buscade and attacked him. He in- stantly landed upon a small island, and with but six men maintained his posi- tion, till he was reinforced. A general engagement ensued, in which Brad- street with gallantry rushed upon a more numerous enemy, and entirely routed them, killing and wounding about 200 men. His own loss was about 30. In the year 1758, he was intrusted with the command of 3000 men on an expedition against Fort Frontenac, which was planned by himself. On the 27th of August it was surrendered to him. In 1764 he compelled the Delawarcs, Shawuese, and other Indians, to terms of peace. He was appointed major- genend in 1772. D. 1774. BRADWAKDIN, Thom.vs. a native of Hatfield in Sussex, educated at Ox- ford, where he was proctor and divinity professor. For his great merit as a mathematician, philosopher, and divine, he was made confessor to Edward III. during his wars in France, where as a preacher his eloquenoo had great in- fluence in restraining the violence and lawless conduct of the military. He became archbishop of Canterbury in 1348, and from his learning was called the " Profound Doctor." Among other things he published a tract called " Causa Dei," besides " Geometria Speculativa," " Arithmetica Specula- tiva," " Tractatus Proportionum," Ven- ice, 1503. He was consecrated at Avignon. D. 1549. BRADY, Nicholas, an English di- vine ; translator of the ^^neid, and, in conjunction with Tate, of the Psalms. B. at Bandon, Ireland, 1659 ; d. 1726.— EoBEKT, an English physician and his- torical writer. 1). 1700. BRAIIE, Trcno, who has been called the restorer of astronomy, was b. at Knudstorp, in Scania, 1546, of a noble family. His love of astronomy was ear- hf manifested, and his discovery in 1572, of a new star in the constellation Cassi- opeia, made him known to the scientific world. After many travels and adven- tures, he was patronized by his sov- ereign, Fredeiick II., who ^avo him a pension, and the island of llwen, in the Sound, on which Brahe built a splendid observatory, named Uraniburgh. There he resided nearly twenty years, assidu- ously laboring in his astronomical pur- suits. Soon after the death of Frederic, however, Braiie lost his pensions, be- came an object of persecution, and was compelled to quit his country. Tlie Emperor Rodolph invited him to Prague, and the expatriated astronomer settled there, in 1598 ; but he did not long sur- vive this removal, for he d. in tlie Bo- hemian capital, 1601. Brahe discovered two new inequalities in the motion of of the moon, matle other valuable ob- servations on that satellite, was, perhaps, the first who had correct ideas of tlie nature of comets, and, with less happi- ness, invented a new planetary system, which was vainly intended to supersede that of Copernicus. He is the author of a " Treatise on the New Phenomena of the Heavens ;" and other astronomical works written in Latin. His poems do not possess much merit, though, on the whole, he was one of the most remarka- ble men of his age. BRAIDWOOD, Thomas, a native of Edinburgh, the first person in Great Britain who, to any extent, undertook to attbrd histruetion to the deaf and dumb. In 1763 he began to practise his valuable art; and, in 1723, he removed his establishment from Edinburgh to Hackney. D. 1806. His daughter, who d. in 1819, also conducted a seminary of the same kind. BRAIN ARD, James G. C, a poet and man of letters, b. in Connecticut, was graduated at Yale college in 1815. He studied the profession of the law and entered into practice at Middletown, Conn. ; but not finding the degree of success that he expected, he returned in a short time to his native town, whence he removed to Hartford, to undertake the editorial charge of the " Connecticut Mirror." His poems were chiefly short pieces, composed for the columns of this paper, and afterwards collected in a vol- ume. They di:splay much pathos, bold- ness, and origiiuility. D. of consump- tion, 1823. — David, the celebrated mis- sionary, was b. at Haddam, Connecticut, in 1718. From an early period he was remarkable for a religious turn of mind, and in 1789 became a member of Yale college, where he was distinguished for application and general correctness of conduct. He was expelled from this in- stitution in 1742, in consequence of bra] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, 205 having said, in the warmth of his reli- gious zeal, that one of the tutors was as uevoid of grace as a chair. In the spring of 1743 he began the study of divinity, and at the end of July was licensed to preach. Having received from the So- ciety for propagating Christian Knowl- edge an appointment as missionary to the Indians, he counnenced his labors at Kaunameek, a village of Massachusetts, situated between Stockbridge and Alba- ny. He remained there about twelve months, and on the removal of the Kaunameeks to Stockbridge, he turned his attention towards the Delaware In- dians. In 1744 he was ordained at Newark, New Jersey, and fixed his res- idence near the forks of the Delaware in Pennsylvania, where he remained about a year. From this place he re- moved to Crosweeksung, in New Jersey, where his etforts among the Indians were crowned with great success. In 1747 he went to Northampton, Massa- chusetts, where he passed the remainder of his life in the family of the celebrated Jonatlian Edwards. His publications are a narrative of his labors at Kauna- neek, and his journal of a remarkable n'ork of arraee among a number of In- dians in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, 174r.. D. 1747. BKAITHWAITE, John, an ingenious mechanic, constructor of a diving ma- chine, with which he explored tlic Royal George, sunk otf Spithead; the Hartwell East Indiaman, oil one of the Cape de Verde Islands; and the Abergavennv East Indiaman, otf the Isle of Portland. From tlie first he only succeeded in raising some guns and an anchor; but from the second and third he brought up jiropurty to a very large amount. D. 1818. BRAJIAH, Joseph, an English en- gineer, distinguished for the number, value, and ingenuity of his mechanical inventions. Amouij these were his in- valuable hydrostatic press, his safety .ocks, various improvements in the steam-engine, in the process of making paper, in the construction of main-pipes, wheel-carriages, the beer-machine, &c. .3. 1749 ; d. 1814. BRAMANTE, D'URBINO, Lazaro, a celebrated Italian architect, much em- ployed by Pope Julius II., and who first designed and commenced the church of St. Peter at Rome. He was a skilful painter and musician as well as archi- tect, and a volume of poems from his pen was printed in 1751). D. 1514. BRANCAS, Lauraguab, duke de, 18 a French noblen.an, distinguished for his scientific attainments ; discoverer of the composition of the diamond, and a great improver of the manufacture of porcelain. B. 1785 ; d. 1824. BRAND, John, an able and volumi- nous writer on politics and political economy; author of numerous political pamphlets and some poems. He was rector of Wiekham Market, in Suftolk, and of St. George, South wark. D. 1809. — John, an English divine and antiqua- ry ; author of the "History and An- tiquities of the Town of Newcastle," " Observations on Popular Antiquities," &c. B. 1743; d. 1806. BRANDER, Gustavus, an English an- tiquary anance at the commencement of the revolution. Li 1802 he was permitted to return. D. 1807. BRETON, Nicholas, an English pas- toral poet in the time of Queen Eliza- beth ; author of " An Old Man's Lesson and a Young Man's Love," " Phillida and Corvdon," &c. — Raymond, a French friar and missionary to the West Indies ; author of a " French and Caribbean DiOtionarv," &e. D. 1679. BRETSCHNEIDER, Henry Godfeet Vox, an Hungarian, whose versatility of talent was only equalled by the perseve- rance with which lie exercised it in satir- izing the follies and impostures of the age. B. 17:'-9 ; d. 1810. BREUGHEL. There were four emi- nent painters of this name. — Peter, conniionly known as Old Breughel, from nis bciutr the father of Peter the young- er, and the Droll, from his choice of . aubjoets, was b. near Breda, in 1510, ex- selled iu landscape and ludicrous pic- tures, and d. in 1570. — John, his son, called, from his dress, Velvet Breughel, was b. at Brussels, iu 1560, attained high reputation, and d. in 1625. He some- times painted in conjunction with Ru- bens.— Peter, the younger, another son of the elder, denominated Hellish Breughel, from his love of the horrible, d. in 1642. — Abraham, a native of Ant- werp surnamed the Neapolitan, was b. in 1672, excelled in fruit and flowers. BREWER, Anthony, a dramatic wri ter, of the reign of James I. Though he enjoyed great reputation, nothing" is known of his life, bix of his piecesare extant. By acting at Cambridge in one of these, named "" Lingua, or the Five Senses," the dormant ambition of Crom- well is said to have been first awakened. This story, however, is exceedingly apocrvishal. BREWSTER, William, one of the first settlers of Plymouth Colonv, was b. in England, 1650, and educated at the university of Cambridge. After com- pleting his education, he entered into the service of William DaWson, ambas- sador of Queen Elizabeth in Holland ; but separated from hir i when he med- dled with the warrant ' 3r the execution of Mary. As he discc ,'ered much cor- ruption in the constitu ion, forms, cere- monies, and discipline )f the established church, he thought it lis duty to with- draw from its comm ,nion, and to es- tablish with others i, separate society. This new church, v t der the pastoral care of the aged V. :. Clifton and Mr. Robinson, met at Mi . Brewster's house, where thev were eni ertained at his ex- pense, as long as tl ty could assemble without interruptic i. They were at length compelled 1 1 seek refuse in a foreign country. 1 this attempt they were opposed by tl e government, and. he was seized with Mr. Bradford and others, just as they were going to Hol- land, in 1607, and imprisoned at Boston, in Lincolnshire. He was the greatest sufferer of the company, because he had the most property. Having with much difficulty and expense obtained his liberty, he 'first assisted the poor of the society in their embarkation, and then followed them to Holland. His estate being exhausted, he opened a school at Leyden for teaching the En- glish tongue,''aiid being familiar with the Latin, he found no impediment from the want of a language common to both. By means of a grammar, which he formed himself, he soon assisted them to a correct knowledge of the English. 208 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHr. By the help of some friends he also set up B printing-press, and published sev- eral books against the hierarchy, which could not obtain a license for publication in Enghmd. Such was his reputation in the church at Leyden, that he was chosen a ruling elder, and he accompan- ied the members of it who came to New England ui 1620, where he acted for several vears as a preacher. D. ]644. BREYNIUS, James, a botanist of Dantzic ; author of "Fasciculus Planta- rum Kariorum," &c. D. 1697. — John Pmup, a naturalist of the 18th century ; author of n treatise on the kermes in- sect, &c. BRIDAINE, James, an eminent French ecclesiastic, whose indefatigable zeal, or itinerant propensities, induced him to undertake 256 journeys, so that his powers were displayed in almost every village throughout France. He was the author of " Spiritual Songs," which were extremely popular. B. 1701 ; d. 1767. BRIDGEWATER, Fka>ci3 Egerton, duke of, a nobleman who devoted much attention to, and expended large sums in the improvement and extension of canal navigation, seconded by the skill of Brindlcy. B. 1736 ; d. 1803. BRIDPORT, Alexander Hood, Ad- miral Lord, the youngest brother of Viscount Hood, like his relative, entered the navy early ; and, like him, distin- guished himself on many occasions, as an able and gallant seaman. He bore a part in the action of the 1st of June, 1794, and in June, 1795, defeated a French squadron, and captured thr^e sail of the line. He was created an Irish peer in 1794, an English peer in 1796. D. 1814. BRIENNE, Walter de, a native of Champagne, distinguished for his cour- age at the siege of Acre against the Saracens. He was afterwards king of Sicily, and duke of Apulia, and was killed in 1205, in defendmg the invaded rights of his wife, Maria Alberic, by whom he obtained his dukedom. His eon and successor, of the same name, surnamcd the great, distinguished him- self also against the Saracens, by whom he was taken prisoner and cruelly put to death, 1251. BRIGHAM, Amariah, a distinguished physician and philanthropist, formerly principal of the Insan*^ Retreat at Hart- lord, and from 1842 till his death, su- perintendant of the State Asylum for the Insane at Utiea, N. Y. B. 1798 ; d. 1849. [bri BRIGGS, Henry, a mathematician, b. near Halifax, in 1536, was educated at St. John's, Cambridge, and was first professor of geometry at Gresham col- lege, and afterwards at Oxford. Ha resided at Oxford till his decease, 1630. Brlggs was a friend of Lord Napier, and mainly contributed to improve and dif- fuse the valuable invention of loga- rithms. To him also, in fact, belongs the discovery of the binominal theorem, the differential metliod, and other things wiiich have been atti''|ited to a later period. Among his w«.^ ks are " Arith- metica Logarithmica," " Trigonometria Britannica," completed by Gellibrand, and "Tables for the Improvement oi Navigation." BRIL, Matthew and Paul, natives of Antwerp, and good painters, b. in 1550 and 1554, and eminent for per- formances in history and landscape. Matthew d. 1584; Paul 1626. BRILLAT-SAVARIN, Anthelme, was b. at Belley, on the Savoy frontier of France, in 1755, and at the time of his death, in 1826, filled a place in one of the highest French tribunals. He produced various works; but is best known by his " Pliysiology of Taste, or Meditations on Transcendental Gas- tronomy," which has passed through several editions. BRINDLEY, James, an uncomraou genius for mechanical inventions, and particularly excellent in planning and conducting inland navigations, was b. 1716, at Tunsted, in Derbyshire, and d. at Turnhurst, in Staflbrdshire, Sep. 27, 1772, having shortened his days by too intense application ; for he never in- dulged or relaxed himself in the com- mon diversions of life, not having the least relish for them ; and though once prevailed on to see a play in London, yet he declared that he would on no account be present at another, because it so disturbed his ideas for several days after, as to render him unfit for business. When any extraordinary dif- ficulty occurred to him in the execution of his works, he generally retired to bed ; and has been known to lie there one, two, or three days, till he has sur- mounted it. He would then get up, and execute his design without any drawing or model; for he had a pro- digious memory, and carried every thing in his head. His first great work was the construction of the aqueduct of the Worsley canal over the river Irwell. Among his other most remark- able works were, the canal which jouied '] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGKAPHY. 209 the navigation of Bristol with that of Liverpool, by the union of the Grand Trunk near Haywood, in Statfordshiro to the Severn near Bewdley, and his plan to clear the Liverpool docks from mud, and to check the intrusions of the sea, b}" walls built without mortar. His at- tachment to inland navigation was such, that when asked the use of rivers, in tlie house of commons, he bluntly re- plied, to feed navitjable canals. BKINVILLIERS, Uaru. Margaret d'Aubrai, marchioness of, a French ladj", known for her intrigues and her crimes. She was, when very young, married, in ISol, to the marquis of Brinvilliers, and for some time main- tained a character of prudence and chastity. The introduction of a young officer of Gascony, called de St. Croix, into her house, by her husband, how- ever, proved the beginning of her life of irregularity and crime. She loved this stranger with great ardor ; but her father,*who was sensible of lier conduct, confined her lover in the prison of the Bastile, whilst his daughter, devoted herself to religious duties, and assumed the appearance of sanctity. After a rear's confinement, de St. Croix, who liad in the prison learned the art of niLx- ing poison from an Italian of the name of Exili, was permitted to visit his fa- vorite. He communicated the fatal secret of poison, and she with alacrity received it, and unsuspected, by slow degrees, eat off her father, her two bro- thers, and her sister, in 1670; and if she spared her husband, it was because he looked with inditference and without jealousy on her lewdness. An accident brought lier crimes to light. St. Croix, in working some subtile poison, was suddenly overpowered by its effluvia, and dropped down dead. As no rela- tion appeared to claim his property, it was sealed; but the marchioness iu- Bisted with such importunity upon ob- taining possession of a particular box, that its contents were examined upon suspicion, and it was discovered to con- tain papers with directions, full of slow poison. After making her escape, she was arrested, put to the torture and condemned to death. Both at tlie trial and the execution she manifested the aiost extraordinary self-possession and courase. She was killed, 1676. BRISBANE, Sir Charles, an English admiral, wlio served at the sieges of Toulon and Bastia. D. 1S29. BRISSOX, or BRISSONIUS, Bark.^- PAS, an eminent French lawyer and phi- 18* - lologist, author of a treatise " De Regio Persarum Priucipatio," &c. During the siege of Paris by Henry IV., in 1579, he remained in the city, and was com- pelled by the partisans of the League to act as tlie first president of the parlia- ment ; and his conduct as a magistrate was made the pretext for putting him to death, in 1591. — Mathurin James, a French chemist and naturalist, author of a treatise on " Ornithologv," &c. B. 1723; d. 1806. BRISSOT DE WAEVILLE, Jean Pierre, one of the most active of the French revolutionists, and from whom a taction was denominated, was b. near Chartres, in 1757, and was originally brought up to the law. He, however, abandoned that pursuit, and became a literary character, and editor of the " Courrier de I'Ei ope." His first works of any importance were a "Theory of Criminal Law," and a " Philosophical Library of Criminal Law." After hav- ing visited England, he returned to Paris, was patronized by the duke of Orleans, and was sent to the Bastile for an alleged libel. A second time lie was on the point of being imprisoned, but he made his escape. In 17SS he went to America ; but he did not long remain there. He came back to France in 1789, published his "Travels," and became an active political writer, particularly in the journal called the " French Patriot." To royalty he was decidedly hostile. In 1791 he was elected a member of the legislative assembly, and he bore a pro- minent part in it, as well as in its suc- cessor, the convention. The war be- tween France and Austria and Great Britain was brought about chiefly by his exertions and intrigues. After the death of Louis XVI. the jacobin faction gained the ascendency, and Brissot was at leneth sent to the scaflbld, on the 81st October, 1793. BRITANNICUS, John, an Italian critic and grammarian, b. at Palazzolo near Brescia, about the middle of the 15th centurv, and d. 1510. BEITTON, Thomas, a native of Hic- ham Ferrers, was b. 1654, and, from his trade and his musical taste, was known as "the musical small coal man." Though he cried his small coal about the streets, he gave concerts at his humble dwelling, at which some of the most eminent professors and persons of fashion attended. He was also a pro- ficient in chemistry, and a collector of books and curiosities. Brittou was at last frightened to death, in 1714, by a 210 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [bbo brutal ventriloquist, who predicted to him Ills approaching cud. Tue territied votary of music took to his bed, uud died ill a few days. BKUCK, Isaac, mnjor-general in the British army, captured Gen. Hull and his whole army at Detroit, August 10, 1S12." He afio'rwards proceeded to the Niagara frontier, and was killed in the battle of Qucenslown, Oct. l-Ali. He was rallying his troops, which had been put to liigiit by a desperate charge of Col. Chrystie, vvhen he was pierced by tiirce balls. He was a brave and gen- erous officer. During his funeral the guns of the American fort were tired as a token of respect. BKOOKLESBY, Kichakd, a physi- cian, was b. at Minebead, in 17"i'J, took his degree at Leyden, in 1745. and, after haviug beeu physician to the aruiy in Germrmy, settled in Londou, where he became popular. D. 17'J7. Brocklesby W!is a liberal-minded man, and was in habits of friendship with the most emi- nent of his cotemporaries. Some mcd- cal tracts, and a "Dissertation on the Music of the Ancients," are his only productions. BRODEAU, John, was b. at Tours, in Ijijo, and rose to such eminence as a scholar and critic, that Scaliger,.Grotius, and others, have bestowed on his merits the most unbounded encomiums, lie studied law under Alciat, and afterwards applied himself to pliilosophy and belles lettres, of which he became the support and the ornament. After travelling in Ital'V, he returned to France, where he lived in literary retirement, and honor- able independence. D. l.")6;3. His an- notations on several of the classics were published after his death. BKODZINSKI, Casimir, one of the most distiugiiished of tlie modern poets of i'oland. "He was b. near the town of Lipno, 1791, and in early life served in an artillery corps. He fought airainst Eussia in "l812, and was at the battle of Leipsic, where he was taken prisoner. Being liberated on his parole he went to Cracow, and soon after to Warsaw, where he acted as professor of aesthetics in the university. He wrote vigorously in defence of the romanticists as against the classic school of critics. Aft«r the insurrection of 1851 the university oi" Warsaw was suppressed. This preyed upon his mind so that he d. at Dresden, 18-:5. BROECKHOUSEN, Jan Van, a dis- tinguished Dutch scholar; author of Doems, and editor of some valuable edi- tions of Propertiuft, Tibullus, and otheT classics. D. 1707. BROGLIE, Victor Francis, duke de, a gallant French general under the old monari;hy, who emigrated at the com- mencement of the revolution, and put himself at the head of a corps of emi- grants at Champaigne. B. 171^ ; d. 1804. BR( )GL1(_), Victor Maurice, count de, marshal of France, was b. of an illustri- ous family at Quercy, and distinguislied himself in the service of Louis XIV. D. 1727, aged SO.— Francis Marie, his son, was also marshal of France, and de- served the highest honors by liis war- like conduct in Italy, and in the cam- paigns of 17;5:3 and 1734. I). 1745. — Victor Francis, a son of the last, also a marshal, was the conqueror of Berngen, and greatly distinguished during the seven years' war. He quitted France in 1794, and retired to Russia, wiiere he was received with honorable distinction, and raised to the same rank which he held in the emperor's service.— Clau- dius Victor, prince de Broglio, sou of the preceding, espoused the party of the republicans at the beginning of the rev- olution, and was flattered by the dema- gogues with the title of marshal. His refusal to receive as law, whiie comman- der of the army of the iCInne, tlie de- cree which suspended the king's author- ity, proved fatal to him. He was called to Paris, and condemned to death by the revolutionary tribunal. He was guillo- tined, 1794, aged 37. BROKE, Sir Philip Bowes Verb, an English rear-admiral, who performed a great many services to his country, the chief of which was the capture of the American ship Chesapeake by the Shan- non in June, 1813. B. 1776 ; D. 1841. BROME, .Alexander, an attorney and satirical poet, whose writings, on the side of Cliarles I., are said to have great- ly obstructed the progress of puritanism. In addition to writing satirical soiiffs, he translated from Lucretius and Horace, and wrote a comedy, called " The Cun- ning Lovers." B. Ii520 ; d. 1(560. — Rich- ard, an English dramatist, cotcmpora- ry with Ben Jonson, to whom he was originally servant, but who rose by tbrce of his native genius to considerable emi- nence. His comedies were formerly very popular, but they are not now perform- ed. D. 1612. BR0MFIP2LD, \ViLLL\.M, an eminent Entrlish surgeon ; author of " Chirurgi- cal Observations and Cases," " The City Match," a comedv, &c. B. 1712 ; d. 1702. BRONSTED, Peter Oluf, a philolo- BBoJ CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPH. 211 ser and antiquarian, of Jutland, ■who wrote an account of his " Travels and Researches in Greece," which is greatly esteemed bv men of science. B. 1781 ; d. 1842. BKOXGNIART, ArorsTrs Locis, apothecary to Louis XVI., was one of those wlio earliest and most sedulously contributed, by his lectures, to diffuse a knowledge of "phvsics and chemistry in Fiance. "D. at JParis, 1804. Besides many scientific essays, he is the author of ail " Analytical Description of the Combinations and Decompositions of various Substances." BKOXKIIORST. Petek Van, a Dutch painter, b. at Delft, 1588, and d. 1661. lie painted, with great success, perspec- tive views of temples and churches, enlivened with small but well-executed human figures. In the town-house of Delfl is his representation of Solomon's Judgment. — Jonx van, b. at Leyden, 1648, learned the art of painting with- out any instruction, and attained to a high deijree of perfection. He princi- pally painted animals, and wa.s particu- larly successful in his birds. The light- ness and brilliancy of the feathers are represented with much truth. lie was a pastiy-cook and painted merely for his amusement. — Another .John van, b. at Utrecht, 1603, was a painter on glass. Ilis works in the new church at Amster- dam are much esteemed. He has also en>:raved some works of Cornelius Poel- enburcr. BRONZING, Angelo, a painter of the Florentine scho ^1, and imitator of Michael Angelo, flourished about 1.550. He painted a great number of portraits, and his historical paintings are distin- guished by the striking and pleasing features of the heads they contain. One of his best paintings is a " Christ," in the church of Santa Croee, at Florence. It is remarkable for its grouping and coloring, as well as for the heads, many of which are the portraits of his friends and cotemporaries ; yet it is not alto- gether free from mannerism and affecta- tion. D. at Florence, 1570. BROOCMAN, Charles Ulric, a Swe- dish writer on education, especially as regards the education of teachers. His principal work is " An Account of the Educational Institutions of Germany," from the earliest period up to his own time. D. 1812. BROOKE, Sir Robert, chief justice of the common pleas in the reign of Queen Mary, and author of various legal works. D. 155S. — Frances, a clever novelist and dramatic ivritcr ; authoress of " Lady Juliet Mandeville," and other novels; the tragedies of '• Virginia," and the "Siege of Sinope ;" "Rosina," a musical entertainment, &c. D. 1789. — Henry, a political and literary writer; author of " Letters Addressed to the People of Ireland," "The Earl of West- moreland," a trasredy, the celebrated novel of "The Fool of Quality," &c. B. at Rantavan, in Ireland, 1706 ;"d. 17*3. — James, a political writer and poet. He succeeded Wilkes as editor of the "North Briton," which he continued to conduct to the end of its publication. D. 1807. BROOKES, Joshua, an eminent anato- mist and surgeon, b. 1761. After study- ing under the most celebrated men of his day, commenced his career as a pro- fessor of anatomy, pathology, and sur- gery, when about 26 years of age. His museum was enriched with the choicest anatomical specimens and ostcological preparations; and the lectures on anato- my and its kindred sciences, which duriuir a long life he was in the habit of delivering to his pupils, (of whom he could reckon 7000,) laid the foundation of their scientific tame to some of the most distinguished members of the pro- fession. D. 1833. BROOKS, John, b. at Medford, Mass., 1752, was originally a physician, but on the breaking out of the revolution, took up arms in behalf of his country. He was soon raised to the rank of major in the continental service, and was distin- guished for his knowledge of tactics, being associated with Baron Steuben, in the duty of introducing a uniform sys- tem of exercise and mancEuvres. In 1777 he was appointed lieutenant-colo- nel, and had no small share in the capture of Burgoyne, on the 7th of October, at Saratoga. When the conspiracy of some of the officers against the commander- in-chief, in March, 1783, had well nigh ruined the country, Washington rode up to Brooks and requested him to keep his officers within quarters, to prevent their attending the insurgent meetinsr. Brooks replied, " Sir, I have anticipated your wishes, and my orders are given." Washington took him by the hand, and said, "Colonel Brooks, this is jv.st what I expected from you." He was one of the committee who brought in the reso- lutions of the officers, expressing their abhorrence of this plot, and also one of that appointed by the officers to adjust their accounts with congress. After the army was disbanded, he resumed the practice of medicine in Medford. He 212 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bro Was for many years major-general of the third division of the Massaeliusetts mi- litia. ]u 1812 he was appointed adju- tant-general, whieli othce he held during the last war with England. In 1816 lie was ilected governor almost without opposition, and was annually re-elected till 1833, when he declined being a can- didate. D. 1825.^Eleazer, a brigadier- general in Concord, Mass., in 1726. Without the advantages of education, lie acquired a valuable fund of knowl- edge. It was his practice in early life to read the most approved books, and then to converse with the most intelli- gent men respecting them. In 1774 he was chosen a representative to the gen- eral court, and continued 37 years in public life, being successively a repre- sentative, a member of the senate, and of the council. He took a decided part in the American revolution. At the head of a regiment, he was engaged in the battle of White Plains, in 1776, and distinguished himself by his cool, de- termined bravery. D. 1806. BROOME, Dr. William, an English divine and poet. In addition to his own poems, and a translation of Anacreon's Odes, he contributed eight books to Pope's translation of the Odyssey ; but having complained of his scanty remu- neration, his brother bard rewarded him with a niche in the Duneiad. He was vicar of Eve, Suffolk. T>. 1745. BROSOilL Carlo, better known by the name of Farinelli, one of the finest singers ever known. He was retained to divert the melancholy of Philip V. of Spain, and acquired vast political power in the reigns of that monarch and his successor. Unlike the generality of royal favorites, he behaved with invari- able modesty and honor. B. at Naples, 1705; d. 1782. BROSSARD, Sebastian de, an emi- nent French musician ; author of " Pro- domus Musicalis," tfec. D. 1730. BROSSE, Guy de la, a French botan- ist and physician to Louis XIII.; author sf " L'Oaverture du Jardin Royal," and Dther botanical works. D. 1751. BROSSES, Charles de, a French law- yer, and the school-fellow and friend of Bulfon; author of " I^etters on Ilercu- laneum," &o. B. 1709; d. 1777. BROTHERS, Richard, a fiinatic, who, in 1793, commenced his career as the apostle of a new religion, and announced himself as " nephew of the Almighty and prince of the Hebrews, appointed to lead them to the land of Canaan." He predicted various changes as about to occur, and his disciples were not con- fined to the poor and ignorant. Tho great orientalist, Halhed, and other men of unquestionable ability were advocates of his claims, but his career at lengtu attracted the notice of government, and he was committed to Bedlam lor life as a confirmed lunatic. He published sev- eral works on his peculiar views of the- ology. BROTIER, Gabriel, a learoed French Jesuit, and librarian to the college of Louis le Grand ; author of a treatise " On the Ancient Hebrew, Greek, and Roman Coins," an excellent edition of " Tacitus," and other classics, «fec. B. 1723; d. 1789. — Andrew Charles, a French abbe, nephew of the above. He was a friend to the royalist cause, and the editor of " L'Annce Litteraire," which was so obnoxious to the party in power that he was transported to Guiana. D. 179S. BROUGHTON, Hugh, a learned He- brew scholar and polemical v/riter, who was educated at the expense of the cele- brated Bernard Gilpin. B. 1549 ; d. 1612. — Thomas, a prebendary of Salisbury, and a literary character of considerable merit; author of "Christianity distinct from the Religion of Nature," " Disser- tations on the Prospects of Futurity," "Hercules," a drama, &c. He was also one of the principal contributors to the BiocfraDliia Britanuica. D. 1774, BROUNCKER, William, Lord, tho first president of the Royal Society at Oxford, and author of some papers in the Philosophical Transactions, &c. D. 1584. BROUSSAIS, Francois Joseph Vic- tor, a celebrated French physician ; the author of some very learned medical works, wiiich for a time had the most extensive influence in France, and are still not without their adherents. B. 1772 ; d. 1838. BROUSSONET, Peter Augustus M.v- RiA, an eminent French naturalist; au- thor of " Icthyologia," "Variaj Positi- ones circa Respirationera," &c. B. 1761 ; d. 1807. BROUWER, Adrian, a celebrated painter of the Dutch school, was b. at Haerlem, in 1608, or more probably at Oudenarde, where his father was a painter of common paper hangings. Poverty contributed perhaps to form his talents. When a child, he painted flow- ers and birds to be stitched on caps, which were sold by his mother. Francis Hals, a skilful painter, expecting to profit by the talents of the young artist, took BRO] him to Haerlem. Here, amidst wearisome labors ami poor i.liet, Brouvver spent tlie g:reatur part of his time in a yarret, occu- pied ill making little paiiitiiiirs, of the value of which he was ignorant, while Hals kept the profits of them to iiimself. Two pretty paintings of his, ''The Five Senses" and " The Twelve Mouths," are mentioned as belonging to that period. By the advice of Adrian of Ostade, his 'fellow-pupil, he escaped to Amsterdam, where he was surprised to hear that liis paintings were esteemed. He now gained considerable sums by his labors ; but, in- stead of devoting himself to his art, he made the inn Ins workshop, never ex- erting himself till the hostess insisted upon payment. He tlirew into the lire a painting for which he did not receive the price demanded, and began a new one with more care. Having gone to Ant^verp during the wars of the Low Countries, he was thrown into prison as a spy. He declared that he was a paint- er, appealing to the duke of Ahremberg, wlio was likewise imprisoned there; and, at the prince's intercession, having been provided with materials, he painted his guards playing at cards with so much expression and trutli, that Eubens, at the sight of the picture exclaimed, " This is Brouwer's work ; none but he can succeed so well in such subjects." Ru- bens etfected his release by standing bail for him, clothed him, and received him into his house and at his table. Brouwer, however, instead of being grateful for this generosity, escaped secretly, to plunge into still greater ex- travagancies. He took lodgings with a baker, Craesbeke, who became a skilful painter by his instructions. This man, whose inclinations agreed with those of Bi'ouwer, had a handsome wife, and the connection between these three persons became so intimate that they were obliged to flee from justice. Brouwer went to Paris, but finding no employ- ment there returned to Antwerp, where he d. in the hospital, in 1640. BROWALLIUS, John-, bishop of Abo ; an eminent naturalist, and the author- of various tracts on botany, &c. BROWN, .John, an eminent clergy- man and multifarious writer, b. 1715, atRothhury, Northumberland, educated at St. John's college, Cambridge ; and lifter various church preferments became chaplain to the king. The chief of his numerous works are, " Essavs on the Characteristics of the Earl oif Shaftes- Dury," " Barbarossa," a tragedy; an CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY". 213 "Estimate of the Manners and Princi- ples of the Times," a "History of the Rise and Progress of Poetry,'' and "Thoughts on Civil Liberty, Licentious- ness, and Faction." It is supposed that his mental exertions were too great, foi he fell into a state of dejection which terminated in his death by his own hand. in 17(i6. — John, a Scotch painter and arthor, favorably known in the former character by his painting of the bust of Homer from the Townley marbles, and by his portrait of Pope. As an author he is even more distinguished by his " Letters on the Poetry and Music of the Italian Opera," which he addressed to his friend Lord Monboddo. B. 1752 ; d. 1787.— Robj:rt, the founder of the sect of the Brownists, b. at Northamp- ton, was related to Lord Burleigh. He pursued his studies at Cambridire. About 1580, he began to attack the government and liturgy of the church, had many followers, and was soon im- prisoned by the ecclesiastical commis- sions, but was liberated by the interest of Lord Burleigh. He tli'en settled at Middleburgli, in Holland, collected a congregation, and wrote a book, entitled a " Treatise of Reformation, without tarrying for any Man." In 1585, how- ever, he returned to England, became « engaged in contests with the bishops, was disowned by his father, and was at length excommunicated. Conviction, or perhaps policy, now induced him to conform, and in"l590 he obtained a liv- ing in Northamptonshire. His encl was in unison with his life. At the age of more than 80, he was committed to jail for striking a constable and abusing a magistrate, and he d. shortly after his committal. He used to boast, " that he had been incarcerated in thirty-two prisons, in some of which he could not see his hand at noonday." His sect long survived him. In the civil wars it bore the name of the Independents.- TnoMAs, a writer of talent and of con siderable though coarse wit, was the son of a farmer at Shifnal, and was ed- ucated at Christ church, Oxford, but quitted college on account of his irregu- larities. For a while he was a school- master at Kingston, in Surrey. Quitting this situation, however, he settled in London, as an author by profession, and gained notoriety by his lampoons, his humor, and his conversational powers. He d. in 17o4. His works fort i 4 vols. 12nio. — Ulysses Maximilian, an Austri- an fleld-mnrshal, the son of an expatria- ted Irish officer, was b. at Basil, in 1705 ; 214 CyCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bko served witli distinction against the Turks, and at tlie battles of Tarma and Gaastalla; was made field-marshal in 1739 ; signalized liis talents in Italy, from 1744 to 174G, particularly at the bat- tle of Plaeeutia; and d. in the Bohemi- an capital in 17o7, of-the wounds which he received at the battle of Prague. — John, celebrated as the parent of the Brunouian sj-stem of medicine, b. 1735, at Buucle, in Berwickshire, originally studied with a view to the church, but afterwards commenced the study of Ehysic. For a while he was patronized y Dr. CuUen. He, however, quarrelled with that gentleman, and became his active opponent. After many strug- gles and vicissitudes he settled in Lon- don, in 178(5, and d. there, October, 178S. leaving a numerous family in want. His misfortunes principally arose from his habits of intemperance. His medi- cal system is developed in his " Elemen- ta Medicina;," and has, at least, the merit of simplicity, as it classes all dis- eases under two heads — those of defi- cient and those of j'edundant excitement. — John, an eminent landscape engraver, was a fellow-pupil of Woollet, and for Bome time worked in conjunction with him. Their teachers name wasTinney. Brown acquired considerable reputation for the taste and spirit of his burin, and became an associate of the Roval Acade- my. D. at the age of 60, 1801.— Wil- liam, a celebrated gem engraver, b. 1748. At the commencement of liis career he ■was patronized by Catharine of Russia, and subsequently by Louis XVL The French revolution drove him from Paris, and he settled in London, where he pro- duced many excellent works. D. 182">. — John, a painter, b. at Edinburgh, in 1752, resided 10 years in Italy, and ac- quired there a knowledge of all the ele- fant arts. t)n his return, he settled at Idinburgh, in which city he d. 1787. He was the intimate friend' of Lord Mon- boddo, to whom he .addressed his " Let- ters on the Poetry and Music of the Italian Opera." They were published by the learned judge in 1789. — -Charles Brockden, an American novelist and man of letters, was b. in Philadelphia in January, 1771. After a good school ed- ucation, he commenced the study of tlie law, in the office of an eminent member of the Ijar. During the preparatory term, his mind was much engaged in literary pursuits, and when the time ap- proached for his admissi^-»n into the courts, he resolved to abandon the pro lession altogether. His passion for let- I ters, and the weakness of h is physical constitution,disqualified him for the bus- tle of business. His first publication was '•Alcuin, a Dialogue on the Rights of Women," written in the autunm and winter of 17'J7. The first of his novels, issued in 1798, was " Wieland," a power- ful and original romance, which soon ac- quired reputation. After this followed "Ormoncl," " Arthar Mervyn," "Edgar Huntley," and "Clara Howard," in rapid succession, the last being published in 1801. The last of his novels, "Jane Talbot," was originally published in London, in 1804, and is much inferior to its predecessors. In 1799, Brown published the first number of the " Monthly Magazine and American Re- view," a work which he continued for about a year and a half, with much in- dustry and ability. In 1805 he couj- menced another journal, with the title of " The Literary Magazine and Ameri- can Register," and iii this undertaking he persevered for five years. During the same interval he found time to write three large political pamphlets, on the " Cession of Louisiana," on the " British Treaty," and on " Commercial Restric- tions." In 1806 he commenced a semi- annual " American Register," five vol- umes of which he lived to com]>lete and publish, and which must long be con- sulted as a valuable body of annals. Be- sides these works, and many miscellane- ous pieces published in different peri- odicals, he left in manuscript an unfin- ished system of geography, which has been represented to possess uncommon merit. D. of consumption, 1810. — John, b. 1736, in Providence, R. 1., was a leader of the party which, in 1772, destroyed the British sloop of war Gasper, in Nar- raganset Bay. He became an enterpri- sing and wealthy merchant, and was the first in his native state who trailed with the East Indies and China. He was chosen a member of congress, and was a generous patron of literature, and a great projector of works of public utility. D. 1803. — Dr. Thomas, a man eminent as a metaphj-sician, moral philosopher, and poet, b. at Kirkmabreck, in Iseot- land, in 1777, displayed an early acute- ness and thirst for knowledge. His first education was received in the vicinity of London, and was completed at the university of Edinburgh. At the age of twenty he wrote a masterly answer to Darwin's "Zoonomia." In 1810 he succeeded Mr. Stewart, at Edinburgh, as professor of moral philosophy, and soon gained universal admiration as a BRO] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 215 leeturei, by his eloiiuence and talents, and atfection by liis kindness to the Btudents. His brilliant career was un- fortunately cut short, by consumption, on the 2d'of April, 1820. As a philoso- pher, his reputation is established by his inquiry into the "'Relation of Cause and Etfect,'' " Lectures on the Philoso- phy of the Human Mind,"' and ''Physi- ology of the Mind."' As a poet, by his poems, in two volumes : '' Agnes,'' "The Wanderer of Norway," and "The Paradise of Coquettes." — William, a poet, b. in 1590, was a native of Tavi- stock, and was educated at Oxford. In 1624 he became tutor to the earl of Caernarvon, who fell at the battle of Kewbury, and he subsequently resided in the tlimily of the earl of Pembroke. His death is supposed to have taken place about 1645. His " Britannia's Pas- torals,"- which were published in his 2;3d year, and his "Shepherd's Pipe," have great merit. Discursiveness and an occasional qnaintness are the faults of his poetry ; but they are redeemed by a lively fancy, much power of de- scription, and flowing numbers. — Jacob, general, and at the time of his death at the head of the American army. In early life he belonged to the sect of the Quakers, and was employed as a teacher of youth. In 1799 he went on to the frontiers, and purchased a lot of land, took his axe, and began to fell the forest with his own hand, in order to com- mence a settlement. This was soon done. He purchased more land, and was made agent for M. Le Roy de Chau- mont, a distinguished Frenchman, who owned a large tract of that country, and was industrious in obtaining s pressed this melancholy proof of hi? singular insanity ; but it is preserved ii; the "Adventurer." D. 1732. lie i? the author of hymns, sermons, and vari ous controversial and theological pieces. — Sir William, a physician, an eccentric but amiable character, b. 1692, studied at Cambridge, and settled at Lynn, whence he removed to London, where he d. 1774. In dress, style, and manners he was a complete oddity, a circumstance which exposed him to the shat\s of satire. He iiail, however, the good sense and dignity of mind to smile al 216 CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bru Buch attacks. At Lynn he nailed to his house door a pamphlet which was writ- ten against hiin ; and when Foote cai"ica- tured him, in the " Devil on Two Sticks," Browne sent him a note, prais- ing the accuracy of tlie mimic's persona- tion, and sending him his own mutt' to complete the picture. Browne left three fold medals to be yearly given to Cam- ridge under-graduates, for Greek and Latin compositions ; and founded a scholarship at Peterhouse, where he was educated. He translated " Grego- ry's Elements of Dioptrics," and collect- ed, under the title of " Opuscula," his own light pieces. — George, count de, an Irish Catholic, b. in 1698, entered into the Kussian service. He saved the Empress Anna Ivanovna from the con- spiracy of the guards, and served with distinction under Lascy, Munich, and Keith. On the banks of the Volga he stopped, with only three thousand men, the whole Turkisli army. He was, how- ever, taken prisoner by the Turks, and sold as a slave, but escaped. In the seven years' war, he .distinguished him- self at the battles of Prague, Kollin, Jaegendorf, and Zorndoi"if. His services were rewarded with tiie government of Livonia. After having held it thirty years, he wisiied to retire, but Catherine n. replied, " Death alone shall part us." D. 17'J2. — Moses, a divine and poet, was b. in 1705, and was originally a pencut- ter; but, through the interest of Har- vey, he obtained orders, and the living of Olney, in Buckinghamshire. D. in 1787, at Morden college, of which he was chaplain. He is the author of sev- eral works, tlie principal of which are "Piscatory Eclogues," and "Sunday Thoughts." Browne was a great lover of angling, and published an edition of Walton's" Angler. — Isaac Hawkins, a native of Burton-npon-Trent, b. 1706, studied at Westminster, Cambridge, and Lincoln's Inn, was called to the bar, and became M. P. for Wenlock. Though a man of infinite wit, he was mute in par- liament. He is tlie author of an excel- lent Latin poem, on the " Immortality of tlie Soul," which has been more than once translated, and also of " Poems." Of his minor poems, the "Pipe of To- bacco," in which he admirably imitates six poets of that period, is the best known, and is deservedly popular. D. 1766. — Patrick, a botanist and physi- cian, b. at Crossboyne, in Ireland, 1720 ; studied physic at Paris and Leyden. He then went to the West Indies, which he had visited in Ms youth, and finally took up his abode at Jamaica. Ketum- ing at length to Ireland, he d. in 1720, at Rusbrook, in the county of Mayo. His chief work is the " Civil and Nat- ural History of Jamaica." — William Georue, an English traveller, a man of fortune, who penetrated into the interior of Africa, and was the first who gave an account of the African kingdoms of Darfur and Bornou. His " Travels in Africa, Egypt, and Assyria, from 1792 to 1798," were published in 1799. About the year 1814 he was murdered in Per- sia, while on his way to explore the re- gions south of the Caspian. BRUCE, Robert, thedeliverer of Scot- land from the English yoke, a descend- ant, by the female side, from David, bro- ther of William I. Like his father, who was a competitor for the crown with Ba- liol, he at first foucfht under the English banners. He, however, at length asserted his right to the sovereignty, and was crowned at Scone, in ISOij. After many reverses, he totally defeated Edward II., in 1314, at Bannockburn, and thus es- tablished himself firmly on the throne. He d. in 1329. Tradition says, that after one of the defeats which he sustained at the outset of his career, when Bruce was hiding from his enemies, and almost disposed to relinquish his enterprise in despair, he was animated to persever- ance by the example of a spider, which he saw foiled in nine attempts to reach a.certain point, but which persisted, and succeeded in the tenth. — James, one of the most celebrated of modern travellers. For a short time he held the post of British consul at Alariers, but resigned it in order to gratify his passion for travelling. After traversing the greater portion of Asia Minor, he set out on a journey to ascertain the source of the Nile. An account of this journey he subsequently published ; and some of his statements, particularly those which referred to the manners and customs of Abyssinia, were received with mingled incredulity and ridicule. Tliough greatly annoyed by the disgraceful illiberality with which" he had been treated, he bore the taunts and sneers of his shallow critics with a taciturn pride, not deigri- ing to satisfy disbelief, or to disarm ridi- cule, but trusting the day would ere long arrive when the truth of what he had written would be confirmed by others ; and it is now clearly proved, from the statements of many subsequent travel- lers, that he was every way undeserving of the censure bestowed upon him. B. at Kinnaird house, Stirlingshire, 1720; BRU] and d. in consequence of an injury sus- tained by fallinsr down stairs, at liis pa- ternal estate, 179i. — Johx, an able writer on commerce, moral philosophy, and political economy; author of "First Principles of Philosophy," "Annals of the East India Company," &c. D. 1826, aged 82. — Michael, a Scotch poet. His parents being of the poorest class, his ear- fv life was oiie of considerable privation. This, and his ardent attachment to po- eti'v, probably aggravated a constitu- tional predisposition to consumption, and he d. in the 21st year of his age, in ?767. His poems are few in number, but singularly plaintive and elegant. — Peter Hexrt, a German military officer of Scotch descent. He was at the battle of Pruth, and was several times em- ployed by tlie Eussian court in diplomat- ic missions. His memoirs, puolished after his death, give some curious details of his travels. He d. in Scotland, in 17o7. BRUCKER, John James, a German Lutheran clergyman; author of " His- toria Critica Philosophiae," &c. B. 1696 ; d. 1770. BRUCKNER, Johx, a Lutheran di- vine, pastor of the Walloon congrega- tion at Norwich ; author of " Theorie du Svsteme Animale," " Criticism on the Diversions of Purley," &c. B. 1726 ; d. 18114. BRUEYS, David Augustix, a French dramatic writer ; in early life a Protest- ant, but afterw{(rds a bigoted adherent to the Catholic faith. B!'1640 ; d. 1753. — Francis Paul, a gallant French admi- ral, c^nnnanding the fleet wdiieh con- veyed the army of Bonaparte to Egypt, and killed at the battle of the Nile. BRDGMANS, Sebald Jistinus, _ a learned Dutchman, physician-in-chief of the army, and the author of some valuable medical worlds. After the union of Holland witli France, Napoleon made liim inspector-srenerul of the hos- pitals ; and it has been remarked that so skilful were his arrangements, that the number of deaths by wounds and diseases was never increased by hospital ft vers. After the battle of Waterloo, he promptlv procured medical aid for up- wards of 20.000 men. B. 1763 ; d. 1819. BRUGNATELLT, Louis, an Italian physician and chemist ; author of " Bib- liotheca Tisica d'Europe," &c. B. 1726 ; d. 1818. BRUGUIERES, John William, a French naturalist and physician ; author of many essays on subjects of natural ijistory,' the best of which is the " Nat- 19 CYCLOP .(EDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. 217 ural History of Worms" in flie Ency- clopc-die Mc'thodique. D. 17 ^9. BRUGHL, Henry, count of, minister of Augustus III. king of Poland ; one of the most artful and expensive courtiers that ever governed a weak and credulous prince. He kept 200 domestics, paying them better than the king himself, and furnishing a more sumptuous table ; but, as w-as natural, he plunged the country into debt and disgrace. B. 1700; d. 1768. — Frederic, a son of the preceding', besides being remarkable for Ills skill in the iine arts, wrote several good plays. D. 1793. — Hans MoRrrz, his nephew, gained some reputation as an astronomer and political economist, and d. whUe Saxon ambassador in Lon- don, 1809. BRUMOY, Peter, a learned French Jesuit; author of the "Theatre des Grecs," " History of the Galilean Church," &c. B."l688 ; d. 1742. BRUNCK, Richard Francis Philip, a Erofound classical scholar and critic, was . at Strasburg, but educated by the Jesuits at Paris. For some time he was employed in state affairs, but at length devoted himself wholly to study ; and produced the " Greek Anthology," be- sides highly valuable editions of Aris- tophanes, Sophocles, Virgil. &c. When the revolution broke out, he took part in it, and was imprisoned at Besanqon by the tyrant Robespierre, wliose deatli, however, released liim. B. 1729 ; d. 1803. BRUNEAU, Mathurin, an adventu- rer, who, in 1818, assumed the title of Charles of P'rance, was the son of a clog- maker. After numerous efforts to pass for some person of importance, he was incarcerated, and from his confinement addressed a letter, sicriicd Dauphin Bour- bon, to the governor of the Isle of Guernsey, requesting him to inform his Britannic Majesty of the captivity of Louis XVII. This letter being inter- cepted by the local authorities, Bruneau was transferred to the prison at Rouen , here he engaged a person named Bran- zon as liis secretary, who found means so far to impose on the Duchess d'An- gouleme, as to obtain her interest ; and at length a party in his favor procured him abundant supplies. This encour- aged the enterprise, until the principal, his secretary, and many friends were bruught before tlie bar of justice, where Bruneau was declared an impostor and a vagabond, and condemned to seven years' imprisonment. Finding, . how- ever, that the fraud was still maintained 218 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bro by a powerful party, he was removed to the prison at Caen in 1821, and was af- terwards sent to end liis days iu the castle of Mont Saint Michael. BRUNEL, Sir Isambert, the well- known executor of tliat great work of engineering skill, the Thames Tunnel, was b. at Haequeville, in Nonuandy, 176y. He wus intended for the church ; but he soon evinced so strong a predi- lection for the physical sciences, and so great a geiiiis tor mathematics, that he entered the royal navy, made several voyages to the West Indies, and returned lionie in 1792. During the French revo- lution he emigrated to the United States, ■where necessity fortunately compelled him to follow the natund bent of his mind, and to adopt the profession of a civil engineer. Hure he was engaged in many great works ; but, determined upon visiting England, he otf'ered his services to the British government ; and, after much opposition to his plans for making ship-blocks by machinery, he was employed to execute them in Plymouth dock-yard. He selected Mr. Henry Maudsley to assist in the execu- tion of the work ; and thus was laid the foundation of one of the most extensive engineering establishments in the king- dom. The visit of the Emperor Alex- ander to England, after the peace, led him to submit to the emperor a plan for making a tunnel under the Neva; where the accumulation of ice, and the sudden- ness with which it breaks up on the termination of winter, rendcrea the erec- tion of a bridge a work of great difficulty. This was the origin of "his plan for a tunnel under the Thames, which had been twice before attempted without success. D. lS4!t. BKUNELLESCHI, Philip, a Floren- tine architect, patronized by Cosmo de Medici. Among the chief of his archi- tectural works are the Pitti palace, the monastery of Fiesole, and the cupola of the cathedral church of Santa Maria del Friare at Florence. He was also a sculp- tor and a poet, as well as an architect ; and some of his burlesque verses are published with those of Burchiello. B. 1377 ; d. 14i6. BEUNNER, John Coxbad, Baron de Brunn, a Swiss physician and anato- mist; author of various tracts on physi- ology and anatomy. B. 16'>3; d. 1727. BRUNO, a saint of the Roman calen- dar, and founder of the Carthusian order of monks, the first house of which he established in the desert of Chartreuse. B. 1030; d. 1101.— The Great, arch- bishop of Cologne and duke of Lorraine ; an able politician, who took a conspicu- ous part in all the great transactions of his time. He was the brother of the Emperor Otho I. D. 965. — Giordano, a Iseapolitan, and originally a monk of the Dominican order. Tiie boldness with which he censured the irregulari- ties of his monastery obliged him to leave it ; and flying to Geneva, he em- braced the Protestant religion. Beza and Calvin, however, obliged him to quit that city, and he proceeded to Paris, where he excited much attention by his strictures on the Aristotelian phUoso- phy. After visiting England he settled at Padua, where his freedom of speech attracted the attention of the Inquisition of Venice. He Wiis apprehended, and refusing to recant, he was burnt in 1600. BRUNSWICK, Ferdinand, duke of, one of the principal generals in the seven years' war in Gcrmanv. B. 1721; d. 17112.— WOLFEXBUTtEL, Maximilian Julius Leopold, brotlier of the prece- ding, a prince whose name is revered for his disinterested benevolence and hu- manity, of which the last action of his life is a striking example : — During a terrible inundation of the Oder, which spread destruction in the neighborhood of Frankfort, where the prince com inanded a regiment in the garrison, his zeal to save the lives of a family sur- rounded by the waters, induced iiim to put otf in a boat to their assistance, when he was swept away by the torrent and perished in the attempt. B. 1751: d. 17S5.--LUNENBURGH, Charles William Ferdinand, duke of, nephew of the preceding, who highly distin- guished himself in the service of Fred- erick of Prussia. He was mortally wounded at the battle of Auerstadt in 1806. — OELS, Frederio Augustus, duko of, younger brother of the above, and a general officer in the Prussian service. He was more distinguished as an author than as a general ; his " Treatise on Great Men," " Remarks on the Charac- ter and Actions of Alexander the Great," and numerous otlier works, having been much admired, though only privately circ\dated. B. 1741 ; d. 1805.— Fred- erick William, duke of, youngest son of Charles William Ferdinand of Bruns- wick, and brother of Queen Caroline of England, was b. in 1771. He soon entered the Prussian army, and, stimu- lated by his father's fate, took an active part in the war against revolutionary France. In I809 he raised a body of volunteers in Bohemia; but flndiug no BRU] chance of making an effectual stand atruiust the power of France, he em- barked his troops for England, where they were taken into the British service, and' employed in the Peninsula. Fore- Beeing that great changes were likely to take place on the Continent, he hastened to his paternal dominions in 181S, raised B large body of troops, and was among the foremos't to meet the French army in 1815, wlieu, two days before the de- cisive battle of Waterloo, he fell, fight- 'ng at the' head of his troops. BRUNTOX, M.uiY, the daughter of Colonel Balfour, was b. in one of the Orkney isles ; married a minister of the Scotch church, and is known as the authoress of the novels, "Discipline," "Self-Control," and other works. B. 1778; d. 1818. BEUSONIUS, L. Doxrmus, author of a work entitled " Facetiarum Exemplo- rumque Libri VII.," but better known by the title of " Speculum Mundi." "BRUTO, John Michael, an eminent traveller and writer of the 16th century; author of a "History of Huntrary," " Critical Annotations on the Works of Cicero. Horace," &c., and of the " Eight First Books of the History of Florence." D. 1594. BRUTUS, Lucius Junhjs, one of the most celebrated characters of antiquity, w;is tlie son of Marcus Junius, a wealtliy patrician of Rome. The father and bro- ther of Lucius Junius were assassinated by order of their relati\-^, Tarquin the Proud; and Lucius Junius owed the preservation of his life to an assumed idiotism. So completely did this impose upon the tyrant, that he not only spared bis youns" relative's life, but brought bim up in his own family, wliere he was ireated as a mere idiot", and surnamed Brutus. He bore all contumely -svith patience until the outnige of Sextus Tar- quin [see Lucretia] afforded him an op- portunity to arouse the people against both the* king and his sons. Throwing olf his pretended want of intellect, and displaying an energy the more startling by contrast with his former manner, he joined with Lucretia's husband, CoUa- tinus ; caused tlie gates to be shut, as- sembled the senate, dilated upon the tyrannies of Tarquin, and caused a de- cree to be made for banishing the king and establishing a republic. This great chanse accordingly took place, and Bru- tus and CoUatinus were appointed chief magistrates of the commonwealth, with the' title of consuls. Terrible as the f)-ranny of Tarquin had been, his ex- CYCLOP^EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 219 pulsion, and the entire change in tha lorm of government, gave great offence to many of the Roman patricians ; and among \liose who were opposed to the new constitution were the two sons of Brutus and three nephews of CoUatinus all of whom conspired, with other mal- contents, to murder the two consuls and restore Tarquin and the monarchy. The intentions of the conspirators were dis- closed by a slave to Poplicola Valerius, a senator, and the conspirators wero brought before the consular tribunal for judgment. Mischievous as were the intentions of the criminals, the people would fain have punished them only by banishment ; and CoUatinus, in his affec- tion for his nephews, was equally dis- posed to be lenient. Brutus, on the con- trary, determined to show that no rank or relationship should avail the enemies of Roman liberty; and disregarding the entreaties of the multitude and his own feelings as a parent, he sternly sentenced his sons to death. CoUatinus, even after this signal proof of the inflexibility of Brutus, endeavored to save his nephews. But the young men were executed, and Collatinu's retired from the consulship. Poplicola Valerius was elected as his successor, and, in conjunction with Brutus, proceeded against the Veientes, who, with Tarquin and his partisans, were marching against Rome. The Ro- man caviv_ry was commanded by Brutus, while the enemy's cavalry was led on by Aruns. one of the sons of Tarquin. These leaders were speedily engaged hand to hand, and so great was their mutual hate, that each, in his desire to wound his opponent, neglected to pro- tect himself, and they both fell dead upon the field. The conflict endinsr in the victory of the Romans, the body of Brutus was interred with great solemni- ty, and a statue was erected to his memo- ry. D. 50;», B. c. — Marci:s Junius, an illustrious Roman, and a descendant of the preceding. His mother was the sis- ter of Cato,« and as she had disgraced herself by an intrigue with Julius Csesar, Marcus was by many thought to be his son. He at first sided -with Pompey, but being treated with great lenity and consideration after the battle of Phar- salia, he attached himself to Cfesar, by whom he was greatly caressed and in- trusted. But the stern republican prin- ciple of his reputed ancestor, which he inherited, rendered it impossible for all Caesar's kindness to him to reconcile him to Csesar's ambition ; and he at length conspired with Cassius and 220 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGBAPHT. [brt Others, and slew him, 39, b. o. Antony | Bueceeded in exciting the popular indig- nation against the murderers of CiEsar, who fled from Rome and raised an army, of which Brutus and Cassiua took the command ; but being totally defeated at the battle of Philippi, where they en- countered the army of Antony, Brutus escaped with only a few friends, passed the night in a cave, and, as he saw his cause irretrievably ruined, requested iStrato, one of his confidants, to kill him. For a long time his friend refused, but on hearing Brutus call one of his slaves to perform tlie fatal office, he ex- claimed, "Forbid it. gods, that it should ever be said that Brutus died by the hand of a slave for want of a friend!" and presenting the sword as he turned away his face, the noble Roman fell on it and expired, 42 b. c, in the 43d year of his age. BEUYERE, John de la, an eminent French writer; author of "Dialogues on Quietism," published after his de- cease ; and of "Theophrastus, translated from the Greek, with the Manners of the present Age." Of this admirable and admired work, Voltaire says, "Its rapid and nervous style struck the pub- lic at once ; and the allusions to living persons, which abound throutrh its pages, completed its success." B. 1644 ; d.'l6i)6. ' BRYAN, Michael, a connoisseur of paintings, whose judgment was highly esteemed, though he lost large sums by his own purchases. He was the author of a valuable " Biographical and Critical Dictionarv of Painters and Engravers." B. 1757 ; cl. 1821.— Sir FEANci9,'a distin- guished soldier and statesman. He served with great credit against the French in the earl of Surrey's expedi- tion, and subsequently became chief jus- ticiary of Ireland. He is chiefly mem- orable, however, as a poet ; his works being printed with those of his friends Wyatt and Lord Surrey. D. 1550. BRYANT, Jacob, a distinguished an- tiquarian and philologist ; author of an fcWe, though smgular " Analysis of An- cient Mythology," published in 3 vols. 4to. ; a treatise on the "Truth of Chris- tianity," a work in denial of the exist- ence of Troy, and various other publi- cations of great erudition and ingenuity. B. 1715; (l. 1804. BRYDGES, Sir Samuel Eoerton, hart., a gentleman of versatile talents and eccentric character. B. 1762, at Wootton Court, in Kent, was educated at tlie King's school. Canterbury, and at Queen's college, Cambridge. In 1790, after the death of tlie last duke of Chandos, he induced his elder brother, the Rev. E. T. Brydges, to prefer a claim to the barony of Chandos, the consid- eraJon of which was long procrasti- nated; but at length, in 1803, the house of lords decided against its valid- ity. On tlie death of his brother, in 1807, Sir Egerton pertinaciously ad- hered to his tavorite, though illusory notion of obtaining a coronet , main- taining that, though defeated by parlia- mentary law, he could, when he pleased, assert liis rights by common law, while he regularly added to the signature of his name — "««;• legeyn terrce, B. G. of S.'-'' — meaning Baron Chandos of Sudely. He made several unsuccessful attempts to obtain a seat in parliament, but was ultimately (1812) returned for Maid- stone, wiiich borough he continued to represent about six years. In 1314 he was created a baronet; and in 1818, upon the loss of his seat in the house of commons, he visitgd many parts of the Continent. In 1826 he returned to England, for two years, and took up his abode at Lee Priory, the seat of Col. Brydges Barrett, his eldest son ; at the expiration of which time, his affairs be- coming inextricably embarrassed, ho finallyquitted his native laud, and re- moved to Geneva, where he remained in great seclusion until his death. His literary labors were exceedingly multi- farious : poetrf , romance, politics, gen- ealogical antiquities, and topography, were the principal ; and in many he ac- quitted himself with considerable skill. His abilities as a genealogist, topoOTa- pher, and bibliographer, are attested by his " Censura Literaria Restituta," 10 vols. ; " Thcatrura Poetarum ;" " Stem- mata Illustria ;" " British Bibliog- raphy ;" " Lex Terrte," &c. Besides these, he published the novels of " Mary de Clifford," " Arthur Fitz-Albini," and " The Hall of llellingsey ;" " Imaginary Biography," 3 vols. ; " Recollections of Foreign Travels," 2 vols.; "The Auto- biography, Times, Opinions, and Co- temporaries of Sir Egerton Brydges," 2 vols. ; and numerous others, inde- pendent of contributions to many peri- odicals on almost every subject. D. 1837. BR Y DONE, Patrick, a Scotch gen- tleman; author of "Travels into Sicily and Malta," &c. B. 1741 ; d. 1819. BRYENNIUS, Manuel, an early mu- sical composer; he published, in the 14th century, a treatise on harmonies, of which a Latin translation, together BUCj CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 221 with tlie compositions of the autlior, was published bv Dr. Wallis, in 16'.)9. BU ACHE, Pn'iLip, an able French hy- drotrrapher ; author of some valuable hyclro^^'-raphieal and geographical works. B. ITiio: d. 1775. BUAT NANCAY, Louis Gabriel du, an eminent French diplomatist and wTitcr ; author of a " History of tlic Ancient Nations of Europe," " Maxims of Monarchical Government," &c. B. 17-32; d. 17S7. BUC, Sir George, historian and anti- quary, was a gentleman of the privy chamber to James I. ; and author of " The Life of Richard IIL," " The Ait of Revels." &c. BUCHER, Martin, a friend of Luther, and so eminent a preacher of the re- formed faith, that Cranmer, when arch- bishop of Canterbury, invited lum to England, and he became professor of theologv at Cambridge. B. 1401 ; d. 1551. BUCHAN, Stuart Erskixe, earl of, a nobleman devoted to literary and scien- tific pursuits, and founder of the Anti- quarian Society in Scotland. In 17'.il he instituted an annual commemoration at Ednam, the birthplace of Thomson, in honor of the poet ; and on that occa- sion. Burns composed his " Address to the Shade of the Bard of Ednam." D. 1829. — William, a native of Scotland, and autlior of the well-known " Domes- tic Medicine," &c. B. 1729; d. 1805. BUCHANAN, George, an eminent Scotch historian and poet. The few works which he wrote in his vernacular tongue are greatly admired ; but his fame cliiefly rests on his Latin works, whicL are sinofularly beautiful in their style. B. 1506; d. "1582.— Claudius, a Scotch divine, chaplain at Bengal, and professor and vice-provost of tlie college at Fort William. Of his numerous works, the most interesting are "Chris- tian Researches in Asia," and a " Mem- oir on the Expediency of an Ecclesias- tical Estabhshment in'india." B. 1766 ; d. 1815. BUCnOZ, p. Joseph, a naturalist and botanist of Metz, who must have been one of the most industrious compilers that ever lived, his works forming more than 800 volumes. B. 1737; d. 1807. BUCKINGHAM, George Villiers, duke of, the favorite of .James I. and Charles I., was raised to the highest of- 5ces in the state, became the dispenser of all favors and honors, and conducted himself with so much pride and inso- lence, as to excite popular hatred and disgust. Being intrusted with the com- I la* mand of an army, he lost the flov/cr of it in an ill-conducted attack on the Isle of Rhe, and returned to refit his shat- tered armament. When he was again about to sail, he was assassinated at Portsmouth, by a lieutenant of the name of Felton, August 23, 162S.— George ViLLiKRs, duke of, son of the preceding. B. 1627; studied at Cambridge; served the king in the civil wars ; had liis es- tates seized bj" the parliament, which, however, were afterwards rcsioied to him ; and he eventually became a min- ister to Charles II., and was one of hi.s most profligate courtiers. His political conduct was, like his general behavior, characterized by unprincipled levity and imprudence; and though his literary and conversational powers were far above mediocrity, yet he was an object of contempt, and d. un regretted at Kir- by Mooreside, Yorkshire, in 1688.— Anne Eliza, duchess of, daughter and heiress of the last duke of Chandos ; b. 1779; married to the marquis of Buck ingham, then Earl Tein[)le, in 1796. Throucrjiout life this amiable and accom- plished woman displayed those traits of character which shed' tlie brightest lus- tre on exaltcn rank, and hallow the memory of their possessors. She was boundless in her charities ; pious, affec- tionate, and sincere ; withdrawing from the " pomps and vanities" of tlie world, to indulge in the charms of retirement, where she could encourage the deserv- ing, reform the erring, and minister to the necessities of the distressed. D. at Stowc, 1836. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, John Shef- FiELD, duke of, son of the earl of Mul- g-ravc. B. 1649; served under Marshal Turcnne, and took a part in tlie revolu- tion of 1668. He also distiniruished himself as a poet. Buckingham house, in St. James's park, since converted into a roval palace, was originallv b'lilt for him. ' D. 1720. BUCKINK, Arnold, an artist of the 15th century, and the first who engraved maps on copper. He illustrated ar edi- tion of Ptolemy, which was printed by Sweynheini, of Rome, one of the earliest printers in that country. BUCKMINSTER, Joseph, a famous preacher of Portsmouth, N. H. Ho graduated at Yale college in 1770, and from 1774 to 1778 was a tutor in tliat seminary. He was ordained in 1779. After a ministry of thirty-three years his health became greatly impaired! L>. 1812, aged 6<>. It is remarkable, that on the preceding day Ws eldest son, a 222 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bub clergyman in Boston, died after a week's illness. Although Dr. B. had not heard of his sickness, yet he said to his wife repeatedly a few hours before his own death, '• Joseph i-s dead.'" He published a number of "Sermons," and a short " Sketch of Dr. Mackintosh."— Joseph Stevens, a preacher of the Brattle-street church in Boston. He graduated at Harvard college in 1800. The next four years were spent partly in the family of ins relative Theodore Lyman of Walt- ham, partly as an assistant in the acad- emv at Exeter, and in the prosecution of theological studies. He was ordained in lso5, and, after a visit to Europe, preached for about five years. Mr. Buckminster was a very interesting and eloquent preacher, and perhaps as pop- ular as any one who ever occupied a pulpit in Boston, his hearers appearing, wherever he preached, to hang on his lips with delight. In 1808 he published a "Collection of Hymns," for tlie use of his society, a number of "Reviews" in the "Monthly Anthology" and otlier periodicals; "The Right Hand of Fel- lOwsliip" at the ordination of the Rev. C. Lowell ; " A Sermon on the Death of Gov. Sullivan," 1609; "On tlie Death of W. Emerson," 1811; and "An Ad- dress before the Phi Beta Kappa So- ciety." D. 1812. BUCQUOI, Charles Bonaventuke de LosGUEVAL, count de, an eminent gen- eral, b. 1551, entered early into the Spanish service, and signalized his valor in the Low Countries. In 1020, in conjunction with the duke of Bava- ria, he entirely defeated the Protestant army near Prague ; but he stauied his laurels by his subsequent cruelties. After having reduced Moravia, he was killed, in 1621, at the siege of Neu- liausel. BUDE, or BUD^US, Willlvm, b. at Paris, 1467, where he d. 1540, spent a youth of dissipation, but at length ap- plied himself so closely to study, that his classical acquirements gained for him the title of the Prodigy of France. He was employed on embassies by Louis XII. and Francis I., to the latter of whom he was secretary and Hbrariun. Bude translated some" treatises from Plutareli, and wrote several works, the chief of which are, his "Tractatus de Assc," and " Commentarii LinguaB Grecae." BUDGELL, Eustace, b. at St. Thomas, near Exeter, about 16S5, and educated at Clirist-churcli, Oxford. Addison, who was related to him, took liim to Ireland, as one of h\s clerks, and in that country Budgell ro->e to offices of great trust and profit, and to be a member of the Irish parliament. While filling those otfices with diligence and honor, he contributed to the "Spectator" ana "Guardian," translated ihe " Cliarac- ters of Tlieophrastus," and wrote vari- ous pieces in verse. The tide of fortune, however, at length turned against him. He was dismissed from his office of ac- comptant and comptroller general of Ireland, for satirizing the lord-lieutenant, who had treated him ill ; he lost £20,000 in the South Sea bubble; he spent £5000 more in vain attempts to obtain a seat in the house of commons; and at last became involved in lawsuits and embarrassments. The finishing stroke was put to his fate, by the setting aside the will of Dr. Matthew Tindall, in which appeared a bequest of £2000 to Budgell. His difficulties, and the dis- grace of having a forgery attributed to him, stung him to tlie heart, and he ended his existence by throwing him self into the Thames, May 4, 1737. Be- sides the works already mentioned he established a periodical called the " Bee," assisted in the "Craftsman," and wrote the "History of Cleomenes," and "Me- moirs of the Family of the Boyles." BUELL, Jesse, a distinguished agri- culturist, who devoted the best part of his life to the ditfusion of knowledge in his finorite branch of practical science. In the year 1813 he established the " Albany Argus," a political paper, which he edited till 18-Jl. He was tor several years a member of the New York legislature, and once a candidate for governor. But he was best known as the editor of "The Cultivator," which attained a large circulation among fanners and others interested in agri- culture. B. 1787; d. 1839. BUFFI ER, Claude, a Jesuit, b. in Poland, of French parents, 1G61, studied at the college of Rouen, where he after- wards held the situation of theological professor. Buffier was employed in the " MOmoires de Trevoux," and likewise produced a great number of theological, raetaphysiciil, biographical, and geo- graphicld works. Several of them were collected in a folio volume, with the title of a " Course of Sciences on new and simple Principles." Though some- times superficial, he is, on the whole, an elegant and instructive writer. D. 1737. BUFFON, George Louis le Clerc, count de, the "Pliny of France," was the son of u counseflor of the parliament bul] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 223 of Pijoii, and was h. September 7, 1707, nt MoiitbarJ, in Burguncly. He studied the law at Dijou, but never practised it; his iuc'liuatious leading him to math- ematical and physical science, and Eu- clid being his constant pocket com- panion. After having travelled into Italy and England, he succeeded to his paternal estate at Montbard, between which and Paris his time was spent. In 1739 he was appointed keeper of the royal garden and cabinet at Paris, the treasures of which he greatly increased. His patent of nobility he obtained in 1771. He was also a member of the French Academy, and of the Academy of Sciences. Biiifon d. April 16, 17S8. As a man, he was fond of dress and display, lax in hi« morals, and immeas- urably vain. Newton, Bacon, Leib- nitz, Montesquieu, and himself, were the only persons whom he would allow to be great geniuses ! His first literary works were, "Translations of Hale's Vegetable Statics," and " Newton's Fluxions." But for liis fame he is in- debted to his " Natural History," in 36 volumes, which lias been naturalized in almost every European language. Though always immethodical, though often inaccurate, ant go to Monniouth-street ; if a suit for lifii, he will go to the Court of Cliancery ; but if you want an eternal suit, yon niust go to'Christ, and put on his robe of righteousness." B. 1(545; d. 1713. — Tnoii.vs, bishop of Salisbury, b. 175i;, at Odihaui, in Hampshire, where his father carried on business as a grocer, was educated at Winchester, obtained a seholarsliip at Corpus Cliristi college, Oxford, in 1775 ; and, by his talents and dUitreuce, in a short period became logic reader and tutor of the college. He had by this time distinguished himself as a scholar of very considerable pretensions, by the publication of several able works ; and he found a patron in Dr. Shute Barrington, who collated him, in 17S7, to the preben.l of Wilsford and Wood- ford, in Salisbury cathedral, and after- wards preferred him to a prebendal stall at Durham. Among his numerous works are editions of " Burton's Penta- logia," and "Dawes's Miscellanea Criti- cal' " Considerations on the Abolition of Slavery," an " Essay on the Study of Antiquities," " First Principles of Chris- tian Knowledge," " Reflections on the Controversial "Writings of Dr. Priest- ley," "Ememlationes in Suida met He- Bycliium et ;iliys Lexicographos Ghecos,'' 4 vols. ; "Tiie Bible, and Nothing but the Bible, the Religion of the Church of England ;" with many others, theologi- cal," classical, and political. Bishop Bur- gess was mainly instruinental in found- ms the Royal Society of Literature, of wiiieh, in 1821, he became the first pres- ident ; but in 18)2, on account of his loss of sight, and other infirmities, he resigned the office in fovor of the late Lord Dover. D. 1837. BURGH, .James, the ableauthor of the " DiLHiity of Human Nature," &c., was a native" of Scotland, and educated at St. Andrew's. Though brought up to a trade, he afterwards filled several situa- tions, more or less connected with liter- ature, and for the last 20 years of his life was master of an academy at Stoke Newincrton. B. 1714; d, 1775. BURGOYNE, .John, a lieutenant-gen- eral of the British army, was a natural Bon of Lord Bingley ; entered early into the army, and in 1762, displayed much talent and enterprise, m conunand of a party of troops' in Portugal. In the American war, he led the army which was to penetrate from Canada into the revolted provinces. At first he was suc- cessful ; but insuperable obstades thick- ening rmind him, he was uliimately compelled to surrender at Saratoga. I>isgusted by the conduct of the minis- try after his' return, he resigned all his eiiiployments. Burgoyne wrote the dra- mas of the "Heiress,"' the "Maid of the Oaks," the " Lord of the Manor," and " Richard Cceur de Lion ;" some pamph- lets in his own defence ; and a '• I'roba- tionarv Ode." D. 1792. BURIDAN, Jonx, a pative of Be thune, in Flanders, b. in the 14th cen- tury, a nominalist philosopher, w;is rec- tor 'of the university of Paris; and has, but erroneously, been deemed the foun- der of the university of Vienna. He is believed to have died about 1358. His memory has been perpetuated by his dilemma of the ass between two bundles of hay, which he used to illus- trate the doctrine of free will, and which has firrown into a proverb. BijRlGNY, John Levesqce, a French writer, member of the Academy of In- scriptions. He wrote histories of Pagan Philosophy ; Sicily ; and the Constant!- nopolitaii "Empire; lives of Grotius, Enismus, Bossuet, and Cardinal dc Per- ron; a treatise on the Papal Authority; and numerous other productions. B. at Rheiins, lii91 ; d. at Paris, 1785. BURKE, Edmund, a celebrated states- man. B. at Carlow, in Ireland, Jan. 1st, 1730; was educated at Dublin, v/here, after three years' residence, he took his bachelors degree, 1749. He aftervvards applied tor the logic professorship at Glasgow, and wlien his solicitations were unsuccessful, he came to London, and in 1753 entered at the Middle Temple. But though possessed of great powers of elocution, he paid no serious attention to the law, considering literature and politics as the fields most favorable for the exertion of his genius. His first ac- knowledged work, which was j)ublished anonymously, was his "Vindication of Natural Society," an admirable imitation of Lord Bolinjrbroke's style and manner of reasoning, which deceived even some of the best'judges. Tliis was followed, in 1757, by ins " Essay on the Sublime and Beautiful." In 1758 Dodsley began athissugcrestion, the " Annua! Register," which owed much of its celebrity to his pen. In 1761 he visited Ireland, as a bdkJ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 237 compiinion of his friend, Singlespeecli Hamilton, by wliose interest he procured a peasioa of £300 on the Irisli estab- lishment, and on his return lie was in- troduced by Mr. Fitzherbert to the notice of Lord Rockingham, first lord of the treasury, who made him hi^ secretary, and had him returned to parliament for Wendover. In 1774, witliout any soli- citation on his part, he was elected for Bristol ; but this seat he lost at the next election, in his having displayed too much liberality of principle, with respect to the Catholics and to Ireland. lie sub- sequently sat for Malton. In the mean while he gave to the public his "Ob- servations on Grenville's State of the Nation;" a "Short Account of a late short Administration ;" " Thoughts on the Causes of the present Discontents ;" and his speeches on American affairs. To the impolitic contest with America be made a strenuous and eloquent re- sistance as a senator. On tlie downfall of Lord North's ministry, Burke obtain- ed the office of paymaster-general, and a seat in the council ; and he availed himself of this opportunity to carry his celebrated reform bill, which he had pre- viously broucfht forward in vain, ihe expulsion of the coalition ministry of course deprived him of his otiice. The prosecution of Mr. Hastings, and the opposition to Mr. Pitt's regency bill, were among his ne.xt and greatest par- liamentary etforts. Though the former of these has drawn down upon him much censure, and even calumny, there can be no doubt that he undertook it as a sacred and imperative duty. This is irrefragably proved by his recently pub- lished letters to Dr. Lawrence. ^^ hen the French revolution took place, he early foresaw the result, aii'l, in 1790, he produced his celebrated " Reflections" on that event. A breach between him and Mr. Fox was also occasioned by their ditference of opinion on this important subject. In 17',i4 he retired from parlia- ment, and a pension of £1200 a year was bestowed on him by the government. From the time when his "Reflections" were published, till his decease, his lit- erary hostility to the doctrines of revo- 'ntionary France was continued with unabated visor. The last work which he gave to the press was "Two Letters on a Regicide Peace:" the concluding two were posthumous. D. July Stli, 1797. His compositions have been col- lected in 16 volumes octavo. In private life Burke was amiable and benevolent; in public, indefatigable, ardent, and ab- horrent of meanness and injustice. It was tliis latter quality whieli rendered him a persevering advocate of the Irish Catholics. As an orator he ranks among the first of modern times; and as f\ writer, whether we consider the splen • dor of his diction, the riclmess and va- riety of his imagery, or the boundless stoi'es of knowledge which he displays, it must be acknowledged that there are few who equal, and none who transcend him. — Aeuaxus, a jud^e of the court of chancery in South Carolina, was a native of Galway, in Ireland. At the beginning of tiie revolution he came as a volunteer, to fight for American liberty. In 1778 he was appointed a judge of the supreme court. In 17S9 he Wius a delegate in congress. D. 1802, aged 59. — John DoLY, author of a history of Virginia, was a native of Ireland, and educated at Trinity college. Coming to America in 1797, he conducted for a short time a paper at Boston, and afterwards at New York, where he was arrested under the sedition law. He was killed in a duel in ISOS. He published a history of Vir- ginia from its first settlement to 180-4, in 3 vols. He published also " Bunker Hill," a tragedy; "Bethlem Gabor," an historical drama, 1803; and an oration delivered March 4, 1808. BURKITT, William, an English di- vine ; author of a " Practical Exposition of the New Testament,"' which has gone through many editions. B. 1650; d. 1703. BURLAMAQUI, Joh.v James, an il- lustrious civilian, b. at Geneva, 1694, was afterwards professor of civil law there. In his " Principles of Natural _ Law," written in French, he is suppo- sed to have incorporated all the best things from Grotius, Puft'endorf, and their commentator Barbeyrac. He pub- lished, some time after, the "Principles of Political Law," which were written in the same languase, and equally well received. D. 1748." BURLEIGH, William Cecil, lord high treasurer of England in the reign of Elizabeth. He was patronized by the Protector Somerset, in Edward V'l.'a reign, and made a privy councillor; and when Elizabeth came to the throne, his political sagacity and the devotion he showed to liis sovereign earned for him the highest honors. His state policy has been admitted on all hands, but it squared little with humanity, as may be gathered from the prosecutions which ho encouraged against the unfortunate Ma- ry, queeu of Scots. B. 1520 ; d. 159S 228 CTCLOP-EDIA OF BIOGKAPHY. 'lBXJU BUKMAN, PzTEB, an eminent critic, . b. at Utrecht, 166S, w;\s professor of his- tory, eloquence, and Greek, first at Utrecht, and afterwards at Leyden.^ He subseqaeotly became professor of his- tory and chief librarian to the United j Provinces. Besides publishing valuable t editions of many of the Latin classics, and ' an edition of Buchanan's work, he wrote Latin poems, and various critical and ' philological dissertations, discourses, and ' epistles. — John, a physician and botan- ist, the pupil of Boerh'aavc, and nephew \ of the celebrated critic. He was profes- sor of botany at Amsterdam. Burman, among other t-hings, published a " CaUi- lo^ue brC.*y!onian Plants," in which Lin- nteus assisted him ; and " Descriptions of rare African and American Plants :" and translated into Latin '" Rnm- phius"s Herbid of Amboyna." B. 1707 ; d. 17S0. — Petek, brother of the bota- nist, b. at Amsterdam, 1714, was brought op by his uncle, whom he assisted in hLs critical labors, and of whom he was no unworthy rival in erudition. He was professor of eloquence at Franeker, and afterwards, professor of poetry, li- brarian, and keeper of the gymnasium, at Amsterdam, where he d. of an apo- flexy in 177S. He wrote a volume of iatin poems, and edited Aristophanes, Claudius, Propertius, and other classical writers. Like his uncle, he was irasci- ble, and was frequently engaged in vio- lent literary quarrels. BURN, Richard, a native of Kirkby Stephen, in Westmoreland, was edu- cated at Oxford, and became vicar of Orton, in his native county, a magistrate, and chancellor of Carlisle. He is the author of the useful book known as " Bum's .Justice ;" a similar work on Ecclesiastical Law ; a " History of the Poor Laws ;" and, in conjunction with Nicholson, a '• Historv of Westmoreland and Cumberland."' "D. 1789. BURXES, Sir Alexandeb, a lieuten- ant-colonel of the British army in In- dia, who filled several important of- fices at Cabool, where he, with his brother Charles and several others, were assassinated in 1841. BURNET, Gilbert, bishop of Salis- bury, b. at Edinburgh, 1643, was a very zealous promoter of the revolution which finally placed the present family on tlie English throne. As a writer, he is distinguished by his " History of the Reformation,'' published between 1679 and lfi«l and for which he had the thanks of both houses of pnrliament. In 1699 he published his "Exposition of the 39 Articles of the Church of En- gland ;" and after his death, which hap- pened March, 1714-15, his -'Histon.- ot his Own Times, with his Life annexed," was published by his son, Thomas Bur- net, atterwards Sir Thomas. — William, eldest soj> of the foregoing, was suc- cessively governor of the colonies of New York^ New Jersey, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire.' He landed at Boston, July, 172S, and was immediate- ly involved in provincial disputes. Ho was a man of learning, and published several works on theolosical and scien- tific subjects. B. 16SS i^d. 1729.— Eliz- BETH, third wife of Bishop Burnet, was the daughter of Sir Richard Blake, knight. "At the age of 18 she married Robert Berkeley," esq., with whom she werft to reside in Holland till the revolution, and after being a widow seven years, she, in 1700, married the bishop" of Sahsbury. The fortune which she possessed was employed to the most benevolent purposes, and the goodness of her heart was displayed in her mattrnal attention to the children of her last husband. She published a method of devotion, a book of merit, wliich showed her great knowledge of religion, and which was again re- printed four years after her death. B. 1661 ; d. 170ii. — Thom.vs, a philosopher and divine, b. at Croft, in Yorkshire, about 163.5, was educated at Cambridge, was appointed master of the Charter- house, m 16?5, and became chaplain and clerk of the closet to King William. As master of the Charter-house, he distin- guished himself by boldly resisting the attempts of James IL to make a Roman Catholic a pensioner of the establish- ment. As a literary character, he ac- quired reputation by various works of merit, but particularly by his " Tclluris Sacra Theorie,'" which he subsequently translated into English, with the title of the "Sacred Theory of the Earth," and which, though its philosophy is radically defective, will always be admired, for the sublimity of its imagery and the elo- quence of its stvle. D. 1715. BURNETT, .JAiTEs, Lord Monboddo, a distinffuislied Scotch judge ; author of a "Dissertation on the Origin of Lan- guage," &c. Though both learned and acute, he exposed himself to much and merited ridicule by asserting the exist- ence of mermaids and satyrs, and by other ridiculous theories, particularly his whimsical speculations relative to a supposed affinity between the human race and ne monkey tribe. B. 1714; burJ CfCLOP-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 229 d. 1779. — George, a modem Enslisli au- thor of snnie tiilent and more iudustrj-. He -n-rote " Letters on the State of Po- land,'" and the " Introduction to Mavor's Universal History ;'' he also edited vari- »us publications, but d. in penury-, 1811. — Gilbert Thomas, a lineal descendant of the celebrated Bishop Burnet, having received a classical and scientific educa- tion, studied with success under medi- cal and anatomical professors ; and ulti- mately became the professor of medical botany at King's college, JLondon. He had for some time previously lectured upon his favorite study at the Hunterian theatre in Windmill-strecl. and to which he owed his appointment to the honor- ary professorship to the Medico-Botani- cal Society, before his election to the chair at Kino^'s college. B. ISOO ; d. 1S:V. BURXEY, Ch.vrles, a doctor of music and literary character of some note, was b. at Shrewsbury, in 1726, and studied music under Dr. Arne. In 1749 he pro- duced at Drury-lane. the musical pieces of "Alfred," '"iJobin Hood." and "Queen Mab." He then settled at Lynn, where he resided nine years, during which period he was employed on his " Gener- al History of Music,'" the first volume of which however he did not give to the press till 1776. In 1760 he returned to the capital, and in 1766 brought out, at Drury-l;ine, an English version of the "Devindu Villase." In 1770 and 1772 he travelled through France and Italy, and Germany and the Netherlands ; of which tours he published interesting narra- tives. He became a member of the Eoyal Society after his second return, and contributed to their transactions an account of young Crotch. Besides the productions already mentioned, and many musical compositions, he pro- duced several works, one of the chief of which is a " Life of Metastasio." in three volumes. D. 1814. — Ch.u?i.es, second son of the preceding, was b. at Lynn, in 17-57, and educated at the Char- ter-hcuse, Caius college. Cambridge, and Aberdeen. After having been an assist- ant to an, academy at Highgate, and afterwards to Dr. Eose, of Chis"wick,. whose daughter he married, he estab- lished a school at Hammersmith, which at a subsequent period he removed to Greenwich. He obtained th.e livinsrs of Deptford and of Clitfe, and a prebend at Lincoln, and was appointed one of the king's chaplains. Dr. Burney was one of the most consummate Greek scholars in Europe. His classical ac- quirements were first displayed in his criticisms in the "MontlilyKevicw." He published an "Appendix to Scapula;" an edition of the •' Choral Odes of ^Es- chylus;'' and other erudite works. His valuable library was purchased for the British Museum. D. 1S17. — James, a son of the historian of music, b. 1789, accompanie,'^ Captain Cook in two of his voyages ; was much beloved by -John- son ; became a rear-admiral, and dis- played a respectable portion of the liter- ar\' talent of his tamily, in a " History of Voyasres of Discovery." 5 vols. 4to; an "Account of the Russian Eastern Voyages :'' and some philosophical tracts. D. of apoplexy, 1820. — Willl\m, master of the royal academy, Gosport ; a school where manydistiniruished naval and military officers have been educated. He was the author of " Lives of the Na- val Heroes of Great Britain," «fcc. B. 1762; d. 1832. BURR, Aaron, president of the col- lege of New Jersey ; eminent as an able and learned divine, and fin accomplished scliolar ; in 1748 was unanimously elected president of the college which he was instrumental in founding, as successor to Mr. Dickinson. The college was re- moved about this time from Elizabeth- town to Newark, and in 17-57, a short time before the death of Mr. Burr, to Princeton. In 17-54 ho accompanied Mr. Whitefield to Boston, having a high esteem fortlie character of that eloquent itinerant preaclur. Mr. Burr published a treatise entitled "The Supreme Deity of our Lord Jesus Christ," maintained in a letter to the dedicator of Mr. Em- Ivn's inquirv; reprinted at Boston in 1791. He published also a " Fast Ser- mon" on account of the encroachments of the French, January 1, 1758; "The Watchman's Answer to the Question, "What of the Night ?'' a sermon, 1756; a funeral sermon on Governor Belcher, 17-5". B. 1714: d. 1757.^ — -Toseph, a philanthropist, of Manchester, ■\'ennont, who gave in his will over -$90,000 to public institutions. D. 1828. — Aarox, third vice-pre-)1 he engaged in business as a flax- dresser, in the town of Irvine ; but his premises were destroyed by fire, and he was obliged to relinquish the underta- king. His father dying, he took a small farm in conjunction with a younger brother; and this scheme also proved unsuccessful. In the mean lime, he had formed a connection with a young woman, whom, on her becoming preg- nant, he would have married ; but lus ruined circumstances induced her friends to object to it. Thus unsuccessful at home, he engaged liiniself as assistant overseer to a plantation in Jamaica. To obtain the funtis necessary for tiie voy- age, he was induced to publisli, by sub- scription, a volume of his poetical eff'ii- sions. It was accordingly printed at Kilmarnock in 1780, and Burns, having derived from the publication the assist- ance he expected, was about to set sail from liis native land, when his purpose was prevented by the communication of a letter from "Doctor Blacklock to a friend of the Ayrshire poet, recom- mending that he should visit Edin- burgh, in order to take advantage of the general admiration his poems liad ex- cited, and publish a new edition of them. This advice was eagerly adopted, and the result exceeded his most san- guine expectations. After remaining more than a year in tlic Scottish me- tropolis, admired, flattered, and cares.-?ed by persons of eminence for their rank, fortune, or talents, he retired to the country with tlie sum of £500, wliieh he had' realized by the second pul)]ica- tiou of his poems'. A part of this sum he advanced to his brother, and with the remainder, took a considcraWp farm near Dumfries, and at the same time procured the office of an exciseman. He now also completed his matrimonial engagement with Miss Armour, the young woman to whom he had been bur] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 231 contrncted. His convivial liabits ere long prevented him from paying a pro- per attention to his farm ; and, after a trial of three years and a half, Ije found himself obliged to resign his lease, and remove to the town of JJumfries, to fol- low his employment as an exciseman. He continued to exercise his pen, par- ticularly in the composition of a number of beautiful songs, adapted to old Scot- tish tunes, for a periodical work pub- lished at Etlinburgh. But his residence in Dumfries was by no means favorable to his habits. His society was courted by the idle, the gay, and the dissipated, who were delighted with his conversa- tion, or cliarmed with his brilliant wit; and, perhaps, many who had little sym- jjathy with the powers of his genius were eager to solicit his acquaintance and society, that they might be able to boast of an intimacy with so extraordi- nary a man. In the winter of 17'J5, his constitution, broken by cares, irregular- ities, and passions, fell into premature decline. The sunmier returned, but only to shine on his sickness and his grave. In July, 17'o'6, a rheumatic fever terminated his life and sufferings at the early age of 37. He left a wife and four children, for whose support his friends and admirers raised a subscription ; and with the same object, an edition of his works, in four vohimes 8vo., was pub- lished by Dr. Curric, of Liverpool. In his person. Burns was about five feet ten iuches high, of afonn that indicated strength as well as agility; his forehead was fiuely raised ; his eyes were dark, large, full of ardor and intelligence. His character, though marred by impru- dence, was never contaminated by du- plicity or meanness. He was an honest, proud, warm-hearted man ; combining sound understanding with high pas- sions and a vigorous and excursive ima- gination. He was alive to every species of emotion ; and he is one of the few poets who have at once excelled in hu- mor, in tenderness, and in sublimity. His songs, his tales, and his poetical epistles display pathos, wit, a vigor of sentiment, and a purity and elegance of style, while his prose is almost equal to his poetry. BUKKILL, James, a distinguished la^N-jer and statesman of Rliode Island, b. at Providence, 1772, was, in 1797, ap- pointed^ attorney-general of tlie state, and continued to discharge the duties of this office for more than sixteen j^ears. In 1813 he was elected to a seat Ui the state legislature, and in the fol- lowing year was chosen speaker of tho house of representatives. In 1816 he was appointed chief justice of the su- preme court, and in the next year was elected to a seat in the senate of tha United States. Of this body he con- tinued a member till his death in 1820. Judge Burrill was eminent as a scholar in general literature; and his moral character was free from reproach or suspicion. His moral and social virtues, united witli intellectual attainments of so high an order, gave him an intluence in the circle of his acquaintance seldom surpassed. BUKKOUGHS, George ; the name of this man ought to be preserved from oblivion, as a memento of the excesses to wliich mankind may be driven, when under tlie influence ot'any powerful de- lusion. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1670, and was a settled min ister in Falmoutli, Maine, now Portland, and afterwards in Salem or Danvers. In 1792 he was prosecuted for witch- craft. The evidence, on wliich he was convicted, could not have been admitted m any court, wliose members were not deeply infected with the prevaiHng mania. The witnesses were allowed to t«ll, that two of his wives had appeared to them, and accused him of being tlie cause of their death ; and threatening if he denied it, they would appear to thein in court. This, they pretended, actually happened, and that they had been thrown into a paroxysm of fear from the horrid apparition. BURROW, Sir James, an eminent English lawyer, author of four vohnncd of •• Reports," an "Essay on Punctu- ation," &c. D. 1782. — Reuben, an able mathematician, author of a tract " On Projectiles," a " Restitution of Apollo- nius on Inclinations," dec. D. 17'Jl. BURROWS, William, an officer in the American navy. In 1799 he re- ceived a midshipman's warrant, and served on board different sliips. In 1S03 he was under Preble in tlie Tripol- itan war. In the war of 1812 he was appointed to the command of the sloop of war Enterprise ; he sailed from Ports- month, and on Sunday, Sept. 5, 1813, fell in with his Britannic majesty's brig Boxer, off Portland, between Scguir and Cape Elizabeth. After an action of 45 minutes, the Boxer was captured, tho commander, Blyth, being killed by a cannon-ball. At the first fire, Lieut. Burrows \\'as wounded, but refused to be carried below. When the sword of his enemy was presented to him, he 233 CTCLOP-EDIA Oi" BIOGRAPHY. [but exclaimed, clasping Ms hands, "I am satisfied ; I die contented." BUETON, Edward, regius professor of divinity in the university of Oxford, and rector of Ewelme, was b. 1794 ; edu- cated at Westminster, and matriculated at Christ-church, Oxford, His talents, close application, and exemplary con- duct did not pass unnoticed; and he rose from one honorable station to an- other. Ilis various pamphlets, and the works he edited, prove that he was able and industrious. D. I806.— John, an English divine and critic, author of various theological treatises, poetry in Greek, Latin, and English, and other productions. D. 3"7T. — Kobekt, an English divine, author of that sin- gular work, '■ The Anatomy of Mel- ancholy;" winch Archbishop Herring describes as "the pleasantest, the most learned, and the most full of sterling sense." The archbishop adds, that the wits of the reigns of Anne and the tirst George were deeply indebted to Burton; and we may venture to say, that the "wits" of the succeeding reigns have been no less so. B. 1576 ; d. 1640. BUSBY, Richard, the venerable mas- ter of Westminster school — celebrated for his abihtii-s as a classical teacher and as an unliinehing disciplinarian— was b. in 1606. He held the situation of head master from 1640 to the time of his de- cease, in 16^.1. BU'SLTIE, Herman von der, a learned German, friend and fellow-laborer of Luther, author of Scholia on ancient writers, Latin poems, &c., &c. D. 1534. BUSCHETTO DA DULICHIO, a Greek architect of the 11th century. He erected the cathedral church of Pisa, the' first specimen of the Lombard ec- clesiastical stvle of building. BUSCHING, Anthont Frederic, an able and industrious writer, to whom the science of statistics is greatly in- debted ; author of a " Magazine of Mod- ern History and Geography;" "Ele- ments of Natural History;" "Character of Frederic IL of Prussia;" "History and Theory of the Belles Lettres," &c. B. IT'24; d. 1793. BUSIIE, Sir Charles Kendal, was one of the most eminent of all the lawyers anu the statesmen that made the courts and the parliament of Ireland so bril- liant towards the close of the 18th cen- tury. Though he had to contend against Buch opponents as Ponsouby, Plunkett, Flood, Grattan, Curran, and Saurin, he was never found unequal to the contest, whether at the bar or in the house. He was raised to ths chief justiceship of Ireland, and made a privy councillor in 1822, and shone in that'high office aa brightly as he had shone as advocate and orator. The infirmities of a very advanced age at length compelled him to retire upon a pension of £3000 per annum. D. 1843. BUTE, John Stuart, earl of, a British statesman, descended from an ancient Scotch family, was b. early in the 18th century. In 1738 he was appointed ouo of the lords of the bed-chamber to Fred- eric, prince of Wales, the father of George III. Soon after the young king's accession, over whom Bute possessed unbounded influence, he was made sec- retary of state, and quickly after, first lord "of the treasury. Under his minis- try, a peace, which disappointed the hopes of the people, was concluded with France and Spain; and what added greatly to his unpopularity, was the marked favoritism he showed for liis countrymen, filling the most lucrative offices 'in the state 'with Scotchmen. Ho at length resigned his offices, and re- tired into private life, which he adorned by his benevolent disposition, and his love of science. Botany was his favorite study, and he expended vast sums in its pursuit. D. 1792. BUTLER, Alban, an English Catho- lic divine. He was for some time chap- lain to tlie duke of Norfolk, but at length became president of the college of St. Oiner's. The chief of his works is the " Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other principal Saints." D. 1773. — Charles, a Roman Catholic, bred to the legal profession, and a most indefatiga- ble and accomplished scholar. He was the author of "Lives of the Saints," "Historical Account of the Laws against the Roman Catholics," "Book of the Catholic Church," &c. B. 1750 ; d. 1832. — .Joseph, bishop of Durham, an ex- tremely learned and able prelate ; au- tlior of the well-known and invaluable work, "The Analogy of Religion, Natu- ral and Revealed, to the Course and Constitution of Nature," and an invalu- able collection of "Sermons." B. 1692; 1752.— Samuel, an English poet, whose principal work, "Hudibras,^' is proha- blv, both in design and execution, the most strikingly original we have. Wit abounds throughout it, and the odd double rhymes "in which the author so much delighted, are singularly well adapted to add point to the ridicule he chose to inflict. His other wcrks ore CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. btl] far inferior to "Hndibras;" and of tho thcusaud imitations of that work, not one has the true ITudilrastic commin- gling of wit, liumor, knowledge of the world, and facility of expression. B. 1612 ; d. 1680. — S.\muel, bishop of Lich- field, a learned and most exemplary En- giisn divine. In IT'.iS he was appointed to the mastership of Shrewsbury school, and, about the same, he was selected for the arduous task of preparing a new edi' tiou of ^schylus for the university press. After receiving several minor prefer- ments, he was, in 1836, promoted to the bishopric of Liclifield. Though a per- fect martyr to ill health, he was a very voluminous author. His "Sketch of Ancient and Modern Geography," and his " Ancient and I*Iodcrn Atlases," arc the best works of their kind. B. 1774; d. 1840. BUTTNER, Christopher William, a German naturalist and philologist, whose zeal in pursuit of his favorite studies was Buch, that in order to buy books, he re- stricted himself to what was barely ne- cessary to sustain life, never making more than one frugal meal a day. B. 1716; d. 1801. BUXHOWDEN, Frederic William, count of, a general in the Russian army. He entered on a military life at an early age, and was engaged in the war against tiie Turks in 1769; till, rising by de- grees, he, in 1704, obtained the com- mand of Warsaw and the administration of Poland. In 1805 he commanded the left wing of the army at the battle of Austerlitz, which advanced while the centre and right win£r were beaten ; but, after the battle of Pultusk, he was su- perseded by Bcnnigsen. He was, how- ever, again made commander-in-chief, and, in^ 1808, conquered Finland. D. 1811. BUXTON, Jedediah, a singularly gifted person, whose powers of calcula- tion, derived solely from nature, have probably never been equalled. It is said that he was asked this most difficult question — "In a body whose three sides are, respectively, 23,145,789 yards, 5,642,732 yards, and' 54,965 yards', how many cubical eighths of an inch are there ?" and that, amid many distrac- tions, he gave the exact answer in little more than five hours ! But it was only in calculating: that he had any intellect- ual superiority ; in other respects, his mind was rather below than above the average. D. 1775. — Sir Thom.\s Fowell, H distinguished philanthropist. B. at Earl's Colne, Essex, in 1786 ; and re- 20 233 ceived his academical education at Trinity college, Dublin. Having, in 1811, joined the firm of Truman, Han- bury & Co., the eminent London brew- ers,' his connection with the locality of Spitalficlds made him personally ac- quainted with the sutferiugs of his poor neighbors; and the powerful appeab he made in their favor in 1816 led to an ex- tensive and well-organized system for their relief. His success in this charita- ble undertaking, induced him (in con- junction with" his sister-in-law, Mrs. Fry, and his brother-in-law, Mr. Hoare,) to 'examine into the state of prisons, and to publish the result of his labors. This not only led to the formation of the Prison Discipline Society, but was the basis upon which many of the modern improvements in jails are founded. In 1818 he was returned M. P. for Wey- mouth, which borough he continued to represent till 1837, when he wjis defeat- ed by Mr. Villiers. During the time he held a seat in the house, his energies were almost unceasingly directed to ameliorate the condition of th.e oppress- ed. He became the recognized success- or of Mr. Wilberforce, and he had tho supreme satisfaction of seeina: his eflforts for the abolition of slavery crowned with complete success. To other subjects of paramount interest, viz. : the reform of the criminal cotle — the civilization of Africa by commercial, agricultural, and missiona'ry enterprise — the support of benevolent institutions, particularly such as had for their objects the education and improvement of the poor, he ap- plied hnnsclf with persevering assidu- itv. D. 1845. 'BUXTOEF, Jonx, a Calvinist divine, professor of Chaldee and Hebrew at Basle ; author of " Thesaurus Linguse HebraiciE," "Institutio Epistolaris He- braica," &c. B. 1564; d. 1629.— John, son of the preceding, and his successor in the professorship" at Basle; author of a"Chaldaic and Syriac Lexicon," &c., besides other classical and theological works. It is recorded of him, that, at the earlv age of four years, he was able to read Hebrew and tiatin.— Two others of the same name, his son and nephew, were also noted for their skill in the Hebrew tongue. BYLES, Mather, D.D., minister of Boston. He graduated at Harvard col- lege in 1725, and was ordained the first pastor of the church in Hollis-street, 1733. It was not long before he attained considerable eminence in his profession, and he became known by his publication 234 CYCLOP-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [btb of several pieces in prose and verse. He i continued to live happily mth his parish until tiie revolution beinin. Falling un- | der the imputation of being a tory, lie •' was in 1776 separated from his people, j by the jealousy and violence of the times, and lie was never afterwards reunited ! to them. In May, 1777, he was de- ; nonneed in town meeting as a person jniinieid to America, and fie was obliged ' to enter into bonds for his appearance ; nt court the June follov.'Ing. He was ] pronoun ced guilty, and soateneed to ' onftnement on board a guard ship, and ; in fortv days to be sent with his lamily i to England. The sentence was after- ' wards altered to confinement in his own house, witli a guard placed over him, ' This was accordingly done for a few ] weeks, and tlien the guard was removed. | A short time afterwards a guard was again placed over him, and again dis- missed. Upon this occasion he observed, in his own manner, that he was guarded, reguar.led, and disreguarded. lie pub- lished a number of essays in tlie •' >ew England Weekly Journal," which are m:irke;l by one of the letters composing the word Celoiai; a poem on the death of George I., and the accession of George II., 1727 ; a poetical epistle to Governor Belcher, on the death of his lady, 173'}. A number of his miscellaneous poems were collected and printed in a volume in 1744. He also published numerous Berinons. D. 17SS. BYNG, John, fourth son of Visconnt Torriiigton, was, like his father, an ad- miral. After having frequently and highly distinguished himself, he was tried by court-martiid for alleged cow- ardice. He was dispatched to the relief of Minorca, at that time blockade4 lie went to Cambridge, imd there became chiefly remarkable for his eccentric habits, and his defiance of the rules of discipline. On quitting Cambridge he took up his residence at Xewstead abbey, and soon after pub- lished his " Hours of Idleness." Al- though marked by some features of juvenility, this production gave un- doubted indications of poetic genius ; but it met with most severe and un- merited censure from the "Edinburgh Eeview." The ridicule thus cist by the critic on the poet was not suffered to rest there ; he exerted his powers, and amply revenged himself in the cele- brated satire"^ of •' English Bards and Scotch Reviewers." About that period he experienced a great disappointment in seeing Miss Chaworth, who had beeu the early object of his love, married to another. His .course of life was now marked by extravagance and dissipa- tion, impairing both his health and tor- tune ; and it was probably to extricate himself from the snares by which be cab] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, 235 was surrounded, that he resolved on an excursion to the Continent. He was ac- companied by liis friend and fellow-col- legiun, JoliU Cam liobhonse, esq. ; and after a stay of two years he returned, and gave to the world the first two can- tos of "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage." This was quickly succeeded by "The Giaour," '• The ' Bride of Abydos," " Lara," " The Corsair," &e. ; and the noble bard became the poetical idol of the day. In January, 1S15, he married Anna Isabella, only daughter of 8ir Ealph Milbanke Noel; but the union was not productive of happiness, and they separated soon after the birth of a daughter This rupture gave rise to many rumors redounding little to Lord Byror.'.s credit, and he again went to the Continent, with a determination not to return to his native country. He often changed his residence; and du- ring his various travels, while he visited the most celebrated parts of the south of Europe, his admirers in England were indulged with the productions of his powerful and versatile genius. In 1823 tiie state of the Greeks awoke his noble feeling of independence ; and, with disinterested generosity he re- solved to devote his fortune, his pen, and his sword to their cause. His en- ergies, however, were no sooner called into action, than he was assailed by dis- ease ; and he expired, of a fever, at Mis- solonghi, on the 19th of April, 1824-, in the 37th year of his age, to the inex- pressible sorrow of the Greeks, by whom he was venerated for his personal exer- tions and liberixl pecuniary aid. With faculties superior to those of most other men, he was capricious and unfixed ; and with a poetic taste that approached the sublime was sometimes mixed a reckless profligacy. In proportion, therefore, as we admire the commanding talents and poetic eloquence of Byron, so are we compelled to deprecate* the selfish pur- poses to which they were too often made subservient. BYTHNER, Victokixus, was a native of Poland, but educated in England, where he finally established hiin.^elf as a physician ; author of " ]^.>ra x-ropheti- ca Davidis Kci^is," &e. T>. IGGi. BZOVIUS, or BZOVSKI, Abraham, a learned Pole ; professor of theology and philosophy. lie wTote the " Lives of the Popes," "Annals of the Church," &c. B. 1567 ; d. 1637. CAAB, or CAB, Ben Zohair, an Ara- bian Jew, rabbi, and poet. He satirized Mahomet so severely, that " the Proph- et" made war on tlie Arabian Jews for the purpose of getting the poet into his power ; but when Mahomet's success was no longer doubtful, Caab became his zealous panegyrist, abandoned Ju- daism for Mahometanism, and was greatly in Mahomet's favor. He is said to have assisted in the composition of the Koran. D. 622. CABANIS, Peter Johx George, a French physician of considerable emi- nence. Becoming intimate with Mira- beau, he was made a member of the council of Five Hundred ; and under the government of Napoleon he was one of the senators. His writings are chiefly medical ; but in addition to these l;e published an interesting account of the last illness and death of Mirabeau. B. 1757; d. 1S07. CABARRUS, Francois, Count, a Frenchman, who havinir settled in Spain in a commercial character, ren- dered that country considerable service in establishing a paper currency, when cut oflf from lier resources in America. He was at\erwards the Spanish minister of finance; to which othce he was aj> pointed by Joseph Bonaparte. B. 1752 ; d. ISIO. CABESTAN, or CABESTAING, WiLLi.vM DE, a Proven9al poet of the 13tli century, celebrated alike for his talents and misfortunes. Having ex- cited the jealousy of Raymond de Seil- lans, he was put to death ; and his Jieart ■ was dressed and served up to the lady, who, on learning the horrible nature oi her repast, died of grief. CABOT, Sebastian, an English navi- gator of great eminence, was the son of a skilful Venetian pilot, who resided at Bristol. He made several voyages with his father, (who had obtained from Henry VIII. letters patent, empowering him and his three sons to discover unknown lands and conquer them,) and they on one occasion discovered Newfoundland, and on another saw the mainland of America, being the first Europeans who had done so. He was amoi'g the first to 236 CYCLOP.«DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [cad notice the variations of the needle. His BkUl in maritime affairs induced Edward VI. to settle a pension on him as grand pilot of England ; and he was consulted on all questions relating to trade and navigation. He published a map of the world, and a work entitled " Naviga- zione nelle parte Septentrionale." B. 1477 ; d. 1557. CABRAL, or CABKARA, Pedro Alvarez, a celebrated Portuguese navi- gator of the 16th century. CACCIA, GuGLiELMO, surnamed, from his place of residence, II Moncalvo, an excellent painter. He executed some fine altar-pieces, but his fame chiefly rests upon his small Madonnas, which are highly valued. D. 1625. CACCINI, GiULio, an Italian musician and composer. In conjunction with Peri, he composed the opera of "Einy- dice,"' on the occasion of the marriage of Henri Quatre and Mary de Medici ; and it is said to have been the first opera perforuied in public. He was also the author of a work entitled " Nuovo Mu- Biciie." I). 1615. — Francesca, daughter of the above, much celebrated at Flo- rence in the 17th century, as a poetess and composer of music. CADAMOSTO, Louis, a Venetian navigator, patronized and employed by the King of Portugal. He discovered tlie Cape Verd Islands. An account of his voyages and discoveries was pub- I lished "after his death, which took place in 1464. CADE, Jack, a noted rebel, a native of Ireland, who, during the feeble gov- ernment of Henry VI., put himself at the head of 20,000 men, collected from the populace in Kent, and marched into London, where he boldly proposed the rectifying of various abuses in the state. Elated with his popularity and success, he next assumed the title of Lord Mor- timer, declaring himself the rightful heir to the throne, as a descendant of Ed- ward III. ; but this extravagance in- duced the citizens to resist him, and the insurgents were compelled to submit to the royal authority. All who returned to their homes were pardoned ; but Cade, who was excepted from the gen- eral amnesty, and for whose body 1000 marks were oS'ered by the government, wandered about the woods of Kent and Sussex for a time, till at length he was discovered, and killed in a garden at Holkfield, Sussex, by a gentleman of Kent, named Alexander Eden. CADET DE VAUX, Anthony Alexis, a French author, editor, and member of various learned societies. He estiihlish- ed the " Journal de Paris," and wrote several works connected with agricul- ture. B. 1743; d. 182S.— De G,\ssi- COURT, Charles Louis, brother of the preceding; author of the "Dictionary of Chemistry," in 4 vols. ; various Travels ; " Letters on London and the English Nation," &c. B. 1769 ; d. 1821. CADMUS, the founder of Thebes. His history, like that of many other ]ier- Honages of high antiquity, is much mingled with fable. It seems certain, liowever, that he was born in Phoenicia or Egypt, and that Greece owed to him the sixteen letters of which its alphabet originally consisted. He flourished in the 16th century b. c. — A Milesian, the first Greek author who wrote a prose history. Dionysius, of Halicarnassus, ascribes to this^writer " The Antiquities of Miletus and all Ionia," but no portion of the work is now extant. CADOG, son of Brychan, a saint, and founder of some churches in Wales in the 5th century. — The Wise, a Welsh bard of the 6th century. He was the first who made a complete collection of British proverbs. CADOG AN, William, first earl of Cadogan, entered the army early in life ; and, after he had attained the rank of brigadier-general, distinguished himself at the battle of Blenheim. He was pres- ent with the duke of Marlborough in all his great victories ; and, at his death, succeeded him as commandcr-in-chiei and master of the ordnance. D. 1727. — William, a skilful English physician; author of a treatise on tlie gout, in which he wisely insists upon abstinence as the best preventive and cure; an "Essay on Nursina:," &c. D. 1797. CADOUDAL, Georges, a famous Chouan cliief. After the ill success of his etilbrts for the restoration of the Bourbons, he came to terms with Gen- eral Bruno, in 1800, dispersed his troops, and proceeded to London. While there he was accused by the French govern- ment of planning the infernal machine, Georges having avowed a personal hos- tility to the first consul. He afterwards, on "receiving the cordon rouge from Charles X., and a lieutenant-general's commission, embarked with Pichegru in a secret expedition, and landed at Falaise. It has been said that the ob- ject was to assassinate Bonaparte, as well as to excite a counter-revolution; and Pitt was accused of sanctioninc; the en- terprise, by a letter to Lord Hutchinson, which is denied. He was traced b.y the c^] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 237 Parisian police, and put under arrest, wliile desccndius; from a cabriolet, du- ring which lie wounded two of the offi- cers ; and, after a summary judicia' process, was executed on tlie 6th of June, 1S04. The two brothers Polignac were also involved in the same process, and condennied to death, but escaped throucrli the humane exertions of Murat. CADWALADYE, Casah., a Welsh poet of the 16th century; some of whose works still remain in MS., and indicate much abilitv. CADWALLADER, Thomas, a phy- Bician of Philadelphia. He completed his medical education in Europe. From 17.')2 to his death he was one of tliepliy- sicians of the Pennsylvania hospital. His dissections for Dr. Shippen were among tlie f arliest made in this country. He published an essay on the Iliac pas- sion, entitled, •' An Essay on the West India D'y Gripes," 1745!i in which he recommended the use of opiates and mild cathartics, instead of quicksilver, theti employed. This was one of the earliest American medical treatises. D. 1779. — John, was appointed by the American congress a brigadier-general in the army, in February, 1777. H.t was a man of inflexible patriotism and un- doubted bravery. He fought a duel with General Conway, in consequence of the intrigue in which Conway was engaged for placing Gates at tiie" head of the army. After the war he was a member of the assembly of Maryland. D. 17S6. CJiDilOX, a Saxon ecclesia.stio, sup- posed to have flourished in the 5th cen- tury. A fragment of a hymn, by this author, is preserved in King Alired"s translation of Bcde ; and is the oldest specimen extant of Saxon poetry. C^SALPINUS, Andrew, aii Italian physician and natural philosopher. This enlightened man in some degree antici- pated the grand discoveries" of Harvey and Linna?us ; his " Quaistiones Peri- patetics?, " containing some hints on the circulation of the blood, and his treatise "De Plantis,"' giving the first example of a system of botanical arrangement, based on similarity of structure. T>. 1603. C^SAR, Caius Julius, the first Ro- man emperor, and one of the greatest men that Rome produced. At the early nge of 16 he lost his father, who was a prajtor; and very shortly after that event, he married Cornelia, the daugh- ter of Cornelius Cinna, the friend of Uarius. ThLS connection gave great oficnce to the po'neiful Sylla who, hav- ing vainly endeavored to brine about a divorce, caused C»sar to be proscribed. Csesar, however, escaped the search that was made after him, and Sylla was at length induced to exempt him from prosecution, though he did so very un- willingly, telling those who interceded with him that "they would repent their kindness, as he could see in Caisar the germ of many Mariuses. Having dis- tinguished himself as an orator in the impeachment of Cornelius Dolabella, he speedily grew a public favorite, and became successively military tribune, quffistor, and anlilc. Tlie profusion with which liQ lavislied bis liberality while in these offices, involved liim very deep- ly in debt ; but having obtained the government of Spain, lie contrived to amass money sufficient for their dis- charge, though they are said to have exceeded a million and a half sterling, a fact which, as he liela the government only a year, says but little for his scru- pulousness as to the means he used for self-aggrandizement. Having united with Pompey and Crassus in the memorable coalition, called "the first triumvirate,'' he became consul, and then obtained the government of Gaul, with the com- mand of four legions. And now it was that his genius had ample scope. His military career was rapid and uriliiaut. Belgians, Helvetians, and Nervians suc- cumbed to him; the German tribes were repulsed, and Gaul was wholly subjected to the Roman power. These transactions, and his invasion of Britain, are beautifully and grapnically related, in his " Commentaries." His successes had the etfcct of exciting the jealousy of Pompey, who had influence enouirli in the senate to cause Csesar to be recalled from the government of Gaul. He re- fused to obey this order, and marched with his army into Italy, Pompey re- tiring into Greece. Havintr seized the public treasury, and commissioned Maik Antony to watch over his interests in Rome, he proceeded to Spain, where a large army remained in Pompey's in- terest, which he defeated, and on his return to Rome was declared dictator. He then followed Pompey into Greece, and defeated him in the memorable battle of Pliarsalia, from which Pompey escaped only to be assassinated in Egypt. Having crushed every attempt at resistance on the part of the sons and friends of Pompey, and having been honored with four several triumphs, he was declared perpetual dictator ; a title 238 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [CAL whicli some of his friends wished to alter to tliat of king. And as the great body of tlie Romau peoj^le, dazzled by his military genius, and gratified by the liberality of his largesses, were insen- sible of, or inditferent to, his thirst for domination, it is more than probable that he would have become an absolute king, but that Brutus and other republicans penetrated his designs, and resolved to make his life a sacrifice to the freedom of his country. Notwithstanding dark hints had been given to him of his dan- ger, he attended a meeting of the senate without taking any measures for the safety of his person, and fell beneath the daggers of the conspirators on the ides of March, in the year 43 b. c, and in the biiih year of his age. — Sir Julius, an eminent English civilian, who filled various important offices in the reigns of Queen Elizabeth and Kings James I. and Charles I. His last office was that of master of the rolls, which he held above twenty years. B. 1557 ; d. 16 ;6. CAFFA, Melchiok, an able sculptor, many of whose works adorned the churches of Rome. D. IG'^7. GAFFARELLI, a republican French general, b. 1756. He protested against thedespotismof Louis XVI., and served with great distinction under Kleber and Moreau on the Rhine, where he lost a leg, and under Bonaparte in P2gypt. lie was killed at St. Jean d'Aere, in 179'.), by a cannon-ball ; and his tomb still re- mains, without the walls. — Gaetano Majorano, a celebrated Italian singer. He studied uiuler Porpira, who made him practise the elements of singing from a single sheet of music paper for five years. lie was so well rewarded for his talent, that lie purcliased the dukedom of Santo Dorato. D. 1733. CAFFIAUX, Joseph, a Benedictine of the congregation of St. Maur, author of the " Genealogical Treiisury," an " Essay towards a History of Music," &c. i). 1777. CAGLIARI, Paul, see Paul Veho- NESE. CAGLIOSTRO, Alexander, Count, the assumed title of an impostor, whose real name was Joseph Balsamo. He was D. at Palermo; and having lost his fa- ther at an early age, he was placed under the protection of the friars of mercy, whose order he entered as a novice. Here he acquired the elements of chemistry and physic; but he speed- ily m.ade his escape, and committed so many frauds in Palermo, that he was obliged to abscond. After visiting va- rious parts, he at length reached Naples, where he married a woman of as aoan- doned a disposition as himself, with whom he travelled to Spain, Portugal, and England, pretending to supernatu- ral powers, and wringing considerable sums from those who became his dupes. In England this exemplary couple estab- lished an order of what they called Egyptian Masonry, and as their dupes were of the higher order, they easily obtained from them the loan of valuable jewels, on pretext of some intended ceremonials. With these they went off to Paris, and lived there in the utmost extravagance. The count, however, was thrown into the Bastile, on a charge of being concerned in the fraud of the celebrated diamond necklace of Marie Antoinette; and when he obtained his liberty, he judged it high time to quit F^rance. He then went to Italy, where his wife divulged some of his crimes to the Inquisition, and he was confined in the 'ungeons of the castle of St. Angelo. D. rr94. CAIETAU, the assumed name, taken from that of Ids birtliplace, of Thomas de Vio, a Neapolitan monk, and sub- sequently general of his order, author of a work on the "Power of tlie Pope," which procured him the archbishoprio of Palermo, and a cardinalate ; "Com- mentaries on Aristotle and Aquinas," &c. D. 1534. CAILLE, Nicholas Louis de la, an eminent French mathematician and as- tronomer, author of " Elements of As- tronomy," and of numerous other valu- able works of science. B. 1713; d. 1762. CAIUS, otherwise GAIUS, an emi- nent Roman lawyer, author of a valuable body of letral institutes. He died about the bcsinniiig of the 3d century. CALAMY, Edmund, a Presbyteri.m divine. He was educated at Cambridge, and obtained a living; but he resigned it, and joined the noncontbrinists, rather tiian comply with the order for reading the "Book of Sports." He entered warmly into the religious disputes of the time, and was one of the writers of the treatise against episcopacy, entitled, from the initials of its authors, " Smec- tymnuus." Though lie preached before the house of eonimons, and was one of the assembly of divines at Westminster, he opposed Jaoth the execution of Charles I. and the subsequent domination of Cromwell. At the death of the lattsr he actively aided in the restoration, and became chaplain to Charles II. The act of uniformity ciused him again to se- calJ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. 239 2edc, and l.c d. in retirement in I606. — Ebmund, grandson of the above, and a dissenting minister of great note. He Was a \ery voluminous writer. Besides numerous sermons, and controversial tracts against Echard, Hoadley, and others, lie published an abridtrn^eut of " Jiaxler's History of his L)i(3 and Times," with numerous supplementary articles. D. 1732. CALANUS, an Indian philosopher, much esteemed by Alexander the Great. At the age of 83, being aiilicted with a painful illness, he caused a funeral pile to be erected, which he ascended with a composed countenance, and expired in the names, saying, that having lost his health, and seen Alexander, life had no more charms for him. GALAS, John, a merchant of Tou- louse, memorable as the victim of judi- cial murder. His eldest son committed pulcinle: and as he was known to be attached to the Eoman Catholic faith, a rabble cry arose that he had on that ac- count been murdered by his father. It was in vain that the unhappy parent pointed out the fact that he had a Eo- man Gatliolic servaiat who was unin- jured. He was condemned literally without the shadow of a proof of his guilt, and put to death by being bwken on the wheel. Voltaire and other; sub- sequently caused the process to be re- vised, and the unhappy widow procured a pension. The unjust and ignominious death of Galas took place in 17G2. GALCAGNINI, Gcelio, an Italian military officer, who bore arms under the Emperor Maximilian, and Pope Julius II., and was disting\iished equally as a soldier'and a negotiator. Quitting the profession of arms, he became pro- fessor of belles lettres in the university of Ferrara. His Latin poetry was much esteemed, but as a prose writer he is more valuable for his matter than for his style. D. L541. CALDARA, PoLiDORO, b. at Garavag- gio, 149"i, went to Rome in his youth, carried bricks, at first, for the masons who worked in the Vatican, and felt a great desire to become a painter, from seeing several painters who were occu- pied in the Vatican. Raphael employed him in the galleries of that palace, where lie painted, under his direction, several excellent friezes. At Messina, he exe- cuted an oil painting which represents Christ bearing the cross, contains a number of beautiful figures, and proves his ability to treat the most elevated eubjects. He has approached, more ) than any one, to the style and the man- ner of the ancients, particularly in imi- t;iting their hasso-relievos. His figures are correct, well-distributed anci ar- ranged ; the positions are natural, the heads full of expression and character. It is evident that he would have acquir- ed great celebrity if he had undertaken greater works. He applied himself to the chiaro-oscuio, particularly to that kind of it which is called sprajfi'ato, but showed, also much talent in his landscapes. At the sack of Rome, in lo27, he fled to Naples, and on his re- turn from that place to Rome, in 1543, was murdered by a domestic. — A cele- brated composer of the 18th century, b. at Venice, 1714, and d. 1763. Ilia church compositions are still in repute. GALDAS, Francis Joskph, a distin- guished Spanish naturalist. He was employed by the congress of New Gra- nada to complete the Flora of Bogota, when the disturbed state of public affairs interrupted the work ; and this unfortu- nate gentleman and his colleague, Don Lozano, having sided with the patriot party, were put to death by the Spanish general Murillo, in 1816. GALDERON. Don Pedro Galderon DE LA Barca Henao y Riano, descended from an ancient family, was b. at Madrid, Jan. 1, loOl, received his early educa- tion in the Jesuit's college of his native city, and studied at Salamanca, where he devoted himself chiefly to history, philosophy, and jurisprudence. His poetical genius early discovered itself, havintr even before his 14th vear written his first play, " El Garro del Gielo." His talent for this species of poetry, which has brought his name down to posterity, and, perhaps, his powers of invention in the preparation of entertainments or festivals, soon gained him friends and pa- trons. When lie left Salamanca, in 1625, to seek employment at the court of Ma- drid, many noblemen interested them- selves in bringing forward the young poet. But, having an indinatioi: for the military profession, he entered the ser- vice in 1625, and bore arms with distinc- tion for 10 years in Milan and the Nether- lands. In 1636 he was recalled by Philip IV., who gave him the direction of the court entertainments, and, in particular, the preparation of plays for the court the- atre. Tlie next year lie was made knight of the order of San .Jago, and served in the campaign in Catalonia. The unex- pected termination of the war restored him again to his peaceful occupation. The king now conferred on him a month- 240 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGKAPHT. [CAL ly pension of thirty escudos d' oro ; but he still employed his talents with unin- termitted industry in composing for the theatre and the church. Tlie king pared no cost in the representation of his theatrical pieces. Ten years after, in 1651 , he procured permission from the order of Sun Jago to enter the clerical profession, and, in 1653, obtained a chaplain's office in the archiepiscopal church at Toledo, without quitting, how- ever, h.is former occupation. But, as this situation removed liini too far from court, he received, in 16(53, another nt the king's court-chapel, (being still allow- e 1 to hold the former,) and, at the same tiiue, a pension was assigned him from t le Sicilian revenue. His fame greatly increased his income, as he was solicited by the principal cities of Spain to com- pose their autos sacrumentales, for which he was liberally paid. He bestowed par- ticular pains on the composition of these pieces, and, in fact, eclipsed all that the Spanish literature, so rich in this depart- ment of fancy, had hitherto produced. Eeligion is tlie ruling idea, the central Eoiut, of his poems. Whatever subject e handles, he exhibits true poetical genius. Even allowing that he is infe- rior in richness of invention to Lope de Vega, he certainly excels him in fineness of execution, elevation of feeling, and aptness of expression. The Spanish na- tion esteem Calderon among the greatest poetical geniuses, and many f^iults in his writings are certainly to be attributed to the age and circumstances of the author. Among his dramatic works are many pieces of intrigues, full of complicated plots, and ricb in stirring incidents. There are, besides, heroic comedies and historical plays, some of which merit the name of tragedies. To this class belongs the " Constant Prince," which deserves an honorable place among ro- mantic tragedies of the first rank. Be- sides these, he has left 95 autos sacra- mentales, 200 loas, (preludes,) and 100 saynetes, (farces.) He wrote his last play in the 81st year of his age. The smaller poems of Calderon, his songs, sonnets, ballads, &e., notwithstanding the ap- plause which they received from his co- temporaries, are now forgotten : but his plays have maintained their place on the stage even more than those of Lope dc Vega. The number of his collected plays amounts to 128. He wrote, how- ever, many more, some of which were never published. D. May 25th, 1687. CALDERWOOD, David, a Scotch Presbyterian divine of the reign of Charles IL His opposition to episcopa- cy caused him to be banished, and he went to reside in Holland, where he published his celebrated " Altaire De- masceuum." He subsequently returned to Scotland, and by his writings aud personal exertions greatly aided in the estabii..iiment of Presbyterianism. D. 1651. C.\LENIUS, Walter, a native of Wales and one of its historians. He was archdeacon of Oxford in 1120. CALENTIUS, Elisius, a Neapolitan poet and prose author. He was precep- tor to Frederic, the son of Ferdinand, king of Naples, and the earliest writer on the illegality of putting criminals to death except for murder. J). 1503. CALEPINO, Ambrose, an Italian granunarian and philologist : author of a very valuable "Polyglot Dictionary," and other learned and useful works. t>. 1510. CALpyrTI, Giuseppe, surnamed Ii Cremonese, an admirable Italian painter. His principal picture is that of St. Mark, in the church San Benedetto, at Ferrara. In some of his works he so closely imitated Titian, that connoisseurs can scarcely distinsuisli them. D. 1660. CALHOUN, .John Caldwell, one of the most eminent of American states- men, was of Irish descent, but b. in Abbeville district, S. C, on the 18th March, 1782. The fiiniily originally re- sided in Pennsylvania," but i-emoved thence to Virginia, and afterwards to South Carolina. In 1S02 he was sent to Yale college, studied law in Litch- field, Conn., and in 1807 was admitted to the bar of his native state. lie was elected to the legislature the next year, and in 1811 was chosen to congress, where he soon greatly distinguished himself by his logical power as a debater, and where he remained till 1817, when he was made secretary of war, under President Monroe. In 1825 he was elected vice-president of the United States, and in 1831, a senator. In 1843 he was made secretary of state, and again became senator in 1845. Thus from the year 1821 till his death, March 31st, 1850, he was rarely absent from Washington. In all the political ques- tions which arose during that time he took an active and prominent part, gen- erally on the side of extreme state rights. His speeches were full of thought and knowledge, terse, bold, and manly, and his character was one of the greatest integrity and elevation. He left behind him several works on political subjects, which are soon to be published. cal] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. 241 CALKrULA, Caits Cesar Augustus Gerhanicus, thi Roman emperor and tyrant, began Lis reigu a. d. 37, with every promising appearance of becom- ing the real father and friend of his people ; but at the end of eight months lie was seized witli a fever, which, it is charitably presumed, must have perma- nently deranged his intellect, for his dis- position totally changed, and he com- mitted the most atrocious acts of impiety, cruelty, and folly. He caused sacrifices to be offered to himself, his wife, and his favorite horse; murdered many of his subjects with his own hands : had others put to the rack while he was enjojnng his meals, or beheaded in his presence. But in the midst of his enor- mities he was assassinated by a tribune of the people, as he came out of the thei-tre, a. d. 41, in the 29th year of his age. CALIPPUS, a Greek mathematician of the 4th century b. c, famous for hav- ing corrected the cycle of 19 years, invented by Meton, to show the corre- spondence of time in the revolutions of the sun and moon. CALLCOTT, John Wall, doctor of music, an eminent English composer. The Nobleman's Catch-club having pro- posed a prize, he sent in a hunclred compositions. It was then ruled that no individual should send more than three compositions of a sort ; and Call- cott accordingly, in 1789, sent twelve, four of which gained the four medals. For many years he carried olf at least one annual prize, until 1793, when the prizes ceased to be given. He wrote, besides glees, catches, and other com- positions, a "Musical Grammar," and made some progress with a " Musical Dictionary." B. 1766; d. 1821.— Au- gustus Wall, brother of the above, an eminent English landscape painter, b. at Kensington, 1779. Origrinally a chor- ister in Westminster abbey, he was induced to try his hand at portrait paint- ing; and such was his success, that he immediately followed the new pursuit to which his inclination pointed. Year after year his reputation increased ; and from 1799, when he first submitted a speciiTien of his abilities for exhibition at the Eoyal Academy, till 1810, when he was elected a royal academician, he had advanced almost to the summit of his profession. For many years his pictures of sea-coast views and Eno-lish inland Bccnery were in considerable request ; nor were they ever deficient in number, his industry being on a par with his 21 ability. On his marriage with the widow of Captain Graham, they made a conti- nental tour, and it was evident soon after his return that his study of Italian scenery and the Italian masters had wrought an entire change in his style of composition. No longer did we see rural scenes of England — mills, market- carts, or ferry-boats; but "Morning" and "Evening," Italian compositions; " Sunset near Canneglia," " Italian Girls at their First Communion," and others of that class. Thoucrh for a time, how- ever, he had abandoned, he had not forgotten the studies of his earlier years ; and in 1837 the public were both sur- prised and delighted with a large picture of " EaSaelle and the Fornari'na," with figures the size of life. In that year he received the honor of knighthood. D. 1844, aged 65. — Maria, Lady, daughter of Rear-admiral George Dnndas, b. 1779. was married at a very early age to Cap- tain Graham, R. N. ; she accompanied him to India, returned to England, and published her travels in the three presi- dencies before she was 24 years of age. Some years later she accompanied her husband to South America, where he died, and she was in Chili during the terrible earthquakes of 1822-3. Besides the "Travels" above named, she pub- lished a " History of Spain," a "Scrip- ture Herbal," and several minor works. Her second husband was Sir Augustus Callcott, the artist. D. 1842. CALLET, .loHN Francis, a celebrated French mathematician, hydrographer, and engineer; author of a " Memoir on the Discovery of the Longitude," a "Supplement to Bezout's Trigonome- try," and a "Table of Logarithms, from 1 to 108,000." D. 1798. CALLIMACHCS, a sculptor and ar- chitect of Corinth. He is said to have invented the Corinthian order of archi- tecture, and to have taken the hint of its capital from a plant of the acanthus which surrounded a basket covered with a tile on a tomb. He flourished in the 6th century b. c.^A Greek poet and historian. The remains of his writings, consisting of elegies, hymns, and epi- grams, have been published by several eminent editors, and translated into En- glish by Dodd and Tytler. CALLINUS, a Grecian orator and poet, supposed to have lived in the 8th century b. c. Some of his poetry is in the collection of Stobteus, and he is said to have been the inventor of elegiac verse. CALLISTHENES, a Greek pliiloso. 242 CyCLOP.^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [CAL plier and poet, a relative and pupil of Aristotle, by whom he was recoininend- ed to Alcxiuuler the Great, lie accom- panied that prince in the expedition against Persia, and was at first much esteemed by him. It seems, however, that the philosopher had no snvill por- tion of arroguice, a quality not likely to serve him with a despotic and imtable prince. He crowned the offences of his tree spi^akintf by boldly reprobating Alexander's assumption of divine hon- ors. For this he was put to death. C ALLOT, .James, an eminent French engraver. His platesare very numerous and hiijhly esteemed, and his drawings scarcely less so. D. 163(i. CALLY, PiKRRE, a French divine and philosopher. He was a stanch Cartesian, and was much engaged in pliilosophi- cal controversies. He also distinguish ed hin?self in converting Protestants to the chureli of Kome. In addition to his controversial works, he wrote some sermons, and an " Introduction to Philosophy," and edited "Bocthius de Consolatio'nc." D. 1709. CALMET, AuGusTiN, a Fre'nch Bene- dictine abbot of Simones ; antlior of a "Universal History," "Dictionary of the Bible," and other learned and well- known works. B. 1()72; d. 17")7. CALONNE, CuAKLEs Alkxander de, an eminent French statesman, wlio suc- ceeded Neeker as comptroller-general of the finances in 1783; but afier four years of incessant endeavors at financial reform, was obliired to i-etire to En- gland. He wrote " Observations sur plusieurs Matieres du Droit Civile ct Coutumier." (tc. B. 1734; d. 1802. CALPEENEDE, Walter de Costes, lord of, a French nobleman and friend of the irrcat Conde, who is said to have aided hira in the composition of "Cas- sandra," "Pharamond," &c., volnnii- nous romances, once very popular, but now sunk into almost entire oblivion. D. 1663. CALVARE, Denis, an eminent Dutch painter, wlio had the honor of giving tlie earliest instructions to Gnido, Alba- no, and Domenichino. His chef-Xmuvre is the picture of St. Michael, in the church of St. Peter, at Boloirna. D. 1619. CALVERT, George, first Lord Balti- more, an EnLrlish statesman. He was for some time B:'cretary of state to James L, but was ol)lisred to resign his otiice ou becom'njaRoman Catholic. Pie did not lose the favor of the king, how- «)ver; but obtained a valuable srrant of land in America, and by his wise and just conduct formed the c?L->ny which has in modern times increased to tho populous and wealthy state of Maryland. D. 16)2. — Frederick, seventh Lord Bal- timore; author of a "Tour to the East, with Remarks on Constantinople and the Turks," "Coelestes et Inferi," &c. D. 1771. — Frederick, an ingenious and enterprising artist residing in London, whose numerous drawings and litho- graphic prints afford ample evidence botii of ills versatility and untiring as^ siduity. D. 1835. — Leonard, first gov- ernor of Maryland, was the brother of Ceeilius Calvert, the proprietor, who sent him to America as the head of the colony, in 1638. He arrived with his colony at Point Comfort, in Virginia, 1634. On the 3d of March he proceeded in the bay of Chesapeake to the north- ward, and entered the Potomac, np which he sailed twelve leagues, ana came to an anchor under an island, wliich ho named St. Clement's. Here he fired his cannon, erected a cross, and took possession, "in the name of the Saviour of the world, and of the king of England." Having obtained an in- terview with the Werowance, or prince, Calvert asked him whether he was will- ing that a settlement should be made iu his own country. He replied, " I will not bid you go, neither will I bid you stay ; but you may use your own" discre- tion." Having convinced tlie natives that his designs were honorable and pacific, the governor now sought a more suitable station for commencing his colony. He visited a creek on the north- ern side of the Potomac, about four leagues from its mouth, where was an Indian village. Here he acquainted the prince of the place with his intentions, and by presents to him, and his princi- pal men, conciliated his friendship so much as to obtain permission to reside in one part of the town until the next harvest, when it was stipulated the na- tives should entirely quit the place. Thus the governor took peaceable pos- session of the country of Maryland, and gave to the town the name of St. Mary's, and to the creek on which it was situa- ted tlie name of St. George. The prov- ince was established on the bro.ad foun- dation of security of property and of freedom of reliirion. This liberal policy rendered a Roman Catholic colony an asylum for those wlio were driven from New England by the persecutions which were there experienced from Protest- ants. The governor superintended the affairs of the country till the civil war in cam] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 243 Enprl.ind, when the name of a papist be- came so obnoxious that the parlianieut assumed the government of tiie prov- ince, and appointed a new arovernor. On tlie restoration, Ceeilius Calvert re- covered his right. D. 1676. CALVI, Lazzaro, an able Italian art- ist, but of so jealous and evil a disposi- tion, that he poisoned an artist who rivalled him ; and, on finding Luca Cam- braso's portion of the decoratiofi of a church preferred to Ids own, abandoned his own ])rofession, and did hot resume it for 20 vears. D. 1606. CALVIN, properly CAUVIN, John, after Luther the most eminent of the religious reformers. His writings, both controversial and practical, were very numerous, and marked by great vigor and pci'spicuity ; and though they are now little read, the principles they in- culcate are held by a vast body in all countries in which the reformed religion is established or tolerated. Tliere is, however, a deep stain in the character of this reformer. While vindicating tiie liberty of conscience, he so far forgot his own principles and disobeyed the behests of the gospel, as to consign to the flames the unfortunate Servetus. The principal work of Calvin is his " Christian Institutes." B. at Noyon, in Picardy, l."09; d. 1564. CALV'ISIUS, Sellius, a German wri- ter; author of "Onus Ckronologieum," a work much praised by Scaliger and other learned men; a treatise on music; a work against the Gregorian calendar, &c. He also composed several psalms and other pieces of church music. D. 1615. CAMBACERES, Jean Jacques Regis, duke of Rome, &c., raised to distinction by tiic French revolution, was b. at Montpelier, in 1733, brought up to the legal profession, and by his talents soon attracted the notice of the convention, by whom he was appointed to various judicial offices. In the discussion rela- tive to the fate of Louis XVI., although he was one who declared him guilty, yet he disputed the right of the convention tojudtre him, and voted for his proviso- ry arrest, or, in case of hostile invasion, his death. For a time he had the man- atrenient of foreign affairs ; and wiien Bonaparte was first consul, Cambaceres was cliosen second consul. At\er Napo- leon became emperor he was an especial favorite, and was created archchancel- lor, grand officer of the legion of honor, ind ultimately duke of Parma, and presi- dent of the chamber of peers. lu fine, he always showed a sincere attachment to Napoleon, and devoted his best ener- gies to his cause; and though he was banished on the second restoration of Louis XVIII., yet he was afterwards allowed to return to Paris, where he d. in 1824. CAMBRIDGE, Adolphus Frederic, duke of, the seventh and voungest son of Georaro III., wash. 1774; d. 1850. CAMBEONNE, Pierre Jacques Etienne, baron de, a distinguished French general, was b. at Nantes, 1770. Entering the army in 1790, he served with distinction in the campaigns of the republic and the empire. He accom- panied Napoleon to Elba in 1814, re- turned with him in 1815, commanded a division of the Old Guard at the bat- tle of Waterloo, refused to surrender, though his men were nearly destroyed, and fell into the hands of the English, after being severely wounded. In 1816 he was brought liefore a council of war; but though unanimously acquitted, he was placed in retirement, and did not re-enter his country's service till 1830. The celebrated words, " La Garde monrt, et ne se rend pas," are attributed to him. D. 1842. CAMBYSES, king of Persia, succeed- ed his father, the great Cyrus, in 529 B.C. He was of a violent and vindictive disposition, which he manifested equal- ly by his invasions of Egypt and Ethi- opia, and by his cruel treatment of his own snbiects. D. 521 b. c. CAMDEN, Charles Pratt, Earl, a distinguished British lawyer and states- man, was the third son of Sir John Pratt, chief justice of the court of King's Bench, b. 1713. In 17,57 he was ap- pointed attorney-general ; and in 1762 made chief justice of the common pleas. In 1765 he was created a peer, and the year Ibllowing advanced to the dignity of lord chancellor. On the question of libels Lord Camden always opposed the doctrine laid down by high authority, viz., that juries were only the judges of the matter of fact, and not of the law. In 1782 he was appointed president of the council, which office he resigned the following year ; but he was afterwards reappointed, and held it till his death in 1794. — John .Jeffreys Pratt, mar- quis of, was b. in 1759, being the only son of Ciiarles, first Earl Camden, some time lord high chancellor of England. He was educated at Trinity college, Cam- bridge ; and in 1780 he was returned to parliament as one of the members for Bath ; stortly after which he received 244 CYCLOP^UIA OF MOGRAPHY. [cam the appoic trneut of one of the tellers of the exchequer. lu 1794 he suceoeded his father iu the peerajre, and the year following he was made lord lieutenant of Ireland. For his eminent services to the state, he was created Marquis Cam- den and earl of Brecknock in 1812. D. 1840.— William, a learned English an- tiquary. He received his early educa- tion at Christ's hospital, and subse- quently studied at O.^ford, where he took liis B.A. degree. After tilling the situations of second and chief master of Westminster school, his proficiency in antiquarian lore procured him the lion- | orable and lucrative office of Claren- cieux king-at-arms. In addition to his great and well-known work, "Tlie Britannia," he published "Annals of Queen Elizabeth," a Greek grammar, &c. B. 1551; d. 1623. CAMERARIUS, Joachim, a learned German writer, the friend and biogra- pher of Melancthon. B. 1500 ; d. 1574.— Joachim, son of the above; author of Boine botanical essays, &c. B. 1534 ; d. 1598. CAMEEON, John, a Scotch Protest- ant divine, who, after filling the divin- ity chair at Glasgow, obtained that of Montauban, in France. Mild by nature and tolerant by Christian philosophy, he endeavored to mediate between Protest- ants and Catholics; but some zealots belonging to the latter caused him to be so severely assaulted, that he died from the effects'of the brutal attack. D. 1 625. CAMILLA, daughter of Metabus, king of the V'olsci. On succeeding her fatlier she distinguished herself in arms, and fell in battle assisting Turnus against iEneas. CAMILLUS, Marcus FcKius, a Koman feneral. After obtaining the highest onors from his applauding compatriots he was charged with peculation, and went into e.\ile. But when Brennus and his Gauls besieged the capital, Camillus nobly set aside his private feelino-s, hastened to Koine, and freed it from the barbarians ; after which he was made dictator. D. 365 b. c. OAMOENS, Luiz de, the most cel- ebrated poet of the Portuguese, was b. at Lisbon, probably in 1524; for it ap- Eears, from a catalogue of persons em- arking for the East Indies in 1550, that Camoens, whose age is there given at twenty-five years, offered himself as a volunteer for the campaign. His father was a sea-captain, and perished by ship- wreck, on the coast of Goa, in 1556. Camoens studied, at Coimbra, and hav- ing coicpleted his education, re nuned to Lisbon, where he fell deeply in love with a lady of the palace, Catharine d'Attayde. ' He was exiled to Santarem, on account of disputes in whicli thii'love involved him. From despair he became a soldier, and served in the fleet which the Portuguese sent against Morocco. He composed poetry in the midst of battles ; and, as danger kindled his genius, so genius animated his courage. An arrow having deprived him of his right eye before' Ceuta, he naturally hoped that his wounds would receive a recompense, though his talents were not appreciated ; but envy opposed his claims. Full of indignation at seeing himself neglected, he embarked, in 1553, for India, and landed at Goa. His powerful imagination was excited by the heroic deeds of his countrymen in this quarter ; and, although he had much reason to complain of them, he eould "ot resist the desire of celebrating their glory in an epic. But this vivacity of mind> essential to the poet, is not easily uuitec! with the moderation which a dependent condition demands. Camoens was dis- pleased with the abuses of the govern- ment in India, and wrote a satire, which caused his banishment to Macao, where he lived several years in no other society than that of nature, and composed his Lusiad, the subject of which is Va.sco da Gama's expedition to India. The parts of it which are best known are the episode of Ines do Castro, and the ap- pearance of Adamastor, who, by means of his power over the storms, aims to stop Gaina's voyage, when he is about to double the Cape. Tiie versification of; the Lusiad has something so charm- ing and splendid, that not only culti- vated minds, but even the common people, are enraptured by its magic, and learn by heart and sing its beautiful stanzas. Beina: at last recalled from his banishment, at the mouth of the river Mecon, in Coeliin-China, he was ship- wrecked, and saved himself by swim- ming ; holdinir in one hand, above the water, the manuscript of his poem, the only treasure which tie rescued from the waves, and which was dearer to him than life. In Goa, he encountered new persecutions ; he was confined in prison for debt, and not allowed, until his friends became responsible for him. to embark and return to Lisbon, in 1569. King Sebastian, yet hardly past the age of childhood, took an int'erest in hitn. He accepted the dedication of his epic, (which appeared in 1572,) and, being on cam] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. 215 the point of embarking on his expedi- tion agiiitist Ui» Moors in Africa, lie felt, more sensibly tlian others, the ge- nius of the poet, who, like him, loved dangers if they led to glory. But Sebas- tian was killed in a battle before Alcacar, in 1578, when every source of assist- ance, as well as every hope of Cainoens, was destroyed by this event. So great was his poverty, that at night, a slave whom he had brought with him from India, begged in the streets, in order to support the life of his master. In this misery he yet wrote lyric poems, some of which contain the most moving com- plaints. This hero of Portuguese liter- ature, the ornament of his country and of Europe, d. at last, in 1579, in the hospital at Lisbon. CAMPAN, Jeanne Louise IIenkiette DE, distinguished no less for her amia- bility than her acquirements, was b. at Paris, 1752. Attached to the court in the capacity of companion to the French princesses, she was particularly dis- tinifiiished by Marie Antoinette, whose good and evil fortune slie shared with affecting fidelity and devotion. Aftei- the revolution she instituted a celebrated educational establishment at St. Ger- mains; she was subsequently appointed by Napoleon head of the institution for the education of the daughters of officers whom he had enrolled in the legion of honor; but at\er the restoration of the Bourbons, this establishment was dis- solved, and lier relationship to Marshal Ney invohed her in various unpleasant investigations which imbittered her life. She d. in 1S22, leaving behind her, be- eides a respected name, many etluca- tional works, (of which her " Education des Filles" deserves particular notice,) and valuable memoirs, rich in interest- ing sketches of the private life of her former mistress and friend. CAMPAN ELLA, Thomas, an Italian monk of the Dominican order. Having strongly opposed the Peripatetic philos- ophy, his enemies caused him to be ac- cused of conspiracy, and he was confined first at Naples and afterwards at Rome. From the latter place he escaped to France, where Cardinal Richelieu ob- taineil him a pension. His best works are " De recta Ratione Studendi," and " Aphorisma Politica." D. 1639. CAMPBELL, Ar(;iiii5Ald, marquis of Argyle, a zerilous and gallant partisan of the (Covenanters. At the restoration of Claries IT. the marquis was commit- .ed tj the Tower. After remaining a orisoner about five months, he was sejjt 21* to Scotland, where he was tried for higl" treason, and beheaded in 1661. — Aechi- BALD, earl of Argyle, son of the above, and a zealous adherent of the royal cause, was excepted from the general pardon issued by Cromwell in 1654. Though he defeated the endeavors of his enemies to bring him to the seatfold, he most unfortunately ventured to re- turn from Holland, where he had found shelter, and being apprehended, was conveyed to Edinburgh, and beheaded in 1685. — John, duke of Argyle and of Greenwich, was distinguished equally as a soldier and a statesman, lie was briffadicr-general at the famous battle of Ramilies, and commanded with bril- liant effect at Oudenarde and Malplaquet. To tliese services he added that of beat- ing the earl of Mar at Dumblain, and compelling the Pretender to quit the kingdom. These actions, and his ex- ertions in bringing about the union, were rewardetl with the garter and the English dukedom of Greenwich. He also held several offices, of which SirR. Walpole deprived him, but which he regained on that minister's removal. B. 1671; d. 1743. — Archibald, a relative of the above, and bishop of Aberdeen ; author of the very scarce and curious work, " The Doctrine of a Middle State between Death and the Resurrection.^' He resigned his bishopric in 1724, and d. 1744. — George, a Scotch divine, princi- pal of Marischal college, Aberdeen, and professor of divinity" there ; author of the " Philosophy of Rhetoric," — still a standard work,— a " Reply to Hume on the Miracles," " Lectures on Ecclesiasti- cal History," &e. B. 1709 ; d. 1796.— John, a Scotch architect, surveyor of the works at Greenwich ; autliior of "Vitruvius Britannicus." D. 1734. — ■ John, a clever and industrious Scotch writer ; author of the " Military His- tories of Prince Eugene and the duke of Marlborough ;" a " Political Survey of Britain," the "Lives of the Admirals," &c. D. 1775. — Neil, was the officer selected by the British government to accompany Napoleon to the island of Elba; and it was during a short excur- sion, which his bad state of health ren- dered necessary, that Napoleon effected his escape. After spending thirty-one years in the service of his country, he fell a sacrifice to the noxious climate of Sierra Leone, of which colony he had been appointed commander-in-chief. D, 1827. — Thomas, an eminent poet, waa the son of a Scotch merchant, who gave him au excellent education at Gla.sgow, 246 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [cam where he greatly distinguished himself. A trauslatioii of his from Aristophanes was pronounced by tlie best judges to be the finest college exercise they had ever seen ; and, when little more than thirteen, he won a bursary in his college frofn a competitor nearly double his age. Leaving Glasgow at an eaily age, he settled in Ediuburgh as a private tutor ; and here, wlien only in his twenty- second year, he published "The Pleas- ures of Hope" — by all judges allowed to be one of the niost elegant poems in our language. Tlie success of this work was such as to allow of his making a tour on the Continent, whence he gave the world those splendid lyrics, " Ye Mariners of England," '-Tne Exile of Erin," and '■ Ilohenlinden." At the j battle of Ilohenlinden he was so near that he could see the returning conquer- ors wiping their blood-stained sabres upon tueir horses' manes ; a circum- stance to which, in after years, lie was ofien heard to allude. Soon after his return from the Continent, Mr. Campbell married and settled in London, employ- ing himself not only in occasional com- position of poetry, buc also in the arndgery of mere compilation. He published "Gertrude ot Wyoming," "The Battle of the Baltic,'' "Lord Ullin's Daughter," and " O'Connor's Child ;" and he was engaged by Mr. Murray to write the admirable and well- known " Critical Essays and Speci- mens." Subsequently he edited the New Monthly and the Metropolitan Magazines, an i published "Theo.ioric," a poem, besides editing some few re- prints and compilations. Early in his career he was relieved from the ai^solute want which too often stings genius into imprudence, by the kindness of Cliarles Fox, who put him on the pension li>t for £210 per annum. His health had for some years been but feeble, and in 1843 he retired to Boulogne, where lied. June l.">, 1844, aged 07. CAMPE, Joachim IIemry, a German writer, author of a " German Diction- ary," " Letters from Paris, eulogistic of the French Kevolution," "Theoph- rcn," and the " New Robinson Crusoe." Tlie last-named work, by which he is chiefly known in Engl.and, is founded or. the popular work of Defoe. B. 1746 ; d. 1818. CAMPEGGIO, Lorenzo, originally a professor of civil law at Bologna, but on ihe death of his wife he entered the church, became a bishop, and at leno'th » cardinal. In 1519 he was sent as le- gate to England, and while the/e was nominated bishop of Salisbury. After being some time in Germany as legate, and employed in opposing Lutheranism, he again went to England to decide be- tween Henry VIII. and Catharine of Anigon, on which occasion he oti'ended Henry without being of any real service to the queen. He appears to have been a man of considerable learning and nat- ural ability; for he reckoned Erasmus and other eminent scholars among hio triends. D. 1539. — A brother of the above, and a bishop, autlior of several "Treatises on ('anon Law." D. 1.564. CAMPER, Peter, a Dutch physician and naturalist. His writings on various departments of " Natural History and Philosophy" are collected in 6 volumes; and, in addition to these, he wrote an ingenious treatise on "Tlie Physiogno- mies of Men of DiHerent Nations." B. 1722; d. 1789. CAMPHUYSEN, Dyek, a Dutch land- scape painter of the 17th century, dis- tinguislied for the excellence of his moonliirht pieces. C AMPI, Bekx.vrdin, an Italian painter, and author of an excellent treatise on the princii)les of his art. D. 1534.^ Various persons of this name are dis- tinguished in the annals of Italian art. C AMPI AN, Edmund, an English Je- suit, lie was educated at Christ's hos- pital, and graduated at Oxford ; but on a visit to Ireland was induced to turn Catholic, and enter as a Jesuit at Douay. He wrote " Chronologia Universalis," and a drama, called " Nectar and Am brosia." Being chosen by Gregory XIII. to visit England as a missionaiy, he was discovered, tried for high treason, and execute' i in 1581. CAMPISTRON, Jean Gualbert de, a French dramatic poet. Three volumes of his plays are extant; and some of them are thought to be but little inferior to those of his celebrated cotemporary, Racine. B. li)5(5; d. 1723. CAMPOMAXES, Pedro Rodriguez, count de, a celebrated Spanish states- man, whose profound views in political economy obtained him, in 1765, the ap- pointment of fiscal to the council of Castile. He was afterwards made min- ister of state, and wrote many useful works. D. 1789. CAMPS, FuAxcLs DE, abbot of Ligny, author of a " History of France," " Dis- sertation on Medals,"" &c. D. 1723. CAMPSUN, Gauri, raised by tho Mamelukes to the sultanship of Egypt, and slain, after a bene$cent reign of 13 can] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY 247 years, in an action with Seliin, emperor of the Turks, in 1516. CAMUS, Akmand Gaston, was one of the deputies from Paris to the states- general in ITS'J; iincl, when a member of the convention, voted fur tlic death of the king. Akliougli he opposed tlie establishment of the consular govern- ment, yet Bonaparte continued him in his office of archivist, which he held several years. B. 1740; d. 1804.— John Peter, a French prelate, remarkable for the raillery he introduced into his ser- laons. lie was created bishop of Bellay by Henry IV., but his severe reproofs ot" the monks, and his endeavoi's to check their irregularities, made him many enemies, and he at length re- signed his bishopric and retired to a monastery. Among his writings were several religious romances, written with the intention to supplant the less edify- ing fictions which were just at that time so popular. B. 1582; d. 1652. CAM US AT, Nicholas, canon of Troyes, author of " Melanges Histori- ques," "Ilistoria Albigensium," «&c. D. 1055. CANALETTI, or CAN ALE, Anto- nio, a Venetian painter, whose e.Kcel- lenee was cliieliy in landscape. To liim is ascribed the merit of having been the first to make tlie camera obscura useful in painting. B. 1697 ; d. 176S. CANANI, John Baptist, an Italian anatomist, professor of anatomy and medicine at Ferrara, author of a valuable and scarce work, entitled " Musculorum Humani Corporis picturata Dissectio." Some writers attribute to him the dis- covery of the valves of the veins. D. 1590. CANDAULES, a king of Lydia, put to death by his favorite, Gyges, at the instigation of the queen. Gyges sub- sequently slew her also, and assumed t^e crown, 718 b. c. CAN DIDO, Peter, whose real name is said to liavc been De Witte, was a native of Bruges, where he was dis- tinguished as an historical painter. M inv of his works have been engraved. CANDOLLE, Augustin P. de,' whose knowledge of botany has placed him in the same rank with Linnaeus, was b. at Geneva, 1778. Having finished his studies at Paris, he soon attracted the notice of Cuvier and Lamarck, whom he aided in various scientific researches ; and in 1808 he was appointed to the ?ha r of botany in Montpelier. Obliired vo quil France for havmg taken office uuder Napoleon during the hundred days, he found refuge in his native city, where a chair of natural history waa expressly instituted for him, and where he continued, for many years, to extend the boundaries of his favorite science by his lectures and publications. Hiii chief works are a '• Tlicorie Elcmentaire de Botanique," " Kegni Vegetabilis Sys- tema Naturale," " L'Organographie et la Physiologie Vcgttales," c^c. ; in all of which he seeks to enforce what is called the natural arrangement. D. 1841. CANGE, Charles du Fresne du, a French antiquary, author of a " History of the Empire of Constantinople," "By- zantine History," &c. D. 16SS. CANIS EMAN, Elias, a Dutch states- man, who, in 1798, joined the revolu- tion, and held a higli financial post at the Hague, when Holland was united to France. In 1813 he was among the first to declare the independence of Holland, and chief contributor to the restoration of the house of Orange. B. 1773. CANNES, Francis, a learned Span- iard, tiie author of " A Spanish and Arabian (irammar and Dictionary." B. 1737 ; d. 1795. CANNING, George, a highly gifted orator and distinguished politician, waa b. in London, April 11, 177i>. His fa- ther, who was from Ireland, was a mau of considerable literary abilities ; but having otlcnded his family by marrying a lady without fortune, came to London, entered himself of the Middle Temple, and was called to the bar. Like many- others similarly situated, he soon aban- doned tlie law for literature ; but thia failing to provide him with the means of support, he commenced business a5 a wine merciiant, and failed. Kepeated disappointments seriously affected his health and spirits, and he died, broken- hearted, on the very day that iiis infnnt son was one year old. His widow, re- duced by dire necessity, had recourse to the stage for support, and married an actor: he also died, and she then be- came the wife of Mr. Hunii, a linen- draper of Exeter. But she iiad the happiness to live to see the success of her son, and to receive from lum at all times the tenderest marks of filial affec- tion. The friends of his fiither first placed liiin at Hyde Abbey school, Win- chester, and afterwards at Eton, where he greatly distinguished himself as a scholar, and formed many connections which were of great service to him in his after life. While at Eton, he dis- played great skill as an author, in his contributions to the "Microcosm," a 248 CTCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [cAS periodical work conducted by the senior Bcholars. At Oxford also he distin- guislied himselt', and proceeded thence to Lincoln's Inn, his oratorical talents suggesting the bar as the profession best adapted for him. Being introduced to the house of commons by Mr. Pitt, he abandoned the bar, and devoted him- self wholly to politics. His strenuous and able support of the minister was rewarded in 1796 with an under secre- taryship of state; and in the year 1800 he 'was placed in affluence by liis mar- riage with Miss Joanna Scott, the daughter of General Scott, with a for- tune of .£100,000. His talents as a poet and political writer were unquestion- able, and he made an expert use of them in the articles he contributed to the " Antijacobin," a celebrated pub- lication, in wliich the whigs were wit- tily, unmercifully, and iu" some cases unjustifiably, held up to popular con- tempt. After the death of Pitt, and the dissolution of the coalition ministry of Fox and Grenville, Canning became foreign secretary in Perceval's adminis- tration ; and to him may justly be ascribed tlie line of British poliiy in Spain, which destroyed the hopes of Napoleon, and led to his final over- throw ; for, as he once emphatically de- clared, "his had been the hand which committed P^ngland to an alliance with Spain." Having, as it was alleged, un- fairly endeavored to procure the removal of Lord Castlereugh from office, a duel took place, and both parties had to quit office. In 1812 he was elected a member for the great commercial town of Liver- pool ; and in 1816 he again became min- ister, being appointed president of the hoard of conirol. In this situation he made himself extremely unpopuhir by his defence of the Six Acts, and other no less obnoxious measures. On tiie return of Queen Caroline to England in 1820, Mr. Canning retired from office, that he miglit not have occasion to vote against her. This did not prevent his being a])pointed governor-general of Lidiain 1822; and he had already made preparations for his departure, when the death of the marquis of London- derry caused the seals of the foreign office to be delivered to Mr. Canning. In conjunction with Mr. Iluskisson, he now advocated a coarse of botli home and foreign polity strikingly at vari- ance with that of which he had for years been tlio wittiest and readiest, if not the most profound, defender. His new policy was as popular as his old had been obnoxious ; and the earl of Liver- pool being seized with paralysiii, from which there was no hope of his recovery, Mr. Canning reached the grand object of his ambition — tliat of being the_ ac- knowledged head of the administration. But though the new premier was pop- ular with the country, the party with whom he had in a great measure ceased to act rendered his task a difficult one. The opposition to him was fierce, almost rancorous ; and it was soon obvious that he was suffering both in mind and body from over-exertion and constant excite- ment. These, aggravating the effects of a severe cold, caught while attending the funeral of the duke of York, brought on a most painful inflammatory disease, which terminated his life at the age of 57, in 1827. CANO, Alonzo, a Spanish painter, sculptor, and ai-chitect; he was sur- named the Michael Angelo of Spain. His colossal statues of St. Peter and St. Paul were so admirably executed, that foreign artists from all parts travelled to see and copy them. Unhappily, in the midst of his triumph and celebrity, he became the victim of a horrible suspi- cion. Daring his absence from home, his wife was" murdered and his house robbed by an Italian servant ; and Cano being suspected, was put to the rack. The torture itself could not shake his firmness, and as there was no evidence acfainst him he was released. He then entered tlie church; and althouglihe strictly attended to his religious duties, his love of the arts was unabated, and the " ruling passion" was so strong, that on his death-bed, he averted his face from the crucifix of his confessor, be- cause it was ill-carved. B. 1608; d. 1(57(5. — Jamks, a Portuguese navigator, who in the 15th century discovered the kingdom of Congo. ^.John Skbastian, a Spanish navigator, who was employed as principal surveying officer by Magel- lan, who circumnavigated the globe ia 1520-1. D. 1526. CANOVA, AxTONio, a celebrated modern sculptor. He was b. in 1757, at the little village of Passagno, in the Venetian territory. The seigneur of the villafre, having seen the figure of a lion modelled by Canova when'only 12 years of age, was generous enough to place him with Torretii, of Vienna, at that time the greatest living scalptor. At the close of his studies at Vienna he settled at Venice, and manifested the originality of his powers by various works. From Venice lie passed to Ci^p] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 249 Eomc, wliere he was greatly patronized, und in a comparatively brief time he was admired by all Europe, and more or less employed by every European potentate. Fortune and honors flowed ni upon liim, and he used them wisely and honorably. Among his numerous works the iinest are "Cupid and Psyche," "Venus and Adonis," "Mary Magdalen," and " Napoleon holding the Seeptrf." T). 1822. CANOVAI, Stanislaus, an Italian mathematician, brought into notice by a work to prove that Amerieo Vespuccio was the lirst discoverer of the New World. B. 1740. CANSTEIN, Charles Hildebrand, Baron, a German nobleman, distinguish- ed for an improvement in printing, anal- ogous to stereotY))ing. He caused bibles and testaments to be printed from entire pages, the testaments being sold as low as fourpence each. How the baron's pages were formed does not clearly ap- pear. D. 1719. CANTACUZENE, Prince, a Greek patriot, descended from the famous Eastern emperor, John, and one of the first to join Ypsilanti, in 1821, when de- claring' for the liberty of Greece, since re-established. CANTACUZENUS, John, emperor of Constantinople. After filling several important otfices he was proclaimed emperor by the nobles and soldiery: and he endeavored to heal the wounds which five years of civil war had inflicted on the state ; but the jealousy of Palae- ologus, the rebellion of his own son, and other disasters, induced him to resign the crown and to retire to a mon- astery, where he employed himself in literary labors. He d. in 1411, being more than 100 years old; and he may be considered as one of the greatest amonsr the successors of Constantine. CANTARINI, Simon, surnamed the Pezarese, an Italian painter, whose works are frequently mistaken for those of his great master,' Guido. D. 1648. CAMTEMIR, Demetrids, a Moldavian prince ; author of " The System of the Mahometan Religion," a " History of the Rise and Fall of the Ottoman Empire," &e. D. 1723. — Antiochus, son of the above. He was educated in Russia, and employed in some important embassies from that country. He was the author of several poems, and translated Anac- reon into Russian. D. 1774. CANTERBURY, Charles Manners RurroN, Viscount, received his educa- Uoa at Eton and Trinity college, Cam- bridge; entered parliament in 1807, as member for Knaresborough, which borough he represented till 1832, when he was elected for the university of Cambridge. In 1809 he was appointed to the office of judge advocate general: and on Mr. Abbot (afterwards Lord Colchester) retiring from the speaker- ship of the house of commons in 1817, the talent and political integrity of Mr. Manners Sutton recommended him to the house as one eminently qualified to fill so distinguished and honorable a situation. It being reported that he took an active part in the formation of the Peel ministry in 1884, the adherents and friends of Lord Melbourne put Mr. Aber- crombie in nomination for the speaker- ship, and he was chosen (Feb. IS), 1835) by a majority of 10. Mr. Manners Sut- ton was shortly after called to the upper house by the titles of Viscount Canter- bury and Baron Bottesford. D. 1845. CANTIPRATANUS, Thomas, a di- vine and philosopher of the 13th cen- tury; author of two rare and curious treatises on the " Natural History of Bees." He is also said to have trans- lated into Latin the whole of the works of Aristotle ; but Aventine attributes it to Henry of Brabant. CANTON, John, an ingenious En- glish mechanician and experimentalist. The chief of his discoveries was tliat of the means of making artificial magnets, for which the Royal Society gave him iti gold medal, and elected him a member. He contributed some valuable papers to the transactions of the Royal Society, but published no separate work. B. 1718 ; d. 1772. CANUTE, surnamed the Great, king of Denmark by inheritance, and of En- gland by conquest. Though bis autho- rity in England was ill-obtained, it seems to have been both wisely and justly administered. D. 1035.— IV., surnamed the Pious, king of Denmark. He endeavored to invade England, but was unsuccessful, and was slain by one of his subjects in a revolt, consequent on a grant he had made to the church. D. 1087. CAPASSO, Nicholas, an Italian di- vine, and professor of civil law in the university of Naples; author of some works on theology and jurisprudence, which are now but little known ; some spirited and popular poetry, Latin and Italian ; and a translation, which is highly popuLar in Naples, of " Homer's Iliad" into the Neapolitan patois. B 1671; d. 1746. 250 cyclopjEdia of biography. [car CAPEL, Akthuk Lord, a distin- giiislied roviilist, wlij, in coojiiiiftion with Lord Norwich und Sir Cliarles Lucas, gallantly defended Colcliester against the parliamentary troops. lie at length surrendered on a promise of quarter, but was beheaded in 1648. "While confined in the Tower Jic wrote some beautiful verses ; and was the author also of a moral work, entitled "Daily iledittitions." — Arthur, earl of Essex, son of the above, was ambassador to "Denmark and lord lieutenant of Ire- land, lie subsciiucntly, for a short time, ]ielles of the French revolu- tion, he accompanied Bonaparte, in 1803, to Brussels, and was by him made arch- bishop of Milan. It was by Caprara that Bonaparte was crowned king of Italy in 1805. D. 1810. CAEACALLA, Marcus Aukelius An- TONi.vus, a Eoman emperor. He was b. in 183, and, in conjunction with his brother, Geta, succeeded his father, Se- verus, in 211. Having murdered Geta, he was so much enraged at the people of Alexandria for their comments on that crime, that he entered the city with his troops and slew the inhabitants. After six years' reign he was murdered by one of his guards, in 217. 'CAEACCT, LuDovico, a celebrated Bo- lognese painter. His works are chiefly to be found in the churches and palaces of Bologna, though some other Italian towns i)oast the possession of a few of them. He was an extremely amiable and disinterested man. B. 1555; d. 1619.— Annibale, cousin of the above, and still more eminent as a painter. His paint- ing in the palace of the Cardinal Far- nesc, at Eome, is said, by the famous CAK CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 251 Poussin, to excel the efforts of all pre- ceding piiinters ; yet for these wonder- ful works, which occupied him eight years, he received but live luindred gold crowns. 1). 1609. — Agostino, brotlier of tlie hist named. He, like his distin- guished relatives, was an eminent paint- er, and worked sometimes in conjunc- tion with them; but he was still more distinguished as an engraver. His prints after Correggio, Paul Veronese, and Tin- toretto, are greatly admired. D. 1602. CARACCIO, Antony, an Italian poet of the 17th century; author of " 11 Cor- radino," and otlier tragedies ; and an epic poem, entitled ''Imperio Vindi- cato." CARACCIOLI, Fraxcisco, Admiral, an Italian, b. 1770; one of tlie victims who perished by the sanguinary reaction at Naples in 1799, when the Frcncli abandoned tlie town, and the royal fam- ily were restored. Notwithstanding the capitulation with Cardinal Ruffo guar- anteed his life, he was hanged at the masthead of his vessel, and his body thrown into the sea. Much has been said of the evil influence used by Lady Hamilton over Nelson, then stationed off Naples, to get him to sanction this outrage, but Lady Hamilton has vehe- mently denied it. — Louis Antony, a French writer. His works are numer- ous ; but none of them obtained so much notice as his pretended letters of Ganganelli, Pope Clement XIV^. These are so superior to the other productions of their author, that the ruse succeeded in the outset; but his non-production of the original MSS., and certain anach- ronisms in the work, betrayed him. B. 1721 ; d. 1808. — Robert, an Italian bish- op, much employed by popes Calixtus III. and Sixtus V. His sermons contain passacres of great eloquence. D. 1495. CARACTACUS, whose real name was Cakadog, was the king of an ancient British tribe inhabiting South Wales, called SiUires. He gallantly resisted the Romans for a considerable time, but was at length defeated by Ostorius, a. n. 75. When taken iirisoner and carried before the emperor Claudius, his magnanimous behavior and sensible appeal produced such an effect on the Roman emperor, 'hat he gave him his liberty ; but what afterwards became of him" is not re- corded. CARADOG, a British historian ; an- .,hor of " The Chronicle of Wales." Several MS. copies of them remain ; and one of them has been continued us far OS 1280. D. 1156. CARAMUEL DE LOBKOWITZ, Jonx, bishop of Messi, and one of the true ehurt'li-militant ; tor, though a bish- op, he fought in the Netherlands, and assisted in defending Prague against the Swedes. He was a voluminous but not very valuable controversialist, his zeal greatly outweighing his judgment. B. 1606; d. 16S2. CARAVAGGIO, Michael Angelo Amerigiii ua, an eminent though self- taught Italian painter. B. 1569 ; d. 1609. CARAUSIUS, a bold Flemish pilot, who usurped the empire of Britain, and became so formidable by his possession of Boulogne and of a large fleet, that the Ronuins recognized him by treaty. He \\as an arbitrary tyrant, and was murdered by a servant in 293. CARDAN, Jerome, an Italian physi- cian of great note in his time. Tliough he appears to have been a consummate empiric, he certainly had considerablo talent. He was an excellent matnema- tician, but so addicted to astrology, that, having predicted the time of his death, it is saia he st.irved himself in order to verify his prediction. His works on va- rious subjects were printed in 10 vols, folio, at Lyons, in 1663. B. 1501 ; d 1576. CARDI, Loris, sometimes called Ci- voli and Cigoli, an eminent Tuscan paint- er and engraver. He greatly affected tho style of Correggio. The masterpiece of his pencil, "St. Peter Healing the Crip- ple, was unfortunately destroyed by the damp. D. 1613. CARDON, Antoine, an eminent Bel- gian engraver. B. 1739; d. 1813. CARDONNE, Dominic de, professor of the Turkish and Persian languages at Paris, and keener of manuscripts in the royal library tliere; author ot a "His- tory of Africa and Spain under the Do- minion of the Arabs," "Indian Tales and Fables," &c. B. 1720; d. 1783. CAREW, George, an English mili- tary officer. After serving with great reputation, he was ennobled by James I., and made master-general of the ord- nance and a privy councillor. Charles I. greatly esteemed and raised him to the rank of earl of Totness. He wrote a " Historv of the Wars in Ireland." D. 1629.— Thomas, an English poet. His masque, "Coelum Britannicum," was performed before the court at Whitehall in 1663, and greatly admired. D. 1639. — Richard, an P'nglish writer, chiefly on topography: author of "A Survey of Cornwall," &e. D. 1620.— George, brother of the above; was much em- ployed by Queen Elizabeth, who knight- 252 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [car eel him. He ■nrolo an account of France and the court of Henry IV., which was not published till above a century after his death. D. 1614. CAKEY, Henry, earl of Monmouth, an English nobleman, distinguished for his scholarship, and especially for his acquaintance with modern languages. He translated numerous works from the French and the ItiUian, of whicli the most iuiportaut are Biondi's "History of the Civil Wars of England," and Paul Paruta's " History of Venice." D. 1G61. — Henry, an English musician and poet. He chiefly excelled in ballads, one of which, " Sally in our Alley," was praised by Addison for its words, and by the celebrated Geminiana for its music. He was the author of several burlesque and other dramatic pieces highly popular in their day. D. by his own hand, 1743. — George Saville, son of the above, in- herited much of his father's peculiar talent ; and, though intended for the business of a printer, speedily aban- doned that for the stage. His songs, chiefly patriotic ones, were inferior to his father's both in poetry and music. Besides tiiese and some farces, he wrote "A Kurd Ramble," "Balnea," being sketches of the English watering-places, &c. D. 1801. — Joseph, a French printer, who made some important improve- ments in the art of stereotyping. D. 1801.— William, £t cclebratecl Baptist missionary, b. at Paulerspury, North- ampionshire, 1761. His father kept a small school in the village, and appren- ticed his son to a shoemaker at Hack- leton, where his earnest inquiries upon religious subjects attracted the notice, and soon obtained him the friendship of the Rev. Thomas Scott, of Raven- stone. Ho joined a congregation of Baptists, and in his 20th year began to preach, which he continued for two years, when he was publicly baptized in the river Nen. In 1787 he was intrusted with the charge of a congregation at Lei- cester; where, persevering in his benev- olent object of converting the heathen, he induced other ministers to join him; and, in 1792, they formed themselves into a Baptist Missionary Society at Ket- tering. William Carey was nominated to go upon their first mission, and India was selected a.s the most desirable field "or the commencement of his zealous efforts. He arrived in Bengal in 1794, but had the ill fortune to lose all his money and eflfects by the sinking of a boat in the river Hooghly. After pa- tiently enduring severe toils and priva- tions for three years, (during which pe- riod however he acquired the Bengalee,) Mr. Carey preached publicly ; but as the East India Company were opposed to his object of forming an establishment inland, in 1799 he proceeded to the Danish «ettlement of Serampore. This little missionary settlement, consisting of four preachers only, with their wives and families, rapidly increased ; a school was opened, and type being sent fiuin England, a translation of the Scriptures was printed in the Bengalee language. Mr. Carey having made himself a com- plete master of the native language, was, in 1801. appointed by the governor pro- fessor of banscrit and other oriental Ian guages at the college of Fort William, Calcutta. He had many difficulties to contend with, both from" the prejudices of the natives, and the political views of infiuential individuals at home. He never relaxed in the work he had begun, but translated the Scriptures into sev- eral of the Indian languao'cs, and lived to witness the success of his ardent ex- ertions for their dissemination among the native tribes. D. 1834. — Matthew, a vohnninous writer of Philadelphia, b. in Ireland. He was originally a printer and bookseller, but in 1779 wrote a pamphlet against the oppression of the Irish Catholics, which causing alarm for his safety, he was secretly sent to Dr. Franklin in Paris, and gained his friend- ship. In 1783 he set up the " Freeman's Journal," which plead the Irisli cause with great warmth. He was prosecuted for a libel on John Foster, the British premier, and sentenced to Newgate, but he was released at the instance of the lord mayor of London, in 17>!4, and em- ■ ignited to Philadelphia, where he pub- lished the "Pennsylvania Herald," the "Columbian Magazine," and the "Amer- ican Museum." He also wrote, in 1814, the " Olive Branch," and subsequently " Vindicire Hibernicse," the "Pliiloso- phv of Common Sense," &c. B. 1760 ; d. 1839. CARISSIMI, GiACOMO, a much ad- mired musical composer of the 17th centurv. CARITEO, an Italian poet of the 15th and 16th centuries; author of "Opera Nuova e Amorosa Composta," &c. CARLETON, George, bishop of Chi- Chester, was educated by the famous Bernard Gilpin, who sent him to Oxford. His literary powers are honorably men- tioned by Fuller, Camden, and Echard ; and his writings are very numerous. D. 1628. — Dudley, Lord Dorchester, ao car] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 253 Eiiglidti statesman during the reigns of James I. and Charles I. He was a man of great ability ; but, lilve Laud and other statesmen of that time, l)e had a bigoted fondness for arbitrary govern- ment. As an author he is cliiefly Ivnovvn by Ills " Letters to and tYom Sir Dudley Carleton during his embassy to Holland, from January, l()lfi, to Deeember, 1(520." These letters, which were edited by Lord Hardwieke, contain much valuable information, though they also display much prejudice. D. IGiii.^GuY, Lord Dorchester, a military otiioer of great courage and slvill. Having passed tln-ough tlie subaltern ranks, he, in 17(32, became a colouel, and distin- guislied himself very greatly at the siege of Havanna. In 1772 he was raised to the rank of major-general, and in- trusted witli the important office of gov- ernor of Quebec, in which situation he defended Canada against generals Ar- nold and Montgomery. For this Gen- eral Carleton was knighted, and promo- ted to the rank of lieutenant-general. He next succeeded General Clinton as commander-in-chief in Americii; and, at the conclusion of the war here, was raised to the peerage, and made gov- ernor of Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. D. 180S. CARLISLE, Anthony, one of the most distinguished anatomists and phy- siologists of the age, was b. at Stilling- ton, Durham, 17GS, and commenced his professional studies at York. He thence proceeded to London, and became a resident pupil of Mr. H. Watson, a sur- geon of Westminster hospital, and one of the court of examiners of Surgeons' hall, a man of the first rank in his pro- fession. In 17;'3, that gentleman dying, Mr. Carlisle succeeded him in the hospi- tal, and speedily distinguished himself, as much by his invariable humanity to the suffering poor as by his surgical skill. He was senior surgeon to the Westminster liospital, one of the coun- il and court of exauiiners to the Royal College of Surgeons. D. 1840. — Nicho- las, an eminent antiquary, b. at York, 1771. After receiving what he himself calls an " humble education," he entered the naval service of the East India Com- pany, and gradually amassed a consider- able sum, which enabled him to be of great assistance to his brother, the emi- nent surgeon, at the beginning of his career. In*1807 he was elected secretary to the Society of Antiqunrians, his com- petitor being the late Dr. Dibdin ; and In this capacity lie found leisure to eom- 22 pile many laborious and useful works. In 1812 he was appointed assistant libra- rian at Buckingham house; in 1S2S he was nominated one of the gentlemen of the privy chamber; and in testimony of the estimation in which he was held, he received orders from Austria, Den- mark, and Hanover, and from Oxford the hoi.^rary degree of D. C. L., in ISo"). D. 1847. — Howard, earl of, b. in 1748; uncle and guardian of Lord Byron ; to whom the latter dedicated his' "Hours of Idleness ;" and finding them too feebly defended from the attacks of the northern critics by his noble relation, he subjected him to the rack of satire, along with his presumed enemies, in " English Bards." The earl of Carlisle always, after he was superseded by the duke of Portland, in Ireland, acted with the Whig opposition. Some of this nobleman's literary works deserve a higher character than they have attain- ed. " The Step-Mothe'r," and " A Father's Vengeance," tragedies, are pub- lished with a collection of his lordship's poems, in 8vo. CARLOS, Don, son of Philip II. of Spain, was b. 1.545. He was cfeformed and sickly, and of an extremely violent disposition. He was to have espoused Elizabeth of France, but his father, be- coming a widower, married that princess himself This circumstance greatly irri- tated him, and it is said that he had entered into a conspiracy against his king and father. On this'charge he was thrown into prison, where he died about six months after his arrest. The man- ner of his death is variously stated, some affirming that he was poisoned, bled to death, or strangled, while others attri- bute his death to his own acts. B. 1."i4.t ; d. 1567. CARLY''LE, Joseph Dacee, an English divine and linguist. He accompanied Lord Elgin on his embassy to Constan- tinople, and took that opportunity to explore various parts of Asia Minor, Egypt, pe, as the couip-inion and guide of a young geuileuuui of New York, whose tather defrayed ihe expenses of the tour. Du- riiiiT uis abs«;nv.>; uc euricue-d his paper wiiu leaers fnoin Europe, whicii on his return he eoilecied and publish'"!, coai- prisiug the "Journal of a Tour through Ireland, England, S'H>tL»nd, FraiiLf, Italy, and Switzerland."' 1S27. In l&2.f, he relinquished his paper, and for tiie benedt of his healtii proceeded agsuu to France. Ue dR at Marseilles. Is30, aged Ai. He was a poet iis well -is a writer of prose; his largest poetical piece is entitled the " Fains of IiuE^niition," delivered at Dartmouth collesre. CAKTElKEr, Sir GEoRGE,''one of the proprietors of New Jersey. The luiuie of New Jersey w;is given, because C;ir- teret's finnily were from the isle of Jersey. Elizabethtown is said to have been named from his wife. — Johx, earl of Gran\-ille, an einiueni English srates- mau, was b. 16i»0. Immediately on at- taining his majority, he took his seat in the house of lords.* Warmly supporting the Hanoverian succession, he was no- ticed by George I., any;-,ges of I Uiscovery on tlie coasts of North Amer- ! icji, esf)eciallv iu Caniula, from loo-i to 1542. I CARTWRIGHT. Johx, an English I genticuian, distinguished for his zealo'.is j attachment to piblitical reform. His i writings in favor of American inde- ( pendence, and on universal liberty, as , ' well a.-* the public addressee which he ! promoted in furthprance of a ntdical j reform of the government, in ide him ; couspi«moiis. lie also displayed gie-;it i drmncss and disinterestedness on aU occasions where multitudes assenib'ed »to advocate and petition for iv>pular i rights. D. 1S24, age-^ S4. — Ei>jic.vd, i hrotlier of the precedii>>f, and a clenry- man of th*- estiiblished church. In 1770 he p"i>lishcd a jx>ein called "Artnine and Elvira;" but he is chiefly knowni by some valuable discoveries in me- chanics, which obtained for him £10,000 trom piirliameut as the reward of his ingenuity. I). lS-24. — Thom.vs, an emi- nent Puritan divine of the reigns of Elizabeth an 1 James I., author of " Coin- mentaria Practica in totam Historiam Evangelicain." a '"Boiy of Divinity," '• Coinmeniaria Succinta et Dilucida in Proverbia Sulomouis,'" roj><>rtionate to these high praises, consisting only of four plays and a tew poems. D. 164?. CARUSO, LiriGi, an eminent Nea- politan composer. His '• 11 Fauatico per la Mnsiaf ■ is the work by which he is best known in this country ; but all liia works are verj- popular in Italy and Ger- many. He died early iu the present century; but it is not precisely known at wiiat date. CARVER, JoHX, first governor of Plymouth colony, was a native of En- gland, and was among the em'igrauts to car] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT, 259 Levden who composed Mr. Hobinsoo'S ?hurch in that place. When a removal to America was contemplated, he was appointed one of the ag^ents to nejrotiate with the Virginia company in £ni;land for a suitable territory. He obtained a patent in lol? and in the following year came to New England with the first company. As they arrived without the territork' of the south Virgini:i company, from whom they had received the cliar- ter, which was thus rendered useless, it was thought best that a political a.sso- ciation should be formed- A written instrument was drawn up and sub- scribed before they landed, and Mr. Carver was unanimou.-^ly elected gov- ernor for one year. He conducted the aSiiirs of the colony witli great prudence, and discovered great address in his mann^ement of the natives. In the ensuin? March he was c-onfirmed as governor for another year^ He di*jd suddenly in April followin?. — Jona- than, an enterprising traveller, was a native of Connecticut. He was intended for the profession of medicine, but he q-.iitteJ it for a military- life. He was ail oniz-er in the French war, and served with repniation till the peace of 1763. After this be spent two years and five montlis in explorins the most interior parts of North America, and penetrated to the Pacific Ocean, over that broad part of the continent, which lies between the -l-id and the -t^th degrees of north latitude. He hoped to facilitate the discovery- of a northwest pai^sage, or of a communic-ation between Hudson's bay and the Pacific oc-ean. He arrived at Boston in October. 17»5S, after having travelled nearly 70<.»0 miles. He went to Enjdand for the purpose of publish- ins his journals and charts. Though he presented a petition to the king, even his expenses were never refunded to him. When his papers were almost ready for the press, under a pcnuissiou he had obtained for their publication, an order in councU required him to • leliver them into the plantation office, to do which, he was compelled to re- purchase them, from the bookseller, to whom he had sold them. About ten years afterwards he published an ac- count of his travels. D. in abject want m London. 17S0. aged 48. CAEY. Thouas, deputy governor of North Carolina for the proprietors, and collector of their quit rents, succeeded Daxiel in the aaministration of the trovinc-e, but was removed from his offices in 170S, for n^lecting to account to his employers. He oontinned to nt in the council, and the next year at- tempted to resume the reigns of gov- ernment by force, in order that he might retain the 'treasures which were in liia hands. He armed a band of insurgents, but was at length repulsed and his fol- lowers dispersed. He was carried to England for punishment, but was never tried. — HEXEr Francis, the well-known translator of Dante, was b. at Gibraltar, 1772. His father was a captain in the army ; but soon after the birth of hia son he settled in Stalfordshire, and sent him when eight years old to Uxbridge school, and afterwards successively to Eugby and Birmingham. In 17yu he •was aclmitted as a commoner of Christ- church, Oxford, and after finishing hid college studies he was presented sio- cessively with the livings of Abbot's Bromley in Slaffordsliire and Kingsbury in Warwickshire. The delicacy ot' his health liavmg obliged him to bave re- course to the best medical advice, he went to London in 184. He wrote a learned and useful work, entitled '* Palaeologia Chronica." D. 16<3. CAEYL, John, secretary to Mary, queen of James II. He remained fiiith- ful to that unfortunate prince, and waa i rewarded for his fidelity with the titles 200 CYCLOPJfiDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [cAa of Earl Caryl and Faron Dartford. In ■the reigu of Queeu Auue he was liviug ia Eughiud, and was iutimate witli Pope. He was the author of some poems, some trauslatious of psalms from the Vulgate, aud of two plays, "The English Princess," a tragedy; and " Sir JSoloinou, or the Cautious Coxcomb," a comedy. The date of his death is unknown. — Joseph, an eminent nonconformist divine, author of a vo- luminous and valuable " Commentary on Job." 1). IGTS. CASA, John ue la, secretary of state under Pope Paul IV. He was distin- guished as a statesman, and as an ec- clesiastic ; but his fame rests upon his writings, which are considered among the purest specimens of Tuscan com- posiuon. His poems, both light and serious, are of a very high order, but his chief work is a prose dialogue, •' Ga- lateo, or the Artof Liiviug in the World." }i. 150.3 ; d. 15.j6. CASANOVA, M-VRK Antony, a mod- ern Latin poet. He imitated Martial in his style, and made Pope Clement VII. a favorite object of his attack. He at length offended so greatly that he was condemned to die. Clement, however, was iuilueed to pardon him. But the unlucky satirist escaped execution only to perish stiU more miserably ; for, on the taking of Koine by the Imperialists, he was rcurchased a villa near Florence, and spent the remainder of her life in the bosom of her family. She had been Ions married to a Fivnch captain, called Vallubregue. D.atParia, 1849. CATEL, Charles Simon, an eminent composer, b. 1773, at Paris, was the a'l- ! tlior of the famous "Traite d'Har- nione," and of many operas, the chief of whieh are "Semiramis," " Les Baya- deres," " L'Auberge de Bagncres," &c. I). 1830. CATESBY, Mark, an eminent En- glish naturalist, patronized by Sir Hans Sloane and other wealthy lovers of science. He spent many years in Amer- ica, for the purpose of collecting and describing the most curious natural pro- ductions of that country. He fixed his residence in Carolina, whence he mado 264 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [CAI excursions into Florida, Georsria, and the Bahama Island?*. The result of his labors was " The Natural History of Canada, Florida, and the Bahama Isl- ands ;" a very splendid work in two folio volumes, illustrated bv upwards of 200 plates. B. 1680 ; d. 1749. CATHARINE, St., of Sienna, was b. at Sienna, 1347, and when she was 20 years of at-x-i of her age, 1705.— I., empress of iiussia, was the illegitimate dauirhter of a Livonian peasant. After some years spent in the service of a clergyman, she married a Swedish dragoon, who shortly afterwards went on an expedition and never returned. She then resided, it is doubtful whether as servant or para- mour, with the Russian sreneral, Bauer, *hen Prince Menkzikoff became enam- -cd if her charms, and made her his mistress. Peter I. now distinguished her by his notice, and she became at 2a first his mistress and aft^erwards his em- press. During his lifetime she showed great devotion to him, and at his death slie was proclaimed his successor. But her reign was sliort ; for her indnlgenco in intoxicating liquors produced a dis- ease of which she d. in 1727, at tlie age of 41. — II., empress of Russia, was the daughter of tiie prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, b. 17'29, and in 1745 became the M'ife of the emperor Peter III. This prince waa addicted to low society and to the most scandalous excesses ;" and Catharine, even in her youth, was by no means re- markable for chastity. With the incon- sistency usually to be observed in such cases, each party reproaclied the other ; Catharine, stung by her husband's bru- tality, became still more openly indeco- rous in her conduct, and Pcterindulged in low wassail to such an extent tliat he must have been deranged. He at length became so infatuated by his disgust for Catharine and his passion forgone of his mistresses, the Countess Woronzoff, that he had determined to divorce and imprison the former, and make the lat- ter liis empress. Informed of his de- signs, Catiiarine promptly exerted her self, caused her husband to be seized, and sent him as a prisoner to a small palace about 2o miles from St. Peters- burgh, where Prince Alexis Orlotf put him to death, with the connivance, if not at the positive command, of the empress. This occurred in July, 1762, and in the next month Catharine was solemnly crowned empress of all the Russias. Ill as her power was obtain- ed, she used it wisely and well. She trod firmly in the footsteps of Peter the Great, aiming at once to enrich and civilize her dominions. Schools and towns w-ere founded, public works of equal magniticence and use were com- menced and finished, and the horrible tortures which had been inflicted on Russian criminals were almost totally abolished. But her amours in the mean time injured her as a woman, and her tyrannous conduct towards Poland is a foul blot upon her escutcheon as a sover- eign. Ambition, however, and lack of female virtue did not wholly degrade her, for her internal policy was as much directed to the useful as to the grand; and amid all the distraction of business and dissipation she found time to en- courage literature. Indeed, she was herself the author of instructions, for a code of laws, which she also translated into German; and she wrote sevcrsJ dramatic pieces, and some mor.al tdos 266 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [cat for the use- of children. D. aged 67, 17yf.. CATIIARINUS, Ambrose, an Italian divine ; aiitlior of " Treatises airainst the Doctrines of Luther and Oehinus." He attended tlie conneil of Trent, and be- came successively bishop of Minori and arehbisljnn of Caiiza. D. 15n.3. CATIIIIATX, Isaac, a rihysician in Philailelphiu ; studied in that ci.y, and in London, Edinburgli, and Paris, and returned home in 1793. Dnrinar the prevalence of the yellow fever in that year, and in 1797," 1798, and 1799, he remained at his post, and even dis- sected those who died of the disease. He ])ulilished "Remarks on the Yellow Fever," 1794; "Buclian's Domestic Medicine," with notes, 1797; "Memoir on the .Analysis of the Black Vomit," Bhowinir that it misrht be safely tasted, 1800, in oth vol. of the transactions of the American Philosophical Society; and a pamphlet on the yellow fever, in coniunction with Dr. Carris, in 1802. D. 1819. CATILINE, Lucius Sep.gius Catalina, a Roman, of a noble family and great talents, but of most depravcil habits and evil ambition. He was hiirh in fiivor with Sylla, who advanced him to the quaestorship and other offices cf honor and profit. After the death of this powerful patron, Catiline conspired with other dissolute nobles and their follow- ers, to murder the consuls and senators, and assume the government. Fortu- nately for Rome, Cicero was one of the consuls ; and he, on being made aware of Catirnie''s designs, branded liim with them in those famous orations which alone would suffice to give him the first rank amonc orators, ancient or modern. Even the effrontery of Catiline quailed before the indignant eloquence of the consul. He left Rome and marched towards Cisalpine Gaul, his confederates in the mean time endeavoring to corrupt the ambassadors of the .\llobroges. In this they were defeated by the vigilance and promptitude of Cicero ; and Catiline being stopped in his march by the pro- consul. Q. Metellus Celer, an engagement ensued, in which Catiline, at the head of his associates, fighting with the most most desperate' courage, was slain, 62 B. c. -CATINAT, Nicnoi-As, an illustrious French general, as eminent for his vir- tues as for his military talents. He was educated for the law, but abandoned the bar for the army, and rose to the highest military honors by his skill and courage. He defeated the duke o Savoy very sig- nally in 16'^8, and in 1697 he took tha fortress of Ath, in Flanders, after expe- riencing a desperate resistance. In 1/01 he was appointed to the chief command of the army in Italy ; but cither his skill was inferior to that of Prince Eugene, to whom he was opposed, or age had somewhat weakened his higii qualities, for he was decidedly worsted and com- pelled to retreat. D. 1712. CATO, Marcus Portius, surnamed the Censor, an illustrious Roman. At the early age of 17 he commenced his career as a soldier, and distinguished himself equally by his courage and by his singular temperance. After some time he was made mi'itary tribune in Sicily, and then qn.'Bstor in Africa, under Scipio. In both these important situa- tions his conduct was marked by a rigid and honorable economy of the public money; and in his 40th year he arrived at the high dignity of the consulship. In this situation he strongly opposed the luxury of the Romans, and mces- santly endeavored to animate their ha- tred of the Carthaginians, by speeches in tlie senate, usually concluding with " Delenda est Cartiiago ;" " Carthage must fall." He eoniposcd many works; but only " De Re Rustiea," and some fragments of Roman history, are all that we know of his writings. He was twice married, and liacL a son bv each of his wives. B. 232 p.. c; d. 148.— Marcus Portius, surnamed, from his birthplace, " of Utica," was grandson of the younger son of the last named. Being early left an orphan, he was taken into the family of his uncle, Livius Drusus. He served for some time in the army, and obtained the commission of tribune in the army sent against Macedonia. He then be- came quaestor, and exerted himself for the reformation of abuses. His conduct in this respect, and the unvarying gravi- ty of his demeanor, rendered liim almost proverbial for integrity ; and Cicero, to whose consular exertions he gave his support, called him "the father of his country." Perceiving the designs of Cffisar," he had the honesty and courage to oppose him ; and considering Csesar more dangerous than Pompey. he ranged himself under the banners of the latter. The fatal buttle of Pharsalia compelled him to fly to his native Utica; and when the triumphant Cffisar arrived before that place, Cato calmly retired to his chamoer, read Plato's Phosdo, or Dia- logue on the Immortalitv of the Soul, and ended his life by falling upon hia CAV] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, 267 Bword, 45 B. c. — Valerius, a Latin poet and gramuiiirian. AJl that reiuains of his writiuics is " Dirte," a pocin, which is to be found in Mattaire's " Corpus Poetarum." D. 30 b. c. CATKOU, Francis, a learned French Jesuit; autiior of a "Translation of Virgil," " A History of tlie Empire of Mogul," "A Roman History," &c. ; and for many years a contributor to tlie "Journal tie Trevoux." D. 1737. CATTENBUR6, Adrian Van, a Dutch divine of the sect of Keniou- Ktrants, professor of theology at Rotter- dam ; author of " Syntagma Sapientiie Rlosaicae," "The Life of Grotius," in Ditch, &c. D. 1737. CATULLUS, Caius Valerius, an ele- gant but licentious Roman poet. D, 40 B. c. CATZ, James, a Dutch statesman and poet, was b. 1577, at Brouwershaven, in Zealand. lie held various important offices, was twice ambassador to En- eland, and for fifteen years filled the high station of pensionary in Holland. D. ISGO. CAULAINCOURT, Aruand Augus- tin Loui.3 de, duke of Vicenza, a descen- dant of a noble and ancient family of Picardy. h\ the early days of the rev- olution he was imprisoned as a suspected royalist, but was liberated on being drawn as a recruit for the republican army. There he rose from rank to rank until he became aid-de-oamp to Bona- parte, whom he attended in the cam- paigns of 1S05-6-7. Subsequently he was employed in confidential missions, and in the post of foreign minister. After the restoration he lived in retire- ment. B. 1773 ; d. 1827. CAUSSIN, Nicholas, a French Jesuit, confessor to Louis XIII. ; author of a treatise " De Eloquentia Sacra et Hu- mana," &e. He was banished from court for opposing Cardinal Richelieu. D. ItJ-.l. CAVALCANTI, Bartolomeo, a learn- ed Italian ; author of a work on " Rhet- cric," and of another on the "Forms of a Republic;" both able treatises. He served for some time as a military officer, and was employed in some iniportant negotiations by Pope Paul III. D. 1562. — GuiDO, a Florentine pliilosopher and poet of the 13th century, was a friend of Dante, and, like him, an active Ghib- elline. His poems, which are chiefly xmorous, are above mediocrity. D. 1300. CAVALIER, John, the son of a French peasant, was b. 1679. He be- eaiue leader of the Camisardes, or Prot- estants of Languedoc, v/hcn tliey re- volted against the tyranny of the king; and led by him, they forced Marshal Villars to make a treaty with them. Cavalier then became a colonel in the king's service, but fearing some treach- ery lie transferred his skill and courage to England, and d. governor of Jersey, 1740. CAVALIERI, Bonaventl-rk, an Ital- ian friar, who became a disciple of Gali- leo. He was professor of mathematics at Bologna, and wrote some valiuible treatises on geometry, conic sections, &c. D. 1647. CAV ALL INI, PiETRo, a Roman paint- er. He was pupil of Giotto, whom ho assisted in the famous mosaic in St. Peter's. D. 1361. CAVALLO, Tiberius, an ingenious natural philosopher, b. at Naples 1749, who went to England for commercial objects, and was so struck with the dis- coveries at that period in physical sci- ence, that he abandoned liis pursuits, settled in London, and devoted his future life to the advancement of science. He was author of many treatises ou " Electricity," " Aerostation," " Mag- netism," &c., and contributed largely to the "Philosophical Transactions." D. 1809. CAVE, Eoward, an enterprising book- seller, was b. at Newton, W arwiclcshire, 16yi, and educated at Rugby school. Having been deprived of a clerkship in the post-office, in consequence of his resistance to some abuses of the privi- lege of frankiuir, he took a shop by St. John's gate, CIcrkenwell, and commen- ced the " Gentleman's Magazine." The work was highly successful ; and among the contributors to it was the snbse- (piently famous Dr. .Johnson, of whom Cave was one of the earliest friends and employers. D. 1754. — AVilliam, a learn- ed English divine; author of "Primi- tive Christianity," " Lives of the A_poH- tles and Martyrs," and " Historia Eite- raria." The last-named work is an account of the writers against and in defence of Christianity down to the 14tb century. B. 1637 ; d." 1713. CAVEDONE, GiACOMO, an eminent Italian painter. He was a disciple of the Caracci; but though some of his works are said to be equal to those of his mas- ters, he d. in absolute destitution, in 1660. CAVENDISH, Thomas, an English navigator in the reign of Elizabeth, was a native of Suffolk, where he inherited a good estate; but having injured his 268 cyclopjEdia of biographt. [O'AZ fortune by early extravagances, he fitted out three vessels to cruise against the Spaniards; and sailing for the coast of South America, succeeded in taking sev- eral valuable prizes. After circumnavi- gating the globe, he returned to England with a large fortune. This lie soon dissi- pated, andagain went to sea; but meeting with no sueccoS, d. of chagrin wiiile off the coast of Brazil, in 15'J2. — William, a native of Satfolk, was b. 1505. He ob- tained the office of usher to Cardinal Wolsey ; and the tidelity he displayed on the fall of his patron endeared him to Henry Vlll., who took him into his service and kni;^hted him. In the suc- ceeding reigns he was equally favored, and his son became the earl of Devon- shire. He wrote tiie life of his early friend and patron, Cardinal Wolsey. D. 1557. — William, duke of Newcastle, son of Sir Charles Cavendish, the youngest son of the last named. By James 1. he was made a knight of the Bath, Baron Ogle, and Viscount Mansfield. Charles I. appointed him governor to the prince of Wales, and made him earl of New- castle. The earl proved himself worthy of the fiivor shown to him ; for, when Charles I. resolved on an expedition against the Scots, he contributed £10,000, — a very large sum fit that time — besides raising a troop of horse. Du- ring the civil war he behaved with great gallantry ; and when the royal cause became hopeless, he joined Charles II. in his exile. At the restoration, he was created duke of Newcastle. He was the author of several poems and plays, but is now chiefly remembered as an author for his treatise on "Horsemanship." B. 1592; d. 1676.— William, first duke of Devonshire, was the son of William, third earl of Devonshire. He was b. 16-40, and attended James, duke of York, as a volunteer against the Dutch; but he soon made himself obnoxious at court by his opposition in parliament. He gave evidence in favor of Lord Wil- liam Eussel, and even offered to ex- change clothes with that unfortunate nobleman to enable him to escape. In 1684 he succeeded to the title of earl of Devonshire, ind was shortly afterwards imprisoned, and fined £30,000 for stri- king Colonel Culpepper, in the presence chamber. For the payment of tliis large sum he gave bond, but before it became ■lue, the arrival of the prince of Orange tiad put an end for ever to the tyranny i>f James. The earl now became a favo- rite at court, and in 1694 his earldom was raiseil to a dukedom. D. 1707. — John, Lord, brother of the pTccoding; an able statesman, who distinguished himself by his opposition to Lord North, and succeeded that nobleman as chan ccllor of the exchequer. D. 1796.— Henry, a member of the Devonshire family, and one of the most eminent natural philosophers of modern times, devoted himself exclusively to scien- tific pursuits, acquiring a distinguished rank among those who have most con- tributed to the progress of chemistry ; and his researches relative to hydrogen gas, or inflammable air, gave rise to the practice of aerostation. By the death of an uncle, in 1773, he received a large addition to his fortune ; and, being ex- tremely regular and simple in his man- ner of living, he left at his death the enormous sum of £1.200,000, to his relations. It has been truly said of him, that he was "the richest among the learned, and the most learned among the rich men of his time." B. 1731 ; d. 1810. CAWTON, Thomas, a nonconformist divine. Being implicated in Love's plot against Cnon of the Abbaye, with his daughter Ehzabeth ; and when the massacre of the prisoners took place, his daughter threw herself between him and the murderers, there- by preventing the execution of their purpose ; but he was again condemned to death, and perished by the guillotine, 17;i2, at the age of 72. From the scaf- fold he cried with a firm voice to the multitude, " I die, as I have lived, faith- ful to God and to my king." CEBA, AuFALDO, a Genoese poet ; au- thor of two tragedies, a history of IJome, and two heroic poems, " II Furio Ca- millo," and " Esther." D. 1623. CEBES, a Tiieban philosopher, pupil of Socrates. The Tablaturc of Human Life, usually printed witii the Enchiri- dion of Epictetus, is generally attriiiuted to him, but by some his authorship is disputed. CECCO DE ASCOLI, whose proper name was Francis degli Stablli, an Italian physician, mechanician, and poet; author of "L'Acerta," a poem, &c. In 1322 he obtained the appoint- ment of professor of philosophy and as- trology at Bologna, and subsequently that of physician and astrologer to the duke of Calabria; but being accused of mi^jic, he was condcumcd by the In- quisition, and burnt to death in 1327. CECIL, KoBERT, earl of Salisbury, was the second son of Lord Burleigh, the prudent minister of Queen Elizabeth. Trained to business under his father, he became first the assistant and then the successor of secretary Walsingham. Towards the close of Elizabeth's reign, lie sedulously cultivated the friendship of James VI. of Scothtnd. The event justified his foresight, for he was made nigh treasurer, and created earl of Salis- bury almost immediately after .James's accession to the English crown. He was an extremely able, and, generally speaking, upright minister; but the ehare he had in causing the deatiis of Essex and Raleigh, tends much to sink him in the estimation of posterity. B. 1563; d. 1612. CECROPS, an Egyptian, who married 23* the daughter of Actaeus, a Grecian prince; and founded Athens about 1556 B. c. CEDREMIS, George, a Greek monk of the 11th century, who wrote a " His- tory of the World, from the Crojition to the Year 1057," which was printed with a Latin version at Faris in 1647. CELESTI, Andrea, a Venetian paint- er. He executed some beautiful land- scapes and some fine altar-pieces. 1). 1706. CELESTINE L, saint and pope ; suc- cessor of Boniface I. He became pope in 422, bondemned the doctrine of Nes- torius in 430, and d. in 432, with a high reputation for piety and wisdom. — 111., pope, succeeded Clement III. in lllU. He claimed the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, and confeiTed the latter on Fred- eric, son of the Emperor Henry VI., on condition that he should be tributary to the holy see. D. 119S. — V., a pope and saint. He was a Benedictine monk, and founder of an order called Celes- tines, which was suppressed in France. He led a life of great seclusion, and the fame of his austerity caused hiili to be elected pope in 12!i4. Cardinal Cajetan persuaded iiim to resign, and then, hav- nig caused himself to be elected, by the title of Boniface VIII., imprisoned Ce- lestine. D. in confinement, in 1296. CELLARIUS, Christopher, a learned German writer, professor of history at Halle ; author of " Notitia Orbis Anti- quse," " Atlas Ccelestis," &c., and editor of several Greek and Latin authors. D. 1707. CELLIER, Rexi, a learned French Benedictine; author of an "Apology for the Morality of the Fathers," written against Barbeyrae, !(nd compiler of a " General History of Sacred and Eccle- siastical Authors." D. 1761. CELLINI, Ben\t:nuto, a Florentine artist, of equal genius and eccentricity. He was apprenticed to a goldsmith and jeweller, and at the same time learned drawinsr, engraving, and music. Clem- ent VII. employed him both as gold- smith and musician; and s\ich was his reputation for courage, that when Rome was besieged by the duke of Bourbon, Cellini was charged with the defence of the castle of St. Angelo. During the life of Clement, Cellini was emjiloyed to make stamps for the mint, and his coins and medals are exquisite specimens of skill. On the death of liis patron he went to France, where he was patronized and employed by Francis I.; but he soon returned to Rome, and being ao- 270 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [CEH 3usecl of having robbed the castle of St. Augelo while intrusted witli its defence, he was there imprisoned. He however escaped, was retaken, but finally released at the intercession of the Cardinal Fcr- rara. He once more went to France, where he executed some magnificent works, especially some large figures in metal. In five years he left France for Florence, where he was employed by the Grand-diike Cosmo. Working equally well in metal and marble, on the lai'gest and the most minute scale, Cellini, even as an artist alone, was a most wonderful man. But when we remember that he was a musician, an author, and an ad- mirable master of the sword, it is im- possible to withhold our admiration from tlie extent and variety of his genius. As an author, he produced a work on sculpture and the casting of metals, a treatise on the goldsmith's art, and an autobiognvphy full of vivid and vigorous writing. This last work, which contains some details scarcely credible, even with n large allowance for the evident vanity of the author, has been translated into all the ftiodern languages. B. 1500; d. 1570. CELSIUS, Olads, a learned Swede ; the early patron of Liunseus, and the first promoter of the science of natural history in Sweden. He published va- rious, tlieological and other works, par- ticularly one entitled " Ilierobotanicon," an account of the plants mentioned in the Bible. B. 1670; d. 1750. CELSUS, AuRELius Cornelius, a Eo- man physician of the time of Tiberius ; author of treatises on agriculture, rheto- ric, and military atfairs, and of 8 books on medicine. All except the last work is lost, but that is used in the medical schools of every nation in Europe. — An Epicurean philosopher of tlie 2d cen- tury. He wrote a book against the Christian religion. It is not extant, but if we may judge from Origcn's reply to it, Celsus was a keen tlisputant, even with the disadvantage of assailing truth and defending error. CELTES, Conrad, a modern Latin poet, native of Germany. He wrote odes, amatory poems, and epigrams, and a prose iiistorv of Nuremburg. D. 1508. CENSORINUS, a Roman,'"twiee con- sul. In 270 the soldiery compelled him o accept the purple, and murdered him (v week after he had done so. CENTLIVRE, Susannah, an English dramatic writer and actress ; author of " The Busy Body," " A bold Stroke for a Wife," i&c. Her writings are viva- cious and elegant, but they are occasion- ally indelicate. D. 1723. CEOLWULF, a king of Northumber- land in the 8th century, of whom the Venerable Bede makes honorable men- tion as a just and pious king. His do- minions being overrun by Ethelbald, king of Mercia, Ceohvulf retired to the monastery of Lindisfarne, and spent the remainder of his life in retirement and prayer. CEPHALON, an Ionian author of an epitome of general history from the time of Ninus to that of the emperor Adrian, in whose reign he fiourished, anil of a history of Troy. In imitation of Herod- otus, lie divided his epitome into nine books. CEKACCHT, Joseph, a Roman sculp- tor, a pupil of the great Canova. He unfortunately involved himself in polit- ical disputes, and was obliged to seek shelter ni France, where he was engaged in a conspiracy against the life of Bona- parte, for which he was executed in 1301. CERATINUS, dAMEs, a learned Dutch- man, professor of Greek at Leipsic, which otHcc he owed to the recommendation of Erasmus. His true name wasTeyng, that which he adopted being a GreeK derivative equivalent to Horn, the name of his native place. lie wrote " I)e Sono Graicarum Literarum," compiled a Greek and Latin lexicon, &c. IX 1530. CP2RCEAU, John Anthony jrv, a French poet. He wrote several critiques, some comedies, and Latin and Fl-cneh poems. B. 107(3; and accidentally shot m 1730, by tlie prince of Conti, to whom he was tutor. - CERDA, Bernarda Ferreira de i,a, a Portuguese lady of the 17tli century, remarkable for the extent and variety of her accomplishments. She was well versed in the ancient and modern lan- guages ; excelled in rhetoric, inathemnt- ies, and philosophy; was a most skilful musician ; and wrote various poems and comedies of great merit. CERE, John Nicholas, a distinguish- ed French botanist, director of tlie bo- tanic garilen in the Isle of France. He greatly extended the culture of clovef and other spices in the island, and pub- lished a valuable memoir on the cultiva- tion of rice. D. 1810. CERINI, Giovanni Domenico, an Ital- ian painter, chiefly of historical subjects, B. 1006; d. lOsi.— Joseph, an Italian poet and dramatist. B. 1738; d. 1779. CERINTIIUS, a heresiarch of the 1st century. He was by birtli a Jew, and is supposed to have been a pupil of Siniori cha] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 271 Maffu?. His doctrine was a compound of Judaism, Cliristiunity, and the specu- latious of the Gnostics. CERUTI, Frederic, a learned Italian schoolmaster. He wrote .1 Latin dia- logue on the " Rijiht Education of Youth,' and another on "Comedy," and published editions of Horace, Juve- nal, and Perseus, each with, a para- plirase. B. 1541 ; d. lo79. CEKUTTI, Joseph Anthony JoACHnr, a Jesuit, for some time professor in the society's collejre at Lyons ; author of an " Apology" for his order, and of various miscellaneous pieces. He entered with ardor into the affairs of the revolution, and conducted a paper called "Feuille Villao-eoise." P>. 173.) ; d. 179-2. CERVANTES, de Saavedra, Miguel, the celebrated Spanish novelist, was b. 1.54:7. Although he gave early promise of literary talent, he was compelled, through poverty, to seek a subsistence in some other profession, and became a page to the cardinal Giulio Aquaviva, in Rome. He t'len entered the navy, and lost his left arm at the famous battle of Lepanto. After this, he joined the troops at Naples, in the service of the Spanish king; but, returning home- ward, he was unfortunately taken pris- oner by a corsair, and remained in slavery at Algiers five years. When he was at length ransomed, he settled at Madrid, married, and published in the course of 10 years about 30 dramas ; but though he showed great genius, he was not so successful as his rival, Lope de Vega, ami he reluctantly abandoned this species of composition for that which has immortalized his name — the produc- tion of " Don Qui.KOte." Cervantes had in view, by this work, to reform the taste and opinions of his countrymen. He wished to ridicule that adventurous heroism which was the source of innu- merable novels on kniijht-errantry. The work was, at first, coldly received, but it soon met with applausf , and it may now safely be said to be the most popu- lar work that was ever written. Still its extraordmary good fortune did not ex- tend to the author, who struggled on for many years with nothing to console liim in his poverty but his genius, and a proper estimation of his own merit. D. K,16. CERVETTO, a celebrated Italian mu- sician, who performed at Dniry-lane in the time of Garrick. lie much of- fended that irritable performer by loudly Bnoring one ni£rht, when the audience was in a state of the most perfect .silence. Garrick reproached him in the green- room, but tlie fiddler appeased the actor by exclaiming, " Ah, Mr. Garrick, it is alvay the vay ven I be ver much plc:ise I" D. 1783, at the age of 103. CESARINI, Julian, a cardinal. He was employed by Martin V. and Euae- nius IV., in political negotiations. Be- ing sent by tlic latter pope to Hungary, he persuaded Ladislaus to break truce with the Turks. The battle of Varna ensued, and the cardinal was slain, 1444. — ViRGiNio, an Italian writer, whose Latin and Italian poems are distiu- £;uished bv sreat eleirance. D. 1624. " CESAROTTI, Melchior, an Italian poet, and prot'essor of rhetoric, Greek, and Hebrew, in the university of Padua; author of "Essays on the Origin and Progress of Poetry," " On the Italian Language," &c. ; and tminslator into Italian of the " Iliad," and of " Ossian's Poems." B. 1730 ; d. 1803. CESPEDES, Paul, an eminent Span- ish painter. His principal work is "The Last Supper," an admirable picture in the cathedral of Cordova. He was the author ot a learned treatise on ancient and modern painting. D. 1G08. CEZELLI, Constance, a heroine of the 16th century. Her husband, while defending Leucate, was taken by the Spaniards," and they threatened Con- stance that they would put him to death if slie did not surrender the fortress. She refused, but offered all her property to ransom him. Tliis was unavailing: and being foiled in two assaults, they raised the siege, and put their barbarous threat in force. CHABERT, Joseph Bernard, mar- quis of, a distinguished navigator, as- tronomer, and geographer, b. at Toulon, 1724. He performed several distant voy- ages, and formed the project of a chart of the Mediterranean; but the American war interrupted the work, and called Chabert to his post, where he distin- guislied himself so highly, that, in 1781, he was made commander of a squadron. Tlie revolution drove him to England. In 1800 he lost his sight, in consequence of his intense application to study; and, in 1802, he returned to Paris," where Bonaparte assigned him a pension. D. 1805. CHABRET, Pierre, an able French advocate; author of a work entitled "Tlie French Monarchy and its Laws." D. 1786. CHABRIAS, an Athenian general, to whom a statue was erected, for aiding the Boeotians against Agesilaus. H« 272 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [CHA conquered Cyprus for the king of Egypt, and was slain at C'liio, 535 b. c. CIIABRY, Mark, a French painter and sculptor. His best works, inclu- ding a fine equestrian statue of Louis XIV., adorned the city of Lyons, but thev were destroyed by the revolution- ary rabble. D. 1727. CHAIS, CnAELEs, a Protestant divine. He was a native of Geneva, but for many years officiated as pastor of tlie French church at the Hague. He was author of " An Apology for Inoculation," some theological essays, and a French transla- tion of the Bible. D. 1785. CHAISE, Francis de la, a French Jfsuit, confessor to Louis XIV., over wliom he acquired a vast influence. D. 1709. The site of his house and grounds at Paris is now occupied by the beauti- ful cemetery wliicli bears his name. CHALClDtUS, a Platonic philosopher of the 3d century. He wrote a com- mentary on the 'Tima?us of Plato, of ■which a Latin version was published at Levden. OlIALCONDYLES, Demetrius, a learned Greek, who, on the taking of Constantinople in 1479, established him- self as a teacher of Greek in Italy. He wrote a Greek grammar, and edited the lexicon of Suidas. D. 1513. CHALES, Claudius Fraxcls de, a French Jesuit, professor of hydrogra- phy and mathematics ; author of a " History of Mathematics," a " Treatise on Navigation," "Eesearches on the Centre of Gravity," &e D. 1678. CHALLE, Charles Michael Angelo, a French painter, and professor of paint- ing in tlie Paris academy. He was a Buecessfnl imitator of Salvator Eosa and of Guido. D. 1778. CHALMERS, Alexander, was b. 1759, at Aberdeen, where his father carried on business as a printer. When he was 18 years of age, an appointment of assist- ant surgeon in the West Indies was procured for liim ; but, instead of sail- mg for Jamaica he proceeded to Lon- don, where he connected himself with the press. He became editor of the " Public Ledger" and " London Packet" newspapers, during the period of the American war. Party politics were then running high, and Mr. Chalmers ob- tained much credit as a political writer to other journals, under the signature of Senex. He was for a long time a contributor to the " Morning" Chroni- cle," and afterwards editor of the "Morii- iug Herald." He also entered into en- gagements with several publishers, to edit their books, and published many works in his own name. In 1S12 the first portion of the work appeared, which, of all his productions, has the most largely contributed to his fame, namely, " The General Bioo^raphical Dic- tionary," which was completed in 1817 ; and he continued to occupy himself in literary pursuits till ill-hciUth compelled him to abandon them. D. lh^34. — George, a Scotch writer of considerable ability and industry; author of "Cale- donia," " An Estimate of t!ie Compara- tive Strength of Great Britain," &c. His statistical ability procured him the situation of chief clerk of the Board of Trade, which he enjoyed for many -^ears. B. 1744; d. 1825.— 'Thomas, wa's'b. at, Anstruther, in Fife, on the 17th of March, 1780, and was early sent to study at St. Andrew's university. On the com- pletion of his theological studies, he offi elated for about two years as assistant in the parish of Cavers, and in 1803 he obtained a presentation to the parish of Kilmany, in Fifeshire. Here he renuiiued for some years, in the quiet discharge of his clerical duties, when he was suddenly awakened to a knowledge of "vital Chris- tianity," while engaged in writing the article " Cliristianity " for "Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopedia," and from this moment his quickened and concentrated faculties were intent on reviving the old "evangelism of the Puritans and the Reformers." The heroism with which he avowed his change, and the fervor with which he proclaimed the gospel, made a great sensation in the quiet country round Kilmany; and at last t'he renown of this upland Boanerges began to spread over Scotland, when, in 1815, the town council of Glasgow invited him to be the minister of their Tron church and parish. Thither he repaired, and in that city for 8 years sustained a series of the most brilliant arguments and overpowering appeals in behalf of reli- gion. In 1817 he visited London. Here his popularity was not less overwhelm- ing. The churches in which he was to preach were crowded to sutfocation long before the service commenced ; and amongst his auditors were a number of the distinguished clergy, peers, mem- bers of parliament, and literary charac- ters of all classes and denominations. After continuing about four years min- ister of the Tron church, he was re- moved to the new church of St. John's. In this new sphere ho tried to give Eractical direction to the theories he ad propounded, relative to the support CHAJ CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 273 and tlie suppression of pauperism. In tnanaofeinent, he expected it to become a model for all the parishes in Scotland, in the independence of its provision for the abatement of pauperism, as well as in the spiritual acfency it was to adopt. But the work he had' undertaken, and the invasions made upon his time, de- prived him of that solitude so much required for pulpit pi'eparations, especi- ally for such pulpit exhibitions as he was wont to give ; and he was fain to seek relief in an academic retreat. In 1824 he accepted the chair of moral phi- losophy at St. Andrew's ; in 18'2S he was removed to the chair of theology in the university of Edinburgh ; and here he prosecuted his multifarious labors, lec- turing, preaching, publishing, organi- zing schemes for the welfare of the church, and taking an active manage- ment in her courts, till the disruption in the church of Scotland, in lS-43, when he joined the -Free Church, which he mainly contributed to found, and be- came principal and professor of theology to the seceding body. D. 1847. — -Lionel, a physician of South Carolina, eminent for medical science. He first practised in Christ-church, but soon removed to Charleston, where he continued till his death. He wrote, in 1754, useful re- marks on opisthotonos and tetanus, which were published in the first vol- ume of the observations and inquiries of the Medical Society of London. His most respectable work is an essay on fevers, published at Charleston, 1767, in which he gave the outlines of the spas- modic theory, which had been taught by Hoffman, and which was afterwards more fully illustrated by Cullen. Besides several smaller productions, he also pub- lished a valuable work on the weather and diseases of South Carolina. D. 1777. CHALONER, Thomas, an English statesman. He obtained his knight- hood by his gallantry at the battle of Musselburgh, and was afterwards em- ployed as Queen Elizabeth's ambassador to Spain and Germany. He translated '' Erasmus's Praise of Folly." and wrote "De Eepublica Anglorum instauranda, libri decem," &c. ' D. 1.565. — Thomas, Bon of the above, was distinguished as a chemist and natural philosopher, author of a tract on the virtues of nitre. D. 1603.— Edward, an English divine, son of the above, chaplain to James L, and one of the most celebrated preachers of his time. D. 1625.— .James, brother of ^he preceding, a member of parliament, and one of the judges of the ill-fated Charles I. His zeal in the parliamentary cause obtained him the governorship of Peel castle, in the Isle of Man. At the restoration in 1660, messengers were sent to apprehend him, wheti he com- mitted suicide. — Thomas, brother of the last named, and also one of the king's judges ; author of an account of the (pretended) discovery of the tomb of Moses. He absconded from England at the restoration. D. 1661. CHAMBERLAINE, Robert, an En- glish poet, author of " The Swaggering Damsel," a comedy ; " Nocturn:il Lu- cubrations," &e. D. 1637. CHAMBERLAYNE, Edward, author of an able work, entitled "The present State of England," &c. D. 1703. — John. son of the above, translator of tlie "Re- ligious Philosopher," by Nieuwentyt, &c. D. 1724. ^ ' -^ ^ ' CHAMBERS, Ephraim, an able and most industrious English writer, com- piler of the well-known " Cyclopedia" which bears his name. D." 1740.— Sir William, an able architect. He built that fine structure, Somerset house, and was the author of a valuable treatise on "Civil Architecture." Though of Scotch descent, he was by birth a Swede, and his knighthood was conferred by i kinar of Sweden. D. 1796. th CHAMIER, Daniel, a French Prot- estant !. — v., surnamed the Wise, was the first prince who bore the title of dauphin, on the death of his brother, in 18t)4. His reign was very beneficial to his people, whose commerce and agri- culture he greatly promoted. He found- ed the library* of Paris, and gained several advantages over the English. D. 1380. — VI., suruamed the Well-beloved, was son and successor of the above. Owing to the feuds of the dukes of Bur- gundy and Orleans, and the misconduct of his ministers, he was unable to resist tiie warlike Edward of England, who t- quered France and disinlicrited the daupiiin. L>. 1422.— VII., surnamed the Victorious. He was crowned in 1422, and recovered the whole of his domin- ions from the English, with the excep- tion of Calais. D.^UiJl.— VIII., king of France, surnamed the Attablc, was the son of Louis XL, and ascended the throne of France in 1483, at the early age of thirteen. He was a warlike prince, and, in 1495, obtained a victory over an army of Italians five times aa numerous as his own. D. 1498. — IX.. king of France, succeeded to the throne in 16")0. Tlic civil wars, and, above all, the massacre of Paris, have left an in- delible stain upon the memory of this prince D. 1574.— X., or CnARLEs-PHi- LippE DK BouEBo^, (known a.s Count 278 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [CHA d'Artois until the accession of his brother Louis XVIII., and afterwards as Monsieur,) was tlie tifch and youngest son of the dauphin Louis, son of Louis XV., and was b. 17o7. In 1773 he mar- ried the princess Maria Tlieresa, daugh- ter of Victor Aniadeus III., king of Sardinia. On his succeeding to the tlirone of France in 1S24, it was seen that he adhered too much to the ex- ploded dogmas of the old regime to ac- quire the same degree of popuhn-ity that, Ijy good tact and a more complyinj^ dis- position, his predecessor had enjoyed. On the 25th of July, 1830, in conse- quence of the result of a general election, Charles X. issued his two fatal ordi- nances, one abolishing the freedom of the press, and the other changing the mode of election. As a result, " the glorious revolution of 1830" took place, in Paris, and paved the way for Louis Piiilippe. The king retreated from St. Cloud to Eambouillet, where he oti'ered to abdicate in favor of his grandson, the duke of Bordeaux, and requested from the provisional government a safe -con- duct to a seaport. Embariiing at Cher- bourg he saileiA for England, and for a time took up his residence at Luhvorth castle, and then removed to Ilolyrood house, the scene of his former exile. There he remained about a twelvemonth, and afterwards retired to the Anstri;m dominions. D. at Goritz, iu lllyria, 1837. The latter years of this monarch were passed in acts of superstitious de- votion : he constantly wore hair-cloth next liis skin, he fasted much, and fre- quently imposed upon himself, as a penance for some hasty expression, an absolute silence for several hours. The dukes d'Angouleme and de Berri were his sons. — II., surnamed tlie Bad, king of Navarre. He succeeded to his king- dom when only 18 yeare of age, and his reign was marked by much wickedness. He murdered the constable, Charles of Angouleine ; seduced the dauphin, after- wards Charles V., into rebellion against liis father ; and was accused of employ- ing a person to administer poison to Charles V. His death was as horrible as his life had been wicked. Being ill of a leprosy, his physicians caused liiin to be swathed in cloths dipped in spirits of wine, and covered with brimstone, and his page accidentally setting fire to these inltammable materials, Chai-les d. in great torture, in 1387. — I., king of Kaples and Sicily. He was the son of Louis Vlll. of France, and, marrying the daughter of the count of Provence. he became possessed of Piovenco, and of Anjou and Maine. Defeating Man- fred, tlie usui'per of Sicily, he assumed the style of king of Naples ; and taking his rival, Conradin, duke of Suabia, ana the duke of Austria prisoners, he eter- nally disgr.aced himself by causing them to be put to death on the scatlbld-. His tyranny at length so much enraged the Sicilians, that on Easter Monday, in 1282, they massacred 8000 of the French — an event spoken of in history as the " Sicilian Vespers." After tiiis they chose Peter of Aragon for their king. D. 128'). — II., son of the above, at tlie time of his fatlier's decease, was a pris- oner in tlie hands of the Sicilians, and would most probably been put to death by them but for tlie humane interces- sion of Constantia, the wife of Peter of Aragon. At her request he was set at liberty, in 1288, on condition of his re- nouncing all claim to the crown of Sicily ; a condition from which the pope ab- solved him. His attempts upon Sicily were, however, of no avail, and lie was obliged to content himself with Naples, which he governed with wisdom and moderation. D. 1309. — III., king wf Naples, great grandscoi of the last named. He married Margaret, niece of •Joan, queen of Naples ; and when Joan was excommunicated, in 1380, he ob- tained that kingdom from the pope. He put the deposed queen to death, and was in his turn excommunicated by the pope. This did not prevent liis endeavoring to possess himself of the crown of Hun- gary, but he was slain in the attempt in 13S'6. — X., GusTAVUs, king of Sweden. He was the son of John Casiiuir, and ascended the throne on the ai)dication of queen Christina, in 16"i4. He was very successful against Poland, but was compelled to raise the siege of Copen- hagen, which he sought to possess him- self of, on account of Denmark having allied Itself with Poland. D. 1660.— XL, king of Sweden, son and successor of the preceding. He lost several import- ant places during his vvar with Denmark, but they were restored to liim at the peace of Nimeguen. He greatly in- creased the power and resources of his kingdom. D. 1697. — XIL, king of Sweden, son and successor of the pre- ceding. He was only 1") years of age when he ascended the throne, and his youth encouraged Eussia, Denmark, and Poland to unite against him. Those powers, however, found him fully equal to the task of humbling them. Den- mark being subdued, he attacked Bus- cha] CVCLOP>*"nTA OF BIOGnAPHY. 278 sia ; and in the famous battle of Narva, in 1700, he is said to have shiin ;30,000 of the enemy, besides making 20,000 prisoners, though his own force was short of 10,000. Pohuid next felt his power; he dethroned A\ignstus, and made Stxnislaus king in his stead. Tlius far his whole course had been prosper- ous ; but in seeking utterly to crush Peter the Great, he sustained a terrible defeat at the battle of Pultowa, and was himself so severely woiui'led, that he was removed from the field on a litter, and compelled to seek shelter in Turkey. Here his conduct was so violent that the Grand Seignior was compelled to bes"!cge his residence. After desperate resistance Charles was overpowered, and for ten months he was kept a prisoner. He no sooner was allowed to return to his own dominions than he commenced an attack on Norway, aud in besieging Frederiekshall was killed by a eaniion- ehot, in 1718. He was one of the great- est warriors of history. — XIII., king of Sweden, was b. in 1748 ; and being ap- Eointed, at his birth, high admiral of weden, his education was directed chiefly to the learning of naval tactics, aud in 178S he defeated the Russians in the gulf of Finland. On the murder of Gustavus III. he was placed at the head of the regency ; bat he resigned the government, in 1796, to Gustavus Adol- phus IV., wl'.o had become of age, and did not appear again in public life till a revolution hurled the king from the throne. He was then elected, and sub- sequently bestowed his entire confidence Oil M"u slial Bcrnadotte, whom the estates had chosen to succeed Prince Christian in 181i». D. 1818. ^Charles Albeut, king of Sardinia, son of Carlo Emanuele, prince of Carignano, was b. 1798. At his birth he had but little chance of ever swaying the sceptre, for there were seven male heirs of the house of Savoy, through whom the crown might have descended. His early life was conse- quently passed in comparative insigniti- caiice, and liis name was but slightly known to Europe until the revolution of 1821, which broke out in support of the so-called Spanish constitution of 1812, compelled King Vittorio Emanuele to abdicate in favor of his brother, and led to Charles Albert's nomination as regent of the kingdom. Charles Albert, who had all along been in the secrets of the conspirators, took measures to carry out their designs ; but the duke of Gene vols, in whose favor King Vittorio had resign- id the crown, having refused to sanction the proceedings of the new government, aud having taken instant measures tc put down the insurgents, Charles Albert tied to Novara, aud deserted and be- trayed the party with whom lie had co- operated. Renouncing the opinions he had adopted, he acted as a voluntei:r in 1823, in Spain, uutler the duke d'An- gouleme, and there lent his aid to crush the constitution, the principles of which he had so lately attempted to establish iu Sardinia. On his return to Turin he re- mained in retirement until the deatli of Carlo Felice led to his accession to the tlirone, 2rth April, 1831. During the first 17 years of his reign, few events occurred to give a clear insight into the natural bent of his mind ; but in March, 1848, after the Milanese had driven out the Aastrians from Northern Italy, he a second time unfui-led the revolutionary banner, and in a proclamation to the " people of Loinbardy and Venice," espoused the cause of Italian regenera- tion against Austria. His arms were at first crowned with success ; but the Austrian field-marshal Radetzky having regained step by step the positions he had lost, at length compelled the Sar- dinian forces to evacuate Milan in Au- gust of the same year, and in September an armistice was signed by the contend- ing parties. In March, 1849, Charles Albert was forced, by the clamors of his subjects, to renew the war with Austria. But the Sardinian army was defeated at all points by Marshal "Radetzky in tlie shortest campaign on record, four days ; and immediately afterwards, on the 2'4th March, Charles Albert abdicated the throne in favor of his eldest son, and precipitately leaving Turin, took up his residence at Oporto, where he died, as it is alleged, of a broken heart, July 18, 1S49. — Lovis DE LomtAixE, arcliduke of Austria, a distinguished military com- mander, son of Leopold II., and younger brother of Francis II., was b. 1771. He first entered on the career of arms under Prince Coburg in 1793; and his great abilities, not less than his exaltiid rank, rapidly procured his elevation in com- mand. After the battle of Nerwinde, which restored that rich province to the imperial power, he was appointed gov- ernor of the Low Countries, and was soon after created a field-marshal. In 1791} he was promoted to the command of the imperial arn"iies on the Rliine, gained some advantages over the repub- lican generals, Jourdan and Moreaii, whom he compelled to retire across the Rhine ; took Kehl in 1797 ; sui so iuenlJy 280 CYCLOPjEDIA of BiOGRAPHr, [CHA commamled in Italy against Bonaparte and Masseiia ; long' disputed victory at Caldicro, Eckmuh'l, and Essling; but lost the decisive battle of Wagram, where he was wounded. After this event he lived in retirement, during which he wrote a luminous and impar- tial narrative of his campaigns, and en- riched military science with tlie profound views set forth in his "I'rincipes de Strategic." D. 1847. — I., king of En- gland, was b. in Scotland, I6O1I. He was the second son of James VI. of Scotland, and I. ot England, by Aune, daughter of the king of Denmark ; and upon the death ofTrince Henry, his elder brother, in 1612, was created prince of Wales. On the death of his father, in 1625, he ascended the throne, bis kingdom being engaged in war with Spain, and much imbittered against his friend and minister Buckingham. It unfortunately happened for Charles I. that he had to the full as high and ex- acting a notion of the royal prerogative as either his father or Elizabeth, while he had to deal witii an entirely different state of public opinion. The parliament impeached Buckingham, and the king supported him ; war with France was dechired, against the popular wish, be- cause Buckingham so willed it ; and then the king, obstinate and impolitic iu his enforcement and extensionof his prerogative, got at loggerheads with his parliament, and ultimately forced the nation into civil war. The first battle between the king's forces and tlie par- liamentary army was at Edgehill, iu which neither party had mucli to boast of. For some time, however, the royal- ists were generally successful ; but the battles of Marston Moor, Newbury, and Naseby were all singularly unfavorable to tlie royal cause. Indeed, after the defeat at Naseby, the king was so power- less, that he took the resolution of throwing himself upon the good feel- ing of tlie Scottish army, then lying yjefore Newark ; and by that army he was sold, and delivered" into the hands of the parliament. For a time he was treated with much outward respect, but becoming alarmed for his personal safe- ty, he found means to make his escape from Hampton Court. On arriving on the coast, whitiier he went with the in- tention of quitting the kingdom, he could not obtain a vessel to go abroad, Dut crossed over to the Isle of Wight, where the governor, Hammond, con- fined him in Carisbrook castle. While there, negotiations were carried on be- tween him and the parliament ; but tho dominant party, commanding the array, cleared the house of commons of the moderate and timid members, and erected a court for the trial of the king. He was eondemiijd to death, and on the 30th January, 1649, beheaded at White- hall, a warning to hypocrites and tyrants, — II., son of the above, was b. in 1630. He was living as a refugee at the Hagui when the sentence on his father was carried into execution. He, neverthe- less, assumed the regal title, and finding that the Scots had proclaimed him, he left the Hague for Scotland, and was crowned at Scone. Cromwell marched towards Scotland to give him battle, and Charles passed by forced marches into England. Cromwell, however, whose force was superior, discovering the manoeuvre, turned back in pursuit; and the royal army was overtaken at W^or- cester,'and utterly routed. After diffi- culties and escapes which have rather the air of romance than of foct, Charles escaped to France, where he resided for some years, keeping up the mimicry of a court, but freqiiently reduced to ex- treme distress. The deatii of Cromwell, the general discontent of the people, and the dexterous policy of Genend Monk, restored Charles to his crown and king- dom ; and he reigned with a power far greater than that' for aiming at which his father had been put to death. Un- taught by adversity, he was luxurious, selfish, aiid indolent. The English non- conformists were treated with jealous rigor, and the Scottish Covenanters were shot and sabred without compunc- tion. And, perhaps, Charles's reply to some complaints made to liim of Lau- derdale's cruelty in Scotland, will give quite as full a clew to his kingly char- acter as can be required: "I perceive," said Charles, '• that Lauderdale has been guilty of many bad things against the people of Scotland; but'l cannot find that he has acted against my interest." D. 16S5. During this monarch's reign the capital was visited by heavy calam- ities ; the plague in 1665, and the fire of London in'the following year ; while pretended plots and conspiracies were made pretexts for bringing some emi- nent persons, who were obnoxious to the court, to an ignominious death. As to the character of Charles II., he was, in the fullest acceptation of the terms, a sensualist and voluptuary : encouraging, by his example, a taste for dissolute manners, which poisoned the moral health of society ; and though he pre- cha] served a degree of popularity with the multitude, from the easiness of his manners, yet he was totally destitute of exalted sentiments. — Edwabd Stuart, called the Pretender, was the grandson of James II., and b. at Kome, 1720. In 174") he landed in Scotland, and pub- li.slied a manifesto exliibiting the claims of his fatlier to the English throne. He was joined by several of the Highlanders, and on entering Edinburgh, he caused his father to be proclaimed ; on which General Cope liastened towards the capital, but was attacked by the Pre- 'ender at Preston Pans, and defeated. Instead of making a proper use of this victory, by advancing into England, Charles returned to Edinburgh, wasting his time in an idle parade of royalty. Afterwards, on being joined by lords Kilmarnock, Cromarty, Balmerino, and other discontented chiefs, he marched as far as Manchester; but hearing that the king was about to take the field, he returned to Scotland, where he defeated the English forces, under Hawley, at Falkirk. In the mean time the duke of Cumberland advanced to Edinburgh, and from thence to Aberdeen, the Pre- tender retreating before him. At last the two armies met at CuUoden, April 27, 1746, when, after an obstinate con- flict, in which the Highlanders displayed prodigious courage, his army was sig- nally defeated, and entirely dispersed. Charles, after wandering about in dif- ferent disguises, chiefly among the He- brides, ettected his escape to Franco. D. at Florence, 1788. CHARLETON, Lewis, bishop of Hereford, an able prelate, distinguished for his proficiency in theology and the mathematics. D. 1369. — Walter, an English physician. He resided abroad with Charles II., and returned with him at the restoration. His writings, in natural history, medicine, theology, and natural philosophy, are very numerous and learned, especially his "Onomas- ticon Zoicon" and " Chorea Gigantum ;" the former a classified arrangement of animals, the latter an essay on Stone- heuire. D. 1707. CHARLEVOIX, Peter Francis Xa- viER, a French Jesuit, and for some time a missionary in America. On his return, he became conductor of the " Journal de Trevous." In addition to nis numerous contribution^^ to that work, he wrote " Histoire Generale de Paraguay," "Histoire Generale de la Nouvelle France," (fee. D. 1761. CHARLOTTE AUGUSTA, daughter 24* CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 281 of George IV. and Queen Caroline, waa b. Jan. 7, 1796, and married to Prince Leopold of Coburg, May 2, 1816. Her niarriage was the result of mutual esteem. But their anxious wishes as parents were suddenly blighted : on the 5th of November, 1817, the princess was delivered of a still-born child; and, in a few hours after, she was seized with convulsions and expired. Never before, perhaps, was national and individual sorrow so strikingly expressed. The unhappy dissensions of her royal jia- rents, and the vicious blandishments of courtly parasites, were contrasted at Claremont by conjugal affection and the pleasures of a virtuous life. CHARNOCK, John, an English naval oflicer and miscellaneous writer, author of a " History of Marine Architecture," "Biographia Navalis," a "Supplement to CampbelTs Lives of the Admirals," &c. D. 18u7. — Stephen, a nonconfor- mist divine. He was an eloqiujnt and popular preacher, and advocated Calvin- istical doctrines with great force and originality. His "Discourse on Provi- dence" is considered the best of his writings. D. 1680. CHAKPETIER, Francis, the author of a treatise " On the Excellence of the French Language," and other works. D. 1702. CHARRERIE, Madame de St. Hya- ciNTHE DE, a French lady of versatile ability ; authoress of " Lettres Neu- chatelloises," " Caliste, ou Lettres ecrites de Lausanne," and several suc- cessful novels and dramas. D. 1806. CHARRON, Peter, a French divine, and a friend of Montaigne, who, by will, left him the privilege of bearing his arms ; a strong proof, considering the pride of a Gascon, of his personal con- sideration. His chief works are " The Three Smitlis," a " Treatise on Wis- dom," and a volume of " Christian Dis- courses." CHASE, Samuel, a judge of the su- preme court of the United States under the constitution of 1789. He was set- tled in the practice of law at Annapolis, at the commencement of the American revolution, was a delegate to the general convention at Philadelphia, 1774, and served in that body several years. When the proposition for independence was be fore congress, as he had been prohibited from voting for it, by the convention of Maryland, he immediately traversed the province, and summoned county meet- ings to address the convention. In this way that body was induced to vote for 282 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY [CHA ir dependence ; and with this authority Mr. Cliase returned again to congress in i^eason to vote for tlic dechn'ation. lu 1783 he was sent to England as the agent of tlie state of Mar\ huid to rc- chiini a hirge amount of property, wliieh had been intrusted to tlie baulv of En- gland. In 1785 he removed to Balti- more. In 17'.iO he was a member of the convention in Maryland for considering the constitution of the United States. In 17'Jl lie was appointed chief justice of the general court of Maryland, and in 1796, an associate judge of the su- preme court of the United States, in ■wliicli station he continued till his death. In 1803 Judge (Jliase was impeaciied for his conduct in the trials of Fries and Callender, so'ely on political grounds, and the senate acquitted liim. D. 1811. CIIASIjF^S, Francis James, a French writer of the IStli century ; compiler of the " Dictionnairede Justice." — Guego- RY DE, a" French naval officer and a witty writer; autlior of " Les lllustres Fran- (joises," "Journal d'un Vovage fait au.\ hides Oricntales," . i7i'i.' CIIASTELARD, Tierre de Boscole m, a French gentleman, whom De Thou rapposes to have been grandson of the Chevalier Bayard. lie went to Scotland in the s\iite of the unfortunate Mary,_ and became so violently enamored of his royal mistress, as to secrete himself in her apartment. Being discovered when the queen retired to rest, he was eom- mittod to prison, and finally beheaded on a cliarcre of treason CIIASTELER, Jonx, marquis of, an eminent Austrian gener.al. lie was se- verely wounded at the siege of Valen- ciennes in 1793, and was subsequently opposed successively to Lefevre and Murat. In 1808, with Hormayer, ho was the soul of the famous Tyrolese insur- rection ; and he was characterized by Napoleon, in a wiatiiiul proclamation, as " the leader of a band of robbers," and an outlnv;. In all his engagements ho displayed equal skill and courage, and was at length rewarded with the post ot governor of Venice. B. 17fi8; d. 1820. CIIASTELET, Gabrielle Emii.ie dk Breteuil, marchioness of, a French lady, distinguished by her proticienej in science. "Siie translated the " Insti^ tutcs of the Philosophy of Leibnitz" from the German, and subsequently be- coming acquainted with the philosophy of Newton, she translated his " Prin- cipia," and added au able commentary. B. 1706; d. 1749. CHASTELLUX, Francis John, Mar- q'lis de, a French field-marshal ; author of " Travels in North America," and a treatise on " Public Happiness." 1). 1738. CHATEAUBRIAND, Francis Ah- guste, vicomte de, whose checkered ca- reer and numerous productions gained him a prominent place in the history of his time, was h. at St. Malo, 1769. Afti:. pursuing his studies at I>ol and Rennes, m his 17th year he joined the regiment of Navarre as sub-lieutenant, and re- paired to Paris. On the eve of the meeting of the states-general in 1789, animated by a love of adventure, he went to America. Here he spent two yeara amid the wild grandeur of savage life, " the world forgetting, by the world for- got," when accident threw into his hands a journal whicj revealed to him the immense events which three years had sutiered to bring about in his native country, and lie returned. Wounded at the siege of Thionville in 1792, he was conveyed in a dying state to -Jersey ; and after a partial recovery sailed for England, where he suffered great priva- tions, which a few translations, and, as he subsequently made known, the time- ly aid of the Literary Fund Society, en- abled him to mitigate ratherthan relieva. Here he published his first work, enti- tled " Essai Ilistorique et Politique sur les Revolutions Anciennes et Moder- nes," 1797. After the- 18th Brumairo he returned to France, and contributed to tlic Mercure. His " Attala" appeared in 1801 ; and was followed in 1802 by his ■ most celebrated work, the " Genie da Christianisme." Soon afterwards he was appointed by Napoleon secretary to the French embassy at Rome. In March, 1804, he was nominated minister pleni- potentiary to Switzerland ; but he rc- sisrned oii learning the melancholy fate of the duke d'Eughien, and resisted all cha] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHr. 283 tlie overtures which Napoleon subse- quently made to him. ]ii ISOT he pub- lished " Lcs Martyrs," and four years later his " Itiui'raire de Paris a Jerusa- lem." lu 1814, Chateaubriand hailed the restoration, in a brochure, entitled " Bonaparte et les Bourbons." At Ghent he was considered one of the ministers of Louis XVIII. ; in 1815 he was created a peer of France ; in the fol- lowing year he became a member of the Institute. " La Monarchie selon la Charte," wliich he published the same year, threw him for some years into dis- credit with the court ; but in 1S20 the highest state appointments once more lay open to him, and he became success- ively ambassador at Berlin in 1820, and at London in 1822, and tht same year minister of foreign atfuirs in the Vilelc ministry, when he organized the inva- sion of Spain under the duke d'Angou- leme, and took part in the congress of Verona, the history of wliich he after- wards recorded. In 1824, being sum- marily dismissed from office, he took refuge in the columns of the Journal des bebats, where he vigorously attack- ed his former colleagues ; and on their fall in 1828, he was sent as ambassador to Rome, but resigned his office in 1829, on the formation of the Polignac admin- istration. On the news of tlie outbreak of the revolution of 1830, he hastened to Paris, where he was hailed with accla- mation by the people, but after deliver- ina: a glowing oration in favor of the duke of Bordeaux, he retired from the chamber of peers, never to enter it again. From this period he personally took leave of politics ; but he continued to send forth from time to time pim- plilets on the government of Louis Phi- lippe, conceived in so bitter and violent a spirit, that he became an object of sus- picion to the ministry, and was sunimti- rily arrested, but soon discharged. His last years were spen*; in domestic privacy. Besides the works above mentioned, Chateaubriand wrote " Etudes Histo- riques," " Essai .sur la Litterature An- glaise," (a poor production,) and ntuner- ous pamplilets upon historical subjects and the politics of the day. D. 1848. (JHATEAUBRUN, Jons Baptist Vi- vian D?;, a French dramatic writer ; au- )hor of " Pliiloctctes," " Mahomet II.," •'Le^ Trovennes," &c. D. 177.">. CHATEAUKEXAUD, Francis Locis RoussELET, count of, a distinguished French admiral. He was a great scourge to the Sallee rovers, and signally defeat- ed the Dutch tleet in 1675. D.'l716. CIIATEL, Fr.^ncis dtt, a Flemish painter of tlie 16th century. His chief work, which is in the town-hall of Ghent, represents the king of Spain re- ceiving the oath of iSdelity from the states of Flanders and Brabant. — Pierke Du, bishop of Orleans, a strenuous de- ' fender of the Galilean chu-rch. He was an excellent scholar, and assisted Eras- mus in his translations from the Greek. He wrote a Latin letter against thc*em- peror, Charles V., and two funeral ora- tions for Francis I. D. 1552. — Tanne- ouY DU, an able French general, lie was in the famous battle* of Agincourt: and when tlie Bargundians surprised Paris, he was fortunate enough to save the dauphin, between whom and the duke of Burgundy he afterwards brouofht about a reconciliation. U. 1449. CHATELET, Paul du Hay, lord of, a Freneli othcer of state in the reign of Louis XIII. ; author of the " History of Bcrtrand du Guesehn," constable of France. D. 1686. CHATHAM, William Pitt, earl of, one of the most illustnous statesmen that ever graced the British senate, was b. 1708. After studying at Eton and Ox- ford, he entered the army as a cornet of dragoons, but quitted it on being re- turned to parliament as a member for Old Sarum. His talents as an orator were soon displayed in opposition to Sir Robert Walpole, and had so great an ef- fect, that the duchess of Marlborough, who had a deadly hatred to that minis- ter, bequeathed to Mr. Pitt a legacy of £10,000. On the change of administra- tion, he was made joint vice-treasurer of Ireland and paymaster-general of the army, which places he resigned in 1755; but the year following he was appointed secretary of state. In a i'aw months he Was again dismissed from otHco ; but en efficient administration being wanted in 1757, and the nation being cntliusiasli- cally attached to him, he returned to hia former situation as secretary of state. His great mind now revealed its full force, and his ascendency was complete over the parliament no less than in the ministry. He aroused the English na- tion to new activity, and, in the space of a few years, it recovered its superior- ity over France, am ihilating her navy, and stripping lier of her colonies. France'was beaten in the four quarters of the world. In 1760 he advised the declaration of war against Spain, while she was unprepared for resistance, as ho foresaw that she would assist France. The elevation of England on the r'lins 284 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, [CHA of the lionse of Bourbon was the great object of his ^^ohcy. But his plans were fiiiddeuly interrupted by the doath of George 11., whose successor was preju- diced' against Pitt by his adv';rsary, the earl of Bute, a statesman jf limited views. Pitt, therefore, resigned his post in 17G1, only retaining his seat iu the house of commons. Foreseeing tbe separation of the American colonies from*ihe mother country, if the arbitra- ry measures then adopted should be continued, he advocated, especially iu 1766, a conei'iatory policy, and the re- peal of the itamp act. In the same year he wp . .nvited to assist in forming a new ministry, in which be took the office of privy seal, and was created vis- count Burton, baron Pynsent, and earl of Chatham ; but in 1768 he resigned, as he found himself inadequately seconded by his colleagues. In the house of lords, he continued to recommend the abandonment of the coercive measures employed against America, particularly in 1774 : but his warning was rejected, and, in 1776, the colonies declared them- selves independent. He still, however, labored in the cause, and used all his etforis to induce the government to ef- fect a reconciliation with the American states ; and, as he was speaking with his accustomed energy on the subject, in the house of lords', April 8, 1778. he fell down in a convulsive fit. He d. on the 11th of the following month, and his body, after lyinir in state, was sol- emnly interred in Westminster abbey, where a superb monument was erected to his memory at the national expense. — John, earl of, &c., eldest son of the celebrated statesman, was b. 17.^6, and succeeded to the peerage on the death of his father, in 1778. On the death of the duke of Kent, he was appointed governor of Gibraltar, which lie held, with other offices, to the time of his death, in 1835. He was the last peer of the Pitt family. CIIATTER'TON, Thomas, an English poet, whose precocious genius and mel- ancholy fate have gained him much celebrity, was b. at Bristol, 17,52. His father was sexton of Redcliff church, Bristol, and young Chatterton professed to have received from him several an- cient MSS. These he palmed upon the world as the poems of Eowley, a priest of Bristol in the 15th century; and so admirably was his forgery executed, that it is even now rather assumed than proved. Having vainly endeavored to persuade Horace Walpole and other scholars of the genuineness of the MSS., Chatterton, though still a mere boy, be- came a party writer; but even tliis re- source failed him, and in a state of deep despondency, produced by absolute want, he destroyed himself by poison, in 1770, at the age of 18.' CHAUCER, Geoffhey, an immortal poet, to whom is justly given the title of the fother of'Endish poetry. He studied law in the Temple, but soon turned his attention to the court, and became successively yeoman and shield- bearer to Edward "ill., and comptroller to the customs of London. In the fol- lowing reisn, having embraced the doc- trines of Wicklitf, he was committed to prison, but released on recantintr his opinions. He now retired to Wood- stock, where he composed his treatise on the astrolabe. He seems to have been fortunate beyond the usual lot of poets; for, independent of bounties he had bestowed on him by the crown, he derived considerable property and influ- ence from his marriage with a connection of the great .John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster. As a poet, Chaucer is far less read and understood than he de- serves, for his writing has a fre>li and lusty vigor, rarely to be met with in more modern poesy. B. 1323 ; d. 1400. CHAUNCEY, Charles, an American divine, and one of the most eminent writers of the Universalists ; author of "Thousrhts on the State of Religion in New England," " The Benevolence of the Deitv considered," " A True Sketch of the Suflferings and Misfortunes of the Town of Boston," &c. B. 1705 ; d. 17R7. — Henry, an Enirlish lawyer and antiquarian. He was knighted by Charles 11. in 1681, and, in 1688, was made a Welsh judije. Just before his death he published the "Historical Antiquities of Hertfordshire," one of the most valu- able of English county histories. I). •1700. — Charles, second president of Ilarvard college, was b. in England, in l."89. He received liis grammar educa- tion at Westminster, and took the degree of M. D. at the university of Cambridge. He emigrated to New England in 1638, and after serving for a number of years in the ministry at Scituate, was appoint- ed, in 1654, president of Harvard college. In this office he remained till his death, in 1671. — Isaac, a distinguished commo- dore of the navy ( f tlie United States. He was b. at Bln'ckrock. Conn., and fol- lowed the sea in the earlier part of hia life. In 1798 he was appointed lieuten- ant iu the navy, and served with honor 3He] CY'CLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAl'HT, 285 nnder Tnixton, Preble, and others. Durinrison, he obtained permission to depart for the West Indies. The vessel in which he sailed was never heard from after- wards. He is the author of a number of occasional poems, serious, pathetic, and satirical, which possess considerable merit. CHURCHILL, Charles, an English clergyman and poet. The death of liis father, who was curate of St. John's, Westminster, brought him to London, and lie obtained the vacant curacy. His income was small, while his love'of gay and expensive pursuits was unboundea, and he was on the verge of imprison- ment, when Dr. Lloyd, of Westminster school, interfered, and etfected a com- position with tlie creditors. lie now determined to exert the talents he had so long allowed to lie idle; and his first production was "The Rosciad," an energetic description of the principal actors of the time. Public attention was fixed- on this poem by the vehe- mence with which the players replied to ir, and Churchill found it worth his while to give the town a new satire, under the title of an "Apology" for his former one. "Night," "The Ghost," — in which he assailed Dr. Johnson, at that time all but omnipotent in the lit- erary world — and the " Prophecy of Famine," followed ; he at length threw aside all regard for his Drofession. sep- arated from his wife, and became a com- plete " man of wit about town." He now rapidly produced an "Epistle to Hosrarth." " Tne Conference. " "The DueUist." "The Author." "Gotham," " The Candidate," " The Times," " In- 290 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHr. [cic dependence," and " The Journey." The visjor displayed in tliese makes it probable that lie would in time have devoted himself to liiglier srubjeets than party polities, and have prod need works calculated to give him a higher and more lasting fame ; but a fever hurried bim to the grave, at the early age of 34, in 1704. — Winston, a Cavalier, whose estates were sequestered during the commonwealth ; but they were restored to him i)y Charles 11., who also knighted him. He wrote "Divi Britanniei ;" histories of the English monarchs. 1). 16S8. CHUECHYAED, Thomas, an English poet, author of "The Worthiness of Wales," &c. He flourished in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. CIACONIUS, Petek, an eminent Spanish scholar. Pope Gregory XIll. employed him to superintend an edition of the Bible, the " Decretal" of Gratian, and other works, which that poiUitf caused to be printed at the Vatican press. He wrote some very learned notes on TcrtiiUian, Pliny, Seneca, and other Latin writers ; a variety of tracts on Italian antiquities ; a treatise on the old Eoman calendar, &e. ; and lie aided Clavius in reforming the calendar. D. 1581. CIAMPINT, John Justin, a learned Italirin, author of " Vetera Monumenta," a " History of the College of Abbrcvia- tors," " Lives of the Popes," &c. He was one of the literary associates of Christina, queen of Sweden, during her residence at Kome, and was much aided by her in Ibrining an academy for the study of mathematics, and another for the study of ecclesiastical history. D. leys. CIBBER, CoLLEY, an actor and drarn- utist, was the son of Gabriel Cibber, a celebrated sculptor, and b. in London, 1G71. Being disappointed of a scholar- ship at Ciunbridge, lie entered the army which did not suit his taste; and when only about 18 years old he quitted it for the stage. For some time iie had but little success; but his perfoi-mance of Eondlewife, in the "Old Bachelor," made him very popular, and obtained him the monopoly of parts of that kind at Drury-lane. His first drama' ic effort, "Love's Last Shift," appeared in lO'.to; and it was followed by " Woman's Wit" and "The Careless Husband." His next production as a dramatist was an adaptation of Moliere's Tartuffe, under the title of the "Nonjuror." of which the " Hypocrite" of the more modern stage is a new version. Tho piece was wonderfully popular, and, in addition to the large prstits Cibber de- rived from its performance, it procured him the situation of poet-laureate. This appointment drew upon him the Rmeor of cotemporary wits and poets, imd of Pope among the number; but Cibber had the good sense to think solid proflt more important than the censure of the envious was injurious; and he wore the bay's, and performed in his own piece.-* till he was nearly 74 years of age. Be- sides tragedies and comedies, to the number of twenty-five, some of which still continue to be played as stock pieces, Cibber wrote an "Apology" for his own life ; an " Essay on the Cliarae- ter and Conduct of Cicero," and two expostulatory epistles to his assailant Pope. D. 1757. — TiiEovHin's, son of the above, an actor and dramatist, but very inferior in both capacities to his father. He wrote a musical entertain- ment called "Pattie and Pegfry," and altered some of Shakspeare's pla>s. " The Lives of the Poets of Great Biit- ain and Ireland" appeared with his name ; but the work was said to be written by Shields, subsequently aman- uensis to Dr. Johnson, from materials furnished by Thomas Coxeter. Cibber was of very extravagant habits, and his life was consequently spent in much distress. He was drowned in his pas- sage to Ireland, 1757. — Anna Maria, wife of the last named, and an actress of the highest class. Her union with Theophilus Cibber was productive of both discomfort and disgrace, and she was separated from him for many years. Her conduct, however, made it evident that he had been more to blame for the circumstance than she had ; and she was as much respected in private life as she was admired on the stage. Her style of acting was well adapted to that of Garriek, with whom she frequently performed. D. 1766. ClCCARELLl, Alphonso, an Italian physician; author of " De Clitumno Flumine," " Istoria di Casa Monaldes- ca," y, in which his principal opponent was Dr. AVater- land ; and the heterodoxy of Dr. Clarke was made the subject of a complaint in the lower house of convocation. Sub- Beqncntly he had a controversy with Leibnitz on the principles of reliirion and natural philosophy ; and pave con- siderable offence by altering the sintrinsr psalms at St. James's, where he was i chaplain to Queen Anne. Tlie latter part of his life was distins-uished by his letter to Mr. Iloadley, " On the Propor- tion of Velocity and Force in Bodies in Motion," and liis edition of " Homer's Iliad" with a Latin version. J). 1720. — JoHx, brother of tlie above, dean of Salisbury; author of "Sermons on the Origin of Evil," a translation of Gro- tius's "De Veritate," &c. D. 1721t.— William, an Eno-lish divine and writer; author of "The Connection of the Ro- man, Saxon, and Ensrlish Coins," "A Discourse on the Commerce of the Eo- mans," k. The love of art, however, pre- vaJed over the circumstances in which he was placed ; and havins^ received some instructions in drawing from his brother, who was a wood-eng'raver, he went to Rome, and was employed by the painter Tassi, from whom "he re- ceived instructions in the fiuidamentiil principles of his art. But it was from the study of nature that he derived hia best lessons, and in that study he was unwearied, passing entire day's in the fields, noting every change in the aspect of nature at the various stages of the day, from sunrise to dusk. The sight of some pictures by Godfrey Vals en- chanted him so much, that, in spite of his jwverty, he travelled to Naples to study with the artist. His genius now unfolded itself with such rapidity, that he was soon considered one of the first landscape painters of his time ; particu- larly after he had studied, in Lombardy, the paintings of Giorgione and Titian, whereby his coloring and chiaro-oscuro were greatly improved. After making a journey into his native country, he settled, in 1627, in Rome, where his works were greatly sought for. so that he was enabled to live much at liis ease, until 1682, when he died of the gout. The princip-.il galleries of Italy, France, England. Spain and Germany are adorn- ed witJi his productions. CLAUDIANUS, Claudius, a Latin poet, whose place of nativity is sup- posed to be Alexandria, in Egypt. He flourished under the reigns of Theodo- sius, Arcadius, and Honorius ; and a statue was erected to his honor in the forum of Trajan. CLAUDIUS, Tiberius Drusus, a Ro- man emperor, was b. 9 b. c, at Lyons, and originally called Germanicus. After spending r,0 years of his life in a private station, unhonored and but little known, he was, on the murder of Calitrula, his uncle, proclaimed emperor by the body- guard, and confirmed in the sovereignty by the senate. At first he performed some praisewortliy acts, but he soon bo- canie contemplibJe for his debnuchery and voluptuousness, and ho died of poison administered by his second wife, Atrrippina, .54. — II., Marcus Aureliu3 Flavius, surnamed Gothicus, a Roman emperor, b. 214, was raised to the tlirono on the death of Gallienus ; and, by his virtues, as well as by his splendid victo- ries over the Goths', he proved liimself worthy of his exalted station. D. 270. CLAUSEL, Bertrand, a distinguish 296 cyclop-«;dia of biography. [CLH ed French soldier, b. at Mircpoix, 1773. He liad already gained distinction in the army of the i'yrences, at St. Domingo, in Italy, and Dahnatia, when he was sent to" Spain in ISIO, under Jiinot and Masscua. lie besieged Ciiulad Kodrigo, was wounded at Salamanca, and having saved, during a retreat memorable in military annals, tlie army of rortugal, and leil it into Spain, was appointed commander-in-chief in the north of Spain, 1813. Banished on tlie return of the Bourbons in ISlo, he retired to the United States, where lie remained soine years. Immediately after tlie revolution of 1830 he was appointed commander- in-chief of the forces in Algeria ; but the check he sustained at Constantine, in 1830, led to his resignation, and the rest of ills dnvs were passed in retire- ment. D. 1842. CLAVIERE, Etienne, a statesman and financier, was a native of Geneva, and for some time conducted a bank in that city ; but was forced to emigrate to France on account of the part he took in some political offences. In conjunction with Brissot, he published a treatise, •' De la France et des Etats Unis." Dis- playing great zeal in revolutionizina: France and hor colonies, he obtained considerable influence; but on the fall of the Girondists he was arrested, and committed suicide in prison, 1793. CLAVIGP^IiO, Francesco SAVEmo, a native of Vera Cruz, in Mexico. Hav- ing made himself acquainted with the traditions and antiquities of the Mexi- cans, he wrote a very valuable work, entitled, "The History of Mexico." CLAV'lUS, CnuisTopHKR, a German Jesuit and mathematician. By order of Pope Gregory XIII. he corrected the calendar ; and he ably defended himself against the animadversions on his labor of the elder Scaliger and others. He also published some valuable mathe- matical works, among which was an edition of Euclid, with annotations. D. 1612. CLAYTON, Robert, bishop of Clog- lier; author of an "Introduction to the History of the .Jews," " Tlie Chronology of the' Bible Vindicated," "A Vindica- tion of tlic Histories of the Old and New Testament," written nresident of the United States, was b. in the county of Ulster, New York, 1739, and was educated to the profession of the law. In 17(58 he was chosen to a %eat in the colonial assembly, and was elected a lelegute to the continental congress in 1775. In 1776 he was ap- pointed a brigadier in the army of the United States, and continued duringtha progress of the war to reniler importanu services to the niilitaiy department. In April, 1777, he was elected both gover- nor, and lieutenant-governor of New York, and was continued in the former office for eighteen years. He was unan- imously chosen president of the con- vention which assemliied at Pough- keepsic, in 1788, to deliberate on tha new federal constitution. In 1801 hf again aecepited tlie office of governor, and after continuing in that capacity for three years he was elevated to the vice- presidency of the United States ; a dig- nity which he retained till his death at Washington, in 1812. — De Witt. wash. 176ii, at Little Britain, in Orange county, New York. He was educated at Colum- bia college, commenced the study of the law, and was admitted to the bar, but was never much engaged in professional practice. Tie early imbibed a predilec- tion tor political life, find was appointed the private secretary of his uncle, Geo. Clinton, tiien governor of the state. In 1797 he was sent to the Icgislaturc^from the city of New York ; ami two years afler was chosen a member of the state senate. In 1801 he was appointed a senator of tlie United States, and continued in that capacity for two sessions. lie retired from the senate in 1803, in consequence of his election to the mayoralty of New York, an office to which he was annual- ly re-elected, with the intermission of but two years, till 1815. lu 1817 he was elected, almost unanimously, governor of the state, wa*i again chosen in 1S20, but in 1822 declined beins a candidate for re-election. In 1810 Mr. Clinton had been appointed, by the senate of his state, one of the board of canal commis- sioners, but the dis]-)leasure of his polit- ical opponents having been excited, he was removed from this office in 1823, by a vote of both branches of the legisla- ture. This insult created a strong re- action in popular feeling, and Mr. Clinton was innnediately nominated for governor, and elected by an unjircce- dented nuijority. In 182fi he was again elected, but he d. before the completion of his term, February 11, 1828. Mr. Clinton was not only eminent as a states- man, but he occupied a conspicuous rank as a man of learning. His national services were of the hitrlicst importance, and the Erie canal especially, though the honor of projecting it may belong to another, will remain a perpetual monu- CLO] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 299 ment cf the patriotism and perseverance of Clinton. — Sir Hexky, an English general, served in the Hanoverian war, and was sent to Americ-a in 1775, with the rank of major-general. He distin- guished himself at tiie battle of Bunker Hill, evacuated Philadelphia in 1778, and took Charleston in 1780. He re- turned to England in 1782, and soon affer published an account of the cam- paign in 1781-8-3, which Lord Cornwal- Ijs answered, and to which Sir Henry made a reply. He was governor of Gibraltar in 1795, and also member for Newark, and d. soon after. He was the author of "Observations on Stedniau's History of the American War." CLITUS, a distinguished Macedonian general, who saved the life of Alexander the Great at the battle of the Granicus, but who, having expostulated with his imperial master when the latter was in a fit of intoxication, was slain by him. CLIVE, Egbert, Lord Clive, and baron PLAasEY, was b. 1725, and in his 19tli year went to India as a writer, but soon quitted that employment for the army. Being intrusted with the attack of Devicottali, n fort of the rajah of Tanjore, he performed this important duty so well, that he was shortly after- ■wards made commissary. The French having artfully obtained ci.nsiderable territory in the Carnatie, Cli le advised that an attack sliould be made on the city of Arcot, which being intrusted to him, a complete victory was obtained. This unexpected victory drew otf the French from Trichinopoly, which tliey were then besieging, to retake Arcot, which Clive defended in such a manner that they were compelled to raise tlie siege. This was followed by a , Stephen-, a mechanic of the time of Charles II. He was a very zealous supporter of Protestantism, whence he obtained the sobriquet of the "Protestant joiner;" and probably it was on this account that some inform- ers charged him with being concerned in a plot against the king. He defended himself with spirit and'ability, but was condemned and executed in KJSl. COLLEONE, Baktoolomew, an Ital- ian soldier of fortune, b. at Bergamo, in 1400. He served at first under De ISIon- • tone, and then in the army of Queen Joan of Naples. Pass.ng into the ser- vice of Venice, he totally destroyed the army of Nicholas Pi>'rciiuno; but being ill rewarded, he left the Venetians, and took his troops to the aid of Philip Vis- conti. He next served with Francis Sforzn, and gained the b:ittle of Frascati over the French. Tiie Venetians now made him their generalissimo, and when he d., in 1475, the senate erected a statute to his memory. Cr)LLlEK,'jEREMiAH, an English non- juring divine and learned writer, b. 1650." At the revolution he refused to take the oaths, and was imprisoned in Newgate for writing in fovor of James IT. He attended Sir John Friend and Sir William Perkins, when they were exe- cuted for the " assassination plot." Two nonjuring clergymen who accompanied him on Uiis occasion, were taken up, but Collier escaped, and lay iiiclden un- til the atfair had blown over, when ho again miide his appearance, and publish- ed "Essays on ^liscellaneous Subjects." This work obtained him- considerable reputation ; and his next publication was a spirited attack upon the licen- tiousness of the stage. He was, as a matter of course, rcphed to by many of the dramatic writers of the time. He next translated and continued " Moreri's Dictionary ;" and his reputation bad r'^w so much increased, that Queen Anne's government ottered him valuable chureli preferment, which, with a rare consist- ency, he steadily declined. His reinain- ing'works were, an "Ecclesiastical His- tory," brought down to the death of, Charles II., some sermons, pamphlet.s,_ and a translation of "Marcus Antoni- nus." D. 172(5. COLLIN, D'IIarville, John Francis, a Frencli advocate, dramatist, and poet; author of "The Inconstant," " Le Vieux Cclebataire," and various other dramas. B. 1750; d. 1806. — Henry ue, a German poet ; author of six tragedies, some frag- ments of an epic poem, entitled "The Kodolphiad," and a number of spirit- stirring war songs. B. 1772; d. 1811. COLLINGS, John, a nonconformist divine ; author of " The Weaver's Pock- et Book, or Weaving Spiritualized," and other works of a similar class. At the restoration he was one of the Presbyte- rian divines at the famous Savoy con- ference. D. 1690. COLLINGWOOD, Cuthbert, Lord, a celebrated English admiral, was t. at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1748. lie enter- ed the navy when only 13 years of age, and his services were long, arduous, and valuable. In the action of June 1, 1794, he was flag-captain to Admiral Bowyer on board the Prince ; and at the battle of Cape St. Vincent, in 1797, ho com- manded the Excellent. Having attained the rank of vice-admiral of the blue, and being second in command at the battle of Tratiilifar, where the hero of England's navy fell, the command of the fleet devolved upon Admiral Collingwood, whose gallant conduct at the onset had called forth an exclamation of delight from Nelson, and to whose skill and judgment, after the battle, the preserva- tion of the captured vessels was chiefly col] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPIiy. 307 attributable. For this and liia other im- portant pervjces he was promoted to the rank of vice-admiral of the red, and ele- vated to the peeraice. His letters, pub- lished since his death, which took place iu ISIO, sliow him to have possessed considerable literary ability. — Francis Edward, a captain in the Enjjlisli navy, was a inidsliipmtm on board the Victory, at the battle of Trafalgar ; and to him is ascribed the honor of being the avenjjer of Nelson's death, having shot tiie Frenchman in the maintop of tlie Re- doubtable, who was seen to tai\e delib- erate aim at the English hero the mo- ment before he fell. D. 1835. COLLINS, Anthony, a deistical con- troversialist, was b. at Ileston, Middle- Bex, in 1676. Among his works are " A Discourse on Free Thinking," " A Dis- course on the Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Religion," " Priestcraft in Perfection," &c. He was intimate with Locke i;"(l other great men, and spent his life ii literary pursuits, and his wri- tings exhibit him as a determined foe to Christianity. B. 1676; d. 1729.— Ar- thur, a celebrated English genealogist; author of an English "Peerage" and "Baronetage;" lives of "Cecil, Lord Burleigh," and " Edward the Black Prince," &c. He was rescued from poverty by a pension of £400 per an- num, granted to him by George IL B. 16S2; d. 1760. — David, grandson of the above, a distinguished military otlicer, and governor of Van Dieman's Land ; author of " A History of Botany Bay," which is written in a very unpretend- ing style, and abounds with interest- ing information. D. ISIO. — Francis, doctor of the Ambrosian college, at Milan; author of a treatise, " De Ani- mabus Paganorum," &e. D. 1640. — John, an able mathematician and ac- countant. He was for some time in the naval service of Venice against the Turks; but at the restoration lie was appointed to the office of accountant to the excise office, the court of chancery, &c. He, however, found time to con- tribute hu'gely to the transactions of the Royal Society ; corresponded with Bar- row, Newton, and other eminent math- ematicians ; and wrote various mathe- matical works. B. 1624; d. 1683.— William, a highly gifted but ill-fated English poet; autlior of odes, eclogues, &c., was b. 1720, at Chichester. In 1774, he settled himself in London, but suffered from poverty even beyond the common lot of poets. The death of his ano.''», Colonel Martin, who bequeathed him a legacy of £200, raised him from this abject condition ; but his healtl) and spirits were broken, and alter lin- gering for some time in a state of men- tal imbecility, he d. 1756. His odes, which when published were utterly dis- regarded, are unquestionably among the first productions of British poesy ; and the fate of their author is an indelible disgrace to the pretended patrons of genius, and the age in which he lived. — William, an artist of distinguished merit, was b. in London, 1787. He in- herited an enthusiastic admiration fur the beauties of uiiture from both his pa- rents. His father, who was one of the first picture dealers of his time, was a man of considerable literary attain- ments ; and his friendship with Mor- huid the painter, early led to his son'a initiation into the mysteries of the pen- cil, hi 1807 he became a student of the Koyal Academy, and having prosecuted his studies with great zeal and success, he was chosen an associate in 1814, and elected an academician in 1820. Down to the year 1846 he contributed regularly to every exhibition, displaying tlie ver- satility of his powers by most elaborate productions illustrative of history, and by frequent revivals of those more do- mestic subjects by which he had won his early fame. True to his " first love," his last production, " Early Morning," was an Entrlish sea-piece. D. 1847. COLLTNSON, Peter, an English bot- anist, was b. 1694. He was intimate with Franklin and Linnanis, the lattet, of whom gave the name Collinsonia to a genus of plants. D. 1768. " COLLOT D'HERBOIS, Jean Marib, a French actor of little repute, but a fierce republican. On the breaking out of the revolution he became n conspicu- ous agitator, and was the first who voted for the abolition of royalty. When Ro- bespierre was falling he joined in im- peaching him, wliile his treatment of the royalist Lyonese obtained him the sobriquet of the Tiger He wrote some dramatic pieces, and the almanac of Father Gerard. Being transported to Cayenne, he d. 1796. COLLY P2R, Joseph, senior associate engraver of the Royal Academy, was b. of parents who were conspicuous in the literary world by thdir translations from Gesner and Boder, when the German language was but little known in En- gland. He showed superior talent in the stippled style of engraving; hia portraits in that line stand unrivalled. D. 1827. 308 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [col COLMAN, George, a dramatic writer and accomplished scholar, was b. at Florence, 1733, where his father at that time resided as the British envoy. Having received his education at West- minster school and at Christ-church, Oxford, he turned his attention to the law as a profe;j;. 1638. COMMODUS, Lucius Aukelius An TONiNus, a Koman emperor, son and successor of Antoninus the philosopher. He was guilty of the worst crimes, and was poisoned by his concubine, Marcia," who had discovered that he intended to put her to death, 122. COMNENUS, Demetrius Stephano- poLi Constantine, the supposed de- scendant of the celebrated family of the Comneni, which for ages sat on the throne of the eastern empire, was b. 1749, in the island of Corsica. After studying at Eonie, with the intention of becoming an ecclesiastic, Demetrius entered into the service of France, and obtained a captaincy in a regiment of dragoons in 1778. At the beginning of the revolution, he fought under the banners of Condc, and went into exile with other royalists; but he returned to France in 1802, and lived on a pen- sion of 4000 francs, assigned to him by Napoleon. Louis XVI IL confirmed this stipend, and made him mareclnJ de camp, and knight of St. Louis. D. 1821. COMPTE, Louis LE, a French Jesuit and mathematician. He was for some time a missionary in China, and on his return to Europe published memoirs of that countrv. D. 1729. CUMPTON, Spencer, carl of North ampton, one of the bravest and mos' zealous adherents of Charles 1. Being overpowered at the battle of Hopton Ileatli, he was oU'ercd (|uarter, but in- dignantly refused it, and was slain, 1643. CONCA, Sebastian, an eminent Ital- ian painter. D. 1761. CONCINO CCNCINI (more cclebra- tC'I and better known by his title of Marshal d'Ancre) was by birth a Flor- entine, and accompanied Mary de Me- dici, the wife of Henry IV., to France. He obtained trreat preferment, and after the death of Henry IV, so much abused the influence he had over the queen- con] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 311 regent, that when her son, Louis VIII., bec.inie old enough to act for hiuisclt', he consented to tlio assassination of the marquis, which accordingly took place In 1017; and in the same year his wife was burned to death as a sorceress. Tiie judges who tried her on this absurd charge, demanded of her by what arts BJie had gained her ascendency over tlic queen, when she made tlie memorable reply, " My only sorcery lias been the intluence of a strong mind over a weak one." - OONDE, Louis, first prince of, was the son of Charles of Bourbon, duke of Vendome, and greatly distinguished himself at the battle of St. Quintin, though he was tiien very young. At the death of Henry IL ho became a leader of the Huguenots, and was killed at the battle of Jarnac, in 15(5it. His memoir.-! were published after his death. • — Henry, prince of, wlio, at the request of Hem-y IV., became a Catliolic, was b. 158S. In 1G16 he was sent to the B:is- tile, where he remained three years. After the death of Louis XIII. tlie prince was liberated, and made minister of state to the regent. D. 1046. — Louis, prince of, duke of Enghien, the illus- trious son of the preceding, and usually called the Great, was b. at Paris, 1621. When he was a mere boy, his conversa- cion evinced so inrich talent, that Cardi- nal liiehelieu predicted that he would become " the first general in Europe and the fii'st man of his time." When only 22 years of age he gained the victory of Eocroi, over tlie Spaniards ; and follow- ed up that achievement by the capture of Thionville and other important places. Subsequently ho distinguished himself in various actions in Germany, whence he was recalled and sent to Catalonia, but was repulsed before Lerida. In 1641 he defeated tlie Imperialists in Flanders, on wliicli ocoasion the slaughter was prodigious. For a time he sided with the queen-mother and her advisers, and even succeeded in reconciling them to their opponents ; but being ill-treated by Cardinal Mazarin, he joined the mal- contents, and fought against the court in the civil war of 1652. Refusing to accede to the peace made between the contending parties, he entered into the service of Spain ; but at the peace of 1659 he was restored to the favor of France, and greatly distinguislied liim- Belf, particularly in the conqaest of Franchc Comptc, until infirmity of body compelled him to retire to private life. D. 1686. CONDILLAC, Stephen, a French metapiiysician ; author of an "Essay oa tlie Origin of Human Knowledge," a "Treatise on Animals," a "Treatise on the Sensations," "A Course of Study drawn up for the Instruction of tho Prince of Parma," to whom ho wad tutor, &c. D. 1780. CONUOKCET, John Antiionv Nich- olas Caritat, marquis of, a French inathematician and philosopher, was b. atRibcmont, in I'icardy, in 1743, and ed- ucated at the college of Navarre. When only 22 years of iige he distinguished himself among nii."'-cmaticians" by the publication ot^ liis work on "Integral Calculations." Two years afterwards he published a treatise on "The Prob- lem of the Tiiree Bodies," and in the following year liis "Analytical Essays." Ill 176'J he was chosen member of" tho Academy, and in 1778 became its secre- tary ,_ in which situation Jic distinguish- ed himself by the graceful eloquence of liis elrjffes. In 1791 he became a mem- ber of the national assembly and of the Jacobin club, and he soon became as noted lor his political virulence as he had already been eminent for his scien- tific genius. Becoming olfcnsive to KobcspieiTc, that tyrant threw him into prison, where, on the third morning, 28th March, 1794, he was found dead in his bed. Besides the works named above, he wrote " A Sketch on the Pro- gress of the Human Mind," an " Ele- mentary Treatise on Arithmetic," and a tract on "(Calculation." CONFUCIUS, or CONG-FU-TSE, a Chinese philosopher, was b. 551 b. c. lie spent his life in endeavoring to en- lighten and improve his fellow-subjects, and his advice was attended to by tho king of Lu, witli a respect little short of reverence. His descendants to this day are mandarins of the highest but- ton, and his books are reo-arded by the Chinese as treasures of the purest mo- rality. D. 407 B. c. CONGREVE, William, an eminent English dramatist, was b. near Leeds, 1670, and educated at Trinity college, Dublin. He entered himself'as a stu- dent at the Middle Temple, but, like many more before and since, abandoned the hiw for literature. His first piece, written at the age of 17, was a romance, entitled " Incognita, or Love and Duty Reconciled." In 1693, being then only 21 veiirs old, he wrote his first eoniedy, "The Old Bachelor." TJiis produced him not only great reputation, but also the substantial benefit of a eominissioii- 312 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [con ership in the hackney-coach office, which was given to liim by the carl of Halifax, who afterwards still further patronized and favored him. He wrote also "Love for Love," "The Dou- ble Dealer," "The Mourning Bride," "The Way of the World," an opera; and some poems. D. 1729. Witty and spirited as Congreve's plays are, they are too licentious to keep possession of the stage at the present day ; and in his own tiuie they received severe castiga- tion from the' celebrated Jeremiah Col- lier. — Sir William, the inventor of the Congreve rockets, was b. in 1772, and entered the military service early, in which he obtained the rank of lieuten- ant-colonel. He possessed much inven- tive talent, which he applied to the mechanic arts ; and for several years the rocket which bears his name, and which was first used in the attack on Boulogne, in 1806, was considered a grand auxili- ary in warlike operations, although it has now fallen into comparative disre- pute. D. 1828. CONN OK, Bernard, an Irish physi- cian, for some time settled at Warsaw : author of a "History of Poland," and also of a Latin work on the miracles of our Saviour. D. 1698. CONKAD I., count of Franconia. In 912 he was elected king of Germany, but Arnaul, duke of Bavaria, disputed his title, and engaged the Huns to overrun Germany. Conrad, however, avoided the threatened ruin by engaging to pay a yearly tribute. D. 918.— IL, son of Herman, duke of Franconia, was elected king of Germany in 1024. Attempts were made to displace him, but he beat bis opponents, and in 1027 was crowned emperor at Kome. By the will of Ko- dolphus the kingdom of Burgundy be- came his in 1033. D. 1039.-111., em- peror of Germany, was son of Frederic, duke of Suabia, and before his election was duke of Franconia. His election produced civil war; but he terminated that and went to the Holy Land, where he lost a vast number of his troops through the Greeks poisoning tlie foun- tains. He died in his own dominion, 1152. — IV., duke of Suabia, was elected emperor at the death of his father, Fred- eric II. The pope, Innocent IV., pre- tended that the right of ap]iointinent lay in him, and preached a crusade against the new emperor. Conrad re- plied to this by marching into Italy, and taking several important places. I). 1254.— CoNitAi), or CoNRADiN, son of the last named, who left him the kingdom of Naples. Pope Urban IV. gave the kingdom to Charles of Anjou, who de- feated Conrad, then only 16 years old, and caused him to be beheaded in 1268. CONKINGIUS,HEniiANN, professor of physic and politics at the university of He'lmstadt; author of valuable treatises on law, German antiquities, and on the Aristotelian system. D. 1681. CONSALVI, Ercole, cardinal and prime nvnister of Pope Pius VII., was b. at Toscanella, 1757. As he had ever opposed the French party in Rome to the utmost of his power, he was ban- ished from that city when the French took possession of it. tVhen, however, the papal affairs were in a better condi- tion he returned ; and, as secretary of state, he concluded the famous concor- dat with Napoleon ; continuing, in fact, at the liead of all the political and eccle- siastical affairs of the Eoman state till the death of the pope. D. 1824. CONSTABLE, Archibald, the most enterprising bookseller that Scotland has ever produced, was b. at Kellie, in Fife- shire, 1775. After serving his appren- ticeship to Mr. Peter Hill, of Edinburgh, the friend and correspondent of Burns, he commenced business for himself in 1795 ; and his obliging manners, general intelligence, and indefatigable activity gained him the esteem of all who came in contact with him. His reputation as a publisher dates from 1802, when he published the first number of the Edin- bursxh Kcview ; and in 1805 he published, in conjunction with Messrs. Lonsman & Co.", "The Lay of the Last Min- strel," the first of that Ions series of original and romantic publications in poetrv and prose which has immortal- ized 'the name of Walter Scott. The well-known " Miscellany" that bears his name was his last project. D. 1827. — • John, an eminent landscape painter, was b. at East Berffholt, in Suffolk, 1776. Having early displayed a love of art. he visited London in 1795, and in 1802 sent his first picture to the exhibition of the Royal Academy. From this period he was a regular contributor down to the year of his death. Few pencils, indeed, have been more prolifie ; and the works he has left behind hiin, both in number and excellence, have earned for him a distinguished place amontr the land- scape painters, not only of England, but of the world. In 1829 he was elected an academician. D. 1837. CONSTANS L, Flavius Julius, one of the sons of Constantine the Great, and his successor in the sovereignty of CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 313 Africa, Italy, and Western Tllyricum. His brother Constantine endeavored to dispossess liini of it ; but beincj defeat- ed and slain in the attempt, Constans became master of the whole empire. His conduct was, however, so otfeusivc to the people, tliat the standard of revolt was hoisted, and Constans was put to death, 350. CONSTANT DE EEBECQUE, Ben- jamin UE, a distinguished orator and author, attached to tlie liberal or consti- tutional party in France. He was b. at Lausanne in 17157, and at the commence- ment of the French revolution went to reside at Paris, wliere he soon distin- guished himself, both by his political writings and his eloquent speeches in the senate. His conduct, however, ren- dered him obnoxious to tlie first consul, and he was dismissed from his office in 1802. After retiring to Germany he again appeared at Paris in 1814, and publicly advocated the cause of the Bour- bons. In 1819 he was elected a mem- ber of the chamber of deputies, where he long remained as a distinguished leader of the opposition, particularly in all the discussions relating to the cen- sorship of the press and the rights of the people. He wrote many works on political questions, was one of the editors of " La Minervc," and a contributor to the " Biogniphie Universell^" As an orator he was eloquent and profound; and as a writer lively, imaginative, and acute. D. 1830. CONSTANTINE, Caius Flavius Va- lerius AuHKLius Claudius, surnamed tlie Great, emperor of tlie Romans, was the son of Constantius Chlorus, by Helena, and b. a. d. 274. On the death of his father, in 806, he was proclaimed emperor by the troops. After defeating the Franks, he crossed the Ehine into Belgium, wliieh lie overran. In 307 he married Fausta, the daughter of Maxi- man, but he was soon involved in a war with his father-in-law, who assumed the title of emperor. The usurper's reign was brief; and on his being taken pris- oner, Constantine caused him to be strangled. This involved him in a war with Maxentius, son of Maximinian, in which the latter was defeated and drown- ed in the Tiber. It was at this time that the emperor, as he alleged to Eusebius, saw a luminous cross in the heavens, with the inscription, " In hoc signo vinees." (Under this sign thou shalt conquer.) He accordingly caused a etandard to be made in imitation of this cross; marched to Eome in triumph; 27 published the memorable edict of toler- ation in favor of the Christians ; and was declared by the senate, chief, Augustus, and pontifex maximus. Constantine had married his daughter to Licinius ; but the latter, jealous of his fame, took up arms against him, and they met in Pannonia, A. D. 314. Constantine, sur- rounded by bishops and priests, in- voked the aid of " the true God ;" while Licinius, calling upcc his soothsayers and magicians, relied v. per them and their gods for protection. Tlie Chris- tian emjieror was victorious, and a peace was granted to Licinius ; but he after- wards renewed hostilities, was again de- feated, and finally put to death. Thus Constantine became, in 325, sole head of the Eastern and Western empires ; and his first care was the establishment of peace and order. Though his actions on the whole entitled him to the proud surname of "The Great," yet various acts of cruelty, and, above all, the mur- der of his son Crispus, have left a stain upon his character alike as a man, a Christian, and an emperor. D. fS7. — 11., son of the above. In the division of the empire he had for his share, Gaul. Spain, and Britain ; but, discontented with the arrangement, he marched against his brother Constans, and was killed at Aquileia, 340. — Flavius Julius, a private soldier, who was raised by the army in Britain to the imperial dignity in 407, on which he crossed over to Gaul, and conquered that country and Spain. He fixed his court at Aries, where he was besieged by Constantius, the general of the Emperor llonorius, to whom he surrendered on the promise that his life should be spared ; but it was basely violated, and both Constantine and his son were put to death, a. n. 411. — IV., who was called the Bearded, was son of Constant II., whom he succeeded in 658. The army having set up his two brothers as his coadjutors, he ordered their noses to be cut off. He defeated the Saracens, and called a council at Constantinople, at which the doctrine of the Monothelites was condemned. D. 685. — VI., was son of Leo I[., whom he succeeded. Being only ten years old when his father died, his mother Irene was his guardian and regent of the em- pire. On arriving at a mature age ho assumed the government himself; but Irene, made cruel by ambition, took ad- vantage of an invasion of the Bulgarians to cause her son to be seized and de- prived of his eyes. Tliis occurred in 792, and the unfortunate emperor Ian- 314 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [coo guishcd some years in obscurity, and ■vvlieu he d. was succeeded by liis un- natural parent. — VII., surnamed Tor-, phyrofjenitiis, succeeded Leo the "Wise m 91 2r He drove the Turks from Italy, and defeated the Lombards. But mil- itary affairs did not prevent him from attendin^r to letters ; and besides other writin<;s,"he left a treatise on state af- fairs, the seosrraphy of the empire, and the " Life of tlie Emperor Basilius the Macedonian." D. 959.— IX., was son of the Emperor Romanus, and, in con- junction with his brother, Basil II., succeeded John Eimisces in 976 ;_ the actual power, however, was chiefly wielded by Constantine. D. 1028. — Dkacoses or Pal.eologus, the last of tlie Greek emperors, succeeded to the throne in 1449. lie was killed in bravely de- fendinjr Constantinople a.srainst Mahomet 11., wlio, in 145:3, besieged the city with 800,000 men. The heroic valor display- ed by Constantine in this unequal con- test demands our admiration : but valor Was of no avail, the city was taken by storm, and thus ended 'the Greek cm- pire. — CvESARoviTcu Paulovitcii, grand- iirince of Kussia, second son of the imperor Paul, and brother of Alexan- der, was b. 1779. He attended his brother in all his campaijrns, and was distinizuished for bravery in the field : but he possessed the characteristics of a half-civili/.cd ruler, being cruel and tyrannical in all that related to the gov- ernment of the Poles, over whom he was placed, lie formally renounced his right of succession to his younger bro- tlier, the Emperor Nicholas, and was present at his coronation. D. 1831. COXSTANTIUS, Chlokus, the son of Eutropius, and the father of Constan- tine the Great. He obtained the title of Cffisar from liis victories in Germany and Britain ; and on the abdication of, Diocletian was chosen the colleague of Galcrius. He d. at York, in 306.— Ei,Av;us Jx-i,irs, the second son of Con- etputiue the Great, was b. 317, made Cies: -• in 323, and elected emperor in &S7. The soldiers, to secure tlie throne to the three sons of Constantine, mas- Bacrod the uncles and cousins of those princes, with the exception of Julian the Apostate, and his brother Galhis. After this the sons of Constantine diviears after his re- turn to England he lived in obscurity and distress. He was at length em- ployed by King William to repair the cartoons, from which time he seems to have been comparatively prosperous, as Horace Walpole mentions several pub- lic n-orks which were either wholly or in part performed by him. D. 1700. — James, a celebrated English navigator, was b. at Marton, in Yorkshire, 1728, and his parents being poor, his ?arly education included only reading, wri- ting, and the rudiments of couimon arithmetic. He commenced his naval career in the merchant service, then en- tered on board the Eagle man-of-war, and after four years' meritorious service, was made master of the Mercury. This vessel formed part of the squadron sent against Quebec, and Cook performed the difRcult task of taking soundings in tlie St. Lawrence, in the very face of the French encampment, and of making a chart of the St. Lawrence below Que- bec. After various and arduous servi- coo] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 315 oes he was at length raised to the rank of liou tenant, and then commenced that eeries of voyages, the details of whicli form one of the most popuhxr and de- lightful hooks in our language. Un- happily, while touching at Uwhyhee, Captain Cook, in spite of the utmost prudence and humanity, was involved m a dispute with the natives, and while endeavoring to reach his boat, was sav- agely murdered, on St. Valentine's Day, 1779. CC>OIvE, Benjamix, an able musician and composer; author of ''How Sleep the Era\e," "Hark, hark, the Lark," and many other beautiful and popular glees. l5. 1814. — George FREUEiiiCK, an eminent modern English actor, was b. 1756. In early life he was appren- ticed to a printer, but his attention to theatricals so completely absorbed his mind, that his master soon had his in- dentures cancelled. He then tried the navy with no better success, his inclina- tion for the stage being unconquerable. In October, 181)0, he made his appear- ance at ("ovent-garden, in the character of Eichard III. His performance of this character gave him at once a place among the very first histrionic artists of the day. He afterwards accepted an engagement in America, where he per- formed with similar success, but his indulgence in debauched habits broke his originally vigorous constitution, and he d. "in 1812. — Thomas, an English poet, translator of the works of Hesiod, and of some of those of Cicero. He also wrote some political tracts, dramas, and poems, the latter of which gave otfence to Pope, and procured their au- thor a plfiee in the "Dunciad." D. 17.56. — THOMAS, whose versatility of musical talent has had few equals, was b. at Dublin, 1781. He evinced even in his infancy a genius for music, and so assiduously did he cultivate his talents, that at the age of 1.5 he became leader of the band at the Theatre Eoyal of his native city. His first appearance as a singer was in the character of Seraskier, in the "Siege of Belgrade." In 1813 he appeared on the boards of the En- glish Opera house, now the Lyceum, in London, where he at once became a public favorite. Besides being the lead- er of the Philharmonic concerts for nany years, and a conductor on many occasions, he was appointed, in 18-16, leader of the Concerts of Ancient Mu- sic, and was repeatedly engaged in the Bame capacity for the great musical fes- Uvalp thronghout the country. D. ISiS. — William, an eminent English la;fT A.SHLET, flrst earl of Shaftesbury, an eminent states- man, b. 1621. He studied for a short tune in Lincoln's Inn, but at the early age of It) he was elected member of Earliament for Shrewshui\y. At the reaking out of the civil war, he at first sided with the king, but afterwards went over to the parliament, raised troops, and stormed Wareham, in Dor- setshire. After serving in the long par- liament, and in the convention which succeeded it, and being also one of Cromwell's privy councillors, he be- came one of Monk's colleagues in bring- ing about the restoration of Charles 11. The king, in 1672, created him earl of Shafresbury, and raised him to the high and important post of lord high chan- cellor. This ouice, however, he held only a year; and on the seals being taken from him he became one of the opposition. In this capacity he was so violent that he was at length sent to the Tower, where he remained more than a year, and only obtained his I'e- lease at last by making a full submis- sion. When ',^e again got into power, he had the merit of bringing forward, and causing to be passed, the invaluable law called the habeas corpus act. His unremitting efforts to exclude the duke of York from the succession, roused that prince to such strenuous exertions, that in four months the ministry was turned out, and shortly afterwards the earl was sent to the Tower on a charge of high treason. On this perilous charge he was acquitted, to the great joy of the people at large ; but his triumph was somewhat d imped by the withering satire with whic'i his character was de- picted in Dryden's "Absalom and Achitophel." iD. 1683. — Anthony Ash- ley, third earl of Shaftesbury, and 316 CrCLOPiEDIA OF BIOORAPHT. [cop grandson of the last namod, was an emi- nent English writer, b. 1671. In 1693 he was elected member of parliament for Poole, in Dorsetshire. He was the author of various works, the principal one of which is entitled "Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, and Times." As a man, both in public and private life, he was beloved and respected by all parties. D. 1713. — Sir Astley Pas- Ton, a surgeon of distinguished celebri- ty, was b. at Brooke, in Norfolk, 1763. In his 20th year he went to London, and took up his abode with Mr. Cline, who found him so able a coadjutor, in his Bituation of demonstrator to the stu- dents, as to assign him a share in his anatomical lectures also. In this promi- nent position he outshone all who had preceded him as a popular teacher. His class of students increased from 50 to 400, which was the largest ever known in London. In 1792 he visited Paris, and attended the lectures of Desault and Chopart; and on his return he took up his residence in London, first in Jeffery-square, and afterwards in Broad- Btreet. His practice had now become immense, and long before he removed to New-street, Spring Gardens, he was decidedly affluent. While there he for many years realized from £18,000 to £20,000 per annum. The honor of a baronetcy was conferred on him at the coronation of George IV., to whom he had been appointed surgeon. D. 1S41. — John Gilbeiet, a clever English writer; author of "The Power of Harmony," a poem; "The Life of Socrates," "Let- ters on Taste," "The Tomb of Sliak- speare," &c. D. 1769. — Samuel, an eminent English painter whose excel- lence in miniature painting gained him the name of the Miniature Vandyke. One of his best works is his portrait of Oliver Cromwell. D 1672. — Samuel, an American clergyman, distinguished both as a preacher and a patriot. He was among the foremost in opposing Great Britain in her dispute with the colonies, and wrote many political tracts ; and he was also an eminent critic and theologi- an. B. 1725; d. 1823.— Thomas, bishop of Winchester; author of "An Epit- ome of the Chronicles," "An Exposi- tion of the Sunday Lessons," "Thesau- rus LingutE Romanse et Britanniete, et Dietionarium Historicum et Poeticum," &c. He was a very leari;ed and zealous prelate, and much favored by Quoen Elizabeth. D. 1594.— Thomas, a dis- linguished political \vritcr, b. at Lon- don, 1759, educated as a physician, and who took an active part in defence of the French revolution. He was de- nounced by Burke for his demoeratio sentiments. lie came to America, joined Priestley in Pennsylvania, where he es- tablished himself as a lawyer. His early opposition to the administration of the elder Adams, caused him to be prosecuted under the sedition act. He was afterwards appointed to the ehair of chemistry in Dickenson college, and then to that of Columbia college, S. C. He was also the author of a translation of " .Tustinian's Institutes," a treatise on "Bankrupt Laws," and a great many minor essays, metaphysical, political, re- ligious, and scientific. ■"COOTE, Sir Eyre, a distinguished military officer. He was b. in Ireland, 1726, and as early as the rebellion of 1745 bore arms in the king's service. His regiment being ordered to the East Indies in 1754, he greatly distinguished himself at the sieges of Haughley, Chan- dernagore, and Pondicherrv, and at the battle'of Plassey, &e. In '1780, Ilyder Ally having invaded the Carnatic, Sir Eyre Coote, with a vastly inferior force, arrested his pi'ogress, and in various encounters signally defeated him. D. at Madras, 1783. COPERNICUS, Nicholas, a cele- brated mathematician and astronomer, was a native of Tiiorn, in Prussia. Ho travelled into Italy, and became a pro- fessor of mathematics at Rome. On his return to his native country, his uncle, the bishop of Warmia, gave him a can- onry ; and being thus at ease as to fortune, he diligently labored to improve the science of astronomy ; and the fruits of his researclies appeared in his Latin treatise "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Orbs," in which he represent- ed the sun as occupying a centre round which the earth and the other planets revolve. His great work remained in MS. some years after he had completed it, so ditiident was he as to the reception it might meet with ; and it was only a few houi's before his death that a print- ed copy was presented to him, giving him assurance that his opinions would see the light, though he would be be- vond tlie reach of censure and persecu- tion. B. 1473; d. 1.543. COPLESTON, Edward, bishop of Llandaff, and dean of St. Paul's, was b. at Otfwell in Devonshire, of which parish his father was at once the patron and incumbent, 1776. At an early age of his life he gained Q-reat distinction by his polemical pamphlets in favor of the cor] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIT. 317 university ; and besides contributing various articled to tlie '' Quarterly Ke- view." gave to the world numerous Bernions and eharycs, all of them dis- tinguished by vigor, clearness, and pre- cision of thought. D. 184'J. COPLEY, Joiix SiNGLKTON, an emi- nent p.iinter, was b. at Boston, 1738; visited Italy in 1774; and in 1776 went to England, and was chosen a member of the Royal Academy. As an artist lie was self-educated, and had executed many works of merit before he left America; but his "Death of Lord Chatiiam" established his fame in En- gland. Many other tine liistorical sub- jects were subsequently produced by him, among which were " Tlic Siege of Gibraltar," "Death of Major Pier- son," " Charles L in the House of Com- mons," &c. Mr. Copley was the father of Lord Lyndiiurst, late lord chancellor of England, and since chief baron of the exchequer. D. 1815. CORBET, Richard, an English di- vine, and a poet; author of a spirited " Narrative of a Journey to France," and of various other poems, published under the title of "Poetiea Stromata." He was remarkable for wit, and no less so for au eccentricity and mirtliful jocu- larity, which did not very well accord with the character of his profession. It did not, however, prevent him from being raised, successively, to the bish- opries of Oxford and Norwich. B. 1582; d. 1635. CORDARA, Julius Cesar, an Italian Jesuit, author of an able work, entitled, "Historia iSocietatis Jesu," &c. D. 1784. CORDAY D'ARMANS, Marie Axne Charlotte, a female of great beauty and courage, who, in revenge for the death of' her lover, an officer in the garrison of Caen, became the murderer of Marat. Inspired with a deep-rooted hatred against him, she left her home, and on arriving at Paris, (July 12, 1793,) she went to his house, but was not admit- ted. On the same evening she wrote to him as follows: — "Citizen, I have just now come from Caen. Your love for Vour country no doubt makes you de- sirous of being informed of the unhappy transactions in that part of the republic. Grant me an interview for a moment. I have important discoveries to make to you." The followhig day came, and, with a dagger in her bosom, she pro- ceeded to the house of Marat, who, just on the point of coining out of lus bath, '■uimedJately gave ordei"s that she should be admitted. Thf assemblies at Cal- vados were the lirst subjects of conver- sation, and Marat heard with eagernesa the names of tiiose who were present at them. "All these," he exclaimed, " shall be guillotined." At these words Charlotte plunged her dagger into his bosom, and he instantly expired, utter- ing the words, "To me, my friend!" Meanwhile the maid remained calm and tranquil as the priestess before the altar, in the midst of the tumult and cn.ifu- sion. She was atterwards conductetl ivs a prisoner to the Abbaye. A young man, who begged to die in her place, was also condemned to death. Her first care was to implore the forgiveness of her father for disposin'/ of her life with- out his knowledire. Siie then wrote to Barbaroux as follows : " To-morrow, at live o'clock, my trial begins, and on the same day I hope to meet witli Brutus and the other patriots in elysium." She appeared before the revolutionary tribunal with a dignified air, and her replies were firm and noble, bhe spoke of her deed as a duty which she owed her country. Her defender, (Chaveau Lagarde,) full of astonishment ut such couraixe, cried out, " You liear the ac- cused herself! She confesses her crime ; she admits that she has coolly reflected upon it; she conceals no circumstance of it; and she wishes for no defence. This unshaken calmness, this total abandonment of herself, these appear- ances of the utmost internal tranquillity, are not natural ! Such appearances are not to be explained only by tiiat polit- ical fanaticism, which armed her liand with tlie dagtrer. To you then, gentle- men of the jury, it belongs to judge of what weight this moral view may be in the scale of justice 1" His words could make no impression on the minds of tlie judges. She was condemned, and led to the scaffold, retaining her calmness and presence of mind to the last, tiiough pursued by the crowd with yells and shouts of execration. She was b. at St Saturnin, near Seez, in Normandy, 176S, and suffered by the guillotine, July 17, 1793. Lamartine calls her the "angel p? assassination." CORDIER, Mathurin, an eminent Erofessor at Paris in the 16tli century, etter known by his Latin name, Cor- DERius; author of the "Colloquies" so much used in the education of yoatli, and various other works. D. 1546. CORDINER, Charles, an antiquarian and topographical writer, was b. at Pe- terhead, 1746. He- wrote " The Pio- 318 OYCLUi'AUlA Of UlUUlvAfar. [cob turesque Scenery and Antiquities of the North of Scotland," 1780, London. The eni;ravings which accompany this work are from designs by Mr. Cordiner, and are much admired for tlieir ac- curacy. D. 1794. CORDOVA, Jose, general m chief of the auxiliary Colombian army in Bo- livia, who repeatedly distinguished him- self by his t)ravery, and was for a long time the taithful adherent of Bolivar; but he set up the standard of revolt in Antioquia, where he was attacked by General O'Leary, and slain, 1829. CORIATE, or CORYATE, Thomas, an English traveller and writer. For a considerable time he held a situation in the household of Prince Henry, son of James I., and was so remarkable for oddity and eccentricity, that, us An- thony "Wood remarks, "he was the whetstone for all the wits of the age." In 1608 he commenced a pedestrian tour of Europe ; and having walked 900 miles witli one pair of shoes, he hung them up, on his return, in the parisli church of his native place, Odcombe, in Somersetshire. This eccentric traveller, who is said to have introduced into En- gland tlie use of table forks, published "Crudities hastily gobbled up in Five Months' Travel in France, Savoy, Italy, Khetia, Helvetia, Germany, and the Ketherlands;" "Coriate's Crambe, or liis Colevvort twice Sodden," "Traveller for the English Wits," and "A Letter from the Court of the Great Mogul." D. while travelling in the East Indies, 1617. GORILLA, Maria Madelina Fer- nandez, a celebrated improvisatrice. Her abilities, both as a poetess and a musician, were very great and versa- tile. She became a member of the acad- emy of the Arcadi at Rome, and was Bolenudy crowned at the accession of Pius VL Slie was married to a Signor Morelli, of Leghorn ; but her conduct after marriage was very unworthy of her great genius. D. 1800. CORINNA, a celebrated poetess, to whom the Greeks gave the appellation of the Lyric Muse. She composed a gretit number of poems, of which only^ a few fragments have come down to us ; und five times obtained the poetic wreath from her great competitor, Pindar. She flourished in the 5th century b. c, and a tomb was erected to her memory in her native citv, Tanagra, in Boeotia. CORIOLANUS, Caius Marcius. was a descendant of the patrician family of the March, and was from an early age distinguished for the courage and pride so much prized by the Romans. In a war with the Volscians, the Romans be- sieging Corioli, tlie capital of the Vol- scians, were driven back to their lines. Marcius rallied his countrymen, pursued the enemy, and possessed himself of Corioli ; for which he was rewarded with a large share of the spoil, and with the surname of Coriolanus. Subse- quently, in disputes which took place between the patricians and plebeians, Coriolanus made himself so obnoxious to the latter, that he was bani-^hed. Stung by the ingratitude of his coun- trymen, he joined the Volscians, and, jointly with Tulhis Aufidius, led a nu- merous army against Rome. He had encamped within tive miles of the city, and its ruin seemed inevitable, when, at the urgent entreaties of his mother, he withdrew his army. It is generally supposed that, in a tumult of the en- raged Volscians, he was assassinated as a traitor to their cause ; but the histo- ri;m Fabius atfirms that he lived many years after this event. 448 b. c. C(JRNARO, LuDovico, a Venetian noble, who, having greatly injured his health by too free indulgence in the pleasures of the table, had the resolu- tion entirely to abandon that indul- gence, and to restrict himself to twelve ounces of food and fourteen ounces of wine in the 24 hours. Having by this regimen restored himself to health, he wrote various treatises recommendatory of the system from which he laid de- rived so much benefit. Besides these, which are collected under the title of "Discorsi della Vita Sobria," he wrote " Trattato delle Acque." He com- menced his dietary rule when he was 40, and died at the great age of 104, in 1566. — Helexa Lucretia, a learned Venetian lady, who was cduc.ited at the university of Padua, where she took her degrees, and was made a doctor, and received the title of Unalterable. At Rome she was admitted at the univer- sity, and was entitled the Humble. She made a vow of perpetual celibacv, that she might with more intense application devote herself to literary pursuits ; and so great was the reputation of her learn- ing, that the most illustrious charactei-s who travelled through Venice were more anxious to see her than all the curiosities of the citv. D. 1685. CORNBURY, Eoward Hyue, lord, governor of New York, was the son of the earl of Clarendon, and one of the first officers who deserted the army of CORJ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 819 King Jiimcs King William, in grati- luJc foi Ills services, appoiuted him to jiu Aanirioaii govciumciit. He coiu- meucxd ills adiuiuibtration as a suc- cessor of Lord BcUaiiiautiii, 1702. He Was a bigot ia religion, and oppressive and uujust iu his admiiiistratioii ot" the governiiiiiut. D. 1723. COiiNKlLLE, ritKRE, the greatest of tlie ir rencli draniatie poets, was b. at Kouen, liiUti, and for some time prac- tised in that city as au advocate. His first dramatic performance was " Me- lilc," a comedy, wliicli met with such distinguished success, that he was en- couraged to devote his rare powers to the drama. The tragedies of '• Medea," "The C'id," "The lloratii," and "Cin- na," fodowed, and established for their author a pre-enuueut station among French dramatists. Besides the fore- going, he wrote many other tragedies ; and translated Thomas a Kempis, " On the Imitation of Jesus Christ." It is melancholy to reflect that the great Cor- ueillo, who had achieved fame equally for himself and his country's literature, ended his days in poverty and distress. 1). 1()34. — TnoMAS, brother of the pre- ceding, and also a fertUe and successful dramatist, was b. KJ-'o. Several of his tragedies are admirable; in tiict, there seems to be a good deal of truth in Vol- taii-e's assertion, that Thomas Corneille would have had a great reputation, if he had not had a great brother. Be- sides dramatic works, he wrote a "Dic- tionary of Arts and Sciences," a "Geo- graphical and Historical Hictionary," and a translation of the Metamorphoses of Ovid. D. 1708. CM^KNELIA, au illustrious Koman lady. She was tlie daughter of Scipio Africanus, wife of Tiberius Seaipronius Gracchus, and mother of the two famous tribunes. She was of a grave and dig- nified deportment, and possessed so great a control over her feelings, that when a friend condoled with her on the death of her sons, she replied, "The woman who had the Gracchi for sons cannot be considered unfortunate." Her literary talents must have been consid- erable, as Cicero very highly commends some of her epistles. She flourished in the 2d century b. c, and after her death -he Komans erected a statue to her memory, bearing the inscription, "To Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi." COKN VVALLIS, Sir Chakles, an able English statesman. He was sent to Spain as ambassador from James 1., and vas treat'.urer to the king's son, Prince Henry. D. 1630. — Charles, marquis of, sou of the first Jiarl Cornwallis, was b. 173S, and entered the arniy as soon as he had compleied his education at Cambridge. lu America lie acted a conspicuous part, and greatly distin- guisned liimself at the battle of Brandy- wine, and at the siege of Charlestcu. After gaining the important battles of Camden aud Guildford he determined to invade Virginia; but his plans fail- ing, aud owing, as he affirmed, to tlio iuerficieat conduct of Sir Henry Clinton, upon whom he had relied for support, he and his army were made prisoners. In 1780 he was made go veruc ""-general and conmiander-in-chief in li lia. In 171)8 he was sent to Ireland as lord lieutenant; and iu the ti'ying and terri- ble scenes of tiie rebeUion so conducted himself as to gain tlie good opiuion of the public, while vigorously upholding and vindicating the laws. In 1804 he was a second tune appointed goveruor- geuend of India. L>. 1805. COliONELLI, VixcEKT, a Venetian ecclesiastic, and a professor ol' geog- raphy aud mathematics. He was the author of a very extensive atlas, and the founder of tlie geographical society at Venice. D. 1718. COKEEA DA SEER A, Joseph Fran- cis, a botanist, and the founder of the academy of sciences at Lisbon, was b. at Serra, Portugal, 1750. lu 1816 he was sent to the United States as Portu- guese envoy and recidled iu 1819, to bo a member of finance. D. 1823. COKKEGGlO, Antonio Allegei da, a painter of transcendent ability, was b. iu 14'J4, at Correggio, iu the ducliy of JSIodena. He is the founder of the Lombard school, aud unrivalled by all competitors for the grace and loveliness of his figures, aud the exquisite liar mony of his coloring. "His color and mode of finishing," says Sir Josluia Keynolds, " appro-ich nearer to perfeo- tiou than those of any other painter: the gliding motion of his outline, and the sweetness with which it melts into the ground ; the clearness and trans- parency of his coloring, which stops at that exact medium in which the puri- ty aud perfection of taste Hes, leaves nothing to be wished for." Yet, not- withstanding his genius and industry, "poorly, poor man, he lived; poorly, poor man, he died !" D. 1534. CORSINI, Edward, an Italian monk, professor of philosophy and metaphysics at Pisa ; author of " Philosophical and Mathematical Institutions," iu 6 vols.* 320 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [C08 "Elementary Geometry," several clas- Bieal works, " A History of the Uni- versity of Fisa," &c. D. 1765. COKTEZ, or CUETES, Fernando, the conqueror of Mexico, was b. 1485, at Medelin, in Estremadura, and, after studying the law, quitted it for the mil- itary profession. In 1511 he went with Velasquez to Cuba; and the conquest of Mexico being determined upon, Cor- tez obtained the command of the expe- dirion for that purpose. In 1518 he set sail with 700 men in ten vessels ; and r>u landing at Tabasco he caused his vessels to be burned, in order that his soldiers might have no other resource than their own valor. Having conquer- ed the Tlascalans, and induced them to become his allies, he marched towards Mexico, where he was amicably re- ceived ; but having seized upon their inca, Montezuma, and treated the peo- ple with the utmost insolence, the Mex- icans first murmured, and then resisted. Cortez besieged tl;e city of Mexico ; and in the desperate struggle which ensued, it is said that ui^)wards^of 100,000 of the faithful and untortunate Mexicans were killed or perished by famine. Having reduced the devoted city, Cortez com- pletely overran the Mexican territories ; in doing which he committed atrocities which would be incredible if related on any less irrefragable testimonies than those which compel our belief. In re- ward for the addition he had made to the wealth of Spain, he had a grant of land and the title of marquis ; but on returning he found that the court of Madrid were become jealous of liis power, and treated him with cold neg- lect. D. 1554. COKTONA, PiETRODA, properly Pie- TRO Beuhettini, an Italian painter, was a native of Cortona, in Tuscany, and at an early age was placed under the tuition of Baccio Ciarpi at Home. The Barbe- rini palace, the new works at the Vat- ican, and many of the churches of Eome, were decorated bv him ; and at Florence he adorned the i'itti palace for the Grand-duke Ferdinand II. In ad- dition to being an eminent painter, he was almost equally eminent as an archi- tect. D. 1669. COFtVISART, John Nicholas, an eminent French physician, was b. 1755. Be was chief physicinn to Napoleon, ■who made him a baron, and an officer of the legion of honor. Nor was his great merit overlooked by the Bourbons, the place of honorary member of the royal academy of medicine being con- ferred on him a short time previous^o his deatli, in 1821. COSIN, John, a learned, and chari- table prelate, was b. at Norwicli, 1594. In 1040 he was made dean of Peter borough ; but the Puritans deprived him of his preferments, and even went the lencfth of impeaching him on a charge of being inc-lined to popery. On this lie retired to France, where he re- mained until the restoration of Charles II., who raised him to the see of Dur- ham. Among his writings are " A History of Transubstantiation," and "A Scholastical Historj- of the Canon of the Holv Scriptures.''^ D. 1762. COSMO' I., grand-di ke of Tuscany, b. in 1519, was the s.m of John de Medici ; and on the assassination of Alexander, chief of the house of Medici, was elected head of the republic of Flor- ence. Several attempts were made to shake the power of Cosmo, but he suc- ceeded in defeating them ; and it was probably in order to secure himself able and zealous defenders in case of open revolt, that he instituted the military order of the Knights of St. Stephen. He restored the university of Pisa, and held out the most liberal encouragement to men of scientific and literary emi- nence to settle there as professors. He also founded the academy of Florence, established its gallery of paintings, and performed many other wise and honor- able actions ; thus procuring himself a celebrity and influence which probably he would in vain have sought by the more dazzling, but infinitely less useful achievements of the warrior. D. 1574. COSTA FURTADO DE MENDOCA, HippoLYTo .Joseph da, a Portuguese gen- tleman of scientific and literary attain- ments, who, beinix charged with free- masonry, was thrown into the prison of the Inquisition at Lisbon. Here he was repeatedly examined, and his answers not being satisfactory to his persecutors, he was remanded to his dunsreon, with little prospect that his sufferings would terminate otherwise than in death. By one of those fortunate accidents which sometimes make " tratli stranger than fiction," his cell was left open, nnd he was enabled to possess himself of a bur eh of keys which opened even' lock tnat was between him afid liberty. Having taken these keys, and a book which lay beside them, he made his escape ; ancl after lying liidden several weeks in the immediate neiirhborhood of his late dunireon, he found means to embark foi England. The book which he brought cotJ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 321 from Ilia prison contained, infer alia, notes of his examinations before the in- quisitors ; and soon after his arrival he published a narrative of tlie persecutions ne liad undergone, tlie account of hif. examination beiui,^ taV:en from tlie offi- cial document of which he had thmi oddly become possessed. His talents, and the interest excited by his adven- tures, obtained him considerable notice, and he bacame foreign secretary to the duke of Sussex, and charge d'atifaires in Euirland for the Brazilian government. D. 1S24. COSTANZA, AxGELo di, a Neapolitan pcet, of noble birth ; author of sonnets and other poems, and of " Istoria del Regno di Napoli," containing the his- tory of Naples from 1250 to 1489. D. 1591. COSTARD, George, a learned En- glish divine ; author of " Letters on the Astronomy of the Ancients," a treatise on " The Use of Astronomy in Chronol- ogy and History," " A Coniiiientary on the Book of Job," &o. B. 1710; d. 17S2. COSTE, Pierre, a learned French Protestant, for some time resident in England, and who acted as amanuensis to Locke, but subsequently returned to his own country. He translated into French, Locke's " Reasonableness of Christianity," Newton's '• Optics," &c. He also wrote the " Life of the Great Conde." D. 1747. COSTER, Lauren'ce Jansex, a native of Haerlem, in Holland, to whom his countrymen ascribed the invention of the art of printint;, in the year 1430. The Germans, however, with sufficient .proof assert, that the merit is due to Guttemberg, Coster having merely used wooden blocks, and not, as Junius as- serts, metal types. B. 1370 ; d. 1439. COSWAY, Richard, an eminent En- glish artist. He painted miniatures ad- mirably, and was almost equally great as an oil painter. He was one of the oldest members of the Roval Academy, and d. at the aire of 90, in'l821. COTELTER, Jons-, a learned French divine and critic ; the author of " Ec- clesia Grajcffi Monunieiita," and the co- adjutor of Du Cange in making a eatalosrue of the Greek MSS. in the royal librarv at Paris. D. 1686. COTES, Fraxcis, an English artist of great eminence as a portrait painter, as well in oil as in cravons. D. 1770. COTIN, Charles, a French poet of the 17th century, chiefly known now from the satires levelled at him by BoDeau and Moliere. He was counsellor and almoner to the king, and a member of the French Academy. B. 1604 ; d. 1682. COTTA, J. G., Baron, an eminent bookseller of Germany, and the pro- prietor of the " AUgemeine Zeitung," a political daily paper, as well as of several others devoted to literature and the arts, was b. at Stuttgard, iu 1764 ; for many years carried on an extensive and flour- ishing concern ; and also acted a con- spicuous part as a political man. D. 1832. COTTERELL, Sir Charles, an excel- lent linguist and scholar of the 17th century. He was master of the requests to Charles XL, an office which was filled by his descendants for several generp- tions. He translated the romance of " Cassandra" from the French, besides some works from the Spanish and Ital- ian. D. 16S7. COTTIN, Sophia de, an accomplished French lady ; authoress of " Matilde," " Claire d'Albe," the weU-known and highlv popular " Elizabeth, ou les Exiles de Siberie," &c. B. 1773 ; d. 1807. COTTON, Charles, an Eiisrlish poet; author of " Scarronides, or Virgil Tra- vestie ;" a supplement to " Walton's Treatise on Angling," and a volume of original poems, &c. He also translated Corneille's tragedy of the Horatii and Montaigne's Essays. B. 1530 ; d. 1687. — Nathaniel, an English physician and poet ; author of " Visions in Verse for the Instruction of Younger Minds." He for some years kept a lunatic asylum at St. Alban's, and the poetCowper was for a time one of its inmates. B. 1707 ; d. 178S. — Sir Robert Bruce, a distin- guished Endish antiquarian, was b. at Denton, in Huntingdonshire, 1570. Iii 1629 he was brouirht before the privy council, in consequence of a politicid treatise of his in MS. being lent by his librarian, the contents of which gave so much olfence at court, that he was sent to the Tower. He wrote " The Antiquity and Dignity of Parliaments ;" and assisted, both with his literary treas- ures and his purse. Speed, Camden, and other writers on British archaeology. D. 1631. — Johx, one of the most distin- guished of the earlv ministers in New England. When tlie English church fell into the hands of Bishop Laud, a complaint was preferred against Mr. Cotton, for nonconformity, in not kneel- ing at the sacrament. Being cited be- fore the high commission court he embarked for America, and arrived at 322 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [cou Boston, September 4, 1633, and October 10 was estiiblished the teiiclier of the church in Boston, as colleairne with Mr. Wilson, who was pastor. On the voy- age from Enghind Mr. Cotton's ehlest Bon was born, and whom at his baptism in Boston he called Seaborn. lie re- mained connected with this church more than nineteen years, and such was his intliience in establishinar the order of the churches, and so extensive was his usefulness, that he has been called the patriarch of New England. D. li)")2. COUDKETTE, CiiiiisTOPnEU, a French priest, and a very able opponent of the Jesuits ; author of " A General History of the Jesuits," " Memoirs relative to the Formulary," &c. His bold and liberal tone of thought caused him to Ije twice imprisoned: at Venice in 173.i, and at Paris, in the Bastile, in 1738. D. 1774. COULOMB, Charles Augustin'e de, a French philosopher and otHccr of eniji- neers, to whose seientifie libors nr.my discoveries in electricity and ma«rnetism are owing. B. at Angouleme, 173i3; d. 180»5. COUPLET, Philip, a Flemish Jesuit and missionu-y to China: author of " Chronoloirie il Tables of Chinese His- tory," " A Treatise on the Philosophy ofConfucius," &c. T>. while on a second voyage to China, 169 5. COURIER, Paul Loins, one of the wittiest writers and most profound Hel- lenists of France, was b. near Angou- leme, in 1774. He was for several years in the corps of artillery, in which he rose to be a major; but at length he re- signed in disgust. Every moment of leisure while in the army was devoted by him to the study of Greek authors. He was assassinated in 1S2'). Courier published various translations from the Greek ; but his chief fame is derived from his political pamphlets, which are remarkable for wit, irony, and pungency of stvle. COURTANVAUX, Fran-cis C^9apv le Tellier, marquis de, a Frencli military otKcer, and also a distinguished natural philosopher. He served with great ability and courage in Bavaria and Bo- hemia under his uncle, the marshal de Noaillcs ; but was obliired to quit the service in 174.5 on account of ill health. He then devoted his time to science, and became a member of the Academy. He was a tfood astronomer and mechanician. D. 1781. COURT DE GEBELTN, Anthony, a native of France, minister of the re- formed church at Lausanne, in Switzer- land ; author of " Lc Monde Priinitif analyse ct compare avec le Monde Molerne," a pamphlet in praise of ani- mal matrnetism, &c. D. 1784. COURTILZ, Gamen de, a French milit iry officer, renwrkal)le for his strong predilection for literature. His works are "The Annals of Paris," " V History of the Dutch War," "The Lives of Co- ligni, Ttirennc, and Rochfort," &c. Some of his opinions givinir otfcnce to the court, he was thrown into the B istile, where herenviined nine vears. I). 1712. COURTNEY, William, archbishop of Canterbury, b. 1341. Li 13S1 he be- came archbishop of Canterbury an 1 lord high chancellor, in which office he show- ed a rancorous spirit of persecution aorainst the Wickliffitcs. His charactei was resolute and arroL.'ant. D. 13116. COURTOIS, James, surnamed II BoRGONONE, a Fi'eneh painter, especially eminent in battle-pieces. His wife dyin» of poison, wliich he was sus)>ected of havinar administered, he took the habit of a lay brother of the Jesuits, with whom, though he still practised his ;«*, he remained till his death, in 1676.— William, brother of the above, and also an eminent painter. He excelled in historical pieces, and assisted his bro- ther in some of his works. 1). 1679. COURVOISIER, Jean .Jos. Antoink, b. at B3san;on about 1770, was originally a soldier under the prince de Condc, and afterwards a lawyer in his native city. Tn 131.5 he was made advocate-general, and was then elected a deputy of the chambers for ciirht years, where he dis- played extraordinary ability as a speaker. In 1S29 he was appointed to the depart- ment of justice uniler the administration of Politrntie. The revolution of July drove him into retirement. He is known as an author by his " Dissertation sur lo Droit Naturcl," and his " Traitcr.ur Ob- liirations Divisible et Indivisible, selon I'Ancienne et la Nouvelle Loi." D. 1835. COUSIN, John, a native of France, and generally regarded as the earliest French historical painter. He chiefly painted on glass, but his "Last Judg- ment," piinte 1 on canvas for the con- vent of the Minims at Vineennes, is esteemed an excellent work. He waii t'le author of " Livre de Perspective," and some other treatises connected \vith the art. D. 1.590. COUSTON, Nicholas and William, brothers ; two Frencli sculptors of con- siderable eminence in their profcsslou: :ow] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 32? tlie former b. at Lyons, in 1653 ; d. 1733 : | the latter h. 1078; d. 1746. COUTJION, George, a French advo- cate and president of tlie court of justice at Clermont. Becoming a member of the legislative assembly and of the na- tional convention, he voted for tiie trial and death of Louis XVL ; and after hesitating awhile al church of New Jersey, Ix CRO] CTCLOP-'EDrA OF BIOGRAPHY. 329 of Gcrm-jn parents at Elizabetlitown, 1'762. He cdiiciited liiinself, and was ordained a priest in 1792. His minis- trations were confined mostly to Spotts- wood and New Brunswick, till liis elec- tion in 1810 to the bishopric of New Jersey enlarcred the sphere of his use- fulness. D. 1832. CKCESUS, the fifth and last kinjr of Lydia. lie succeeded his flither, Alyat- tes, in the year 557 b. c, and was so fortunate in all his enterprises, that he Boon became one of the richest monarehs of that time. Vain of his g-reat wealth and infiuence, lie asked the pliilosopher Solon wliat he tlioutrht of his good for- tune : "I pronounce no man fortunate until his death," was the sage's reply. Subsequently tjie wealthy and powerful nionarcli was overpowered and made a prisoner by Cyrus, king of Persia. Ac- cording to the barbarous practice of the time, tiie unhappy captive was bound to the stake and about to be burnt to death. In this miserable condition he recalled the impressive words of Solon, and thrice repeated that philosopher's name. Cyrus, struck witli the earnest- ness of his tone, demanded an explana- tion. Croesus gave it; and Cyrus, prob- ably impressed by it with a more than usual feeling of the mutability of all hu- man greatness, not only spared his life, but also took him into his favor and protection. CK(;)FT, Sir Herbert, was originally intended for the bar, but took holy or- ders, though he never held any benefice. He wrote a life of Dr.Young, which was introduced into Johnson's "Lives of the Poets," and a volume of letters, entitled "Love and Madness," and sup- posed to be written by the Rev. James llackman, who was hanged in 1779, for shooting Miss Ray. D. 1816.— Sir Rrcn- ARD, a relation of the last named, and his successor in the baronetcy. He was very eminent as a surgeon and accou- cheur; and was selected to attend the Princess Charlotte, the lamented daugh- ter of George IV. and Queen Caroline. The unfortunate death of his illustrious patient, in 1817, so preyed unon his mind, that he committed suicide a few months after. — William, an excellent English musician and composer. His best anthems and a sublime burial ser- vice, were published in 1724, under the title of " Musica Sacra. B. 1667 ; d. 1727. CROKE, Sir Alexander, b. at Ayles- bury, was an eminent civilian, and a voluminous writer. D. 1842.— Richard, m English divine and scholar ; tutor to 28* the duke of Richmond, the natural son of Henry VIII. He was one of tho earliest English cultivators of the Greek language, and wrote some vahiable trea- tises on philosophical subjects. D. 1558. CROMWELL, Thomas, earl of Essex; one of the ablest statesmen of the time of Henry VIII. Being confidentially employed by Cardinal Wolsey, he got a seat in the bouse of commons ; and when the full tide of popular as well as courtly hate ran against liis once power- ful friend and patron, he boldly and ably defended him. In all probability this very circumstance tended to recommend him to the truculent Henry VIII., who, on the death of Wolsey, distinguished and employed him. In tlie various high offices he held, he served the king zeal- ously, ably, and faithfully ; but liis merit in that respect is greatly diminished by the inditference he displayed to the wel- tare of the people. Having, after all his services, given otfence to the king, by promoting the marriage between his majesty and Anne of Cleves, he was ar- rested while sitting at the council table on a charge of high treason, contlemned even without a hearing, and notwith- standing a most humble and affecting letter to the king, beheaded on Tower- hUl, July 28, 1540. — Oliver, one of the most extraordinary characters in English history, was the grandson of Sir Henry Cromwell, and the son of Robert Crom- well, a man of good pi-operty, and a brewer at Huntingdon, where Oliver was b., April 25, 1599. Having been educated at the free-school of that city and at Sydney college, Cambridge, he became a law student at Lincoln's Inn. Here, however, he did not remain long; as in his 21st year he married Elizabeth, the daughter of Sir James Bourchier, and settled at Huntingdon. In his youth he is said to have manifested a degree of reckless dissipation ; but as soon as he married he threw the follies of youth aside, and assumed a staid and grave aspect and deportment, well cal- culate^ to obtain the esteem and confi- dence of his neighbors, one of the consequences of which was his being elected member of parliament for Hunt- ingdon, in 1625. Shortly at^er his elec- tion he openly attached himself to the Puritans, who were just then rapidly rising into power and influence. In his parliamentary career he was remarkable rather for his business-like habits and energy of character, than for elegance of language or gracefulness of delivery. His appearance and dress, too, were 330 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [CRt; plain and unprcposscaaiiis. lie not- witlistaiidiuir :icqiiircl cousiJerable iu- flueuce; uud in 1(542, when it was resolved to levy forces to oppose the kinjr, Cromwell received a conmiissiou from the earl of Essex, and raised a troop of horse at Cambridge, of which he, of course, had tlic coniinand. Small as was this beginninjr, the enerffv and self- possession of the man made it sufiiL'ienf. This force he soon enlaru:ed to a regi- ment '"f 1000 men, at the head of which he became the most eonspicnoas of the parliamentary leaders. Between IfiiS and HUG he signalized him->elf on a great variety of occasions, particularly at Marston Moor, Newbury, Nascby, and Toriin.rton. In the negotiations whicli ensued between the king and the vic- torious parliament, Cromwell was at first disposed to consent to restoring Charles under certain conditions, but, finding that the royal captive was not to be trusted, he resolveil to join in bring- ing him to the block. lie was one of the forty persons wlio, after the deatli of Charles, Ibrmed the council of state. Ireland yet remained to be subdued. Cromwell was, tlierefore, appointed lord governor of that island for three years, and in August, ItUO, lie sailed to assume the command. Storming Droirheda and Wexford with horrible slaughter of the garrisons, he so terrified the enemy that in nine months peace was restored. In le.'jO lie defeated tlie Scots at Dunbar ; and, in the following year, he obtained what he called his *' crowning victory" over Charles, at Worcester. One step more suffiee;! to place him at the summit of power. Having by force dissolved the Long Parliament, he assumed the supreme authority, in 10.') 1, under the title of lord protector. The title of king lie was more than once desirous to ob- tain, but was deterred from assuming it by the dread of alieuatinj his partisans. For five years he maintained himself in the ])eriious station to which he had reached, but his sway was disturbed by incessant plots, cabals, and other cir- cumstances of formidable annoyance. At leu'/th he fell into a nervous fever, of which he d., September :^. 1()")8. Tiie jiolitical atlministration of Cromwell was encriretic and decisive ; the army was le^ularly paid, and the public revenues (vere strictly and economically managed ; while the honor of Enojland was wdl luaintained on the ocean, and her foreign commerce assumed a fioindshin'^ aspect. He lived without parard Iliilifax, when viceroy of Ire- land. Jlis tirst literary ettbrts obtained tor him but little fame ; but on the ap- pearance of his comedy of "The West Indian," in 1771, his reputation as a dramatist was at once established. From this period till the time of his decease, be continued to be one of the most pro- litie writers for the stage, thougii none of his subsequent pieces were so suc- cessful as the comedy before mentioned. In 1780 he wiis employed by the govern- ment to conduct a secret negotiation with tile courts of Madrid and Lisbon ; wliicli, to the disgrace of tlie ministry, involved him in great distress, as they refused to reimburse his expenses, to the amount of £5,000, which compelled him to part with his hereditary proper- ty. To add to Ilia distress, the board of trade was broken up, and he retired, with a trifling pension, to Tunbridge "VVelis, where he devoted himself to lit- erary [jursuits with the most unabating ardor and industry. Besides liis numer- ous dramatic productions, he publish- ed a collection of essays, under the title of " The Observer;" also the novels of '•Arundel," "Henry," and "John de Lancaster;" "Calvary," a poem, and various other works, the last of which was his own " Memoirs." The comic drama was certainly his forte ; but throughout the whole of his writings thei'e is much merit, and many of them possess the elements of a lasting vitali- ty. D. 1811. — William Augustus, duke of, second son of George II., was b. 1721, and at an early age entered on the duties of a military lite. At tiie battle of Dettingen, in 1743, he was wounded, while figliting by the side of his father ; and in 174:5 he signalized himself, when commander-in-chief of the British army in Flanders, at the battle of Fontenoy, ■where, however, he was obliged to yield the palm of victory to Marshal Saxe. On his return to England he took the field against the Scottish rebel troops, trhom he defeated at the battle of Cullo- den ; but he stained his laurels by un- necessary cruelty. I). 17(35. CUNITIA, Maria, a learned lady in the 17th century, b. in Silesia. She ^vossessed a perfect knowledge of an- cient and modern languages, but par- ticularly excelled in mathematics and astronomy, on which- she wrote some ingenioufi treatises, especially her " Ura- nia Fropitia," in 1650, in Latin and Ger- man. I>. 1664. CUNNINGILVM, Alexander, aScotch historical writer; autiior of a "History of Great Britain, from the Revolution to the Accession of George I." This was elegantly written by him in Latin, but a translation of it was published by Dr. Tiiompson, in 1787. Cunningham also held some government employments, among which was that of resident at Venice. D. 17o7. — Allan, an emiiuait poet, novelist, and miscellaneous writer, was b. at Blackwood, in Dumfriesshire, 1785. His parents were in very humble circumstances, and he was taken from school when only 11 years of ago. aiil apprenticed to a atonc-muson. These disadvantageous circumstances did not prevent him from acquiring, by great though desultory reading, much inform- ation ; and in 1810 he repaired to Lou- don, where he at first earned a main- tenance by contributing to periodicals, and reporting for the press. At a later period he obtained employment in the studio of tlie eminent sculptor Chantrey, as pi'incipal assistant, wliicli enabled him to prosecute his literary tastes with- out hazard ; and he so well improved his .idvantages, that he not merely dis- tinguished liiniself as a critic and histo- rian as to the arts, and as a poet and novelist, but also by combining the pru- dence and t.act of the man of business ' with the fervor and feeling of the maa of genius, acquired considerable pecu- niary resources. Among his numerous works arc " Sir Mannaduke Maxwell," a drama; "Paul Jones," and "Sir Mi- chael Scott," novels ; the " Lives of Burns and Sir David Wilkie," besides many jwems, ballads, and lyrics ; but his most important work, and that by wliich he is best known south of the Tweed, is "The Lives of British Paint- ers, Sculptors, and Architects." D. 1842.— JoH.v, an ingenious Irish poet and dramatic performer : author of " The Landscape," and other poems, and of " Love in a Mist," a farce, upon wliich Garrick is said to have founded that of tlie " Lying Valet." D. 1773. CURL, Edmund, a bookseller, whose name is handed down, like many others, by the satirical wit of Pope, kept a shop in the purlieus of Covent-gardeu, and had his ears cut off in the pillory as a reward for publishing obscene books. CURRAN, John PniLPOT, a celebrated Irish barrister, of humble origin, was b. near Cork, 1750; received his education at Trinity college, Dublin, and coming to London, studied law in tlie Temple. In course of time he was called to the cus] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. 333 bar, and tliongh at first he had to stru;^- g\ti with grciit difflcuUies, his brilliant talents, excMtod in dctbnee of various persons charged with political offences, overcame all obstacles, and he quickly rose to forensic eminence. He bi^came a member of the Irish house of com- mons in 1784, and was a powerful mem- ber of the opposition until the Whi minor preferments in the church, he was sent by Pope Eugenius IV. as Icjrate to Constantinople, to endeavor to bring about a union between the Greek and Latin churches. He was made ii cardi- nal by Pope Nicholas V., who also gave him the see of Brixen, in the Tyrol. Be- sides metai)hysical, theological, mathe- matical, and other treatises, which form three volumes folio, he wrote a very learned and powerful refutation of the Koran. D. 1464. GUSHING, Thomas, lieutenant-gov- ernor of Massachusetts, was erraduated at Harvard college, 1744. Being the son of an eminent merchant of Boston, he had no chosen profession. He was early called into public life, first as a repre- sentative of Boston, and afterwards speaker of the house. He held the latter office when the controversy with England had reached the point, which made an appeal to arms indispensable, and he sidea with his country. He was a member of the first and second con- gress. On his return to his own state he was elected into the council, which then constituted the supreme executive. After the adoption of the present con- stitution of Massachusetts he was elect- ed lieutenant-governor, and was kept in that office till his death. D. 1788, aged 62. — William, judge of the supreme court of the United States, was gradu- ated at Harvard college, 1751. In 1772 he received a commission as justice of the superior court of Massachusetts, and in 1777 that of chief justice. At the beginning of the revolution among the high in office, he, alone, supjwrted tho rights of his country. At the organ- ization of the federal government, ho was placed by Washington, in 1789, ou the bench of the supreme court of the United States, and held the oifice till hia death. D. 1810. CUSTINE, Adam Philip, couLt de, was b. at Metz, 1740 ; ami having en- tered the army early in life, attracted 334 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [CZB tlio notice of Frederic of Prussia, iinder wlioiii he served iu tlie seven years' war. lie afterwards accepted a com- mission in one of the French regiments that assisted the Americans in resisting the Englisli ; and on returning to France was made governor of Toulon. In 17'J2 he had tlie command of the army of the Rhine ; but being suddenly summoned to France, the rulers of the hour sent him to tlie iruillotine, August, 1703. CUTIIBERT, an English saint, who had the honor to baptize Egfred, king of Northumberland, and the good for- tune to be made bishop of that district. He founded a monastery at Liudisfarue, and d. in 680. CUVELLIER DE TRIE, JohnWil- LiAJi Augustus, a French draniatist of great fecundity and considerable talent, was b. ITGfl, and d. 1824. He was some- times called the Corneille of the bou- levards. CUVIER, George Leopold Christian Frederic Uagobert, Baron ; the most eminent naturalist of modern times ; was b. at Moiitbeliard, in the duchy cf Wirtemberg, 1769. Having a decided partiality for natural history, he devoted his leisure hours to the pursuit of that interesting science, wliile acting in the capacity of private tutor iu the family of count d'Heriey, in Normandy. As soon as he quitted this situation he established himself in Paris ; and such was his talent, and such the perseve- rance with which he followed up his examinations and inquiries, that he was ere long acknowledged to be one of the first zoologists in Europe. His profound knowledge and comprehensive views, his ingenious ehissifications and elegant illustrations, delighted the accomplished visitors of the Lycce, where he lectured ; and his fame I'caching the ears of Na- poleon, the most important offices in the department of public instruction were given to him. He twice visited England, namely, in 1318, and iu 1830 ; and d. at Paris in 1832. To Baron Cuvier, France is indebted for the finest osteological collection in the world ; while the whole world is indebted to him for the im- mense addition he has made to the gen- eral stock of zoological science. — Fred- eric, brother of the above, was also highly distinguished as a naturalist. D. 1838. CYPRIAN, Thascihs C^cilius, was a learned father of the church, b. at Car- thage, and who embraced Christianity in 246. He wrote a work, entitled " Gratia Dei ;" succeeded Donatus, as bishop of Carthago ; and suffered mar- tyrdom in 2.58. CYRIL, St., originally named CoN- sTANTiNE, and called the Philosopher, was the apostle of the Slavi, in the 9th century, and invented the Sclavonic al- phabet. D. at Rome., in 822. CYRUS, king of Persia, a renowned conqueror, was the son of Cambyses and Mandane, daughter of Astyages, king of Media, by whom he was sent to Per- sia. Here he soon collected a formid- able army, and deposed his grandfather, .360 B. c. He also conquered CrcBsus, the rich and powerfid king of Lydia, and Nubonadius, king of Babylon, whose capital he took, afier a siege of two years. Extendint,' his conquests on all sides, till his dominions in Asia reached from the Hellespont to the Indus, he at length marched aijainst the Massagetae, a people of Scythia, then ruled by a queen named Tomyris ; but though siie- ccssful in the first great battle, he was defeated in the second, and slain, 529 B. c— The Y'ou.xGER, was the son of Da- rius Nothus, and brother of Artaxerxes, whose life he attempted, in order to obtain the throne. He was, however, Eardoned, and made governor of Lydia; ut he treacherously raised an army, marched against his brother, fought a desperate battle, and was killed, 4O0 B.C. — Of Panapolis, a Latin poet and sol- dier, in the time of Theodosius the Y'ounger. He was made consul and prefect of Constantinople ; afterwards embraced Christianity, and was made bishop of Phrvnfia, where he died. CZERXl-GEURGE, whose real name was George Petrovitsch, the appella- tion of " George the Black" being given him on account of the darkness of his complexion, was b. of humble parents, near Belgrade; but he raised himself to the rauk of a prince by the force of his natural talents, and a degree of courage rarely equalled. With an ardent desire to liberate Servia, his native country, from the Turks, he first raised a small troop, was successful in various en- counters, and at lentrth, in 1800, made himself master of Belgrade. A Ion* and arduous struggle followed ; and though for a time Czerni-George was the acknowledged prince of Servia, ho was eventually compelled to retire to Russia, where he was received with distinction, and created a Russian prince. But he was still bent on pos- sessing Servia ; and having entered that territory, in 1S17, he was taken priscner and beheaded. dalI CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. 335 D. DACII, SiMy>f, a German poet, b. 100.5, professor of poetry at Konigsberg. D. 16V.t. DACIER, Andrew, a critic and elas- eical coniinentator of some eminence, b. IGJl, at Castres, in Ui'per Langncdoc. He WHS made perpetual secretary of the French Academy in 1731, and liad the care of tlie cabinet in tlie Louvre in- trusted to liim. lie translated Horace, Plato, Flntarcli, Enictetns, &c., into French, D. 1722. — Anne Lefe\-re, wife of the preceding, was b. 1(351, at Sau- nmr. Her love of classical literature was displayed at an early age; and her proficiency was so great, that at the age of 22 slie produced an admirable edition of " Callimaclius," which was followed by various others of the Delphian clas- sics. She subsequently translated Ho- mer, Anacreon, Sappho, Terence, with portions from Aristophanes, Plautus, &e. In 16S3 she married M. Dacier, and soon after they botli renounced the Protestant religion. Tliougli her life Was spent in constant literary labor, she Was fir from being ostentatious of her eminent abilities. D. 1720. D J5DALUS, a celebrated Greek arch- itect and sculptor, who is said to have flourished at Athens in the 10th cen- tury I5.C., and to have been the inventor of many useful instrinnents, viz., the axe, the saw, the plummet, the auger, (fee. --There was also another Daedalus of less note, a sculptor of Sicvon. DAENDELS, Herman William, a Dutch general, b. at Hattem, 1702, who took an important part in tlie troubles which began in Holland in 1787, on the side of tiie patriots, and, with many of his countrymen of the same party, was compelled to take refuire in France. In 17'j3 he was appointed colonel to the new legion of volunteers, and rendered great service to Dnmouriez and to Pich- egru in 171i4. When Louis Bonaparte ascended the throne he was made gov- ernor-general of Batavia. He was re- called by Napoleon in 1812, and on his return published an account of his ad- ministration, in which many valuable Btatistics were also gi\en. He was after- wards appointed by the king of the Netherlands, to organize the colonies on the const of Africa. D. 1818. DAGGETT, Napthali, the fiftli pres- ident of Vale college, was graduated at the same institution, in 174S. He waa a native of Attlehorough, Mass., and in 1751 was settled in the ininistry at Smith Town on Long Island. From this place he removed to New Haven in 175(), and became rirofessor of divinity in the col- lege. He iield this office till liis death; and from the death of Mr. Clap in 1706, till April, 1777, he exercised the duties of president. D. 1780. — Da vro, an emi- nent judire of Connecticut, b. 1704, a senator of the United States, Kent pro- fessor of law at Yale college, and chief iusticc of the supreme' court of the United States. D. 1850. DAGOBERT I., king of the Franks, surnamcd the Great on account of his military success, began his reign in 628, and d. at the asc of 32. D' AGUESSEAU, Henry Francis, call- ed by Voltaire the most learned magis- trate that France ever produced, was b. at Limoges in 1008, and d. 1751. His works were published in 13 vols. 4to. DALBERG, CnARLEs Theohore An- thony Maria, a baron of the German empire, prince-primate of the confeder- ation of the Rhine, grand-duke of Frank- fort, and, finally, archbishop of Ratisbon, was b. near Worms, 1744. He espoused the new ideas to which the French rev- olution gave impulse; and though lie opposed the invasion of Germany by the French in 17'.i7, he assisted at the coronation of the Emperor Napoleon in 1804. Throughout life he was distin- guished for industry in the discharge of his official duties, and for an incorrupt- ible love of justice; he was also the en- courager of learning and science, and himself the author of several ingenious treatises, legal, scientific, and philosoph- ical. In 1813 he voluntarily resigned all his possessions as a sovereign prince, and retired to private life, retaining only his ecclesiastical diirnity. D. 1817. D'ALBRF.T, Charlotte, sister of John d'Albret, king of Navarre, and wife of CsEsar Borgia^ Slie was a poetess of no mean powers, and as remarkable for virtue as her liusband was for vice. D. 1.514.— Charles, constable of France in the reign of Charles VI., to whom he was related by blood. He commanded the French army at the famous battle of Atrincourt, in which he lost his life, l.')14. — .Jeanne, daughter of Marsarct, queen of Navarre, and mother of Hoary 336 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [dal of Navarro, afterwards Henry IV. of France. D. 1572. DALE, KicnARD, an American naval officer, was b. in Virginia, 1756; was Bent to sea at 12 years of age, and at 19 had the command of a mercliant-vessel. While serving as a midshipman on bo:ird of tlie American brig-of-war Lex- ington, lie was taken by a British cutter ; but, after being confined a twelvemonth in Mill prison, he etfected his escape into France, wiiere lie joined the cele- brated Paul Jones, then commanding the American ship Bon Homme liicliard, and was the first man that boarded the English frigate Serapis, which was cap- tured. In "1801 he had the command of an American squadron, and hoisted his pendant on board the President. He was a brave, honorable, and intelli- gent seaman. The adventures of his early days were of the most romantic and perilous kind ; but his latter years were passed in the peaceful enjoyment of a competent estate at Philadelphia. D. 1826. — David, a skilful mechanic, and the originator of the well-known Lanark Mills, was b. 17o9, at Stewarton, in Ayrshire. From being a journeyman weaver he became a cotton manufacturer on a most extensive scale, first in con- junction with Sir R. Arkwright, and afterwards on his own aC'>ount. By his means employment was given to thou- sands, old and young; nor did he leave the latter without the means of mental instruction, but provided teachers and established schools at all his works. D. lS!i6. — Sir Thomas, was sent out to Vir- ginia as high marshal, in 160U, and a second time in May, 1611, with 300 col- onists, supplies, and new laws, with the execution of which he was intrusted. His administration was rigorous and excited great disatfection, but the in- terests of the colony were advanced under it. He built the town of Hen- rico, on James river, and conquered that of the Appomattox Indians, at the mouth of the river of that name. In August, 1611j Sir Tliomas Gates suc- ceeded luni in the government. He continued, however, to take an active part in the atfiirs of the colony, and on the return of Gates to England, in 1614, the chief command again devolved on him. He returned to England in 1616. He afterwards went to the East Indies, and there died. DALIX, Olvus Vox, called the father of modern Swedish poetry, was the au- thor of many spirited satires, songs, epigrams, anii fables. He also wrote " The Argus," a work on the plan of tho Spectator; " A General History of S'*e- den ;" " Bruinhilda," a tragedy, &c. B. 1708 ; d. 1763. DALLAS, Sir George, lord chief jus- tice of the connnon pleas, was b. in London, 1753, and at the age of 18 ha went to India as a writer, where hia talents soon raised him to high civil offices. He warmly espoused tlie cause of Hastings when impeached, and in 1789 he wrote a pamphlet, in which ho attributed to him the British supremacy in India. In 1793 he publislicd his "Thoughts upon our Present Situation, with Remarks upon the Policy of a War with France," which created consider- able sensation, and especially excited the admiration of Mr. Pitt. D. 1833.— Rob- ert Charles, known as the friend and biographer of Lord Byron, was b. at Kingston, Jamaica, and studied the law in the Inner Temple. After residing for a time in France and America, he returned to England, and devoted li.'n- self to literature. He translated several works from the French, and wrote the novels of " Aubrey," "Perceval," '■ The Morlands," &o. ; but he is now more remembered for his "Recollections of Lord Byron." D. 1824. — Alexandek James, was b. in the island of Jamaica, 1759. In 1783 he left Jamaica for the United States, and settled in Philadel- phia. In 1785 he was admitted to prac- tise in the supreme court of the state, and in four or five years in the courts of the Union. During this time he pre- pared his " Reports," and was engaged in various literary pursuits, writing much in the periodical journals. Ho occupied successively the otlices of sec- retary of Pennsylvania; district attorney of tlie United States ; secretary of the treasury, and secretary of war. On the restoration of peace in 1816, Mr. Dallas resigned his political situation, and re- sumed the successful practice of his pro- fession. His services as an advocate were called for in almost every part of the Union, but in the midst of very flattering expectations ho d. at Trenton in 1817. — Alexander James, son of the preceding, became a distinguished naval officer of the United States. He entered the navy in 1805, when only 14 years of age, was with Commodore Rogers on board of the President, in 1812, and, subsequently with Chauncey on lake Ontario. He also accompanied Porter in his exterminating cruise against the West India pirates. D. 1844. DALRYMPLE, Alexander, hydrog- dan] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. }37 rapl-.er to the Admiralty iiiid tlic India Company, was b. at New Ilailes, near Ediiiburtrh, in 1737, and sjtcnt tlic early part of bis life in India, as a writer. lie wrote "The Oriental Ilcpertory," three " Collections of Voyages," &e. D. I808. — Sir David, a Seoteh judge and anti- quary, was b. at Edinburgh in 1726, and ediicjjted at P]ton and Utrecht. On his becoming a judge of the court of session ii) 1766, he took the title of I^ord Ilailes. His principal works are " Annals of Scot- land," which Dr. Johnson assisted in revising, and " Memorials relating to the History of Great Britain." D. 1792.— Sir John, for many years a baron of exchequer in Scotland, and the author of "Memoirs of Great Britain and Ire- land." D. 1810. DALTON, John, n mathematician and natural pliilosopher, was b. at Eagles- field, near Cockermouth, in 1766. From teaching a school as a boy in his native village,"in 1793, when in his 23d year, he became professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in the new college, Manchester. He made his first appearance as an autlior in a volume of " Meteoro- logical Observations and Essays," in 1793. In 1808 he published "A New System of Chemical Philosophy," and a second part in 1810. In 1826 he was S resented with a gold medal by the oyal Society for his scientific discov- eries ; and iii 1833 the sum of £2000 was raised by his friends and townsmen for the erection of a statue (by Chantrey) to per])ctuate his remembrance. His " Atomic Theory" must ever render his name memorable. Cotemporaneously with Gay-Lussac, with whom many of his researches run parallel, he discovered the important general law of the expan- Bion of gases ; and his contributions to meteorology were also of the most im- portant kind. D. 1844. — Michael, an eminent lawyer of the 16th century: the author of a book on the " Office of a Justice of the Peace," and another on the " Duties of Slieritfs." D. 102O. DALZIEL, Thomas, a Scotch general, who was with Charles II. at the battle of "Worcester; after which he entered into the Russian service, but was re- called at the restoration. DAMER, Anne Seymour, eminent as a sculptor as well as for her general ac- complishments, was the daughter of Field-marshal Conway, and b. 1748. She took lessons in the art from Ceraeci and Bacon, and afterwards studied in Italy. D. 1808. DAMIENS, Robert, who, owing to 29 his vicious inclinations, obtained the appellation of Robert le diablc, was b. 171'), at Tieulloy, a village of Artoia, While at Paris, in a menial employment, he was accused of having poisoned ona of his masters and robbed another; and having evaded the law by flight, he in course of time returned, to practise new enormities. In January, 1757, he stabbed Louis XV. in the midst of his guards, as he was getting into his carriage. The wound was not mortal, and Damiens was instantly seized ; but the most cruel tortures which he was doomed to suffer could not induce him to confess that he had any accomplices ; and the horrid sentence, which condemned him to be torn in pieces by horses, was executed March 28, 1757. DAMOCLES, a sycophant at the court of Dionysius of Syracuse. He was one day extolling the happy coudition of princes, on which the king invited him to a sumptuous entertainment, but caused a naKed sword to be suspended over his head by a single hair; thereby intimating the danger that awaited the great, though surrounded by vassals and revelling in luxury. This is said to have produced a salutary efiect on the courtier, who begged *hat the king would dismiss him to any meaner sta- tion, so that he might live in safety. DAMON, a Pythagorean pliilosopher, rendered memorable for his friendship with Pythias. Dionysius having con- demned him to death, he obtained leave of absence to go home and settle his aflTairs, Pythias pledging himself to en- dure the punishment in his stc.ad if he did not return at the appointed time. Damon was punctual ; and this instance of friendship so pleased the king, that he pardoned Damon, and requested to become one of his friends. DAMPIER, William, an English navigator, was b. at East Coker, Somer- setshire, in 1652, and became a mariner at an early age. During many years of active service in privateers and trading vessels, he several times visited the South Seas; and the result of his obser- vations were given to the public in a work, entitled " Voyages round the World," which possesses very con- siderable merit. He d., as is supposed, in 1712, but the exact time is not known. DANA, Francis, chiet-justicc of Mas- sachusetts under the constitution of 1780 He was a delegate in congress from Mass. from 1776 to 1779, when he accompanied Mr. Adams to Paris as secretary of le- gation. He was appointed minister to 338 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [dah Eus.siii in 17S0, and tliough not publicly received as such, renmincd there till the end of the war ; he returned to America in 1783, and was a delegate in eongress in 1784. lie was appoiiited chief justice in 17'.i2, and resigned in 1S06. D. ISU, aged 68. — James Freeman, was gradu- ated at Harvard college, 181:}, and in a few years after was appointed assistant professor of chemistry in that seminary. In 1820 lie was appointed professor of chemistry ana mineralogy at Dartmontl) college; resigned this office in 182(), on being ajipointed professor of chemistry in the college of physicians and surgeons at Ntw York. lie puljlished, with his brother, "t)ullines of the Geology and Mineralogy of Boston ;" an " Epitome of Cheaiieal Philosophy" as a text book. D. 1S27. DANCKERTS, the name of a family of Dutch artists, of whom Coknei,u:s, b. 1561, appears to have been the first of any noie. He excelled as a portrait and historical engraver. DANCOURT, Flouence Carton, a French actor and dramatic poet, was b. in 1661, at Fontainbleau, and was origi- nally a barrister, but quitted that pro- fession for the stage, t). 1726. DANDINI, C^sAR and Vincent, two Florentine painters of the 16th century, both eminent for their historical pieces ; as was also their nephew Pietro, who d. in 1712. D ANDOLO, Henry, a celebrated doge of Venice, to which high office he was chosen in 1192, when in his S4th year. At the siege of Constantinople, during the fourth crusade, the venerable doge commanded liis men to run up to the walls, and was himself the first who leaped on shore, D. 120"), aged 07.— Vincent, a Venetian chemist, descended from the famous doge and captor of Con- stantinople, was b. 17o8. Al all times zealous for the independence of Italy, lie became a member of the council of the Cisalpine republic, after the treaty of Campo Formio. Among his works are " Fondamenti della Scienza Fisico-Che- miea," &e. D. 1819. D'ANDKADA, Anthony, a Portu- guese Jesuit, who discovered in 1624 the country of Cathay and Thibet, of which he j)ublished an account. D. 16-'4. — TJiEGo »E Payvc, a learned Poi'tuguese divine, who distinguished himself at the council of Trent by his talents and elo- quence, and wrote an elaborate defence of it against the attack of Chemnitius. D. 1575. — Francis, his brother, was his- toriographer to the king of Spain, and wrote the " History of John III., king of Portugal." — TnoMAS, another brother, an Augustine friar, called by his order Thomas of Jesus, attended Don Sebas- tian in his expedition against the emper- or of Morocco, was taken prisoner, and shut up in a cave 1)V the Moors, in which place he wrote a book called " The Suf- ferings of Jesus." DANE, Nathan, an eminent jurist and statesman. He was b. at Ipswicli, Mass. He was the framer of the cele- brated ordinance of congress of 1787, ibr the government of the territory of the United States northwest of the river Ohio, by which the principles of free government, to the exclusion of slavery, were extended to an immense region, and its political and moral interest se- cured on a permanent basis. His great work, entitled " A General Abridgment and Digest of American Law," will re- main a proof of his learning and indus- try, and the Dane Professorship of lyaw, founded by his munificence at Harvard university, and the Law Hall, will be enduring monuments of his desire to promote the interest of the profession of law, and the welfare of the com- munity. D. 1834, aged 82 years. DANGEAU, Philip de Courcillon, marquis of, was b. 16 58, and distin- guished himself not less by his own ttdents than by the patronage he af- forded to the literati of his day. He wrote an extensive " .Journal of the Court of Louis XIV.," extracts from which have been published, but not the work entire. D. 1720. D'ANGHIERA, Peter Martyr, an Italian scholar of a noble Milanese family, author of several historical works, which are usually quoted under the name of Peter Martyr. B. 1455; d. 1526. DANICTAN, Anpre, better known by the name of Philidor, a celebrated player and writer on chess,wasb. at Paris, ami resided several years in England, where he published his " Analysis " of that celebrated game, and also soma musical compositions. D. 1795. DANIEL, Samuel, a poet and histo- rian, was b. 1562, near Taunton, Devon, and elucated at Magdalen hall, Oxford. He became poet laureate on the death of Spenser, and was subsequently apfioint- ed to the office of groom of the bed- chamber to James I. Besides various poems, some of which possess co;;sid- erable merit, ho wrote a " History of Enirland" to the end of the reign of Edward III. D. 1619. DANIELL, Samcjel, an artist, -who CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. dan] travelled into the iiUerior of Africa, mnde luunerous drawings tliere, and ou ills return publislied a work entitled "African Scenery." lie also spent six years in the island of Ceylon, where he d. in ISll. He left an extensive collec- tion of dravvin.ijs, chiefly ilhistrative of the natural history of the island ; and a voluuie was published, entitled "The Scenery, An inals, and Native Inhabit- ants of (Jeylon." — William, an eminent draus^htsn'iau, b. 1769, was initiated in the pictorial art at u very early age, and accompanied his uncle to India, when Ue was only 14, for the express purpose of assisting in depicting the scenery, costume, &c., of that interesting coun- try. Immediately on tiieir return, the large work, entitled " Oriental Scenery," was printed. He also published " A Picturesque Voyage to India," a work entitled " Zoography," and a great va- riety of separate views and panoramas. He "was particularly .successful in de- picting the ocean in all its varied aspects ; and his glowing rei)n'seutations of East- ern scenery arc well known to the pub- lic bv his splendid " Oriental Annual." D. 1837. DANNECKER, John IIenky, whose statue of Ariadne on the Leopard, at Frankfort, would sullice to place him in the first rank of modern sculptors, was h. at Stuttgard, 1758. His fenuile fig- ures have rarely been surpassed ; and his busts of Schiller, Lavater, Gluck, and many of the members of the royal familv of Wurtemburjj, are models of artist'ic skill. D. 1841." DANTE ALIGIIIERI, the sublimost of the Italian poets, was b. at Florence, m 1'265. The family name was Caceia- guida, and tliat of his mother was Ali- ghieri. The name by which he has de- Bcended to posterity is a contraction of Durante, his Christian name. Brunetto Latini was his teacher, and Dante rapid- ly profited by his instructions. Nor were his feelings less precocious than his talents, if it be true that at the age often years he fell in love with the lady whom lie has immortalized under the name of Beatrice. He was destined, however, in his twenty-sixth year, to marry Gemma, one of the Donati family, from whom, after having lived unhap- pily wi',h her, he was separated. Be- fore his marriage, he served his country with distinction in the wars against Arezzo and Pisa* and also as an envoy, in wliich capacity he v as fourteen times employed. In 1300 he was raised to Vie one of the eight chief magistrates of 339 the republic. Here ended his good for- tune. He belonged to tiic i)arty called the Bianchi, or Whites; and their oppo- i;cnts, the Ncri, or Blacks, liaving gained tlie asccmleiicy, he was first banished from Florence, and afierwards condcmu- ed to be burnt alive, in case of his fall- ing into their hands. Nearly all the re- mainder 01 Dante's life was spent in wandering*, and in fruitless struggles. At length, he found an asylum witli Guide Novella, lord of Kavenna; and at Eavenna he d. September 14, 1321. Dante wrote various works, but his fame rests on the Divina Commedia. which consists of three parts, Hell, Pur- gatory, and Heaven. In this astonish- ing production Dante does, indeed, " on Horror's head horrors accumulate." For boundless and wild imagination, for gloomy grandeur, for terrific energy, it has no superior; while, ou the other hand, it often charms by exquisite sweetness, simplicity, and grace. The 'oest English translation (and it is not likely to be surpassed) is that by Gary. — Ignatius, a Dominican, of the same family as the poet. He was a cele- brated mathematician, and wrote a trea- tise on tJie astrolabe. He became bishop of Alatri, and d. 15S6. — John Baptist, professor of mathematics at Venice in the 15th century, was also a member of the above family, and is said to have made a pair of wings, with which he flew over the lake Thrasimenus. DANTON, George James, b. in 1759, was an advocate by profession, but be- came one of the most active among the leaders of the French revolution. He took the lead in tlie meeting of the Champ de Mars, which paved the way to the dethronement of the king. Well qualified for the position he assumed, by his colossal figure, stentorian voice, and fierce demeanor, he became one of the executive council, and prepared meas- ures for the defence of the capital when it was threatened by the Prussian in- vaders under the diike of Brunswick He was afterwards a member of tlie convention and of tlie committee of pub- lic safety, and was a chief promoter of all the acts of that terrible period. At length a struggle for su])rcmacy took place between him and Robespierre, in which the latter succeeded, and Danton was sent to the guillotine, in 17'J4. D'ANVILLE, Jean Baptiste Boup.- GuiGNON, first geoirraplier to the kinir of France, member of tlie Academy of In- scriptions and Belles Lettrcs, of tiie An- tiquarian Society of Loudon, and ad 340 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [dad joint-geographer to the Parisian Acade- my of Sciences. AnioUif tlie best of his works are tlie " Athis of Ancient Egypt," " Orbis Vetcribiis Notus," und " Orbis Koniimus." He published 78 trciitises anfl i-'ll maps, all of which are distin- guished for their accuracy and perspi- cuity. B. Iii'ii7; d. 1782. DA.RAN, James, an eminent French surgeon, b. 1701, was celebrated chiefly tor liis skill in diseases of the bladder. For a considerable time he was surgeon- major in the imperial army, but settled in I'aris, where he acquired both fame und fortune by his practice. D. 1784. D'ARBLAY, Madame, (Frances Bur- NEY,) was the daughter of Dr. Burney, tlie celebrated composer and autlior, antl may be reckoned among the most distinguished novelists of the last cen- tury ; her first work, " Evelina," hav- ing created a greater sensation among the literati of her time than was probably ever caused by .any similar production. Her other chief works were "Cecilia, or the Memoirs of an Heiress," " Ca- milla, or a Picture of Youth," "The Wanderer, or Female DilHculties," and "Memoirs of Dr. Burney." D. 1840. DAKCET, JoH.Nf, a French chemist and physijian, who contributed much to the progress of chemical science, was b. in 17'25, at Douazit, in Guienne. He made several improvements in the man- ufacture of porcelain, tried the effect of fire on various minerals, and demon- strated tlie combustibility of the dia- mond. D. 1801. — His son, John Peter Joseph, also an ingenious practical chem- ist, has greatly contributed to the im- provement of science by a number of valuable discoveries. DAKCY, Patrick, Count, an eminent engineer, was b. at Galvvay, in Ireland, in 1725, and educated at Paris. He also distinguished himself by his mathemati- cal works, vi'.;. : " An Essay on Artil- lery," " A Memoir on the Duration of the Sensation of Sight," &c. D. 17'.i9. D'ARGENSOLA, Lupercio Leonar- do, a Spanish poet, h a. Balbastro, Ar- agon, in 1565, was soeretary of war at Naples, under the viceroy there. He was the author of three tragedies and various poems. D. 1613. — B,vrtholo- uew, brother of the preceding, was thaplain to the Empress Mai'ia of Aus- iria, and the writer of some liistorical works of merit, viz., a " History of the Conquest of the Molucca Islands," '' Annals of the Kingdom of Aragon," &c. D. 1731. D'AKGENSON, Mark Rene le Vot- er Paulmy, Marquis, a distinguished statesman in the reign of Louis XIV., was lieutenant-general of the {)olice in Paris, and the iirst who introduced let- tres-cie-cachet : he was subsequently chancellor; but finally retired under some disgrace to a monastery, in which bed. 1721. B. 1662. D'ARGONNE, Noel Bon.wenture, a French Carthusian monk of the I7th century. His "Melanges d'Histoire et de Litteraturc," published under the name of Vigneui de Marville, is a clever collection of anecdotes, accompanied by striking and just remarks. Argonne is also favorably known as the author of " Traite de la Lecture des Peres de rEirlise." DARIUS I., king of Persia, was the son of Hystaspes. He entered into a conspiracy, with six others, against the usurper Smerdis, and having slain him, they agreed that he should have the crown whose horse should neigh first in the morning. By a well-concerted plan of his groom, the horse of Darius neigli- ed immediately he came to the spot where they were to meet, in conse- quence of which he was saluted king. 1). 485 B. c. DARNLEY, Henry, earl of, the hus- band of Mary, queen of Scots, whose hand he received in 1565, and perished about two years afterwards, owing to the house in which he resided being blown up with gunpowder. Whether Mary was privy to this horrid crime or not, has never been clearly proved ; but there are those who conjecture that her illicit passion for Bothwell, or resent- ment for the death of her favorite, Riz- zio, might have been the cause of the catastrophe. DARU, Pierre Antoine Noel Bruno, a peer of France, eminent as a states- man, poet, and historian, was b. at Montpclier, in 1767. At the age of 16 he entered the army, and at the break- ing out of the revolution adopted its principles. He published a translation of the worKs of Horace, which, with his " Clcopedit," or "Theory of Literary Fame, established his reputation as a poet. It was not long before Napoleon discovered his abilities, and rewarded him by various official appointments of trust; and at the first restoration of the Bourbons, he was called to the cluunbej of peers by Louis X VIIJ. He afterwards wrote the " Life of Sully" and the "His- tory of Venice," the latter work beirg one of the most important productions of modern literature. D. 1829 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. DAVj DARWIN, Erasmus, a poet and pliy- Bieinu, was b. at Kltoii, near Newark, in 1721. lie was educatecl at CaniVjridge, took his doctor's dci^ree at Edinbtirgii, and settled at Lielitield as a physician till 17S1, when he removed to Derby, where he d. in 1802. He was a man of great talent but of remarkably eccentric opinions, as his works abundantly prove. His poetic fame rests upon his " Botanic Garden," the vcrsitioation of which is highly polished but too meclianical. His other great work is entitled " Zoo- nomia, or the Laws of Organic Life," which, though able and ingenious, is built upon the most absurd hypotheses. lie also wrote "Physologia, or the Phi- losophy of Agriculture and Gardening," several papers in the " Philosophical Transactions," &c. DASCHKOFF, Catharine Romanow- NA, princess of, b. 1744, was a woman of great courage, and of considerable literary abilities'. Having led a body of troops" to tiie Empress Catharine, the latter placed herself at their head, and precipitated her husband froin the throne. For this service she desired to have the connnand of a regiment of guards, which the czarina refused; but was made director of the academy of sciences, and president of the newly establislied Russian academy. She was the author of some comedies and other works. D. ISIO. DAUBENTON, Louis Jean Marie, a French naturalist and physician, was b. at Montbar, Burgundy, in 17K5. He was the friend ami coadj\itorof Buffon in his " Natural History of Quadrupeds," the anatomical part of which was pre- pared by him with great clearness and accuracy. He is the author oi' " In- struction to Shepherds," " A Method- ical View of Minerals," and otlier works. D. 1800. — His wife was the author of a popular romance called "Zelic dans Ic Desert." D. 1S24. D'AUDIGUIEK, Vital, a French no- bleman, author of a "Treatise on the True and Ancient Usage ol," Duels." D. 163n. DAUN, Leopold Joseph Maria, Count, an Austrian field-marshal, was b. 170"). He connnenced his military career in tlie war against the Turks, and greatly distiuiruisiied himself; but it was as eommimder-in-chief, when op- posed to Frederje of Prussia, during the seven ye;\rs' war, that he obtained his fame as a irrcat general. D. 17t)(5. DAUNOU, PiKRRE Claude Francois, \ very lei'.rucd French writer and pro- 2y* 341 fessor, was b. at Boulognc-sur-mer. Being sent to the convention by the de- partment of Calais, he strove to save tho King and the Girondists, but was thrown into prison by Robespierre. B. 1761 ; d. 1840. DAVENANT, Sir William, an e ni- nent poet, was b. at Oxford, in IGuS, i nd there educated. After having been in the service of the duchess of Richmond and Lord Brooke, he began to write for the stage; and upon the death of Ben Jonson, he was created poet lau- reate. Difring the civil win- he fought for the king, was made a lieutenant- general, and received the honor of knighthood. On the restoration of Charles 11., he obtained a patent for a theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields. Ilia works consist of plays and ])oems, all of which display talents far above me- diocrity. D. 16(58. — Charles, eldest son of the preceding, an eminent author and civilian, was b. 16o6. He was succes- sively joint inspector of plays, commis- sioner of excise, and inspector-general of exports and imports. His " Essays on Trade," was his principal work ; but he also wrote "Circe," a tragedy, and some other plays. D. 1714. — John, bishop of Salisbury, was the son of an eminent morcliant in London, where he was b. in 1570. He was elected professor of divinity at Cambridge in 1(50'J ; but is chiefly known as having been sent by James I. to tho svnod of Dort. DAVENPORT, Ciirlstopher, an En- glish Franciscan friar and theological writer. He was chaplain to the queen of Cliarles I. B. 15'jS; d. 1680.— John, first minister of New Haven. He was an eminent preacher among the Puritans in London. Becoming a conscientious nonconformist, he was obliged to resign his pastoral charge and to retire into Holland, 1633. A letter giving a favor- able account of the colony of Massa- chusetts induced him to come to Amer- ica in 1637. He sailed with his ccimpany March 80, 1638, from Boston to Qumni- piack, or New Haven, to found a new colonv. He preached under an oak, April' ISth, the first Sabbath after their arrival, and he was minister there nenrly thirty years. D. 1670, aged 72. — Ad- DiNGToN, judge of the suiireme court of Massachusetts, was graduated at Har- vard college in 1689, and after having visited England, Spain, and tho West Indies, returned to Boston, and sus- tained successively several of the most responsible offices in the go\ernment. Ho was clerk of tlic bouse of rcvoreseat- 342 CYCLOP.^iDIA OF BIOGRAPHr. [day atives, aud of, tlie supreme court and court (jf'couunou picas, a lucniber of the council, and in lil'> was appointed a judge of the supreme court. D. 1736, aged 06. DAVEZAC, AuGUSTE, late charge from our government to the court of Holland, was b. of French parents in St. JJotningo, and was sent in his youth to a military college in France. Troubles m St. Domingo, wliicli enabled the blacks to expel the Frcncii, induced his family to take refuge in the United States. lie studied medicine in North Carolina, and afterwards settled as a practising physician in Accomac county, Virginia. After the accession of Louis- iana to the Union, he went to New Orleans, where, under the ndviceof his brother-in-law, the eminent jurist, Ed- ward Livingston, he commenced the study of the law. He soon became dis- tinguished in his new profession, par- ticularly as a criminal lawyer, lii the last war he served as judge advocate and aid to General Jackson, and rendered signal service at the battle of New Or- leans. In IS;)!*, General Jackson, then president, a})pointed him secretary of legation at tlic court of the Netherlands. In IS Jl he was appointed chargc-d'af- faircs at the same court. In the years 1841 and '43 he was elected to the legislature of this state from the city of New York. In the early part of I'l-esi- dent Folk's administration, he was seat as charge to Holland, where he remained four years. D. 1850. DAVID, St., the patron saint of Wales, was the son of the prince of Cerctica, now Cardiganshire, and b. towards the end of the otli century. On the death of St. Dubricius, he be- came archbishop of Caerlon, at that time the metropolitan church of Wales ; but he triinslated it to Menevia, now St. David's. He had the reputation of great learning and piety, and was the founder of twelve monasteries, the pnn- cipal of which was in the vale of Koss. ■ — I., king of Scotland, succeeded his brother Alexander the Fierce in 1124. He married Maud, grand-niece of Wil- liam the Conqueror; and was earl of Northumberland and Huntingdon when called to the Scottish tiirone. D. 1153. — II., king' of Scotland, was the son of Robert Bruce, at whose death he was only five yeurs old. On the invasion of Scotland l)y Baliol, David w;is sent to France; but his party prevailing, after a bloody contest, he returned home in 1342, He made sevenil inroads on En- gland, but was ta'l. 1836. — Walter, vicar of Lllian- rhai-adlir, one of tlie Cambrian patriots, to whom, since the middle, and, more particularly, since the last decennium of the 18th century, the principality be- came indebted for a new epoch in the development of old British literature, and, at the same time, of the national life and spirit of the Welsh people; was b. at Worn, in the parish of Llhan-y- Meehain. 1761 ; d. 1840. — Samitel, presi- dent of Princeton college, in New Jer- sey, was b. 1724. He went to Hanover, Va., in 1747, and soon obtained of tlie general court a license to otlicijitc in tour meeting-houses. In October, 1748, tliree more meeting-houses were licens- ed, and among his seven assemhlie.i, which were in different counties, Han- over, Henrico, Caroline, Louisa, and' (ioocliland, some of them forty miles distant from each other, he divided his labors. In 175'J he was chosen president of Princeton college. 1). 1761. DAVILA, Akuigo Catekino, an emi- nent historian, was b. in the territory of Padua, in l.i76 ; and being brouglit up in France, served with reputation in the French army. On his return to his na- tive country, he held several high offices under the Venetian govermncnt; but in ICol, while on his joinniey to take the command of the garrison at Creina, he was assassinated. He wrote "'The His- tory of the Civil Wars of France," a work which still ranks among the best Italian productions. DAV IS, IIenjjy Edward, an English divine, b. at Windsor, in 1756. He was the author of " An Examination of Gib- bon's Rome," and the only opponent whom the historian deigned to answer. D. 1784. — JouN, an eminent navigator, was b. near Dartmouth, in Devonsliire, and went to sea at an early age. In 1.58.5 lie was sent out with two vessels to find a northwest passage, when he discovered the straits which still bear his name. He afterwards explored the coasts of Greenland and Iceland, pro- ceeding as far as latitude 73° n. la 1571 he went, as second in command, with Cavendish, in his unfortunate voy- age to the South Seas. After this ho made five voyages to the East Indies, in the last of which he was killed in an engagement with some Japanese pi- rates off the coast of Malacca, 1605. Ho wrote an account of his voyages, and in- vented a quadrant.— Thomas, a miscel- laneous writer, by turns a bookseller and an actor, was the author of "Tlic Life of Garrick," "The Life of Henderson," "Dramatic Miscellanies," &c. D. 1705. DAVOUST, Louis Nicholas, duke of Auerstadt and prince of Eckmuh), a marshal and peer of France, was b. at Annoux, 1770. He studied at Brienne with Bonaparte, and entered the army in 1785. He accompanied Bonaparte to Egypt; but it was in those brilliant campaigns which took place from 1803 to 180'Ahat he obtained his high repu- tation, and was rewarded with the titlcB of marshal, duke, and priuco. D. 1823. 344 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [leg DAVY, Sir Hustphret, one of the most eminent among modern chemists, was b. at Penzance, in Cornwall, 1773. He was intended, for the medical profes- sion, and placed with an apothecary for the necessary initiation ; but he gave himself up to the study of chemistry, and, with the consent of his master, quitted him in his loth year, in order to Erepare, himself as a physician at Edin- urgli. Ills friends encouraged the bent of his genius, and he was induced to accept tlie superintendence of a pneu- matic institution at Bristol. While there he published his " Chemical and Philosophiciil Researches," the fame of which immediately obtiiined him the professorship of chemistry at the Royal Institution, where his popularity as a lecturer was unbounded. In 1802 he became professor to the Board of Agri- culture ; in ISIS he was created a bar- onet; and in 1820 he was elected president of the Royal Society ; and a series of scientific discoveries and pro- fessional honors flowed on without in- terruption till his death, which took place at C4cneva, in 1829. The invention of the safety-lamp, the discovery of the metallic bases of the alkalies and earths, and of the principles of electro-chemistry, and numerous other discoveries and in- ventions not loss important, attest his skill and industry, au-1 give him an imperishable fame. Besides his separ- ate works of a scientific character, he was the author of numerous papers in the " Philosophical Transactions ;" and when, during his illness, he was dis- posed to divert his min I with lighter studies, he wrote " S:dmonia, or days of Fly-fishing," and " Consolations in Travel." — Joirx, a musical composer of some notoriety. He was a pupil of Jackson, discovered a very early genius for music, and composed some success- ful operas and songs. B. 176.3 ; d. 1824. DAWE, Georgi:, an eminent painter, who held the situation of first painter to the emperor of Russia, and was a mem- ber of t'le academies of St. Petersburgh, Stockholm, and Florence, excelled both in portraits and histoncal subjects, and was the author of " The Life of George Morhmd." D. 1829. DAY, TnoMAS, an English writer, was b. in 1748', and received his education at the Charterhouse, from whence he was removed to Corpus Christi college, Ox- ford, at\er which he entered the Middle Temple, but never followed the law as a profession. His i;ianners were eccentric, and his opinions visionary. He wrote many works, but the only one by which his name will be perpetuated is the " History of Sandford and Merton." D. 178'J. — Stephen, the first printer of New England, came to America in 1638 or \6-yj. The first thing printed was the freeman's oath, next an almanac, made by William Peirce, mariner; then the Psalms, newly turned into metre. D. 166S, aged .58. DAYTON, Elias, a revolutionary officer, was appointed by congress colonel of a New Jersey regiment, in February, 1778 ; and at the ^lose of the war was promoted to the rank of brig- adier-general. His services were par- ticularly useful when the enemy under Kniphausen penetrated into Jersey, in directing the executio:: cf tne measures adopted for their annoyance; after the war was concluded, he held the office of major-general of the militia. In private life he sustained a Wish reputation. D. at Elizabethtown, N. 'J., 1807, aged 71.— JoHX, governor of South Carolina, elect- ed in 1800, and again in 1808. _ He was afterwards appointed district judge of the United States, and held the place till hrs death, at Charleston, 1822, in his Slst year. He published " A View of South Carolina," and " Memoirs of the Revolu- tion" in that state. DEANE, Silas, a member of the first cougress of 1774,coinmissionerto Fraiiee, and other countries, to negotiate treaties. D. 1789. DEARBORNE, Henry, an eminent revolutionary general, who reached Lex- ington the day after the battle witli sixty volunteers ; was at the ftght on Bunker hill ; accompanied Arnold in the expedi- tion to Quebec; servcil with Gates at tlie capture of Burgoyne ; distinguished himself at Monmouth, and was present when Yorktown was surrendered. In 1801 he was appointed secretary of war, and in 1813 captured York, in Upper Canada. He was minister to Portugal in 1822. D. 1829. DE BERNARD, Charles, one of the most graceful and lively modern writers of fiction, was b. 1803. ' His works " La Femme de Quarante Ans," "Gerfaut," &c., are chiefly illustrative of French domestic life. He was of a shy and re- served disposition, and many curious anecdotes are told of his abstraction and absence of mind. D. at Paris, 1850. DECATUR, Stephen, an American naval officer, distinguished for skill and bravery, was b. in 1779, became captain of the President frigate, and performed many gallant exploits during the late del] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. 345 wer with Enorland. In 1812 ho fell in with niid captured the Macedonian, Enfrlisli tVisratc, a vessel of interior class to his own, after an enffaecnicnt of an horn- and a lialf In 1815 he endeavored to elude the vio-ilunce of the British squadron blockading New York, but was captured after a rinining fight of two hours and a half. lie lost his lite in a duel with Commodore Barron in 1820. DE CANDOLLE, Augustin Ptrame, one of the first botanists of Europe, b. at Geneva, 1778, was professor of botany at Mont|)elier, and wrote the " Thcorie Elcmcntaire de Botanique," " Plantarura Sncculentarum Historia," " Flore Fran- (jaise," &c. D. 1841. DECKER, Thomas, an English dram- atist, cotemporary with Ben Jonson, ^ho satirized him in his " Poetaster," under the name of Crispanus, but Deck- er retorted in his " Satyromastix, or un- trussing of a Humorous Poet." He wrote several plays, some of which pos- sess ffreat merit. D. 163S. DECRES, a French admiral, b. 1761. He commanded the Guillaume Toll at the battle of Aboukir, and when that vessel was blown up, was saved and made prisoner by the victors. DEE, Jonx, a mathematician and as- trologer, was b. at London in 1527, and educated at St. John's college, Cam- bridge. In the reign of Maiy he was imprisoned on a suspicion of treasonable practices ; but was in great favor with Queen Elizabeth, who visited him at Mortlake, where he had collected a library. In 1596 he was made warden of Manchester college, and d. 1608. He published several mathematical works in Latin and English, and wrote many more which were never printed. DEFFAXD, Maria de Viciiy Cham- EOUD, marchioness du, a French lady, who for many years was a conspicuous character among the literati of tlie age, and whose "Correspondence" has been published, was b. in 1697. Few females possessed more natural or cultivated talents, and her abode was regarded as the rendezvous of wit and genius. D. 1780. DEFOE, Daniel, an immortal English writer, whose family name was Foe, was the son of a butcher, and b. 1660. In 1688 he kept a hosier's shop in Cornhill, out failing, he had recourse to his pen for a subsistence. In 1695 he was made ttccomptant to the commissioners of the elass ctuty, which office he held till that anpost; was taken off. In 1701 lie pro- duced his "True-born Englishman," a satire, coarse but characteristic. Tho vear following appeared his " Shortest \Vay with the Dissenters," for which lio was sentenced to tlic pillory, fined, and imprisoned. He was instrumental in promoting the union of England and J>cotland. In 1713 he was again com- mitted to prison for some political pam- phlets, but Lord O.vford procurecl his pardon. In 1715 he published the "Family Instructor," a religious per- formance of merit ; and in 171'.i ajipeared his admirable " Robinson Crusoe." Defoe wrote a number of other books, among which was a " Journal of the Plague in 1665," bv a supposed witness of it, " Captain Rock," &c. D. ■'731. DELABORDE, Jeax BENjAMri,a .-el- ebrated French musical compo.er and performer on the violin. He ■was b. in 1734; was a great favorite with Loui.s XV. ; became afterwards fermier-gcne- ral, and was guillotined during the reiffu of terror, as a favorer of monarchy. DELACAPEDE, Bernard Germain Stephen Lavili.e, a celebrated French naturalist, b. 1756. He held the situa- tion of keeper of the cabinets in the Jardin du liois at Paris, which he great- ly improved. He was successively sec- retary and president of the national assembly, and on the formation of the institute he was chosen one of the first members. Under the regime of Bona- parte he became president of the con- servative senate, and grand chancellor of the legion of honor; but when, in 1814, the reverses of the emperor tried the fidelity of his friends, Dclacapede appeared to waver. At the restoration of the Bourbons he returned to his studies in natural history. D. 1825. DELACOUR, James,' an Irish poet; author of " The Prospect of Poetry," and a poem in imitation of Pope's, en- titled " Abelard to Eloisa." His intellect becoming deranged, he possessed the notion that he was gifted with the spirit of prophecy. B. 1709 ; d. 1781. DELAMBRE, John Baitist Joseph, one of the most eminent French astrono- mers, and a pupil of Lelande, was b. at Amiens, 1794. Though he did not com- mence the study of astronomy till he was 36 years of asre, he rapidly acquired great fame, and produced numerous works of great merit; among which are his " Theoretical and Practical Astrono- my," and a " History of Astronomy." Di 1822. DELANDINE, Anthony Francis, a mix^rn French writer, b. at Lyons, 34G CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [dei. 1756, of which city he became the libra- rian, lie wrote "Mcmoires Bibliogra- pliiques et Littc^ruires," and other works. D. 1S20. DEL A NY, Patrick, a learned divine, was a native of Ireland, and b. about 1680. In 1732 he published " Eevela- tion examined with Candor," and in 1738 appeared his "Reflections upon Polygamy." Ilis next publication was the "•Life of David," and in 1754 he published " Ol^scrvations ou Lord Orre- ry's Ilemarks on the Life and Writings of Swift." D. 1768. DE LA EUE, Gervaise, a French abbe and an eminent antiquarian ; kuiglit of the legion of honor, and a inomber of many learned societies in Eurojie. His works are chiefly elucida- tory of Anu'lo-Norman poetry. D. 1835. DELAUNEY, Count D'Antraioues, a di>-itint;uished political agent during the revolutionary era of France. When Eobcspierre was in his zenith he emi- grated to Germany, and in 1797 lie was employed in the service of Eassia. While thus engaged in Italy, he was arrested by the agents of France, and thrown into prison, from which -he was liberated through the intercession of Madame St. Iluberti, a celebrated actress belonging to the French opera, whom he afterwards married. In 1806 he was sent on a mission to England by the emperor of Russia, and he was often employed by the government. He resided at Barnes, Surrey, and, from some cause wholly unaccounted for, he was assassinated by his Italian servant, on the 3d of July, 1812. DELAVAL, Edward Husset, a chem- ist and natural philosopher He particu- larly directed his attention to optics, and his principal work was "An Experimen- tal Inquiry into the Cause of tlie Chansjes of Colors in Opaque and Colored Bod- ies." He was brother to Lord Delaval. D. 1814. DELAVIGNE, Casimir, one of the most eminent of the modern French poets, was b. at Havre-de-Graec. His works were very numerous, and to the honor of French taste be it said, they were very popular also ; for never since the days of Corneille has French verse embodied sentiments more noble or matrnificent. D. 1843, aged 49. DELILLE, Jaques, a modern French poet of eminence, was b. at Aisjue Perse, m 1738. His translation of "VirtfiTs Georgies," in 1769, established his fame, and obtained him admission to the French Academy. He was professor of Latin poetry at the college of France, and of the belles lettres at the university of Paris ; but in 1794 he withdrew from France, though he returned again in 1801, and was chosen a member of tho Institute. He again, however, emigra- ted ; and it was in London that he trans- lated the " Paradise Lost." After his final return to his own country, he vvrota his admired poem, " La Conversation," and became blind. Besides the jioeina already mentioned, the most prominent of his productions are the "Three Reigns of Nature," "Imagination," ftnd " Misfortune and Pity." Without pos- sessing so large a share of creative genius as some others, he was excelled by none in exquisite versification, purity of moral sentiment, or true pathos. D. 1813. DELISLE, Claude, a French I stq- rian, was b. at Vaucoleurs. in 1614, and d. in 1720. His works are, "Relation riistorique du Eoyaume de Siam," "Abridgment of the Universal Histo- ry," 7 vols., and a "Genealogical and Historical xAtlas." — William de, son of the preceding, was b. at Paris, 1675. He was appointed geographer to the king, to whom he had the honor of giving lessons in that science. D. 1726. — Louis DE, brother of the preceding, an able astronomer and geographer, made sev- eral journeys on the coast of tiie frozen ocean, to determine the situation of a variety of places in the countries lying nearest to tlie north pole ; after wliich he traversed Siberia; and in 1741 went alone to Kamtschatka, with the same oliiect, but d. the same year. — .Joseph Nicholas de, the youngest and most celebrated of the three brothers, was b. at Paris in 1688; visited England, where he formed an acquaintance with Newton and Ilalley ; antl in 1726 was appointed astronomer-royal at Petersburg, wlie^e he resided 21 years, during wl.icli iie published " Memoirs Illustrative of the History of Astronomy," and an atlas of Russia. On his return to Paris, in 1747, he was appointed professor of mathe- matics in the royal college. D. 1768. — John Baptist Isoard, a Frencii writer^ known under the name of Delisle de Sales, was b. at Lyons, 1743. lie was the author of " La Philosophic de la Nature," which being denounced as immoral and irreliirious, he was tried and imprisoned, thereby acquiring a temporary celebrity. He afterwards wrote romances, histories, and Platonic dreams; was imprisoned during the reign of Eobespierre, but subsequently dem] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 347 became a member of the Institute. D. 1816. DELLA MAEIA, Dominique, a musi- oalcoiiiposerjOfltaliau extraction, though b. at Marseilles, 1778. He studied under tlie first masters in Italy, and acquired a Btyle at once pure, natural, and graceful. D. ISiiO. DELOLME, John Louis, a nativp. of Geneva, was b. in 174'i, and bred to the practice of the law; but, taking an ac- tive part in the political events of his country, he was oljliged to repair to En- gland, where he at length became known by his celebrated work on tiie " Consti- tution of England." He also wrote a " History of the Flagellants ;" and re- turning to Switzerland in 1775, d. there in 1706. DELORME, Marion, was b. 1612 or 161.T, but where is not exactly known, though probably in Champagne, or Franehe Compte. Of marvellous beau- ty and exquisite wit, she became, after certain amatory adventures, the mis- tress, and subsequently, by secret mar- riage, the wife of Cinq Mars ; and, as such, was persecuted by the terrible Cardinal Richelieu. Even before he was sent to the scaffold, she had formed other intrigues, and then bad a long list of lovers, amongst whom were De Granmiont and St. Evremont. Then she became the " glass of fashion and the mould of form" of the city of Paris; she dabbled in politics, and eventually formed one oft he cliiefs of the malcon- tent party ; was in danger of arrest, like the Princes De Conti and De Conde. To escape a jail she spread a rumor that she was dead, and actually got up a mock funeral of lierself. Afterwards she escaped to England, married a lord, and in a short time became a widow, with a legacy of £-1,000. She returned to France", and on her way to Paris was attacked by lirigands, robbed of her money, and made to marry the chief of the band ; four j^ears later she was again a widow, and then she wedded a M. Laborde ; after living with him seven- teen years, lie died, and she went to Paris with the remains of her fortune ; robbed by her domestics, she was re- duced to beggary, and continued to lead a wretched existence to the extraordina- ty ago of 184. DELPINI, Charles Anthony, was b. in the parish of St. Martin, Rome. He was the best clown of his day, and tlie author of several dramatic works. D. 1828. DELUC, ,ToHN Andrew, a Genevese naturalist, latterly residing in England, where he obtained a pension from Queen Charlotte, who appointed him her reader. He was the author of sev- eral geological works. B. 1726 ; d. 1817, DEMETRIUS, surnamed J'oi.iorce- TES, king of Macedon, was the son of Antigonus. At the age of twenty-two his father intrusted him with an army against Ptolemy, by whom he was de- feated near Gaza. But lie soon repaired the loss, and with a fleet of 2o0 sinpa sailed to Athens, which he delivered from Demetrius Phalereus. He after- wards defeated Cassander at Thermo- pyke ; but the successors of Alexander, alarmed at his progress, collected tlieir forces and marclicd against him. They met at Ipsus, 301 b. c, and at>er an ob- stinate battle the army of Demetrius was defeated, and his father si, 'u, but he himself fled to Ephesus. He, how- ever, mustered a new army, and relieved Athens from the tyranny under which it groaned. He then slew Alexander, the son of Cassander, and setited him- self on the throne of Macedonia. D. 284 B. c. — I., king of Syria, surnamed SoTER, was the son of Seleucus Philopa- ter. He was sent hostage to Rome by his father, on whose death Antiochus Epiphanes, and after him his son Antio- chus Eupator, the one the uncle, and the other the cousin of Demetrius, usurped the throne of Syria. He applied to th.e Roman senate for assistance to recover his right, but in vain. The Syrians, however, recognized him for their law- ful prince, and at last he obtained the throne. — TI., called Nicator, (conquer- or,) was the son of the preceding. Ptol- emy Philometor, king of Egypt, placed him on the throne of his father, after expelling the usurper, Alexander Balas, 146 B. c. He married Cleopatra, the wife of the same Alexander, and daugh- ter of Ptolemy. — Phalereus, a philoso- pher of the' Peripatetic sect. The Athenians were so charmed with his eloquence, as to erect statues to hia honor. He afterwards fell into dis- grace, and retired to the court of Ptol- emy Lagus, king of Egypt, whose son banished him from his dominions, and he d. by the bite of an asp, 234 b. c— A czar of Russia, eonmionly called the false Demetrius, was, according to most historians, a native of Jarowslaw, and a novice in a monastery, where he waa tutored by a monk to persomte Deme- trius, son of the czar .John Basilowitz, who had been murdered by Boris Gude- now Having learnt his tale he went 348 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [des into Lithuania, embraced the Koman Catholic religion, and married the daughter of the Talatine Sendomir. In IGOi Demetrius entered Kussia at the bead of a small army, was joined by a number of llussians and Cossacks, and defeated an army sent against him. On the death of Boris, the people stran- gled his son, and placed Demetrius on the throne ; but liis ]f)artiality to the Poles, and contempt of the Greek re- ligion, occ.isioned an insurrection, and he was assassinated in 1606, after reign- ing about 11 months. DEMOCKITLIS, one of the most cele- brated philosophers of antiquity, and of the Eleutic school, was b. at Abdera, 460 B. c. He studied under Leucippns ; and on the death of his father, who was a wealthy citizen, he travelled to Egypt, Chaldea, and other countries, by wliich he greatly enlarged his stores of knowl- edge ; and when ho returned to his na- tive city, though at first slighted, liis intellectual acquisitions gained the re- spect of his countrymen, and he was placed at tlie head of public affairs ; but, nidignant at the follies of tlie Abderites, he resigned his otiice, and retired to solitude, devoting himself wholly to philosophical studies. DEMOSTHENES, the greatest orator of antiquity, was the sou of an opulent swcrd-blade manufacturer at Athens, and was b. about 380 b. c. Having lost his father when a mere child, his educa- tion was neglected ; but at the age of seventeen he determined to study elo- quence, though his lungs were weak, hia pronunciation inarticuhxte, and his gestures awkward. These impediments he conquered by perseverance, till by degrees he surpassed all otiier orators in the power and grace of eloquence. When tlie encroachments of Philip of Macedon alarmed the Grecian states, he depicted his ambitious design with so much etiect, that similar orations are to this day called Philippics. When that monarch was about to invade Attica, Demosthenes was sent as ambassador to prevail on the Boeotians to assist tiiem, m which mission he succeeded. He was also at the battle of Cheronea, but his conduct there showed that he was as deficient in personal courage as he was inimitable in the senate. Tiie in- fluence of Demosthenes being on tlie decline, jEschines took advantage of it to bring an accusation against him on the subject of his conduct at Cheronea, and his having had a crown of gold warded him ; but tlie orator so well defended himself in his celebrated ora- tion De Corona, that lie was honorably acquitted, and his adversary scut into exile. Shortly after, however, Demos- thenes was convicted of receiving a golden cup and twenty talents fi-otn Harpalus, one of Alexander's generals, who had retired to Atlicns with a quan- tity of plunder, which he had gathered in Asia. To avoid punishment, he fled to ^gina, where he remained till the death of Alexander, when he was re- called by his countrymen, and brought home in triumph. But this change of fortune was of short duration. The victory of Antipater was followed by an order' to the Athenians to deliver u{) Demostlienes, who fled to the temple of Neptune, at Calauria, where he poisoned himself, 3-2-2 b. o. DEMPSTER, Thomas, a Scotch writer, was b. in lo7'J, and studied at Cam- bridge, from whence he removed to Paris. He was afterwards professor of philology at Pisa, and d. at Bologna in 1625. He wrote several works, the most curious of which are a " Martyrology of Scotland," a " List of Scottish Wri- ters," and a " History of the Etruscans." DEN HAM, Dixon, an enterprising traveller and intrepid soldier, was b. in 1786, and entered the army as a volun- teer in ISll, serving with honor in the peninsular war, where he obtained a lieutenancy. In 1^21 he was chosen to proceed to central Africa, in company with Captain Clapperton and Dr. Oud- ney, for the purpose of exploring those regions, his courasje, perseverance, ad- dress, and conciliatory manners pecu- liarly fitting him for such an underta- king. On his return to Enghmd, in 1324, he published a " Narrative" of his travels. In 1826 he was sent to Sierra Leone as superintendant of the liber- ated Africans, and in 1828 was appointed lieutenant-governor of the colony; soon after which he was seized with a fever, which quickly proved fatal. — Sir John, a poet of some celebrity, was b. 1618, at Dublin, where his father waa chief baron of the exchequer, but afterwards ^became a judge in England. In 1641 appeared his tragedy of "The Sophy," and soon after he was made governor of Fareham castle tor the king. In 1643 he published his " Cooper's Hill." lie attended Charles II. in his exile, and was sent by him ambassador to Poland. At the restoration he was knischted and ai>pointed survevor-general of the royal bull. lines. D. 1668. DENINA, Gi.vcoMo Carlo, an Italian DES] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 349 historian, was b. 1731, atEevel, in Pied- mont, For many years lie was a pro- fessor of rhetoric at Turin, and ulti- mately became librarian to Napoleon. His principal works are "History of the Eevohitions of Italy," " The Politi- cal and Literary History of Greece," "Tlie Revolutions of Germany," &c. J), at Paris, 181:^. DENMAN, Thomas, an eminent phy- sician and medical writer, was b. at Bukewell, Derbyshire, in 1733. He first nerved in the navy as a sui-geon, but in 1770 he eonnnenced giving lectures on the obstetric art in London, and was ap- rointed licentiate in midwifery of tiie College of Physicians in 1783. He wrote an "Essay on Puerperal Fever," an " Introduction to the Practice of Mid- wifery," and " Aphorisms " tor the use of junior practitioners. His son was the late distinguished chief justice of the court of King's Bench. D. ISlo. DENNIS, John, a dramatistand critic, was b. in London, 16")7, studied at Cam- bridge, and devoted himself to literature. Throughout life he was almost per- petually in broils with one or other of the wits of the age ; and Pope, in re- turn for his animadversions, gave him a conspicuous place in the Duneiad. He originally had a considerable fortune; but having dissipated it, the duke of Marlborouixh obtained for him the place of land-waiter at the custom house ; this he mortgaged, and his latter days were spent in poverty, aggravated by blindness. D. 1734. DENON, Dominique Vivant, Barou ie, was b. in 1747, at Chalons-sur-Saone, m Burgundy. Though originally des- tined for the law, he was appointed to the office of "gentilhomme ordinaire" about the person of Louis XV. He afterwards resided several years in Italy, as secretary of embassy, during which period he applied himself sedulously to the study of the arts. He was a man of great and varied talents; and his able work, entitled " Travels in Upper and Lower Egypt durino: the Campaign of General Bonaparte," nas gained liim an imperishable fame. D. 1^25. D'EON DE BEAUMONT, Charles Genevieve Louise Auguste, was b. at Tonnerre, in 1728, and known until 1777 as tlie Chevalier D'Eon. He was equerry to Louis XV., chevalier, doctor of law, parliamentary advocate, military officer, ambassador, royal censor, &c. ; occupying in short, during his eventful life, tlie most varied stations with con- pummate skill, and involving his sex 30 and real character in unparalleled mys- tery. That D'Eon was a luan of talent is sufficiently evident by his works, which appeared under the titlij of " Loi- sirs du Clievalier D'Eon." DEKMODY, Thomas, a poet of somo merit, was the son of a schoolmaster, and b. at Ennis, Ireland, in 1775. Ha obtained througli Earl Moira a commis- sion in the army ; but so confirmed were his habits of intemperance, that he d. a victim to the disease, in 1802. His poems, which were written under the pressure of necessity, and often in great haste, possess considerable merit. DERRICK, Samuel, a native of Ire- land, who, on the death of Beau Nash, was appointed master of the ceremonies at Bath and Tunbridge Wells. On com- ing to London he attempted the stage; but being unsuccessful as an actor, he had recourse to his pen. He wrote "A View of the Stage," "The Third Satire of Juvenal in English Verse," " Sylla," a dramatic piece ; and edited " Dryden'a Poems," 4 vols., a "Collection of Voy- ages." &c. B. 1724; d. 1769. DERSCHAWIN, or DERZIIAVINE, Gabriel Romanovitsch, a Russian poet and statesman, was b. at Casan, in 1743. In 1760 he entered the army as . com- mon soldier, but soon distingVi.'shed himself; and, after a military service of 14 years, entered the civil service, in which he arrived at the important situ- ations of treasurer of the empire, and minister of justice. He holds a high place among the bards of his country. D. ISl?. DERYCK, or DERTCK, Peter Cor- nelius, a painter of Delft, b. in 1568, and d. 1630. lie excelled in landscapes. DESAGULIERS, John Theophilus, an ingenious philosopher, was b. 1683 at Rochelle, and at Oxford succeeded Dr. Keil as lecturer in experimental phi- losophy. He published a "Course of Experimental Philosophy," a " Disser- tation on Electricity," &'<'. D. 1740. DESAIX DE VOIGOUX, Louis Charles Anthony, a French general, was b. 1768. In the early part of the revolution he became aid-de-camp to General Custine; and contributed greatr- ly, by his talents, to the famous retreat ofMoreau. He accompanied Bonaparte to Egypt, was appointed governor of the upper part of the eomitry, and sjirned the treaty of El-Arish with the Tiirka and English. He was killed at the oattla of Marengo, to which victory he greatly contributed, June 14, ISOO. DESAUSSURE. Henkt W., a di.stii. 350 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [nE3 guisb 3d chancellor of South Carolina, lie bore arms in defence of Charleston in tlie revolutionary war, and was ap- pointed by Washington director of tlie mint. He was for -A'J years chancellor of the state, during which t.mc he pub- lished four volumes of "Equity Ee- ports," which contain a valuable record of decisions. B. 17(54 ; d. 183y. DESCARTES, Kene, a celebrated French pliilosopher, was b. at La Have, in Touraine, in l.iyii, and received ins education at the Jesuit college at La Fleche. On leaving that seminary he removed to Paris, and applied to the study of mathematics. In 1616 he entered into tlie army of the prince of Orange ; and, while serving in tlie garri- son at Breda, solved a difticult mathe- matical problem which had been posted in the public streets. This introduced him to tlie acquaintance of the learned Beckmann, the principal of the colle^fe ofDort. While at Breda, he wrote in Latin a "Treatise on Music," and pro- jected some other works. He next served in the army of the duke of Ba- varia, but soon after quitted the military life, and travelled into Italy, where he saw the famous Galileo at Florence. In 1629 he settled at Amsterdam, and ap- plied assiduously to the mathematical sciences, particularly d'optrics, in wluch he made some important discoveries. About this time he visited England, and during his stay made observations on tlie declination of the magnetic needle. His philosophy now became the subject of nmch cliscussion, and met with an ex- tensive reception, though with consider- able opposition. At the invitation of Christina, queen of Sweden, he went to Stockholm, where he d. 16'0. His prin- cipal works are "Principia Philoso- phic," " Dissertatio de Methodo recte regemlas Rationis," &e. ; " Dioptrical," " Meditationes," and "Geometry." DESEZE, Raymond, or Komain, a native of Bordcau.x, and an able coun- Pelior of the parliament of that city, was b. in IT.'iO. lie afterwards practised at Paris, and his acknowledged talents caused hiin to be named one of the counsel for the unfortunate Louis XVI., whose cause he most ably defended, after Target had declined the dangerous task. He was imprisoned for a time, but es- caped the seatfold. He held several distinguished offices ; was a peer of France, a knight of the order of Malta, a member of the French Academy, and nrisidcnt of the court of repeal. D. DESFOEGES, Peter Jonx Baitisi Choudaud, a dramatic writer and actor, j b. at Paris, in 1746. He was tlic author of twenty-four comedies, besides somo romances. DESGODETS, Anthony, a French architect, was b. in Paris, 1653. On his passage to Eome in 1674, he was taken by tlie Algerines, and kept in slavery sixteen months. On being exchanged he repaired to Eome, where he coin- posed a work, entitled "The Ancient Edifices of Rome;" and, on his return to Paris, he was made comjitroller of the royal buildings, and architect to the king. D. 17-2S. DESHOULIEEES, Antoinette du Li- GiiiK, a handsome, witty, and accom- plished woman, and a writer of much versatility, was b. at Paris, in 1634; married a gentleman of family, and was on terms of friendsliip with tlie principal literati of the age. She produced nu- merous plays and operas, few of which were successful ; but her " Idyls," " Ec- logues," and " Moral Eeflectioiis" are still admired. D., after twelve years of suffering, of a cancer in her breast, in 16.14. — Antoinette Theuese, a daughter of the preceding, and the inheritor both of her talents and lior sufferings ; liav- ing written various poems, &c., and been for twenty years the victim of can- cer. D. 171S. DESMOliLINS, Benedict Camille, a native of Guise, in Picardy, who dis- played his repuljlican zeal at the taking of tlie Bastille, and in the demolition of the monarchy. As the friend of Danton he was one of the original founders of ■the Jacobin club. The fall of Danton was his own : for seized in the night, SlstM'arch, 1794, he opened his windows to call in vain for help, and with Young's Night Thoughts and Hervey's Medita- tions in his hand, he was dragged to prison, and immediately after to tho scatl'old. His writings were mainly— "Tlie Eevolutioiis of France and Bra- bant" — "The History of the Brissotins" — the " Vieux Cordelier." His wife, who wished to share his fate, was permitted to follow him ten days after to the scaf- fold. When asked his aare by the bloodj tribunal, he answered, " My age is that of Jesus Christ when he suffered death," 33. DESPAED, Edward Marcus, a native of Ireland. He early embraced a 'r.i.ii- tary life, and was employed in the W'ost Indies, on the Spanisli main, and in the bay of Honduras, where he was ap- pointed superintendent of the Englisli dew] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGHAPIIY. 351 colony. His conduct in tliis office gave offence to the settlers, and in eonse- qnenec of tlieir coniiihiints lie wus re- csilied Jioine, IT'.iO; but when he applied to government to in\ esti<;iite his nd- niinisiration, his rci»reseiitations were rejected without ex]ihauUion, This rendered him a disaffected subject. He •was seized lor seditious conduct, under the suspension of the liabca.s corpus act, and confined in several prisrress who marched to face the enemy. He accom- panied his regiment to Elizabetlitown in July to repel the invading enemy, and remained there till tli. end of the tour of service. In 1779 Le was a member of congress from Delaware, and in 1781 president. In 1782 he was chosen pres- ident of Pennsylvania, and remained ia office from Nov. 1782 to Oct. 1785. In Nov. 1767, he began to publish his cel- ebrated letters against tht acts for tax- ation of the colonies ; in which writings he supported the liberties of his country, and contributed much towards the American revolution. Of the eloquent and important state papers issued by the first congress he wrote the principal. Mr. Dickinson's political writings were collected and published in two volumes, 1801. D. 1808. — Philemon, an officer in the war of the Artieriean revolution, who engaged in that contest at an early period, and enjoyed the praise of cour- age and zeal in the cause of liberty. He commanded the Jersey militia at the battle of ]\Ionmouth. After the organ- ization of the national government in its present form, he was appointed to a seat in congress. Having discharged the duties of the several civil and military stations which he held with reputation, and enjoyed several years of retirement from public life, he d. at Trenton in 1809. DICKSON, James, a Scotch divine, but known chiefly as a writer on agri- culture, was a native of East Lothian, and d., by a fall from his horse, in 1776. His " Treatise on the Agriculture of the Ancients" is much esteemed. DIDEROT, Denis, a French writer, was b. at Lansres, in 1713. In 1746 he published " Pens(?es Philosonhiques," and was concerned in a Medical Dic- tionary, which suggested to him the idea ofa Di'ctionnaireEncyekvpcdiquo ; which, with the assistance of D'Alcmhert and others, he completed. While engaged in the Encyclopedic, he wrote a licen- 354 CYCLOPyEUIA OF BIOGRAPHV. [dig M"na novel, cnlletl " Los Bijoux Indis- urots," aiul two coined'Kjs, " Lb Fils Katiiiel" and " Lc I'ere de Fainille." In 174'J appeared his " Ijetlers to tlie Bliiul," the tVeu i- eum,'' " Antiquitates BibliciC," jfec. DIETRICH, Jon.N Wm.liam Ernest, an excellent painter, was b. 1712, at Weimar, wliere his i'lther was painter to the court, and celebrated for his por- traits and b.ittle-pieecs. After studying under his father he went to Dresden, and was instructed in landscape paint- ing by Alexander Thielc. He next visited Italy, and in 1763 became pro- fessor in the academy of Dresden, smd director of the school of paintini; at Meissen. For versatility and general excellence few liave surpassed him. D. 1774. DI EZ, Juan Martin, better known as the Empecinado of modern Spanish LTuerilla warf ire, was tiie son of a peasant of V^allaclolid, and b. in 1775. He first served in the regular army as a dragoon ; but in ISOS, with a chosen band of about 50 brave fellows, he commenced that harassing guerilla system, wiiich so much contributed to the disasters of the enemy in the Peninsula. On the re- estaljlishment of Ferdinand's govern- ment, the Empecinado became obnoxious to the ruling powers, who, regardless of his formergieat services, liad him seized on a charge of conspiracy, tried, and ex- ecuted, in 1825. DIGBY, Sir Everard, an English gentleman, a partisan in tlie Gunpowder [>l()t, for which he was executed in 1607. —Sir Kenelm, son of the precediucr, was b. at Gothurst. in Buekinghinnsliirc. in 1603. He WHS knighted by James I., and by Charles I. he was appointed to several offices. On one occasion, when some difference existed between England and the Venetians, he was sent with a fleet int/) the Mediterranean, where ho attacked the fleet of the reptiblic in the bay of Scanderoon. About 16!6 he quitted the church of England for that of Rome. At the commeneement of the civil war he was imprisone 1 by t'le par- liunent in Winchester house, but in 1643 he regained liis liberty, and went to uro] CYCLOP.EDIA Or JUOUKAl'UY. 355 France. When Cromwell assumed the government, he ventured to visit his native country, and paid g-reat court to that ruler, lie wrote a " Treatise on the Nature of Boilies," " On the Operations and Nature of Man's Soul," and " Peri- patetic Institutions." D. IGGo. — Jon.v, ear) of Bristol, b. in 15So, was gentle- ma... of the bed-chamber to James I., who sent him to Spain to negotiate a marriage between Prince Charles and the Infuita, and the same vear he was created earl of Bristol. When the civil wars broke out he emigrated, and d. at Paris in 1053. — Lord Geouoe, son of the above was b. at Madrid in U!12. He became a member of the Long Parlia- ment, wherein he at first op|wsed the court, but afterwards joined the royal party, and exerted himself in the service of Charles I. D. 1(376. DIGGES, Thomas, an astronomer and mathematician; author of " Akc sive Seala) Mathematica;," "Perfect Descrip- tions of the Celestial (*rbs," &c. _ D. 1595. — Sir Dudley, son oftlie preceding, was b. 1583, and educated at O.xford. He was knighted by James 1., who sent him ambassador to Russia; but in the parliament of 1021 he resisted the court measures, and so continued to do till 163G, when he was brought over by the grant of the mastership of the rolls, lie wrote " A Defence of Trade," " A Dis- course concerning the Eiiihts and Priv- ileges of the Subject." D. 1639. DILLENIUS, John James, an emi- nent botanist, was b. in D.n'mstadt, in Germany, in ICsT, and educated at the university of Giessen. In 1721 ho ac- companied Dr. Sherrard to P>ngland, where he spent tlie remainder ot' his days. Soon after his arrival he under- took a new edition of " Kay's Synop- sis ;" and was appointed the tirst botanical professor at 0.\ford on Sher- rard's foundation. lie wrote " llortus Elthamensis" and a "History of Moss- es." D. 1747. DILLON, WENTwor.TH, carl of Ros- common, was b. in Ireland about 1633, and educated at Caen, in Normandy, by tho famous Bouchart. After dissipating his property by gaming, he was made master of the liorse to the duchess of York, lie tlicn married a daughter of the earl of Burlington, and applied to poetrv. D. 1684. DIMSDALE, TiioM.vs, a physician, who hei.'ame celebratcil by his success- ■'ul mode of inoculating for the small- pox. In 1768 he went to Russia, and mociilateil the empress and gram^duke, for which he was created a baron of the empire, physician to her majesty, and counsellor of state. He wrote Tiaets on Inoculation, in whieh is an account of his tirst iourncv to Russia. D. ImjO. DINEZ DA CRUZ, Antuony, aii emi- nent Portuguese i)0et, was b. 1730, and d. in 1798. As a writer of odes, son- nets, and lyrical pieces generally, ho holds the first rank among his country- men. DINOCRATES, a Macedonian archi- tect, who was employed by Alexander in building the city of Alexandria. He also rebuilt the temple of Ephcsus, and proposed to cut Mount Athos into a statue of the Macedonian hero. He died in Egypt, under the reign of Ptol- emv. DINWIDDIE, RoBEP.T, governor of Virginia from 1752 to 1758, had been previou.sly clerk to a collector of customs m the West Indies, whose enormous fraud he detected and exposed. For this disclosure he was rewarded by his appointment in Virginia. But while he was governor he did not forget what he had learned when a clerk, for he was charged with applying to his own use £20,6oo sent to defray the expenses of Virsrinia for the public service. It was during his atlministration that Braddock proceeded on his expedition against the Indians. D. 1770. DIOCLETIAN, Caihs Valerius, a Roman emperor, in whose reign the Christians sutlered a persecution, was born of an obscure family in Dalmatia. He rose from being a conimon soldier to the rank 6f general, and on the death of Numorian, in 284, was chosen em- peror. Ho renounced the crown in 304, and retired to Salona, where he d. 313. DIODATI, JouN, an eminent divine, b. at Lucca, in 1589, was descended from a noble family, and brought up in the Catholic faith ; but he end)raced Protestantism, became jirol'essor of He- brew at Geneva, and is niuch celebrated for a translation of the Bible into Italian. D. 1649. DIODORUS, SrcuLus, a native of Ar- gyrium, in Sicily, who wrote a Univer- sal History, of which only 15 books and a few fragments remain. He flourished about 44 15. c. DIOGENES, surnamed the Cynic, was b. at Sinope, a city of Pontus, 414 B. c. He accompanied liis father to Athens, where he applied to the study of philosophy under Antislhcnes, the founder of the Cynics. He distinguished himself by the" excessive rudeness of 356 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [nOD his manners, with which was hlended a great knowledge of human nature, and a zeal for the interests of virtue, on wliich account Plato called him the *' Mad Socrates." — tlie Bahyloman, was a Stoic philosopher, who flourished about '200 B. c. — Laertius, a Greek his- torian, was boru in Cilicia. He wrote the "Lives of the Philosophers," in 10 books, and d. 222. — a Cretan philoso- pher; succeeded his master Anaximenes in his school of Ionia, about 560 b. c. DION, a celebrated patriot of Syra- cuse, was the disciple and friend of Plato when that philosopher was at the court of Dionysius, whose daughter Arete he married. Being accused of treason, ho was banished by Dionysius, and went to Athens, where he acquired considerable popularity; which so pro- voked the tyrant, that he confiscated his estates, and compelled his wife to marry another man. Dion, irritated at this treatment, resolved to attempt the de- liverance of his country; and with a small force he landed in Sicily during the absence of Dionysius, and entered Syracuse in triumph. After various suc- cesses he perished, the victim of a con- spiracy, headed by one Calippus, an Athenian, oo4 b. c. DION CASSIUS, an historian of the third cent\iry, born at Bithynia; was twice consul ; and wrote, in Greek, the " History of Rome, from tiie Building of the City to the Keign of Alexander Severus." DIONYSIUS I., of Syracuse, who, from being a citizen, became commander of the forces, overthrew the govern- ment, and assumed the title of king, 404 B. c. — II., the Younger, the son and Buccessor of the above, was driven from Syracuse, 343 b. c, but again returned about 10 years afterwards, and was ex- pelled by Timoleon, on which he fled to Corinth, where he supported himself as a schoolmaster. — An ancient geographer, who was sent by Augustus to survey the Eastern part of the world, was called Periegetes, from his poem of "Perietresis, or Survey of the World." D. about 1 50. — An historian and critic of H.ilicarnassus, in Caria, who was invited to Rome about 30 years b. c, and there wrote his " Roman Antiquities," only 11 books of which are extant. — The Areopagite, was a native of Athens, and a member of the Areopagus, where lie sut when St. Paul was brought before it, and made his famous speech respect- ing tlu! " unknown God." DIOPHANTUS, a mathematician of Alexandria, to whom is attrib'ited the invention of algebra, is supposed to have existed at the beginaiu^ of the ChrLs- tian era. DIPPEL, John Conrad, a German physician and celebrated alchemist, wad b. at Frankenstein, in Hesse, in 1672. He led a wandering kind of life, made himself obnoxious to various govern- ments, and was often imprisoned. He pretended to have discovered tl c phi- ]osopliei"'s stone, and prophesied that he would not die till ISuS. He, however, falsified his prediction, by suddenly de- parting this life in 1734 ; and instead of finding the pliilosopher's stone, lie dis- covered Prussian blue, and the animal oil which bears his nam" DISRAELI, Isaac, auuior of the "Curiosities of Literature," the "Quar- rels" and "Calamities of Authors," " Illustrations of the Literary Charac- ter," was b. at Enfield, 1767. He was the only child of Benjamin Disraeli, a Venetian merchant. Besides the works above mentioned, which have carried his name throughout the civilized world, he published "Commentaries on the Life and Reign of Charles I.," the " Amenities of Literature," and was for many years a contributor to the •'Quarterly Review" and the "Gentle- man's Magazine." Mr. Disraeli was smitten with blindness in 1S3'J, and the last years of his intellectual pursuits were impeded, though not interrupted, by this affliction. 1). 1848. 'DOBSON, \Villiam, an J^nglish paint- er, who succeeded Vandyke in the ap- pointments he held under Charles I., was b. in 1610, and d. in 1646. DODD, Ralph, a civT. ensrineer, to whom several important public works owe tlieir origin, was a native of Nor- thumberland, b. 1761. He was the pro- ieetor of Vauxhall bridge, the South Lambeth waterworks, tJie Gravesend tunnel, &c. ; and wrote several able woi-ks connected with his profession. D. 1822. — George, his son, «vho tbl- lowed the same profession, was the plamier, and tor a time the resident en- gineer, of \Vatcrloo bridge. D. 1827. — William, was b. 1729, at Bourne, Lin- colnsiiire ; and after being educated at Cambridge, entered into orders, became a popular preacher in London, and was made one of the king's chaplains. But he kept high society, and was extrava- gant; and finding himself unable to support an extensive establishment, ho endeavored to procure the living of St. George's, Hanover-square, by otferiag a dolJ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 857 biibe of £3000 to tlic Indy of the. lord chauoelli)r. Slic was, however, hnliii;- liiiiit at the olfer, and on her iutbniiiiig the chancellor, Dodd was struck otl'the royal list. The earl of Chesterfield, to whom he had been tutor, afterwards presented him with a li ving ; but being pressed tor money he forged a bond for £4,200 on his former pupil and patron, probably intending to take it up before it became due; but the fraud was soon discovered, and he was tried, convicted, and executed at Tyburn, in 1777, not- withstanding great interest was used, and tlie most extraordinary efforts made to obtain hi;s pardon. lie was the au- thor of several works ; the principal of which are " Sermons oi; the Miracles and Parables," in 4 vols., " Sermons to Young Men," 3 vols., " Poems," " Kc- flections on Deatli," "Thoughts in Prison," and "The Sisters," a novel. DODDRIDGE, Sir Jonx, an PInglisli judge, and the author of several works on legal science, was b. in l-ioS, at Barn- staple in Devonshire, and educated at Exeter college, Oxford. In 1613 be be- came one of the judges of the King's Bench, and d. in 162S. His chief works are " The Lawyer's Light," " The En- glish Lawyer," " Tlie Law of Nobility and Peerage," "The Complete Parson,'' Ac. — PiiTi-ip, a pious and highly-gifted dissenting minister, was b. in the me- tropolis ill 170-2. He was successively a minister at Kibworth, Market Harbor- ough, and Northampton, and acquired, a groat and deserved reputation. Being aifiicte:! with a pulmonary complaint, he went to Lisbon for the benefit of his health, but '1. there in 17;il. His prin- ciml works ai e " Tiic Family Expositor,'' "The Life of Colonel Gardiner," "Ser- mons," and " Hvmns." DODINGTOX, George Bubb, Lord Melcombe Regis, a statesman, remark- able for political versatility, was b. IGiil, in Dorsetshire. In 1715 ho came into parliament, was soon after appointed envoy to Spain; was made lor.-l of the treasury during Walpole's administra- tion; and, after years of political in- trigue, in which the most shameless der- eliction of ]irinciple was manifest, he was raise 1 to the title of Lord Melcombe. Thoui>li servile as a politician, he was generous, witty, and hospitable in pri- vats life; and had the merit of associa- ting with and patronizinsr men of talent. His celebrated "Diiry," published in \78']-, is highly interesting, revealing, as it does, mueli of the art and mystery of Btatesniaii:ship. D. 1762. DODSLEY, EuBEKT, an author and bookseller, was b. 1703, at Mansfield, Nottinghamshire. His pan^nts being po ir, he was apprenticed to a stocking- weaver, which triide he left, and became footman to the Hon. Mrs. Lowther. While in this situation he published a volume of poems, entitled "The Muse in Livery," and a dramatic satire, called "Tlie Toyshop," which being patron- ized by Pope, and successfully brought out on the stage, enabled Dodsley to commence business as a bookseller in Pall Mall. He still continued his literary pursuits, and produced "Clcone," a tragedy, and four light drani'is; many poems; "The Economy of Human Life," (fee. He also edited and published a "Collection of Old Plays," ami was the projector of the "Annual Rciristcr." 1)0DSW0RTH, RoGEK, an English topographer, was b. in Yorkshire, in 1585, and d. in 1654. He collected the antiquities of his native countrv, in 162 folio volumes, which are in the Bodleian librarv, Oxford. DODWELL, Henry, a learned critic and theologian, was b. at Dublin, 1641, and educated at Trinity coKegc. In 16S8 he was appointed Camden profes- sor of history at Oxford, but lost his office soon after the revolution. He wrote several books, but the work which excited most notice was " On the Natu- ral Mortality of the Soul." D. 1711.— Henry and William, his sons, were also both distinguished by their wri- tings ; the former, who was bred to the law, by his skepticism ; the latter, who was a prebendary of Salisbury, by his orthodoxy. D(JES, Jacob van der, a Dutch paint- er, b. 1623, and d. 1673; he studied at Rome, and adopted the stylo of Bam- boccio. — Jacob and Simon, his song, were both good artists ; the former, celebrated for his historical pieces, d. in 1613; the latter, who excelled in land- scajics and cittle, d. in 1717. DOGGETT, Thomas, an actor and dramatic poet, was a distinguished comic performer at Drury-lane. He is now remembered by the legacy he left to provide a "coat and badge," which is rowed for annually on the 1st of Au- gust, from London-bridiTC to Chelsea, by six watermen. D. 1721. "DOLCE, Louis, a Venetian writer, was b. 1508. He translate 1 into Italian great portions of Horace, Ovid, Seneca, Euripides, &c. ; but was chiefly eole- brited for his lieroic poem, entitled " L'Achille et I'Enea." He also wrote 358 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [don a life of Charles V. D. ir>6S.— Carlo, a cclcbratctl painter, b. at Florence, 1616, was reinarkablo for the felicitous inan- ncr ill wliicli he treated sacred subjects. His heads of madonnas and saints are inimitalilc. D. 1686. DOLLOND, Joiiv, an eminent opti- cian, was b. at Spitalfields, London, in 1706, and brou<;ht up as a silk-weaver; but, devotinof liimsclf to the study of astronomy, his attention became direct- ed to the improvement of telescopes. He invented the achromat'ic oliject-irlass, the application of the micrometer to re- flectinif telescopes, &c. D. 1761. — Petek, his son, who d. in 1820, made many val- uable improvements in op'ical instru- ments, and they both enjoyed a well- deserved reputation. DOLOMIEU, Deodatus, a French g'eolog'ist and mineralotrist, was b. in Dauphinc, in 1750, and entered into the order of Malta. He accompanied Bonaparte to Etrypt, and on his return %yas taken prisoner and confined at Mes- sina. Ho was the author of many es- teemed works, of whicli his " Mineral- ojlical Philosophy," and a "Voyage to tiie Lipari- Islands," are the chief. D. 1801. DOMBEY, Joseph, one of the most eminent French botanists of the last century, b. 1742. After a life of perse- cution, from which his ultra-philanthro- Ey did not protect him, he was captured y corsairs, in returnina: from St. Do- mingo, and d. in the prisons of Mont- serrat. DOMENICHINO, a celebrated paint- er, whoso real name was Domenicho Zampieki, was b. at Bologna, in 1681, and was a pupil of the Caracci. Thomrh at first his progress was so slow that liis fellow-students, in derision, called him '"the Ox," yet he rose to first-rate emi- nence in his art. He was also well skilled in architecture, and held the situation of architect to Gregory XV. D. 1641. DOMINIC, St., founder of the order of monks which bears his name, was b. 1170, at (^ilahorra, in Old Castile. He was employed by Pope Innocent to convert the Albig'enses ; but, failing in his cnlc'ivors, and, dying in 1221, was canoni'cd tor his zeal. DOMINIS, Mark Anthony de, a l>almatian archbishop, who went to En- gland, and was made dean of Windsor. He wrote " De Kepublica Ecclcsiastica," and was the first who gave a true ex- planation of the colors of the rainbow. D, 1625. DOMITIAN, Titus Flavics, the sec- ond son of Vespasian, and tiie last of the 12 Ctcsars, was b. 51, and succeeded his brother Titus in 81. He was volup- tuous, cruel, and malignant; and though at his accession he made some show of justice, and even of kindness to the citizens, yet the cruelty of his disposi- tion was too deep-rooted for conceal- ment, and he was both feared and haled for his tyranny. He was in continual dread of conspirators, and at length fell by the hands of an assassin, in the 45th year of his age, 96. DONALD v., king of Scotland, suc- ceeded his brother Kenneth II. The ancient laws of Scotland were revised and eonflrincd under his authority. He d., after a reign of four years, in 864. — VI., succeeded Gregory the Great on the Scottish throne, in 894. In u.ss reign, the Danes having invaded his kingdom, he fought and defeated ti.ern. He d. at Forres, in 904. — -VIL, conirr."!'.- ly called Donald Bane, usurpci '.h-3 throne in 1093. He was expelled from llie throne by Duncan, in 1094, but re- gained it again by the murder of that prince. He did not, however, long en- joy it, for ho was finally dethroned by Edgar Athelinir, in 1098*. DONALDSON, Joseph, a native of Glasgow, and author of " The Eventful liife of a Soldier," and "Scenes and Sketches of a Soldier's Lite in Ireland." D. 1830. D(JN ATELLO, or DONATO, an emi- nent sculptor, was b. at Florence, 1883. His statues and basso-relievoes adorn many of the Italian churches, and it is said that IMichael Angelo held his works in high esteem. D. 1466. DONATI, Vitaliano, an Italian phy- sician, b. at Padua, in 1717; author of a " Natural History of the Adriatic Sea." He travelled to the East for scientifia purposes, and d. at Bassorah, in 1763. DONDUCCI, George Andrew, a Bo- lognese artist. He was b. in 1575 ; stud- ied under Annibale Caracci ; and his pictures are remarkable for their strong contrasts of litrht and shade. DONDUS, or DONDI, James, a phy- sician of Padua, who acquired the namo of Aggregator, on account of the nu- merous medicines lie made. He was also well skilled in mechanics, particu- larly in horolosy. D. 1350. DONNE, John, an English divine and poet, was b. in London, 1573. Be- ing tiie son of a Catholic, he was brouirlit up in that faith ; but after completing his studies at Oxford, he enil raced I'rot- CYCLOP.'EDIA OF BIOGRAPIIT. DOU] estantism, and became secretary to the Lord Chancellor Elle.-!oiiA3 Sackville, carl of, tin; son of Sir Pilchard Sackville, was b. in 1527, and educated at Oxford and Cambritlge. lie was distinguished both as a statesman and an author, having been ambassador to Holland, chancclkr of Oxford, and lord treasurer. He wrote the '' Induction to the Mirror for Magis- trates," and the " Comiilaint of Henry, did>linsoii and most of the eminent lit- erary characters of his day. — David B., ail oHicer of tlic United States army, who behaved gallantly at Liindy's Lane and the siege of Fort Erie. lie afterwards took an active part in the organization of the military academy at West Point, where he was a professor for some years, when he retired to prepare the plans, etc., for the Croton aqueduct, and to discharge the duties of president of Kenyon college. B. 171)3; d. 1849. DOUSA, John, whose real name was Vandeu Does, was b. at Noordwick, Holland, in 1.M5. He became eminent both as a soldier and a scholar. D. lt)04. DOUW, Gerard, an eminent Dutch painter, and the pupil of Rembrandt, was b. at Leyden, 1613, and d. there in 1674, or, as some say, in 1680. For the excellence of his coloring, delicacy of finish, and attention to every minutia; of his art, this master's compositions are unrivalled; and the prices which some of his paintings have obtained are al- most without parallel. DOVER, Georoe James Welbore Agar Ellis, Lord, was b. 1797. In 1818 he was returned as meniber for Heytcs- bury ; in succeeding parliaments he sat for Seaford, Ludgcrshall, and Oak- hampton; and in 1830 he was appointed chief commissioner of woods and forests. But it is as a patron of the flue arts, and as a promoter of literature, that Lord Dover will be chiefly remembered. In 1828 he published "Historical Inquiries respecting the Chara.-ter of Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon;" after which appeared the "Ellis Correspondence," which was followed by his " Life of Freder.c the Great;" aiid his last liter- ary task was that of editinsr the " Letters of Horace Walpole to Sir Horace Mann." D. 1833. DOYEN, Gabriel Francis, an emi- nent French painter, pupil of Vanloo. The " Death of Virginia," " Death of St. Louis," and other works of great 81 merit, were produced by hira. D 1800. DRACO, an Athcniar. legislator, tho extraordinary and indiscriminate sever- ity of whose laws has rendered his uamo odious to humanity. DRAKE, Sir J^rancls, an eminent navigator and commander, was b. at Tavistock, Devon, 1545. He iirst served in the royal navy under his relative, Sir John Hawkins ; and distinguished him- self by his valor at the unfortunate ex- pedition against the Spaniards, in the harbor of Vera Cruz. In 1570 he went to the West Indies, on a cruise against the Spaniards, which he soon repeated with success ; and in 1572, having re- ceived the command of two vessels, for the purpose of attacking the commercial ports of Spanish America, he took pos- session of two of their cities, and re- turned laden with booty. On his return he equipped three frigates at his own expense, with which he served as a vol- unteer, under the earl of Essex, in Ire- land, where he distinguished himself so much by his bravery^ that Sir Chrihto- pher Hatton introduced him to Queen Elizabeth. Drake disclosed to her his plan, and being furnished with live ships, he sailed, in 1577, to attack tlio Spaniards in the South seas. In this expedition he ravaged the Spanish set- tlements, coasted the North American shore as f n- as 48" N. lat., and gave the name of New Albion to the country he had discovered. He then went to the East Indies, and having doubled tho Cape of Good Hope, returned to Ply- mouth in 1580. In 1585 he again sailed to the West Indies, and succeeded in taking several places and ships. In 1587 he commanded a fleet of 30 sail, with which he entered tlie harbor of Cadiz, and destroyed the shipping ; and, in the following year, he commanded as vice-admiral under Lord Howard, and had his share in the destruction of the Spanish armada. D. otf Noinbre de Dios, 1596. — Francis, an eminent anti- quary and surgeon at York ; author of " Eboraeum," or the history and anti- quities of that city. D. 1770. — James, an English physician and political wri- ter, was b. at (J!ainbridge, in 1667. In 1704 he published a volume, entitled " The Memorial of the Church of En- gland," which gave such otfence that a proclamation was issued tor discovering the author, who kept concealed. He was afterwards prosecuted for the pub- lication of a newspaper, called " Mer- curius PoliLicus ;" but though he was 3G2 CYCLOPEDIA OF niOGRAI-HY. [duo ftcqnittcd, it producccl in him sncli violent cxeitcnient iis to cause liis dciitli. He was also the author of a " System of Anatomy," a translation of Herodotus, &c. 1). 1707. — Joseph KodJian', a poet and physiL-ian of the eity of New York, who d. while lie was yet youn^, but who, in his "Culprit Fay," and several mis- cellaneous piecQS, gave promise of the most exalted fame. His friend, Fitz- Greeiic Hallcck, has celebrated his memory, iu tliose often-quoted lines : '• Xone knew lliee but to love tliee, None immed thee but to pniise." He was b. 17i)."); d. 1820. DKAPP^K, Sir William, a military ofiicer, Avell known also as a controver- Biul writer, was b. at Bristol, 1721. Having entered the army, he distin- guished liimsclf in the East Indies, was raised to the rank of a colonel in 17 GO, and in 17G3 he eonnnandcd the troops at the capture of Manilla, for which he re- ceived the lionor of kniirlithood. In 1770 he was appointed lieutcnant-fjov- ernor of Minorca. He owes liis literary celebrity to tlie circumstance of liis havin:^: undertaken the defence of his friend, the marquis of Granhy, against the attacks of .Junius. D. 1787. DRAYTON, MicHAKL, a poet, was b. at Atherstone, Warwickshire, in 1.1(53, an'l educated at Oxford. He wrote "The Shepherd's Garland," "Baron's Wars," " Kifgland's Heroic.il Epistles," ^'Tolyolbiou," " Nympliidia," &c., and is reckoned a standard author among the e:irlv poets. D. 1631. DKEBBEL, Coi'.xelius Van, a Dutch chemist and natural philosopher, was b. at Alkmiiar, in 1572. Witli a consider- able share of charlatanism, lie combined real talent, and made several useful dis- coveries ; such as the invention of the thermometer, the method of dyeing scarlet, and the improvement of tele- scopes and microscopes. D. 1634. DKELINCOURT, CnAULEs, a French Protestant divine, was b. at Sedan in l.i05, and d. .at Paris in 106ii. He was the author of several religious books, but the only one by which he is now re- membered is that entitled "Consola- tions against the Fears of Death." DREW, Samuel, the son of poor parents at St. Austell, Cornwall, was b. in 1765, and became a shoemaker. In 1799 lie published his " Rem u-ks on Painc's Age of Reison." This was very favorably received ; but it was from his next production, entitled " An Essay on the Immateriality and Immortality of the Soul," that he'is chiefly indebted for his reputation as a theological meta- physician. Quitting trade, he now wroto several valuable works, among whicli must be noticed his "Treatise on tho Being and Attributes of God ;" and from the year 1819 to his death he edited tho "Imperial Magazine" with singular ability. D.' 1833. DR(JUET, .loiiN Baptist, one of tho French revolutionists, was b. 1763. He was postmaster of Mcnchould when Louis X\'l. and his family, in 1791, passed through that town in their en- deavors to escape from France ; and it was owing to Drouet tliat they were conducted back to Paris. For this im- portant service the national assembly ottered him 30,000 francs, which he re- fused. In 1792 he was nominated a deputy to the convention, in which ho distinguished liimself by his support of the most violent measures. D. 1824. DR(JUOT, General Count, the well- known communder of the artillery of the guard under Niipoleon, was b. at Nancy, 1774. Scarcely had he finished his edu- cation when the wars of tliL revolution broke out in 1792. The foil wing year he was admitted into the school of artil- lery as sub-lieutcnunt, and gradually rose through the ditferent renks to that of general of division, which he attained in 1813. In abilities as an officer of artillery, in bravery and steadiness, and, above all, in single-minded honesty, stanch fidelity, and unimpeaehal le vir- tue, he had no superior and but few ec^uals in all that ixnid of heroes who raised the emperor to liis throne. D. 1847. DROZ, Peteu Jacqijet, a skilful me- chanician, was a uative of Switzerland, and b. in 1721. Among other curious things he made a writing automaton, the motions of whose fingers, Ac, corre- sponded exactly with those of nature. D. 1790. — IIenky Lours Jaoquet, a son of the foregoing,' b. in 1759, excelled even his father, by whom he was taught, in the construction of mechanical fig- ures. At the age of 22 he went to Paris with some of tlie products of his inge- nuity, among which was an automaton representing a female playing oil the harpsichord, which followed tlie notes in the music-book witli the eyes and head, and having finished playing, got up and male an obeisance to tliesoui- panv. D. 1791. DRU.MMOND, William, a Scotch poet, w:is the son of Sir .Tohn Drura- mond of Hawthornden, and b. 1585. Ho was educated at tli i university of Edin- dub] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 363 burgh, nnci studied civil law at Bourses ; but I'iiniassus luul more cluinut* for liim thiiii leijal science ; and, on coniinjjf to tlio family estate, the romantic beauties of Ilawtiiorndeii inspired liim with a lovo for poetry and polite liter. iture. His poems are replete with tenderness and delicacy. He d. 164'>t, and his death is said to have been ncceleratetl by grief for the tragical fate of Charles I. — Sir "WiM.iAM, a learned antiquary, a states- man, and the author of several works, ch'ssieal and historical. He Wius a privy councillor, and at one period filled the office of envoy extraordinary and minis- li,r plenipotentiary from Great Britain to the king of the Two Sicilies; and at an- other, (1801,) went on an embassy to Constantinople, when lie was invested with tlie Turkish order of the Crescent. His principal works are " A Review of the Governments of Sparta and Ath- ens," " Ilcrculanensia," "Odin," a po- em, and "Origines, or Remarks on the Origin of several Empire.^, States, and Cities." D. at Rome, 1828. DRVDEN, Joiix, one of the most celebrated English poets, was b. at Aid- winkle, Northamptonshire, in l(3;-'.l, and received his education at Westminster school and Trinity college, Cambridge. On the deatli of his fatlier, in 165-4-, he went to London, and acted as secretary to his relation. Sir Gilbert Pickering, who was one of Cromwell's council : and on the deatli of the protector he wrote his well-known laudatory stanzas on that event. At tlie restoration, how- ever, he greeted Cliarles 11. with a poem, entitled " Astrea Redux," which was quickly followe 1 by a pan^.gyric on the coronation ; and from tluu time his love for the royal house of Stuart appears to have known no decay. In lOfil he pro- duced his first play, " The Duke of Guise," but the first that was pertbrincd was "The Wild Gallant," which ap- E eared in the year following. In 16(57 e published his " Annus Mirabilis ;" and his reputation, both as a poet and a royalist, being now established, he was appointed poet laureate and historiogra- pher royal, with a salary of £200 [ler annum. lie now became professionally a writer for the stage, and produced many pieces, some of which have been Btrongly ccus.irc 1 for their licentiousness and want of good taste. Tn 1681 he tommenced his career of political satire, md .at the express desire of Charles II. composed his famous poem of " Absa- lom and Ae'iitophel," which he followed Up by " The Medal," and " A Satire on Sedition." His next satire was " Mao Flccknoe ;" after which appeared " llc- ligio Laici," a compendious view of the arguments in fivor of revelation. At the accession of James II., Drvden be- came a Roman Catholic, and, like most converts, endeavored to defend his new fiiith at the expense of the old (nw, in a poem called "The Hind and Panther," which was admirably answered liy Prior and Montague, in "The Country" Mouse and City Mouse." The abdication of James deprived Drydcn of all ids offi- cial emoluments; iind during the 10 concluiliiiu'' years of his lite, when he actually wrote for bread, he pro lueed some of the finest pieces of which our language can boast. His translation of Virgil, which alone would be suflicient to immortalize his memory, appeared in 1697; and, soon after, that masterpiece of Ivric poetry, "Alexander's Feast," his "Failles," Ac. D. 1700. DUBOCAGE, Maiue Anne i.e Paok, a French lady of considerable literary abilities, and a member of the academies of Rome, Bologna, &e., was b. at Rouen, 1710. She translated Pope's "Temple of Fame," Milton's " Paradise Lost," "The Death of Abel," &c. into French, and wrote " The Columbiad," an epic poem on the discovery of America ; "The Amazon's," a tragedy ; and " Trav- els throui^h England, Ilollaiid, and Ita- ly." D. 1802. ■ DU BOIS, Edward, who gained a high reputation in the lighter literature of the day, was b. 1775. He commenced his literary career as the editor of tlie " Monthly' Mirror," while Tliomas Hill was its proprietor, and Theodore llook was a contributor. He at the same time filled the ligliter departments of tlie " Morning Chronicle," under Mr. Per- ry ; and he maintained his connection with the press to his latest years. In 1808 appeared " My Pocket Book, or Hints for a ryglite merrye and conceit- ede Tour in Qnarto," written in ridicule of the books of travel manufactured by Sir John Carr. Tlie only works pub- lished with his name were "The Wreath," " Old Nick," a satirical story, the " Decameron of Boceacio, with Remarks on his Life and Writings," and an edition of " Francis's Horace. D. 1850. — Dk Cuanck, P'omund Lourg Alexis, a modern French statesman, was b. at Charleville in 174'.t. He was one of the deputies to the states-general in 178'J, and in the convention he voted tor the death of the kiu'jf. To him the republican army owed its first orgauiza- 364 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIT. [dud tion, by \\\a Lavinsr procured the decree for the levy of bOO,000 men, promotion iiecordhitr to seniorit}', &e. 1). 1811. — William, a French cardinal and states- man, notorious for his ambition and his vices, was the son of an apothecary, and b. at Brive la Gaillard, in the Limousin, in 1656. llavinir obtained the situation of preceptor to the duke of Orleans, he pandered to the passions of his pupil, and secured his attachment ; till at lengtli he became his privy councillor, and overseer to the household ; and, when the duke became resent, he was appointed minister of forciirn affairs. The archbishopric of Cambray havin;; become vacant, Dubois, thoujih not even a priest, had the boldness to re- quest it, and succeeded ; and by his consummate address he afterwards ob- tained a cardinal's hat, and was made prime minister. D. 1723. I>UB()S, .Jean Baptiste, an author of merit, and secretary to the French Acad- emy, was b. at Beauvois in 1670, and dis- tinguished himself both as an historian and a writer on the polite arts. D. 1742. DUBY, Peteb Aucher Tobiesen, a celebrated Swiss medalist and antiqua- rian, was b. 1721, and d. 1782. DUCAREL, Andrew Coltee, an emi- nent antiquary and civilian, was b. at Caen, Normandy, 171-8. His principal works are "Anglo-Norman Antiquities'' and " Histories of Lambeth Palace and of St. Catharine's Church." D. 1785. DUCASSE, Jean Baptiste, a French naval otiiccr, who, as governor of St. Doiniuiro, rendered himself formidable to the English, and who also obtained a victory over Benbow. D. 1715. DUCHANGE, Gaspard, a French en- graver, and counsellor of the academy ofpaintinviy 13. She performed at the Theatre Francjais from 1802 until 1830. B. 1777 d. 1835. DUCIS, Jean Francois, a distiu- gnished French dramatist, was b. aJ Versailles in 1733. D. 1817. DUCK, Stkphe.;, an English poet, was originally an agricultural laborer, near Marlborough, Wilts, who, in a fit of mental derangement, drowned him- self, in 1756. DUCKWOETH, Sir John Thomas, an English admiral, b. in Surrey, 1748, and entered the navy in 1759. He had fre- quent opportunities of distinguishing himself during the war, from the mem- orable action of the 1st of June, 1794, in which he took a conspicuous part, to his destruction of tlie Irench squadron off St. Domingo, in 1806. D. 1817. DUCLOS, Charles Pineau, a French novelist and biographer, was b. at Di- nant, in Brittany, in 1705 ; became sec- retary of the French Academy, and on the death of Voltaire was appointed to the office of historiographer of France. All his writings arc lively and satirical, descriptive of love, women, and in- trigue; the principal are " Mnnoires sur le Mosurs da XVllIme Siecle," "Confessions du Compte du B." D. 1772. DUCREST, Charles Louis, marquis was a brother of niadame cie Gcnlis. He published, in 1817, " Faite de la Mo- narchic Absolute," a work containing, among otiier singular propositions, one to teach the mihtary discipline on the Lanrasterian system. DUDLEY, Edmund, a celebrated statesman, b. 1462, who on the death of Henry VII. was sent, with Empson, to tiie Tower, and beheaded in 1510. While in confinement, Dudley wrote a piece entitled " Tiie Tree of the Com- inonwealtli." — John, duke of Northum- berland, was a son of the preceding, and b. in 1502. He was first created Vis- count Lisle, then earl of Warwick, and after being appointed lord high admiral, reached his dukedom in 1551. He ef- fected a marriage between his son. Lord Guildford Dudley, and Lady Jane Grey, daughter of tlie duke of Suffolk. He afterwards prevailed on the young king, Edwnrd, to set aside his sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, from the succession in favor of Lady Jane, whom he caused to be proclaimed at the king's death. But an insurrection being raised in favor of Mary, she was proclaimed in London, and the duke executed as a traitor, in 1553. — Robert, earl of Leicester, a son of tlie preceding, was b. 1532. Queen Dun] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRArHY. 30J Elizabeth proposed him as a husband for Mury 4ueen of Scots, but slie re- jected liiiu witii disdain ; and in l.")72 he married privately Lady Douglas, but never aeknowledired her as Ids wife, lie afterwards niarricd the countess dowager of Kssex, and finding Lady Douglas intractable to his proposals for a separation, is charged witli liaving poisoned her. D. 1588.— Sir Eubeut, the son of the earl of Leicester by the Lady Douglas, was b. 1573. He drained the morass between Pisa and the sea, by winch Leghorn became one of the finest ports in the world. He was the author of "Del Arcano del Mare," and other works. D. 1630. — Sir Henky I3ate, was b. in 1745, educated for the church, and took orders. Much of his early life was, however, spent in politi- cal, literary, and convivial society; and, in spile of his sacerdotal calling, he was engaged in several duels. " Parson Bate," as he was familiarly called, es- tablished the " Morning Post," and " Morning Herald," daily papers ; and wrote "The Woodman," " Kival Can- didates," and several other dramatic pieces. His political connections event- ually procured him a baronetcy and valuable church preferment. D. 1824. — John William Waku, earl of, was a man of powerful talents, but remarkable for his absence of mind and the habit of "thinking aloud," of which man_, ludicrous anecdotes are told. In 1823 he succeeded to the peerage; was ap- pointed secretary of state for foreign atfairs, and sworn a member of the privy council in 1827 ; raised to the rank of an earl in the same year, and d. 1833. DUFAU, Fortune, a native of St. Do- mingo, who studied under David, and became an excellent painter. His "Count Ugolino in Prison" is an ad- mirable production. D. 1821. DUFEESNOY, Charles Alphonso, a French painter and poet, was b. Ifill. In 1634 he went to Italy, where he com- pleted his well-known poem, " De Arte Graphica;" though it did not appear till after his death, when his friend De Piles published it, with annotations. It has been three times translated into English, by Dryden, Graham, and Ma- son. In painting, Titian and the Ca- racei appear to have been his models; ind though he benefited but little by nis artistical lidiors, they are now highly valued. D. 1665. DUFEESN Y, Charles Eiviere, a ver- tatilo and witty French dramatist and ^ 8]* comic writer, was b. in 1648, and d. in 1724. DUGDALE, Sir William, an emi- nent antiquary and herald, was b. near Colcshill, Warwickshire, 1605. His chief work is the " Monastiecn Angli- caiium ;" but he also wrote " The Bar- onage of England," "The History of St. Paul's Cathedral," " Origines ./uri- dieales," and several other works of merit. D. 1686. DUGUAY TEOUIN, Eene, one of the most celebrated naval officers of France, was b. at St. Malo in 1673. His love for a maritime life soon showed itself, and at the age of 18 he was the commander of a privateer. At 20 ho maintained an action with forty -gun ship, against six English v.ssels, but was captured. D. 1736. DUGUESCLIN, Bertrand, a re- nowned F'reneh warrior and statesman, who was constable of France in the 14th century, may be regarded as a model of valor, prudence, and high-minded hero- ism. Though deformed in person, and of an unaniiable disposition in his youth, he persevered in his endeavors to eclipse these defects by the brilliancy of his actions; and mainly to him must be attributed the expulsion of the English from Normandy, Guienne, and Poitou. DUHALDE,' John Baptist, a French Jesuit, was the author of " A Geograph- ical and Historical Description of China," which he compiled tVom the records of successive missionaries, and is allowed to furnish the best account ever pub- lished of that immense empire. B. 1674; d. 1743. DUHAMEL, John Baptist, a French ecclesiastic and a philosopher, was b. at Vire, in Lower Normandy, 1624. In 1678 appeared his "Philosophia Vetus et Nova." His other works are, " Ee- giaj Scieutiarum Academite Historia," and an edition of the " Vulgate Bible, with Notes and Tables, Chronological and Geographical." D. 17o6— Dii Mon- CEAu, Henry Louis, an eminent French philosopher and writer on agriculture, b. at Paris, 1700. His whole life was dedicated to the cultivation of useful science ; and besides largely contribu- ting to the transactions of ditferent learn- ed societies, of which he was a member, the following are among his separate works: " Traite de la Culture des Terres," "Elements of Agriculture," Traite des Arbres et Arbustes qui se cultivent en France en pleine Terre," "Physique des Arbres," " De I'Ex- ploitatiou des Bois," " Traite des Arbres 3G6 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [dcm Fruitiers," " EU'mens de rArcbltectiire Niivalc." D. 1TS2. DUIGENAN, Patrick, an Irish civil- ian, was b. of luunble parents, in 1735. lie practised us a barrister, was after- wards kii g's advocate, tlien judge in the prerogative court ; till by perseve- ring industry lie raised himself to the post of vicar-general of the diocese of Armagh, with a seat in the Irish house of connnons, and the rank of a privy councillor. He was a strong promoter of the Union, and as firm an opponent of Catholic emancipation. lie wrote " Lachrymte Academies," and various political' pamphlets. D. 1816. DUJAlvDlN, Charles, an eminent Dutch painter, a pupil of Berghem, was b. at Amsterdam, in 1640; and d. at Venice, 1678. DU JAKKY, Laurence Juillard, eminent both for his pulpit oratory and his poetry, was b. 1658; d. 1780. DULo'N, Louis, a distinguished flute- player and musical composer, was b. at Oranienburg, near Berlin, 1769. He lost his sight at a very early age, but evin- cing a decided taste for music, lie was put under tlie first performers, and soon arrived at singular eminence in his pro- fession, lie prepared an autobiographi- cal work, entitled "The Life and Opin- ions of the Blind Flutist," which was edited by the celebrated Wieland. D. 1826. DULONG, a celebrated French chem- ist, to whom we owe the discovery of the "Chlorure d' Azote," by an explo- sion of which dangerous substance he lost an eye and a finger. B. 1785; d. 1838. DUMANIANT, John Andrew, an actor and dramatic writer, was b. in 1754, at Claremont, and d. in 1828. DUMARESQ, Hexry, who at the time of his death was chief commission- er of the Australian company in New South Wales, entered the army as a lieu- tenant in the 9th foot, at the age of 16 ; and served in 8 campaigns, of which 6 were in the reninsula, one in Canada, and the last that of Waterloo, where he was shot. The ball, which was never extracted, is supposed to have event- uallv induced paralysis, and caused his ieath, March, 1838.' DUMESNIL, Marie Francoise, acele- brated French actress, who rose to the highest eminence as a tragical performer, was b. 1713, first appeared on the stage in 1737, retired from it in 1775, and d. 1808. Like Mrs. Siddons, she surpassed all her cotcmporaries in parts requiring queenly dignity, deep pathos, or the ve- hement display of tlie fiercer passions. DUMONT, "George, a statistical wri- ter, and at one time secretary to the French embassy at St. Petersburgh, was b. at Paris in 1725, and d. in 1788. Among his works are a " History of the Connnerce of the English Colonicsi," a "Treatise on the Circulation of Cred- it," &c. — John, an eminent jjublicist, was a native of France, but settli.ug in Austria, became historiographer to the emperor, by whom lie was created barou of Carlscroon. He published a volumi- nous work, entitled " A Universal Diplo- matic Code of the Law of Nations," besides " Voyages," &c. D. 1726. — Etienne, a distinguished writer on le- gislation, and a member of the order of Jesuits, was b. at Geneva, in 1750. Ho resided for several years in England, and was on friendly terms with the cele- l)rated .Jeremy Bentham, who intrusted him with the manuscript of his "Traite do Li-'gislation Civile," wliieli Dumont published in 1802. He subsequently translated and edited Bentham's " Tlieo- rie des Peincs et des Recompenses," and also published his "Tactics of Le- gislative Assemblies." Since his death, which happened in 1829, at MiL.n, an interesting work by him, under the title of " Souvenirs sur Mirabeau," has been published. DUMONT D'URVILLE, Jule.s Se- bastian C.esae, one of the most skilful and intrepid navigators of France. D. 1842. DUMOURTER, Chaeles F'rancois, an eminent French general, was b. at Cam- bray, 1789. He entered the army early in iife, and at 24 years of age had re- ceived 22 wounds, and was made a knight of St. Louis. In 1772, Louis XV. sent liim with communications to Sweden, but he was arrested, and for a long time confined in the Bastille. How- ever, in 1789, we find him a principal director of the Jacobin club, which was composed of all who aspired to be ac- counted the friends of liberty. The directory entertained suspicions regard- ing his designs, because it was known that he was desirous to spare the life of the king, and Duniourier retired into Switzerland. Finding that a reward of 300,000 francs was ottered for his head, he went to Hamburgh, where he lived on a small pension from the landgrave of Hesse-Ca>sel until 1804, when he ac- cepted an asylum in Enirland, wrote his own memoirs, and employed his mind in other literary pursuits. D. 182S. Dup] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 307 DUNEaR, William, a Scotch poet of COiisiJeiMblo merit, was b. iibuUD 1405, and (1. in 1535. ior the age in wiiicli lie lived, liis poenid di«pliiy niucli skiU, Biid are liOt deficient eitner in imagina- tion or energy. " Tlie Thistle and Kos:" and " Tiie Friars ut'liervvick" are favoiable spo..-imens of his poetical vein. DUiS'CAN, Adah, Viscount Duncan, of Caniperdown, &c., was a native of Drndue, and b. 1731. Jle went to sea when young, rose to the rank of post- captain in 1761, and steadily advanced till he became admiriJ of tlie blue. While in conunuud of the North Sea fleet, he had for two years the tedious duty of watching the motions of the Dutch squadron, and was at length forced to quit the station, in conse- quence of a mutiny breaking out among his men, during which the enem\- put to sea. Tiie admiral, however, came up with the Dutch fleet otf Caniperdown, totally defeated them, and captured 8 Bail of the line, June 11, 171)7. D. 1804. — William, a learned writer, was b. 1717, at Aberdeen, where he was edu- cated, and afterwards became professor of philosophy in the Marischal college. He was the author of a " Treatise on Logic," and the translator of Cicero's Orations and Caesar's Commentaries. DUNCUxMBE, William, b. in Lon- don, 16J0, was the author of " Lucius Junius Brutus," a tragedy. He also translated Horace, and wrote various minor poems and prose pieces. D. 176y. — John, his son, b. 1730, and d. 1786, was the author of "The t'eine- neid" and other poems. DUN DAS, Sir David, a general in the English army, and a member of the privy council, was b. at Edinburgh in 1736, and entered the military service in 1758. His " Principles of Military Move- ments" and " Kegulations for the Caval- ry" are both acknowledged standard works in the army. D. 1820. DUNLAP, William, an eminent paintei-. b. at Perth Amboy, N. J., 1760, who was among the earliest and most successful of American artists. He was originally a pupil of Benjamin West, some of whose works he copied. He was also a dramatist and an author, having written "Memoirs of George Frederic Cooke," a " History of the American Theatre," the "Art of De- Bigu," several plavs, and a " Biography of Charles Brockden Brown." D. 18311. DUNN, Samuel, a mathematician, who having acquired considerable [irop- erty in the exercise of his profession, bequeathed it at his death towards the founi^lation of a mathematical school at his native town of Crctliton, in Devon- shire. He published an atlas, treatises on book-keeping, navigation, &.C. D. 1TJ•^. DUNNING, John, Lord Asiiburton, a celebrated lawyer, was b. at Ashbur- ton, Devon, in 1/31. He became attor- ney-general in 1767, chancellor of tho duchy of Lancaster in 1782, ami wa3 raisetl to the peerage, but d. in the fol- lowing year. DU iNUlS, John, count of Orleans and Longueville, an illegitimate son of the duke of l>rleans, was b. in 1-iOi. So successful was he in his military co/- reer, particularly in the share he boro in the expulsion of the English 1 om Erance, tiiat Charles VII. honored him with the title of " Kestorer of his Coun- try." D. 1468. DUNS, John, usually styled Duns Scotus, a theological disputant, who acquired the title of " the most subtle doctor" by his metaphysical abstrao- t.ons, was b. at Dunstance, in Northum- berland ; studied at Merton college, Oxforil; and having entered the uni- versity of Paris, was soon appointed profesr-or and regent in the tiieological schools. Great as was his fame, the works which obtained it are now disre- garded as a mass of misapplied talent and intellectual lumber. D. at Cologne, in l.JU'j. DUNSTAN, St., archbishop of Canter- bury, an accornplisheil prelate and emi- nent st*itesman, was b. at Glastonbury, in y2j, in the reign of Atiielstan. He took a conspicuous part in the political struggles of the day ; and assumed, as was the custom of the clergy in that age, as great a share in the tenqioral authority of the kingdom as in its spiritual atfaird. D. yss. DUNTON, John, a noted LnndoQ books'^ller, was b. at Gratf ham, Hun- tingdonshire, in 1(169. He projected and carried on "The Athenian iler- eury," a selection from which, under the title of "Tlie Atlienian Oracle," was reprinted. lie was also the authoi of" Atlienianism," consisting of numer- ous treatises in prose and verse; and a curious work, entitled " Duuton's Life and Errors." D. 1733. DUPATf, Jkan Baptiste Mekcieb, president in the parliament of Bordeaii.K, was b. at Kochelle, 1746 ; and d. at Paris. 178S. He was the author of " Historical Kertectionson Penal Laws," " Acadeuii- I cal Discourses," and " Letters on Italy." 3G8 CFCLOP^DIA OF CIOGRAPHT. [dur — -CHARLEg, liis son, was a celebrated Bciilptor, whose pvodiictions are remark- able lor tlieir classic purity. D. 1825. DUPEKKON, James Davy, a Swiss Protestant, who, having abjured his religion, was successively promoted by Henry HI. and IV., till he at length ob- tainetl the archbisliopric of Sens, and was cleetcd a cardinal. B. 1556 ; d. 1618. DUriN, Louis Ellis, an eminent Frencli historian and ecclesiastic, was b. in Normandy, 1637. He became pro- fessor of divinity in the royal college, but lost the professorship in conse- quence of his religions moderation. He was the author of an extensi\e and valu- able work, entitled "Bibliotheque Uni- versello des Auteurs Ecclcsiastiques," &c. I). 1719. DUPLEIX, Joseph, was a celebrated French merchant, who, as the head of the factory at Chandernagore, had raised it to such a pitch of prosperity, that, in 1742, he was appointed governor of Pondicherry, and director-general of the French factories in India." In 1748 he Buccessfully defended it against the En- glish, for which he was raised to the rank of marquis ; and during his whole administration he displayed first-rate talents, both civil and military. D. 1763. — Scipio, historiographer of France, was b. in 1566. He wrote " Memoirs of the Gauls," a "History of France," a " His- tory of Rome," " A Course of Philoso- phv," &c. D. 1601. 1)UP0NT DE NEMOURS, Peter Samuel, a French political economist, was b. at Paris, 1739. Though h« twice Bat as president of the constitutional assembly, and held other high official Bituations under the revolutionary gov- ernment, he invariably opposed the anarchists, and narrowly escaped be- coming their victim, in 1797, by his timely retreat to America. From" that country he returned in 1805, and became president of the chamber of commerce ; and in 1814 he vi'as appointed secretary to the provisional government. In the following year lie finally retired to America, where he d. in 1817. Diipont was the author of various treatises on diti'erent branches of political economy ; he also wrote "Philosophic do I'Uni- vers," and other works of merit. DUPRE DE ST. MAUR, Nicholas Feancl?, a French writer, b. 1695, and d. at Paris, 1775. He translated Mil- ton's " Paradise Lost," aud wrote some Works on numismatics. DUPUYTREN, Baron Willtam, one uf the most renowned surgeons of mod- ern times, was b. in the department ot Haute Vienne, 1777. At the age of 3 years he was stolen from his home by a lady of rank, who wished to adopt hi>n ; but he was subsequently returned to his parents, and he owed his future elevation to the accidental circumstance of an officer who seeing him in his na- tive village, and being struck with his address, made proposals that he should go with him to Paris, where his educa- tion should be attended ttv i'laced by this officer in the college cie Ja Marchc. he soon evinced a great aptitude for medical science; in 1803 he took his degree of M.l)., and after passing with distinction through various grades of the profession, he obtained in 1815 the chair of clinical surgery in the Hotel Dieu, the laborious duties of which he discharged with equal ability and suc- cess for twenty years. Dupnytren was equally distinguished as a physiologist and as a surgeon ; and there are few among the most enlightened practition- ers of France who do not acknowledge him as their master. D. 1835. DUQUESNE, Abraham, a brave and skilful naval officer in the French service, was b. at Dieppe, in 1610. He distin- guished himself by numerous acts of intrepidity during a long career, and added much to tlie maritime character of his country. D. 1688. DURANTE, Francesco, a celebrated musical composer, was b. at Naples, in 1693, where he d. in 1755. He is prin- cipally knov/n as the composer of vocal church music. DURER, Albert, an, eminent painter and engraver, was b. at Nuremberg in 1471. His fatlicr was a goldsmith, in which profession the son had made con- siderable progress before he turned his attention exclusively to the arts. He was the first who in Germany taught the rules of perspective, and of the pro- portions of the human body, according to mathematical principles. Though particularly eminent as a painter, he also excelled as a sculptor and architect, wrote several works illustrative of those arts, and made great improvements iu copperplate and wood engraving. He was patronized by the emperors Maxi- milian I. and Charles V., and d. at hi3 native town, in 1528. D'URFEY, TnoM,vs, a facetious poet, once highly popular, but now nearly forgotten, was the son of a French ref- uffee, and b. at Exeter in 1628. Ho abandoned the study of the law for the life of a dramatist, aud was the authoT CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. i: DWiJ of about thirty comedies, all of wliicli have justly become obsolete from their licetitiousness. He was also a writer of Bo;igs and party lyrics, wliich were printed in 6 vols., under the title of "Pills to purge Melancholy ;" and being the boon companion of Charles II. his Bociety was courted by the witty and profligate frequenters of his court. D. 172:3. DURHAM, John George Lambton, carl of, was in 1S28 raised to the peer- ajre by the title of Baron Durham. On the formation of Earl Grey's governrnent in ISoO, he became a member of the cabinet, as lord privy seal ; and to him is mainly attributed the great extent and liberality of the reform bill, and its eventual triumph. In 1835 he went to Eussia as ambassador, and remained there till the summer of 1837, when he returned to England ; and in the follow- ing year he went out as governor-general to'X^anada, intrusted with extraordinary powers; but finding himself not sup- orted as he expected by the ministry, e returned home the same year. B. 1792; d. ISiO.— Sir Philip Chakles Caldekwood, was b. at Largo, in Fife- Bhire, in 1763, and entered the navy in 1777, as a midshipman on board the Edgar, of 74 guns. He was afterwards acting lieutenant in tlie Viceroy, 104, flag-ship of Admiral Kempenfelt, whom he followed on his removing to the Eoyal George. He was appointed act- ing lieutenant of the Union, 98, at the relief of Gibraltar, by Lord Howe; and after various promotions, to which his services well entitled him, he com- manded the Defence, of 74 guns, at tlie battle of Trafalgar, Oct. 21, 1805 ; but, in fact, he was almost continuously employed from 1780 to 1815, wlien the last Bonapartean flag that waved in the West Indies struck to him. He was made vice-admiral in 1819, and full ad- miral in 1820. His last service was that of commander-in-chief at Portsmouth, which post he resigned in 1839. Sir riiiiip was M. P. forQueensborough in 1830, and for Devizes in 1835. D. 1845. DUROC, Michael, duke of Friuliand tt marshal of France, was b. 1772, and entered the army in 1792. Being sub- sequently appointed aid-de-cainp to Bonaparte, he accompanied him_ to Egypt, where he eminently distinguish- ed himself. On the formation of the imperiiil court in 1805, he was created grand-marshal of the palace ; and was afterwards employed in diplomatic mis- sions, though he still took his full share S69 of peril and glory in the wars of France, till the time of his death, which happen- ed at the battle of Wurtzcn, in 1813. Napoleon, who was firmly attached to Duroc, wept over him on his death- bed. DUSART, Cornelius, a Dutch paint- er, who excelled in tavern scenes, revel- ry, &c., was the disciple of Adrian Ostade. B. 16(55 ; d. 17u4. DUSSAULT, John Joseph, a French journalist and critic, was b. at Paris, 1769. He contributed largely to the " Journal des Dcbats," and the articles he furnished were afterwards published, entitled " Annales Littcraires " D. 1824. DUSSEK, John Louis, an uninent musical composer, was b. at Czaslau, in Bohemia, 1762, and studied at Ham- burgh, under the famous Emanuel Bach. From the north of Europe he went to France, but being compelled to leave that country during the revolution, he repaired to Loudon in 1796, and, in con- junction with Corri, opened a musical establishment. D. 1812. DUTENS, Louis, a miscellaneous wri- ter, was b. at Tours, 1730. His prin- cipal works are, " An Inquiry into the Origin of Discoveries," and " Memoirs of a Traveller in Retirement." D. 181 2. DUVAL, Alexander Vincent Pin- der, a popular and voluminous French author, lie was a member of tlie In- stitute, and keeper of the arsenal library B. 1767; d. 1842. — Valentine Jamerai, the son of a peasant, was b. at Artonay, in Champagne, in 1695. Being left ai orphan at the age of 10, he was employ- ed as a shepherd's boy, and underwent great privations ; but at 18 he became keeper of the cattle belonging to the her- mits of St. Anne, near Luneville, and by one of that fraternity he was taught to read. Tliencetbrth" he displayed aa earnest desire for acquiring knowledge ; and being discovered by two noblemen while he was studj ing geography under a tree, with his maps stretched out be- fore him, they were so pleased with his conversation "that they introduced him to the duke of Lorraine, who sent him to college, afterwards made him his librarian, and eventually procured him the situation of keeper of the books and medals of the imperial cabinet of Vienna. D. 1775. DUVERNEY, Joseph Guiohard, a celebrated French anatomist, was b. at Feurs, in 1648 ; appointed professor of anatomy at the royal garden in 1G79, and d. in 1730. D WIGHT, Timothy, an Americaa 370 CYCLOPJCDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [eat divinn, of ^rcat rppntjition both as a pul- pit onitor mill ii writei, wiif h. in Miissa- cluiselts, in 1752; bcciiiiic president of Yale eollcirc in 1T!).5; an'i d. in 1817. His "System of Tlieolosry" is regarded ns a work of jrreat merit, and lias been frequently reprinted. DYER, Sir Euwakd, a poet of the Elizabethan age, was b. about ^'A0. He received many proofs of the royal favor, being employed in various embassies by the queen, who conferred on him the chanoellorshipof the garter in l.")ii6. His poetical pieces consist chiefly of pastoral odes and madrigals. — Geokgk, a classical scholar and miscellaneous writer, whose long life of literary toil may in some sort l>e exempntied by quoting from the •'Gentleman's Magazine" the following mournful record : — "The greatest labor of his life was the share he had in the production of Valpy's edition of the classics in 141 volumes, heing a combi- nation of the Delphin, Bipont, and Vari- orum editions. With the exception of the preface, Dyer contributed all that was original in this vast work, upon which he was engaged from the year 1^19 to ISOO! He had scarcely com- pleted this work when his eyesight gave way, and shortly afterwards ieft him in total blindness." His writings are va- ried and numerous ; anioagst them bis " History of the I'nivcrsity and CoIlcffCB of ('ainliridgc." "2 vol-., and ■' Tlie I'riv- ileges of the University of Cambridge," &e., are the most important. I>. 17r>."); d. 1841. — Sir Jamks, chief justice of the common pleas, and speaker of the house of commons, was b. l.'iia, and d. l.'iSl. Dyer's " Reports" are siill highly valued by the orofcssion. — .John, a poet cf on- siderable reputation, was b. at .\ber- glasney, Caermarthenshire, in 1700, and educated at Westminster school. He was intended for the law, which ho abandoned for painting, but not arriving at excellence as an artist, he took orders, and obtained some respectable cliureh f>referment. In 1727 he published his poem of " Grongar Hill," which met with deserved success. He then made the tour of Italy, where, besides the usual study, he often spent wliole days in the country about Rome and Florence, sketching those picturesque scenes that there abound ; and it is veiy naturally imagined that the beautiful land; capes depicted in his two subsequent jioems owe their existence in no slight degree to that cause. These are entitled "The Ruins of Rome." .-md "The Fleece." His poetry displays a lively imagination, and combines great originality with the warmest sentiments of benevolence and virtue. D. 175S. E. EACHAED, .ToHX, an Englisb divine, was b. litSt). After studying at Catiia- rine ball, Cambridge, he was chosen master in 1675, and d. 16'J7. He wrote B work, entitled. "The Grounds and Reasons of the Contempt of the Clergy and Religion inquired into," and '.vas bIso known as the author of two dia- logues, in which the system of Hobbes is attacked with satiric humor. EADMER, an English Benedictine monk of the 12th ceutury, who became abbot of St. Alban's. He wrote a " His- tory of the Liberty of the Church," and various other ecclesiastical works. D. 1124. EAELE, John, an English prelate, vvas b. at York, and entered Merton col- lege, Oxford, in 1620. He became chap- lain and tutor to Charles, prince of Wales, and suffered much in the rebel- lion. At the restoration he was made dean of >V'estminster and bishop of Worcester, from which pee be was translated to Salisbury in 1633. Dr. Earle was the author of an ingenious work, entitled, " Microeosmography ; or, a Piece of the World Characterized, in Essays and (Characters." He also translated the " Icon Basilike" into Latin. D. 166.5. EARLOM, Richard, a mezzotinto en- graver, was b. in London, 1740. Ho was employed by Boyu( 11 to niako draw- ings from tlie celebrated collection of pictures at Houghton, whicli be after- wards engraved in mezzotinto — an art in which he was his own instructor. D. 1822. EATON, William, an, American ofli- eer, was b. at Woodstock, Conn., 1764, and at the age of 16 enlisted as a soldier. In 1792 he received a captain's commis- sion in the American army, and in 1794 obtained the appointment of American consul at Tunis. War being declared in ISO I against the United States, by the bey of Tripoli, who was a usurpcfi edm] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY". 371 Hamet Pacha, tlic ex-bey, who was tlien an exile at Tunis, induced Mr. Eaton to join liini in tlic desperate attcni])! of recovering possession of his dominions. J). 1811. ERELING, Christopher Daniel, a distineuished geographer, was b. 1741 ; d. 1817. ECJIAHD, Laurence, an Enrrlish di- vine and liistorian, was 1). 1671 ; became archdeacon of Stowe, and obtained some valuable livin.irs in his native county, SutFolk. He was a very voluminous writer : " The Eoman History," a " Gen- eral Ecclesiastical History," a "History of En.s'land," and a " Gazetteer," are the most prominent of his works. I). 1730. ECHINUS, Sebastian, a Venetian nobleman, eininent for his writings, particularly on medals. D. 1585. ECKHARD, .John Frederic, a learn- ed and voluminous writer on philoloiry and bibliojrraphy, was director and li- brarian of the college of P]isenach; b. in Sa.xony, 1723 ; d. i7'.>4. — John George, an antiquary and historian, was b. in Brunswick, ' 1764, and brought up a Protestant; but abjuring his reliijion, he was made historiographer and keep- er of the archives at Vvurzburg. His principal works are, " A Body of His- tory of the Middle Ages " "The Origin of the Families of Hapsburg and Gnclph," &c. D. 1730. ECKIIEL, Joseph Hilary, a learned Jesuit, well skilled in numismatics, was b. in Upper Austria, 1786. His two works, entitled " Doctriiia Nummorum Veterum" and " Nnmmi Veteres Anee- doti," are both replete with sound in- formation on the subject. D. 1798. ECIjUSE, Charles del', better known by the name of Clusius, was b. at Arras, in Flanders, in 1526, and became emi- nent as a pliysician and botanist. D. 1609. P;DELTNCK, Gerard, an eminent engraver, b. at Antwerp, 1649 ; d. 1707. EDEN, Sir Frederic Morton, a writer on statistics and political econ- omv. His principal work is entitled "The State of the Poor, or a History of the Ijaboring Classes in England, from the Conquest to the present Time." D. 1809. — Sir Morton, a diplomatist, who, after being employed as ambassador to various continental powers, was raised to the peerage by the title of Lord Hen- ley, and d.'l802. EDGAR, one of the most distin- guished Saxon kings of iMigland, suc- necdcd his brother Edwy in 959, at the age of 16. The moderation of his reign procured liim the name of I'eaceable. lie vanquished tlic Scots, and laid Wales under a yearly tribute of a cer- tain number of wolves' heads, which cleared tlie country of those animals. He subdued ]>art of Ireh'.nd, and main- tained a large fleet which secured liif* kingdom from invasion. I). 975. EDGEWOKTII, Uichari) Lovell, of Edgeworthtown, Ireland, was b. at Bath, 1744. Being possessed of a good fortune he devoted much of his time to agricul- tural improvemeuts, as well ns to the amelioration of the existing modes of education, by writing, in conjunction with liis highly git'ied daughter, many useful works. He also wrote his own "Memoirs;" and among his varioun mechanical inventions was a telegraph. D. 1817.— Maria, the celebrated Irish novelist, whose works have had great influence in promoting the cause of education, and of social morality, was b. in Oxfordshire, in 1766. She was the daughter of liichard J^ovcll Edgeworth above mentioned. She conunenced her career as an authoress about 1800; and in her early literary ettbrts she wiw greatly assisted by the advice of her father. The famous " Essay on Irish Bulls," the joint production of herself and her father, was published in 1801. Her "Castle Eackrent" abounds in ad- mirable sketches of Irish life and man- ners. Her " Belinda," a novel of real life and ordinary characters, i? also de- scriptive of some of the striking traits of the Irish character. In 1804 she published her " Popular Tales ;" and two years afterwards, " Ijconora," a novel' in 2 vols. In 1809 she issued "Tales of Fashionable Life," of a more powerful and varied cast than any of lier previous ])roductions. Three other vols, of " Fashionable Tales" appeared in 1812, and fully sustained the high reputation which she had now attained. In 1814 her novel of "Patronage" was published. For many years, indeed, literary composition formed the chief business of her life. Originality and fertility of invention, and a power of depicting Irish manners, unequalled among modern authors, are her chief characteristics as a novelist. D. 1849. EDMONDES. Sir Thomas, a states- man in the reigns of Elizabeth, James I., and Charles I. lie was al'^o distin- guished as a political writer. I). Iti39. EDMONDSON, Joseph, a genealogist and heraldic painter. His principal works are, " A Body of Heraldry," and •i72 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [edw *' Baronairinin Genealofficum, or the Pedisrrces of Kndish Fceris." D. 1786. EDMUND, St., king of the East An- gles, was so ilhistrioii.s for liis piety as to obtain a place in the Roman calendar. In 870 he was defeated, and taken pris- oner by the Danes under Ivar, who caused him to be fiistened to a tree, and to be shot to death with arrows. His remains were interred at Bury St. Ed- mund's. — I., kin.ir of England, son of Edward the Elder, succeeded his bro- ther Athelstan in 941. He subdued Mercia, Northumberland, and Cumber- land. He was killed in 948, while at a banquet, by an outlaw, named Leolf. — IT., surnamed Ironside, on account of his prodigious strength, was the son of Ethelied. whom he succeeded in 1016 ; but being o[)posed by Canute, he agreed to share the crown with him. After a reign of nine months only, he was treacherouslv murdered, in 1017. EDKIDGE, Henrt, an eminent land- scape and miniature painter, b. at Pad- din^ton, 17G8. D. 1821. EDRISSI, Abu Abdallah Mohammed BE^f Mohammed, a descendant of the African princes of the race of Edris, was b. in Spain, in 1099, and settled at the court of Roger, king of Sicily, for whom he framed an immense terrestrial globe of silver, and wrote, in Arabic, a geographical work to explain it. EDWARD THE Elder, son of Alfred the Great, succeeded his fothcrin 901. lie encouraged learning, and improved the university of Cambridge. North- nmbria and East Anglia were subdued by him ; and he extended his domin- ions, by conquests, in Scotland and Wales. D. 9'2.'i. — The Martvr, son of Edgar, king of England, was b. in 962, and crowned in 975. He was murdered by order of his stepmother Elfrida, at Corfe castle, after a reign of three years. — The Confessor, was the son of Ethel- red, and succeeded Hardicanute in 1041. He restored Malcolm to the throne of Scotland, which liad been usurped by Macbe'.'i. He caused the Saxon laws to be revised, amended, formed into one body, .md translated into Latin ; hence thev 'yere called his laws. He consulted William of Normandy about the choice jf a successor, which furnished that \>rince with a plea for invadine the kintrdom after the death of Edward, which happened in 1065. — T., (of the Norman line,) called Longshanks, suc- ceeded his father. Henry III., in 1272. After firmly establishing his authority At home, he led an army into Palestine, against the Saracens, \vhcrc be signali- zed his valor on many occasions ; and having, on his return, conquered Wale.s, he created his son prince of that coun- try, which title has from that time been given to the heir-apparent. He also brought Scotland into subjection, and took the kinsr, John Baliol, prisoner. D. at Carlisle, 1807.— II., son of the pre- ceding, b. at Caernarvon. He was gov erncd by his favorites, Gaveston and the Spencers, which occasioned the barons to rise against him. After re- signing his crown, he was confined in Berkeley castle, Gloucestershire, where he was traitorously murdered py the contrivance of his queen, Isabe Ja, and her fovoritc, Roger Mortimer, earl of March, in 1328. --III., the son and suc- cessor of the above, was one of the most celebrated heroes of his country. Being but 15 when the crown devolved to him, the queen dowager and her in- fiimous paramour governed during the first three years of his reign ; but in 1330 the king took the reins of govern- ment into his own hands ; disgraced and confined his mother, and caused Mortimer to be tried and executed for the murder of his father, and his uncle, the earl of Kent. He then put himself at the head of his army, reduced the Scots, and took their king, David, pris- oner. He next invaded France, laid claim to the crown, as heir to his moth- er, the sister of Charles, the last king, who died without issue. Victorious by sea and land, against France and Spain, he was elected emperor of Germany, but refused the imperial throne, and re- turned in triumph to England, leaving his son Edward, the Black Prince, to command the army in his absence. D. 1377. — The Prince of W^ales, surnamed the Black Prince, son of Edward III., was b. in 1330, and, accompanying his father to France, in 1345, took a leading part in gaining the victory of Crecy, in the year following. During his stay in France, in 1356, he won the creat battle of Poictiers. D. 1376.— IV., son of Richard, duke of York, succeeded Hen- rv VI., in 1461. He married Lady Elizabeth Grey, which so disgusted the carl of Warwick, commonly called the king-maker, that he joined the Lancas- trian party, and defeated Edward's forces near Banbury, in 1469. Soon afterwards he took Edward prisoner, who effc'ted his escape, and obtained a victory over Warwick, at Stamford Wells. That nobleman fled to France, from whence he returned with a supply Bge] CYCLOP.CDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. 373 of trcops, and proclaimed Henry. Ed- ward oil til is csc'iiped beyond sea, and Warwick released .llenry ifroni the Tow- er and placed him on the throne; but Edward returned with succors, and marched to London, where he took Henry prisoner. He shortly after de- feated Warwick, who was shiin. An- other victory at Tewkesburv secured to him the quiet possession of the throne. D. 14S3. — v., son of the preeedinir, whom he succeeded at the aL'^e of 12 years. Richard, duke of (41oucester, liis uncle, took the irnardianship of him and his brother into his own hands, and placed them in the Tower, where they were smothered in their beds, in 1483. —VI., the only son of Henry VIII., by Jane Seymour, his third queen, ascend- ed the throne when only nine years old, and, considering his exireme youtli, displayed many cpialities of the fairest promise. He promoted the reforma- tion, and established the service of the church of Enirland, in 1552, by act of parliament. lie founded the hospitals of Christ-church, Bridewell, and St. Thomas. D. 1553. — Plantagenet, earl of Warwick, the only survivinsr male descendant of the house of York, was kept a prisoner in the Tower several years, throuirh jealousy, and at last be- headed, in 141)9, on a pretext that ho entered into a conspiracy with Perkin Warbeck Mgainst Henry VII. EDWARDS, RiivAN, an insrenious writer, b. 1743, at Westbury, in Wilt- shire. Mr. Edwards wrote "The His- tory, Civil and ('omtnercial, of the Brit- ish Colo'.iies in tlic West Indies," "The Proceedings of the Governor and As- sembly of .Jamaica, in regard to tlio Maroon Negroes," and "An Historical Survey of the French Colony in the Island of St. Domingo." D. 1800.— George, an eminent naturalist, was h. 1693, at Stratford, in Essex. D. 1773. — Jonathan, celebrated for his meta- physical knowledge, was b. at Windsor, Conn., 1703. In 1722 he became a preacher, at New York, to a Presbyte- riau conorregation, ami in 1724 was cho- sen tutor of Yale college. In 1726 he resigned that station, and became assist- ant tc iiis Rri, John George, an emi- nent German divine and biblical critic, was b. in 1752, and became j-irofessor of Oriental literature at Jena; from which place he went to the univei'sity of Got- tingcn, where he was long one of its brightest ornaments. His work.s are erudite and volinniuous, the principal being "The Hi>tory of Literature from the Earliest to the Latest Times," a "GencnJ Library of Biblical Litera- tm-e," "Repertory of Biblical juid Ori- ental Literature," "Introductions to the Old and New Testaments," D. 1827. ELBP]E, GiGoT n', generalissimo of the Vendeau royalists, was b, at Dro:»- dcn, 1752. He entered the French army as lieutenant of cavalry; iuul hav- ing, at the connuencement of tlie rev- olution, retired to his estate in Anjou, the insurgent peasants of I^a Ventu'e, ia 1793, chose him their leader. He dis- played great courage and firnniess, won many victories, and was often defeated by superior numbers; at length he was wounded and iaken prisoner, brouglit before a court-martial, and shot, Jan- nary 2, 1794. ELDON, John Scott, earl of, a dis- tinguished lawyer and statesman, who for twenty-five years filled the office of lord high chancellor of England, was the third son of William Scott, coal- fitter, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, IIo was b. on tlie 4th of June,' 1751, In 1778 he was admitted a member of the Middle Temple; but he resided chiefly in or near Oxford, till lie was called to the bar in 1776, In 1783 lie came into jiai-liament and attached himself to the party of Mr, Pitt, wiio was his personal friend. He was made solicitor-general in 1788, received the honor of Unight- hood, and became attorney-general in 1793 ; succeeded Sir James Eyre as lord chief justice of the connnon pleas ; and in July, 1799, was raised to the peerage hs Baron Eldon, of Jlldon, in the county of Durham. In 1801 he became lord high chancellor of England. In Feb- ruary, 1806, he resigned the great seal j but was reappointed in April, 1807, from which period he held it until April SO, 1827. At the coronation of George IV. the lord chancellor was promoted to tlie dignities of Viscount Encombe and earl of Eldon. D. 1838. ELGIN, Thomas Bruce, earl of, was b. 1771, and succeeded to the peerage in his childhood. On many occasions the ear] of Elgin was honored with diplo- matic missions, the last of which was to the Sublime Porte, iri 1789, wliere 1 e continued till the FreucL were finally ell] CYCLOPAEDIA OF 13100 liA PHY. 375 driven out of Egypt. Being desirous of rescuing tliu ruiiuiins of Greece also from destruction and oblivion, lie availed himself of the opportunities of his sta- tion, and suceectled in forming a vast collection of statues, specimens of archi- tecture, medals, and other valuable an- tiquities, wliich were eventually pur- chased by government for £35,000, and deposited in the British Museum. D. 1841. ELIAS, Matthew, an eminent painter, was b. at Cassel in 1658, and settletl at Dunkirk, where he painted a grand altar- piece. Ilis portraits arc in high estima- tion. D. 1741. ELIO, FuANcis Xavier, a Spanish general, who nobly defended his coun- try against the French, and at the res- toration of Ferdinand VII. was appointed governor of Valencia; but when tlie revolution took place, in 1S2(), part of the population rose against the governor, and declaring him guilty of tyrannical acts, he was imprisoned, tried by a i-'ilitary commission, and sentenced to tl-t punishment of death, which was inflicted, Sept. 3, 1322. ELIOT, John, styled the apostle to the Indians, was b. 1604; came to New England in 1631 ; and there learned the Indian language, that he might devote himself to the conversion of the natives. In this he met with great success, and obtained a considerable influence over the various tribes. He translated the Bible into their language, and wrote several pieces of practical divinity. D. 1689. — TnoMA,s, an English writer in the . reigu of Henry VIII. He was a native of Snti'olk, but resided chiefly at Cam- bridge. He compiled a Latin and En- glish' dictionary. D. 1546. ELIOTT, George Augustus, Lord Heathfield, was b. about 1718. After receiving his education at Leyden he in 1735 attached himself to the engineer corps. In 1759 he served on the Con- tinent with great reputation ; and on liis recall from Germany he was sent to the Ilavanna, in the reduction of which he had an eminent share. In 1775 Gen- eral Eliott was appointed commander-in- chief in Irelaml ; from whence he re- turned soon after, and was made gov- ernor of Gibraltar, which fortress he defended with consummate talent and persevering fortitude. lie was very Hbstemious, his constant food beinij vegetables, and his drink water. He never allowed himself b\it four hours eleep at a time ; and was so accustomed to hardiness that it was become habitual. On his return to England lie was raised to the peerage by the title of Lord Ueath- fleld. Baron Gibraltar. D. 1700. ELISSE, rEKi;, a name once of great diplomatic influence. B. 176'J; d. 1817. ELIZABETH, queen of England, was the daughter of llonry VI II. by Anno Boleyn, and b. in 1533. She was edu- cated in the Protestant religion ; and in the reign of Mary, in conseipicnce of her known attachment to it, she was sent to the Tower, from whence sho was afterwards removed to Woodstock. On the death of her sister in 155S, sha was proelanued queen. Philip of Spain made her an oifer of marriage, which slie declined. The French and Span- iards having formed a leairiie for tho extirpation of heresy, Elizaljeth was in- duced to protect the Protestants ; and tliis she did so etfectually as to separata the United Provinces from the Spanish throne. In 1588 Philip sent against En- gland his famous Aruiada, to which the pope gave the name of "Invincible." On this occasion the queen distiniruished herself by her great presence of mind and courage. She rode on horseback in the camp of Tilbury, and inspired her people by her deportment and her speeches. The English fleet, however, assisted by the winds, prevented tha Spaniards from landing, and their boast- ed armada was destroyed. Elizabeth combined prudence with fortitude, and juilgment with vigor; but she wha vio- lent, haushty, and insatiably fond of admiration. She had stron<; natural talents, was well versed in Greek and Latin, and gave repeated proofs of her skill in the art of governing. D. 1602.— Petrowna, dausrhter of Peter the Great, was b. 1709. In 1741 she usurped the imperial throne, by dethroning the in- fant Ivan, which revolution was ertected without the shedding of blood. At her accession she made a vow tliat no capi- tal punishments shouUl take place iu her reign. But her humanity was equiv- ocal, as is instanced in the shocliing punisiuncnt which she inflicted upon the Countess Bestuchef and Lapookin, wlio were publicly knouted, and had their toiiijues cut out, for betraying some secrets relatins to the amours of the empress. D. 1761. ELLENBOKOUGH, Er)WARi) La-w, lord chief .justice of the Kimr's Bench, and a distinsruished lawyer, b. 1748, at Great Salkfield, Cund)erland. On tlie trial of Warren Hastings, in 1785, Ers- kine having refused to nnlerlake the defence, ho served as leading counsel, 37 6 CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [eli. and oijtained the victory. In ISOl he was iniiilo uttorncy-g-eiicral, and next year, on the deatli of Lord Kenyon, be- came loixl chief justice of the King's Beneii, and was created a peer. It is Bald that tiio result of tlie trials of Hone, wlio was prosecuted for ir..pious paro- dies and libels, (the jury having found verdicts contrary to his lordship's charges,) had a great effect on his de- clining state of health ; and though he continued to appear in court, and per- formed liis functions with his usual cnercrv of mind, his Iramc was fast sinking. D. 1818. ELLEY, Sir Jons, a distinguished English officer, who by l>is own merit rose to the highest military rank, and to a host of other honors, from the very humble situation of a private in the royal horse ijuards. D. lS3i>. 'ELLIOTT, Ebenezer, "The Corn- Law Rhymer," was b. at Masborough, near Rotherham, in 1781, where his fa- ther was a commercial clerk in the iron works. His first publication, " The Vernal Walk," written in his 17th year, showed to what extent the scenery of his native country had impressed itself on his mind. From this period his poetic effusions were unceasing. He contributed to the " New Monthly Mag- azine," "Tait's Magazine," and many other periodicals. The great object of his political life was the abolition of the corn laws : and it is not too much to say that the "Corn-Law Rhymes" were as instrumental, especially in the manufac- turing districts, in fanning the excite- ment which ultimately led to the aboli- tion of the corn laws, as the eloquence of any member of the Anti-Corn-Law- . League. The last edition of his poems appeared in one volume in 1840. D. 1849. — .Jesse Duncan, a distinguished conmiodiire of the United States, navy, b. in Maryland, 1785, who served with honor in the war on the lakes in 1812, performing many gallant exploiis, and afterwards on the Mediterranean and West India stations. I). 1845. ELLIS, George, a miscellaneous wri- ter of considerable talent, was b. in Lon- don, 1745, and d. 1815. He commenced his literary career as the author of various political satires and essays ; and lie sub- seqiiently produced " Specimens of early English poets," " Specimens of early English Metrical Romances." — John, an English poet, was b. in London in 1698, and brought up a scrivener. D. 17'Jf. — John, a nntnralisf, was b. in London in 1710, and d. 177G. Ilis principal works are " An Essay towards a Natural His- tory of British Corallines," and " A Nat-- ural History of uncommon Zoophytes." — William, a practical agriculturist of the 18th century, who lived at Great Gaddesden, Herts, and enjoyed con- siderable reputation both as an inventor of farming implements, and as the au- thor of "The Modern Husbandman." ELLISTON, Robert William, an eminent comedian, was b. in London in 1774. He was intended for the chuivh; but at the age of 16 he quitted school, without the knowledge of his friends, went to Bath, and tliere first gratified his ambition for scenic celebrity. Hia first bow to a London auilience was made at the Ilaymarket theatre, 1796 ; but it was not till 1804 that lie became fixed at either of the winter liouses. This occurred on Kemble's retirement from Drury-lane; and till the destruc- tion, by fire, of that edifice in 1809, he continued to be one of its most active and efficient supporters. I». 1831. ELLSWORTH, Oliver, chief justice of the United States, graduated at the college in New Jersey, 1766. In 1777 he was chosen a delegate in congress from Connecticut. In 1780 he was elected into the council of Connecticut, and was a member of that body till 1784, when he was appointed a judge of the superior court. In 1787 he was elected a member of the convention, which framed the federal constitution. In an assembly illustrious for talents, erudition, and patriotism he held a dis- tinguished place. When the federal government was organized in 1780 he was a mem'oer of the senate from Con- necticut. In 1796 he was appointed by Washington chief justice of the supremo court of the United States, but on ac- count of ill health resigned the office in 1800. In 1799 he was appointed by President Adams envoy extraordinary to France for the purpose of settling a treatv with that nation. 1). 1807, asred 65. ELLWOOD, Thomas, was b. at Crow- ell in Oxfordshire, in 1639. He was bred in the tenets of the church of England, but was induced tc join the Quakers, through wliicli he lost the favor of his father. He became reader to Milton, which tended greatly to his improve- ment in learning. Elhvood sutfered imprisonment for his profession, and wrote a number of books in its defence. He also edited " George Fox's Journal," and published a " History of the Old and New Testaments ;" a sacred poem oa the life of David, &c. D. 1713. BLZ] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 377 ELMSI.EY. Peter, an eminent phi- [ lOlo^ist and classical scholar, was b. in 1773. In pursuit of his piiilological Btudics he visited the principal libraries on the Continent; and in lali), in con- junction with Sir Humphrey Davy, he accepted a conunission from govern- n)ont for tli« develonment of the llercu- laueau papyri, but their labors proved abortive. On his return he settled at Oxford, where he obtained the Camden pvofo.««orsl)in of ancient history, and was elected" nrim^inal of St. Albau's hall. He produced" editions of various classics, and contributed to the early numbers of the "Edinburgh lieview," and at a subsequent period to the " Quarterlv." D. 1«25. ELPHIXSTON, Arthur, Lord Bal- MERiNo, was b. IGsS. He had the com- mand of a company of foot in Lord Shannon's regiment in the reign of Queen Anne ; but at the accession of George L resigned that commission, and joined the earl of Mar, under whom he served at the battle of Slierittmuir. At the decisive battle of CuUoden he was taken prisoner by the duke of Cumber- land's army. Being conducted to Lon- don, he was committed to the Tower, and brought to trial in Westminster hall, 2yth July, 1740, along with the eai'ls of Kilmarnock and Cromarty, both of whom pleaded guilty. The earl of Cromarty obtained a pardon, but the other two sutiered decapitation on Tower-hill, 18th August, 1746. — ^James, a native of Edinburgh, whose attempts to ctfect an imaginary reformation in the orthography of the English lan- guage, by spelling all words as they are pronounced, occupied a great part of nis life, and ended in complete disap- pointment. In this pursuit he pub- lished various works, among which we may mention " Enslish Orthography epitomized," and "Propriety's Pocket Picture." B. 1721 : d. 1809. ELPHINSTONE, George Keith, Viscount, b. 1747, was a distinguished naval otRcer. He entered the service eai.y in life, and arrived at the rank of post-captain in 1775. During the Amer- ican war he served with great credit at the attack on Mud Island, at Charles- ton, &c. : he also captured L'Aigle of 40 guns and 600 men ; and when the war broke out with France he was among the first who siistained the credit of the British navy. D. 1823.— Georoe William Keith, b. 1782. Early in life this distinguished, but eventually un- *ortunat£, otlicer entered the service as 82* ensign in the 24th infantry. After serving with much distinction in various pans of the globe, he was made lieu- tenant-colonel of the 33d foot in 1813. He was made major-general in 1837, and was commander-in-chief of the Bengal army, when the British arms received so awful and disgraceful a check in Atf- ghanistan. D. 1842. ELSTOB, William, a learned divine, was b. at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1673, and d. 1714. He was profoundly skilled in the Saxon language and antiquities, and published a Latin translation of the "Saxon Homily of Lupus;" and the " Homily on St. Gregory's Day," in Saxon and Latin. He also wrote " An Essay on the Affinity and Agreement between the Two Professions of Law and Divinity," &c. — Elizabeth, sister of the precedino-, was b. at Newcastle, 16S8. She resided with her brother at Oxford, and became the partner of his studies. She accompanied his " Homi- ly on St. Gregory" with an English version and a prefece, and published a Saxon grammar. D. 1756. ELVIUS, Peter, a Swedish mathe- matician, and secretary of the royal acad- emv of sciences at Stockholm, was b. at Upsal, 1710; and d. 1749. ELWES, John, an extraordinary mi- ser. His family name was Meggot, which he altered in pursuance of the will of Sir Harvey Elwes, his uncle, who left him at least £250,000, and he wan possessed of nearly as much of his own. At this time he attended the most noted gaming hotises, and after sittinfr up a whole night at play for thousands, he would proceed to Smithficld to meet his cattle, where he would stand disputing with a cattie-butcher for a shillino:. Ho would sit in wet clothes to save the ex- pense of a fire ; eat his proyisions in the last stage of putrefaction ; and, in short, subject himself to any privation, or bo guilty of any besgarly conduct, by which a sixpence might be saved ; yet, if by his personal exertions he could as- sist another, provided it cost him noth- ing but his labor, he was active and readv. In 1774 he was chosen incir.be' for Berkshire, and his conduct in parlia inent was perfectly independent. D 1789, aged about 77, leaving a fortunt of £500,000, besides entailed estates. ELZEVIR. The name of a celebrated family of printers, residing at Amster- dam and Leyden, whose beautiful edi- tions were chiefly published between the years 1594 and 1680. — Louis, the first of them, began to be known at Leyden in 378 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [enq 1595, and was the first wlio made the distinction between tlie » con.sonant and the u vowel, lie tooli for his device an eagle lioKrmtablisliment, he d. 1797. He was one of the principal contributors to "Dr. Aikin's Biographic>>i Diction- ary;" and is known as the author or compiler of several useful works, viz., "The Speaker," "Exercises on Elocu- tion," " Natural Philosophy," &c. ENGP]L, .John James, a German wri- ter, whose philosophical works arc held in high esteem, was b. in Mecklenbiirgh, 1741 ; and, after studying at several German universities, he accepted the of?ice of professor of morals and litera- turo at I?erlin, where he was made a member of the Royal Academy of Sci- ences, and wrote the greatest part of his works. D. T<02. ENGELBRECHT, John, a religious fanatic, was b. at Brunswick, 1599. lie travelled for several years thronirh Ger- many, fastins at times for a fortniL'ht together, and not un frequently falling into trances, during which he pretended to receive divine revelations and mis- sions for proselytizing mankind. D. 1642. P'NGHIEN, Louis Antotne Hentii dh BoiKBoN, duke of, son of the d\ike ol Bonrbon, and a descendcnt of the ereat Condc, was b. at Cliantilly, in 1772. Ilavin? served with credit in the armies opposed to the French republic, he went to Baden, in 1804, married, and lived there as a [)rivate citizen. He was, how- ever, regarded with a jealous eye, as one who uiitrht become a danirerons foe to the ambitious dcsiofus of tlie first consul ; and an order to arrest him was accord ingly issued. He was accused of having EPi] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 379 taken part in conspiracies a<^ainst tlie life of tlic first consul ; and though noth- ing was proved against liim, lie received Benten^c of death, and was led into the fosse of the castle, where lie licroically and tirnily subaiitted to it. ENGLEFIELI), Sir IIknry Cfiarles, a fellow of the Royal and Antiquarian Bocieiies, to wh.oso " Transactions" he contributed largely, was b. 1752. He was the author of a work "On the De- termination of the Orbits of Comets," " A Description of the Picturesque Beauties and Geological Phenoniena of the Isle of Wight," &c. D. 18-2-'. ENNIUS, QuiNTua, a celebrated Latin poet of the earlier times of the republic, was b. at Calabria 239 b. c. Cato the Censor became acquainted with him in Sardinia, was his pupil, and brought him to Rome, where he soon gained the friendship of the most distinguishcl in- dividuals, and instructed young men of rank in Greek. D. 2(j'J b. c. ENTICK, Jou>f, an English divine, d. in 1780. He publiNhed a " History of the War which ended in 17G3," a "His- tory of London," a well-known and ap- proved " Latin and English Dictionary," &c. ENTINOrUS, an eminent architect of CaniMa in the 4th century, who may properly he styled the founiler of Venice. Having fled from the ravages of the Goths to the morasses on tlie Adriatic coaat, he built the first house there for liimself, and afterwards assisted the in- habitants of Padua, who also took refuge there, in l:)uilding the 80 houses which formed the first city. D. about 420. EPAMLXONDAS, a Theban general, illustrious for his talents and his virtues, was the son of Polymnia, He was the friend of Pelopidas, and by him appoint- ed to the command of the Thebiin armies. He defeated Cleombrotus, and gained the battle of IjCuctra ; overcame Alex- ander tyrant of Pherasa ; and fell in the moment of victory at the battle of Man- tinea, 3ii3 B. c. EI'EE, CnARLEs Michael de l', a French abbe, founder of the institution in I'aris for the deaf and dumlj, was b. at Versailles in 1712, and deserves grate- ful remembrance for the philanthropic occupation in which the greater part of his life was spent. He entered into holy orders, and became a Catholic priest ; but his great object being to impart in- struction to the deaf and dumb, he spent his whole income, besides what was contributed by benevolent patrons, in tho education and maintenance of his pupils, for whose wants lie provided with such disinterested devotion, that he ofiendei)rivcd himself of the necessaries of life, restricting himself to the plainest tbod, and clothing himself in the eoarses . apiiarel. 1). 1789. _EI'ICIL\RMUS, of Cos, a philosopho ; of the I'ythagorean school, lived in the latter part of the Sth century b. c, a. Syracuse, and there wrote his celebrate i comedies, all of which are now lost. JIo also wrote upon medical and philosoph- ical subjects, and attained the age of 97 years. EPICTETUS, a Stoic philosopher, who lived in the first century, was a native of Hierapolis, in I'hrygia, and was origi- nally a slave to Ejiaphroditus, one of Nero's freedmen. Having been eman- cipated, he gave himself up wholly to the study of philosophy, and his' life artbrded an example of unblemished virtue. EPI CUEUS,_ tlie founder of the Epi- curean sect of philosophers, was b. at Gargettus, 342 b. c, and studied at Athens. For a time he resided succes- sively at Colophon, Mitylene, and Lamp- sacus, but finally settled at Athens, where he purchased a garden, and there expounded his system of philosopliy. D. 271 B.C. EI'IMENIDES, a celebrated pliilos- opher and poet of Crete, who flourished during the 6th century b. c. He is rep- resented as favored with divine commu- nications, and as an infallible prophet. EPIN AY, Louise, madame cV , a female of considerable talents, and notorious for lier connection with Rousseau, was the wife of M. Dclalive de Bellegarde, who filled the otttee of farmer-general. Du- ring the earlier part of her life, she form- ed an acquaintance with the philosopher of Geneva, to whom she gave a cottage in her park of Chevrette, (afterwards the wcll-knovv'n hermitage,) where he passed many of his days, wliieh were rendered happy by this romantic attachment, n'l- til he became jealous of Baron Grimm, whom he had himself introduced to his mistress. She was the author of " Les Conversations d'Emilie," " Lettres a mon Fils," and "Mes Moments Heu- reux." D. 1783. EL'ISCOPIUS, Simon, alearned divine, b. at Amsterdam, 1583. In 1012 he was chosen divinity professor at Leyden ; was the prineijial of the remonstrants, or Arminians, at the synod of Dort, which ari)itrary assembly deposed him and the other deputies from their ministerial functions, and banished them the re- S80 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ebi pnblio. IIo tlicn went to Antwerp, but m 1S20 lie returned to Holland, and be- came minister to tlic remonstrants at Kottenliini. 1). 1R43. EPONINA, a Koman female, whose etrcngtii of oonjiicra! affection is worthy of record, was the wife of Jnlius Sabinns, who, after beinar defeated in liis revolt njrainst Vesi>asian, took shelter in a sub- terranean cave, where, during nine years, he and Kponina lived concealed. Their retreat being at length discovered, and Sabinus being condemned to suffer death, the faithful wife having vainly implored the emperor's clemency for her husband, heroically refused to survive his loss, and d. a willing martyr to her constancy, 7S. ERASiSTKATUS, an ancient physi- cian, who acquired great reputation at tlie court of Seleueus Nicanor, king of Syria, was one of the first who dissected human bodies, and accurately described the brain. ERASMUS, Desiderius, one of the most eminent seliolars of his age, wash, at Rotterdam, 1467. He was the illegit- imate son of one Gerard, by the daugh- ter of a physician ; but his father and mother dying wlien he was only nine years old, lie was left to the care of three guardians, who determined on bringing him up to a religious life, that they might enjoy liis patrimony ; for which purpose they removed him from one convent to another, till at last, in 14S6, he took the habit among the canons-regular at Stein, near Tcrgou. The monastic life being disagreeable to him, he acceiited an invitation from the arclibishop of Cambray to reside with him. During his abode with tliis prelate he was ordained priest; but in 14'.)() he went to Paris, and supported himself by giving private lectures. In 1497 he vis- ited England, and met with a liberal re- ception from the most eminent scholars. On Iiis return he spent twelve years in France, Italy, and the Netherlands ; and during tliat time he published several works of great merit. In 1506 he took his doctor's degree at Turin, and went to Bologna, where he continued some time ; thence he removed to Venice, and resided witli the famous Aldus Manu- tius. From Venice lie went to Padua and Rome, where many offers were made him to settle; but havin? received an invitation from Henry VIII. he went to England again in 1510; wrote lus " Praise and Folly" while residing with Sir Thomas More ; .ind was appointed Margaret professor of divinity, and Greek lecturer, at Cambridge. Tn 1514 he once more returned to tlie Continent, and lived chicfiy at IJasle, where he vig- orously continued liis literary lal:)Ors, and prepared his edition of the New Testament, with a Latin translation; liis " Cieeronianus," and his celebrated "Colloquies," which latter gave such offence to the monks, that they nsv^Jl to say, " Erasmus laid tlie c^'^ wliich Lu- ther hatched." With Luther, however, whom he had provoked by his treatise on Free Will, lie was in open hostility. In 1528 appeared liis learned work, " De recta Latinis Graeciquc Sermonis Pro- nunciatione," and his last publication, which was printed the year before his death, was entitled " Ecclesiastes, or the Manner of Preaehiiiff." I). 1536. ERATOSTHENES, a native of Cyrcno, in Africa, 275 b. c, was librarian at Alex- andria, and improved the science of mathematical geography, which he cor- rected, enlarged, and reduced to system. He was also a philosopher, poet, and grammarian ; while he rendered much service to the sciences of astronomy and geography, by first observing the olv liquity of the ecliptic, and by discover- ing the method of measuring the cir- cumference of the oflobe. ERCILLA Y ZUNIGA, a Spanish poet and soldier, was b. in Biscay, about 1580. He was brought up at the court of Charles V., and joined an expedition which was sent out to Chili atrainst a tribe of natives called the Araccanians. Hence came his admirable epic of "La Araucana," which describes the perils and exploits of that fierce and dangerous contest ; this he wrote on scraps of paper, and on bits of leather when paper could not be had, during those brief intervals which could be snatched from active dutv. EREMITA, Daniel, a writer of the 17th century, was a native of Antwerp, and became secretary to the duke of Florence. He wrote several works, the principal one being entitled "De Aulica Vita ac Civili." D. 1613. ERIC IX., king of Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, succeeded Margaret in 1412. He married the daughter of Henry IV. of England. In 1439 he was formaPy deposed. He afterwards settled in Po- merania, where he d. in 1459. He com- piled a " History of Denmark to th« year 12S8." — XIV., son and successor of Gustavus I., king of Sweden. He courted the Princess Elizabeth, after- wards queen of England, but being refused, he married the daughter of a ERS] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. 3S1 Eeasant. This alienated from him the earts of his subjects, and, toifether witli his cruelties, oecasioued a revolt. Erie was compelled to renounce his throne in 156S. D. in prison, in 1578. EKK^EIKA, Ikkdinaxd ue Menezes, Count, a Portuguese historian, was b. nt Lisbon, in 1614. He devoted himself to military service, and distinsruishcd himself as an able general at Tangier. He wrote " The History of Tangier," " History of Portugal," . 1688. FAGIULOLI, John Baptist, an Ital- ian poet, celebrated for Jie faeetiousness and drollery of his writings, was b. at Florence, in 1660, and d. in 1742. F'AIIEENIIEIT, Gabriel Daniel, an experimental philosopher, whose ar- rangement of the thermometer and ba- rometer which bear his name, was a work of great utility. He was a native of Dantzic. B. 1686; d. 1786. F'AIEFAX, Edward, was tlie son of Sir Tlioinas Fairfax, of Denton, in York- sliire, and is regarded as one of the great improvers of Flnglish versification. Settling at Newhall, in Knaresborough forest, he led the life of a retired coun- try gentleman, devoted to. literary pur- suits. His chief reputation as a poet rests on his translation of Tasso's " God- frey of Bouillon," which is written in the same stanza with the original, and combines fidelity to the sense of the au- thor, with striking harmony of style. He also wrote " Eclogues," and a prose work on "Demonology," in which he was, it seems, a believer. D. about 1682, — Thomas, Lord, a distinguished com- mander in the civil wars, and one of the leading characters of that turbulent pe- riod, was the eldest son of Lord F'airfax, to whose title and estates he succeeded in 1647. When the disputes between Charles I. and the parliament terminated in open rupture, F"airfax warmly es- poused the cause of tlie latter, and joined his father in making active prep- arations for the approaching contest. In the earlier part of his career, he suf- fered various checks from the royalist forces, but he retrieved his character at Marston-moor, and was ajipointed gen- eral-in-chief when Essex resigned. He was afterwards victorious at Naseby, reduced the west to obedience, and compelled Colchester to surrender. But he was hostile to the execution of the dethroned monarch ; and considerable jealousy appears to have been enter- tained of him by Oliver Cromwell. At length he resigned the command of the army, and retired for awhile from pub- lic life. At the restoration he crossed over to Holland for the purpose of con- gratulating Charles II. on his accession, and was formally reconciled to that monarch. He devoted his leisure hours to the encouragement and cultivation of letters, and left behind him a volume of poems and miscellanies, including aa interesting sketch of his own life. D. 1671. FAIEFIELD, John, a senator of tno United States, from Maine, b. at Saeo, 1797, and elected to congress in 1835, fan] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 389 wlierc he became distinguished. In 184'z ha was chosen governor of Maine, and tl:e sauiu year senator. He was re- elected ill 184."). D. lS-18. FALCONER, William, an English poet and writer on naval att'airs, was b. at Edinburgli, about 1730. When very young, he went to sea in the merchant pervice, and had risen to the situation of second mate, when the vessel to which he belonged was cast away. Thus furnished with the incidents of his "Sliipwrcck," it was published in 1762. In 170'J he was appointed purser of the Aurora, whicili ship was never heard of atVer she quitted the Cape of Good Hope, in December, 1709, ami was therei, re supposed to have foundered at sea, and all iier crew to have perished. Besides "The Shipwreck," he wrote eoine minor poems, and a "Marine Dictionarv." FALCONET, Stephen Maurice, a celebrated French sculptor, was b. at Paris, in 1716. Although, owing to his humble origin, lie had been apprenticed to a cuiter of barber's blocks, lie became an excellent modeller, and, assisted by Lemoine, tlie sculptor, rose to eminence as an artist; while, owing to his per- severing application, he also shone as an author. In 1760 he was invited to Russia, to execute the colossal statue of Peter the Great, and there he resided twelve years. D. 1791. FALCON ETT( J, John Maria, an Ital- ian architect, was b. at Verona, in 1458. He built palaces, and much improved the style of architecture in the Venetian states ; and a building of his at Padua is said to have suggested to Palladio the idea of the famous Villa Capra, wliicli served as the model of Lord Burling- ton's villa at Chiswick. D. 1534. FALIEUI, Making, a Venetian noble, succeeded Andrew Dandolo as doge of Venice, in 1354. He had previously commanded the troops of the republic at the siege of Zara, in Dalmatia, where he gained a brilliant victory over the king of Hungary ; and was afterwards ambassador to Genoa and Eome. When he succeeded to the office of doge, he was ■J 8 years of age, and had a young and beautiful wife^ Jealous of Michael Steno, he quarrelled with and was insulted by him at a masquerade; but Steno lieing eeutenced to no more than a month's imprisonment for his otience, Falieri, ourning, witii revenge, entered into a lonspiraey with the plebeians to overturn the government and massacre the patri- cian.s. On the nisilit before it was to be ^83* carried into ctTect, the ploi. was discov- ered, and Falieri suffered decapitation, April 17, 1355. FALK, John Daniel, was the son of a poor wig-maker at Daiitzic, whc would scarcely allow him to he taught even to ruatl and write betbrc he em- ployed him in his trade; but his lovo of knowledge was sufficient to overeomi the difficulties that lay in his way of at- taining it, and all his little savings were laid out at the circulating library. Hav- ing thus obtained a tolerable etlucalion, he published some admirable satires, but afterwards wrote principally upon reliffious subiects. B. 1770; d. 1826. FALKEN STEIN, John IIknky, a vo- luminous writer, was b. in Franconia, in 16S2. He wrote the " Antiquities of Nordgau," and other works of a siinilai kind. D. 17f). FALKLAND, Henrv Gary, Viscount, son of Sir Edward Gary, master of tho jewel office to Queen Elizalxjth and to James I., was made comptroller of the king's household, and elevated to the (Scotch) peerage of Falkland in 1617. Subsequently he was made lord deputy of Ireland, but did not long hold the office, the Catholic party being much opposed to him. He w;ls a man of con- siderable literary talent, and published "Letters to the Duke ot Buckingliam," " A HistoiT of that unfortunate Prince, Edward Il.","&c. D. 1633.— Lucius Gary, Viscount, son of the preceding, fought boldly and for his king; and d. at the battle of Newbury, in the 34th year of his age, 1643. — Henry Lucius Gary, Viscount, son of the above, died young. He is said to have been a man of talent, but the only proof we have of it is a play, cdleci " The Wedding Night." D.'l663. FALLOPIUS, Gabriel, an eminent anatomist and physician, was b. at Mo- dena; studied at Ferrara and Padua; was professor of anatomy for three years at Pisa; and, lastly, filled the chair of anatomy ancl surgery at Padua, where he remained till his death, in 1563. He was the first who accurately described the vessels and bones of the fcetus ; and his account of the Fallopian tubes has served to perpetuate his name. His chief work is entitled " Observations Anatomica;." FANEUIL, Peter, founder of Fanenil hall in Boston, d. March 3, 1743. He possessed a large estate, and he employ- ed it in doing good. While his eliarities were extensive, his liberal spirit induced him to present to the town of Bostou a 390 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [far Btatcly edifice for the aecommodiition of tlio iiilialiitiints at tlicir public inectliigs. FANSIIAWE, Sir IlioHAUi), a statcs- maii and jioct, was b. at Ware park, Herts, in IGOS. In liiS") lie was sent ambassador to Spain, whence, in 1641, he returned, and acted steadily for tlie royal cause. He was taken prisoner at the battle of "Worcester, and closely con- fined for a considerable lime ; but at last recovered his liberty, and went to Breda, where he was kniglited by <_'harles II., in lO.'yG. At the. restoration lie was made master of requests, and sent to Portugal to negotiate the marriage with the king and the Inlhnta Catharine. In 1664 ho was sent ambassador to Spain, and d. there in 1666. He truiislatcDOARDS, ANTop^E Etienne Nicholas, a French historian and political writer, was b. in 1738, at Pont de Bcauvoisin, in Dauphine. He was originally an ecclesiastic; but be- coming acquainted with Danton and EobespiciTc, lie employed his pen in de- fendinir the revolutionary career of his coteiiiporaries. He was the author of several extensive works, among them his " Histoirc Philosophique de la Revolu- tion Fran^aise." FAKE, Charles Augustus, marquis de la, a French poet, and captain of the guards to the duke of Orleans, was b. in 1644. and d. in 1712. According to Voltaire, Fare did not begin to write poetry till he was nearly 60. His com- positions are remarkable for sweetness and elcfrancc. He was also the author of " Mcmoires sur !e Regne de Louis XIV.," a work containing satirical re- flections on cotcmporarv characters. FARIA Y SOUSA," Manuel de, a Portuguese historian and poet, wash, at Sonlo, in Portugal, about 1590, and for some time secretary to the marquis of Castel Rodrigo, ambassador of Rome. He wrote various historical works rel- ative to Portugal and its distant y^osses- pions, seven volumes of poems, &e. D. 1649. FARTNATO, Paul, an eminent paint- er of Verona, whose numerous works were distinguished by freedom of design, boldness of colorincr, and arreat facility »f execution. B. 1522; d. 1606. FARINKLLI, a Neapolitan singer of great eminence, whose real name is said to bo Cailo Broschi, was b. at Naples, 170,"). He studied under Porpora, and went from Rome to Vienna, where the emperor, Charles VI., loaded him with ricii presents. In 1734 he came to Lon- don, and, by the masric of his singing, so delighted the public that Handel was obliged to dismiss a rival company over which he presided, in spite of all hia powers and popularity. Many extraor- dinary stories are related of his vocal skill, and his conmiand over the feelings and sympathies of his audience appears to have been unrivalled. FARINGTON, Geokok, an historical painter, and a pupil of West. In 17S0 liis painting of the incantation scene in MacDcth was rewarded with a gold medal by the Rnyal Academy. B. I7r)4; d. 1788. — .losEPH, brother of the pre- ceding, and eminent as a landscape painter. He made many drawings for the " Britannia Depicta," and left be- hind him several good pictures of lake and landscape scenery. D. 1818. FARMER, Richard, a divine and an- tiquary, was b. at Leicester in 173-5. In 1767 he became one of the preachers at Whitehall. He subsequently became vice-chancellor and librarian of the uni- versity ; and also obtained prebends at Lichfield and Canterbury, the latter of which he exchanged for a canonry at St. Paul's. In his " P^ssay on the Learning of Shakspeare," which is a work of threat critical merit, he proved that all the knowledge of ancient history and myth- ology possessed by the immortal bard, was drawn from translations. I). 1797. — John, well known throughout New England, as a grencalogist and antiquary, was b. at Chehnsfbrd, Mass., 1789, and was a lineal descenchmt of Edward Farmer, who emio-rated from Ancely, in Warwickshire, England, and settled about 1670 at Billeriea. He was self- taught, possessed great industry, and his labors in the peculiar departments of learning to which he almost exclu- sively devoted his power, will lonsr be appreciated. His publications have been numerous, among which the most im- portant are his edition of "Belknap's History of New Hampshire," to wiiieh he added a body of notes and illustra- tions scarcely less valuable than the text itself; and his "Genealogical Register of tlie First Settlers of New England," published in 1821), a work of vast labor and research, and embracing nearly every family of the first European set- tlers of this' country. D. 1838. FARNESE, the name of an illustriouj family in Italy, many of the mf mberso/ FAU] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 391 wliich filled the liicrliest situatious in church and state. — Alkxanuer, tlic son of Feter Louis the first iifnuul-duke of Parma and Placeutia, was b. in l.")20, and created a cardinal by his grandfather, Pope Paul 111. He was (.lean of the Bacred college, and distinguished himself highly by his learning and his virtues ; while as a statesman his talents were Buch as to obtain for him the ottice of nuncio to the courts of Vienna and Paris. D. 1.'>S9. — Alexandek, nephew of the precedintr, was the third duke of Panna, and higlily distinguished as a military commander under Philip II., who sent him to Flanders, where the situation of the Spaniards was bcconnng desperate. He recovered several cities, and suc- ceeded in reconciling the Catholic part of the population to the Spanish govern- ment, lie afterwards invaded France, and compelled Henry IV. to raise the siege of Kouen. On his return from that expedition he received a wound in his arm before Caudebee, in conse- quence of the neglect of which he died, at Arras, in l.i92, aged 46. FAKNE WORTH, Ellis, an English divine, was b. in Derbyshire, and edu- cated at Jesus college, Cambridge. In 1762 he obtained the rectory of Carsing- ton, in Derbyshire, where he d. the year following. He translated the "Life of Pope Sixtus V." from the Italian, 1574; Davila's "History of the Civil Wars of France," in 1757 ; the works of Ma- chiavel, 1761; and Fleury's "History of the Israelites." FARQUHAR, George, a comic wri- ter, was b. at Londonderry, in Ireland, in 1678, and educated at Trinity college, Dublin, from which he eitiier eloped or was expelled for irregular conduct, and repaired to London with his friend "Wilks, the actor, where he connnenced his career of dramatic authorship. His first production was " Love in a Bottle," performed at Drury-laue theatre with success in 16;t8, about which time he at- tracted the tavor of Lord Orrery, who procured him a lieutenancy in his own regiment. In 1700 he added to his rep- utation by " The Constant Couple," a comedy in which, under the character of Sir Harry Wildair, he exhilaited a lively picture of the foppish fine gentleman of the end of the 17th century. He d. in 1707, at the premature age of 2!i, and during the run of his last and best play, " The Beaux Stratagem." Farquhar's wit is genuine ancl spontaneous, his sharacters are obviously drawn from na- ture, aud his iueideuts well arranged. Ilis libertinism of language and senti- ment are, however, liighly rejirehensiblo, FAKR.-VN'T, KicHAkL), an Knglisli mu- sician. He held situations in tlie Chapel Royal aud St. George's ehapcl, VVinih.or, from l."64 to 1580, aud is renun-kable for the devout aud solemu style of his co.'ii- positions. FARREN, Eliza, countess of Derby, was the daughter of a surgeon at Cork, who failing in his profession became a provincial actor, and dieil young, leaving his family in destitute circunistaiu-es. Eliza was b. in 175y; made her first appearance at Liverpool, when 14 years of age ; and, in 1777, appeareil at tiio Haymarket theatre, London, as Miss Hardcastle, in " She Stoops to Con()ner." She afterwards played at Drury Lane and Covent Garden ; anil eventually succeeded Mrs. Abfngton in her princi- pal characters, whicli she j)layed witb great eclat, and established her theatri- cal fame. She married Lord Derby. D. 1829. FASTOLF, Sir John, the supposed prototype of Siuikspeare's Falstatl', was a native of Norfolk. Adopting the pro- fession of a soldier, he served with some distinction in Ireland, uniler Sir Stephen Scrope, deputy to the lord lieu- tenant, and mari-ied his widow, who wa.<» an heiress ; through the acquisition of whose property he obtained the iionor of knightliood, and the order of the Garter. He was wounded at the battle of Agincourt, and rewarded for hia bravery ; but at the battle of I'atay he shamefully tarnished his huirels by flee- iutr, panic-stricken, from Joan of Arc. D." 141)9. FATIO DE DUILLIER, an ingenious matheraatioian, was b. at Basle, in 1664; settled in London in 1687, and distin- guished himself as a geometrician and astronomer; but becoming a zealous partisan of a fanatical sect, called the French prophets, he was tried and put in tlie pillory. Many inventions in the mechanical arts owe th.eir existence to liim ; among others, was the jewelling of watches. FAUCHET, Claude, a French histo- rian and archieolo^nst in the liitli century, and historiographer to Henry IV. Ho wrote various antiquarian works, of wliich his "Antiquitts et Histoirea Gauloises et Fran^-oises" is the chief. D. 1601.— Claude, a native of Dome, France, was grand-vicar to the arch- bishop of Bourges, and preacher to the km?. Just previous to the French revolution he joined the sect of tho 392 CYCLOP JiDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [fa-w [lluniinati, and became one of their chiefs • and during the popular coniino- tions in Paris, he took an active part, appearing sword in liand at the head of the mob "^hich attaclvcd the Bastille. In 1791 he was elected eoustitutioual bishop of the department of Calvados, and chosen a member of the legislative as- sembly, lie continued to distinguish himself by his revolutionary furor till the trial of Louis XVI., for whose im- prisonment he voted instead of his death ; and liaving joined the Girondists, he was persecuted by the opposite party. At last he was condemned to death on the unfounded charge of being an ac- complice of Cluvrlotte Corday in the assassination of Marat, and sutfered by the guilloti"e in October, 1793. FAUJAfc dp: ST. FOND, Baktholo- MEW, an en inent French geologist, was b. at Monteliinart, in 1750 ; became pro- fessor at the museum of natural his- tory ; and wrote various works connected with his favorite pursuit; among which are "The Mineralogy of Volcanoes," " A Natural History of Dauphine," "A Journey in England, Scotland, and the Hebrides," (fee. FAULIIABP^R, John, an ingenious mathematician, and the friend of Des- cartes, was b. at Ulm, in Suabia, where he d. in 1G35. FAUQUE, a French authoress, known by the name of Madame dc Vaucluse, was b. at Avignon, at the beginning of the 18th century. She had been forced by her parents to become a nun against her will ; and having obtained a dispen- sation from her vows, she retired to England, where she supported herself by "writing for tlie press. Among her productions arc " Dialogues Moraux et Amusans," and " Histoire de Madame de Pompadour." D. 1777. FAUST, or FUST, John, one of the three artists to whom the invention of printing has been ascribed, was the son of a goldsmith at Mentz. The other two were Gnttemburg and Schffittcr ; to the former of whom the invention of print- ing with wooden blocks is attributed; and to tlio latter, who married the daughter of P\iust, is allowed the lionor »f luiving invented punclics and mat- rices, by means of which this grand art was" carried to perfection. It has been pretended that, when Faust went to Paris to sell a second edition of his Bible of 1462, lie was arrested on the Bupposition that he eft'ected the printing of them by magic; but this story ap- pears to bo a mere fiction. There is reason to believe that he d. of the plague in 146G. — Dr. John, who lived m tlio beginning of the 16th contury, was b. at Knitllingen, in Suabia. After receiv- ing an education at Wittcmburg, he went to Ingoldstadt, where he studied medicine, astrology, and magic ; and occupied himselfin alchemical experi- ments. That he was a man of great scientific acquirements there is little doubt; iind, according to legendary tra- dition, he made use of his power in a manner calculated to inspire his coun- trymen with a firm belief that he Iiad fa'miliar dealings with the devil. The supernatural feats performed by him and liis servant, Mephistopheles, have been immortalized by the genius of Goethe. FAVART, Charles Simon, a dramatic poet, to whom the comic opera in France IS greatly indebted, was b. in 1710. D. 1792. FAVRAT, Francis Andrew, a Prus- sian general, so remarkable for liis strength, that he is said to have once lifted up a horse and its rider, and to have otten carried a cannon on his shoulder with as much apparent ease as a soldier carries his firelock. He was governor of Glatz, and wrote " Memoirs of the Historv of the War of the Polish Revolution from 1794 to 1796." FAWCETT, John, an eminent the- atrical performer, was the son of an actor of humble pretensions at Drury-lane, and was b. ni London, in 1769. At the age of 1.5 he was apprenticed to a linen- draper, but clandestinely left the shop for the Margate theatre, where, under the name of Foote, he made his first appearance. He afterwards joined Tate Wilkinson on the York circuit; and in 1791 made liis bow to a London audience, at Covent-gardcn, as Caleb, in " rle would be a Soldier." His dramatic reputation was at length fixed by his representation of Dr. Pangloss, Ollapod, Caleb Quotem, and Job Tliornberry. In 1798 he joined the Haymarket com- panv, and became acting manager, in 1800, of that theatre. In 1813 lie ap- peared at the English Opera, and in 1816 rejoined the Haymarket. He after- wards became manager of Coven t-gar- den theatre, which situation he held till his retieat from the stage in 1836. D. 1837. FAWKES, Francis, an English poet and divine, was b. in Yorkshire, about 1721. He published a volume of poems, and translations of Anacrcon, Sappho, Bion, Moschus, and Theocritus. His fel] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. 393 poetry, though not of first-ratc talent, is elegant and correct. D. 1777. jti"AY, Charles Framcis de Chternai Du, the soil of an otticcr of the French puards, was b. in 16'J8; and though he first embraced the military profession. Boon quitted it for tlic study of chemis- try and natural philosophy. He was a member of the Academy of Sciences, and distinguished himself by his re- searclies concerning the phosplioric light in the mercurial vacuum of the barometer, the magnet, and the nature of electricity, wliich he divided into two kinds, the vitreous and the resinous, answering to tlie positive and negative electricities of Franklin. I). 1739. FAY'DIT, A>fsELM, a troubadour of the 13th century, patronized by Richard C'oeur de Lion, whose praises he cele- brated in a funeral elegy. FAYETTE, Marie IVIadeleine de la Verge, countess of, a female of great literary attainments, wife to the Count de la Fayette, in the reign of Louis XIV. She was in habits of friendly intimacy with many of the most dis- tinguished men of letters ; and her romances of "Zaide" and " The Prin- cess of Cleves," afford ample testimony that the lame she acquired for delicacy of sentiment and graceful description was not exaggerated. Slie wrote also " Memoirs of the Court of France." D. FAZIO, Bartholomew, an historian and biographer of the 13th century, was by birtli a Genoese, and patronized by Alphonso, king of Naples, at whose instance he translated Arrian's " History of Alexander" into Latin; but his most important work is entitled " De Viris lllustribus," containing brief accounts of the most famous of his cotemporaries. FPjARNE, Charles, a writer on meta- £hysics and jurisprudence, was b. in lOndon, in 1749, and educated at West- minster school. He became a student at the Inner Temple, and attained a first- rate reputation as a chamber counsel and conveyancer. He was the author of "An Essav on Contingent Kemainders," &c. D. 1794. FEATLEY, Daniel, an eminent En- glish divine of the 17th century, was D. at Charlton Kings, Oxfordshire, in 1582. He was the author of "Clavis Mystica, a Key opening divers difficult Texts of Scripture," &c. ; and among Lis controversial tracts is one bearing the quaint title of " The Dipper dipt, or the Anabaptist plunged over Head and Ears, and shrunk in the Washing.' ' FEITII, Khtnvis, a modern Dutch poet, was b. at Zwolle 17.")3. IIu stud- ied law at Lcyden, and, returning to liis native city, was made burgomaster, and afterwards receiver at the admiralty col- lege; but he did not relinquish tlic art of poetry. lie wrote " Inez de Castro," and several other good tragedies; many poems, hymns, and odes, remarka!)lo for feeling and elevated sentiment ; and his "Grave" stands foremost among the best didactic poems in the language. D. 1822. ^ " FELIX I. succeeded Pope Dionysius in 269. He suffered deatli in 274, and was canonized. An epislle by liim against Sabcllius and Paulus Sam'osanc- tus is extant. — II., antipopc. He was placed in the papal eliair in S'),") l)y the einperor Constaus, during the exile of Liberius, on the return of whom he wa3 expelled. Constans would liave had the two popes reign together, but the people exclaimed, "One God, one Christ, and one bishop !" Felix was then ex- iled, and d. in 365. — III., succcedctl Siin- plicius in 483. He had a violent dis- pute with the emperor Zeno in behalf of the Western church, and d. in 492. — • IV., a native of Beneventum, ascended the chair after John I. in 1526. Ho governed the church with zeal and piety, and d. in 1530. FELL, John, a dissenting minister, was b. at Cockcrmouth, in Cumberland, in 1735, and bred a tailor. He wrote "An Essay on the Love of (Jnc's Coun- try," "Genuine Protestantism," "A Letter to Mr. Burke on the Penal Laws," " An Essay towanls an English Grammar," &c. D. 1797. — Dr. John, bisliop of Oxford, was b. at Longworth, in Berkshire, in 1625. At the restora- tion he was made canon and dean of Christ church, and lu years after lie had obtained the deanery he was raised to the see of Oxford. He was a learned prelate, and a liberal benefactor to his college, the magnificent tower of which, called the "Tom Gate," he built. Sev- eral valuable works from his pen are ex- tant; among others, a Latin translation of Wood's " History and Antiquities of Oxford," " In Laudcin Musices Carmen Sapphieum," a "Paraphrase on St. Paul's Epistles," &c. D. 16S6. FELLENBERG, Emanuel nn, who.se labors in the cause of education have earned for him immortal fame, was b. at Berne, in Switzerland, in 1771. His father was of patrician rank, and a member of the government of Berne j his mother, a great grand-daughter ot 394 CYCLOP/EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [feu the cclcbnitcd Dutch admiral V«r Tronip. After a somewhat dc^^ulto^.' education at home and under difl'erent masters, .voun^ De Felienbcrg repaired ♦.o the luiivcrsity of Tiibincren in 1790, to conii)letc his studies in civil law; but these lie soon abandoned for the more congenial pursuits of politics and phi- losophy. In order to acquaint himself with the moral state of his countryinen, he spent much of his time in travelling; through Switzerland, usually on foot, with ills knapsack on his back, residing in the villages and farm-houses, min- gling in the labors and occupations and partaking of the rude lodging and fare of the ])casants and mechanics, and often extending his journey to the adja- cent connlrips. Immediately after the fall of Kobespierre in 1795 he visited Paris. He purchased, in 1791), the es- tate called Ilofwyl, two leagues from Berne; and his life Ibrms, hencefor- ward, an iinpoi-tant page in the records of benevolent enterprise. But it would be impossible within our limits to give even an outline of tlie various schemes for the improvement and ditfusion of education that emanated from M. de Fellenberg during the long period of forty-five years that followed ; of the skill and tact with which lie defeated the combinations of interested and jeal- lous opponents ; and the success which \iltimatelv crowned his hibors. D. Nov. 21st, 1844. FELLEK, Francis Xavier, b. at Brus- sels in 17;3") ; author of an "Historical Dictionary," "Remarks on the Newto- nian Philosophy," &e. D. at Ratisbon, 1802. — Joachim, a German poet, was b. at Zwickaw in 1638; chosen profes- sor of poetry at Leipsie in 1661 ; and became lilirarian to that university in 1676. His compositions were chiefly in Latin. His death, which happened in 1691, was occasioned by his falling from a window, in a fit of somnambu- lism. — Joachim Frederic, sou of the foregoing, was secretary to the grand- duke of Weimar, a situation he filled during 20 years. He wrote a valuable work, entitled '' Monumenta varia Ine- dita," and some others. D. 1726. FELLOWES, Robert, a writer chiefly on relii^ious and political subjects, was b. in Norfolk, 1770. He was educated at St. Mary hall, Oxford, where he at- tained the degree of M. A. in 18''1, and was ordained in 179">; but he gradually relinquished the doctrines of the church of England, and at length adopted the Opinions maintained in the work which he published in 1836, under the title ol " Tlio Religion of the Universe." Ho was the intimate friend of Dr. I'arr and the Baron Mascres ; the former present- ed liim to Queen Caroline, whose cause he espoused witli great zeal ; and the latter left him nearly £200,000, which enabled him at once to gratify his own tastes for literature, and to benefit his fellow-creatures. He entered with much spirit into the project of establishirg a university in London, supporting it both by his counsel and his purse. D. 1847. 'FELTHAM, Owen, was b. about tlio middle of the 17tli century in Suffolk. Little more is known of him than that he resided many years in the family of the Earl of Tiiomond, during which pe- riod he published a work of great merit, entitled "Resolves, Divine, Political, and Moral," which went through 12 editions before the year 1709. D. about 1678. FEND ALL, Josias, governor of Mary- land, who exercised also the powers of eliief justice, received his appointment from the commissioners of parliament in 1658. He had previously been ap pointed governor by the proprietors, but rendered himself unworthy of tlieir confidence by his intrigues, which caused great confusion in the province. In June, 1660, he was succeeded by- Philip Calvert. Twenty years after he was fined forty thousand pounds of to- bacco, and banished from the province for his seditious practices. FENELON, Francis de Salignac de LA MoTTE, arclibisiiop of Cambray, was b. 1651, at the ciiatcau Fenelon, in Peri- gord of a family illustrious in church and state. He studied at Cahors and Paris, where he made such astonishing progress in the most difficult studies, that, in his 15th year, he preached with great applause. At tlie age of 24, Fene- lon took holy orders, and commenced his regular ministerial functions in the parish of St. Sulpice. He was after- wards appointed chief of a mission for the conversion of heretics in Saintonge and Aunis; and on his return he be- came known to the pnbl'c as a writer, by a work, "Surle Ministere des Pas- teurs," and a treatise, " De TEducation des Fillcs." In 1689, Louis XIV. in- trusted to him the education of hia grandsons, the dukes of Burgundy, An- jou, and Berri. In 1694, Fenelon was created archbishop of Cambray; sooa after which, a theological dispute with Bossuet, his former instructor, respect- ing the devotional mj-sticism of the cele- Feb] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 395 bratcd Madame Gnyot , who«c opinions Feueloii favored, toimmatcd in his con- demnation by Pope Innocent XII., and his banishment to his diocese by Louis XIV. lie wrote many excellent works; among the chief of which may be reck- oned liis '' DialoLjiics of the Dead," "Dialogucti on Eloquence, " "Letters on ditferent Keligious and Metaphysical Subjects," &c. But ills most celebrated production, and tiie one which for ages will survive, is his " Adventures of Telcmaehus," in which he endeavored to exhibit a model for the education of a prince ; and more pure and elevated tnaxims were never woven into a tale either of truth or fiction. His death was accelerated by the overturning of his carriage, wliich brought on a fever, and the amiable and virtuous prelate expired in Jan. 1715. FENTON, Elijah, a poet of consid- erable talent, was b. in 16^3, at Shelton, near Newcastle, in Staffordshire. Hav- ing received a elassicid education, the earl of Orrery, in 1710, made him his private secretary, and placed his eldest pon under his care. He afterwards lived with Lady Trumbull, as tutor to her son. lie became acquainted with most of the wits of the age, and assisted Pope in his translation of the " (Jdyssey."' Besides this, he published " Marianne," a tragedy, and tlie lives of Milton and Waller. D. 1730. — Sir Geokfrey, an English writer, was b. in Nottingham- Bhire, and d. at Dublin, 1608. He trans- lated Gulcciardini's "History of the Wars of Italy." FERAUD, John Fkancis, a French grammarian, and a professor of rhetoric and philosophy at Besanc^'on, was b. 1725. He wi-ote a "Grammatical Dic- tionarv of the French Language," and a "Critical Dictionary." D. 1807. FEKBER, John James, a Swedish mineralogist of note, was b. at Carlscro- na, in 174:3, and d. in Switzerland, while on a scientific tour, in 1790. He wrote " Letters from Italy," which are much jsteemed. FERDINAND V., king of Aragon, surnamed the Catholic, on account of the expulsion of tlio Moors from Spain, was the son of John II. of Aragon, and b. in 1453. By his marriage with Isa- bella, (jvieen jf Castile, he founded the union of the ditferent Spanish king- doms : overcame Alphonso, king of Portugal, at the battle of Toro, in 1476; .otally aibjugated the Moorish power in Spain, which had for so many centuries baffled aU the etforts of his aucesiors ; and brought under his rule a large pro- portion of the Neapolitan dominions. But the most extraordinary feature in liis reign is the discovery of America by Cohunbus, which opened to him and his successors the sovereignty of a new hemisphere. D. 1516. — I., clnpcror of Germany, succeeded his brother, Charles v., in 1558, at which time Ferdinand wa.s kingofthe Romans, andof Hungary and Boiiemia.— II., was tlie son of tiic arch- duke of Styria; elected king of lioliemia in 1617, and of Hungary in 1611. Soon afterwards he succeeded Mathias as em- peror. D. 1637.— III., surnamed Ernest, was the son of the preceding, and b. in 1608 ; made king of Hungary in 1625, of Bohemia in 1627, and succeeded his fiither in 1637. D. 1657.— Ok Coiidova, a learned scholar and accomplished cavalier of the loth century, whoso at- tainments in every art and science tha*. can adorn the mind, or add a dignity to manhood, have been handed down for the admiration of posterity.— I., king of the Two Sicilies, was p. in 1751, and succeeded his father, Cliarlcs III., on the throne of Naples, in 1759, on tho accession of the latter to that of Spain. D. 1825. — VII., king of Spain and tho Indies, son of Charles IV. and Maria Louisa of Parma, was b. at St. Udefon- so, in 1784. In 1816 Ferdinand married Theresa, a princess of Portugal, for his second wife; in 1819, Maria-Joseph*. Amelia, a princess of Saxonv, for his third. She died in 1828, and 'in 1829 h3 married Maria Christina, the daughter of Francis I., king of Naples, mother of the present queen of Spain. D. 1833. FERD.USI, or FERDOUSI, a celebra- ted Persian poet, whose talents having attracted the notice of MalHn()ud, the reigning sultan, he gave him a distin- guished reception at his court, and em- ployed hiin to write a metrical history of the Persian sovereigns. This work, which is called the " Schahnameh," con- tains 60,000 stanzas, and occupied him 30 years, during which long period the enemies of Ferdusi succeeded in preju- dicing Mahmoud against him. Instead of being rewarded, according to promise, with 60,000 pieces of gold, the_ same number of the smallest silver coin was sent to him, wiiich tiie poet imligiiantly distributed amon? the menials, wrote a severe satire on the sultan, and fled to Bagdad. B. 916; d. 1020. FERGUSON, Adam, an eminent his- torian and moral philosopher, was b. 1724, at Logierait, Perthshire. He was educated at Perth, St. A'ldrew'a, and 396 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGUAPIIT. b Edinburgh ; wna ch.iplnin to the 4'2d regiment, in Flanders, till the peace of Aix-hi-Chapelle ; and, on liis return to Edinburgh, was cliosen professor of natural philosophy, wliich elmir lie sub- Fcqiiontfy resigned for that of moral philosopliy. In 1767 appeared his " Es- say on Civil Society," which procured him tlic degree of LL. D. In 1773 he accompanied the carl of Chesterfield on his travels; and in 1776, having replied to Ur. Price on civil liberty, he was ap- pointed to the secretaryship of a recon- ciliatory mission sent out to America in 1778. On his return he resumed his professorial duties, and composed his " History of the Konian Kepublic." Several years after this appeared his " Treatise on Moral and Political Sci- ence," and "Institutes of Moral Phi- losophy. D. 1816. — James, an experi- mental pliilosopher, astronomer, and mechanist, was the son of a laborer, and b. in 1710, at Keith, in Banttsliire, Scot- land. His extraordinary genius quickly displayed itself, as he learned to read in infancy by hearing his father teach one of his brothers ; and when only eight years of age, lie constructed a wooden clock. AVlieu old enough to work, he was phieed out as a servant to a farmer, who employed him in keeping sheep, in which situation he acquired a sur- prising knowledge of the stars, and his abilities being discovered by some neigliboring gentlemen, one of them took him to his house, where he learned decimal arithmetic and the rudiments of algebra and geometry. From a de- scription of the globes in Gordon's grammar, he made one in three weeks sufficiently accurate to enable him to work problems ; and, having a taste for drawing, began to draw portraits with India ink, by which he supported him- self creditably some years. In 1743 he went to London, where he published some astronomical tables and calcula- tions, and gave lectures in experimental philosophy, which he repeated with success throughout the kingdom. In 1754 he published a brief description of the solar system, with an astronomi- cal account of the year of our Saviour's crucifixion ; also an idea of the material universe, deduced from a survey of the Bolar system. But his greatest work is his " Astronomy explained upon Sir Isaac Newton's Principles, and made easy to those who have not studied Mathematics." On the accession of Georjze III. he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. He published nu- merous works on astrononiy, mechan- ics, drawing, electricity, &c. 1). 1776. FKKGUSSON, Koiseut, a poet, was b. at Edinburgh, 17')0. He was educated for the ministry, but a love of poetry and dissipation disqualified him for that profession, and he obtained a place in the shcritf-clerk's office at Edinburgh. His conversational powers renderef his company highly attractive, and the ex- cesses into which he was led arc said to have impaired his naturally feeble con- stitution, and rendered him an innuito of the Edinburgh lunatic asylum, where he d. in 1774. His poems, written in the Scottisli dialect, have considerable merit ; but those in English are often below mediocrity. FEIilSHTA, Mohammed Casem, an Indian historian, who flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries, was b. at Ahmedagur, in the Deccan. He was liberally patronized by the sovereign of Visapour, under whose auspices he pub- lished hia "History of India under the Mussulmans," a work of acknowledged merit for impartiality and truth. FERMAT, Peter de, an eminent mathematician, civilian, and poet, was b. at Toulouse, in 1590. He was a good scholar, and wrote poetry in the Latin^ French, and Spanish languages. His prose works were collected and pub- lished under the title of " Opera Varia Mathematica." D. 1664. FERNANDEZ, Juan, a Spanish pilot and navigator, who, in 1572, discovered the island which bears his name. FERNANDEZ XIMENES DE NA- VARKTTE, John, a celebrated Spanish painter, and a pupil of Titian, was b. at Logrono, in 1576, and surnamed El Mudo, in consequence of being deaf and dumb. He was appointed painter to Philip II., and d. in 1579. FKRRACINO, Bartholomew, a self- taught genius of Padua. He was b. in 1695, and bred a sawyer. His first in- vention was a saw worked by the wind. He made curious clocks and hydraulic engines, but his greatest work is the bridge over the Brenta, which is re- markable for the boldness of the design and its firmness. D. 1764. FERRARI, the name of a Milanese family, many of whose members, du- ring the 10th and 17tli centuries, were distinguislied by their scholastic attain- ments. — Octavian, b. 1518, professor of politics and ethics successively at Milan and Padua, translated the works of Athenteus into Latin, and wrote two treatises on the works of Aristotle, &c FEs] CYCLOPi«:DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 397 D. 1586. — Francisco Bernardino, b. in 1577, w;is a doctor oC the Ainbrosian col- [aga of Milan, and celebrated throiiif bout Europe tor liis intimate aequaintaiice with books and literature in general. His collection of rare books formed the foundation of tlie celebrated Ambrosian library ; and his own writinirs, several of which arc yet extant, di&play great erudition. D. UJii'j. — Uctavio, b. 1607, was professor of rhetoric and historiog- rapher at Milan. He afterwards settled at I'aduu, where tlie fame of his learning brought iiim numerous scholars, and the patrciage of crowned heads. Among tlies'j were Christina of Sweden and Lou's XIV., from the latter of whom lie enjoyed a pension of 500 crowns. Dis- tinguished as he was by his great tal- ents, he was not less remarkable for suavity of manners and disposition, universally acquiring thereby the appel- lation of racitic.it or. He followed Scalij^er in an able work entitled "Uridines Lin- guae Italieae," and wrote various treatises on ancient manners, customs, &e. D. 1682. — Gaudenzio, an eminent painter, was b. at Valdugia, in 1484, and assisted Katfaelle in ornamenting the Vatican. D. 1550. — Giovanni Andrea, celebrated as well for his paintings of fruit and flowers as for his landscapes and his- torical pieces, was b. at Genoa, 1599, and d. in 1669.— -LoTLS, an Italian mathema- tician, was b. 1552, at Bologna, where he became professor. He was a pupil of Cardan, and the discoverer of the method of resolving biquadratic equa- tions. FERRARIS, Joseph, count de, an Austrian general, distinguished as a geographer and skilfed engineer. He was b. at Luneville, in 1726 ; entered the army in 1741, and in 1776 was ap- pointed director-general of artillery for the Netherlands, at which time he un- dertook and completed the 25 sheet map of that country, which bears his name. He served against the French in the campaign of 1793 ; afterwards became vice-president of the aulic coun- cil of war at Vienna : was made a field- marshal in 1808; d. 1814. FERRARS, George, a lawyer and fioct, was b. in 1512, near St. Alban's. le was in great esteem with Henry Vni., who gave him a large grant of lands in Hertfordshire. He wrote some pieces inserted in the " Mirror for Ma- gistrates," publisiied in 1559; and the '' History of Queen Mary," in Grafton's "Chronicle." D. 1579. FEKREIRA, Antonio, a poet ranked by the Portuguese as one of their classio authors, was b. at l^isbon, 15-jy. Ho carried to perfection the elegiac and epistolary style, and his "Ines dc Cas- tro" is the second regular traijedy tiint appeared after the revival of letters ia Euro[)e. D. 1560. FEKRERAS, John de, a learned Spanish historian and ecclesiastic, wiw b. at Labaneza, 1652, of a poor but noblo family, and completed his studies at Salamanca. He wrote several works in philosophy, theology, and history, the most considerable of which is his '' His- tory of Spain," in 10 vols. 4to. He also assisted in the compilation of the great "Spanish Dictionary." D. 1735. FERRETl, orFEliRETO, an historian and poet of Vicenza, was b. about 1296, and contributed greatly to the restora- tion of polite literature in Italy. FERKIAR, John, a physician . FIELDING, IlKNiir, an English nov- elist and a political writer, pre-eminently distinguished for genuine humor and a knowledge of the world, was the son of Lieutenant-general Fielding, of Sharp- ham park, Somerset, where Henry was b. April 22, 1707. He was first sent to Eton, whence he removed to Leyden ; but the straitened circumstances of his father shortened his academical studies, which, added to a love of gayety and dissipation, led hi in to turn his attention to the stage. His first piece, which came out in 1727, was entitled " Love in several Masks," and its success in- duced him to persevere. Some of his dramatic efforts were, however, failures; though neither wit, humor, nor spright- liuess is generally wanting in tliein. In his 2rtli year he married Miss Craddock, a lady of some fortune ; and, at tlie same time, by the death of his motlier, be- came possessed of a small estate in Dor- setshire. Unfortunately, instead of hus- banding these resources, he immediately set up for a country gentleman, on a scale which, in three years, reduced hini to greater indigence than ever, with a young family to support. He then, for the first time, dedicated himself to the bar as a profession, and, for immediate subsistence, employed his pen on vari- ous miscellaneous subjects, " The His- tory of Jonathan Wild" being among the early fruits of his literary industry. In 1742 appeared his first novel, ".Jo- seph Andrcivs," in which the Cervanlic style of humor is admirably imitated. It immediately received the attention to which it was entitled ; but success as a novel writer was not very likely to ad- vance his practice at the bar ; nor was the emolument attached to it sutficient for a manner of life never sufficiently •egulated by the rules of prudence. He Was further impeded in his profession by repeated attacks of the gout ; added to which, his domestic aSiiction was greatly increased by the death of liia wife. Neither disease nor grief, how- ever, paralyzed the efforts of his pen. In rapid succession he brought forth four periodical i)apers, called "The Champion," "The True Patriot," " Tho Jacobite .Journal," and "The Coveiit- Garden Journal," " Essays on Conver- sation, and on the Knowledge and Characters of Men," "-A Journey frota this World to the Next." and the novels of "Tom .Jones" and \nielia." Du- ring the rebellion of 1715, lie lent tho assistance of his literary talents l received the honor of kniyjlit- liood. He published some tracts on tho penal code, and a miscellaneous collec- tion, entitled "The Universal Mentor." I). 1780. — Sarah, the third sister of Henry, was b. in 1714, lived unmarried, and d. at Bath, 1703. She was a woman of talent, and wrote several novels, &c., of which "David Simple" is the princi- pal. She also translated from the Greek, "Xenophon's Memoirs of Socrates." FIESCO, John Louis, count of La- vagna, a Genoese of an illustrious fam- ily, was at the head of the conspiracy which was formed against the celebrated Andrew Doria and his nephew. On the evening of the 1st of January, l-'i-i-?, Ficsco, who had prepared a galley under pretence of a cruise against the corsair?, waited upon Doria to request permis- sion to depart from tin? harbor early in the morning. Having succeeded in lull- ing his intended victims into a false security, he sallied forth in the night at the lie'ad of 500 men ; and dispatching parties to take possession of different posts, himself proceeded to the dock where the galleys lay ; but in passing on a plank from one galley to another, he fell into the water, and, owinsr to the weight of his armor, was unable to rise asjain. His confetlerales failed in their attempt on Andrew Doria, though Gi- 400 O'CLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY, [fin nnnctino, liis ncpl cw, fell beneath their swords ; and the liiniily of Fieseo were made to pay the penalty of his ambition by ruin unA proscription. FIESOLE (so culled from the monas- tery to which he belonged) was one of the most celebrated restorers of painting in Italv. His family name was Santi Tosini." B. 1537; d. 1584. riGUEKOA, Bartholomew Carasco- SA i)E, a Spanish poet, was a native of Lotri'ono, and studied at the university of .Salamanca. B. 1510; d. 1570. FILANGIEKI, Gaetano, a celebrated writer on political economy and Ipsrisla- tion, was b. at Naples, 1752. lie was at first intended for the army, but being of studious habits, he was allowed to pratify his inclination for a literary life. His great work, entitled "The Science of Legislation,'" notwithstanding it was never completed according to his origi- nal design, attracted great attention, from its bold and original views, and the liberality of its sentiments, and places him in the rank of a first-rate writer upon one of the most difficult and important subjects that can engage the mind of man. In 1787 he was made a member of the supreme council of fi- nance. D. 1783. FILICAIJA, ViNCENZO DA, an eminent Italian poet, was b. at Florence, in 1642, and studied at Pisa. His "Canzoni," commemorating the deliverance of Vi- enna by .John Sobieski, fully established his poetical fame, and obtained for him from the duke of Tuscany the title of senator, while more solid rewards await- ed him in being appointed governor, first of Voltcrra, and afterwards of Pisa. D. 1707. FILMER, Sir Robert, an English writer, was b. in Kent, and educated at Trinity college, Cambridge. lie wrote "The Anarcliy of a limited and mixed Monarchy," " Patriarcha," in whicn ne contends that crovernment was m(jnarch- ical in the patriarchal ages; and "The Freeholder's Grand Inquest." He was a man of talent, but a more bigoted champion of absolute monarchy has sel- dom appeared ; and it was to refute the doctrines of Filmer that Locke wrote his "Treatises on Government." D. 1747. FINCM, Heneaoe, first earl of Not- tingham, was the son of Sir Ileneage Finch, recorder of London. He was b. 1621. Charles II. made him solicitor- g:eneral, and created him a baronet. He was returned to parliament for the uni- ver.sity of Oxford, in 1661. In 1670 he was appointed attorney-general, and soon after lord-keopcr, with the rank of a peer. In 1675 he was made lord chancellor, and in 1681 created earl of Nottingham. His powers as an orator were highly rated ; and Dryden has lianded down his portrait to posterity in nis poem of " Absalom and Achito- phel," under the character of Amri. D, 1682. — Da>-iel, eldest son of the pn>- ceding, was b. 1647. In 1680 he was appointed first lord of the admiralty, and in 1692 succeeded his father as the earl of Nottingham. On the v"cath of Ciucen Anne, he was one of the lords justices for the administration of affinrs. and soon after was made president ot the council ; but in 1716 he was dismiss- ed, on account of a speech which ho made in behalf of the Scottish lords con- demned for high treason. He devoted his i-emaining years to the enjoyment of retirement and literary leisure, the fruits of which appeared in an eloquent reply to Whiston, on the subject of the Trinity. D. 1730. — Robert, an ingeni- ous antiquary, was b. in London, 1783. He travelled through the south of Ha- rope and Palestine, and died at Rome, 1830; bequeathing to the Ashmolean museum, at Oxford, his valuable library, medals, coins, pictures, and antique ca- riosities. FINGAL, celebrated in the poems of Ossian his son; was prince of Morven, a province of ancient Caledonia, and was b. about the year 2>i2. He constantly struggled with the Romans, who at that time ruled in England; and frequently made expeditions to Sweden, the Orkney Islands, and Ireland. Fingal's charac- ter, as sketched by Ossian, is that of a noble hero, the father of his people. FINIGUERRA, Tommaso, a celebrated sculptor and goldsmith, tcr whom is ascribed the invention of copperplate printing. He lived at Florence, about the middle of the fifteenth century, and practised the art called niello, which consisted in enchasing dark metallic substances into cavities worked on gold or silver, and fixing them by fusion. D. 1475. FINLAY, Joii:j, a modern Scotch poet, was b. at Glasgow, in 1782. Ho was the author of " Wallace of Ellerslie," a " Life of Cervantes," and the edition of " A Collection of Scottish Ballads, historical and romantic." D. 1810. FINLEY, "Samuel, president of the college of New .Jersey, was a native of Ireland, and came to America 1734. Having been licensed to preach, he was ordained by the presbytery of New FIT J CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHy. 401 Brunswick, 1740. The first part of his mini'rland, was b. in London, in the rei,ing prodigies of valor, he was killed at tlie battle of Kavenna, in 1512. — Louis ue, a French architect iu the employ of Philip II. of Spain, who was engaged in the erection of the Ea- curial, near Madrid. On his return to France he constructed the canal of tho Adour, and built the tower of Cordouan. — Pall de, archbishop of Toulouse, was b. in 1528, and distinguished himself as much for his diplomatic abilities as for his virtuous ancl tolerant conduct as a clmrchman. He was employed on em- bassies in Englaiul, Scotland, Venice, and Rome. D] 1584. FOLCZ, John, a barber of Nnrem- bevg, b. at Uhn, in the 15th century, was a celebrated German poet, belong- ing to the class called Mastersingers, a class wliich sprung np in Germany in the 14tli century, after th" extinction of tlie Minnesingers, orSuaiian bards. FOLENGO, Theoi'iiilus, an Italian burlesque poet, who wrote under the name of Merlin Coccaie, was b. near Mantua, in 1491 ; became a monk of tho Benedictine order, which he quilted for several years, and wrote Macaronic verses. D. 1554. , FOLKES, Martin, an English philos- opher and antiquary, was b. at West- minster in 1G90. At the age of 23 he was chosen a fellow of the Royal So- ciety, and in 1741 he succeeded Sir Hans Sloane as president of that learned body, and was elected a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris. Mr. Folkcs wrote, besides a number of pa- pers in the "Philosophical Transac- tions," a " Table of English Silver Coins, from the Norman Conquest to the Present Time." D. 1754. FOLLEN, Charles, late professor of the German language and literature in Harvard college, was b. at Ronn-od, in Hesse-Darmstadt, in 1796. After tho assassination of Kotzebue, by Sand, lie was wrongly suspected of being con- cerned in tlie deed, and driven from Germany. He took refuge at Basle, in Switzerland, where he was made pro- fessor of civil law, but the despotism of Prussia reached him there, and he fled to the United States. In 1830 he was made professor at Cambridge, and not long after qualified himself for the cleri- cal ^profession, and was employed in several places in Massacliusetts and New York. He was lost in the burning of the steamboat Lexington, in Long Island Sound, in 1340. "He was a man of the noblest character and fine attain- ments. His principal writing's, consist- ing of "Lectures on Schiller," hayo been collected and published by bis widow. 40G CYCLOPyEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. FOLLETT, Sir William Webb, an eniiueiit hiwycr, was b. at Topsluun, Devon, in 17i)S. In 1818 he became a member of the Ini.er Temple, and com- menccil praetice at- a special pleader in 1823. On Sir Robert Peers accession to place as i>rime minister, in 1834, he was npi)ointed solieitor-areneral ; but upon Sir Albert's resignation in lS3."i, he also qnitt.id office, and was kniles, in 17GS. She cultiva- ted the study of botany, &c., with success, and assisted Spallanzimi in his f)hilosophical investigations. She warm- y espoused the cause of the French revolution, and when the French in- vaded Italy, she engaged in intrigues against that court, though less perhaps from princijile than from her having formerly been dismissed from her situa- tion of attendant on the queen. During the triumph of the republican party she was in the zenith of her fame, and edited a j-vaper called "The Neapolitan Monitor;" but the royal cause again succeeding, slie was ultimately arrested ai.d handed, in 1790. FONTAINE, .John de la, the inimi- table fabulist, wasb. in 1621, at Chateau Tiiierry, where his father was overseer of the forests. His taste for poetry was first aroused by hearing one of Mal- lierbe's odes recited ; but to the patron- age of the ducliess of Bouillon, who invited h'un to I'aris, and encouraged him to write his Tales, he owed much of Ihe distinction in literature he afterwards acquired. For 35 years he lived in Paris, residin- 410 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [kou lished liis fame. Having cnIi^*tcd in the first Italiiin Icfrioii that'was f'oniied, he Wiis shut up ill (4eiioadurinir the famous sicLTc of IT'.t'.i, witli Gpneral Masseua, and while tlici'c he composed two of his finest oilcs. lie remained in the Italian army till 1805, when he was sent to Calais with the troops professedly des- tined for tii'j invasion of England ; but lie soon after quitted tlie service. He was appointed yvofessor of literature at Paviii, in 1800 fwhen the bold language cf his introductory lecture is said to have oflenilcd Bonaparte, and the pro- fessorship was immediately suppressed. In 1812 he produced his tragedy of "Ajax," which was represented at the theatre Delia Scala, at Milan; but it being supposed to convey a satire on the character of Bonaparte, lie found it necessary to withdraw to Florence. lie is said to have subsequently engaged in a conspiracy to expel the Austrians from Italy ; but a discovery taking place, he was obliged to decamp, first to Switzerland, from whence he shortly after removed to England, where he ■was well received by the most eminent literati, and noticed by people of dis- tinction. Besides publisliimr his " Es- says on Petrarch," " Disputations and Notes on Dante,'' &c., he contributed to tlie Eiinburifh, Quarterly, and other reviews. D. 1827. FOSSE, CiiAKLES DE i>A, an eminent painter, was h. at Paris, in 1C40. lie became successively professor, director, and e'lancellor of the academy of paint- ing, and d. in 1716. — Anthony nE la, sieur d'Aubigny, nephew of the prece- ding, was b. at Paris, in 1653. He was secretary to the duke d'Anmont, but he devoted considerable time to literary pnrsuits, and wrote several successful traizedies, of which the best is entitled "Manlius Capitolinus."' D. 1708. FOSTER, James, an eminent dissent- ing minister of the sect called Indepen- dents, was b. at Exeter, in 1607, and commenced preaching there in 1718. He afterwards removed to Trowbridge, in Wiltsliire, where he turned Baptist; and in 1724 was chosen successor to Dr. John (iale, of the chapel in Barbican, London, where he acted as a pastor nearly 20 years, and also as a lecturer at a mcetinir-house in the Old Jewry, lie was so eloquent a preacher that crowds flocked to hear him, and Pope has made honorable mention of him in his satires. lie wrote a " Defence of Revelation," in reply to Tindal ; " Tracts on Heresy," " Discourses ou Natural Religion and Social Virtue," &c. D. 1753.— John, one of the most able writers and oricriu- nl thinkers of modern times, was b. in Yorksliire, 1770. At an early age he entered the Baptist college at Bristol, and on the completion of liis theologieal studies, was successively settled as a preacher at various places, the last of which was Downend, near Bristol ; but he afterwards relinquished his pastoral duties, and the last 20 years of his lifo were cliiefly devoted to literary pursuits. He was a frequent contributor to the " Eclectic Review," (some of his article i have been collected and published sep arately,) but his chief reputation is founded on his " Essays," which have gone through numerous editions, and whose popularitv seems to increase with the lapse of tiine. D. 1843.— Sir Mi- chael, an eminent lawyer, was b. a'' Marlborough, in Wiltshire. In 1735 he was chosen recorder of Bristol ; and, in 1745, appointed one of the justices of the King's Bench, on wliieli occasion he received the honor of knighthood. He published a tract against Bislion Gib- son's "Godex on Church Power,'* and a " Report of tlie Trials of tlie Rebels, in the year 1746." He was an independeuti and fearless assertor of the liberty of the subject. F(JTHERGILL, George, an eminent divine, was b. in Westmoreland, in 1705, and educated at Kendal school, from whence he removed to Queen's college, Oxford, wliere he became fellow and tutor. In 1751 he was elected principal of Edmund hall, and presented to tlie vicarage of Bramley, in Hampshire. H-^ wrote two volumes of sermons, whicl were highly esteemed. D. 1760. FOUCHE, Joseph, duke of Otranto, was the son of a captain of a merchar sliip, and b. at Nantes, in 1763. It was intended he should follow the same pro- fession as his father, but he adopted that of the law, and the events of the revo- lution soon brought him into notice. He headed a popular society at Nantes, by which he was sent, in 1702, as thair deputy to the national convention ; and on the trial of Louis XVI., he voted for his death. In 1703 he was sent to Lyons with Collot d'Herbois, and the cruelties he there committed are recorded in his own letters and reports. Returning to Paris, he joined in the destruction of Robespierre. Circumstances at length ]ilaced him at the head of the Parisian police, in which office he was a useful instrument in the hands of Bonaparte. To the superiiitendence c f police Bonar FOU] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 411 parte aclclcd the manacremcnt of tlic interior, und in 18(5 lie imidc him dul^c of Otraiito. lie then opened liis draw- ing-room to the ancient nobility, many of vvliom he employed as sjiies ; but the emperor grew susspieious of this minis- ter, and after his second marriacre lie resolved on dismissing him, for which an opportunity soon offered. He was then sent into a sort of honorable exile, with the empty title of crovornor of Rome. In 1814 he returned to France, and was well received by the restored gfoveriunent. AVlien Napoleon reap- peared in France, Fonche was suddenly called to the ministrv, and filled his post with skill. After the battle of Waterloo lie was appointed president of the pro- visional },fovernmeiit, when ho appeared. as negotiator between the emperor and the allied powers ; and seeing the use- Ii3ssness of Paris offering a defence, he acted honorably in advising Napoleon to abdicate. Louis XVIIT. continued Otranto as one of his ministers, until, by the law of the 6th of January, 1816, he was obliged to quit France. D. 1820. FOULIS, Robert and Andrew, two eminent printers in Glasgrow, distin- guished for the beauty and accuracy of their books, particularly the Latin and Greek classics. Andrew d. 1774, and Robert, 1776. FOUQUIER TTNVILLE, Antho.vy QuENTix, was b. 1747. As director of Robespierre's revolutionary tribunal in 1793, lie boasted of pronouncing only one word — "Death." It was he that accused Marie Antoinette of incest with the dauphin ; to which infamous accusa- tion she replied, " I appeal to all mo- thers whether the charge is possible." He called the guillotine the coining ma- chine of the revolution ; but was guillo- tined himself in 179'). FOUQUIERES, James, a Flemish painter, was b. at Antwerp in loSO. lie was the disciple of Velvet Breughel, and became so excellent in painting landscapes, as to be ranked with Titian. D. 16:)9. FOUKCROY, Antoine FRA>fcoi9 de, en eminent French chemist and natural philosopher, was b. at Paris, in_ 1755 ; and having adopted the profession of medicine, he applied himself closely to the study of the sciences connected with it, especially to chemistry. In 1784 he was appointed professor of chemistry at the Jardin du Roi ; and about this period he became associated with Lavoisier, BerthoUct, &e., in re- learchcs which led to vast improve- ments and discoveries in chemistry, and, in conjunction with them, he drew up the new " Mcthode de Nomenclature Chimique." When the revolution took place, lie engaged in politics, and wu3 chosen a deputy from Paris to the na- tional convention. In 1794 he became a member of the committee of public safety, and, next year, passed into the council of ancients. In 1799, Bonaparte gave him a place in the council of state, when he was intrusted with the manage- ment of all affairs relating to public in- struction, and acquitted himself in a manner highly meritorious. He was the autiior of many valuable works on chemical science and natural philosophy. D. 1S09. FOURIER, Francois Charles Marie, was b. at Besan^on on the 7th April, 1772. He was the son of a linen-draper, was educated at the college of his native city, and was an industrious and suc- cessful student. It was his wish to de- vote himself entirely to scientific pur- suits, but his family had determined that he should follow some mercantile occupation. Tiiis disappointment im bittered his naturally irritable temper and laid the foundation of that detest ation for commerce and its customs which he ever afterwards entertained. When Fourier was in his ninth year his father died, leaving him about four thou- sand pounds. At the age of eighteen he went to Rouen, where ho remained two years in the shop of a linen-draper. From Rouen he removed to Lyons to occupy a situation in a mercluint's office. He set up in 1793 as a merchant in Ly- ons on his own account with the money which his father had left liiin. In 1796 the political events in which Lyons wa? involved ruined him. The same year he was obliged by the mandate of the government to join a cavalry regiment. His health failing, he obtained permis- sion in 1798 to leave the army, when he entered as clerk into a large commercial house at Marseilles. In 1800 he spent some months at Paris, through which on his way to Rouen he had formerly passed. From 18o0 to 1814 he seema chiefly to have resided at Lyons, though as a commercial traveller he visited du- rina: that time Germany and other coun- tries. About the year 1800 he com- menced publishing articles in newspa- pers. In 1808 appeared Fourier's " Tlido- rie des Quatre Mouvemeiis," intended as a confession of faith and also as an introduction to the series of works which he proposed afterwards to pub- 412 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. Ffox lish. In the autumn of 1814 he went to reside with a married sister who lived at Belley, not far from Lyons. About this time lie was fortunate to make one convert, M. Just Muiron. In 1822 he went to I'aris, and endeavored to at- tract tlie notice of the press to liis "Tlieory of the Four Movements," and also his "Traitc de I'Unite Uuiversclle," but failed. J). 1842. FOX, Geouoe, founder of the society of Friends, or Quakers, was b. at Dray- ton, Leicestershire, in 1624, and appren- ticed to a crazier. At the age of 19 he persuaded himself tiiat he had received a divine connnand to devote himself solely to religion. He accordingly for- sook his relations, and wandered from place to place, leading a life of itineran- cy, in which he fasted much, walked abroad in retired places, studying the Bible, and sometimes sat in a hollow tree for a day together. In 1648 he bejan to propasxate his opinions, and eommeneed public preacher. At Derby, his followers were first denominated Quakers, in consequence of their tremu- lous manner of delivery. lie was taken up in 1635, and sent a prisoner to Cromwell, who, being satisfied with his pacific intentions, set him at liberty. In fact, he was more than once indebted to the Protector for his freedom, when committed to prison by the country magistracy for his frequent interruption of ministers while performing divine service. In 1666 he was liberated from prison by order of Charles II., and im- mediately commenced the task of form- ing his followers into a formal and united society. In 1669 he married the widow of Judge Fell, and soon after came over to America, for the express purpose of making proselytes. On his return he was again thrown into prison, but was soon released, and went to Hol- land. Keturning to England, and refu- sing to pay tithes, he was cast in a suit for the recovery of them, and again visited the Continent. His health had now become impaired by the incessant toil and suffering he had endured, and he again revisited his native land, living in a retired manner till his death, in 1690. He was sincere in his religious opinions, and a rigid observer of the great moral duties. His writinirs consist of his " .Journals," " Epistles," and " Doctrinal Pieces." — Henry, the first Lord Holland, an eminent statesman, was b. in 1705. After fillinjj lower otfl- ;es in the state, he was in 1746 appoint- zA secretary at war ; retired in 1756, to make way for Mr. Pitt, after .vards carl of Chatham, but returned to othcc tha following year as paymaster of the forces ; and in this situation his public conduct has been much animadverted upon. In 1763 lie was created Baroa Holland of Foxley, and d. 1774. — ChjVrles James, the second son of the preceding, was b. Jan. 13th, 1748; and received his education at Westminster, Eton, and Oxford, where his proficiency in classical literature attracted consid- erable notice. It was the intention of his father, who had a high opinion of his capacity, that he should occupy a prominent station in the political world, and he accordinijly procured for him a seat in parliament for the borough of Midhurst wiien he was only 19. IIe,_ however, prudently remained silent till he had attained the legal age of a mem- ber, and then we find him, in 1770, aiding the ministry, who rewarded him with the office of one of the lords of the admiralty ; but he resiorned that situa- tion in 1772; and, in 1773, was nomi- nated a commissioner of the treasury, from whence he was suddenly dis- missed, in consequence of some disa- greement with Lord North. Mr. Fox now entered the lists of opposition, and throughout the whole of the American war proved a most powerful antasronist to the ministers of that period. On the downfall of Lord North lie was appoint- ed, in 1782, one of the secretaries of state, which situation he resitrned on the death of the marquis of Rocking- ham, when the earl of Shelburiie, after- wards marquis of Landsdowne, was appointed to succeed him. On the dis- solution of that short-lived administra- tion he formed the coalition witii Lord North, (a coalition which was odious to the great mass of the people,) and re- sumed his former office. He now brought in his India bill, which, after having passed the honse of commons, was unexpectedly thrown out by the house of lords, and occasioned the res- isrnation of the ministry, of which he formed a part. Mr. Pitt then came into power; while Mr. Fox placed himself at the head of the opposition, and a long contest took place between these illus- trious rivals. Worn out, and perhaps disgusted, with public business, he, in 1788, repaired to the Continent, in com- pany v.'ith Mrs. Fox, and after spending a few days with Gibbon, the historian, at Lausanne, entered Italy. His literary abilities were of the first order; and had he lived in less stirring times, thera fra] CYCLOP.CDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 413 is everj' probability bis country would have benefited by his writiiifrs. As it was, lie left little bcliind hiiu for our admiriitiou but his eloquent speeches, and "The History of the Early Part of the Reign of James II." On the death of Mr. I'itt he was again recalled to power, and set on foot a negotiation for peace with France, but did not live to see the issue of it. He d. in the o9th vear of his age, on the 13th of Septem- ber, 180(5. — John, a celebrated church historian and divine, was b. in I'Al, at Boston, Lincolnshire. Applying hi in- self closely to the study of theology, he beeaine a convert to the principles of the reformation, was expelled liis college on a charge of heresy, and suffered great privation. He was the author of many controversial and other works; but the only one which now obtains perusal is his " History of the Acts and Monu- ments of the Church," commonlv called " Fox's Book of Martyrs." D. l'oS7. FOY, Maximilian Sebastian, general, was a nat;ive of Ham, in Ficai'dy, where be was b. in 177'). He entered the army at fifteen years of age, and made his first campaign under Dumouriez in 17'.12. He displayed his military talents to great advantage in Italy, Germany, and I'or- tugal, and succeeded Marmont as com- mander-in-chief after the battle of Sala- manca, where be conducted a skilful retreat to the Douro. He received his fifteenth wound on the field of Waterloo, but refused to quit his post until the close of that engagement. He was af- terwards employed as inspector-general of infantry ; and in 1819 was elected a member of the chamber of deputies at Paris, when be distinguished liimself as an orator, and was a great public fa- vorite. D. 1825. FRA DIAVOLO, a Neapolitan rob- ber, whose real name was Michael Pozzo, was b. about 1769. He was at first a stockinET-makcr, afterwards a friar, and in the latter capacity united himself as leader to a gang of outlawed banditti in Calabria. In his double character of robber and priest, he offered his ser- vices, in 1799, to Cardinal Ruffo, who headed the counter-revolutionary party in favor of the Bourbons of Naples. For his services, althoutrh a price had been prcvio\isly set on his head, he obtained pardon, distinction, and a pension of S600 ducats, with which he retired to an estate«wbich he purchased. On Joseph Napoleon becoming kintr, the expelled government again set him in motion. He. marie a descent in 1806. with a large 3.5* body of banditti and rcemits, at Sper- Ipiii^a, threw open the prisons, and v/as joined by numerous lazzaroni ; Ijut, after a severe action, he was defeated and taken prisoner, comlemned by a special commission, and executed, jle d. with disdainful indifi'erence. He often, liko Robin Hood, restored their liberty and property to captives who interested liim, especially females, even making them presents, and affecting to piotciTt the poor. FLAMERY, Nicholas STEriiEN, an eminent French musician and dramalist^ b. at Rouen in 1745. He was the com- poser both of the poetry and musip of several operas; wrote many critical tracts, &c., and for a time coiuluclea the "Journal de Musiciue." D. 1810. FRANCIA, Franc!>co, an eminent painter, was b. at Bologna, 1450. IIo liad been a goldsmith and an engraver of medals, but afterwards applied whoMy to painting. Being employed by Ra- phael to place a picture of his in a church at Bologna, it is said that he was so struck with its beauty, and convinced of his own inferiority, that he fell into a desponding state, t). 1518. — Jose Gas- par Rodriguez, the celebrated dictator of Paraguay, was the son of a small French proprietor in the country, and b. at Assum(,'ion, in 1757. His liiother was a Creole. Arrived at the proper ase, be was sent to the uni\ersity of Cordova, with a view to entering tho church ; but his plans underwent a chanu'e while he was still a student, and on his return to his native town with the degree of doctor of laws, be began his public career as a barrister. His high reputation for learnin?, but still more for honesty and independence, procured him an extensive practice; and be devoted himself to legal pursuits for thirty years, varying his professional avocations with a perusal of the French pjucyclopajdian writers, and the study of mathematics and mechanical pbil(>so pby, to which he remained addicted tliroughout his life. In 1811, soon after the revolution of 'die Spanish posses- sions of South America became general, Dr. Francia, then in his 54th year, was appointed secretary to the independent junta of Paraguay ; and sncli was the ability he displayed in this capacity, that on the formation of a new congress, called in 1813, he was appointed consul of the republic, with Yetrros for bis col- league. From this moment the affairs of his country underwent a favorable change; the finances were husbanded; tl4 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [fI14 peace was obtained in Paracruay, while Ihe rest of the South American conti- nent was a prey to anarcliy ; and the people's gratitude to their deliverer was characteristically exhibited by confer- ring upon iiini/in 1817, uuliuiited des- potic authority, which he exercised du- ring the remainder of his life. D. 1840. i'EANGlS, Gilbert Y., a native of Virginia, noted fur bis romantic and eventful life. He was in early life at- tacbed to the navy, then to the stage, travelled over the world, was for two vears a prisoner in the great desert of Arabia, affei-wards a slave to the bashaw of Tunis, then a lieutenant of guerillas in Spain, and master of a Dutch lugger trading to tlie Malaccas. He was next overseer of a sugar estate in Jamaica, a prisoner of the Mexican banditti, a cap- tive among the Cainanche Indians, ran- tiomed by some fur-traders from Oregon, a trader to Chili in the employ of the Russians, and finally one of the early settlers of Texas. He was a man of de- fective education, but of the most ener- getic character. D. at New Orleans, of yellow fever, 1839.— I., king of France, ascended tlie throne in 1515, at the jige of '21. He was the son of Charles of Or- leans, and of Louisa of Savoy, grand- daugiiter of Valentine, duke of Milan, in right of whom he laid claim to that duchy. He founded the Royal College of Paris, and furnished a magnificent library at Fontaiubleau, besides build- ing several palaces, which he orna- mented with pictures and statues, to tlie great encouragement of the fine arts. He is frequently termed " the Great," and "the Restorer of Learning." D. 1547.— Of Lorraine, emperor of Ger- many, was b. in 1708, and married in 17:56 Maria Tlieresa, daughter of Charles VL On the death of her fatlier in 1740, Maria Theresa appointed her husband to the administration of the government, and on the death of Charles VII. in 1745, he was elected emperor. D. 1765.— St., or FuANCis OF Assisi, the founder of the order of Franciscan friars, was b. at Assisi, in Umbria, in 1182. He was the son of a merchant, and said to be of dissolute habits ; but on recoveiing from a dangerous illness he became enthusi- astically devout, and devoted himself to solitude, joyfully undergoing every species of penance and mortification. Thinking his extravagance proceeded from insanity, his father had him closely ejiHned ; and at length, being taken before the bishop ofAssisi, in order fornally to resign all claim to his pater- nal estate, he not only assented to it, but literally stripped liimsclf. He waf» now looked upon as a saint ; and grej» numbers joining him in his vow of (lov erty, he drew up rules for tiicir use, whicli being sanctioned by Pope Inno- cent III., the order of Franciscans was established. So rapidly tlid they in- crease, that in 12iy he held a chapter, which was attended by 5000 friars. Af ter having made a fruitless effort to coii vert the Sultan Mcleddin, he returned to Assisi, where he d. in 1226 ; and was canonized by Pope Gregory in 1230. — Of Paulo, a saint, b. at Paulo, in Cala- bria, in 1416. He was brouglit up in a Franciscan convent; and in order to exceed the preceding saint in austerity of life, he retired to a cell on the desert part of the coast, where he soon obtain- ed followers, built a monastery, and thus commenced a new order, called Minims. He enjoined on his disciples a total abstinence from wine, flesh, and fish; besides which they were always to go barefoot, and never to sleep on a bed. He d. in France, aged i)!, in 1508, and was canonized by Leo X. — De Sales, another saint, was b. of a noble family at the castle of Sales, near Geneva, 1567. He obtained great praise for the suece.sa which attended his missions for the eou- version of his Protestant countrymen. He was ultiuiately*made bishop of Ge- neva ; and he performed the duties of his station with exemplary diligence and charity. He d. in 1622, and was canon- ized in 1665. — Philip, son of the deaa of Lismore, was a poet and dramatic writer, though much more celebrated for his translation of Horace and other classic authors, than for his original compositions. He was educated at Dub- lin ; and having taken orders, first settled at Esher, Surrey, where he kept an academy, and had Gibbon the his- torian among his pupils. He afterwards held the living of Barrow, Suffolk, and was chaplain to Chelsea Hospital, lie wrote " Eugenia" and " Constantia," two tragedies, some controversial tracts, (fee, D. 1773. — Sir Philip, a political character of some distinction, and a son of the preceding, was b. at Dublin in 1740. He entered into public life as a clerk in the secretary of state''s office ; after which he went out as secretary to the embassy to Portugal ; and, in 1773^ he became a member of the council of Bengal. He remained in India till*1780, during which time he was the constant and strenuous opponent of the measures of Governor Hastings ; and his npposi- PR a] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 419 tion savorinc^ too much of personal hos- tility, a duel was the result. On his return co Ep.frhuitl lie was chosen mem- ber for tlie horouijh of Yarmouth, in the Isle of WiiTJit; ami, joinins; the opposi- tion, he took a prominent part in most of their measures, particularly in the impeachment of Mr. Hastinifs. He pub- lished many political pamphlets and speeches, all ot which are imbued with considerable spirit and party fcelin«'. The celebrated " Ix-tters of Junius" have been attributed to him. D. 1818. — I., Joseph Charles, emperor of Aus- tria, kini; of Lombardy, &e., was b. in 176S, and succeeded his father, Leopold II., in 1792. At that time he was styled emperor of GerniMny, by tlie name of Francis II.; hut, in 1804, when France had been declared an empire, he as- sumed the title of hereditary emperor of Austria; and, on the establishment of the confederation of the Rhine in ISOfi, he renounced the title of Koman emperor and German kinof, and resigned the frovcrnment of the German empire. D. iS3o. FKANCKLIN, Tfiomas, was the son of the printer of the celebrated anti- ministerial paper called " The Crafts- man," and b. in 1721. He was educated at Westminister school and Trinity col- lege, Cambridge ; became Greek pro- fessor at Cambridge ; obtained succes- sively the livings of Ware, Tnnbridge, {tnd Brastcd, and was made king's chap- lain. He translated Lucian, Sophocles, and other classic authors ; wrote a " Dissertation on Ancient Tragedy," four volumes of "Sermons," "The Earl of Warwick," and various other dramas. D. 1784. FRANCKS, or FRANKEN, Francis. There were two eminent Dutch painters of tliis n;une, father and son ; distin- guished for the beauty of their scrip- tural pieces. The elder Franks d. 1G16 ; the other 1(542. FRANKLIN, Benjajtix, an eminent philosopher and politician, was b. at Boston, 1706. His father, who had emi- grated from Enghmd, was a tallow- chandler ; and Benjamin, the fifteenth of seventeen children, was apprenti','ed to his elder brother, a printer and pub- lisher of a newspaper at Boston. His early passion for reading, which he had always manifested, was now gratified ; and lie was able also, through the medi- um of the newspaper, to try his powers at I terary composition. Some political nrtieles in this journal having offended ' the general court of the colony, tlie pub- lisher was imprisoned, and forhidden to continue it. To elude this j.iohibi- tion, youner Franklin was made the nominal editor, and his iiidentm-es were ostensibly cancelled. After the release of his brother, he took advantage of this act to assert liis freedom, and thua escaped from a severity of treatment ^vhich he thought savored more of the rigorous master than the kind relation He therefore secretly embarked ahoarc a small vessel bound to New York, without means or iconnnondations ; and not finding em,iloymcnt there, he set out for Philadelphia, where he ar- rived on foot with a penny roll in his hand, and one dollar in his purse. Here he obtained employment as a composi- tor, and having attracted the notice of Sir William Keith, governor of Penn- sylvania, was induced bv his promise* to visit England, for tlie purpose of purchasing types, &c., to establisii him- self in business. Upon reaching Lon- don, in 1725, he found himself entirely deceived in his promised letters of credit and recommendation from (Jov- ernor Keith ; and being, as before, in a stransre place, without credit or ac- quainta'jce, he went to work once more as a compositor. AVhiie he was in Lon- don (apericd of about eighteen months),: he became a convert to deistieal opin- ions, and wrote a " Dissertation on I,ib- erty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain," wiierein he endeavored to show that tliere was no difference between virtue and vice. In 1726 he returned to Phila- delphia ; soon after which he entered^ info business as a printer and stationer; and in 1728 he established a newspaper. In 1782 he published his "PoorRieliard's Almanac," which became noted for the concise and useful maxims on industry and economy with which it was sprin- kled. In 1736 he was appointed clerk to: the general assembly at Pennsylvania, and the year following, postmaster or Philadelphia. In the French war, in 1744, he proposed and carried intocffjcf a plan of association for the defence of that province, which merits notice, aa it served to unfold to America the secret of her own strength. About the same time he commenced his electrical exper- iments, making several discoveries in that branch of philosophy, the principal^ of which was the identity of the clectrio fire and lightning; and as practical util- ity was, in his opinion, the ultimato object of iill philosophical investigation, he immediately applied his discovcriea I to the invention or iron conductors foi 416 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [fkb tlio protcctior of buildings from light- ning. In 174r he was chosen a reprc- t*entatlvc of the general assembly, in which situation ho distinguisiied him- self by several acts of j)ublic utility. By his means a militia bill was passed, and ho was appointed colonel of the riiiladelphia regiment. In 1557 he was Bent to England as agent for Pennsyl- vania. At tiiis time he was -chosen fellow of tlic Koyal Society, and honored witii tlie degree of doctor of laws by the universities of St. Andrew's, Edinburgh, and Oxford. In 1762 he returned to America ; but two years afterwards he again visited England, in iiis former capacity, as agent; and it was at this eriod tiiat he was examined at the ousc of commons concerning the stamp act. In 1775 he returned liome, and was el, cted a delegate to the con- gress. He was very active in the con- test between England and the colonies ; and was sent to France, wlicre, in 1778, he signed a treaty of alliance, otfensivc and defensive, whicli produced a war between that country and England. In 1783 he signed the definite treaty of peace, and in 1785 returned to America, where he was chosen president of the supreme council. D. 1790. Besides iiis political, miscellaneous, and pliilosophi- cal pieces, he wrote several p;ipers in the " American Transactions," and two volumes of essays, with his life prefixed, written by himself. — Eleanor Anne, the wife of Captain Franklin, the celebrated navigator, but known as an authoress as Miss Pordcn, was the youngest daughter of Mr. Pordcn, an architect; and b. 1795. In early youth she exhibited great talent and a strong mctnory, and acquired a considerable knowledge of Greek and other languages. Her first poem, " The Veils," was written when she was 17. Her next was " The Arctic Expedition," which led to her acquaintance with Captain Franklin ; but her principal work is the epic of "Cceur de Lion." D. 1825. FRAUENIIOFER, .Joseph von, pro- fessor of philosophy in the Royal Bava- rian Academy, was the son of a glazier at Straubing, and apprenticed to a glass- cutter. After struggling with many difficulties, he acquh-ed a knowledge of the theory of optics and mathematics, constructed aglass-cutting raachinef'and ground optical glasses. His subsequent discoveries and inventions in optics, the excellence of the telescopes which he manufactured, and his " Researciies concerning the Lawa of Light," printed in Gilbert's " Annals of Physics," all contributed to cstabiisji his fame ; and he d. in 1826, after having been raised to deserved celebrity as a man of science FREDEKIU I., surnanied Barbarossa, emperor of Germany, b. in 1121, was the son of Frederic, riage was never consummated. In 1740 he succeeded to tlie throne, and it was not long before he added Lower Silesia to his dominions. In 1744 he took Prairue, with its o^arrison of 16,000 men. In i74.) he defeated the prince of Lor- raine at Frcidburirh, and then marched into Bohemia, where he defeated an Austrian army. Shortly after he took Dresden, laid it under heavy exactions, ind there concluded a liiifhly favorable ^eaee. Durinj: the ten years of com- parative tranquillity that followed, Fred- eric employed himself in brin^ina; his troops into' a state of discipline never liefore equalled in any asre or country. He also encouraged atrriculture, the arts, manufactures, and eonnnerce, reformed the laws, and increased the revenues ; thus improving the condition of the state, and rendering' it more than a mateli for foreign enemies. Secret in- formation of an alliance between Aus- tria, Kussia, and Saxony gave him reason to fear an attack, which he hastened to anticipate by the invasion of Saxony, in 1756. This commenced the seven years' war, in whicli he contended single- lianded against the united forces of Eussia, Siixony, Sweden, France, Aus- tria, and the great majority of the other German states ; till at lengtli, after vari- ous changes of fort.ine, he was left, in 1763, in the peaceful possession of all his paternal and acquired dominions. He now entered into a league with his former enemies, wliieh in 1772 was ce- mented by the partition of Poland, an act w.liich was then, as it is now, de- nounced by every lover of freedom and national security. The remainder of iiis life, with the exception of a short de- monstration of hostility towards Austria, which was terminated by the mediation of Russia, was passed in the tranquillity of literary leisure, and in an unreserved intercourse with learned men ; among whom Voltaire and Maupertuis were for a long time his especial favorites. His own literary attainments were far above medioeri'^y, as may be seen bv liis '' His- tory of his own Times," " The History 0? the Seven Years' War," "Consider- ations on the State of Europe," " Me- ttoirs of the House of Brandeuburjjli," poems, &c. D. 1780.— IIL, king of Prussia, was b. in 1770, and ascendeunded in attacking fort Croyzan, near Brest, and died on liis return home. FKOISSAKT, John, an early French chronick'.r and poet, was b. at Valen- ciennes, in 1837. He was originally destined for the church ; but his incli- Tiation for poetry was soon apparent, and was accompanied by a great passion for the fair sex, and a fondness for feasts and gallantry. In order to divert his mind from the chagrin attendant on an unsuccessful love-suit, or, what is more likely, a desire to learn from their own mouths the achievements of his cotem- porary warriors, induced liim to travel ; and he visited England, where he was kindly patronized by Philippa of Ilai- nault, queen of Edward the III., whose court was always open to the gay poet and narrator of chiv;Jric deeds. In 1366 he accompanied Edward the Black I'rince to Aquitaine and Bordeaux. On the death of his protectress Philippa, Froissart gave up all connection with England; and, after many adventures as a diplomatist and soldier, he became domestic cliaplain to the duke of Bra- bant, who was a poet as well as himself, and of whose verses, united with some of his own, he formed a kind of romance, called " Meliador." On the duke's death, in 1384, he entered tiie service of Guy, count of Blois, who induced him to continue his chronicles. He paid another visit to England in 1395, and was introdueed to Richard II., but on the dethronement of this prince he re- turned to Flanders, where he died, in 1401. His historical writings strikingly exhibit the character and manners of his age, and are highly valuable for tlieir simplicity and minuteness. FKUGONI, Charles Innocent, a cele- brated Italian poet, b. at Genoa, 1692. He originally belonged to one of the monastiv; orders, but obtained leave to quit it, settled at I'arma, and was ap- pointed court poet. He was a fertile and elegant writer, and his works include almost every variety of poetical compo- sition. D. 1768. FRY, Mrs. Elizabeth, whose active exertions and pious zeal in administer- ing to the moral and spiritual wants of the wretched, will hand down her name to posterity as a benefactor of mankind, ivas the wife of Joseph Fry, esq., of Upton, Essex, and sister to Joseph Gur- aey, esq., of Earlham Hall, ucar Nor- wich; also, sister to Lady Buxton, widow of Sir Fowell liuxton. Mrs. Fry has been emphatically called " the female Howard ;" and although she did not conline her sphere of observation to the unhappy inmates of the prison alone, but dispensed her blessings to the poor and helpless wherever found, her main object through life was the alleviation of the sorrows of the captive. D. 1845. FRYE, Thomas, an artist, born in Ireland, in 1710. He is said to have been the first nuuHifaeturer of porcelain in England, but the heat of the t'urnaces having injured his health, he adopted the profession of a portrait painter and mezzotinto engraver. 1). 1762. FUCA, Juan de, whose real name was Apostolos Valerianos, was a native of Cephalonia, and d. at Zante, in 1632. For upwards of forty years lie acted as a pilot in the Spanish American posses- sions ; and, in 1592, he was sent by the viceroy of Mexico to explore the west coast of North America, for an inlet which might lead to a communication with the Atlantic. But the account of his discovery was mingled with such romantic tales, that it remained disbe- lieved in modern times, until the tra- ding vessels which frequent this eoiust, in the fur trade, having approached the shore from which Captain Cook had been driven by contrary winds, discov- ered the inlet mentioned by Do Fuea, betweoii the 4Sth and 49th parallels. This s:rait was thoroughly explored by Vanco:-ver, in 1792. FUCIiS, Theohhilus, a German poet, u. at Leppersdorf, in Upper Saxony, was the son of a poor peasant, whose labors he shared till he was 18. lie afterwards studied theology at Leipsie, became a country clergyman, and wrote many lyrical pieces. D. about 1810. FUESSLI, John Gaspaku, a Sv.-iss artist, b. at Zurich, in 1706 ; author of a " History of the Artists of Switzerland," &e. D. 1781, leavintr three sons. — Ro- DoLPH, afterwards librarian to the em- peror of Germany; Henuv, the eminent puinter, better known by the name of Fuseli ; and Caspar, a skilful entomolo- gist, who resided at Leipsie, and pub- lished several works on his fa/orite science. FUGER, Frederic Henry, an emi- nent painter, and director of the impe- rial picture-gallery in Bclvidcrc, al Vienna, was b. at Ileilbron, 1751. Ho began by painting miniatures wliilo a mere child ; but as he grew up, his pas- sion for historical subjects led him to 420 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [fui. emulate the creat masters in that branch of the art. In 1774 he went to Vienna, and was sent as a pensioner to Koine by tlie Empress Maria Theresa. After a dilijjent study of seven years tliere, lie went to Naples, and resided two years in tlie house of tiie imperial ambassador. Count Vcn Lamberg, where lie had a fine opportunity of exerting his talents. On his return to Vienna, in 1784, he was appointed vice-director of the school of painting and sculpture at Vi- enna, lie painted many large portraits, miniatures, and historical pieces, some of whicli are highly esteemed. His "St. John in the Wilderness," painted for the imperial chapel, in 1804, is a masterpiece, and for it he received 1000 ducats. U. 1818. FUGGEK, the name of a rich and noble family, whose founder was John Fugger, a weaver, residing in a small village near Augsburg. — John, his eld- est son, likewise a weaver, obtained, by marriage, the rights of a citizen of Augs- burg, and carried on a linen trade in that, city, tiien an important commercial Elace. IX 140'J. — A.Nur.Ew, son of the ist, acquired such great w^ealth, that he was called the rich Fugo'er. He died without issue, and his three nephews. Ulrich, George, and James, married hidies of noble families, and were raised to tiie rank of nobles by the Emperor Maximili n. Under the Emperor Charles V. this family rose to its highest splen- dor. When Charles held the memora- ble diet at Augsburg, in 1530, he lived for a yeir and a day in Anthony Fug- ger's splendid house near the wine mar- ket. Tlic emperor derived considerable pecuniary aid from him, and in return rivised him and his brother Eaimond to tlie disrnity of counts and bannerets, in- vested thoin with the estates of Kirch- berij and Weissenliorn, and granted them letters giving tliem princely privi- leges, and the right of coiniiiir money. Anthony left, at his death 6,000,000 gold crowns, besides jewels and other valu- able property, and possessions in all parts of Europe and the Indies. It was of him that the Emperor Charles, when viowinar the royal treasure at Paris, ex- claimed, "There is at Augsburg a linen weaver who could pay as much as this with his own gold." And it was he also who did one of the most graceful nnd princely courtesies on record, as the following anecdote will show : — When Charles V. returned from Tunis, and paid Anthony a visit, the latter pro- duced the emperor's bond for an im- mense sum of money with which he had supplied him ; and on a tire made of cinnamon wood, wliich !iad been lighted in the hall, he nobly, though somewliat ostentatiously, made a burnt-ottering ol it to his imperial visitor. "This noble family," says the " Mirror of Honor," "contains in five branches, (1619,) 47 counts and countesses, and including tlie other members, old and young, about as many persons as the year has days." Even while counts they con- tinued to pursue commerce, and their wealth became such, that, in 94 years, they bought real estate to the amount of 941,000 florins, and in 1762 wned two counties, six lordships, and 5'i other estates, besides their houses and lands in and around Augsburu-. They had collections of rich treasures of art and rare books. Painters and musicians were supported, and the arts and sci- ences were liberally patronized by them. Their gardens and buildings displayed good taste, and they entertained their guests with regal magnificence. But while the industry, the prudence, the honors, the influence of the Fugger family is mentioned, we ou2:ht also to state that these were e((ualled only by their unbounded charity and tlieir zeal to do good. In acts of private benevo- lence, and in the foundation of hospitals, schools, and charitable institutions, they were unrivalled. FULDA, Ch.'vrles Frederic, a Prot- estant divine, b. at Wimpfen, in 1722 ; author of several learned treatises, viz. : "On the Goths," "On the Cimbri," " On the Ancient German Mytholoifv," &c. D. 1788. FULLER, Thomas, an eminent histo- rian and divine of the church of En- gland, in the 17th century, was b. at Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire, in 1608. His first clerical appointment was that of a minister of St. Bennet's parish, Cambridge, where he acquired great popularitv as a preacher. He was after- wards collated to a prebend in Salisbury cathedral, and obtained the rectory oif Broad Winsor, Dorsetshire. His 'first literary production was entitled " Da- vid's heinous Sin, hearty Kepentance, and heavy Punishment." In 1640 he puiilis'.ied his " History of the Holy War," soon after which he removed to London, and was chosen lecturer at the Savov church, in the Strand. About 1642 he published his " Holy State." In 1643 he went to Oxford, and joined the king, became chaplain to Sir Ralph Hopton, and employed his leisure in fdn] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 421 making collections relative to English History and antiquities. In 1<3.)0 ap- peared his " I'i.strah Siglit of Palestine," and his "Abel Kedivivus ;" but it was not till alter his death tiiat his principal literary work was published, entitled "The Worthies of Kujiland," a produc- tion valuable alike for the solid informa- tion it art'or.ls rclati\e to the provincial history or' the country, and for the pro- fusion of bion'raphical anecdote and acute observation on men and niaunei's. [n 1G48 he obtained the livinsr of Walt- naui, in Essex, which, in 1G58, he quit- ted for that of Cranford in Middlesex ; and at the j estoration he was reinstated in his prebend of Salisbury, of which he had bceu deprived by the I'arlia- incntarians. lie was also made D. 1). and chaplain t,o the kinaptist Missionary Society, by Dr. Carey and others, Mr. Fuller ex- erted himself with great energy, and the whole of his future life was identi- fied with its labors, lie was also an able controversialist. Ilis principal works ore a ticatise "On the Calvinistic and So- ciniaii Systems compared a's to their Mo- ral Tendency," "Socinianism Tndcfen- Bible," "The Gospel its own Witness," " Discourses on the Book of Genesis," &c. D. 16(51. — Saisah Makgakft, (mar- chioness d'l^ssoli,) a distinguished fe- male writer of the United States, whose untimely and tragic death imparted a n.ftlancholy interest to her writings. She was a native of Massachusetts, and by her liteniry acquirements, early gain- ed a reput;!tion. She was the writer of many miscellaneous articles in "The Dial," translator of " P^ckermann's Con- versations with Goethe," and authoress of "A Summer on the Lakes," "AVoin- an in the Nineteenth Century," and "Papers on Literature and Art." In 1847 si'.e went to Europe as the corre- spondent of the " New York Tribune." and was there married to the inirquis d'Ossoli, with wliora, and one beautiful and promisiu'X child, she was returning to her native land, when the vessel was 36 wrecked just as they came in sight of the shore. At the time of her death she had partly finished a work on the " lieeent Kevolutionary Changes iu Ea- rojie." B. 181u; d. IsVjO. FULTON, KoiiKirr, an American en- gineer and )irojf'ct(jr, of celebrity, was b. in Little Britain, Pennsylvania, in 1765. Ihuing acquired some knowledge of por- trait and landscape painting, he went to England, and studied under his ilistiu- guished countryman, West, with whom lie continued an inmate several years; and, after quitting him, he made i"Kiint- ing his chief employment tor some time, lie afterwards ibrmcil an acfpiaiiitance with another fellow-countryman, named Kumsey, wlio was well-skilled in me- chanics, and hence he ultimately adopt- ed the profession of a civil engineer. He also became acquainted witn tho duke of Bridgewater, so famous tor hia canals, and with Earl Stanhope, a noble- man celebrated for his attachment to the nieelianic arts. In 17'.iG he pubhshed a ti'catise on "Inland Navigation;" and after making public some clever inven- tions and useful contrivances, in spin- ning, sawing, &e., Mr. Fulton went, in I7'.t7, to Paris, where he lived seven years, and studied the higher mathemat- ics, physics, cliemistry,and perspective- It was there, in 1800, that ho projected the first panorama ever exhibited ; and there also that he perfected the plan for his sulmiarine boat, or torpedo. Re- turning to America in ISiul, he imme- diately engaged in building a steam- boat, of what was then deemed very considerable dimensions, and wiiich be- gan to navigate the Hudson river iu 1807, its progress through the water being at the rate of five miles an hour. Ho iuid meditated on this experiment since 1793, and was the first who ap- plied water-wheels to the ])urposc of steam-navigation ; and though he claim- ed the invention, he certaiidy was not tho real inventor — that credit being duo to .lohn Fitch. It is said that vexation at being denied tlie merit of thi- discov- ery, and prevented from dei-iving tho wiiole benefit of it, preyed on his mind, and hastened his death. D. 1815. F'UNES, Greooimo, a patriot of La Plata, in South America. He was dean of the cathedral church of Cordova, in wliich station he employed all his infiu- ence in sup]>ort of tlie revolution. Iiv 1810 lie was sent as a deputy from Cor- dova to the congress of Buenos Ayrcs, and on various subsequent occasions ho took a promiueut part iu the political 422 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [t'ua tranciactionA of hifi country. lie was rIso distiiijfiiirtliefl as an liistoricu! wri- ter, esieoially by liis " Essays do la Historia Civil del Paraguay, Buenos Avres, V Tiieiitnan."' D. 1829. fURKTlEKE, Anthony, abbot of Chalivoy, was a French philologist, b. 1620. lie distinguished himself by va- rious literary productions, and was a member of the French Academy, but was expelled from it on a ohar^'e of hav- ing pillaged the unpublished lexico- graphical labors of his colleagues to enrich a dictionary of his own ; and his expulsion gave rise to a virulent paper war between him and his former as- sociates. Besides this " Dictionary," which served as the basis of the " Dic- tionnaire de Trevoux," he published " Gospel Parables," " Five Satires," " Le Roman Bourgeois," &c. D. 16S3. FCKIETTI, Joseph Alex.\nder, a cardinal, b. at Bergamo, iu IGST) ; autiior of a treatise on the mosaic art of paint- in?. D. 1704. FUEXEAUX, Philip, a nonconform- ist divine, b. at Totness, Devon, in 172(3. He was the author of " An Essay on Toleration." D. 1783. FURST, Walter, was a native of Altorf, Switzerland, by whose means, aided by the heroic William Tell and Arnold of Melcthal, the liberty of his countrv was established, in 1307. FUliSTE.MBERG, Ferdinand de, an eminent prelate, b. at Bilstern, in We.st- Ehalia, in 1(52(5. He was raised to the isliopric of Paderborn in 1661, by Pope Alexander VII., who afterwards made him apostolical vicar of all the north of Europe. lie collected a number of MSS. and other monuments of antiquity, and published tiiem under the title of " Monumenta Paderbornensia:" he also published a valuable collection of Latin poems. D. 1683. FUTRADO, Abraham, a French .Jew, who was one of the leading members of ^he Sanhedrim, convoked by Bonaparte in 1808, at Paris, He wrote several wcrls, and is said to have possessed gria-. eloquence. B. 1759; d. 1817. FLSELI, Henry, was the second son of Caspar ,1 Fuessli, and b. at Zurich, about 178ii. He was originally intended for the church; but he had employed liimself, while under his father's roof, m niakinu copies from the works of Michael Anjelo and Raphael, and this had inspired him with an insurinount- a])le desire to devote himself to tlie pro- fession. While at the Humanity college, 'd Zurich, he formed an intimate frieud- sliip with the celebrated Lavater, anJ became enamored with literature. H^ studied English, read the best authors in that language, and translated the tragedy of Macbeth into Gorinau. In 176J he went to England, and on his showing his specimens of painting to Sir Joshua EeynoUls, the latter express- ed himself in terms of high coniinenda tion, ajid advised him to go to Rome This he did; and afrer eiifht years spent in studying the Italian masters, he re- turned to Entrland. Having suggested to Alderman Boydell the idea of forming his '• Shakspeare Gallery," for which ho painted eight of his best pictures, that splendid design was accordingly ex&- cutcd. In 1790, Fuseli became a royaj academician ; and during the next nine years he painted a series of 47 pictures, afterwards exhibited as the " Milton Gallery." In 1799 he was appointed professor of painting, and, in 1804, keeper of the Royal Academy. D. 1835. FUSS, Nicholas von, a distinguished mathematician and natural philosopher, b. at Basle, 1755. He first studied under Bernouilli, then professor of mathemat- ics at the university of that place, whc procured him a situation, when he was 17, with his friend, the celebrated Euler, at St. Petersburg, who wished to ob- tain a young man of talent in the pros- ecution of his philos(3phieal inquiries. Here he soon obtained distinction and preferment. In 1776 he was appointed adjunct of the Acadeniy of Sciences for tlie higher mathematics. In 1784, Cath- arine II. gave him a professorship in the corps of noble land cadets ; and in 1792 he was appointed secretary to the free economical society. In 130O he was raised to the dignity of a counsellor of state; in 1805 he was constituted one of the council for the organization of mil- itary scliools; and, continuing to ad vance the interests of science in the various honorable stations to which he was promoted, he was rewarded with the order of Vladimir and a pension. He was a regular contributor to the " Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences at Petersburj" for a period of 50 years, and published various works, chiefly on matl'.ematics and astronomy. D. 1826. FUX, John Joseph, a celebrated mu- sical composer during the reigns of the emperors Leopold I., Joseph I., and Charles VI., was born in Styria, about the year 1660, and held tlic oflloc of imperial chapel-master for about 40 yciirs. He composed several operas, and had great infiuenee on the musicaJ GAl] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 423 taste of liis time. His " Musical Gradus" a!»d sonic of his saorcd pieces are still higlih" esteemed. D. 1750. FYT, John, a L>uteh painter, b. at Antwerp, in 1623. His j)cneil was so prolific, lliat almost every importuat collection of paintings has eomc of his productions. His subjects arc eliietly game, beasts, birds, fruit, and flowers; and tiioy are remarkable for tlicir fidelity to nature in the drawing, aud for theif rich and glowing colors. G. GABBIANT, Antony Dominic, an Italian painter ; b. at Florence, 1652, aud accidentally killed by falling from u BcattblJ, while employed in painting the large cupola of Castello, in 1726. OADJBUKY, Joun, an astrologer, who, in the latter part of the 17tli cen- tury, attracted considerable notice. lie was originally a tailor ; afierwards be- came an assistant to Lilly the fortune- teller, (the Sidrophel of Butler;) and, like his master, he published astrological ilmaiiacs and other works of a similar description. GAUD, Peter Adrian, a Swedish chemist and natural philosopher; pro- fessor of chemistry in the university of Abo, in Finland, lie wrote several trea- tises on geology, &c. ; and d. about the end of the 18th century. GADSDEN, CiiKisToPHER, was b. in Charleston, 1724. He was appointed one of the delegates to the congress which met at New York in October, 1765, to petition against the stamp act. He was also chosen a member of the congress which met in 1774. He was among the first who openly advocated republican principles, and wished to make his country independent of the monarc-hical government of Great Brit- ain. During the siege of Charleston, in 1780, he remained within the lines with five of the council, while Governor Rut- ledge with trie other three left the city at the earnest request of General Lincoln. In 1782, when it became necessary, by the rotation establislied, to choose a new governor, he was elected, but declined on account of his age. D. 1805. GAFFAEELLI, Jaues, a French wri- ter, who applied himself to the study of tiie Hebrew language and rabbinical learning, was b. at Mamies, in Provence, aliout 1601. He adopted the doctrines of the Cabala, in defence of which he wrote a quarto volume in Litiii. He iieeamc librarian to Cardinal Richelieu, who gave him several preferments. He d. at Sigonce, of which place he was Uieu abbot, iu 1671. Besides the above, he wrote a book, entitled " Unh.enrd-of Curiosities concerning tliQ Talismanio Sculpture of the Persians, tlic Horo- scope of tlie Patriarchs, and the Keading of the Stars.'' GAFUlilO, Franchino, an eminent Italian composer and professor of music, was b. at Lodi in 1451. GAGE, Thomas, the last governor of Massacimsetts appointed by the king, first came to America as a lieutenant with Braddock, and w^is present at tho battle in which that officer received his mortal wound. He was appointed gov- ernor of Montreal in 1760, and in 1763 succcedetl General Amherst as com- mander-in-chief of the British forces in North America. In 1774 he succeeded Hutchinson as governor of Massachu- setts, when he soon began the course of illegal and oppressive acts that brought on the war of the revolution. In 1775 the provincial congress of Massachusetts declared him an enemy to the colony, and not long after he returned to En- gland, where he d. in 1787. GAGNIER, John, a celebrated orien- talist, was a native of Paris. He was bred a Roman Catholic, entered into holy orders, and became a canon in the church of St. Genevieve; but turned Protestant and settled in EuLrland. He was patronized by Archbishop Sharp and many other eminent persons, and received the decrrec of M.A. at Cam- bridge and Oxford. In 1706 he pub- lished an edition of Ben Gorion's "His- tory of the Jews," in Hebrew, with a Latin translation and notes. D. 1740. GAIL, John Baitist, a celebrated Hellenist, was b. at Paris, 1755, and d. in the same city, in 1828, professor of Greek literature at the college of France. He was a member of the academy of inscriptions and belles lettres, and ft kniirht of the legion of honor. lie con- tributed greatly to render the study of Greek jiopular in France. Among his productions arc a "Greek Grammar," and translations of Xenophon, Tliucyd- ides, Theocritus, Bion, Moschus, anl 424 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [OAL Lucian's ♦' Dialotrnes of tho Dead." — Sophia, llic wife of tlie foregoiug, was b. about 177'.!, and d. at ruris in ISiy. For the arts, and particularly for music, she manifested au early taste, and she began to compose wheu she was not more tiiaii twelve years nfage. Among her principal compositions are the operas of '• Tlie Jealous Pair," " Mademoiselle de L'.umay in the Bastille," and "The Serenade. GAILLARD de LoxjciiEAtJ, bishop of Apt, in rrovencc, was the tirst who projected a universal historical diction- ary, and employed Moreri, who was his olmoner, to execute the work. D. 16J5. • — Gabuiel IIexry, a French historian, l\ at Ostcl, near iSoissous. in 1728, ami d. in ISOiJ. He was the author of " His- toire de Charlemagne," '' Khetorique Frangoise,"' " Ilistoire de Francis 1.," and many other works of a similar char- acter. — John Ernest, a musical com- poser of considerable merit, was b. at Zell, in 1657, and became a pupil of Farinelli. D. 1749. GAliNSBOKoUGII, Thomas, a cele- brated landsc:ipe painter, was b. at Sud- bury, in Surtblk, m 1737. He was self- taught, and used to entertain himself by drawing landscapes from nature, in the woods of his native county. From Sud- bury he went to London, and com- menced portrait painter, in which line he acquired great eminence. His chief excellence, however, was in landscape, in which he united the brilliancy of Claude with the precision and simplicity of Ruystlael. He was highly esteemed by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who bestowed on him a higli but well-merited compli- ment in one of his academical discourses. D. 17SS. GALAS, Matthew, one of the greatest generals of his time, was b. at Trent in loSit. lie served in Italy and Germany, and rendei'ed eminent services to the Emperor Frederic II. and Philip IV. king of Spain. He was deprived of the command, after being defeated by the Swedes near Magdeburg, but was re- stored, and d. at Vienna in 1(547. GALATIN, Fetiib, a Franciscan tnc'ik, who tloiirished about 1530. He v.Toic " He Arcanis Catholicae Verita- tis," a work of considerable reputation. GALBA, Sekvius Sulpicics, emperor of Koln(^, was descended from the an- cient family ofSulpicii. Hewassucces- Bivcly prajtor, proconsul of Africa, and general of the Koman armies in Ger- many and Spain. He retired to avoid the jealousy of Nero ; but the *,yraut having issued an order for his death, Galba revolted against lie emperor; and Gaul declaring for him, Nero put a period to his own existence. Galba gave himself up to the government of tliree obscure men, whom the Komana called his schoolmasters; and he was slain by the praetorian band, who pro- claimed Otlio in his stead, G9. GALE, TiiEOPHiLfs, an eminent non- couformist divine, was b. in ltj-23, at Kintj's Teighton, in Dcvonsliire, and d. in 1678. He wrote many works, the principal of which is his '"Court of the Gentiles," 8 vols. 4to., in which he proves that the theology and philosophy of the pagans were borrowed from the Scriptures. — Thojias, a learned English divine, was b. in 1636 at Scruton, in Yorkshire. He published a collectiou of the Greek mythologists, "HistorisB Poeticse antiqui Scriptores Grtecae et Latinse," " Herodoti Halicarnassensis Historiarum," " Historite Britannicse, Saxonicffi, Anglo-Danic£B," &c. I). 1702. — EoQER, the eldest son of the preced- ing. He published some valuable book^, the principal of which was an edition of his father's "Commentary on Anto- ninus." D. 1744. — Saml'el, his brother, was also eminent for his knowledge of antiquities. 1). 1754. G ALEX, Christopher Berxhard van, the warlike bishop of Munster, first en- tered the niilitaiy service, which ho afterwards left for the church. In 1660 he was chosen prince-bishop of Munster, but was obliged to besiege the city on account of the opposition of the citizens ; he, however, conquered it, and built a citadel to secure his power. In 1664 he was appointed one of the leaders of tho imperial army against the Turks in Hungary. He afterwards fought against the l)utcli, first in alliance with En- gland, and then with France, taking from them severd cities and fortresses. After this he joined the Danes against the Swedes, and made new conquests; and in 1764 he formed an alliance with Spain, and a^ain gave battle to his old enemies the Dutch. He was a man of extraordinary enterprise, one of the greatest generals of his time, and an adroit diplomatist. D. 1678, aged 73. — Claudius, one of the most celebra- ted physicians of ancienf times, was b. at Pergamiis, in Asia, in 131. Af- ter studying philosophy and general literature', he travelldl through Egypt and other countries in the East for the j)urpose of acquiring medical aud ana- tomical knowledge. Qn hi.-» return he gal] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 425 practised four years in liis native city, ami then went to Kome, but was driven from thence by the inti'igiics of his jeal- ous rivals, who attribiitetl his success to masic. From Home he returned to Pcr- gamus; but was recalled by an especial mandate cf the Emperor Marcus Aure- lius, who, on quitting Kome to make ■war on the Germans, conflded to Galen the care of tiie health of his son Coin- modiis. Tlu; place and time of his death are uncertain; but he is supposed to have d. at Rome, in about the 70th year of his age. A pait only of his very nu- merous writings has been preserved ; but even tliat part forms five folio vol- umes, and afi'ords undoubted proofs of bis ])rac;ical and theoretical skill. GALERIUS, Catus Valerius Maximi- ANUs, a Koman emperor. Entering the army as a common soldier, he rose to the liighest ranks by bis bravery, and was adopted by Dioclesian, who gave him his daughter in marriage. He as- cended the imperial throne in 305, and d. in 311. He was naturally of a cruel disposition, and during his reign the Christians sutfered great persecution. GALILEI, Galileo, an illustrious aetronomer, mathematician, and pliiloso- pher, was tlie son of a Florentine noble- man, and b. at I'isa, in 1564. lie was intended by his father for tlie medical profession ; but his love for mathemati- cal studies was so decidedly evinced, and his aversion for the other so strong, that be was allowed to pursue the for- mer, which he did with such unwearied diligence, that at the age of 24 he was appointed matlieinatical professor at .'r'isa. There he was constantly engaged in asserting the laws of nature against the Aristotelian philosophy, which raised up such a host of enemies against him, that, in 1592, he was obliged to resign his professorship. He then went to Padua, where he lectured with un- paralleled success, and students flocked to hear him tVom all parts of Europe. After remaining there eighteen years, Cosmo III. invited him back to Pisa, and soon after called him to Florence, with tlie title of principal mathematician and philosopher to the grand duke. Galileo had heard of the invention of the telescope by Jansen ; and making one for himself, a series of most import- ant astronomical discoveries followed. He found that the moon, like the earth, has an uneven surtace ; and he tauirht his scholars to measure the height of its mountains by their shadow. A particu- bir nebula he resolved into inaividual stars j but bis most remarkable dis- coveries were Jupiter's satellites, Sat- urn's ring, the sun's spots, and tho stan-y nature of the milliy way. Tho result of his discoveries was his "di'cided conviction of the truth of the Copernicau system; though the blind and furious bigotry of the monks charged him with .heresy for it, ami he was twice perse- cuted by the IiKjuisition, first in 1615, and again in 163:5. On both occasions be was compelled to abjure the system of Copernicus ; but it is said, that in the last instance, when he had repeated tho abjuration, he stamped liis foot on tho earth, indignantly muttering, "vet it moves 1" The latter years of his lifo were spent at his own country-house near Florence, where he devoted him- self to the perfecting of his telescope; and he d. at the age of 78, in 1642, tho year in which Newton was born. GALITZIN, Demetrius Auoustine, a son of Prince Galilzin, one of the high- est of the liussian nobility, who became a Catholic jiriest, and settled at Lorctto, near Baltimore, Md., where he collected a congregation and preached. He wrote a " Defence of Catholic Principles." D. 1819. GALL, John Joseph, the celebrated phrenologist, was b. in 1758, at Teifen- brunn, \\irtcmburg. lie studied med- icine under Professor Shermann, and settled in Vienna, where he attracted much attention by his '' Anatomical and Physiological Inquiries ivspecting the Brain and Nerves," on account of tho principles it contained, that certain talents and tendencies depend on tho formation of certain parts of the head,— that, in fact, each faculty of the mind has a separate organ in the brrin, and that those organs are marked externally by elevations or protuberances on the cranium. He afterwards travcllsl through the north of Germany, Swe- den, and Denmark, delivering lectures; and, in 1807, established liimself in Paris, thinking France the most likely part in wliicli to circulate his doc- trines. Prince Mctternich consulted him as his physician, and, in 1810, guar- anteed the expense of publishing the work of Gall and Spurzheim on phre- nology. Dr. Gall d. at Paris, 182s. Ho directed that no clergyman should at- tend his funeral, and that his head should be dissected and placed in tho museum he had collected. GALLAND, Anthont, an able ori- entalist, was b. 1646, at Rollot, in Pi- eard^ . He was employed to travel « ■ 420 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. account of tlic French government; and his zeal and inthistry are evini'ed by sovcral treatises, which lie piiblislied on his return, illustrative of the manners and customs of the Mohammedan em- pire and religion. He is now princi- pally known by his"Mille-et-nn Nuits," a curious collection of ciustern romances, translated into all the lansruages of Eu- rope, and known to us as the " Arabian 'Nights" Entertainments." Galland was ^irabic professor to the college of France, and antiquary to the king. "D. 171o. GALLATIN, Albert, a distinguished statesman, scholar, and financier, was b. at Geneva. January 29th, 17G1. He was left an orphan in his infancy, but was sent to the university of his native place, wliere he graduated in 1770. Jn the nineteenth year of his age he came to tliis country, with a letter from La Kochefoucauld to Dr. Franklin. In 178'2 he was chosen a French teacher in Har- vard university, and four years after- wards settled in Pennsjlvania, when he was elected a member of the convention to revise the constitution. In 1790 he was chosen to the house of representa- tives of that state, and, in 1792, to con- gress. The next year he became senator of the U. S. In 1801 Jefferson made him secretary of the treasury, and in this capacity his financial abilities ena- bled hun to do much towards extin- guishing the national debt. In 1813 he was one of the commissioners to Ghent, to settle the peace with Great Britain. His subsequent life was mostly passed in diplomatic services, being successively minister to France, to thc'Nctherlands, and to England. In 1840 he published an " Essay on the North-Esistern Bound- ary," and he wrote in his later years many historical and ethnological papers, and also a Tract on the Currency (Ques- tion. D. 1849. GALLIANI, Ferdinand, an Italian abbe, celebrated for his writings, was b. at Ciiieti, in the province of Abruzzo, Naples, 1728. He made a rapid progress in his studies, and was no less remarka- ble for playful wit than for more solid acquirements. Having made a collection of specimens of the variou.s volcanic pro- ductions of Vesuvius, he sent them to the pope in a box, thus labelled, " Bca- tissime Pater fac ut lapides isti panes fiant" — " Hoi)- Father, conunand that these stones be made bread," which the pope virtually attended to by giving him tlie canonry of Amalti, wortir400 ducats j>er annum. One of his earliest produc- tions was a volume written on the death [g4L of the public executioner, in order to ridicule the academical custom of pour- ing forth lamentations in prose and verse, on the death of great personages. In 17.59 lie was appointed secretary to the French embassy, and soon took a lead among the wits and literati in Paris. He wrote a number of able works ; among which are a "Treatise on Mo- ney," "Annotations upon Horace," "Dialogues on the Corn Trade," "On the Reciprocal Duties of Neutral anJ Belligerent Princes," &c. He held sev- eral important offices under the Neapoli- tan government, and d. greatly esteemed, 1787. GAILIENUS, PuBi.ius Licinius, a Eoman emperor, -vho reicrned in con- junction with Valerian, his father, for seven years, and became sole ruler in 2G0. GALLOIS, John, a French critic of the 17th century, celebrated for the uni- versality of his knowledge. He was one of the projectors of the " Journal des Savans," and its conductor for many years. D. 1707. GALLUS, Caius Fibius Tkebonianus, emperor of Rome, was an African by birth ; but holding a command in Mcesia, under Decius, at the time that monarch, was slain in a battle with the Goths, ho was proclaimed emperor by the army, in 251. He proved unworthy of his station, and lie fell by assassination in 253. — Cornelius, a Roman poet, was b. 70 B. c, at Forum Julii, and was inti- mate with Virtril, whose tenth cclogao is inscribed to him. GALT, John, a voluminous author on a great variety of subjects, but chiefly known as a novelist, was b. in Ayrshire, 1779. The scene of his novels is in gen- eral laid in Scotland, and his i;itimate acquaintance with every light and shad ow of Scottish life, makes them realL important to all who would know Scot land — especially the Scotland of middle and lower life-"-as it really is. The list of his works is formidably louir: per- haps the best of them are, " The Entail," "The Annals of the Parish," "The Ayrshire Legatees," and "Ringan Gil- haize." Independent of his numerous novels, he published tragedies, minor poems, voviiges, and travels, and several biographies. He was, for some time, editor of the Courier newspaper, and it is asserted that he gave up that ap- pointment rather than allow the inser- tion, though at the request of a minister, of an article which he considered ob jcctionable. For several years provioiia oar] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 427 to his death '.e suffered very severely from panilysis of the limbs. D. 1839. G ALUl'rI. Ualuessaro, a distinguish- ed composer, was b. near Venice, 1703. His operas, about 50 in number, are al- most all of the comic kind, and liad, at one time, the chief run throughout Italy. D. 1785. GALVANI, Louis, an Italian physi- ologist, celebrated as the discoverer of galvanism, was b. at Bologna. 1707. He studied nadicinc under Galeazzi, whose daughter he married. In 1762 he be- came lecturer on anatomy at Bologna, and obtained a considerable reputation. By experiments on frogs, he discovered, that all animals are endued with a pecu- liar kind of electricity ; and he followed up this discovery with so much perse- verance and success, as to give his name to a system of physiology, which has e.xcitcd universal attention. His first publication on this subject was in 1791, and entitled " Aloysii Galvanii de Viri- bus Electricitatis 'in Motu Musculari Commentarius." Upon this system the famous Volta made vast improvements. Galvani, on the death of his wife, in 1790, fell into a state of melancholy ; and d. 1798. Besides the above work, be wrote several memoirs upon profes- sional subjects. GAMA, Vasco or Vasquez de, an illustrious navigator, was b. at Sines, in Portugal, of a noble family; and to him belongs the merit of having discovered the route to the East Indies by sea. Having under his command four vessels, manned with lOO marines and sailors, Giuna set sail, July 9th, 1497 ; in the beginning of the next year reached the eastern coast of Africa, and, holding his course straight towards the coast of Malabar, arrived in May, at Calicut, a city iidiabited by Hindoos, where the ruler over the country, called the samo- rl/i; or king, had his residence. He returned to Lisbon in two yetirs and two months fi-om the time of his setting out ; and the result of this expedition promised such great advantages, that, m 1502, he went' out with 20 ships, but he was attacked by an opposing iieet on the part of the zamorin, which he de- feated, and returned the following year with lii rich vessels which he had cap- ured in the Indian seas. John III. of Portujral appointed him viceroy of India; on which lie went there a third time, »nd established his government at Co- chin, where he d. 'n 1525. The Lusiad of Camocns is founded on the adven- tures of his last voyage. GAMBARA, Veronica, an Italiaa poetess, born of a noble family in 1485. (.)n the death of her husband* Giberto. lord of Correggio, whom she survived many years, she devoted nnich of her time to the cultivation of literature ; and her poems possess originality and spirit. D. 1550. GAMBART, Jean Felix Adolpa, a distinguished astronomer, b. at Cette in 1800. Ho was director of tiie observa- tory at Marseilles, and wim the discov- erer of no less than thirteen comets, between tlie years 1822 and 1834. D. at Paris, 18:'.6. GAMBIER, James, Lord, a British admiral, was b. in 175G, at the Bahama Islands, his father being at that time the lieutenant-governor. He entered the naval service at an early age, was actively engaged on various O'casious, and was rewarded by different grada- tions of rank. D. 1833. GANDOLPHY, Peter, a Catholio priest, greatly distinjruisheoint- ed one of the justices of the connnon pleas, and afterwards made chief justice of the King's Bench. In this high office he distinguished himself on many occa- sions, particularly for refusing to pass sentence upon Archbishop Scroop as a traitor, by the king's commandment, aa being contrary to law; and still more remarkable by committing the prince of Wales, afterwards Henry V., to prison, for striking him when on the bench. Like many other prominent events in English history, tiiis has furnished Shakspeare with materials for a most etfecfive scene. D. 1413. — William, au ingenious natural philosopher of the 17tli century, was b. 1621, and is con- sidered as the inventor of the microm- eter, though the merit of that invention was claimed long after his time by M, Azout. Gascoigne was killeil while fighting in the royalist army at Marston- moor, July 2, 1644. GASPARINI, Francesco, one of the ablest musical composers of the 17th century, was a native of Lucca, and b. in 1650. His works are not numerous, but possess much merit. D. 1724. GASSENDI, Peter, a celebrated French philosopher and mathematician, was b. 1592, at Chantersier, in Provence. Before he was 20 years of age he became professor of philosophy at Aix ; but he soon resigned the chair, and gave him- self up wholly to his scientific pursuits. In 1645 he was appointed professor of matlieniatics in the collcfre-royal of Paris, and his lectures were exceedingly popular. In fact, he was distinguished as an astronomer, naturalist, theologian, and mathematician. Gassendi combated the metaphysics of Descartes, and di- vided with that great man the philoso- pliers of his time, almost all of whom were Cartesians or Gassendians. Gib- bon calls him the most philosophic among the learned, and the most learned amoniT the philosophic of liis age. He d. 1655, leaving nine volumes of hii philosophical works. gay] CYCLOP-«DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 431 GASSICOURT, Charles Louis Cadet DE, a moilcni French pliilosopher and advocate, wa;* t!ie son of an aj)otliecary at I'aiis, and first attracted notice by a pani[>lilet, publislied in 17v7, on tlie Theory of Elections ; which he followed up by" a variety of essays on political subjects. In ISi'S appeared his new " Jiictionary of Ciiemistry," afterwards introduced in the Polytechnic school. He followc'l the French army into Aus- tria in ISOU, and wrote a history of the campaign. The modern plan for the organization of the French board of health owes its origin to him, and iie liad not only the satisfaction of seeing it eagerly adopted, but that of obtaining the appointment of reporting secretary, whicn situation he held till his death, in 1823. GASTON, William, b. at Newbern, N. C, 1778, was descended from a Hu- guenot family, and Ids father distin- guished himself in the revolutionary war. He was graduated at Princeton college in 1796, and began the practice of law in 1798. Before he was 22 he was chosen a senator of his native state, and in 1813 a representative in congress, wlicre he remained till 1817. He greatly distinguished himself by his advocating the war with Great Britain. His useful- ness subsequently was confined to the legislature and "convention of North Carolina. D. 1844. GATAKEE, Thomas, an English di- vine, was b. 1574, in London. In 1619 he published a curious treatise on the "Nature and Use of Lots," which occa- sioned considerable controversy. _ He was also the author of " Opera Critiea," Und other eminent works, chiefly of bib- .ical criticism. D. 1654. GATES, Horatio, an American officer, who greatly distinguished himself in the war of independence, was b. in England, 1728. After serving in the army, and obtaining considerable promotion, he purchased an estate in Virginia, and re- Bided on it until the commencement of the revolutionary war in 1775, when congress appointed him adjutant-gen- eral; and during the struggle which followed, he rendered many brilliant services to his adopted country. On the 8th of October. 1777, he totally de- feated General Burgoyne, who, on the I6th, was compelled to surrender his whole army, wliieh was considered the most important achievement of the whole war, and had the greatest effect in obtaining the result tliat followed. Uc was, however, unfortunate after he he had obtained the chief command of tlio southern districts, being signally de- feated at Camden, by Lord CoruwalliB. D. 1806, aged 77. GATTliKER, Jofix Christopher, a learned German historian ; author of a " History of the World to the time of Cyrus," " An Essay towards a General Universal History," &c. His treatises display a spirit of deep research and sound criticism. D. 1799. GAUBIL, Anthony, a learned French missionary in Chiiui, was b. at Caillai;, ia 17U8, and d. at Pekin in 1759, where he was interpreter to the court. He wrote the history of Genghis Khan, and an " Historical and Critical Treatise ou Chinese Astronomy." GAUBIUS, Jehome David, a cele- brated physician, was b. at Heidelberg, in 1705. His treatise on the "Method of Prescribing, or of Writing Receipts," contains the best rules on that important subject. But his greatest work is his '• Principles of Nosology." D. 1780. GAUDENTIO, an historical painter of Milan, was b. about 1460. He painted in fresco and oil a number of pictures for the churches in his native citv. GAULTIER, Louis, a French abb4, whose life was spent in rendering edu- cation a scientific amusement rather than a task, was b. about the year 1745. D. 1818. GAUTHEY, Emilian Marie, an emi- nent civil engineer, was b. at Chalons- sur-Saone, in France, in 17o2. He filled several important posts ; and under his direction many public works of magni- tude were undertaken and completed. He conceived the idea of forming a canal from Chalons to Dijon, which is termed the " canal du centre," and is 23 leagues in extent. This was completed in 1791. He also executed the junction canals of the Saone, Yonne, and Doubs ; and built several bridges and quays. He wrote several professional treatises, tho principal one of which is entitled " Traite complet sur la Construction des Ponts et des Cauaux navigables." D. 1806. GAVARD, Hyacinthe, one of the most able anatonusts of the 18th leutu- ry, was b. at Montmelian, in 1753, and was a pupil of Desault. lie published treatises on osteology, myology, and splanchnology, the latter of which es- pecially has 'been highly praised. D. 1802. GAY, John, an eminent English poet, was b. at Barnstaple, Devon, in Ifis*, was apprenticed to a silk-mercer in Lon- 432 CYCLOP.f:DIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [gkd don ; but, showing a marked aversion to tniilc, liis incleiiturcs wore cancelled by mutual at;recmont, and he devoted iiiniself to literature. In 1711 he pub- lished his " Kural Sports," which he dedicated to Pope, tlien a young poet like himself; a compliment that intro- duced them to each otlier, and proved the foundation of a frientlship which lasted for life. The year following he was appointed secretary to the duchess of Monmouth. About this time came out his burlesqne poem, eiltitled "Trivia, or the Art of Walking tlie Streets of London ;" which was succeeded, in 1714, by the " Shepherd's Week, a series of Pastorals,'' in ridicule of Phillips. The same year lie went to Hanover with the earl of Clarendon, as secretary to the embassy; but though he had great ex- pectations from the court, they were never realized. In 1720 he published his poems, in 2 vols. 4to., by subscrip- tion ; which produced him a consider- able sum, but he lost it all in the South Sea scheme. After producing many in- genious and agreeable works, some instances of court favor encouraged him to employ himself in his well-known •' Fables," written professedly for the instruction of the duke of Cumberland, and published with a dedication to that prince in 1726; but though they were popular, they failed to serve liim at court. He thereupon wrote " The Begcrar's Opera," which was first acted in 1727, and ran for 63 successive nights ; but it 80 offended the persons in power, that the lord chamberlain refused to license for performance a second part of it, en- titled " Polly." This resentment in- duced his friends to come forward on its publication with so handsome a sub- scription, that his profits amounted to £1200. The cause of Gay was taken up by the duke and duchess of Queensbcr- ry, who gave him a residence in their house, where he d. Dec. 11, 1732. He was buried in Westminster abbey, and a monument was erected to his memory. GAY-LUSSAC, Nicolas Francois, whose important discoveries in numer- ous branches of physics and chemistry have placed hira in the foremost ranks of science, was b. at St. Leonard, in France, 17S8. At an early age he dis- tinguished himself by his aerial voyages for the observation of atmospheric phe- nomena at great heights; and the nu- merous experiments he made in con- junction with Humboldt, Renard, and Berthollet, on an infinite variety of sub- "ects counected with the general laws that regulate the composition c f bodies, liave proved of eminent practiced utility. He closed a Ion? life of almost unparal- leled scientific imlustrv. May ^, 1S.')I}. GAYOT DE PITAVAL, Francis, a French writer, wash, at Lyons, in 1673. He was at first an ecclesiastic; next he entered into the army ; and, at the age of 50, he became an advocate. He com- piled the "Causes Cclebres." D. 1743. GAZA, Theodore, one of the chief revivers of Greek literature in the ir)th centurv, was b. at Thessalouica, in 1393. D. 1478. GERER, an Arabian philosopher of the Stli century, who.>e skill in astrono- my and alchemical researches obtained for him in that dark age the character of a magician. He is said to have been a Greek by birth, and to have aposta- tized from Christianity to Mahometan- ism. His works, under the title of " Lapis Philosophorum," prove that his knowledge of chemistry was by no means so limited as that of many who wrote subsequently to his time. GEBHARDI, Imvis Albert, a volu- minous historical writer ; author of the histories of Denmark and Norway, the Wendes and Sclavonians, Courland, Hungary, the sovereign houses of Ger- many, and various portions of the " Uni- versal History," published at Halle. He was librarian at Hanover, where he d. in 1802. GED, William, the inventor of the art of stereotypin?, which lie i^ractised in 172.'), was a goldsmith of Edinburgh. In 1729 he enlereil into partnership with Fenner, a stationer of London, but no advantage to him resulted from the con- nection, and he returned to Scotland. D. 1749. GEDDES, Alexander, a Roman Cath- olic priest, b. in Ruthven, Banffshire, 1737. In 1779 the university of Aber- deen granted him the degree "^of LL.D., being the first (^atliolie since the retbr- mation to whom it had been given. About this time he removed to London, and begim to devote himself to a trans- lation of the Bible into English. In 1786 he published his prospectus of t'lat work. The first volume of it appeared in 1792, eomprisino- the Pentateuch and the Book of Joshua; and in 1797 ap- peared the second volume ; after which lie published " Critical Remarks," in vindication of his work, and an " Apol- osy for the Roman Catholics of Great Britain." D. 1802.^.Jame?, an increni- ous writer, was b. in Tweeddale, Scot- land, in 1710; educated at Edinburgh; CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHV. qem] entered on the study of the law, and was admitted an advocate. He was the au- thor of " An Essay on the Composition and Manner of Writini; of the Ancients, particularly Plato." D. 1749.— Michael, an eminent English divine of the 17th century. lie was cliaplain to the factory at Lisbon, where he was apprehended by the Inquisition in 168ti, and inter- dicted from officiating in his ministerial capacity ; on which he returned to En- frland, and was made chancellor of Salis- burv. lie wrote the " History of the (.'hiirch of Malabar," the " Church Ilis- torv of Ethiopia." D. 17-il. GEDOYN, NicnoL.^, the translator of Quintilian and Pausanias into French, ■ft as h. at Orleans in 1667, and d. in 1744. GEER, Chakles de, a very celebrated Swedish ualuralist, was b. in 1720. He possessed a share in the iron-works at Dannemora, which mines he improved by the application of new machinery. lie also invented an apparatus for dry- ing corn by the heat of the smelting lioltses. By these means he gained great wealth, whicli he applied to the noblest purposes, in feedmg the_ poor, repairing churches, and establishing ecuools. He was appointed marshal of the court, knight of tlie polar star, and created a baron. He wrote " Memoires pour servir a. I'Histoire des Inseetes." D. 1778. GEIILEE, John Samuel, an eminent natural philosopher and a senator of Leipsic, author of a "Dictionary of Natural Philosophy." T>. 179o. GELASIUS, bishop of Caesarea in the 4th century, was the author of a " His- tory of the Cluireh," of which some portions are still extant. T). 394.— I., was elevated to the papal ehair ou the death of Felix III. in 492. He had a contest with the patriarch of Constanti- nople, and by his arrogance prevented a union between the two churches. D. 496. — II., a native of Campania, was elected pope in 1118. Cencio, niarquis di Franirip:m, who was in the interest of the Emperor Henry V., drove him from Lome, and he retired to the abbey cf Ciu^ny, where iie d. 1119. GELL', Sir \ViLLiA.M, a celebrated an- tiqt\arian and classical scholar, was b. in 1777. He devoted his time to literary pursuits, an 1 published " Tiie Topog- raphv of Trov." ''Tiie Geoorranhy and Antiquities of Ithaea," " Tiie Itinerary of Grcec-e," "The Itinerary of the Mo- rea," "The Topography of Rome," and, lastly, his interesting and beautil'ul work, entitled "Pompciaua, or Obser- 37 433 vations upon the Topograpliy, Edifices, and Ornaments of Pompeii." For many years Sir William had resided in Italy ; first at Rome, and afterwards at Naples. He was knighted on h.is return from a mission to the Ionian Islands inlSu!?, and in 1820 the late Queen Canjline appointed hiin one of her chamberlains. D. 1836. GELLERT, Christian Furchteoott, a German poet and writer on morals, was b. at Ilaynichen, in Saxony, in 1715. He received his education at J^eipsic, and acquired great celebrity by his tales, fables, and essays. He was appointed extraordinary professor of philosophy at Leipsic, where he read lectures on poe- try and eloquence, which were received with great applause. His complete works were puolished in 10 vols. D. 1769. — Christlieb EiiitEooTT, brother of the preceding, was a celebrated metal- lurgist. He introduced very important improvements into the method of sepa- rating metallic substances by amalgama- tion, and wrote on the arts. B. 1713; d. 179o. GELLI, GiAiTBATisTA, an Italian poet and dramatic writer, b. at Florence, in 1498. He was bred to some low trade, but became a member of the academy of Florence, and had a high reputation in his day. Besides his original works, consisting of comedies, poems, and re- marks on the Italian language, he trans- lated the " History of Euripides," into Italian. D. 1.563. GELLIBRAXD, TIexrt, a mathema- tician, b. in London, in 1597, and edu- cated at Trinity college, Oxford. In 1627 he was elected professor of astron- omy at Gi-esham college. He wrote several useful works on the longitude, the variation of tjie magnetic needle, on trisronometry, and on navigation. D. 1636. GELLTUS, AcLus, a Roman lawyer, b. in 130. He studied at Athens, and is the author of " Noctes Attica," a work full of interesting observations, critical and philological. GEMINIANI, Francesco, an eminent musical composer, was b. at Lucca, in 1666, and completed his studies under Corelli. His chief work is entitled, "Guida Harmonica, or a sure Guide to Harmonv and Modulation." D. 1762. GEMISTUS PLETHO, Georoe, a philosopher, b. at Constantinople, in 1390, but who resided chiefly in the Peloponnesus, where he acquired great fame for his wisdom and virtue. He was a zealous defender of the riatonists 434 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [geb against the AnstoteFuir'*, and of the i Greek church agahist hat of Koine. On going to the council of Florence, 1433, his zcul and eloquence gained him the ai-Uiiiration of all parties, ilc con- tributed to the revival of I'latonisni, in Italy, and was the means of laying the foundation of tiie academy in tnat city. lie d. in his native country, at the age of lul. GENDEBIEN, a distinguished Bel- gian, b. 17J3, took part, iu ITSy, in BliaKiug oti' tlie yoke of Austria; in 17yo, sat as a deputy for the Belgian re- public, when united with France in the council of live hundred. In 1815 he was nouiinatcd one of the commission for drawing up the constitutional act, uniting Belgium and Holland as the kingdom of the Netheriauils. As a member of the second chamber, he steadily opposed the arbitrary acts of the royal authority, especially those which emanated from Van Maanen, the minister of justice, and took a decided part in the Belgic revolution of 1831, by which Belgium again separated itself from Holland, and declared its independ- ence. GENGIIIS-KHAX, or JINGHIS- KHAX, the son of a petty Mongolian prince, was b. iu Tartary, in lli53. Afier a species of intestine warfare with vari- ous Tartar tribes, this renowned con- queror invaded China, the capital of whicli was taken by storm, in TiO'), and plundered. The wiurder of the ambas- sadors wliicli Genghis-Khan had sent to Turkestan, occasioned the invasion of that empire, in liilS, with an army of 70' 1,000 men ; and the two great cities of Bokhara and Samarcand were storm- ed, pillaged, burnt, and more than 200,000 "individuals destroyed with them. lie continued his career of dav- astation for several years, and in 122">, tliough more than 60 years old, he marched in person, at the head of his whole army, against the king of Tangut, who had given shelter to two of his enemies, and refused to surrender them. A great battle was fought on plains of ice, formed by a frozen lake, in which the king of Tangut was totally defeated, with the loss of 300.000 men. This am- bitious warrior, whose ravages had cost the human race upwards of 5,i.i00,000 human beings, by dint of successive victories, became monarch of a territory exceeding 1500 leagues, including North- ern (Jhina, Eastern Persia, and the whole of Tartury. He d. in 1227, in the 66th year of his age, and in tlie 52d of Ills reign: havirg, before his death, di- vided his iinmeuse territories beiween the four princes whom he had by the first of his four wives. GEN LIS, STEiMiANiii Feli'jite, connt- ess de, celebrated for her literary talents, and- by many for the independent prin- ciples which prevail through ail her writings, was b. near Autun, in 174;6. Her maiden name was Ducrent de St. Auh»in, and the connection of her family with that of St. Aubiii procured her ad- mission, at four years of age, to cuter as a canoness into the noble chapter at Aix, from which time slie was called la comtesse de Laucy. At 17, a letter of her writing having fallen into the hands of the count de Gcnlis, he was so fasci- nated with its style as to make her the otter of liis hand and fortune, whicli she accepted. By this marriage she became niece to madame de Montesson, who was privately married to the duke of Orleans; and his son, the duke '^f Chartres, chose her, in 1782, to super- intend the education of his children. II was, soon after, rumored that an im- proper attachment existed between her and the duke ; and Pamela, afterwards the wife of the unfortunate Lord Edward Fitzgerald, was supposed to be the issue of that connection. At this period, madame de Gcnlis wrote several excel- lent works, producing, in rapid succes- sion, "Adela and Tlieodore," "The Evenings of the Castle," " The Theatre of Education," and " Annals of Virtue," all of which were highly |)opular. la 17iil she went to England"with her pupil, mademoiselle d'Orleans, and on their return to France, the following year, both were ordered to quit the territories without delay. After some time, thc7 went to Switzerland, but were not per- mitted to reside there; and General iloutesquien obtained them an asyluia ill the convent of St. Clair. In 1800 she returned to France ; and in 1805, Napo- leon gave her apartments in the arsenal at Paris, and allowed her a pension of 5000 francs. On the return of the Bour- bons, she seemed to forget her old pa- tron, and her love of republicanism gav9 way to admiration for the restored dy- nasty. \Vhen her old pupil, Louis Philippe, ascended the throne, both he and his family paid the kindest attentiou to the comforts of madame de Gcnlis; and her pen was actively employed to the last day of her existence. So iiu- incrous are her works, amounting luto- gether to about 'JO volumes, that the mere enumeratiou of their titles would CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPH?. OEO] occupy too much c ' our space. Tlicy einbrace nearly all subjects, and arc characterized by fertility of iiuagiuatiou Uiid a pleasing style, i). 1830. GENNAltr, O^sAK and Benedict, two painters, whA were tlie nepliews and disciples of (Merciuo. After work- ing together some years, Csesar estab- lislied himself at Bologna, and Benedict went to England, where he became painter to James II., on whose expul- sion lie returned to Italy. D. in lilo, aged 82. GENNARO, Joseph Aueelius, a ci- vilian, was b. at Naples, in 1701. He became chief magistrate in his native city, and his works, whicli are all on legal subjects, are remarkable for purity of style and depth of erudition. 1). 1702. GENOVESI, Anthony, an Italian philusopher and metaphysician, was b. atCastiglioue in 1712. lie read lectures in philosophy at Naples with ^reat rep- utation for some time, but at length he was attacked by numerous enemies for publishing his" metaphysics, in which lie recommended the works of Galileo, Grotius, and Newton. The king of Naples, however, protected him, and made iiim professor of political economy and moral philosophy in tlie Neapolitan university. He was the author of "riiilosophical Meditations on Keligion and Morality," a "System of Logic," " Humorous Letters," and " Italian Morality," whicli last is accounted his principal performance. D. 1769. GENTILIS, or GENTILI, Alberico, an Italian civilian, b. at Ancoua, in 1550. His father, who was a physician, embraced the reformed religion, and went to England, where Alberico be- came professor at law at (Jxford ; d. 1008. He wrote " De Jure Belli," and other works on jurisprudence. — Scirto, his brotlier, who was professor of civil law at Altdorf, and d. in 1616, was tlie author of " De Jure Publico Topuli Rotnani," &c. GENTLEMAN, Feancis, a dramatic writer and actor ; b. in Ireland, 1728. Besides some theatrical pieces, he was the author of "The Dramatic Censor," and a volume of " Royal Fables, in imitation of Gay." D. 1784. GENTZ, Frederic von, a distin- guished publicist, and an uncompro- mising antagonist of France, was b. at Breslau, 1704; studied at Kinigsberg, and after a short sojp irn in_ P^nsjland, where he gained the good will it Fitt, lie repaired to Vienna iu 1803, wnere he 43? entered into the A istrian civil service, under the most favorable auspices anci hopes. He was ap]ioinlcd one of tlie secretaries at the congress of Vienna ir 1814, and at I'aris in 1815, and he took an active part in the various congresscB that sprung out of the restoration. A selection from his various works, com- prising political questions, a " Life o) Mary (iuccn of Scots," and numerous articles written for the " Journal Ilisto- rique," was pulilished in 1838. J). 1832. GEOFFREY of Monmouth, a British historian who flourished in the I2th century. He was a native of Monmouth became its archdeacon, and was raised to the see of St. Asaph ; but, in conse- quence of the disturbed state of the north of Wales, he lett his Vjishopric, retiring at first to the monastery of Abingdon, and then taking up his abode at the court of Henry II. His chief work is entitled " Chronicon sive His- toria Britonum" and is full of legendary tales respecting the early British mon- GEOFFRIN, Marie Therese Eodet, a woman alike distinguished ibr the qualities of lier mind and heart, who during half a century, was the ornament of the most pi'lite and cultivated socie- ties of Paris. She wrote a treatise " Sur la Conversation ;" but passed most of her life in active benevolence. D. 1777. GEOFFROI, Stephen Francis, a French physician, and professor of chemistry at Paris, where he was b. 1072. He was the author of a Pharina- copoeia, called " Le Code Medicanientaire de la Faculte de Paris," and was a member of the Royal Society of Lon- don. D. 1731. GEOFFROY, Julian Louis, a French critic, remarkable for the severity of hia dramatic censures. He conducted the " Literary Annals" after the death of Froron, and published a " Course of Dramatic Literature," a "Commentary on Racine," &c. B. 1743; d. 1S14.— Stephen Louis, an eininetit French phy- sician and naturalist; author of a " Manual of Practical Medicine for Sur- geons," a " Dissertation on the Organ of Hearing," a " History of Insects," &c. B. 1725; d. 1810. GEOFFROY SAINT HILAIRE, Etienne, a distinguished zoologist and comparative anatomist, sprung from a family well known iu science, was b. at Etampes, 1772. He was originally des- tined for the church, but he preferred dedicating himself to natural science, a taste for which he had imbibed from 436 CYCLOP.-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ger the instructions of Brisson, at the col- lege of Nnvarre, and in the company of Huay Ills colleague at tiie college of Cardinal Leuioine. In 17'.i8 he formed one of the grc.it scientific expedition to Egypt, explored all the conquered coun- tries, and Was one of the founders and most active members of the institute, of which he afterwards became pi'o- fessor. In 1SU8 he went on a great scientific mission to Portugal; in 1815 lie was a member of the chamber during the hundretl days ; but, on the return of the Bourbons, he retired from political life. The great merit of GeotiVoy Saint Hilaire as a naturalist consists in his discovery of the law of unity that per- vades the organic composition of all animal bodies — a theory glanced at by Button and Goethe ; and in his having founded the theory of " Analogues," or the method by which the identity of organic materials is determined in the midst of all their transformations. With him loo originated the doctrine of '' de- velopment," which has found so able a supporter among ourselves in tlie author of the " Vestiges of Creatior.." His chief works are " Ilistoire Naturelle desMammitVres," 'Thilosophie Anato- miuue," '' Principes de la Philosophie Zoologique," " Ltudes Progressives," &c. D. 1814. GEORGE, Lewis, I., king of Great Britain, was the son of Ernest Augustus, elector of Hanover, bySopliia, daughter of Frederic, elector-palatine, and grand- daughter of James 1. He was b. in 16G0; was trained to arms under liis father; married liis cousin, !so])hia Dorothea, daughter of the duke of Zell, 1682 ; served in three campaigns with the emperor's army, against the Turks in Hungary; and succeeded to the elec- torate in 1700. In 170G he was created duke of Cambridge, and succeeded to the throne of England on the death of Queen Anne, in 1714. D. 1727. — Au- gustus, n., son of George I., was b. in 1683: married in 17o5, tlie Princess Caroline, of Bradciiburg-Anspach, who died in 1737 ; went to England with his father at the accession of the latter ; was created i)rince of Wales; and in 1727 succeed(!d to the throne. D. 1760. — III., eldest son of Frederic, prince of Wales, and grandson of George II., was b. .June 4, 1738, being the first sovereign of the Hanoverian line that could bo;ist of Euirland as the place of his nativity. Oh the death of his father, in 1751, his education was intrusted to the earl of tLcLTi^ourt and the bishop of Norwich; though he was greatly indebteii to the princess-dowager, his mother, lor the Jormation of his mind and character He ascended the throne on the death of his grandfather, in 17'J(i, being then in his 23d year. D. teio. — IV., son of the jireeediug, succec™ d his father, and d. 1830. GEOJiGES, Chevalier de St., a viclin- ist and musical composer. He was a native of Guadaloupe, and usually re- sided in Paris, where, as well as in En- gland, he was equally celebrated for his skill as a sword-player as for his per- formances on the violin. D. 1801. GEOliGlADES, Anastasius, a mod- ern Greek author, b. in 1770, at Philip- pulis. He publisiied at Leipsic a work in modern Greek, called " Anthropolo- gy," and another on the pronunciation of ancient Greek. He was a physician at Bucharest. GEliANDO, Baron de, a distinguish- ed writer on philosophical subjects, was b. at Lyons, 1772; took part in 1793 in the defence of his native city against the troops of the convention, was forced to flee in consequence, returned in 1796, and was prese. t at the battle of Zurich, 1799. But in the heart of the camp he had found time to cultivate literature, for his -'Comparative History of the Systems of Philosophy" attracted tho notice of Lucien Bonaparte, who made him secretary-general to the mihi.ster of the interior in l8i»4 ; and in 1805 he ac- companied Napoleon to Italy, where he remained for some years endeavoring to introduce the French system of adiniu- istration. In 1837 he was raised to the peerau-e. D. 1842. GEKAKD, Alexander, a Scotch di- vine and writer, was b. at Garioch, Aberdeenshire, in 1728. He was edu- cated at Aberdeen and Edinburgh, and in 1752 he became professor of moral philosophy in Marischal college. In 1759' he was appointed professor of di- vinity, took his doctor's degree, and iu 1771 lie obtained the theological profes- sorship in King's college, Al)erdeen. He was the author of " An Essay on Taste," "Dissertations on liie Genius and Evidences of Christianity," " An Essay on Genius," two volumes of ser- mons, and a " Discourse on the Pastoral Care." — Fr.\ncois, a French historical painter, of the highest merit. He be- came, at the early age of 14, a pupil of the celebrated David, and is thought by many good judges to have equalled, if not in some cases to have surpassed his master. His battle-pieces are extremely gerJ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 437 grand ; but probably liis portraits of t!ie Bonaparte family, ami of the allied soveroiiriis are liis tiiiest acliicveiiieiits. B. 1770; d. 1837. — Louis, an eniinuut French physician and botanist, b. in 173;3. lie was distiniruished for his re- Bearches in various branches of natural science; and he first noticetl the natural affiniiics of plants, in hia '' Gcrardi Flora Gallo-Provincialis." D. 1819. GEKAKD DE UAYNEVAL, Joseph Matiiiias, a French diplomatist, who for a long series of years was employed as secretary in political missioik^, and subsequently became chief of the divi- sion ia the otlice of foreiirn affairs, lie g-rcatly distinguished himself both by his diplomatic talents and his published opinions. B. 173(3; d. 1812. GEKAKD TllOM, or TENQUE, founder of the order of St. John of Je- rusalem, was b. at Amalti, about the year li40. lie first visited Jerusalem for connnercial objects; but in 1100 he took the religious habit, and associated with others, who made the vow.s of chastity, poverty, and obedience : tlie object of their institution being to de- fend Christian pilirrims in their journey to and from the Holy Land. Thus sirose the powerful order of knights hospital- lers of St. John, who afterwards became the knights of Malta, and acquired such distinguished fame. D. ll'2ii. GEKARDE, John, an English bota- nist and surgeon, b. at Nantwieli in Cheshire, in 1545, and d. in 1(307. He was the author of " Catalogus Arborum, Fruticiun, et I'lanfaruni,"' and the " Her- bal, or General History of Wants," a 'A'ork which contributed to diffuse a iaste for botany. GEHARDEX, Sebastian, an eminent French naturalist; author of " Tableau Elcmcntairc de Botanique," &c. B. 1751 ; d. 1816. GEK.\KDS, Makk, a painter of Bru- ges, was b. in 15(31. About 15S0 he went to England, and was appointed painter to Queen Elizabeth. He was eminent in history, portraits, and laud- scajK's. D. 1(135. GEKBAIS, Ji;ak, a French civilian, doctor of the Sorbonne, professor of rhetoric at the royal college of Paris, and principal of the college of Elieims, d. in that city in 166y. He wrote "De Cuiisis Majoribus," "A Letter on the Ornaments and Luxury of FY-malc Dress.-' &c. GEKPiELlUS, Nicholas, professor of jurisprudence at the univei^ity of Stras- tiurg; author of the "Life of Cuspiu- 37* ian," a treatise on the "Rise and Pro- gress of the .\iuibapti>ts," p(!ared under the title of " De Cantu et Musica Sacra a prima Ecclesite ^Elate usque ad pre- sens Tempus." A still more valuable one, now very scarce, appeared in 1784, entitled "Scriptores Ecclesiasiici de Music.i Sacra potissimum." D. 171(3. GERBIER, Sir Balthasar, a painter, was b. at Antwerp, 1592. He went to England with Rtibens, and was knight- ed by Charles I., who made him liis agent at Brussels, and emi)l()yed him in different negotiations. At the restora- tion he prejiared the triumphal arches for the reception of the king. D. 1(567. GERBILLON, John Francis, a Jesuit missionary in China, b. in 1654. Ho wrote " (/oservations on Great Tartary," and an accotnit of his travels is inserted iu Du Halde's History of China. He was in great favor with the emperor, for whom he composed the " Elements of Geometry," and was his instructor in niatliematics and philosophy. He was iillowed to preach the Christian religion in China, and finally became superior- general of all the Jesuit missionaries sent from France. D. at Pekin in 17o7. GERMAN ICUS, Cj:sar, the son of Claudius Drusus Nero, and the younger Antonia, a niece of Augustus, was adopted by Tiberius, his paternal uncle. He was at the head of the Roman armies in Germany when Augustus died ; and after gaining many great victories there, Tiberius, je:dous of his nephew's glory, called him home under pretence of granting him a triumph. In or ler, however, to get rid ot a man whoso popularity appeared dangerous, he sent liim, invested with almost absolute pow- er, into the P2ast, where he died, under strong suspicions of being poisoned, a. d. il', aged 34. His death was regard- ed at Rome as a public loss, and all the houses were closed on the day of bis funeral. GERM ANUS, patriarch of Constanti- nople in the 8th century, was a zealous defender of iinaire-worship, for which he was degraded, in a council Iield at Constantinople, in 730. D. 740. 438 CYCLOP-EDIA or BIOGRAPHY. [ges GERNSTXER, Fraxcb Axrnoxr, chevalier de, u distinguished Austmn eDginecr. He constructed tlie railroad froui Bu.hveis to Liutz, and p.irt of that from Moscow to St. Petersburg. He publia'.ied an important and elaborate work on •• I'ractical ^lechauics." D. at i'biladelphi;!, ISoi). GERKl', Elbuidge, one of the sign- ers of the declaration of independence, and vice-president of the United States, \rv; b. at Marblehead, ilass., in IT-tt, and received his education at Harvard college. He was graduated at this insti- tution in 17t>2, and afterwards engiigiug in mercantile pursuits, amissed a con- siderable fortune. He took an early part in the controversies between the colonies and Great Britain, and in 177-2 was elected a representative, from liis native town, in the legislature of Massa- chusetts. In 1776 he was elected a dele- gate to the continental congress, where for several years he exhibited the ut- most zeal and fidelity in the discharge of nuuierous and severe otticial labors. In 178-J: Mr. Gerry was re-elected a mem- ber of congress, and in 1787 was chosen a delegate to the convention which as- sembled at Philadelphia, to revise the articles of confederation. In 1789 he was again elected to congress, and re- mained in that body for four years, when he retired into private life till the year 17tiT, when he was appointed to accompany Genend Finckncy and Mr. Marshall on a special mission to France. In October, 17y8, Mr. Gerry returned home, having been elected governor of his native state, and in 1812 vice- president of the United States, he d. at Washin.'ton, 1S14. GERSON, John Chaklier de, an eminent French divine, b. at Gerson, in Champagne, in 1363. He was chancellor of the uuiversin- of Paris, and canon of Notre Dame ; and he distiniruished him- self by his piety, his writings, and his defence of the council of Constance against the authority of the pope. D. .1421. — John, abbot of Vercei, in the 12th century, by whom the book entitled " De linitatioue Christi," which bears the uau)e of Tiiomas a-Kempis, was, as it r.ow a] >e irs, really written. GERSTEIX, Christian Louis, a math- matieian, was b. at Giessen, in 1701 ; appointed to the professorship of mathe- matics there in 1733 ; but afterwards deprived of it for not sab;nitliiig to the decision of a court of justice in a law- suit. D. in 1762. He wrote some Latin works on barometrical observations, a " New Method of calculating Eclipses," &c. GERVAISE, Arm and Fraxcis, a French ecclesiastic of the order of the Carmelites. He abridged the works of St. Cyprian, and wrote his life. He waa also the author of the lives of Abelard and llL'loise, and other biograpliical and theological works. D. 1744.— Nicholas, brother of the preceding. He went to Siam, where he remained four years as a missionary; and on his return pub- lished the natural and civil history of that kingdom ; also, a description of Jblacassan Af.er a time he was conse- crate! bishop of Horren, m Guiana, and went thither ; but was murdered, with idl his clerirv, bv the natives, in 172ii. GESENIUS, "Freueric Henry Wil- I,LVM, one of the most distinguished orientalists of modern times, was b. at Xordhaiisen, 178*1. He was professor of theology at Halle ; and during the 30 years tliat'he lectured in that universi- ty, he published numerous works, which have made a new era in oriental litera- ture. His "Hebrew Grammar," and many analogous productions enjoy a universal reputation, aid some of them are translated into most European lan- gnascs. D. 1842. GESNER, Conrad, an eminent phy- sician and naturalist, was b. at Zurich, in Switzerland, in 1516, and was profes- sor of philosophy there for 24 years. His fame as a botanist was spread over Fairope, and he maintained a correspond- once with learned men of all countries. He wrote numerous able works on dif- ferent branches of natural history, of which his " Historia Animalium" is reckoned his greatest performance, and '.rocnre 1 him' the appellation of the Pliny of Germany. His "Bibliotheca Universalis," a full catalogue of all ^vtI- ters extant, in three languages, Greek, Latin, and Hebrew, is a "monument of immense learning and industry. He otherwise rendered much service to science, and for his various and great merits he was ennobled. T>. lofil. — Solomon, a post and painter, was b. at Zurich, in 1730. He was placed under a bookseller at Berlin, but soon eloped from his master, and employed his time in painting and poetry. On his return to Zurich' he published " Daphnis," which was followed by " In■^le and Ya- rieo:" but his fame was established by his "Idylls and Pastorals." He nexl added to his eelebritv bv the very popu- lar piece of " The Death'of Abel." which appeared in 175S, and made his name 31 b] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. 439 knowii tlironarliout Europe. Tie then published his "First Navigator," " Mor- al Talcs,"' '• Dramas," &c. ; and after- wards turned his attention more par- ticularly to paintiufir and enprraving, and produced several landscapes; at tlie same time instructing with his pen, while he pleased the eye, and contribu- ted to the progress of art. D. 178S. GESSNKK, JuH.v Matthias, a pro- found scholar and critic, was b. at Roth, in Anspach, in 16yi. His most esteemed works are editions of some of the clas- sics, and an excellent Latin Thesaurus. GKTA, SEPTiitii"3 Anto.vius, second h:iL of the Emperor Severus, and bro- thei of the infamous Caracalla, whom he joined in the government on the death of his- father. He was b. 1S9, and had not reached his 23d year when the Ro- mans had to lament his uutimely death. GEZELIUS, JoHX, bishop of Abo, the capital of Finhuid, was the author of a " Pentaglot Dictionary," an abridg- ed " Encyclopajdia of the Sciences," &c. B. 1651; d. 16 0. — John, his son, who succeeded him in the bishopric, was also a learned scholir, and tran.slated the Bible into the Fiulaudish tongue. D. 171S. GHERARDESCA, Urolixa della, immortalized in the " Inferno" of Dante, under the appellation of Count Ugolino, was a Neapolitan, who, in the iSth cen- tury endeavored to usurp the govern- ment of Pisa, and found a new princi- pality, after tlie example of Delia Scala at Verona. After a time he succeeded, but governed his countrymen with great despotism; and Roger d"Ubaldini, the archbishop of Pisa, who was as cruel and ambitious as himself, formed a con- spiracy against him, the result of which was, that Count Ugolino was attacked in his palace, and, afier a brave resisUmee, taken prisoner, with three of his sons and one of his grandsons, all of whom wore imprisoned, and left to die of stiir- vaiion. (fllEZZI, Seb.vstiax, Joseph, and Pe- TEi: Leo, father, son, and trrandsou ; th'ec Italian artists of'the ITth and ISth centuries, each of whom was more or less eminent in ornamenting churches and palaces. GHIEERTI, Lorenzo, a celebrated Eculptor, b. in 1378, at Florence, who early learned the arts of drawinsr, model- ing, and castintr metals. At Florence he executed two bronze doors, which still ftdorn the baptistery of St. .John, and, ftceordin? to the hyperbolical praise of ; Iklichael Angelo, were worthy o^ decora- | ting the entrance to paradise. It con- tiiins 24 panels, representing variovifl subjects from the New Testament. D, 1455. GHIRLANDAIO, Domenico, one of the elder Florentine painters, was dis- tinguished for fertility of invention, and has therefore been iniitated bv later ar- tists. He was b. 1449, and" had the honor of being teacher to Michael Ange- lo. — RiDoLPHo, his son, was also an ex- cellent artist, and highly esteemed by Raphael. D. 1560. GIAilBERTI, Francesco, a Floreu tine architect of the 15th centnry, who made the designs tor many buildings in Florence and Rome, composed a work containing the drawings of ancient monuments remaining m the Roman territory and Greece^ — Giuliano, his son, was architect, sculptor, and engi- neer to the house of Medici; built a magnificent palace for the Grand-duke Lorenzo, besides many other palaces, churches, and fortresses; in short, ho was one of the first architects of the age. B. 1443 ; d. 1517. GIANNONE, Peter, a fearless histo- rian, was b. at Ischitella, in Apulia, in 1676, and became an advocate at Naples, lie wrote a valuable " History of Naples." in which he gave great offence to the court of Rome, and exposed him to its fury. His book was prohibited, himself excommunicated, and, after having been driven into exile, he d. at Turin, m 1733. GIBBON, EuwARD, the celebrated historian, was b. at Putney, in 1737; sent to Westminster school, but soon transferred to a private tutor ; then to Magdalen colleee, Oxford, for a short time, and finally to Lausanne, where he renounced the Roman Catholic faith, without embracing any other, and be- came a confirmed skeptic. On return- ing to Encrland he entered upon Ihe duties of active life, but read much, ar d prepared himself for authorship, la 1763 he went on his travels ; and while sitting amidst the ruins of tlie capitol at Rome, he formed the idea of writing the history of the decline and fall of that city. In the mean time he joined M. Deyvurdun in a journal called " Me- moires Litteraires de la Grand Bre- tairne," whieii met with no success. In 1770 he besan his celebrated history of the " Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ;" the 1st vol. of which, in 4to., appeared in 1776 ; the 2d and 3d in 1781 ; and the concludin? three vols, id 17^8. Previous to this underrakimr, Mr. Gibbon was chosen into parliament foi 440 CVCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHV. [gif Liskcard ; and when liostilities com- tneneed between England and France, in 177S, he was employed to draw up the manifesto on that occasion ; for which he was made commissioner of the board of trade, but lost the place on the change of administration in 1783. He then went to reside at Lausanne, where he continued till the French revolution obliged him to return to England. D. 1704. GIBBONS, Grinling. an eminent sculptor and stutuarv, was b. in London about t'le middle of the 17tli century. Ilio flowers and foliage carved in wood have nl.iiost the lightness of nature ; and he executed several fine pieces also in mirhle and bronze. Amongst his works are St. Paul's and Windsor choirs, the woo Icn throne at Canterbury, the monument of Viscount Camden. lit Ex- ton, in Kuthmdshire, the font n St. James's church, the statue of Chailes IL at Charing-cross, and that of James IL in Privv gardens. D. 1721. GIBBS, James, an architect, was b. at Aberdeen, in 16s;3. He designed the churches of St. Martin's and St. Mary- le-Strand, London; the senate-house, and the new buildings of King's college, Cambridge ; the Radclitfe library, Ox- ford, &c. D. 17.">4. — Sir VicARY, chief justice of the conniion pleas, was b. in 1752, at P>xeter. On the death of Mr. Kichard Burke, he was appointed re- corder of Bristol, and was soon distin- guished as an eloquent pleader and an able advocite. The trials of Home Tooke, Hardy, and others, for higii treason, brought the talents of Mr. Gibbs still more conspicuously before the pub- lic; and soon after he became king's counsel. He was also elected into par- liament fortlie university of Cambridge; made chief justice of Chester; next so- licitor, and afterwards attorney-general, with the honor of knighthood. In 1813 he was appointed a puisne judge of the common pleas; and, the year following, lord chief justice. After discharging the duties of this office about four years, he resigiu^d it, at the end of 1818, on ac- count of infirmities, and d. 1820. GIBSCJN, Edmun'd, a learned prelate and imtiquary, who was b. at Knipe, ■Westmoreland, in 1669. In 1691 he published a new edition of Drum- raond's " Polemo Middiana,'' and .James V. of Seodand's "Cantilena Rustica;" transla^etl the "Saxon Chronicle" and Camden's "Britannia;" and produced several original works, the principal of tvhich was' his "Codex Juris Ecclesi- astici Anglicani." In 1715 he wls made bishop of Lincoln; was transferred to London in 1720, and d. 1748. — Rich- ard, known by the name of the Dwarf, an English painter in the time of Sir Peter Lely, whose manner he studied. In his youth he was servant to a lady at Mortlake, who, perceiving his taste for painting, put him under De Cleyn, for instruction. He was page to Charles I., and when he married Mrs. Anne Shep- herd, who was also a dwarf, the king gave away the bride. They were of equal stature, each measuring 3 ft. 10 in. They had nine children, five of whom arrived at years of maturity, and vcre of the usual stature. Gibson d. in his 7oth year, and his wife in 1709, at the age of 89. — Johx, General, a soldier of the French war, and also of the Ameri- can revolutionary war, was b. in Lan- caster, Pennsylvania, 1740. He early served under General Forbes in the expedition to Fort du Quesne, which was occupied Nov. 25, 1758, and called Pittsburg. Here he remained is an Indian trader. In 1763 he was captured by the Indians, and adopted by a squaw, whose son he had slain in battle. He had tlius an opportunity to acquire a knowledge of several Indian languages. On being released he again settled at Pittsburg. In 1774 he was an import- ant agent in making the Indian treaty entered into by Governor Dunmore. On this occasion Logan's celebrated speech was delivered, of which Colonel Gibson was the interpreter. On the commencement of the i-evolutionary war he was appointed the colonel of a Vir- ginia regiment, of which he was in com- mand at the close of the war. Residing at Pittsburg, he was in 1788 a member of the Pennsylvania convention ; he was also associate judge, and major-general of militia. In 1800 he was appointed secretary of the territory of Indiana, and held the office till 1816, when the tem- tory became a state. D. 1822. GIFFORl), .loHN, a political and his- torical writer, whose real name was Johi* RrciiARD Green, was b. 1758. He con- tributed to the establishment of the "British Critic," and afterwards of tlie " Anti-Jacobin Review," wliich last arose out of a newspaper of t!ie same nuine. He also wrote "The History of France," the " History of the French Revolution," and "The Life of the Right Hon. William Pitt." D. 1818.— W^ii.LiAM. a celebrated critic and satirist, was b. at Ashburton, Devon. His father, who was a plumber and glazier, at South oil] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 441 Molton, died wlien he was 12 years old. Tlie widow soon followed her husband to the grave; and the orphan was at first sent to sea in a eoastnig vessel, but shortly after apprentieed to a shoemaker in his native town. There he remained till he wa:'. in his 20th year; but being disgusted with hia employment, and evincing talents of a superior order. Mr. Cookesicy, a surgeon of the town, pro- posed to some of the inhabitants to raise a subscription, with a view of purciia- sing ills freedom, and giving him an education. This being etfected, he was 8d t to Oxford, to pursue studies more coigi.Miial to his mind. In 1791 he pi jlished "The Baviad," a poetical sat re, in which he severely lashed the pojts and poetasters of the day; and, in 171)4, appeared " The Mffiviad," a satire on the degraded state of the drama. In 1797, Mr. Gilford became editor of the "Anti-Jacobin," a weekly paper, established by Mr. Canning. This publication, which continued only one year, involved him in a quarrel with Dr. Woleot, against whom he published a poetical squib, entitled " An Epistle to Peter Pindar." In 1802 appeared his translation of Juvenal ; in 1805 an edi- tion of Massinger's plays; and, subse- quently, the works of Ben Jonson, Ford, and Shirley; but it was in his capacity of editor of the "Quarterly Eeview," (which he conducted from its com- mencement in ISO'J till 1824,) that he was most generally known. D. 182G. GIGLl, Jerome, an Italian poet, b. at Sienna, 1660, whose attacks upon the Academy Delia Crusca, and caustic wit, as well as his lyrical and dramatic pro- ductions, gave him great popularity. He was compelled however, at Kome, to retract all his offensive opinions, and he d. 1722, in such poverty that his funeral expenses were paid by some charitable monks. GILBERT, Davies, an eminent man of science, vice-president of the Royal Society, and member of numerous otiier learned and scieiitiflc societies, was b. at St. Erth, in Cornwall, 1767. His family name was Giddy, but having, in 1808," married the daughter of a wealthy Sussex gentleman named Gilbert, he assumed his name and arms in 1817. He contributed several papers to tlie transactions of scientific societies, and published "A Plain Statement of the Bullion Question." He represented the borouu'h of Bodmin in parliament from 1808 to 1832. D. 1840.— Sir Humpjirey, an enterprising English navigator in the reign of Elizabeth, was b. at Dartmouth, in lo3y. He published, in l.')76, a dis- course to prove the practicability of a northwest passage to China; and in 1578 he himself sailed on a voyage of discovery to the coast of America. In a second voyage, in 1583, he took pos- session of Newfoundland ; but his ship foundered on her return to England, and all on board perished. — William, a phy- sician, and experimental philosopher, who discovered several of the properties of the loadstone, was b. at Colchester, in 1540', elected a fellow of the college of physicians, and became physician to Queen Elizabeth. He was a strenuous advocate ibr the inductive mode of phil- osophical matters, and was tiie first who asserted the theory of a great central magnet in the earth, afterwards applied by Dr. Ilalley to the explanation of the variation and dipping of the needle in the mariner's compass. D. i6u3. GILDAS, surnamed the Wise, a Brit- ish ecclesiastic and historian of the 6th century, was the son of Caw, a British prince, who emigrated to North Wales, ni order to avoid submissioL 'o the An- glo-Saxons. He appears to have been a monk; and, after residing in one of the small isles called the Holmes, in the Bristol Channel, retired to the abbey of Glastonbury, where he died. A book, ascribed to Gildas, has been repeatedly published, entitled " Epistola de Excidio BritannicjE, et Castigatio Ordinis Eccle- siastici;" but it exlubits so frightful a picture of the depravity of manners, which pervaded all classes of Britons, that its authenticity has been questioned by some critics, who presume it must have been the work of a foe rather than of a friend to their race. D. 570. GILES, William Branch, b. in Ame- lia county, Va., 1762, was governor of Virginia, and for many years a member of congress from that state, both in the senate, and house of representatives. He was governor of Virginia from 1826 to 1829. He published a speech on the embargo laws, 1808 ; political letters to the people of Virginia, 1813; a series of letters, signed a Constituent, in the " Richmond Enquirer" of Jan., 1818, against the plan for a general ed.icatiou ; in April, 1824, and a singular letter of invective against President Monroe and Mr. Clay for their " hobbies," the South America cause, the Greek cause, internal improvements, and the tariff. In Nov., 1825, he addressed a letter to Judge Marshall, disclaiming the expressions, not the general sentiments, in regard to U2 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [qio "Washington, ascribed to liim in tlie life of Washingion. Ho lia.t also appeared before the piiljlic as the correspuadeiit of John t^iiUR-y Adams. D. 1800. GILL, Alkxanoek, a famous school- master, was b. ill Lincolnshire, in 1564. In 1608 he became master of St. Paul's school, where he brought up many emi- nent persons, and among the rest John Milton. Dr. Gill wrote a "Treatise concerning the Trinity in Unity," " Logonomia Anglica," "Sacred Phi- losophy of the Holy Scripture," &c. — Alexander, his son, wlio succeeded him in tlie liead-mastcrship of St. Paul's school, had also tiie honor of having Milton for his scholar while he was at Trinity college, Oxford, and it appears that tiie pupil had a great esteem for liis preceptor in after life. D. 1642. — John, a divjne of the Baptist persuasion, was b. at Kettering, in Northampton- shire, 1697. His education was limited, owing to the contracted circumstances of his parents, but, by application, he became a good classical and oriental scholar. He commenced as a preacher at Higham Ferrers, from whence he removed to a congregation at Horsley- down, Southwark. He wrote an " Ex- position of the Sons of Solomon," and "The Cause of God" and Truth." But his great work was an "Exposition of the Bible." GILLIES, John, was b. at Brechin, Forfarsliire, 1747. He was appointed historiographer for Scotland on the death of Dr. Robinson, and he con- tinued his literary labors to a late period of liis life. His chief works are, "A History of Ancient Greece," " The Eeign of Frederic II.," " History of the World, from Alexitnder to Augustus," translations from Aristotle, Isocrates, nd was esteemed by the mercantile in- cerest as an active and able supporter. D. 1785. — Jane, a distinguislied actress, was b. at Nowry, in Ireland, in 1781. Under the auspices of her father, Mr. Betterton, she commenced her theatri- cal career at the age of six ; and after a highly successful appearance in the provinces, she was engaged by Mr. Har- ris, of Covent-ffarden, where she made i\er debut, as Elvina, in Hannah More's "Percy," in 1797. D. 18o0. GLUCK, CuRisTOPiiEK, one of the most eminent musical composers of modern times, was b. in Bavaria, in 1714, de- voted himself to the study of music, and became a skilful performer on several instruments. He went to London '.a 1745, and composed for the Italian opera. He then went to the Continent; and Vienna, Naples, Rome, Milan, and Ven- ice were in turn the theatres of his glory. His " Alc'jste," and " Orpheus," produced at Vienna, between the years 1762 and 1769, had an overwhelming ef- fect by their boldness and originality, and served, together with some later ones, to establish the fame '•A' tlicir author. In 1774, Gluck went 'o Paris; and the celebrated Piecini arriving lliero shortly after, the French capital was di- vided upon the merits of the two com- posers. Such a scene, indeed, of musi- cal rivalry had never before been known. He now brought out his )( ng-proiniscd opara of "Iphigenia in Aulis." it was received with enthusiastic applause, and represented 170 times in the course of two seasons. In 1787 he returned to Germany, with. a large fortune, and d. at Vienna in the same year. GMELIN, John Georgk, a botanist and physician, was b. at Tubingen, in 1709. He went to Petersburg, where he became member of the academy, and professor of chemistry and natural his- tory. In 1773 he was sent with a com- pany employed to explore the bounda- ries of Siberia. He published " Flora Siberiea" and "Travels through Sibe- ria." D. 1755. — Samuel TnEOPiiiLiis, nephew of the preceding, was b. at Tu- bingen, in 1743; went to Petersburg, and obtained a professorship. He spent some years in travelling through Tartary, where he d. in prison, into which he liad been thrown by one of the chiefs, in 1774. lie wrote his " Travels through Russia," and a "Journey from Astracan to Czaricyn." — .John Frederic, a pliy- sician and chemist, was b. at Tubingen, in 1748. He became professor of chem- istry and natural liistory at Gottiniren ; and' published several works on chem- istry, mineralogy, and natural history. One of the most celebrated is his edition of the "Systema Naturae" of Linnajus. He was also the author of "A History of Chemistry ;" and the world is in- debted to him for the discovery of sev- eral excellent dyes, extracted from min- eral and vegetable substances. D. 1805, GOAD, John, an eminent schoolmas- ter, was b. in London, 1615. His works are, " Genealogicon Latinum," " Astro- Meteorological Aphorisms and Dis- courses of the Bodies Celestial, their Natures, Influences," &c. The subject of this is a kind of astrology founded on reason and cxper'nent, and gained him ?reat reputation. (iOBBO, Peter Paul Cortonesk, a celebrated painter of fruit and land- scapes, b. at Cortona, in 15S0. He 446 CYCLOP.'EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [god copied nature with the greatest accuracy, auJ by his slvill in the uhiaro-oscuro he gave an exact and expressive rouiidijess to his fruits, &c., but he chiefly excelled iu coloring. D. 16-10. GOBELIN, Giles, a French dyp.r of the 17th century, who resided at Paris, and is said to have invented or greatly imj'roved the process of dyeing scarlet. In 1066, a royal establishment for the nuuuit'uctory of fine tapestry was founded on tlie spot where his premises stood, wlience tlie work produced there was termed tlie Gobelin tapestry. - GU DD AR D, Jonathan, an able chem- ist and pliysician, b. at Greenwich, about the year 1617. He was educated at Oxford, graduated at Cambridge, and on liie brealting out of the civil war was att.i'jhed to the parliament. He attended Cromwell in his expeditions to Scotland and Ireland, as physician to the forces; Was appointed warden of Morton college, and in the parliament of 1658, sat as sole representative for Oxford. D. 1674. GODFREY of Boaillon, cliief of the first crusade, and king of Jerusalem, was the son of Eustace II., count of Boulogne and Lens. He served with great gallantry in tlie armies of the Em- peror Henry 'IV., who conferred upon liim the title of duke of Lorraine ; and when the first crusade was set on toot, the fame of his exploits caused his elec- ';ion as one of the principal commanders. In 10y6, accompanied by his brothers, Eustace and Baldwin, lie commenced his march, and on arriving at Philop- polis, in Thrace, he compelled the Em- peror Alexis Comnenus to allow him a free passage to tlie East. Several dif- ficulties occurred ; but at length the Turks were vanquished, and the object of his ambition waseffectel. Jerusalem was carried l^y storm, after a siege of five weeks, (July 15, 101)0 ;) and, in eight days after, Godfrey was proclaimed king, by the unanimous voice of the crusading army; but the piety and hu- mility of the conqueror would not sutfer him to wear a crown in the holy city, and ho declined the regal title, content- ing himself with that of Defender and (juardian of the Holy Sepulchre. The sultan of P:gypt, at the head of 400,000 men, now attempted to dispossess him of his newly-acquired territory, but Godfrey gave hiin battle in the plain of .■\sc;'lon, and 100,000 men were left dead on the field. D. in 1100. — Of Viteebo, an historian who lived in the 12th cen- tury, was chaplain and secretary to Oonrad III., and the emperors Frederic and Henry VI. He labored 40 year? ii' compiling a chronicle from the creation of the world to tlie year 1186. It \a written in a mixture of prose and verse ; and was first printed at Basle in 1559. GODMAN, John D., an eminent anatomist and naturalist. After obtain- ing his medical degree, ho entered with energy upon the active duties of his profession. He went to Baltimore, and afterwards removed to Philadelphia. Being invited to the professorship of anatomy in the college of Ohio, he spent a year at the West, and then returned to Philadelphia, where he willingly retired from the field of practice, and devoted himself to scientific pursuits. Deter- mined to be a thorough teacher of anatomy, he opened a room for private demons'trations, and in the first winter had a class of seventy students. After prosecuting his anatomical labors four or five years, he was chosen professor of anatomv in Rutger's medical college in New Vork. With a broken constitu- tion he was compelled, before the com- pletion of his second course of lectures to retire from the school, and to seek a milder climate. After passing the winter in Santa Crnz, he settled in Germantown, near Philadelj)hia. He wrote the articles on natural liistory for the " American Encyclopfedia" to the end of the letter C. 'besides numerous Sapers in the periodical journals of the ay. He published the " Western Quar- terly Reporter of Medical Science," Cin- cinnati, 1S22 ; " Account of Irregularities of Structure and Morbid Anatomy ;" "Contributions to Physiological and Pathological Anatomy ;" " Bell's Anato- my" with notes ; " Anatomical Investi- gations, comprising descriptions of various Fasciae of the Body," 1824; "American Natural History," with en- gravings ; addresses on various publio occasions, 1829; and "Rambles of a Naturalist." D. 1830. GODOLPHIN, Sidney, a poet, waa b. in Cornwall, in 1610; educated at Exeter college, Oxford ; and having joined the king's army, he fell in an engagement at Chagford, Devon, in 1648. Besides several poems, he trans- lated that part of Virgil which recites the loves of Dido and yEneas. GODWIN, earl of Kent, a powerful Anglo-Saxon lord. In 1017 he accom- panied Canute in an expedition against Sweden, where he Viehaved with sucL valor as to receive the daughter of thai monarch in marriage, and large grant*- of land. On the death of Canute, the god] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 447 tnrl fi'ulcd with TTnrdicnnnte affninst IJ;ir()lil, but aftcru'iirds lie espoused the e;mse of the latter. lie wiis chiirircl with inn)-(lcrin. 104''). — Wil- liam, the well-known author of " Polit- ical Justice," "Caleb Williams," t ajijiear again as an author till 1707, when he ])ublished a scries of essays, under the title ot "The Enquirer." In the following > ear he produced the " Memoirs of Mary Wolstoiicroft." authoress of a " Vindi- cation of tl'.c Riirhts of Woman," who.se congenial mind in politics and morals, a«id whose noble spirit he ardently admired. He had lived with her somo time before their marriage; and in her "Memoirs" be says, "the principal motive for com])lying with the ceremony, was the circumstance of Mary's being in a state of pregnancy." She, however, died a few months after, in giving birth to a daughter. In 17P0 he produced another work, entitled " St. Leon." a romance. In 1801 he again married, and shortly after opened a bookscllcr'a shop in Skinner-street, where ushered forth a variety of juvenile publications, many of which were his own composi- tion. Though engaged in trade, ho cont'nued to wield the pen of an expe- rienced author. He wrote the novels of " Fleetwood," and " Mandcville ;" a " History of the Life and Age of Geof- frey Chaucer," a "History of tho Commonwealth of England," two un- successful tragedies, an " Exposition of Mr. Malthus's Theory of Population," "Cloudesley," a novel; "Thoughts on Man ; his Nature, Productions, and Discoveries;" "The Lives of the Nec- romancers," &c. As a novelist, God- win is decidedly original, combining great depth of thought with singular independence and energy of style. During tlie administration of Earl Grey, he was appointed to the sinecure offico of yeoman-usher of the exchequer, by which his latter davs were rendired comfortable. D. Ajiril. 18.36.— The wife of the preceding, though better known as Maky WoLSToNciioFT, was b. 1759. The poverty of her parents could only afford her the commonest mode of edu- cation. Reading and reflection, with extraordinary talents, her biographer tells us, supplied all deficiencies ; s«. that, at the death of her mother, .she opened a school with her sisters at Islington, from wheuce they removed to 448 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIT. [gop Newington Green. Shortly aftcsr, Mary quittcil lier sisters to utteiid upon a sick- lady wlio had been her bcnetiictresM, and who died at Lisbon. Upon her return she ciiga>fcd herself as g:vcruess to Lord Ivingsborough's eliildren. In 1789 slie tixcd her residenec in London, and began her literary pursuits with "Thoughts on the Education of Daugh- ters." In 17i)7 she was married to William Godwin, and died a few months afterwards. — William, son of tlic author of ''Caleb Williams," and the brother of Mrs. Shelley, was a contributor lo Bome of the best periodicals of the day, and a parliamentary reporter. His essays showed that he was an attentive observer of men and manners, and werp written with considerable tact and vivacity. D. 1S32. iOETIIE, Jon.N Wolfgang vo^, the greatest modern poet of Germany, and the patriarcli of German literature, was b. at Frankfort-on-thc-Maine, August 28, 1749. His father was doctor of law and imperial counsellor; and being in good circumstances, possessing a taste for the tine arts, and having made a tolerable collection of pictures and other objects of virtii, young Goethe had an early opportunity of indulging his fancy and improving his mind. Drawing, music, natural science, the elements of jurisprudence, and the languages occu- pied his early years; and wlien he was 15, he was sent to the university at Leipsic, but did not follow any regular course of studies. In 1768 he quitted Leipsic, and subsequently went to the university of Strasburg, to qualify him- Belf for the law ; but he paid more at- tention to chemistry and anatomy tlian to his nominal pursuit. In 1771 he took the degree of doctor of jurisprudence, and then went to Wetzlar, where he found, in his own love for a betrothed lady, and in the suicide of a young man named Jerusalem, the subjects for his " Werther," which appeared in 1774, and at once excited the attention of his countrymen, while it produced an in- stantaneous etfect on his country's liter- ature. Having, in 17S2, entered the service of the duke of Saxe- Weimar, whom he liad met in travelling, he was made president of tiie council chamber, ennobled, and loaded with honors. A splendid galaxy of talent assembled at Weimar, and united itself to Goethe. The direction of the theatre was con- fided to him, and he there brought out Bome of the noble dramatic chefs-d'' muvre of Schiller, with au eflect worthy of them. There, too, his own dramatio works first appeared, viz., " iioelt vou Berlicliingcn," "Faust," " Iphigenia in Tauris," ''Tasso," "Clavigo," "Stella," and "Count Egmont." In 178(3 he made a journey to Italy, where he remained two years, visited Sicily, and remained a long time in Koine. In 1792 he Ibl- lowed his prince during the campaign in Champagne. He was afterwards created minister; received, in 1807, the order of Alexander-Newsky from Alex- ander of Kussia, and the trrand cross of the legion of lionor from Napoleon. D. at Weimar, March 22, 1832, aged SO. Goethe was an intellectual giant ; and his profound knowledge of life and of individual character places his works among the first ever produced. His greatest production, " Faust," has been repeatedly translated into English. His beautiful songs and shorter poems, ele gies, distichs, &c., possess a perennial beauty. Goetlie's writings are by far too voluminous to be here enumerated ; but we must mention " Williai:? Meis- ter's Apprenticeship," an ethic fiction ; " Herman and Dorothea," and the " Elective Affinities," &c. GOETZE, Jonx Augustus Ephraim, a German naturalist, was b. at Ascher- leben in 1731; and d. in 1793. He made many microscopic discoveries, and wrote several books on natural history; among which are "Entomological Memoirs," " A History of Intestine Vermes," and a " European Fauna." He was pastor of the church at Qiiedlinburgli. GOFFE, William, one of the judges of King Charles I., and a major-general under CromwcU, left Loiulon before Charles II. was proclaimeil, and arrived at Boston in July, 1U60. Governor Eii- dicott gave him a friendly reception. But when the act of indemnity arrived in November, and his name was not found among tliose to whom pardon was offered, the government of Massa- chusetts was alarmed. Perceiving his danger, he with Whalley left Cam- bridge, where they had resided, and went to New Haven. They were hero concealed by Deputy-governor Leet and Mr. Davenport. From New Haven they went to West Rock, a mountain 300 feet in height, at the distance of two or three miles from the town, where they Were hid in a cave. They after- wards lived in eoneealment at Milford, Derby, and Branford, and in October, 1664, removed to Hadle.\', in Massachu- setts, and were concealed for 1.5 or 16 years in the house of Mr. Eussell, tlio gol] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 449 minister. On tlio first of September, 107.'), the town of liucUey was aliiniied by tiic Indians in tlic time of pul)lie worsliip, and the people were tlu'own into tiie utmost confusion. But sud- denly' an a,L;ed venerable man in an un- common dress appeared in the midst of tlieni, revived their couraire, and putting himself at their head, led them to the attack, and repulsed the enemy. The deliverer of Ihiilley immediately disap- peared, and the inhabitants, overwhelm- ed with astonishment, supposed that an finsel had been seat for their protection. D.'about lii79. GOGUET, Anthony Yvi:s, a Parisian advocate, and a writer on jurisprudence. Ilis principal work, exhibitins much industry and learning, apyieared in 17.')S, (the year in which he died,) and is en- titled " Origine des Loix, das Sciences, et des Arts, et de leurs Progres ehez les Anciens Peuples." GOICOECHKA, Joseph Anthony de LiEUDOY, professor of philosophy and theology at Guatimala, in Soutli Amer- ica, and founder of the Economical So- ciety there, was a Franciscan friar, but at the same time a public spirited mem- ber of the state. lie published a number of memoirs on botany, agriculture. &c., and imported into his own country many invaluable inventions and discov- eries. D. 1814. GOLDING, Arthur, an English wri- ter, of the Eliz'abethan era, patronized by Cecil, Sir Philip Sidney, and other cotemporary literati, was the translator of Ovid's '' Metamorplioses" into En- glish verse, and of Ctesar's "Commen- taries" into prose. He was likewise the anthor of an account of the earthquake of 1580, and of several devotional and other tretitises. G(JLDONI, Charles, a celebrated Italian dramatist, was b. at Venice, in 1707 : and so early did his taste for the drama appear, that before he was 8 years old he had sketclied the plan of a comedy. His father, who was a physi- cian, iiaving settled at Perugia, intended that his son should follow the medical profession ; but Goldoni, dissatisfied with this pursuit, obtained permission to study law in Venice. After commit- ting many youthful follies, he brought ii few pieces upon the stage, which pro- cured but little profit, and not much pra-sc ; and he continued to live in a continual scene of dissipation and in- triirue until he married the daughter of a notary in Genoa, and removed to Venice. Here he first began to cultivate 38* that department of dramatic poetry ia ^yhich he was to excel, namely, descrip- tion of character imd maimers, in which he took Molicre, wjiom he began to study about this time, for his model. Iiaving taken the direction of the th^- tre at Kimini, he set about the reforma- tion of the Italian stage, and in 1761 to undertake a similar otlice at Paris. Oa the conclusion of his engagement, he was ai)[)ointed Italian master to the princesses with apartments in Ver- sailles, and a pension. For 30 years ho resided in the French capital ;" but the revolution liaving deprived him of hin chief resources, he sank into a profound melancholv, and d. 1792, atced 6'>. GOLDSMITH, OLivEi{,''a celebrated poet, historian, and essayist, was b. ia 1731, at Pallas, in the county of Long- ford, Ireland. He was the sou of a clergyman, and v.as educated at the universities of Dublin, Edinburgli, and Leyden, with a view to the medical pro- fession. But his eccentricities and care- less conduct were the prolific source of difficulty to himself and friends ; and when he abruptly quitted Leyden he had but one shirt and no money, though he intended to make the tour of Europe on foot, and actually travelled through Flanders, part of France, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, often subsisting on the bounty of the peasants, and re- turning the obligation of a night's lodg- ing, or a meal, \v his skill on the Ger- man flute, which he fortunately carried with him as his stock in trade. In i7.J3 he arrived in England ; and, by the as- sistance and recommendation of Dr. Sleigh, his countryman and fellow-col- legian, obtained a situation as usher in a school at Peckham ; where, however, he did not remain long, but settled ia London, and subsisted by writing for periodical publications. One of his first performances was an "Inquiry into the State of Polite Learning in Europe ;'' but he emerged from obscurity, in 1765. by the publication of his poem, entitled " The Traveller, or a Prospect of So- ciety," of which Dr. Johnson said, " that there had not been so fine a poem since Pope's time." The year following appeared his well-known novel of the " Vicar of Wakefield." His circum- stances were now respectable, and lia took chambers in the Temple ; but the liberality of his temper involved him in frequent ditticultics. In 1768 he brought out his comedy of the " GooJ- Natured Man" at Covent-garden, but its reception was not equal to its merits. 450 CYCLOP.F.DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [gor In 1770 he published " Tlie Deserted Vilhi-je," a poem, which, in point of description tmd pathos, is above all praise ; yet siieii was his modest opin- ion of it's merits, that lie could hardly \ifi induced to take tiic protfcred recom- pense of £lui» fioiii his bookseller. In 1772 he pro lucvid his cometly of "She Stoops to Concjuer," wliieii was liitrlily successful and profitable. Besides tliese performances, he prolmaein," and "The Life of Tamerl.me." D. 1007. — Peter, his brother, who was also an excellent ori- entali.-t, became a Catholic, and founded a Carmelite convent on Mount Libmius. He d. in 1073, at Snrat, in the East Indies, whither he had proceeded as a missionarv. GOXGORA, LouK, a celebrated Span- ish poet, was b. at Cordova, in 1.562, and IS called by his countrymen the prince of lyric poets. His style, liowever, is ofe'n diflicnlt to comprehend, even to the Spaniards themselves, among whom he has had almost as many ceusurers as admirers. D. 1C27. GONS.\LV() OF Cordova, Hernan- dez V Agcilar, a celebrated Spanish warrior, was b. at Montill i, near Cordo- va, in 1443. H'i entered the army when only I.t; distiuirnislied himself asrainst the Moors, Turks, and Portu^'uese ; was appointpd viceroy of Naples, after hav- ing conquered that kinirdom, and uni- versally obtained the appellation of the Great Captain. D. 1-515. GOOD, John .Mason, a physician, poet, and philolocrist, was the son of a dissenting minister, and b. 1764, at Ep- ping, in Essex. Having been appren- ticed to a surgeon, he first practised nt Cogublic measures during the war with Great Britain, and was chosen chaplain to the provincial congress of Massachusetts. In 1776 he formed the design of writing a history of the great events in .Ameri- ca. Besides other sources of informa- tion, he had recourse to the records of congress, and to those of New England, and was indulged with the perusal of the papers of Washington, Gates, Greene, Lincoln, and Otho Williams. After the conclusion of the war, he re- turned to his native country in 1786, niid in 17SS published the work which had for a number of years occupied his attention. D. 1807! — Ali;xandp:r, a Scotch antiquary, who lived many years in Italy and other parts of the Conti- ntiit: and, in 1736, was appointed sec- retary to the society for the encourage- ment of learning. In 1741 lie went to Carolina, where he held several offices, and had sonic grants of land. J). 1750. Among his works are the " l^ives of Pope Alexander VI. and his son Cajsar Bor- pia," " A Com]ilote History of Ancient Amphitheatres," &c. — Lord George, Bon of ro de- ficiency of wit or argumenl. He ioon, however, became an object of great notoriety; for a bill haviiig been intro- duced into the house, in 1780, for the relief of Roman Cat holies from certain penalties and disabilities, he collected a mob, at the head of whom he inarched to present a petition against the pro- posed measure. The dreadful riots which ensued, led to his lordship's ar- rest and trial for high treason; but no evidence being adduced of such a de- sign, he was acquitted. In the begin- ning of 1778, having been twice convict- ed of libelling the French ambassador, tiie ciueen of France, and the criminal justice of his country, he retired to Holland ; but he was arrested, sent home, and committed to Newgate, where he d. in 1793. — Thomas, a politi- cal writer, was b. at Kirkcudbright, in Scotland, and settled in London as a classical teacher, but soon turned his attention to politics, and was emyiloyed by Ilarley, carl of Oxford. Mr. Trench- ard next took him to live with him, and they wrote in conjunction "C'ato's Lciters,'' and the "Independent Whig." He translated Tacitus and Sallust ; and after his death, which happened in 1750, appeared " A Cordial for Low Spirits," and the '"Pillars of Priestcraft and Orthodoxy Shaken." GORE, CHRisToPMEn, a governor of the state of Massachusetts, was b. at Boston, in 1758, his father being an opulent mechanic there. In 178',i Wash- ington appointed him first United States attorney for the district of Massachu- setts ; .and in 1796 he was selected by the president as the colleague of the celebrated William Pinknev, to settle the American claims upon England for spoliations. In this situation he evinced his wonted energy and talent, and re- covered ]iroperty to a very great amount for liis fellow-citizens. In 1803 he waa left in London as charpf d'afah-fx, when Rufus King, the .American minister, re- turned to Ameiiea. In 1809 he was chosen governor of Massachusetts, bnt retained his dignitv only for one year. In 1814 he was called to the senate of the Union, and served in this capacity for three years, wlien he retired from public affairs, and d. in 1827, aged 68. He was a good scholar, and had an ex- cellent knowledge of tlic world, which 452 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [gou qualities were set off to the best advan- tuije by his fine person and graceful manners. GOliCilAS, Leontinus, a celebrnted orator of the school of Eiiipedocles, was a native of Leontiuni in Sicily, and flourished in the 5th century b.c. A statue of iroUl was erected to his honor at Delphi ; and Plato has given liis name to one of his dialogues. He lived to the age of 105. G(_)R1IAM, Nathaniel, president of congress, was b. in Charlestown, Mas- sacliusetts, in 1738, and d. June 11th, 17'J6, aged 58. lie was often a member of the iegislature, and in 1784 was elect- ed to congress. As a member of the convention he assisted in forming the constitution of the United States. — John, a physician of Boston, graduated at Har- vard college, 1801, and liuished his pro- fessional education at Edinburgh. In ISO'.' he was appointed adjunct professor of chemistry and materia mediea at Cambridge; and in 1816 professor of chemistry and mineralogy. He d. 1829, aged 4ti. He publisiied an " Inaugural Address," 1817; "Elements of Chem- ical Science,'' 1819. GOSNOLD, B.VRTHOLOMEW, an in- trepid mariner of the west of England, sailed from Falmouth for the coast of America, March 2(5, 1602. Instead of ap- proaching this country by the way of the West Indies, he was the first English- man who directly crossed the ocean. He discovered land May 4rth, and a cape on the 15th, near wiiich he caught a great number of cod, from which cir- cumstance he named the land Cape Cod. Tlie Indians whicli he met at different places wore ornaments of copper, and used the pipe and tobacco. He passed Sandy Point, and in a few days came to an island, which he named Martha's Vineyard, as there were many vines upon it. This is supposed to have been, not the island which now be.ars that name, but the small island which is called No Man's Land. He resided three weeks on the most western of the Eliz- abetii islands, on which he built a fort and storehouse. But finding tliat he had not a supply of provisions, he gave up the design of nuvking a settlement. The cellar of his storehouse was discov- ered by Dr. Belknap in 1797. After his return to England he embarked in .an expedition to Virginia, where he was a mendier of the council. But he d. soon after his arrival, 1607. GOSSELIN, Pascal Francis Joseph, an eminent French geographer, b. at Lille, in the Netherlands, in 1751. Ho was enga^d in a tour through Europo for several years, and made many valu- able researclies concerning ancient geog- raphy. In 1789 he was admitted aniem- ber of the national assembly, and, in 1791, nominated a member of the cen- tral administration of commerce. Ho was subsequently employed in the war department, became a member of tho legion of honor; and was nltim.' fplj made keeper of the king's library and cabinet of medals, &c., at Paris. His works relate to ancient geography, and possess unich merit. D. 1830. GOTHOFRKl), Denis, an eminent French lawyer, b. of an illustrious family at Paris, in 1549. France being involved in confusion by the leaguers, lie accept- ed of a professor's chair at Geneva, until he was employed by Henry IV. ; but being afterwards deprived of his office, as a Huguenot, he retired to Heidelberg, and d. in 1622. He wrote many books, the chief of which is the "Corpus Juris Civilis." — Theodore, son of the prece- ding, was b. at Geneva, in 1580. As soon as he had finished his studies he went to Paris, where he conformed to the Catholic religion, and applied with indefatigable industry to tlie study of history. In 16)2 Louis XIII. made him one of his historiographers, with a sti- pend of 8000 livres^ and, in 1630, he was sent to Cologne, and subsequently to Munster, to assist at the treaty of peace negotiating there. He d. in 1649. His principal work is an " Account of tho Ceremonial of the Kings of France." — Denis, son of Theodore, was b. at Paris, in 1615. He studied history, after his father's example ; became as eminisnt in that department of knowledge, and ob- tained the reversion of his fithers place of historiographer royal, from Louis XIII., when he was but 25 years of aj?e. He finished the " Memoirs of Philip de Connnines," began by his father; and was preparing a history of Charles VIII., when he d., in 1681. GOTTSCHED, John Christopher, a German writer, was b. at Konigsberg, in 1700; and is considered to have con- tributed much towards the reformation of German literature. He was succes- sively professor of the belles lettres, philosophy, n^.etaphysics, and noetry, in the university of Leipsic; and (l. in 1766. I He was assisted in his dramatic writings bv his wife, who was a woman of splen- did talents. GOUJON, Jean, a French sculptor and architect in the 16th century, who, gra] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 453 beliij; a Prolcstanc, fell in tlie massacre of St. Bartiiolomcw, lfu2. lie designed the fine ra(;ade of the old Louvre, and oilier works, whieli procured liini the title of the French I'hidias. GOULD, Jami;s, an eminent American jurist, lie was a native of Branford, Co!in. ; and frradnated at Vale eollc. GOWER, .John, an English poet of the 14tli century, supposed to have been b. in Yorkshire, abuut 1;520. He was a member of the society of the Inner Temple; and some writers assert that he became chief justice of the common pleas; thousrh the more general opinion is, that the judge was another person of the same name. He d. in 140'J, and was buried in the conventual church of St. Mary Overy, Southwark, to which ho was a benefiictor, and where his tomb is till to be seen. He was author of a tripartite work, entitleil, "Sfieeulu Meditantis," " Vox (/lamantis," ai: "Confessio Amantis." and GOYEX, .John van, a painter of land- scapes, cattle, and sea-pieces, was b. at Leyden, in 15!i6 ; and was the pupil of Vandervelde. He possessed great facil- ity and freedom ; his works are conse- quently more general throughout Europe than those of any other master, but such as are finished and remain undamaged are hiarhlv valued. GOZON, Deodati, grand-master of the order of St. .John of Jerusalem, was celebrated for his couraire and other vir- tues. A fabulous story is told of his killing a drasron of a monstrous kind, that infested the island of Rhodes. I). 1.3.i3. GOZZl, Gaspar, Count, an Italian; author of " Dramatic Pieces," " Poems," " Familiar Letters," and a work on tho plan of the Spectator, called the " Vene- tian Observer." B. at Venice, 1813 ; d. 1786. — Charles, Count, brother of tho precedinsr, a dramatic writer, known as the persevering enemy and rival of Goldoni. GRACCHUS, TinERius Sejtpronil-s, was a celebrated Roman, of eminen- talents and patriotism, v/lio disiinguish- ed himself at the takinu: of Carthage, and was elected tribune of the people. Hav- in, and her amiable character, no less than her literary celebrity, procured her general esteem and resrard. D. 183-*. Her " Memoirs and Correspon lenee" liave since been published. — Fkancis, Lord Cnllen, an eminent Scotch judge, was b. abu\it IGfii). He studied at Ia\v- dcn under V'oet, and ou his return home was admitted an advocate. lie di.stia guishod himself by his publications in favor of the revolution, for which he was rewarded, first by a baronetcy, and soon after by being appointed one of the judges, or senators in the college of justice, when he took the title of Lord CuUen. He continued to discharsre tho duties of his office for 20 years, with the highest reputation; and d. in 1726.— James, a Scotch barrister, and at the time of his death the father of the Scot- tish bar. lie was early distinsruished for his liberal political principles, and could number among his friends Henry Erskine, Sir James Mackintosh, ana many others, eminent for their attain- ments and the lead they took in the politics of the day. He was the author of "Essays on the Origin of Society," "Thou^rhts on the Origin and Descent of the Gael," &c. D.'lSOo.— Sir Wil- liam, master of the rolls ; an excellent ecjuity judge, the promptitude and wis- dom of whose decisions were appreciated no less by the public than by the pro- fession, of which he was a distinsruished member. B. at Elchies, in Scotland, 1754; d. 1832. GRANVILLE, Sir RicnARo, was a native of Cornwall, b. in 1540, and en- tered early into the military service, as a volunteer against the Turks. He after- wards joined Sir Walter Raleigh in hia expedition to America; and, in 1591, became vice-admiral under Sir Thomas Howard, who was sent out to tlie Azores to intercept the Plate fleet. The Span- iards, however, being apprised of the design, dispatclieda powerful squadron, which succeeded in cuttincr off Gran- ville's ship from the rest; and in a des- perate contest with them he was mor- tally wounded.— Sir Bevil, crandson of the preceding, was b. in lo'J6. At the commencement of the civil war, he raised a troop of horse at his own expense, and was killed at the battle of Lansdowne, in 1643. — Geokge, Lord Lansdowne, a nobleman of verv considerable talents, grandson to Sir Bcvil. B. in 1667. He had a stronsr inclination for a military life ; but this was cheeked by his friends, and he employed himself, durin:? tho various political clian2re-< that occurred, in cultivatinsr his taste for literature. In 165)6, his comedy, called "The Gallants," was performed at the theatre royal in Lincoln's Inn Fields, as was his tricredy of" Heroic Love," in 1698. On the ac- cession of Queen Anne, he made his first appearance at court; took his seat in the liouse of cotnmons as member for gra] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 457 Fowcy; became successively secretary of war, comptroller of tlie iiousehohl, treasurer, iind one of the privy council. On tlie queen's death he not only lost his post, but bcinif suspectetl of disaf- fection to the Hanoverian succession, was arrested and sent to the Tower, where he remained upwards of a twelve- month. He tiien retired to the Conti- nent for ten years ; and on his return passed his life as a country gentleman, amu^^inar himself with the republication of his poems, and in writing a vindica- tion of liis uncle, Sir Richard, against tiie ciiarges of Clarendon and Burnet. D. 1735. GrKATIAN, a Roman emperor, was the son of Valentinian I. by his wife Severa, and b. in S')9. His father took him as his associate in the empire when he was only 8 years old. In his 17th year lie succeeded to the throne, on the death of his father. Gratian defeated the Goths, and exerted himself with eneriry and success in defending the empire, but was put to death in a I'evolt, in Gaul, a. d. 333. — A Benedictine in the 12tli century, was a native of Chiusi, in Tuscany. He employed twenty-four years in compiling an abridgment of the canon law, commonly called " Gratian's Decretal." GRATIUS, Faliscus, a Latin poet, supposed to be cotemporary with Ovid. He wrote a poem, entitled "Cynogeti- con," or the " Art of Hunting with Dogs." GRATTAN, Hextiy, an eminent Irish orator and statesman, was b. about the year 17.)0, at Dublin, of which city his fatiier was recorder. He finished his education at Trinity college, whence he removed to Enirland, and became a stu- dent in tlie Middle Temple. He was called to the Irish bar in 1772, and brouirht into the parliament of Ireland in 1775, where he immediately became distinsuished for his patriotic speeches, and that vigorous opposition to the stat- ute Gtli Geo. I., whicli roused the whole island, and produced its repeal, in 1782. For his share in this transaction, Mr. Grattan received addresses from all parts of the country, and was rewarded with the sum of £'10,000, voted to him by the parliament of Ireland. In 1790 he was returned for the city of Dublin, princi- pally for the purpose of opposing the unio ' ; but when that measure wjvs carried, he did not refuse a seat in the united house of commons. The latter vears of his parliamentary attendance were chiefly devoted to a. warm and 39 energetic support of Catholic emancipa- tion ; and it may be truly said, tliat ho d. in tlie service of this cause. D. 1820. (yiAUNT, Edwauo, a scholar of tho 16th century. He was appointed master of Westminster school in l.)72 ; resigned the mastership in l.")'Jl; and d. rector of Toppersfielcl, in Essex, 1601. lie was the author of " Grsecte Linguos Spicile- gium," &c. GRAVES, Richard, a eleriryman of the church of England, but better known as a novelist and poet than as a divine, was b. at Mickleton, in Gloucestershire, in 1715. In 1750 he was presented to the rectory of Claverton, near Bath ; and in that pleasant sequestered village ho resided till the time of his death, in 1804. Among his various works are, "The Festoon, or a Collection of Epi- grams," " Lucubrations in I'rose and Rhyme," " The Spiritual Quixote," a novel ridiculing the extravagances of Methodism, as they appeared among the immediate followers of Whitefleld and Wesley, and combining much shrewd- ness, wit. and humor. GRAVES AN DE, William James, an eminent Dutch geometrician and philos- opher, was b. at Boi^-le-Duc, in 16S8. He was bred a civilian, and practised sometime at the bar with reputation; but, about 1715, he became professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at Leyden, where he taught the Newtonian system. D. 1742. GRAVINA, .JonN Vincent, a cele- brated jurist and literary character, was b. in Calabria, in 1664, became professor of civil and canon law at Rome, was one of the founders of the Arcadian academy, and the early protector of Metastasio, and d. in 1718. His works are numer- ous, and the principal one, " Origines .Juris Civilis," is said to be replete with learning. GRAY, Stephen, a gentleman belong- ing to the Charter House, who, early in the 18th century, distiniruishcd himself as an experimental philosopher. Ho discovered the method of communica- ting electricity to bodies not naturally possessing it, by contact or contiiruity with electrics ; and he projected a kind of luminous orrery, or electrical jilanet- arium, thus leading the way to future discoveries and improvements.— Thom- as, a celebrated English poet, was b. in London, in 1716, and entered himself at the Inner Temple, with a view of studying for the bar. Becoming; inti- mate, however, with Horace Walpole, ho was easily induced to accompany hinj 458 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY [ore in his tour of Europe; but tlicy parted at Keggio, ;uul Gray rctui'ued to Eiiifliuid iu 1741. Here lie occupied liiiuself sev- eral years in laying literary selieineswud Elaus of magnitude, wliieli he adinira- ly eonuneiieed, but wanted energy to mature. So slow was he to publish, tliat it was not until 1747 that his "Ode on a distant Prospect of Eton College" made its appearance; and it was only in eonsetiueiice of the printing of a sur- reptitious co[)y, that, in 1751, he pub- lished his '* Elegy written in a Country Churchyard." lie declined the otlice of laureate on Cibber's death, in 1757, and the same year published his two principal odes, " On the Progress of Poesy ' and "The Bard." In 1768 the duke of Grafton presented him with the Erofcjsorship of modern history at Cam- ridire. But though Gray published little besides his poems, he was a man of extensive acquirements in natural history, the stuciy of ancient arcliitec- ture, &c. ; his correspondence places biin among the best epistolary writers, and some of his posthumous pieces af- ford proof of his profound and varied erudition. As a poet, he is energetic and harmonious, and his lyrics, tiiough few, have been rarely, if ever, surpassed. D. 1771. GREATOREX, Thomas, an eminent musician, was b. at North Winfield, Derbyshire, in 175S. He was a pupil of Ur. Cook, and afterwards went to Italy, where he studied vocal music under Santarclli, at Rome ; and having made himself acquainted with all the knowledge he could gather by a profes- sional lour to the principal cities of Italy, Germany, Switzerland, and the Netherlands, he returned to England in 1788, anil established himself in Lon- don as a teacher of music, in which he was eminently successful. lie harmo- nized \aiious airs, adapted many of Handel's productions, and arranged parts for the grand orchestra with great ability. But he did not devote his at- tention wholly to music; mathematics, astronomy, botany, and chemistry, each occupied Ills mincl by turns. D. 1831. GREAVES, Richard, an orientalist and mathematician, was b. at Colmore, Hants, in 1602, and chosen jirofessor of geometry at Gresham college, in 1630. He next went to Leyden, where he Btudied the Arabic language under Go- lius. He also visited Egypt, and made U survey of the pyramids. While in Egypt, he made an accurate measure- tneiit, &c., of the principal pyramids, which ho gave to the woi Id under tno title of " Pyramidographia;" he also published an ingenious work, entitled " Epoclue Cclebriores," and a "Disser- tation on the Roman Foot and Denarius." D. 1652. — Thomas and Edwako, his bro- thers, were also men of learning : tlio former, a good orientalist; the latter, eminent as a physician, and created a baronet by Charles II. GRECOURT, Jean Baptiste Joseph VilljVRT ue, a French ecclesiastic, famous as a wit and poet, was b. at Tours, iu 1684. He excelled in epigrams, tales, sonnets, and fables, a collection of which was paljlished. D. 1743. GREENE, Robert, a humorous poet in the reign of Elizabeth, was b. at Ncr- wich, about 1560. He was educated at St. John's college, Cambridge, and after making " the grand tour," took orders. He wrote five plays, and various tracts in prose, among wliich is one, lately reprinted, with the quaint title of "A Groat's Worth of Wit bought with a Million of Repentance." D. 15i)2. — Matthew, autlior of "The Spleen," a clever poem, was a native of London. He held a situation in the custom-house and is described as a man of great prob ity and suavity of manners. D. 1737. — Samuel, was the first printer in Nort;; America. The first thing printed wa: the "Freeman's Oath," in 16-'i9, the next an almanac, and the third the New England version of the Psalms in 1640. The time of his death is unknown. — Nathaniel, major-general in the army of the United States, was b. in War- wick, R. I., 1742. Thcugli enjoying very few advantages of education, ho displayed an early fondness for knowl- edge, and devoted his leisure time as- siduously to study. In 1770 he was elected a member of the state legislature, and in 1774 enrolled himself as a private in a company called the Kentish Guards. From this situation he was elevated to the head of three regiments, with tho title of major-general. In 1776 he ac- cepted from congress a commission of brigadier-general, and soon after, at the battles of Trenton and Princeton, dis- tinguished himself by his skill and bravery. In 1778 he was appointed quartermaster-general, and in that of- fice rendered etficient service to the country by his unwearied zeal and great talents for business. He presided at the court-martial which tried Major Andre in 1780, and was ap])ointed to succeed Arnold iu the command at West Point, but he held this post only a few days. grk] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHV. 459 Tn Dcoemhcr of the same year lie as- Bumed the coiauiaud of the soiitlierii army, and in this situation disphiycd a pnulcnce, intrepidity, and tiruincss whieh raise him to an elevated rank among our revolutionary generals. In Septemlier, 1781, he obtained the fa- mous victory at Eutaw Springs, for whieh he received from conu;ress a British standard and a gold medal, as a testimony of tlieir value of his conduct and r irvices. On the termination of hostih ies, he returned to Khode Island, and in 1785 removed with his family to Georg'.i, where he d. suddenly iu June of Vhe following year. GEI':1":NFIELD, William, celebrated as an oriental scholar and linguist, was editor of the "Comprehensive Bible," and made many valuable translations of the Bible into Eastern dialects. His literary acquirements were made under great difficulties, and wliile pursuing his daily occupation of a bookbinder. D. 1832. GEEGORY I., snrnamed the Great, was b. of a noble family at Kom», about the year 544. He discovered such abili- ties as a senator, that the Emperor Jus- tin appointed him prefect of Eoine ; after which he embraced the monastic hfe, in a society founded by liimself. Pope Telagius II. sent him as nuncio to Constantinople, and on his return made him apostolical secretary. He was elected successor to that pontiff in 5'JO. D. (504. — VII., pope, who is said to have been the son of a carpenter, and his real name IIildebrand, is chiefly memorable for his extension of the authority of the popes. This he carried so far as to de- pose Henry IV., emperor of Germany, and to send legates into all the king- doms of Europe, to support his pre- tended riglits. D. 1085.— XIII., was a native of Bologna, and succeeded Pope Pias V. in 157'2. He was the most deeply versed in the canon and civil law of any in his time. lie ornamented Kome with many fine buildings and fountai'is; but his pontificate is ehieily memorible lor the reformation of the calendar, which took ])lace under his auspices, and bore his name. 1). 1585. — XV., was a native of Bologna, and descended of an ancient family, but his real name was Alexander Luuovisio. He was elected to the' papal dignity in 1621, and was the author of several works, one of which, entitled "Epistola ad Regem Persarum, Schah Abbas," particularly deserves mention. — XVI., VIauko Capellasi, was b. at Belluuo iu 1765, and suceeedcd Pins VIII. in tho papal chair, 1S;31. Ilis reign embraced a period of no ordinary interest and dif- ticulty in the history of the church, and in the relations of the Vatican with the temporal powers of Christendom. D. 1840. — Naziaxzen, St., ennnent tor his piety and extensive learning, was b. in a24, at Nazianzum, in Cap])adocia, of which place his father was bishop. lie received an excellent education, which he improved at Athens, where lie; form- ed an acquaintance witii St. Basil. On his return home he was ordained, and having tlisplayed great theological and classical talents, he was chosen bishop of Constantinople, which apjiointment was continued by Theodosius in ASO. After filling the arcliiepiscopal throne for several years, he resignetl it, and re- turned to his native place, where he d. in 389. — King of Scotland, eotcmporary with Alfred, succeeded to the throne in 888. He delivered his country from the Danes, acquired the counties of Cum- berland and Westmoreland, performed many brilliant exploits in Ireland, and built the city of Aberdeen. D. 894. — Bishop of Neocaisarea, in the Sd century, was surnamed Thaumaturgus, or the " Wonder-worker," on account of the miracles which he is said to have per- formed. The church flourished under his care until the Dacian persecution, in 250, when he thought it prudent to re- tire for a time. He was a pupil of the celebrated Origen, and appears to have been a man of learning. D. 2fi5. — Of Nyssa, St., was ordained bishop of Nyssa, in 372. The zeal he displayed against the Arians excited the resent- ment of the Emperor Valeiis, who be- longed to that sect, and he was banished, but, on the accession of Gratian, he was restored to his see. He drew up the Nicene creed at the council of Constan- tinople, and d. 390. — George, a divine and miscellaneous writer, was a native of Ireland, and b. in 1754. With an in- tention of following mercantile pursuits, he was placed in a eounting-Iionse at Liverpool, and it was not till 1778 that he took orders. In 1782 he settled in London, where he obtained the curacy of Cripplegate, and was chosen evening preacher at the Foundling. Among his works are, " P^ssays, Historical and Moral," a " Clmrch History," "The Life of Chatterton," "The Economy of Nature," "Sermons," "Letters on IMii- losophy," and a translation of " Lowth's Lectures on Hebrew Poetry." I). 1803. — George Florence, saint, commoulj 460 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ore called Gregory of Tour», was b. 544, in Auvcrgiic. lie d. in S'JJ. He was tlie uutlior of a '•History of the Franks." and otlier works. — James, an eminent matlienuitician and pliilosophcr, was b. at Aberdeen, in \&i-6. lie published in 1663 his " Treatise on Optics," in which he imparted his invention of the re- flecting telescope. About 166.5 he went to Tatlua, where he printed a work on the "(iuadralure of the Circle and Hy- perbola." Vn las return from his trav- els, he W.1S chosen a fellow of the Koyal Society of London, and nierit procured him tlic mathematical chair at St. An- drew's. In 1674 he removed to Edin- burgh, on being appointed to the math- ematical professorsuip; but he held the situation only for a short time, for while showing tlie satellites of Jupiter to some pupils, in October, 1675, lie was sud- denly struck blind, and d. a few days after. — David, nephew of the preceding, and the inlieritor of his abilities and his fame, was b. at Aberdeen, in 1661, and became professor of mathematics in Edinburgii. He was afterwards elected Savilian "professor of astronr«my at Ox- ford, carrying his election against Hal- ley, who was also a candidate for that situation. In 169.3 ho published his " CatoptricEe et DioptricaJ Spherics £le- mcnta." His demonstration of the curve, called the catenarian, appeared in 1697, in the "Philosophical Transactions;" but his greatest work was published in 1702, and entitled " AstronomiiE Fhy- sicae et Geometricoe Elcmenta." D. 1710. — James, was b. at Aberdeen in 1753, and was long one of the brightest orna- ments of the university of Edinburgh. He was the author of " Philosopliical and Literary Essays," " Cullen's First Lines of the Practice of Physic, with Notes," and " Conspectus Medicinte Theoreticae." D. 1S21. — Johx, a phy- sician and miscellaneous writer, was b. in 1724, at Aberdeen, became professor of philosophy at Aberdeen, and after- wards professor of physic at Edinburgh, and was appointed tirst physician to the king of Scotland. His works are, " A Comparative View of the State and Fac- ulties of Man witli those of the Animal World," ''Observations on the Duties and Offices of a I'iiysician," " Elements of the Practic.) of Physic," and " A Fa- ther's Legacy to his Daughters." D. 1773. — Olinthus, was b. at Yaxley, in Huntingdonshire, in 1774. He com- tuonced his literary career at the age of 19. but the works whicli chiefly brought aim into notice were his "Treatise on Astronomy" and the " Fantalogia," a comprehensive dictionary o'' the arts and sciences, of which he undertook the general editorship. Tlirough the iu- terest of his friend, Dr. Hutton, he was appointed, in 1802, mathematical master at the royal military academy, Wool- wich, where he obtained the professor's chair. He was tiie author of ■' Elements of Plane and Spherical Trigonometry," " Mathematics for Practical Men," " Let- ters to a Friend, on the Evidences, Doctrines, and Duties of the Christian Keligion," and "Memoirs of the Life, WritiuLfs, eras, of which about 2il retain possession of the stage, and two of them, "Zemirc et Azor" and " Richard Cceur de J/ion," have been translated, and jihiyed in London with success. D. 1813. GREVILLE, FuLKE, Lord Brooke, a patron of letters, and an ingenious wri- ter, was b. 1554, and descended from tlie noble families of Neville, Beau- champ, and Willoughby de Brooke. Ho was in great favor with Elizabeth, and was created Lord Brooke bv James L, who gave him Warwick castle. In 1614 lie was made under-treasurer, chancellor of the exchequer, and one of the privy council. He fbuniled a history lecture at Cambridge. He was stabbed by a servant named Haywood, whom he had reprimanried for an insolent expression, after wliieh the assassin committed sni- cide with the same weapon. This was in 1628. After his death appeared sev- eral of bis poetical works, and the life of his friend Sir Philip Sidney, written by bim. "GREV, Ciiari.es, Earl, a British states- man, distinguished for bis senatorial abilities generally, but more especially for his long and inflexible advocacy of parliamentary reform, was b. at Fallo- den, near Aln\\iek, 1764. He was al- most constantly occupied in the discus- sion of the most important questions that engaged the attention of parlia- ment. At the onset of his career, his oratorical powers were displayed as one of the maiiacfers of the impeachment of Warren HastinErs; and from that time he always held a conspicuous station among the Whigs. When, in January, 1806, "Mr. Pitt was removed from the bdm of state by death, Mr. Grey took office, under Mr. Fox, as first lord of the admiralty ; and in the followimr October was secretary of foreiirn affairs. The Whia: ministry was soon after dismiss- ed, parliament was dissolved, and, on the death of Lord Grey's father, in 1807, he removed to the upper house. D. 1845. — Lady Jank, an illustrious female. 162 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, [gbi n lioso accomplisliineiits and misfortunes have rendered her an especial object of interest, was the daiijrhtcr of 'llenry Grey, marquis of Dorset, by tiie Lady Frances, dauirhter of Charles Brandon, iuke of Sutfolk, and Mary, young'er sister of Henry VIII. She was b. in 1537, at Bradgute, her father's seat in Leicestershire; and early in life irave proofs of talents of a suporior order. S.ie wrote an incomparable liand, played well '>n different instruments, and ac- .|Uircd a knowledge of the Greek, Ile- l.'re w, and Ijatin, as well as of the French and Italian languages. Rogp- Ascham has given a beautiful and atleetmg narrative of his interview with her at Brailxate, where he found her reading I'lato's " Plucilo," in Greek, while the family were amusing themselves in the park. In 1.551 her fitlicr was created cluke of Sutfolk ; and at this time Lady Jane Grey was much at court, where the ambitious duke of Nortlniinberland pro- jected a marriage between her and his son, Lord Guildford Dudley, which took place at the end of May," 1553. Soon afier this EAward VI. died, having been prevailed upon, in his List illness, to settle the crown upon the Lady .Jane, who reluctantly accepted the crown, and was [iroclaimed with great pomp. Tiiis gleam of royalty, however, was of short duration, for tiie pageant reign lasted but nine days. Tue kingdom was dis- satisfied, unci the nobility indignant at the presumption of Northumberland ; so that Mary soon overcame her ene- mies, and was not b:ickward in taking ample revenge. The duke of Northunv berhuid was bcheadeil ; and La Iv .Jane and her husband were arraigned, eon- victel of treason,' and sent to the Tow- er. After being contin^l some time, the 30uncil resolved to put these innocent victims of a parent's unnrincipled am- bition to death. Lord Guildford suffered first ; and as he passed her win^Iow, his lady gave him her last adieu. Immedi- ately afterwards she was executed on lhe_ same scaffold ; suffering with calm resignation, an 1 a firm :ittachment to the Protestant religion, Feb. 12, 1554. GlilDLKY, .Iek;:miah, an eminent lawyer of Massachusetts, was b. abaut tlic year 1705, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1725. He was a vvar.n atlvocate for the colonial rights, but, notwithstanding, was appointed at- torney-general of the province, and in that capacity defended the obnoxious writs of assistance. He was a man of in ardent and generous character, and possessed extensive legal inf:)rmation. D. 17G7. GKIESBACH, Jon.x James, an emi- nent German theologian, b. 1745, at Butzbach, in the duchy of Hesse Darm- stadt. He studied successively at Frank- fort, Tubingen, Halle, and Leipsic; be- came rector of the university of Jena, and ecclesiastical privy councillor to the duke of Saxe- Weimar ; and d. in 1S12. His works, which are too numer- ous to particularize here, possess great erudition; but the most valuable is an edition of the Greek Testament, with various readings. GEIFFIEK,".fon\, known by the ap- pellation of (31d Gritlier, an eminent painter, was b. at Amsterdam in 1058, and d. at London, in 171S. He suc- ceeded chiefly in landscapes, an J paint- ed several views on the Thauies. He also etched i)rints of birds and beasts. — His son Robert, called the Younger Grittier, was b. in England, and was a good landscape painter, though not equal to his father. GRIFFIN, Edward Dorr, an eminent divine, b. at East Haddam, Ct., 1770. He was a pastor first at New Hartford, Ct., and then at Newark, N. J., and in 1809 was appointed professor of sacred rhetoric at Andovcr theological school. He was next a preacher at Boston, and in 1S21 was chosen president of Wil- liams college. He was one of tiie most eloquent preachers of liis day. D. 18 57. GRIFI'ITH, P:lizai!eth, a native of Wales, who jointly with iier husband wrote two novels, entitled " Delicate Distress," " Tue Gordian Knot," and "The Letters of llenry and Frances." She also produced several works of her sole composition, among vi'hich are " Lady Juliana llarley," "The Morality of .Siiakspeare's Dr una illustrated," and some plavs. D. ir'J3. GRIMALDI. Tiie Grimildi family have ever been of great importance in Genoa, and many of its members are conspicuous in the history of that re- public. — Kanieri, was the first Genoese who conducted the naval force-' of the republic beyond the Straits of Gibraltar. In the service of Philip the Fair of France, Griinaldi bailed to Zo ilan I, in l:')04, with Itj Genoese galleys and 20 French ships under his command; and defeated and made prisoner the Count Guy of Flanders, who cominan led the enemy's, fleet of 80 sail. — Antonio, was also a distinguished naval commander. His victories over the Catalonians and Aragouese, who had committed ag- GRi] CYCLOP.'EDIA OF BIOGRAPIIV. 463 grcssions on the Genoese, for a Ions; time jT'i^'S tliG latter a decided nuiritiiue nseendeiicy; but iit length, iu l-'}.')^, the Catah)ni;ius, assistef FnEnEnic, an erudite writer, b. at Hamburgh, in 1611. He studied at Leipsie and Jena; trav- elled through France, Holland, and England ; and became professor of belles Icttres at Lcyden, wliere he d. in 1671. With extensive knowledge he combined indefatigable industry, a modest opinion of his own merit, and amiable manners. He published a num- ber of classics with valuable notes and improved readings; of which "Com- mentarius de Sestereiis," and his edition of Hugo Grotins's work, " De Jure Belli et Pacis," will serve as instances. — James, son of the preceding, was b. at Deventer, in 1645. He was educated entirely under his father, whom he surpassed in learning, thoufrh he fell short of him in modesty and liberality. In 1672 he went to France, and from thence to Italy, where the grand-duke of Tuscany gave him a pension, and obtained for him a professorsliip at Pisa. This lie held two years, and then returned to Leyden | and was appointed to the professorship of belles Icttres anil geography in that university. His acquirements in criticism and phi- lology were very extensive; he compiled the valuable "Thesaurus Anti()uitatutn Griecaruni, and edited a variety of clas- sics. D. 1716. GROS, As'ToiN'E Jean, Baron, a dis- tinguished Frewoh painter, professor of painting at the Ecole Royale des Beaux Arts, was b. at Paris, 1771. His pencil was chiefly devoted to the illustration of subjects from the history of France during the career of Napoleon ; and his pictures, thougli coarse, are conspicuous for vigor and felicity of execution. T>. 1835.' GROSE, FitAXcis, an eminent English antiquary, was b. in 1731, at Richmond, in Surrey. His father was a jeweller, and left him a good fortune, which he soon s])ent, and became adjutant and paymaster in the Surrey militia. He was remarkable for his wit and humor, and of a generous disposition, but his imprudences involved liim in great dif- ficulties ; to clear himself from wliich, he publislied his " Views of Antiquities in Encrland and Wales." Besides his "Antiquities," he published a " Trea- tise on Ancient Armor and Weapons," " MilitaryAntiquities," and other works D. 1791. GROSSMANN, Gustavds Fbedebio ORU] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 465 ■William, a celebrated actor and drama- tist, b. at Berlin, in 1746. lie was ori- ginally employed in some subordinate aiplomatic' situations at Warsaw and Berlin ; but having become acquainted with Lessing at the latter place, an acci- dental hint from that celebrated writer induced him to try his fortune as a dramatist ; and he wrote several suc- cessful plays. He afterwards became an actor and manager, manifesting con- siderable talents, and etfectiug many reformations in the German stage ; but his bad success as a manager led to habits of intemperance, and involved him in great distress. 1). 1796. GROTIUS, or UE GROOT, Hugo, an eminent scholar and statesiuan, b. at Delft, in Holland, 1583. He was de- scended from a noble family, received an excellent education, and gave early manifestations of surprising talents. In lo'J'J he connneneed his career as a legal advocate, and also as an author; and lie was successively appointed histori- ographer, advocate-general of Holland and Zealand, a member of the states- general, and envoy to England. In 1613 he became syndic, or pensioner, of Rot- terdam ; and, declaring himself on the side of Barneveldt, he supported him, and the cause of the Arminians, by his pen and influence. But he narrowly escai)ed the fate of Barneveldt, who suffered on the scaffold, and received sentence of imprisonment for life in the fortress of Louvestein. From this, how- ever, at the expiration of 18 mouths, which he had employed in writing his celebrated " Treatise on the Truth of the Christian Religion," he succeeded in escaping. This was effected by the management of his wife, who contrived to have him carried out of the castle in a chest that had been used for the con- veyance of books and linen. Grotius at first sought an asylum in France; and it was during his residence there that he composed his great work, " De Jure Belli et Pacis." After an absence of 12 years, he returned to his native country, relying on the fa 'or of Frederic Henry, prince of Orange, who had written him a sympathizing letter. But, by the in- fluence of his enemies, he was con- demned to perpetual banishment. He passed the remnant of his life in the aiplomatic service of Sweden, and d. at Rostock, in 164:o. GR(3T0, Lewis, an Italian poet, si r- aamcd II Ciero, was b. at Adria, in i541. He was blind from his infancy; ootwithstandiug which he displayed an uncommon facility for learning, and at the age of 14 delivered public orationa at Venice. He d. loS.), Iiaving a short time before i)erformed the part of Qidi- pus in a play at Vicenziv, with great rep- utation. GROUCHY, Emancel, marqius of, a distinguished marshal of France, and a scion of a noble Norman family, was b. at Paris, 1766. In 17Sy he was a sub- lieutenant of the royal gardes du corps; but embracing the' new ideas, he took part in the wars of the revolution, and gained great distinction, especially iu the Alps and La Vendee, where he wa? named general of division in 17'.i3. The decree which deprived all the nobles of France of military rank fell heavily upon him ; but nothing daunted he joined the army as a private, and his distin- guished gallantry soon led to his resto- ration. Dispatched in 17'JS to the tirmy of Italy, under tiie command of .Joubert, he planned the abdication of the king of Sardinia, and thus nnited Piedmont to France. He took part in the battla of Novi, where he received 14 wounds, and fell into the enemy's hands. His bravery was no less conspicuous on the fields of Hohenlinden, Eyiau, Friedland, Wagram, Moscow, &c. ; and he obtained the marshal's baton from the hands of the emperor shortly before his abdica- tion. During the hundred days he was opposed to the duke d'Aiigoulenie in the south, and made him prisoner. He was then summoned into Belgium, where he played an important part. He had already carried the villages of Fleurus, (June' 16,1 and Ligny, (June 17,) and was marcliing according to his instruc- tions in pursuit of Blucher with a body of 30,00(1 men, v.-lien the battle of WtC- terloo was fought. Not gettina: instruc- tions in time, lie could not take part in the battle, and his absence may in some measure be said to have decided tlio fortune of the day. At the restoration, his title of marshal was not acknowl- edged, and remained so till 1830, a year which righted a good many wrongs. In 1832 he was created a peer. D. 1847. GRUBEN.MANN, John IIlric and John, two Swiss mechanics, who having been brought up as carpenters, devoted their entire attention to the construction of wooden bridges without the support of piers. The most extraordinary of these were at Reichenau, VVettingen, and Schaff hausen ; the latter, over tho Rhine, being nearly 400 feet long. Du- ring the campaign of 1799 they were all destroyed by the French. The iuj^euious 4GG CYCLOPyEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [que builders died about tlic end of the 18tli century. GKUNDY, FicLix, a senator of tlie United States, b. in V^iririnia, 1777, who early removed to Kcntueky, where he distinjiuished liitnself as a lawyer. He was a uicinber of tiie Kentucky legisla- ture from 17'.i'J to 1S013, when he was appointed one of tlie judges of tiie su- preme court, and then ehief justice. (Shortly aficrwards he removed to Tcn- iiessee, wiicre lie was elected to con- gress, in 1811, and served with activity for several sessions. In 1829 lie was appointed senator, and took a leading part in the politics of the peiiod. Presi- dent Van iJuren made liim attorney- general. I). 18-iO. GKVPIIIUS, Andue-w, a celebrated German dramatist, was b. at Glogau, in lOK). He was called the Corneille of Germany, and his tragedies acquired great j>oi)ul;irity. He also wrote a keen satire on the old comedies of his coun- trymen, and produced some smart c[)i- granis. ]). Iijii4. — Sebastian, a printer in the lOtli century, who settled at Lyons, and was distinguished for the beauty of his Greek and Hebrew types. D. l,. GUA, JoTix Paul de, a French cccle- Biastie, was b. in Langucdoc, in 1712. He laid tlic plan of the " EncyclopLHlle," and wrote a number of mathematical papers in the " Memoirs ol the Acad- emy;" besides whi(!h he translated some Enirlish works into French. D. ITSo. GUALUO PUI()KAT(^, Gai.kasso, an Italian historian, b. at Vicenza, in lijOij; author of a '' History of the Troubles in France," an "Account of the Adminis- tration of Cardinal Mazann," and his '' Life," a " History of tho Wars of the Emperors Ferdinand IL and 111.," &c. D. 1678. GUARINL Battista, aeelebrated Ital- ian poet, b. at Ferrara, in 1.").37. He was secretary to Alphonso, duke of Ferrara; next, to Ferdinaml de Medici, grand- duke of Tuscany ; and, subsequently, to the duke of Urbino. He 'vus well acquainted with jiolite literature ; wrote several admired poems; but his chief composition is his pastoral drama, en- titled •' 11 Pastor Fido." 1). 1(312. GUAY-TROUIN, Kenk uu, a French naval otiieer, was b. at St. ftlaloes, in 1673. He conu:ianded a ship at the age of 18, and had great success on the coast of Ireland, but at last fell in the hands of some Enirlish cruisers, and v/as carried into I'lymouth ; from whence he made his escape, and in a short time renewed his depredations in the British Channel, and also on the coast of Spain. In 1709 he was ennobled, ami two years after- wards he made liimself mnster of Ilio Janciio. D. 1780. GUliLF, or GUELPII, (from the Ital- ian Guelti iUid the German Welt'en,) tho name of a celebrated family, whicli, ill tlie lull century, was transplanted from Italy to Germany, where it became the ruling race of several countries. The family still continues in the two lines of Brunswick — ^the royal in Enjiland, and the ducal in Germany. Tlie inoinory of this ancient name was revived by the foundation of the Hanoverian Guelphio order. GUERCINO, (properly Gi.vnfran- ciLsoo Bakbieki, but surnained Guereino da Cento from his squinting,) was a celebrated painter, b. at Cento, near Bologna, in 1")!l)i>. He studied under Crcuionini and Gennari ; but adopted two or *i.rec. styles in succession, and afterwards perfected himself in tho scliool of Ludovieo Caraeci. He execnted 10(5 altiir-pieees for eliurehes, and 144 historical pieces, besides numerous per- formances in fresco; in short, such w.as the uncommon rapidity of his pencil, that, having been requested by somo monks, on the eve of a festival, to paint .Jehovah for thegrauil altar, he finished the ))icture in one night by torch light. The duke of Mantua conferred on him the honor of knighthood ; and several sovcreiu'ns endeavored, in vain, to draw him into their service. He d. in 1666, very rich, notwitlistandin<£ he had ex- pended larsre sums in building chapels, founding hospitals, and other acts of charity and devotion. GUERICKE, Otto vox, a distin- guished experimental philosopher, was h. 1602; studied at Leipsie, Jena, and Leyden ; travelled in trance and Eu- sland ; and settled at Magdeburgh, where lie eventually became burgomaster. He invented the air-pump, and in 16'>4 made the tirst public experiments with his machine at the diet at Ratislion, lieforo the Emperor Ferdinand III., several electors, and other estates of the empire. His electrical and astronomical knowl- edge also was considerable. D. 1686. iGUERRERl), Vicente, elected j)resi- dent of the United ilexican States, m 182'.t, was by birth a Creole. At tho very commencement of the revolution in Mexico he took arms against tho royalists, and never ceased to occupy a prominent position in the affairs of that country. On repeated occasions, from 3Ul] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 407 1619 ro 132S, General Guerrero became Uie rallyiiiir point of the liberal or popu- lar party, tlie Vorkiuos, aud was repeat- edly called into active service in his military capacity. Having been success- fiil in various contests with the aristo- cratical party, he at lenurlh, in 1S'2U, was elected lo tlie presidency. The expedi- tion of Barradas soon irave employment to the new government; and the better to enable the president to meet the exigency, he was invested witli extra- ordinary powers; but after tlie victory over the Spanish troops, and when the invading expedition was destroyed, Guerrero evinced an unwillino-ness to relinquish the dictatorship, whieh_ be- came the pretext of another revolution ; and Bustamcnte, the vice-president, as- sumed the reins of irovernment. Guer- rero, however, was not long idle: in September, 1830, lie collected a large force at Valladolid, and established a form of government in opposition to that of Bustamente, and the whole country was iigitated by troops in arms. But his career was almost run. In February, 1831, he was taken, and shot. GUEVAKA, Louis Vklcz de las DuEN.vs Y, ii Spmiish dramatist and romance writer, was b. in 1")74, at Ecija, in Andalusia. He was an advocate, and by his flashes of wit often drew forth peals of laughter from the court. Sev- eral of his comedies are excellent; but the work which especially establij^hcd the fame of Guevara was his " Diablo Cojuelo," an admirable romance, which afforded the idea of Le Sage's famous *'Diable Boiteux." Many of his witty sayings have become familiar to the people, and to this day are often heard as proverl)s in Spain. D. 164i5. GUIBEKT, .Jaoqufs Antoine ITypo- LiTE, count de, a celebrated 'French tac- tician, was b. at Montauban, in 1743. Ke studied the military art under his fath(M-. with whom he served in the German war; and, in the expedition to Corsica,^he was made a colonel, with the cross of St. Louis. On his return to France, he published his "Essai Gene- ral de Taetique," which work being diametrically opposed to Folard's, ex- cited a vehement controversy. He was also the author of some tragedies; his- torical eulogies on Marshal Catinat. the chancellor do I'lL^'pital, and Frederic the Great; "Travels in Germany," and •'Travels in Switzerland." D. 17!'0. GUIGCIAKDINI, Fiiancis, an Italian liistorian, was b. at Florence, in 1482. He was bred to the law, aud appointed professor of jurisprudence in bis native city. Tolitics, however, occupied the rest of his life. In 1512 he was sent am- bassador, on the part of the repulilie, to the Spanish court at Bruges ; for liis services in which mission he was re- ceived with great honor by his country- men, aud Leo X. constituted liim advo cate of the consistory. In l.)18 he was made governor of Modena and Keggio, and next of Parma, where he drove out the French, and confirmed the inhabit- ants in their obedience. He was after- wards reappointed to the government of Modena, and the presidency of the Romagna; and, in 1531, he was nuiile governor of Bologna, where he assisted at the coronation of Charles V. After a life of great activity, he returned to Ins native city, and there began his great work on tlie " History of Italy during his own Time," which he had nearly completed at the time of his death, in 1540. GUIDO KENI, one of the most emi- nent among the Italian painters, was b. at Eologna, in 1575. Combining tho beauties of Albert Durerand Caravagj^io with the school of Caracci, he soon gave his teachers oeeasioii to admire hia talents, and is even said to have ex- cited the jealousy of Annibale Caracci. He was honored, caressed, and employed by the great, and might have accumu- lated great wealth ; but, to satisfy an untbrtunate passion for gambling, he often sold his paintings at any price, and became involved in iiecuniary em- barrassments, so that, in 1042, he d. in a state of poverty and dejection. Guido imitated the beautiful in nature, and was pre-eminently the painter of youth and 'feir.ale loveliness. — Cagnacci, an historical painter, b. at Bologna in 1000, and a disciple of Guido Reni. D. liiSO. GUILLOTIN, Joseph Ignatius, a French physician, who, during the rev- olution, proposeil the use of the guil- lotine, an instrument made after tho fashion of "the maiden," which was used on the Scottish bor.lersin the l<>th century. He practised medicine in Paris many years, and was much re- spected tor his general conduct. He was a member of the national assembly, where his political principles \vero marked by moderation, and his intro- duction ot'this instrument of death was from a humane motive — that of render- ing capital punishment less painful, by decapitation. He was not, as has been reported, the victim of his own con- trivance, though greatly annoyed by its 468 CYCLOP.-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [gun being called bj' his name. D. in peace- ful rotiiTinuiit, 1«14. GUIKAN, GallI/VRD, counsellor of Btato to the prince of Oriin<.'e in the 17th century ; author of an " liistorical and Chronolos^ical Ketrister of the Seneschals of Nisnu's and Bcaucaire." D. 1G80. GUISl!IIAUD, CnAKLf;s Gotlikb, an oble writer on military tactics, was a na- tive of Maj^dcburg. His works are " Mt'nioircs Militaircs sur les Grecs ct les lioniains" and "Mcmoires Critiques ct Hiriroriqucs sur plusieurs Points d'Anticjuitcs Militaires." D. 1775. GUISK, Francis of LiOuuaine, duke of, an illustrious warrior of France, but as ambitious and bigoted as he was brave. He was b. 15l'J; distinguished himself by his bravery at the siege of Boulogne, the defence of Met/., the eon- quest of Calais, &c. ; and lost his life by assassination, in 1653. — CnARLEs of, usually called the Cardinal of Lorraine, was the minister of Francis U. and Charles IX. He is notorious for his violent and intolerant spirit, and his memory will ever be held in execation for the furious persecution he promoted against the Protestants of France. B. 1525; d. 1574. — Henry of Lorraine, eldest son of Francis, duke of Guise, was b. in 1550. He is memorable in the history of France for his bravery ; but he was of a turbulent, ambitious, and cruel disposition. After having distin- guished liiinself in Hungary by his valor against the Turks, lie placed himself at tiie head of au armed band, which he called the League, under the nretext of defending the Koman Catholi, religion, Henry HL the king, and the state, against the designs of the Huguenots, or French Protestants. This plan was formed by his brother the cardinal, and the Huguenots were m'lssaored by thou- sands. But their violence did not stop here. Guise now became an open rebel ; he entered Paris against the king's ex- press order, and put to the sword all who opposed him ; and the streets be- ing bitricaded to prevent his progress, this fatal day is called in French history, "the day of the barricades." The king escaped to Blois, and convened an as- sembly of the states ; and the duke of Guise had the boldness to appear there to a summons sent him for that purpose. A force. 1 reconciliation then took place between them, by the advice of this as- Beiiibly ; but it lieina: afterwards discov- ereil that Guisq hod formed a plan to dethrone ;'r.e king, the hitter, wanting the resolution to bring him to a trial, procured his assassination as he was en- tering the council chamber, Dec. 23, 155S. — Henry II., duke of Lorraine, a grandson of the preceding, was b. Itili. He is described as prodigal and brave, addicted equally to love and war. After having joined in the rebellion of the count de Soissons, and received a par- don, he was induced to join the revolted Neapolitans ; and, at their head, dis- played great gallantry ; but he at length fell into the hands of the Spaniards. D. 1G64. GUITON, John, a citizen of Rochclle, who was ch.osen mayor of the town when it was besieged by Cardinal Kichelleu, in 1637. He refused the post, unless permitted to have a poniard to stab the tirst who should ort'er to surrender. Being told that famine had carried otf many of the inhabitants, he answered, " It matters not, provided there is one left to shut the gates." GUIZOT, P^lizabetii Charlotte Pau- line, a French lady, whose works writ- ten for the instruction of youth have given her celebrity, was b. at Paris, in 1773. Her father died when she was a child, and her family having been brouirht to distress by the revolutionary changes, she was induced to attempt authorship, in order to provide for their exigencies. She accordingly produced the novels, entitled " Les Contradic- tions" and " La Chapelle d' Ayton ;" she also wrote in the public journals ; and her articles on manners, the drama, Ac, attracted considerable attention. At lenirth she became acquainted with M. Guizot, since distinguished also as a statesman ; in 1812 they were married ; and she subsequently acquired no small share of literary distinction for her "L'Ecolier ou Kaoul et Victor," " Nf>n- veaux Contes," and " Lettres de Famille sur TE lucition Domestique." D. 1827. GUN DULF, bishop of Rochester, was one of the Norman ecclesiastics brought over by William the Conqueror. He was a celebrated architect ; and built that p'irt of the Tower of London called the White Tower. He also erected Roehester enstie, and rebuilt the cathe- dral. T). 1 lOS. GUNNER, John Ernest, bishop of Drontheim, was b. at Christiana, in Norway, 1718. He founded the Royal Norweirian Societv, in the Transactions of which he published several valuable papers on natural historv. On account of his zeal for botany, Linnaeus gave his name to a plant in his system. He pub- lished "Flora Norvegica," and d. 1773, guy] CYCLOP.^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 469 GUNTER, EnMUND, amatlicmatic'mn, was b. ill Ilcrctbrdsliire, in 1581. lie was firot'essor of astronomy in GvL'sliam colleire, wliere lie d. IG'26. He invent- ed a portable quadrant tor astroiu inieal purposes, and the famous ''rule of pro- portion," whieli, in its mechanieal form, IS »tyled " Guntcr's seale." He also dis- covered tlie variation of the mairnetic needle. Ills works were collected into one volume, and have been repeatedly published. 1). 1626. GUSTAVUS I., kin? of Sweden, known by the name of Gnstavns Vasa, was b. in 14H0. IlaviiiErdelivered Sweden from the Danish yoke, he was, in \r>'2i, elected kin^x of that country ; reiirned gloriously for 37 years, and d. 1560. — Adolphus, the irranilson of Gustavus Vasa, was b. at Stockholm, in 1595, and ascended the throne in 1611. lie brou'i'ht the war in which his country was then involved with Denmark, Russia, and Poland, to a successful issue ; and after- wards led an army of 60,000 men into Germany for the nohle purpose of res- cuins the Protest;ints from the tyranny of the house of Austria. He penetrated from the Vistula to the Danube, and twice dcfeited the celebrated Tillv. Thisffreat prince fell in the bnttle fomrJit on the plains of l^utzen, in 1632. — III., was the son of Adolplius Frederic and Louisa Ulrica, sister of Frederic TI., kin": of Prussia. He was b. 1746, and succeeded his father in 1771. He abol- ished the practice of torture, and intro- duced other g'ood rcirulations in the administration of justice. He also form- ed a collenrc of commerce, and reformed his army and navy. In 17SS he was in- volved in a war with Kussii, whicli power was assisted by Denmark. Gtis- tavus headed his army himself, and stormed the defences of Frederickshall, where he took and destroyed a crreat nuniber of vessels. On the breakinir out of the French revolution, acoilition was formed between the northern pow- ers iind Spain, by which it was aa'recd that Gustavus should march nirainst France at the head of a considerable army; but while preparations were makim?, he was shot at a nnsouerade by Anktirstrocin, a disbanded officer of the armv, 1792.— IV., was b. 1778, and ascended the throne when his father fell. D. 18:^7. (RITCIT, .ToHX, an antiqinrinn writer, who was rcL'^istrnr of the university of Oxford, rector of St. Glement''s, and chaplain of All Soul's collehical Gram- mar;" "The Friends," a novel; " Ke- mr.rkb on English Tragedy," also a translation of Qu.intilian, arid Cicero's "Offices." D. 1770. GUTTEMBERG, Jofin, usually called the invent(u- of priiitincr of the legislative assembly, the conven- tion, the^ committee of public safety, and the council of five himdred ; was made a member of the legion of honor, and a bai-on of the empire by Bona- parte; and was director of the i'oly- technie school, and administrator of tlia mint. Besides his share in the " Ency- clopcdie MLthodi(Hie," he was one of the principal editors of the "Annals of Cnemistry," and wrote some other chcmicil works. I). 181G. GVVILYM, David ap, a British bard, known by t!ie name of David of Gla- morgan, and styled the Welsh Ovid, was b. in 1340, in the county of Cardi- gan. He was one of the itinerant bards, and became steward and tutor in tho family of Ivor Had, whcrehe d. 1400. His poems were published in 17!)2, and arc said, by those who profess to be judges, to be unsurpassed by any of his bardic successors. GWINNE, Matthew, was a physician of Welsh descent, but b. in London. After taking his degrees at Oxford, he commenced practice there; but, on the settlement of Gresham college, he was chosen professor of physic, and in 1605 appointed physician to the Tower. He wrote a comedv called "Vertumnus," " (^rations," " Letters on Cliemieal and Mairictl Secrets," &e. D. Ifi27. GWINNET, Button, was b. in En- gland in 1732, and after engaging in commercial ymrsuits, emigrated to America in 1770, and resided for about; two years at Charleston, S. C. He then removed to Georgia, and havimr pur- chased a plantation turned his attention to agricuhure. On the commencement of the revdlution, he took an active part in the affairs of this state ; was' elected a representative in the general congress of 1775, 177fi, and 1777, and signed tho declaration of independence. In May, 1777, he was a candidate for the chair of governor of the state, but filled ; and on the 27th of the same month was shot in a duel with apolitical lival, Genera) M'Intosh. uag] CrCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 471 H. IIAAK, TiriiODoun, i\ Gcrmaa writer, b. at Niiwliausoii, lOuo. He stiidiud at O.xfoi'tl, transliUeil the Dutch "Annota- tions of tiie Bible," and was one ot" tiic founders of'tlie Royal Society. D. IGOO. IJAAS, William, a letter-founder at Basle, who improved the art of i)rinting bv the invention of a balance-press, &e. D'. 1800. IIABERLIN, Fkancis Dominic, a Ger- man historian and anti(|U:u\v, author of the "History of the (iernuin Empire," but wliich, owinj^ to his death, in 1787, was left incomplete. He was a native of Sutbia, and professor of history at Helmstadt. — Ciiarli:s Fredeimc, son of the preceding, was professor of juris- prudence i'l the uniNcisity of llclm- Btadt, and the author of various legal works. D. 180S. IIABERT, OEitiiAix, a French poet, was abbot of Notre Dame deCerisi, and one of the first me-iibers of the academy. He d. in 1655. His principal poem is entitled " Metamorphose dcs Yeux d'lris change's en Astros." He also wrote the "The I.ifc of Cardinal de Berulle." — Tsaac, bishop of Vabrcs, in France; distinguished himself as a con- troversialist against Jansenius, and left a ti'anslation of the pontitioal of the Greek church, some Latin poems, and other works. D. 1G(>8. HAHINGTON, Thomas, a gentle- man of landed property, at Hciilip, in Worcestershire, who was implicated in various treasonable practices, but who liad the good fortune, though detected, to escape from the full penalty of them. He was found guilty of engaging in a conspiracy to release Mary queen of Scots, (or which he was imprisoned six years; and he was afterwards convi(.-ted of concealing some of the agents in the guupowder-]>lot, and received sentence of death ; but obtained a pardon, owing as some assert, to his having been the godson of Queen Elizabeth ; tlioiigh, more probably, to the circumstance of his daughter' beii'g the Avife of Lord Monteaglc, and tlic supposed writer of the mysterious letter that led to its dis- covery. He was, however, restrained from ever leaving Worcestershire; in eonsequenceofthis, he employed the rest of his life in collecting a miss of topo- praphical materials, which subsequently formed the foundation of Dr. Nash'.s his- tory of that county. B. 1560 ; d. H17.— William, son of the jireceding, was b. at Ilcnlii", Worcestershire, in 1005; and was both a iioet and an historian. Ho was educate(l at St. Omer's and Paris; married the daughter of the first Lord Powis ; and published a volinne of poems, under the title of "(Jastara;" which, according to the judgirent cf modern critics, possess much fancy, elegance, and moral feeling. His other works arc, "The Queen of Aiagon," a tragi-eomedy ; "Oliscrvations upon Ilis- torv," and "A History of Edward IV." D.'i64\ HACKET, John, bishop of Lichfield, wash, in 1592; received his education at Westminster, and Trinity college, Cambridge ; and became chaplain to James L This appointment soon led to other church preferment. Ho was the author of " A Century of Sermons," " Loyola," a Latin play, twice pertbrnied at the university Ijcfore James L ; and the " Life of Bishop Williams." D. 1670. HACQUET, Baltiiasar, an eminent naturalist, b. at Conquet, in Britany, in 1740. D. 1S15. HADLEY, John, an English philoso- pher, who lived in the early part of tho 18th century. He invented tho quad- rant which bears his name, and also a retlectiiiir telescope; was vice-president of the Royal Society; and contributed several papers to the "Philosophical Transactions." ' HAFIZ, or HAFEZ, Mohammed, SciiEjisEDDiN, the most popular of tho Persian poets, was b. at Shiraz, and flourished in the 14th century. Liko Anacreon, his muse is dedicated to love and wine, and, it is said, ho practised what ho i)reaehed. If we may judge of their general merit from tho odes which liave been translated by Sir W. Jones and others, we must admit that the famo of Haflz has never i^een oven-ated. Ha d. in 1389, and his countrymen erected a monument to his memory, wliicli was destroved bv an eartlupiako in 1825. HAGEDOKN, Fredkric, a celebrated German poet, was b. at Hamburgh, 170S. He was educated in tho college of his native city; went to London in the suite of the Danish .amb-issador : and, in 1733, was ap;>ointeil secretary to the Enrli^h factory at Haniburirli. Tfo was the au- thor of Fables, Songs, Talcs, and Moral 472 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [axh Poems; in all of which there is consid- erable oriLriiiality, and many of them arc extremely graceful. D. 17o4.— Chris- tian Lkwis, brother of the preceding, held the rank of counsellor of legation, nnd was eminent as a connoisseur of the fine arts, lie wiotc "Kemarlvs oil Paint- ing." L 1717; d. 17S0. IIAGEK, Joseph vo.n, professor of the oriental languages in tlie university of Pavia, was b. at Milan, 1750; studied at Vienna, and devoted himself to the ac- quisition of a critical knowledge of the Chinese tongue. He resided some time in London, where he published several works explanatory of the Chinese lan- guage; but meeting with little success, lie went to Paris, and there published many more. Among his works are, "TheCliincse Pantheon," " An Expla- nation of the Elementary Characters of the Chinese Language," " A Dissertation on the nowlv discovered Babylonian Inserip-ions,"'&c. D. at Milan, *1S20. IIAlIN, Philip Matthew, a celebrated mechanical genius, b. 173;i, at Seharn- liausen. While at the university -^f Tu- binsen, he spent his leisure hours in making sun-dials and speaking-truni- Eets, grinding glasses, &e. He continued is labiirs with unremitting assiduity, and eventually pro luced works of great ingenuity ; us, a clock showing the cour.-e of the earth and otiier planets, as well as tliat of the moon and other satellites, and their eccentricities : a calculating machine ; and many other ingenious inventions. 1). 17'J0. HAHNEMANN, Sami'el, founder of the system of medicine called Hoince- opath'y, was b. at Meissen, in Saxony, 175o. " Educated at the high school of liis native town, he successively studied at Leipsic, Vienna, and Erlanircn, where bis zeal in the pursuit of kuowletlgc pro- cured him the regard of all his teaeliers; and having t:dpened in Bombay and Bengal, relative to the Mahratta JImpire since July, 1777." B. 17")! ; d. 1830. 40» HALIFAX, George Saville, marquis of, ail eminent statesman, was b. in 1030: contributed to the restoration of Charles IL, who made him a privy councillor, and rewarded him with a coronet. On the accession of James, ho was aiipointed presitlent of the council, from which he was dismissed for refu- sing his consent to a repeal of the tests. In the convention parliament ho was chosen speaker of the house of lords, and at tlie accession of William and Mary was made lord privy seal, D. ID'Jo. He wrote an excellent piece, enti- tled "Advice to a Daughter," and vari- ous political tracts. HALKET, Lady Anne, the wife of 8ii James Jlalket. She was the c.augh- ter of Mr. Robert Murray, of the TiHli- bardin family, and b. in ltj'_'2. Her father was preceptor to Charles I., and afterwards provost of Eton college ; and her mother was sub-governess to tho duke of Gloucester and the Princess Elizabeth. Anne received a liberal edu- cation ; but theology and physio were her liivorite studies. Her skill in tho latter was so great, that persons eamo from Holland, and other countries, to bcneljt by her advice and treatment. D. 1G9'J. HALL, Edward, an old English chronicler, whose works rank with those of Holingsheel and Stowe. He was a native of London, and being a lawyer by profession, attained the rank of a judge in the sheritf s court. . His death took place in 1547. As atibrdiug delin- eations of the manners, dress, and cus- toms of the age, his " Chronicle," which Grafton completed, is \cry cu- rious. — Sir James, b. 1760, was the au- thor of "An Essay on the Origin, Prin- ciples, and History of Gothic Architec- ture," and of many papers in the " Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh." D. 1832.— Basil, Captain, a distinguished writer of voyages and travels, &c. ; was b. at Edinburgh ia 1788. Entering the navy in 1802, he gradually rose through the minor ranks till he became post-captaiii in 1817. Be- sides contributing numerous papers on scientific subjects to various iournals and encyclopiedias, Capt. Hall wrote "A Voyage of Discovery to the West- ern Coast of Corea and the great Loo- Choo Island in the Japan Sea," a most interesting wotk, which went through many editions; "Extracts from a Jour- nal written on the Coasts of Chili, Peru, und Mexico, in the Years 1S20, 1821, 1822," "Travels iu North America," 174 CVCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [HAt "Fragiueuts of Voyages and Travels," "Sclilot's lleinfielu, or a Winter in Lower Styria," , the commander-in-chief had made him b's aid-de-camp, with the rank of lieu- tenant-colonel. From this time be con- tinued the inseparable companion of Washington during the war, and was always consulted by him on the most important occasions. After the war. Colonel Hamilton, then about 24, com- menced the study . f the law, and was Boon admitted at the bar. In 1782 he Vfiis cboscn a member of congress from the slate of New York, where he quickly ncquired the greatest influence and dis- tinction. He contributed greatly to the favorable reception of the constitution, by the essays he wrote, in conjunciioa with Madison and Jav, in the "Feder- alist." On the organization of the fet' eral government in 17Sy, he was ap- pointed secretary of the treasury ; and during his continuance in that office, about five years, be raised the public credit I'rom the lowest state of depres- sion to !i height altogether unprece- dented in the history of the country. In 17',iS, when an invasion was appre- hended from the French, and a provis- ional army had been called into the field, bis public services were again required ; and on the death of 'W'ashingtun, in 17'J9, be succeeded to the chief com- mand. When the army was disbanded. Hamilton again returned to the bar, and continued to practise, with increased reputation and success, until 1804. A quarrel having taken place between him and Colonel Burr, the latter challenged him, and they met at lloboken on the 11th of July. At the first fire Hamilton fell, mortally wounded, on the same spot where, a short time previously, bis eldest son had been killed in a duel. — Anthony, Count, a poet, courtier, and man of letters in the 17tli century. lie was descended from an ancient Scotch family, but b. in 1646, in Ireland; from whence he was taken to France, when a child, by his parents, who were at- tached to Charles II. When James 11. was obliged to contend for his ciown in Ireland, he gave Count Ilnmilton a regi- ment of infantry, and made liim gov- ernor of Limerick ; but on the ruin of the royal cause, he accompanied James to France, where be passed the rest of his life. His wit and talents secured him admission into the first circles, and be d. at St. Cermain, in 1720. Count Hamilton is chiefly known as an author by his "Memoirs "ofCount Grammont," a lively and spirited production, exhibit- ing a free antl faithful delineation of tbo voluptuous court of Charles 11. His other works are, "Poems and Fairy Tales," which, as well as the memoirs, are in French, and display elegance of style with fertility of invention. — Eliz- abeth, a lady of' great literary attain- nu'Ut.s, was b'. at Belfast, in Ireland, in 1758. She wrote the "Letters of a Hindoo Rajah," "The Life of Asrrip- pina," " Memoirs of Modern Philoso- phers," "Popular Essays," "On the Elementary Principles of Education," "Letters on the Formation of the Re- ligious and Moral Principle," and other w'orks, replete with sound sens-e and in- 476 CYCLOP/EDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [lIAM formntion. D. 1816.— Gavin, ixn histor- icul puintcr, luul coiuioisseiir of ancient ort, was b. at Lanark, in Scotland. Ht.vin^' dir'ooveroil an early genius for painting, he was sent to Italy, and placed under Augustine Massuclii, by whose instructions he profited consider- ably ; after which he applied with great diligence to tiie study of the antique, wliieli has given his paintings of ancient subjects that propriety with regard to costume, whicli distinguished them at the time from tlic generality of modern compositions. One of his greatest works was his Homer, consisting of a series of pictures, representing scenes taken from the ]liad. The latter part of his life was employed in making excavations, at Tiv- oli, among the ruins of Adrian's villa, and in various other places in Italy, by which he was cnableil to bring to light many of the long-buried treasures of antiquity ; so that the success which crowned his researches made ample amends for the loss which painting may have sutfcred by the intermission of his practice. D. atEome, 17yii. — Jami£s, in- ventor of the "Hamiltonian system of teaching lauffuages, d. at Dublin, where he had gone for the purpose of giving lectures, Sept. 16, Ib^y. — Patrick, the first Scotch reformer, was nephew to James, earl of Arran, and b. in 1503. He was educated at St. Andrew's, after which he went abroad, where he im- bibed the opinions of Luther. On his return home he was made abbot of Feme, in the shire of lioss, where he promulgated the new doctrines with so much zeal as to excite the wrath of the clergy, who caused him to be appre- hended and sent to Beaton, archbisiiop of St. Andrew's. After a long exami- nation he was declared contumacious, and burnt at a stake, opposite St. Sal- vador's college. March 1, l.'i27. — Thom- as, is chiefly known as the author of "Cyril Thornton," a stirring novel of military adventure, combining the ele- gant style of an excellent classical scho- uir with the graphic description and vivid feeling of one who had partici- pated in the scenes and circumstances that hedescribed. Afterserving through the Peninsular and American campaigns, Oapt. Hamilton devoted his time chiefly to literature, and he was a voluminous contributor to "lilackwood's Magazine," in which "Cyril Thornton" originidly appeared. His chief separate works after Cyril Thornton are, " Annals of the Peninsular Campaign," and " Men and Manners in America." D. 1842. — William, an historical painter, was b. in 17.'>0. He went to Italy when very young, and was there placed under tho instruction of Zucehi, the painter of arabesque ornaments, at Home. On hi* return to England he acquired consid- erable euq)loymcnt ; and, in ITS'.i, was admitted a royal academician. I). 1801. — William, a Scotch poet, was b. at Bangour, in Ayrshire, in 1704. Ho joined the Pretender in 1745, and nar- rowly escaped being taken after iho battle of Culloden. D. 1754. Amcng his songs and ballads is the well-known " Braes of Yarrow." — William Gluard, a statesman who obtained the appella- tion of " Single Speech Hamilton," from the extraordinary impression produced by the first and almost only speech he ever made in the British parliament, was the son of a barrister of Lincoln's Inn, wliere he was b. in 17-2'.t. He was educated at Winchester school and Oriel college, Oxford. In 1754 he was elected into parliament for Petersfield, and the year tbllowing delivered the speech al- luded to. In 1761 he went to Ireland as secretary to Lord Halifax, and in the parliamentof that kingdom he confirmed the reputation which he had gained in England by his oratory. He was about twenty years chancellor of the exchequer in Ireland, but retiretl from public lifo in 1784. His works, consisting of " Par- liamentary Logic," "Speeches," &c., ady jlatniltoF was tlie heroine of the crowd, and ac- companied the slave of her charms wherever he went. To her advice is attfi-ibuted the ignominious death of Prince Caracciolo, the oldest and the best ofHcer in the Neapolitan navy. She d. in ISK), in the neighborhood of Calais. HAMMOND, Antuony, an ingenious writer, was 1). at the family seat of Somcrsham place, Huntingdonshire, in 1668. He was educated at St. John's college, Cambridge, and became a mem- ber of parliament, where his eloquence procured him the name of "Silver Tongue." He was also a commissioner of the navy ; but d. a prisoner in the fleet, in 1738. He was the author of a " Miscellany of Original Poems." — .James, an elegiac poet, was b. in 1710; received his education at Westminster school ; was appointed equerry to Fred- eric, prince ot Wales ; and sat in par- liament for Truro. D. 1741. HAMPDEN, John, a political char- acter of great celebrity in the reign of Charles 1., was descended of an ancient family in Bnckinghamshire, and b. in London, in 151i4. In 1686 he distin- guished himself by his spirited oppo- sition to the payment of ship-money, by which he acquired great popularity. Ho became a leading man in the house of commons ; and at the commencement of the civil war he took up arms against the king, and accepted the command of a regiment in the parliamentary army, under the carl of Essex. Prince Kupert having beaten up the quarters of the parliamentary troops near Thame, in (Oxfordshire, Hampden eagerly joined a few cavalry that were rallied in haste, and, in tlie skirmish which ensued, re- ceived a wound, which in a few days proved fatal. His character and conduct throughout his contest \v ith the crown showed great firmness and moderation : and liis name has become a sort of watchword to many who, loving his stern republican virlue.H, exiiii m (lis- 178 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [lIA5 playing tlicir patriotisn . by resisting not merely taxation by prerogative, bat all injustice. D. loiS. HANCOCK, John, an American pa- triot :ind statesman, was b. in Quincy, ■Massachusetts, in 1737, and under tlic patronage of a wealtliy uncle received a liberal education, and was graduated at Harvard college, in 1754. On leaving epeiied in 1041. HARDOUIN, J.MiN, a learned French Jesuit, the author of several works, but remarkable as the author of one in par- ticular, (which excited equal interest and animadversion at the time,') the object of which was to show that almost all the writinsrs under the names of the (ireek and Roman poets and historians in-e the spurious productions of the 13th centu- ry. B. 1647 ; d. 172',». — Toun Stkimien, a French wTiter ; the translator of Young's "Night Thouirhts," and Fene Ion's "Telemachus," into rhyme. B. 1735; d. 1817. HARDWICKE, I'lrn.ip Yorke, earl of, an eminent English lawyer, was b. at Dover, in Kent, in 1690. After serving the offices of solicitor and attorney general, he was, in 1733, appointed chief justice of the King's Bench, and created a peer. Tn 1736 he was made lord chancellor, which situation he held 20 years. In 1754 he was created earl of Hardwickc. D. 1764. — Philtp Yorke, earl of, eldest son of the preceding, .Viis b. in 1720. In 1738 he was a})pointed oue of the tellers of the exchequer, and in 1764 succeeded his father in the earl- dom. He d. in 1790. Lord Ilardwicko wrote a poem on the death of Queen Caroline; nnd with his brother, the Honorable Charles Yorke. projected the "Athenian Letters, or the Epistolaty Correspondence of an Agent of tlio King of Persia, residing at Athens du- rinir the Peloponnesian War." A few copies only of this work were at first printed for private cireulation; luit in 1798 nil eletrant edition was published. Lord Hardwickc also printed '' The Cor- respondence of Sir Dudley Carleton, in the reia-n of .James I.," and "Miscella- neous State Papers from 15ni to 172. 177:!. ' J'AKTLEY, David, an English phy- .sie"an, was b. at Armlev, in Yorkshire, in 170\ and d. at Ba'th in 1757. He wrote an excellent work, entitled '' Ob- servations on Man." — David, son of the E receding, was b. in 17;5i>; educated at lerton college, Oxford ; became M. P. for Hull ; .was distinguished by his strenuous opposition to the American war; and was appointed one of the ne- gotiators to treat with Dr. Franklin. He had the merit of several ingenious in- ventions, one of which is a mode of seciiriiifr buildings from tire. D. 1813. HARVARD, John, a nonconformist divine, who d. in 1688, at Oharlestown, Mass. He is deserving of eonnnemora- ticn by being the founder of the college rearing his name, at Cambridge. HARVEY, William, a celebrated physician, was b. at Folkstone, 1578. He discovered the circulation of the blood, of which he published an ac- count in 1628, entitled " Excrcitatio Anatom 'ia de Motu Cordis ct San- guinis." In 1682 he was made physi- cian to Charles I., and adhered faithfully to the king; for which, in 1645, he was chosen w;irden of Merton college, Oxford ; but when the parliamentary visitors came there, he left it tor London. In 1651 appeared his " Exer- citationcs de Gencrationc Aniraaliuin." D. 165S. IIASSELQUIST, Frederic, a Swe- dish naturalist, and one of the most celebrated of all the pujiils of Linnoeus, Ti'as b. in 1722. He embarked for Smvrna in August, 1749, went to Egypt, ren ained some time at Jerusalem, and afterwards visited other parts of the country. Returning to Siinrna, he brought with him an admirable colleo tion of plants, minerals, fishes, reptiles, insects, and other natural curiosities. His " Iter Palrestinum, or a Jotn-ney to the Holy Land," was derived from bis journal, and was drawn up by Lin- naeus. HASTINGS, Warren-, was h. in 1788, at Churehill, t xfordshire, where his father was tlio dergyman. He was educated at AVcstininistcr, ind ti the age of 17, went out to India, as a writei in the company's service. On his ar- rival he applied with diligence to the duties of his station, and at his leisnre studied the oriental languages. Afcer 14 years' residence in Bengal, he returned to England; but in 1761) he went out as second in council at Madras, where he remained about two years, and then removed to the presidency of (lalcnlta. In 1786 he returned to Ens^land, when he was accused of having governed arbitrarily and tyrannically ; of having extorted immense sums of money ; and of having exercised every species of oppression. An impeachment followed, which lasted 9 years. He was at length acquitted, and sentenced to pay only tlie costs of prosecution, (£71,030 ster- ling,) for which the East India Conioany indemnified him by a pension of £4,000 for life. He lived, however, to see his plans for the security of India publicly applauded, and d. 1818. Mr. Hastings was a man of mild and unassuming manners, and an elegant scholar. Ho wrote " A Narrative of the Insurrection at Benares." " Memoirs relative to the State of India," some fngitivc poetry, &c. — FRAiNcis Rawdox, marquis of, son of the earl of Moira, was b. in 1754, and entered the army in 1771. He greatly distinguished himself in the American war; was appointed in 1778, adjutant- general of tiie British forces there, and rose to the rank of a major-general. In 1812 he obtained the appointment of governor-general of British India, which he held till 1822; and during tho 10 years of his sway he overcame the Nepaulesc, the Pindarees, and other native powers, and rendered the British authority supreme in India. While absent he was created marquis of Hast- in2S. D. 1725. IIATTO, or HATTO VERCELLEN- SIS, was bishop of Vercelli, in Italy, in the 10th century. His work on tho " Grievances of the Church," (which h curiously illustrative of the spirit and coin|>lcxion of the times,) together witli his canons and epistles, were publ?slicd in 1768. HATTON, Sir Ciikistopher, an emi- nent statesman, and lord chancellor of England, was b. at Holdenby, in North- amptonsliire. In 1587 was made both chancellor and knight of the garter. His inexperience created much prej- udice against him at first, but his natural capacity aAd sound j.ulginent were seldom found defective He wrote II aw] CYCI.OP.'KDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 48H the fourtli net in the tragedy of " Tan- erod iiinl Sigisimiiidii ;" and to him is ascribed " A Treatise concerning Stat- utes or Acts of rarlianicnt." 1). 1591. IIAUBOLD, CnitisTiAN Gottlieb, n celebrated German jurist, was b. at Dresden, in 1766. lie was made doctor of law in 1788; and eventually became ordinary professor of law in the univer- Bity of Leipsic. ilAUFF, WiLHKLM, one of the most graceful prose writers of Germany, was b. at Stuttgart, 1802. He went to the university of Tubingen from 1820 to 1824, where he studied philosophy and theology, with a view to the church. While "diseluirging the duties of tutor iD a noble family at Stuttgart, he oom- mcneed his literary career with the " Mirehcn Alnianach auf das Jahr," 1820. The chief of his works are, " Memoiren des Satans," " Mann im Mmde," " Lichtensteiu," " Die Bett- lerin von Pont des Arts," " Phantasien im Bremen Rathskeller," &c. He had just undertaken the editorship of the celebrated journal, called the " Morgeu- blatt," when he d. November, 1827. IIAUGWITZ, CuKisTiAN IIknkv Chas., count of, an eminent Prussian statesman, was b. in Silesia, iu 1758. D. 1832. HAUKSBEE, Feancls, an English philosopher of the 18th century, who made many experimental discoveries in eleetricitv, and published them. IIAUTEFEUILLE, John, a mechanic, was b. at Orleans, in 1647. He made several discoveries and improvements in clock-making, and invented tiie spiral spring which moderates the vi- bration of balance-wheels in watches, which Huygens afterwards perfected. He also wrote several short treatises on mechanical subjects ; also, " The Art of Breathing under Water," " The Per- petual }'endulum," " A new System of the Flux and Reflux of the Sea," &c. D. 1724. HAU Y, Renk Just, Abbe, a celebrated mineralogist, b. at St. .lust, in Picardy, in 1742, "He first studied theology, and was twenty-one years professor of lan- guages. But mineralogy was his favorite pursuit ; and to him science is indebted tor an admirable theory of crystalliza- tion, founded on geometrical laws. He •was appointed by Bonaparte professor of mineralogy at the botanic garden, and to the faculty cf sciences at Paris. in 1803, at the command of Napoleon, ho wrote his "Traite de Physique." His treatises on mineralogy, crystallog- raphy, and natural history, arc i\\ highly esteemed ; and his beaut if-.l collection of minerals, tor whicli he liad refused an oiler of 000, OoO francs, was bou;jrht by the duke of Buckingham. D. lt^22. IIAWES, Stephen, a poet of the 15th century, was a native of Suffolk, and educated at Oxford. HAWKKSWOKTH, John, the son of a watelimal;er at Bromley, Kent, was b. in 1715, and apprenticed to liis father's trade; but lie soon left it for literary pursuits, and eventually became an author of eminence. He is chiefly remembered by his "Adventurer," a series of periodical essays ; a sentence, taken from the last number of whieli work, is inscribed on a marble monu- ment erected to his memory in Bromley church. D. 1773. HAWKINS, Sir John, a brave En- glish admiral under Queen Elizabeth, was a native of Devonshire. He was rear-admiral of the fleet, wliich she sent against the S]ianish Armada, and had a great share in that victory. He waa afterwards made treasurer of the navy. But his memory is disgraced by hifi being the first European who carried off slaves from the coast of Africa, and introduced that inhuman traffic into the West Indies. Queen Elizabeth lierself, while she honored his bravery by knighthood, threatened him with tho divine vengeance for this practice. D. 1595. — Sir John, a lawyer and miscel- laneous writer, was b. in London, in 1719. He practised as a solicitor, with reputation for some years; and haying made general literature the st.uris- oners of Saratoga fell under his care. In June. 1779, he returned to the main army, and commanded the troops on the Hudson, and in that station, for the most part, he remained until the close of the war. He was the last surviving American major-general of tlie war. He published a volume, which for a time, had great notoriety, entitled, " Heath's Meinoirs." D. 1814. — James, an histor- icid writer during the reigns of Charles I. and II. He wrote "A Chronicle of the late War," "The Glories and Tri- umphs of the Restoration of Charles II.," "Flasrellum, or the Life and Death of Oliver Cromwell." &c. I). 1664. IIEATHCOTE, Ralph, a clergyman of the church of England, to whom the merit is due of being the projector of the "General Biographical Dictionary." He was also the author of " The Ire- narch, or Justice of the Peace's Man- ual," "Sylva, or the Wood," "A Sketch of Lord Bolingbroke's Philoso- phy," and other poleinical works; which caused his introduction to Dr. Warburton, who nominated him his assistant p''eaeher at Lincoln's Inn. He subsequently obtained higher church preferments. D. 1795. IIEBER, Reginald, bishop of Cal- cutta, was b. at Mali)as, Cheshire, 1783. He entered a student at Brazenose col- lege, Oxford, in 1800, and, 3 years after, carried the Euirlish prize for his beauti- ful poem, "Palestine." From 1803 to 1822, he spent his time in discnarging the duties of a parish priest ; during which he published some elegant poems, and the life of Jeremy Taylor. He was then elected preacher at Lincoln's Inn. On the death of Dr. Middleton, tho bishopric of Calcutta was offered to Mr. Heber, and on the 16th of June, with his wife and infant dauo-hter, he em- barked for India. On the 11th of Octo- ber he reached his destination, ami found constant occupation in tho important exercise of his official duties. lu 1826 486 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [hei ho took a journey in the; discharge of his epi:;copal duty, to Triehiiiopoly, where he arrived on the 1st of April, 1826. The next day lie was seized witli an apopleL-tic tit, wiiilst hatliins:, whieli terminated liis valuable life. Since his death, a " Narrative of a Journey through tlic Upper Provinces of India," lias ap- peared, and his widow has also publish- ed his biography. IIEBEKT. James Rene, commonly called I'crc Duchcue, (from the title of a Jacobin paper of which ho was the edi- tor,) was b. at AlonQon, 17"i5. lie was one of the most violent advocates ibr the French revolution. Having dared to oppose his colleagues and masters, they accomplished his destruction. At the place of his execution, contempt and insult were adiled to the seventy of his Butferings, and he d. amid the hisses of the populace, on the 24;h M:n-ch, 17'J4. HEl'KWELDER, John, many years employed by the Moravian brethren as a missionary to the Delaware Indians, was a native of Enghmd. In 1819 ho p'lb- lishcd, at Philadelphia, "A History of the Manne-s and Customs of the Indian Nations who oucc inhabited Pennsylva- nia;" and, in 1S2(), a "Narrative of the Moravian Mission amoni^ the Delaware Indians, &e., from 174u"to 1808." He d. at Bethlehem, 1823, aged 78. HEDLINGER, John Charles, the most celebrated die-cutter of his age, was b. at Schweitz, 16'.il. Many crown- ed heads, among whom were Charles XII. of Sweden, Peter the Groat, and Pope Benedict XIII., honored him with their patronage. He frequently visited Sweden, and on liia last voyaije from that country, in 174-'', he lost the irrenter part of his property by shipwreck. His works are distinguished by great sim- plicity, softness, and correctness of de- sign. D. 1771. HEEREN, Arnold Hermann Ludwig, a distinvrnished German historian, was b. near Bremen, 1760 ; studied at Got- tingen ; and at'or speuling some years in foreign travel, returned to Gottingen in 1787, when he. was ajipointf.I pro- fessor, and thenceforward devote 1 him- Belf to the compo-iition of those numer- ous works which have placed him among the first historians of his age. His chief works are, " Idcen libcr ilie Politik den Verkohr. &c., der vornchmsten Volkor der alton Welt," "Ilandbucli dcr Goschichte derStaatcndes Alterthuins," "Han ll)uch der Europaiselieu Staaten- system," &c. D. 184-'. HEGEL, Gr.oRGE \\'iLLiAii Frederic, the founder of a new school of philoso- phy, was b. at Stuttgart, 1770. He was professor successively at Jena, Heidel- berg, and Berlin. He was at first tho disciple of Schelling, with whom he was associated in the conduct of a philosopli- ical journal in 1802-3. But his opinions gradually took a ditferent turn. Ho re- jected Schellincr's intellectual intuition as an unwarrantable assumption, al- though he continued to maintain its leading idea. His system is at present the centre of nearly all philosophical in- terest in Germany, cliiefly from the widely discrepant deductions, political and religions, which his friends and en- emies draw from it; some maintaining it to be favorable to the present order of things in church and state, others founding upon it conclusions at vari- ance with all ordinary notions of religion or morality. D. of cholera, 1831. HEIDEGGER, John James, a very extraordinary character, by birth a Swiss, who took up his residence in London, in^l6G0, and, ol)taining a commission in the guards, was known in fashionable society by the appellation of the Swi.s3 count. He undertook the management of the opera house, and in his conduct of that establishment was very fortunate; added to whicii, by sriving concerts, mas- querades, &c., under the patronage of tlie court, he i^ained a handsome income, which he expended in keeping a hos- pitable tabic, and relieving the unfortu- nate. D. 174'.t, aged 90. HEINE,' IIeinuich, a German poet and miscellaneous writer, was b. at Dusseldorf, 1797, and studied at Bonn, Gottingen, and Berlin, with the view of embracing a legal career ; but his temper and turn of mind rendered a residence in Germany distasteful, and he repaired to Paris about 182i\ where he continued thencelbrwanl principally to reside. His works comprise two plays, political pam- phlets and satires, views of Frencli so- ciety, &c. ; but his fame chiefly depends on his poems and the " Reisebilder," which, thouirh often deformed by a spirit of raillery and satire that knows no bounds, are full of grace, tenderness, and artless ease. D. iSofi. HEINECCIUS, Joiiv GoTLiEB, a cele- brated civilian, b. at Ersenburir, in Al- tenburi:, in Uisi. After havinu- studied at Goslar and Leipsic, he bcoame pro- fessor of philosophy at Halle, 1710; and in 1711 he was made professor of civil law, with the title of counsellor of the court. His great reputation in Uiccd the stales of Friesland to invite him tc HZL CYCLOPEDIA OF HIOORAPIIY. 487 Fran(;T. 1135.— II., king of England, the son of Geoffrey Plantagenet and Maud, empress of Germany, was b. in Normandy, in 1132, and succeeded Ste- phen in 1154. He added the provinces of Anjou, Tourainc, ilaine, Poitou, Saintouge, Guienne, and Gascony, to the English crown. His reign was troubled by disputes between liim and Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, who being murdered in 1170, the pope obliged the king to underia 492 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. HER complimented by tlie pope with the title of Det'euder oftlic Fuitli. liaving con- oeived an iilt'cotioii for Amie iioleyn, he determined to divorce his wife Catha- i rine of Arugon, to whom lie had been j married IS years. But on the divorce | being refused by the pope, Henry as- sumed the title of supreme head of the | English church, put down tiie monas- j teries, aud alienated their possessions to i secular purposes. Ili.s niarriage with | Anne Bolcyn followed ; but afterwards he brought her to the scatibld, and mar- ried Lady Jane Seymour, who died in childbed. He next man-ied Anne of <}leves ; but she not proving agreeable to his expectations, he put her away, and caused Cromwell, earl of Essex, the piojeetor of the niatcli, to be beheaded. His next wife was Catharine Howard, who was beheaded for adultery; after which he espoused Catharine I'arr, who survived him. D. 1546. — Chakles, a gentleman distinguished for his chemi- cal knowledge and scientific pursuits, was the son of an eminent manufactu- ring chemist at Manchester, and b. in 177.5. Though intended for the medi- cal profession, he relinquished it for tlie sake of co-operating in liis father's lu- crative pin-suits, which he afterwards carried on. D. 1836. — Matthew, a non- conformist divine, was b. in 1662. He was educated by liis father, Philip Hen- ry, an eminent Presbyterian divine; studied the law in Gray's Inn, but re- nounced it for the ministry, and settled at Ilaekn \y. His chief work is an '• E.x- position of the Bible ;" besides which he wrote a " Method of Prayer," a " Discourse on th^ Lord's Supper," and other books of ^..ictical divinity. D. 1714. — RoBEiiT, minister of one of the churches in Edinburgh, and author of j "The History of Great Britain," was I b. at St. Ninian's, near Stirling, in 1718, | and d. in 1790. — ^Patrick, an American i orator and statesman, was b. in Vir- | ginia in 1736, and after receiving a com- | nion school education, and spending some time in trade and agriculture, commenced the practice of the law, after only six weeks of preparatory study. After several years of poverty, with the incumbrance of a family, he first rose to distinction in managing the popular cause in the controversy between the legislature and the clergy, touching the stipend which was claimed by tlie latter. In 1765 he was elected a member of the house of burgesses, with express refer- ence to an opposition to the Britisli stamp act. In tliis assembly he ol)tain- cd the honor of being the first to com- mence the opposition to the measures of the British government, which tcrmi nated in the revolution. He was one of the delegates sent by Virginia to the first general congress of the colonies, !n 1774, and in that body distinguished himself by his boldness and elo'iuence. In 1776 he was appointed the first gov- ernor of the cominonwealth, and to this ottice vvas repeatedly re-elected. In 178S iie was a]'pointed by the legislriture one of the dc[.uties to the eonventiou ^eld at Philfldelphia, for the purpose cf re- vising the federal constitution. In 1783 he was a member of the convention, which met in Virginia to consider the constitution of tlie United States, and exerted himself strenuously against its adoption. In 1794 he retired from the bar, and d. in 1799. Without extensive information upon legal or political topics, he was a natural orator of tlie highest order, possessing great powers of ima- gination, sarcasm, and humor, united with great force and energy of manner, and a deep knowledge of human nature. HENKYSON, Robert, a Seotcli poet in the 16th century, was schoolmaster at Dumfermline, and a monk of the Benedictine order. His " Fabils" were printed at Eilinburgh in 1621 ; and his •'Testament of Faire Creseide" in 159:?. He wrote a number of other pieces, which arc to be found in the collections of Ilailcs, Pinkerton, &c. HEPBURN, Robert, a miscellaneous writer, was b. in Scotland, in 1690. At the age of 21 he published, in 80 num- bers, a series of essays, entitled "The Tattler, by Hector 'Macstaff, of the North." He studied the civil law in Holland, and became a member of the facility of advocates at Edinburgh, where he d. 1712. HERACLITUS, the founder of a phil- osophical sect, was b. at P^phesus, and flourished in the 69th Olympiad, about 500 B. 0. He incorporated the mysteries of the Pythagorean system into his own, wliich was exceedingly severe and obscure. Being of a misanthropic turn, whence he is said to have wept at the follies of mankind, he retired to a mountainous region, where he lived upon roots and herbs; but being at- tacked by a fatal disease, was obliged to return to the city, and soon afterwards d., in the 60th vear of his aire. hp:rault i)E sp:ciielles, Marik Jean, udvc>eate-gcneral in the parlia- ment of Paris under the old regime, and afterwards a member of the nation- her] CYCLOP.'EDIA OF lUOGRAPIir. 493 nl convention, was b. at Paris, in 17C0. lie. chiefly distinjjiiisiied liiiiiseU' in tlie contest between tho Mountain and Gi- ronde parties, and lie powerfully co-op- crated in the destruction of the latter; but all his services to the terrorists ditl not save hiin from the scattbld; he was executed with iDanton, in 17'J5. IIEKBKLOT, Bartholomew d', a learnc' orientalist, was b. at Paris, in 1G25. After travellinij twice into Italy, in search of Eastern uumuseripts, and to converse with oriental travellers, with a view to the elucidation of the Hebrew Scriptures, he was appointed rej^ius professor of Syriac in the French capi- tal, and (rrantcrl a pension. He was the author of "The Oriental Library," and other able works. D. 1095. HERBERT, Edward, lord of Cher- BURV, was b. in 1581, at Montgomery castle ; was sent, when only 12 years old, to University colle«re, Oxford ; was made a knight of the Bath, soon after tlie accession of .James I. ; and shortly after travelled on tlie Continent, where his elegant manners and ehivalric ac- complishments attracted the greatest notice. He served in the Netherlands in 1010 and 11)14, distinguishing himself by his romantic bravery ; was twice ambassador to France, and on his re- turn, in lli'25, was created an H'ish peer, and afterwards an English baron. He espoused the parliamentary cause du- ring the civil wars, >)ut quitted it, and d. 1(518. His principal work is entitled " De Vcritate, the object of which was to assert tlie sufficiency and perfection of natural religion, with a view to prove the usclessness of revelation. He also wrote " De Rcligione Laici," his own "Memoirs," a "Life of Henry V'lII.," &c. — George, a brother of the prece- dinir. was distinguished as a poet and a divine. He was b. in 1593; educated at Westminster school, and at Trinity college, Cambridse ; and became rector of Bemerton, Wilts ; where he d. in \Cuted all the mystic sciences of the Alexandrian school. Bat every thiuir relating to him is so uncertain and obscure, that even the time when, ihkI the plao3 where, he lived cannot be iissi.rued with any certainty. ilEKMILLY, Vacjuette, d', a French histuriaii, was b. at Amiens, in 1707, and d. at Paris, in 1778. He wrote the " History of Majorca and Minorca," and translated Ferrara's " History of Spain" and the "Critical Theatre" of Father Feijoo. IIKUMOGENES, a rhetorician, b. at Tarsus, in Ciiicia, lived about the mid- dle of tl'.e 2d century, and is celebrated for tl;c precocity and rapid extinction of his talents. At the age of 15, he was famous for his powers of oratory; at 17, lie published his rhetoric ; and, soon after, various treatises on oratory, which ranked him high among writers upon tluit subject; but, in his S.jth year, he wholly lost his memory, and sank into a state of mental imbecility. HERODOTUS, called by Cicero the " Fatlier of History," was b. at Halicar- Qassus, in Caria, 484 b. c. and is the luo-t ancient of the Greek historians wiiose works are extant. HERKERA TORDESILLAS, Anto- Nro DE, a Spanish historian, vviio wrote a " General History of India," which is a curious work. He also wrote a " Gen- eral History of Spain." B. 1555 ; d. 1<525. HERRICK, Robert, an English poet of the 17th century. He received his education, first at St. John's college, and next at Trinity hall, Cambridge; after which he entered into orders, and ob- tained, in 162'J, the vicarage of Dean Prior, in Devonshire. He was deprived of this living during Cromwell's usurp- ation, but recovered it at the restora- tion, and d. not \ons afterwards. HERSCHEL, Sir^ViLLiAM, one of the rr ost distinguished astronomers of mod- ern times, was b. at Hanover, in 1738. His father, who was a musician, brought him up to his own jirofession, ani.l, at »l e age of 14, he was placed in the band c/f tlie Hanoverian foot-guards. Towards the close of the seven years' war, when [he French armies entered Hanover, youn',' Hcraehel resolved to visit En- trlaiid, but not beintr able to obtain em- ployment in Loudon, lie accepted a I situation in the band of the Durliam militia. When the regiment caine to Doncaster, lie formed an acq\;aintance with Dr. Miller, an eminent composer and organist of that town. It happer.ccl about this time that an organist was also wanted at Halifax, and, by the advice of the doi^tor, his young friend ottered himself as a candidate for ohe place, and was successful. In 17(50 he removed from Yorkshire to Bath, where he wa* chosen organist at the Octagon chapci, and leader of the orchestra at the public rooms. Although enthusiastically fond of music, he IkkI for some time devoted his leisure hours to the study of math- ematics and astronomy; and, in 1779, having constructed a telescope, and begun a regular survey of the heavens, star by star, he discovered, March 13th, 1781, a new primary planet, which he named the Gcorgium Sidus. in honor of George the Third. The same year ho was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and had the gold medal awarded him for his discovery. After a long series of arduous and valuable labors, in 1802 ho laid before the Royal Society a catalogue of 5000 new nebula, nebulous stars, planetary nebulte, and clusters of stars, which he had discovered. He continued his astronomical observations till within a few years of his death, which took place in 1822.— C.vroi.in'E Lucretia, sis- ter of tlie above, and, like him, distin- guished for her zeal in astronomical pur- suits, was b. at Hanover, 1750. Having joined her brother at Bath, in 1771, she voluntarily undertook the arduous duties of his astronomical assistant, not oniy acting as his amanuensis, but executing the laborious numerical calculations ne- cessary to render his discoveries avail- able to science, and laboring in the cause of astronomy with an ardor and activity which neither the fatigue of the body, nor the inclemencies of the season, could exhaust. Her own observations were so numerous and important, that the Royal Society published them in one volume; and her " Zone Catalogue" was honored, in 1828, with the gold medal of the Lon- don Astronomical Society, of which she was also elected an honorary member. D. 1848. HERVEY, .James, an Encrlish divine, was b. in 1714, at HardinLTstone, near Northampton ; and eventufilly succeeded his father, as rector of Weston Favell and Collingtree. His chief writings are^ '• Meditations and Contemplations "Remarks on Lord Bolingbroke's Lei- ters on the Study and Use of History," hid] CYCLOPEDIA OF RIOGRAPIIY. 4^^ nntl "Tlicroii iind Aapasia; or, a Se- ries of Dialoifues imd Letters on tlic most important Subjects." D. 17.')8. — John, Lord, sceoiid .son of Joliii, first earl of Bristol, was b. 16il4. In 1720 he inunied Miss Lepell, so well known in Pope's letters and verses ; in 1723 he sueoeedeil to the title of Loril Iler- vey by the death of his elder brother; and in 172o became member for Bury, when he attached himself to Sir Robert Walpole's party in opposition to Pulte- noy's, and was made vico-ehandjerlain in 1730, winch he retained by court in- fluence till 1740, when he became lord 'irivy seal. From an early aare, Lord Ilervey took an active part in the liter- ary and political contests of the day. His pampnlets in answer to the "Crafts- man involved him in a duel with Pul- teney ; his quarrel with Pope, which extended over many years, gave rise to some of the bitterest satirical sketches ever penned ; and he carried on an ac- tive correspondence with Dr. Middleton regarding the mode of electing the Ko- nian senate. His " Memoirs of the Reign of Georare IL from his Accession to the Death of Queen Caroline," after slumbering for a century in the chests of Ickworth, were published in 1848, with !tn interesting account of the author by John Wilson Croker. D. 1743. HESIOD, a very ancient Greek poet, but whether a cotemporary with, or older .ir younger than. Homer is not agreed among the learned. The " Tlie- ogony" and *' Works and Days" are the only undoubted pieces of this poet now extant. np:WSON, William, a celebrated anatomist and physiologist, was the son of a surgeon at Hexham, in Northum- berland, where he was b. in 1739. In 1771 he obtained the Copleyan medal from the Royal Society, for his discov- eries of the lymphatic systejt in birds and fishes, and was elected a fellow of that learned body. He also published "Experimental Inquiries into the Prop- eities of the Blood." D. 1774. HEYLIN, Peter, an English divine, ■was b. at Burtbrd, in Oxfor>lshire, in 1600. In 1631 he published his " His- tory of St. George," for which the king ga\e him the rectory of Hemmingford, in Huntingdonshire, and a prebend of Westminster, to which was added the livintr of Houghton, in the bishopric of Durham. Otlier church preferment fol- lowed. He published a weekly paper, called " Mercurius Aulicus." itis other productions are, " Cosmography," " A Help to English History," the " Life of Charles I.," a " History of the Reforma- tion, 'J itc. D. 1662. IIEYXPy, Cnni.sTiAN Gottlob, a di^ tinguisned scholar, was a native of Chemnitz, in Saxony, whither liis father, a^ poor linen weaver, had fled from Gravenschutz, in Silesia, on account of reliffious persecution. Though destitute and obscure, he acquired a remarkable acquaintance with the ancient languages, and succeeded Gcsner as professor of eloquence at Gottingen, where he was soon after appointed first librarian and counsellor. By ins editions au'l com- mentaries on classic autliors, Heync lui3 deserved the reputation of beinir one of the mostdistinguislied luminaries of tho literary world. I). 1812, aired 82. HEY WOOD, John, one of the earliest of tiie English dramatic poets, was b. at North Minis, in Hertfordshire, and edu- cated at Oxford ; after which he became, through Sir Thomas More, a trreat favor- ite with Henry VIII. He also continued in the court of Edward VI., and was much in the confidence of Queen Mary; on whose death, being a Roman Catho- lic, he went abroad, and d. at Mechlin, in Brabant, 1.50'>. He wrote " The Par- able of the Spider and Fly," a volumi- nous poem. His other works are, a " Dialogue of Proverbs," and several plays. — Thomas, a dramatic writer and actor in the reigns of Elizabeth, James L, and Charles I. He is said to havo been a most voluminous author, bavin* written no less than 220 plays, of whicn only 24 are extant. He also wrote " The Actor's Vindication," "Tiie Hierarchy of the Angels," a " Life of Merlin," "Life of Queen Elizabeth," •' Lives of tiie Nine Worthies," &c. Neither the date of his birth nor that of his death are on record. HICKES, Geohoe, an eminent divin« and learned antiquary of the 17tli centu- ry, was h. at Newsham, in Yorkshire, in 1642. Dr. Ilickcs was a profouna scholar, particularly in Saxon lore ; but in theological matters the violence of> his prejudices sometimes obscured his judgment. His greatest work is en- titled " Thesaurus Grammatico-Critieus et Arcbteolofficus Linguarum veteran* Septentrionalium." D. 171;"i. HIDALGO Y COSTILLA, Don Mig- uel, a Spanish priest, who distinguished himself in promoting the war of inde- pendence in Mexico, which commencccj in 1800. He was at that time curate of Dolores, and possessed great infiuenco over the Indians a »d Creoles. Afl»* 496 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [nil rnising the stnndnrd of inclepcndenee, he was joined by Allcnde and a consider- able body of insurgents; uponwhicli he tlirew ott' his clerical robes, and assumed the uniform and rank of generalissimo. At tirst he obtained great success; but lie Ultimately fell intj the hands of tlie royalists, and was executed in July, 1811. HIGGONS, Bevil, a dramatic poet and historian. His principal works are, a tragedy called "The Generous Con- queror," and a " Shoi-t View of the En- glisli History." He accompanied James II. to France, where he d. in 1735. lUGHMOKE, Joseph, a portrait and historical painter, b. in London, 16ii2. Among his best paintings is, " llagar and Ishmael," in tlie Foundling Hospital. He distinguished himself also as an au- thor. D. 1780. — Nathaniel, an English amitomist, was b. at Fordingbridge, in Hampshire. He wrote " Corporis liu- mani Disquisitio Anatomica?," and other medical works. The cavity called the Antrum Highmorianum, in the superior maxilla, takes its name from him. B. 1613: d. 16-^4. HILL, Sir John, a voluminous wri- ter, was b. in 1716, at Peterborough. He was brought up as an apothecary, and practised as a physician ; wrote nu- merous books with great rapidity, and was the inventor of sevcnd lucrative quack medicines. Under the auspices of the earl of Bute he published a " Sys- tem of Botany," and on presenting a copy of it to the king of Sweden, was invested with an order of knighthood. He also published a supplement to Chamber's " Cyclopffidia," " Essays on Natural I "istory and Philosophy," con- ducted a periodical called "The Inspec- tor," and wrote several novels, farces, &c. He was a constant attendant on every place of public amusement ; and, being a siitirical " busybody," was often involved in quarrels with the wits of the day. On one of these occasions he was charaelcristically hit otf by Garrick in the following epigrammatic couplet : — •■ For jilivsic and tWrcf s lis riv;il tliere s arce is ; His tariva are I hysio. iiis ihysic; a fiiri-i. is." — EowLAND, the venerable minister of Surrey chapel, was b. at Hawkstone, near Shrewsbury, in 1744. At the time lie quitted the university the celebrated George Whitefleld was in the zenith of his popularity ; ^nd so congenial to his aature was that extraordinary preach- er's manner and doctrine, that he quick- Iv alopied both, and became his zealous discipi*, prosecuting his favorite plan of itinerancy, preaching in the streets of Bristol, on the quays, or among the col- liers at Kingswood; wherever, in fact, he could gain an audience ; but resu- miuiT, at stated periods, the services of the London and Bristol tabernacles. In 1783 the building of Surrey chapel wiia completed ; and from that time to the period of his death, an interval of oO years, he continued to pass his winters in town for the purpose of officiating there, his place being supplied during the summer months by a succession of popular ministers from the country. His writings are very numerous, the principal of which is entitled " Village Dialogues." But he was not sparing of wit, humor, or sarcasm, whenever he could make either subservient to his purpose, as was strikingly seen in a satirical pamphlet against the ministers of the established church, which he published anonymously, under the title of " Spiritual Characteristics, by an Old Observer." D. 1833, aged 88.— ^Kobert, a self-taught genius of extraordinary merit, was b. in Hertfordshire, in 1699, and bred a tailor and staymaker. By indefatigable application he acquired a sufficient knowledge of the Latin, Greek, anu Hebrew languages, to be able to teach them. He d. at Buckingham, in 1777. He wrote "Remarks on the Es- say on Spirit," "The Character of a Jew," and " Criticisms on .Job." HILLHOUSE, James A., a distin- guished poet, b. at New Haven, Conn., where he passed most of his life. His chief productions were " Hadad," a scriptural drama; "Percy's Mask;" " Sacliem"s Wood," and several spirited miscellaneous pieee-s. He also wrote considerably in prose, but no sustained or continuous work. D. 1846. HILLIAKD, NicHOLAis, a portrait ptiinter, was b. in l.)47, at Exeter. He nnitated the style of Hans Holbein, and became goldsmith, carver, and painter to Queen Elizabeth. Among his best works are the portraits of Elizabeth and M;wv, queen of Scots. D. 1619. HILLTON, Walter, a Carthusian monk of the monastery of Sheen, in the 15th century ; author of " The Scale or Ladder of Perfection," and to whom also has been erroneously attributed the celebrated book "Do Imitatione Christi," written by Thomas a-Kempis, or by Gerson. HILTON, William, an eminent En- glish artist. On the death of the ii hail, Oxford ; and in 1603 became tutor to a son of the earl of Devonshire. On the death of his patron and pupil, he became travelling tutor to a young gentleman ; but the countess dowager of Dfivonshire re- called liim into her family, to take upon him the education of the young earl. In 1623 he attended the eari on his travels, and at Pisa contracted an inti- macy with Galileo. In 164ti he printed hLs book, " Dc Ci'""," which procured him many enemies by its dangerous principles. Soon after this he was ap- pointed mathematical tutor to the prince of Wales. In 1650 appeared, in English, his work on " Human Nature ;" and one, " De Corpore Politico, or tlie Elements of Law." The next year he published his still more fimons and obnoxious book, entitled " Leviathan." At the restoration he received a pen- sion ; but in 1665 the parliament passed u censure on his writings, which greatly nliu-med him. Besides the works whicli we have enumerated above, he pub- lished " De Mirabilibus Pecci, or the Wonders of the Peak," a poem ; a translation of Homer; "Elements of I'hilosophy," a " Letter on Liberty and Necessity," " Six Lessons to the Pro- fessors of the Mathematics," &c. The latter years of his life were spent at Chatsworih, the seat of the earl of Dev- onshire, where he d. 1679. II0BI51MA, MixDERtioiT, an eminent Dutch landscape p:;inter, b. at Antwerp, in 1611. llis pieo. ' are renr.irkable for the grace and beauty of their execution, and beiiiar rare, are now very valuable. HOCIIE, Lazarcs, an eminent French general, was b. in 176-', at Montreuil, near Versaillcr., where his f ither was an hostler. In 1785 he entered tlie army ; was made a corporal of grenadiers, and having passed with applause through the intermediate gradations of rank, frequently distinguishing himself by acts of bravery, he was raised in 1793, to the comm'md of the army of the Moselle, wlicre he had to contend with the duke of Brunswick, and was several times be iten. He, however, succeeded better when engaged with the .Aus- Irians, whom he drove out of .\lsace. In 1795 he was placed at the head of the republicim army in La Vendee. In this important and difficult station he ao Quitted himself well, and succeeded in defcatinor the emigrants at Qniberon. and in Inducing the royalists to yield obedience to the government. After having been sent, in the winter of 1796, as commander of the troops in the ex- pedition to Ireland, and from which he returned in disgnice, he was appointed to the command of the army of tlie Sam- bre and Me use, and had already gained considerable advantages wiien his career was stopped by the armistice between Prince Cliarles"and Bonaparte. D, 1797. HOFER, Andrew, a patriotic leader of the Tyrolese, was b. in 1765, at Pas- sayer; and when he grew up, he kept an inn there, and dealt in corn, wine, and cattle. By the treaty of Presbtirg, the Tyrol was transferred to the king of Bavaria ; but the war being rekindled in 1S09, the inhabitants rose in a mass to drive out the Bavarians, and again place themselves under the dominion pf Austria. The riches and influence of llofer, his athletic form and decided character, all combined to induce the insurgents to elect him their chief. Every tiling prospered under his direc- tion. Almost the whole eomitry was conquered, and SOOO of the best troops of Bavaria were made prisoners by the peasants. Hofer now appeared upon tiie Brenner, and became the idol of the Tyrolese. He was preparing to restore to the closely blockaded and suifering Tyrol a communication with the inte- rior of the imperial states, when the battle of Wagram was succeeded by the armistice of Znaim, the terms of which reqiiired that the Anstrians slionld abandon the Tyrol and Voralberg to the vengeance of the enemy. The gallant Hoter concealed himself in a eave, but soon issued from liis retreat, and drove the French invaders out of the country. At length, however, the tide of victory turned ; and although they niaintainea a glorious strngirle. and sained many splendid victories, the Tyrolese were snbjusrated, and Hofer being discovered, he was tried by a coiirt-marti.d at Man- tua, and shot, Feb. 20, 1810. After his death he was revered by his coantry- men as a martyr, his family were in- denmiticd for tlie loss of their property by the emperor of Austria, and his son was ennobled bv him. HOFFMAN 6r HOFFM.WN. There were sevcnil Germans of this name dis- tiuLTuished for their medical knowledge. — Macrioe. an anatoiiiist. botanist, and physician ; b. in 1621, at Furetenwalie, noc] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPIiy. 499 in Bra(Iciibnry her numerous works, written principally for the amuse- ment and instruction of' youth, was t o daughter of a manufactui'cr at Sheffield, named Wreaks, where she was b. in the year 1770. She commenced her litei-ary career in 180.'), by the publication of a volume of poems, by subseripiion , froii. the proceeds of wliicli she established herself in a school at Harrowgate, at the saine time appearing occusiomilly as a writer of moral and amusing tales. Among the more important of her works are " Emilv," a novel; "Bea- trice," "The Unloved One," "The Son of a Genius," " Tales of the Priorv," •'Self-denial," "The Merchant's Wid- ow," "Decision," &c. D. 1814. HOGARTH, William, a truly great and original painter of life and manners, was b. in London, in 161)8, and bound apprentice to an engraver of arms on silver plate. About 1720 he set up for himself, and his first employment was to engrave coats of arms and shop bills. He next undertook to execute plates for booksellers, the chief of which are the prints to JIudibras. Ilis first jv-rform- ance as a painter was a representation of Wanstead Assembly, the portraits being taken from life. In 17^10 he mar- ried a daughter of Sir James Thoridiill ; shortly after which he emhellished the gardens of Vauxliall with some excellent [laintings, for which the propietor com- plimented him with a per))ctMal ticket of admission. In 1733 appeared his " Harlot's Progress," prints which stamped his reputation, and were fol- lowed by other moral histories and sa- tirical representations of vice and ti>lly, such as "The Rake's Progress," " Mar- riage-a-la-Mode," " Industry and Idle- ness," &c., all admirably executed. Soon after the treaty of Aix-la-Cliapelle ho went to France, and while at Calais began to sketch a drawing of the gate of the town, for which he was taken up, but was soou releasied. Ou liij return 500 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, [lIOI. he cominoinorated tlic aft';iir in his ex- cellent print, " the Koast Beef of Old I-Cnirlanil." In 1753 lie published liis "Analysis of Beauty," in whieli he was ussisted by Dr. Uoaclly. In 17.")7 he be- came sei'i^canf -painter to the kin?; but though he had arrived at wcaltli and eminence, yet, from being destitute of the advantages of a Hberal education, he ^vas inordinately vain of his talents, and affected to despise every kind of knowl- edge which he did not possess. He was also remarkably absent, of which iho following is an instance : On setting up his carriage lie paid a visit to the lord mayor, and having protracted his stay till a heavy shower came on, he was let out by a ditferent door from that by which lie entered, and unmind- ful of his carriage, he set off on foot, got home wet to the skin, and when asked where he had left tlie carriage, said that he had forgotten it. D. 17G2. H0C4G, James, (the Ettriek Shepherd,) a native of Scotland, was b. January 25, 1782, the anniversary of the natal day of Burns. His humble occupation, like that of his ancestors, " time out of mind," was that of a shepherd ; nor had ho, as he avers, even been more than half a year at school. At the age of IS, however, he besjan to amuse himself in Btringing rustic rhymes together ; and he continued to tend his sheep, and to write verses, until it was his good for- tune to be noticed by Sir Walter Scott, (wiio had seen some of liis poetical ef- forts,) which induced him to attempt Bometliing of a more decided character. He produced an " Essay on Sheep," which won for him the premium given by the Highland Society ; and which, added to the success of a volume of ballads ho had shortly before })ublished, under the title of "The Mountain Bard," led him to hope for future fame and profit. He soon afterwards produced his " Forest Minstrel," which gained him but little in either sense ; and it was owing to the kindness of Scott and Grieve, tliat his pecuniary difficulties were relieved. It was not until the publication of the " Queen's Wake" that his fame was established ; but from that time he was considered as a some- what popular author. His jiublications are numerous : and he contributed to some of tlie Edinburgh periodicals of the iiigliest literary cliaracter. In fact, it was fiom the repeated mention of " the Shepherd" in t'le " Noetes" of Blackwood, that his name attained its chief celebrity. He continued the friend and companion of Sir Walter Scott until the decease of the latter. D. 1835. HOHENLOIIE, Alex-andek Leopold, prince of, bishop of Sardiea, celebrated for the numerous miraculous cures which credulity has attributed to him, was b. at Kupfcrzcll, 171)4. Destined from his infancy for the church, he passed through his educational course at Vienna, Berne, and Elhvangen ; in 1810 he entered into holy orders at Olmutz; and after a journey to Rome, where he lived chiefly with the Jesuits, he discharged ecclesiastical duties at Bamberg and Munich, to the satistiiction of all the members of his cliurcli. In 1820, havinjr been struck with the cures which the prayers ofa Badenese pSasant, Martin Michel by name, were said to have effected on many distin^fuished invalids. Prince llohenlohc was induced to have recourse to similar means; and having healed some nervous patients, he was soon surrounded by a host of invalids, eager to test the spiritual pow- ers of one whose fame had been noised abroad as having effected cures which had baffled all ordinary medical skill. As in most similar cases, rumor was far in advance of the truth; but the prince was the dupe of his own credulity; and it was not until a thorough exposure of the whole proceedings was given to tlie world by the burgomaster of Bamberg, that he abandoned his supernatural pretensions. He wrote several tracts and sermons, and d. at Grosswaradiu, in Ilunirarv, 184'.i. . HOLBACH, Paul Tnn:RRY, Baron von, a distinguished natural philoso- pher, was b. at Hcidclsheim, in the Palatinate, 1723. His house was long the centre of attraction to all the savans of Paris; he contributed to the Ency- clopedie numerous articles on natural history, politics, and pliilosophy ; and few men have left beliind them more enduring memorials of taste, skill, and ability. ' D. 1789. HOLBEIN, Hans, or John, an emi- nent painter, was b. at Basle, in 1493, and learned the elements of his art from his father, whom he soon excelled. His talents procured him the friendship of Erasmus, for whose " Praise of Folly," he drew several whimsical designs. At the recommendation of Erasmus ho went to England, and was eiiiployed first by Sir Thomas More, who intro- cluced'hiin to Henry VIII. He now- rose to the zenith of fortune in that monarch's court, and painted a vast number of jjortraits, which are still con- Qor.] CYCLOP/EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 501 Bulered masterpieces of art. Some of his earlier nrodiictions, especially his " Dance of Death," are also very cele- brated ; and lie was no mean proficient in the art of \v'2 he became pastor of the First church in Cambridge, Mass., where he remained the rest of his life. His most considerable literary production, entitled "The Annals of America," is one of the most valuable histdi-ical publications that has been written in this country. D. 1837. HOLT, Francis Ludlow, queen's counsel, and for 22 years vice-chancel- lor of the county palatine of Lancaster, was called to the bar in 180y, and in 1831 rose to the rank of a king's counsel. He was the author of several legal works on the law of libel, shipping and navi- gation laws, the bankrupt laws, reports of cases at nisi prius, &e. He also wrote one or two dramatic pieces; and was for many years the principal editor of " Bell's Weekly Messenger." D.lSt4.— Bir John, an eminent English judge, wjlebrateil for nrmness, integrity, and great legal knowledge, was b. at Tliame, O.Yfordshire, 16.12. "lie tilled the office of recorder of London for about a year and a half, when his uncompromising opposition to the abolition of the Test Act caused him to lose his situation. Becoming a member of the lower house, he distinguished himself so much by Inn exertions and talents in what is calle'l the " convention parliament," that on King William's accession he was made lord chief justice of the King's Bench. On the removal of Lord Somers, in 1700, lie was otfered the chancellorship; but he refused it. D. 170'J. IIOLTY, Louis Henrv Christopher, a German poet, excelling particularly in lyrical and elegiac compositions, was b. at Mariensee, 1748. He was of a mild and pensive disposition, pursued his studies beyond his naliiral strength, and prematurely d. at Gottingen, 1775. HOLY'OAKE, Francis, a learned lex- icographer, was b. in VVarwiekshire, about l.')67, and d. 16')3. His "Etymo- logical Dictionary of Latin Words" was first printed in IGOti. ^Thomas, his son, was doctor in divinity, and d. i.i 107.5. During the civil wars he commanded a troop of horse in the king's service, al- though in holy orders, and on the fiilure of the royal cause he ])ractised medicine for a subsistence ; but at the restoration he resumed his ecclesiastical functions, luid obtained church preferment. Ho enlarged liis father's dictionary, which was ]-)ublished in 1077. IIOLY'OKE, EiJWARD Augustus, an American physician, b. in Essex county, Mass., in 1728. He graduated at Har- vard college, and in 174'.i began to prac- tise at Salem ; was upwards of 10 .' years old when he died, yet it is said he was never in his life so far as 50 miles from the spot where he was born. Even after he had attained 'lis 100th year he took interest in the investigation of medical subjects, and wrote letters which show that his understanding was still clear and strong. Dr. Ilolyoke was a good anatomist; was versed in natural phi- losophy and astronomy ; and regularly recorded his metcoroloijical observations daily for 80 years. D.1829. liOLYWOOD, John, or, according to his Latinized appellation, De Sackokos- co, was an English mathematician and divine, b. at Halifax, in Yorksliire. Af- ter receiving his education at Oxford, ho went to Pai'is, where ho tauirlit math- ematics, and d. in 12'>0. He wrote " De Spha^ra Mundi," " De Anni Batieue," and " De Alforismn." Bon] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPIir. 503 HOME, David, n Scotcli divine, who was t'lnployed by Jiuiies I. to bring tlie Protestants of E;.irope into one confes- sion, lie wrote " Apologia Basilica, seu Machiavelli Ingeuiuni Examina- tuni," " L'Assassinat du Roi," &c. — Sir EvwiARD, an eminent surgeoii, was the tion of Kobcrt Home, esq., of Greenlaw castle, in the county of Berwick ; and was brought up to tlie profession under his brother-in-law, the celebrated John Ihmter. For a period of more than 40 yours he practised with great success in London; and during that time he pro- duced numerous medical works, which are held in high repute, lie was ser- geant-surgeon to the king, surgeon to Chelsea hospital, viee-presitlent of the Koyal Society, iiresident of the Koyal College of Surgeons, and was created a baronet in ISl^J. Among liis works are, "Lectures on Cfimparative Anatomy," and "Fractical Observations" on a vari- ety of diseases, consisting of several volumes; besides numerous valuable contributions to the "Philosophical Transactions," &c. B. 17.i6; d. 18:52. — IIknry, Lord Kames, a Scottish judge and eminent writer, b. in the year 1696. Mr. Home's success at the bar was not great, till Ids abilities were known by the publication of his "Kemarkable De- cisions of the c'ourt of Session, from 1716 to 1718," which happened in 1728. From that period he practised, with much respectability and success, till the vear 1752, when he was called to the bench. Eleven years afterwards he was appointed one of the lords of justiciary. Independent of various judicial works, he wrote " Essays concerning British Antiquities," " Essays on the Principles of Morality and Natural Religion," " An Introduction to the Art of Thinking," and "Elements of Criticism." Noth- mg further came from his pen till 1772, when " The Gentleman Farmer" made its appearance; and, the following year, " Sketches of the History of Man." The last work he published was " Loose Hints upon Education, chiefly concern- '-ng the Culture of the Heart." D. 1782. —John, the author of the popular tra- gedy of "Douglas," was b. near An- crutn, Roxburghshire, in 1724, and educated for the church ; but in the re- bellion of 1745 he entered into the royal army, and was taken prisoner at the battle of Falkirk. He contrived, how- ever to make his escape, and in 1750 was ordained as minister of Athelstano- ford, in East Lothian. His trairedy of " Douglas" was performed at Ediuburgii in 1756, and gave such offenco to lh« presbytery that the author, to avoid c»>- elesiastical censure, resigned his living, and ever after appeared and acted as a layman. He obtained some trifling gov- ernment aj)poin''mcnts, and wrote four otlier jjlays, which, however, failed to attract. Ills "History of the Rebellion of 1745-6," also disappointed the public expectation. D. 1808. HOMER, the father of poetry. Of tho birth of this inmiortal bard, and of the circumstances of his death — of his pa- rentage and descent, nay, even of liis actual existeuce^all is involved in doubt and fable. Seven cities disputed for the honor of being his birthplace : Smyr- na, Colophon, Chios, Argos, Athens, Rhodes, and Salamis : the probability is that lie was an Asiatic Greek, and flour- ished in the 9th ccnturv b. c. HONDEKOETER, Giles; Gysbrecht, his son ; and Melcuiou, his grandson ; three Flemish artists of the 16th ami 17th centuries. The first excelled in landscape painting; the second in de- lineating birds ; and the last, who was by far the most celebrated of the three, combined the powers of the former two, and painted with great elegance and ac- curacy. HONDIUS, Abraham, a Dutch artist, of considerable ability, particularly in his hunting pieces ; he also painted " The Destruction of Troy," in a man- ner which lias obtained for him tho highest praise. He went to England, and d. 1691. HONE, Nathaniel, a celebrated painter in enamel, was a native of Dub- lin, but came to London early in life, and was one of the first members of the Royal Academy. D. 1784. — William, the son of a dissenter at Bath, became conspicuous as the publisher of a series of parodies, in which such irreverent use was made of the liturgy, that the gov- ernment felt bound to prosecute him. He was tried on three charges, and do- fended himself for three days with con- siderable ability, and with equal courage and temper; and, as the government of that day was in ill odor with that largo party in whom tho reforming spirit at that'tinie was rife, a verdict was return- ed in his favor. He subsequently h id a large sum subscribed for him, by per- sons who, we presume, must have en- tertained sentiments similar to those of the "persecuted but triumphant cham- pion of the press." His publications were the " P^very-Day Boole" and tha " Year Book." This business, however 504 CYCLOP/EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [noa did Dot succeed, and Mr. Hone became much iiivolvetl. Being led to attend tlie ministry of Mr. Binney at the Weigli- house, his character became changed ; and the new rehgiou: connection result- ed in his becomii.-^- subeditor of the "Patriot;" this he continued till his death, which took place in November. 1842. HOOD, EoBiN-, a celebrated English outlaw of the 12th century — whose per- sonal cour.ige, skill in archery, boklness of cuterjirise, and generous disposition, liiive rendered his name famous in the legendary history of that country — lived in Slierwood Forest, in Nottingham- shire. The iieads of his story, as col- lected by Stowe, are brietiy these : — "In this time (about the year 11 'JO, in the reign of liichard I.) were many rob- bers and Oiitlaws, among whom Kobin Hood and Little John, renowned thieves, eontinueil in the woods, despoiling and robbing tlic goods of the rich. They killed none but such as would invade them, or by resistance for tlieir own de- fence. Tlie said Kobin entertained 100 tall men and good archers, with such spoils and thefts as he got, upon whom 400 (were they ever so strong,) durst not give the onset. He sutfered no woman to be oppressed, violated, or otherwise molested ; poor men's goods he spareil, abundantly relieving them with that wliich by theft he got from abbeys and the houses of rich old carles." 1). 12-17. — Samuel, Lord Vis- count, the son of a clergyman at Thorn- combe, in Devonshire, was b. there in 1724, and entered the royal navy at the age of 1(3. By his bravery in the cap- ture of a fifty-gun ship, in 1759, he ac- quired the rank of post-captain ; and he was present, as rear-admiral, at the famous defeat of De Grasse, by liodney, April 12tli, 1782, v/hen his services on that occasion were rewarded witii an Irish peerage. In 1784 he was elected into fmrlianient for Westminster; but in 178S he vacated his seat on being t.amed one of the lords of the admiralty. hi 17'J3 he signalized himself by tlie taking of Toulon, and afterwards Cor- sica; ill reward of which achievements he was made a viscount, and governor of Greenwich hospital. D. 1810. — Thomas, a poet, humorist, and miscel- laneous wriier, the son of Mr. Hood, bookseller, was at first a clerk, and then an eiiirravcr, and at length we find him eontributiiiLT to, and iu part editing, the ''London Magazine." But his coniiec- tdou with the press became mor»' pub- licly known by the occasional appearance of his name to various clever and whim- sical trifles, which enlivened the pages of some of the most popular among the weekly and monthly periodicals. After this came his " Whims and Oddities,'" "National Tales," "Comic Annuals," "Whimsicalities," "The Plea of tho Midsummer Fairies," "Tylney Hall," " Up the Rhine," &c. Much, iiowever, as we have admired his abilities as a punster and a satirist, and heartily as we have laughed at his original sketches, droll allusions, and grotesque similes; much as wc esteem the man of wit wiio can "shoot folly as it flies," without indulging in personalities, or inflicting pain on any but the worthless, we can still both admire and esteem him more, when, with true pathos, he fixes the at- tention of the reader, and commands the best sympathies of man's nature, by compositions so simple, eloquent, and forceful as " Tho Song of the Shirt." B. 17yS; d. 1845. IIOOGSTKATEN, David van, a Dutch poet and critic, b. at Kotterdam, in 1608; became professor of the helles lettres at Amsterdam, wrote several good poems, iu the Latin language, and otherwise displayed considerable clas- sical attainments. D. 1724. HOOGV'LIET, Arnold, a Dutch poet, b. in 1687. His chief fame rests on a poem entitled "Abraham the Patri- arch," which is admired for the beauty of its style and imagery. D. 176 j. HOOK, James, a musical composer, of great industry and talent, was b. at Norwich, in 1746. His operatic and melodramatic productions amount to more than 140 complete works, many of which were highly successful ; he also set to music upwards of 2000 songs. D. 1827. — Dr. James, dean of Worcester, sou of the pi-eceding, was an accom- plished scholar, and an able dignitary of the church. Besides some dramas, which he wrote early in life, he pub- lished, in 1820, " Anguis in Herba; a Sketch of the true Character of the Church of England and her Clergy," which he inscribed "To the sober sense of his country." Few writers, indeed, surpassed Dr. Hook as a polemical or a political pamphleteer. D. 1828. — Theo- dore Edwaud, a celebrated no\elist and dramatic writer, but more celebrated for his surpassiuiT wit and extemporaneous powers, was the youjigcst son of Jamei llook. He was b. in London, in 1783. At 17 he produced his Hrnt drama, "The Soldier's liecuru," which waa aop] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 505 speedily folio-wed by " Catch him who can," "Tekeli," "Killing no Murder," and nine other dramatic pieces, nearly all of wliic'ii were decidedly successful, These, with a host of piquant articles in the " Satirist Magazine," and other pe- riodicals, were hit otf before he reached his 2oth year. In Oct., 1813, he was ap- pointed to the offices of accountant-gen- eral and treasurerof the Mauritius, which he lield till Feb., 1818, when it was dis- covered that there was a deficiency in the military chest of £12,000, abstracted, as it afterwards appeared, by his deputy, who, on tiie accounts being about to be investigated, destroyed himself; but Mr. Hook, as a matter of course, was made answerable for the acts of his Bubordinatc. lie was accordingly sent home, his etfocts were seized and sold, and he became for a considerable time an inmate of the King's Bench. Tlie first series of "Sayings and Doings" appeared in 1824. Other novels, as "Jack Brag," "Births, Deaths, and Marriages," "Gilbert Gurney," '.ikl be made one of its victims, he r.'it only rcr'uscd to take measures for l'!;* own safety, but, when a party of liorsemen advanced towards his house, ht! refuse to close his arates. Tliey were, in fact, dispatehed by the queen with express orders to save him. He sur- vived this event a few months only, dying in 157-3. — William Fkancis An- riioNV i)E l', marquis de St. Mesme, a celebrated French mathematician, was the son of a general in the army, and b. 1601. Sucli was his reputation for mathematieal science, that the profound Iluygens did not disdain to apply to him for information. He wrote several works on conic sections, equations, &e. B. 1704. HOPKINS, Lemuel, an American physician and author, b. at Watcrbury, Conn., 1750. He introduced the anti- phlogistic rogimen and practice in feb- rile diseases, and was not less assiduous than he was skilful as a practitioner; wliile, as a literary man he successfully distinguished himself by various politi- cal tracts and satires, written with a view to give a tone to the public feeling in favor of the administration of Wash- ington. D. 1801. — Samuel, founder of the sect called llopkinsians, was b. at Watcrbury. Conn., in 17'21. He was a Eious and zealous man, with considera- le talents, and almost incre lible powers of application ; but his theological opin- ions have given rise to much contro- versy. He published numerous ser- mons, a "Treatise •n the Millennium," &c. ; and earnestly advocated the aboli- tion of slavery. From the year l-76'.» he presided over a congregation at New- port, E. 1., where he d.'in 1803. — Ste- phen, one of the signers of the declara- tion of independence, was b. in 1707, in that part of Providence which now forms the town of Scituate. In 1732 he was elected a representative to the gen- eral assembly from Scituate, and was chosen speaker to that body in 1741. In 1751 he was appointed chief justice of the superior court of Rhode Island; anil, in 1756, was elected its governor ; Was several times chosen a member of congress, and d. in 1785. He was a clear and convincing speaker, and a good roathematician ; and though he had re- ceived but a very limited educ-ition, his knowledge of literature, science, and political economy was varied and cxten- »ive. — William,' an English divine, b. ttt Evesham, Worcestershire, in 1647, was a celebrated antiquary. lie assisted Bishop Gibson in his edition of the " Saxon Chronicle," and was the trans- lator of the article " Worcestershire," in Camden's "Britannia." In 1675 he was promoted to a prebend in Worces- ter cathedral ; held the mastership of St. Oswald's hospital ; and d. 1700.— William, was the autlior of "An Ap- peal to Common Sense ;" and, tliough openly professing Avian principles, iidd the rectory of Bolncy, in Sussex, till his deatii, 'in 1786. IIOPKINSON, Fraxcis, an eminent autlior, and one of the signers of the declaration of independence, was b. at Philadelphia, in 1738. His father was the intimate friend and scientific coad- jutor of Franklin. After graduating at the college of Philadelphia, and making the law his study, Francis visited En- gland, the country of his parents' birth, and, in a few years after his return, en- tered congress as a delegate from New Jersey. He produced many satires and ironical pieces, such as the "Prophecy,'' the " Political Catechism," &c., tending to ridicule the old country ; while, at the same time, he directed his efforts against the ribaldry of the newspapers, and the exaggerations and prejudices with which the federal constitution was at first as- sailed. After his retirement from con- gress, he was appointed judge of the admiralty for Pennsylvania, and L in 17yi. Among his works, the fj.-oater part of which are of a political charac- ter, there, are many sound essays and scientific papers, acute and learned judi- cial decisions, and a variety of songs, possessing much sweetness and deli- cacy, which were rendered still mor"? popular by the airs he composed for them. H(;PPNER, John, an ingenious por- trait and landscape painter, chiefly ex- celling in females and children, was b. 175!', and d. ISIO. As the author of a metrical transl ition of " Oriental Tales," and in other literary performances, be also distin'_ruislied himself. HOR ATI US FLACCUS, Quintus, or HORACE, one of the most eminent, and certainly the most popular and ele- gant of the Roman poets, was b. at Ve- nusium, a city, lying on the borders of Lucania and Apulia, 65 b."^;. His father, although following the c:i.ling of a tax- gatherer, was a man of elevated and liberal sentiments, and took the greatest pains in providing for his education. At the age of 20 years he went to Athens to complete his studies ; and while there, hor] *Marcu3 -Brutus passing through the city on his way to Macedonia, Horace, ac- conipanicd by other Koinan youths, joined tlie army ; became a leijionary tribune ; fouylit in the hist battle for tlie freedom of Rome at Philippi, and saved himself by fliglit. Tliou;rh he saved liis life, lie forfeited his estate, and was re- duced to trreat want, till Virgil introdu- ced him to Majceuas, by whose interest he recovered his patrimony. Ansrus- tus now became his friend, and offered to make him his secretary, which Horace decliucd. When Majcenas was sent to r>rundusium, to conclude a treaty be- tween Augustus and Antony, he took with him Horace, Virgil, and other lit- erary friends ; and, not long after, his munificent patron pre- ented him with the Sabine villa; to w-nieh, having wit- nessed such striking examples of the instability of fortune, he withdrew from the tumult at Eome, preferring retire- ment to a more brilliant life. His odes are models of that kinf. of composition, and his epistles and satires abound with acute and vivacious observations on life and manners ; while hi i " Ars Poetiea," so often quoted, evinces great taste, and is remarkable for a species of graceful ncfrlirrence. D. 9 b.c. n()RN, Charles Edwahd, the best English melodist of n^'dern times, the son of C. F. Horn, a German musician, was b. in London, 1786. x\t the preco- cious age of six, he showed evident siirns of a taste for composition, his skill {It improvisation arresting the at- tention of his father's visitors' among wliom the great Haydn could be num- bered. Oij the opening of tlie English opera house, he was er gaged as second tenor, and he subsequently shared the public favors with the first singers of the day. He compos jd the whole or the greater portion of the music for in- numerable operas; and he was tlie au- thor of the three mos' popular byillads of his time, "Cherry Kipe," "I've been EoamlniT," "The deep, deep Sea," &c. D. at New York, 1849 HORNEl, George, a learned and pious Englisli prelate, was b. 1730, at Otliam, Kent. He took ordei^ in 1753, and his graceful elocution and excellent style rendered him a popul ir preacher. He was successively chaplain to the king, vice-chancellor of the university, and dean of Cantcrbnry ; .tnd, in 1790, he was raised to tlie see of Norwich. He was distinguished for his biblical knowl- edge, and in early lifo was a strenuous Uutchiusonian. In 1751 he opposed CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOORAPflY. 507 the Newtonian philosophy as inconsist- ent with the Bible ; in 1754 lie wroto against Dr. Shiickford's account of tho creation and fall of man; and in 1756 ho became involved in a controversy witli Dr. Kennicott, the supposed author of "A Word to tlie Hutchinsonians." But among his numerous Avorks, whicii aro too numerous for specifying here, the principal is " A Commentaiw on tho Book of Psalms," an elaborate perform- ance, on the composition of which he bestowed nearly 2ii years. D. 1792. HORXECK, Ottocar of, one of tho oldest liistoriansin the German languasre, was a native of Styria, and lived in tlie 18th and 14th centuries. About the year 12S0 he composed a work on tho great empires of the earth, which con- cluded with the death of the Emperor Frei?eric \l., and is still extant in man- uscript at Vienna. He also wrote a chronicle of the events of his own time, consisting of more than 83,000 verses, and which is said to be rich in portray- ing the cliaracters of eminent men. and in the description of festivals, tourna- ments, and battles, at part of which he was himself present. HORNEMANN, Fkedertc Coxrad, a celebrated German traveller, b. at Hil- desheim, in 1772. At the instance of Blumenbach, the famous naturalist, ho was, in 1797, employed by the African Association, in London, to explore the interior of Africa. After having visit- ed Cyprus, Alexandria, and Cairo, ho crossed the Libyan desert, reached Mourzouk, the capital of Fezzan, and soon afterwards proceeded on an excur- sion to Tripoli. From this place he set out with the intention of nenetrating into Central Africa, and is believed to have d. on his return to Fezzan, of a fever caused by drinking cold water, after being exposed to great fatigue. His Journal, w-liich was sent by liiin from Tripoli, was published in 1802 by the African Society. HORNER, Francis, barristcr-at-law, was b. at J^dinbursrh, 1778. He entered parliament in 1806, and distinguished himself as chairman of the bullion com- mittee ; but his severe application to that intricate subject injured his health, •v\-hicli was naturally delicate; and he d. in 1817, at Pisa, whither he had gone for its restoration. HORNTHORST, Gerard, a celebrated painter, called also Gerardo dalle Not- Ti, from his subjects, was b. at Utrecht in 1592, and was a pupil of Abraham Bloemart, but finished his studies at 508 CrCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [how Rome. ITc painted night-scenes, and pieces illuminated by torch or candle light. On his return from Italy he vis- ited England, and obtained the favor of Charles 1. ; and on his return to Holland, he was much employed by the prince of Orange. Among his numerous pic- tures, tiiat of Jesus Christ before the tribunal of I'Uatc is the most celebrated. D. 1600. nORKOX, Jeremiah, an English as- tronomer, was b. at Toxteth, in Lanca- shire, about liil!*. He was the first who observed the transit of Venus over the sun's disk, his account of which was published by Ilevelius, at Dautzie, in 1601, under "the title of " Venus in Sole visu, anno 163y, Nov. 24;" and he formed a theory of lunar motion, which Newton did not disdain to adopt. D. 1640. HOESLEY, John, a learned antiquary, who d. 1731. His work, entitled "Bri- tannia Eomana," folio, gives a copious and exact account of the remains of the Romans in Britain. — Samuel, a celebra- ted English prelate and mathematician, was b. in London in 1733; and held several livings in succession, till he ar- rived at the episcopal dignity. But while he was rapidly rising in the church, and opposing Dr. Priestley, the great champion of Unitarianism, by his theological arguments, he was not ne- glectful of science. In 1775 he pub- lished an edition of Newton's works ; and from 1773 till the election of Sir Joseph Banks, he was secretary of the Royal Society. His writings were nu- merous and important, in theology, in science, and in classical literature. D. 1806. HOSACK, David, an eminent phy- sician of New York. He received his education at Edinburgh; was long at the head of the profession in New York ; and was an eloquent and able teacher as a professor of the theory and practice of physic in the New York Medical College. He was held in high estimation as a man of talents, learning, and worth ; was a liberal promoter of the arts and sciences ; and was the author of the " History of the Erie Canal," and of the Life of his friend, Dc Witt Clinton, formerly gov- ernor of New York. D. suddenly of apoplexy, 1835, aged 66. HOTTINGER,"JoHN Henry, a learned oriental scholar, b. at Zurich, in 1620. He displayed such a propensity for, and made such progress in, the ancient lan- guages, that he was sent to foreign aniversities at the jublic expense. He went to Geneva, Gottingen, and Ley-* den; visited England; and returned to his native country, enriched with vast stores of knowledge. In 1642 he was appointed professor of ecclesiastical his- tory in his native city ; and by his teach- ing and writings contributed greatly to promote the study of oriental literature. In 1667, while preparing for a visit to the university of Leyden, in compliance with I'cpeated invitations, he was acci- dentally drowned, with three of his children, by the upsetting of a boat, in the neighborhood of Zurich. — John James, son of the preceding, was b. at Zurich, in 1652; at which place he be- came professor of theology ; »md d. 1735. His principal work is an "Ecclesiastical History of Switzerland." — Another pro- fessor at Zurich, of the same name, known by his editions of the classics, was b. 1750, and d. ISl'J. He was an acute critic and elegant scholar; among his best works is an " Essay towards a Comparison of the German with the Greek and Roman Poets." HOVEDEN, Roger dEj an English his- torian, who flourished in the rci^n of Henry II. He wrote " Annals" in Latin, comuienciug at 731, the period at wliich Bede finished, and bringing down af- fairs to the third year of John, 1201. His style is defective, but he is highly esteemed for diligence and fidelity. HOWARD, Charles, earl of Notting- ham, an intrepid English admi"al, com- mander-in-chief at the defeat of the Spanish armada. B. 1536; d. 1624.— Edward, the descendant of an ancient and opulent family, was one of the earliest and best of the naval school of novelists. " Ratlin the Reefer," " Out- ward Bound," "The Old Commodore," and "Jack Ashore," attest his powers, while his "Life of Sir Henry Morgan, the Buccaneer," gave promise of even higher excellence. D. 1842. — John, the celebrated philanthropist, was b. at Hackney, in 1726. He was apprenticed to a grocer, but his constitution being delicate, and having an aversion to trade, he purchased his indentures and went abroad. On his return he lodged with a widow lady, whom he afterwards mar- ried. After the decease of Mrs. Howard, who lived only about three years, he, in 1756, embarked for Lisbon, in order to view the effects of the recent earth- quake, but on the passage the ship was taken and carried to France. The hard- ships he sutfered and witnessed during his imprisonment, first 'roused his at- tention to the subject of his future la- how] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGUAPIIY. 509 bors. Oil bcinij released, Mr. Ilowjird retired to a villa in tlic New Forest ; and in 17')S lie married a second wife, who d. in childbed in 176a, leavinjr liini one son. He at this time resided at Cardin<,'ton, near Bedford, where he in- dulu;'ed the benevolence of his disposi- tion by continually ussistin? and ame- lioratiiiiT tlie condition of the poor. In 1773 he served the office of sheriti', which, as he declared, " brono-ht tlie distress of the prisoners more imme- diately under his notice," and led him to form the desisjn of visiting tlic jails tliroiiirli Enirland, in order to devise means for aheviating: the miseries of the prisoners. Ilavini^ done so, he laid the result of his inquiries before tlie house of commons, for which he received a vote of thanks. He next made a tour through the principal parts of Europe, and published his "State of the Pris- ons," witii a view to render them both more humane and more efficacious. A new subject now engaged his attention, namely, the management of lazarettos, and the means of preventing the com- munication of the plague and other con- tagious diseases. In this he encountered every dansrer that can be conceived, and having become personally acquainted ■with the suliject, in 1789 he published " An account of the principal Lazarettos in Kuropc, with Papers relative to the Plague," &c. Actively pursuing this salutary and benevolent object, Mr. Ilowartl took np his residence at the town of Chorson, a Kussian settlement on the Black Sea. A malignant fever prevailed there, and ho having been prompted by Inimanity to visit one of the sulfercrs, he caught the infection, and d. Jan. 20, 17liO.— Sir Kobkut, an English jioet and historian, was the son of Thom:is, carl of Berkshire. He was was a zealous friend of the revolution of 1683. lie wrote several plays, the "History of the lieigns of Edward and Richard II," the " History of Kelia-ion," &e. I). 16S)8.— Thomas, earl of Surrey and duke of Norfolk, an eminent states- man and warrior in the reign of Henry VIII. He served with his'brotlier, Sir Edward, against Sir Andrew Barton, a Scotch pirate, who infested the English coast in I'lll, but wlio was killed and his ships taken. He next accompanied the marquis of iJorset in bis expedition X) Guicmie, which ended in the con- quest of NavaiTe by Ferdinand. The victory of Flodden Field, in which the ting of Scotland was slain, was chiefly owing to his bravery. On the breaking 43* out of the disturbfinccs in Ireland, lio was appointed lieutenant of that king- dom, where he suppressed the relieliion. Notwithstanding liis great services, Henry, at the close of life, caused tho diike to be sent to the Tower, on a eharjiC of treason, and his son to be be- headed in his presence. The death of the tyrant only saved the dnke's life. D. In'A. — EnwAKn, younger brother of the above, entered early on the maritime service, and about 149-4 was knighted. In l.')12 he was sent as lord high ad- miral of England with a large fleet against France, the coasts of which lio ravaged. He also defeated the euemy'.i fleet off Bi est ; but the year following he was slain in boarding the French admiral's ship, and his body tiirown into the sea. — Henry, earl of Surrey, an accomplished nobleman, a brave soldier, and the best English poet of his age, was b. in 1520. He served under his father, the duke of Norfolk, as lieuten- ant-general of the army sent against Scotland, and performed various other military exploits of eminence and value. He luid (juartered on his escutcheon tho royal arms of Edward the Confessor, to which he had an hereditary right, and lie is said to have aspired to tlie hand of the Princess Mary. On these and other less substantia] charges he suffered de- capitation on Tower-hill, l.'i4t!, by the jealous and arbitrary mandate of Henry VIII. His works consist of "Songs and Sonnets," &e., which deserve a high degree of commendation, for tho period at which they were composed. — Thomas, carl of Arundel, a nobleman distinguished by bis patronage of tho fine arts, was earl marshal in the early part of the reign of Charles I., and was employed in several foreign embassic* by that prince and his fattier. He sent agents into Greece and Italy, to collect for him, at a vast expense, whatever was curious and valuable of the works of ancient artists, which had esca])ed de- struction. His unrivallet ; b. 1677; d. n'27. His last work was, the "Siuge of DainariCiis," a tragedy, vvhicli still contiuuci on the stage. Several papers in the "Tatiler," "Speetator,'' and " Guardian" were written by him. HUGO, Herman, a learned Jesuit and Latui poet, was b. at Brussels in 1jS8, and d. of the plague at Kliinberg, in lb-2y. HUGTENBURGII, John van, a Dutch painter, who painted the victories of the duke of Marlljorough and Prince Eugene. D. 1733. HULT., Thomas, a dramatic writer and actor, b. in 172S. He was cotenipo- rary with Garrick, and lived to be father of the British stage, but never rose to any great eminence in his profession. He was the authorof a deserveiUy popu- lar poem, entitled " Richard Plantage- net," besides some novels, tales, and dramas. HUMBOLDT, William von, a dis- tinguished statesman and pliilologist, the elder brother of the great plnlos- opher and traveller, was b. at Potsdam, 17br He received liis early education at Berlin, and studied at Gottingen and Jena, where he formed a friendsliip with Schiller, which lasted through life. Hi 1800 he was appointed Prussian minister at the papal court, where his love of an- tiquarian and classical pursuits neces- sarily received a fresh impulse; and on his return in 1803 he was created a counsellor of state, and n»)minated min- ister of education. Hi 181o he went as pleniiiotentiary to Vienna ; and he shared m all the great diplomatic transactions of the next few years ; — at Prague, at the conferences of Chatillon, where he sign- ed the capitulation of Paris along with Hardenberg, — and at the congress of Vienna, &c. He next went as ambas- sador extraordinary to London ; assisted at the congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1818 ; and the following year he became a member of the Prussian cabinet, but he soon retireil in consequence of the retrograde polifv pursued by his col- leagues, and thenceforward lived chietly at his seat, Tegcl, near Berlin, in the cultivation of literature and science. His works are of a most miscellaneous character, and show the extraordinary versatility of ins powers; but his chief fame rests on his erudite researches into hilology, and more especially the lasTue Sanscrit, North A.merican, and I' Malay languages : nor should we forget to mention, as most illustrative of hia amiability and excellence of heart, hia " Letters to a Female Friend." D. 1835. HUME, David, a celebrated historian, philosopher, and miscellaneous writfr. was b. at Edinburgh in 1711. He was designed for the law, but having no in- clination to that prolession, he applied to mercantile pursuits, and became, iu 1734, clerk in an eminent house at Bris- tol. He did not, however, continuo long in that line; for, having a strong propensity to literature, he went to France, where he wrote his "Treatise of IHunan Nature," which he published at London in 1738. This inetaj)hysical work, however, met with an inditfercul reception; nor were his ■" Moral Es- says," wliicli appeared in 1742, more successful. Hi 174(3 he became secretary to General St. Clair, whom he accompa- nied in his military embassy to the courts of Vienna and Turin. While at the latter city, he repul)lished his first work, under a new title of " An Hiquiry concerning Human Understanding;" and, in 1752, appeared at Edinburgli, his " Political Discourses," winch were followed the same year by his " Inquiry concerning the Principles of Morals," which of all his writings he considered incomparably the best. Hi 1754 he publistied the first volume of his " IHs- tory of England," which he did noi complete till 1701. While this work was in progress he printed a piece, with the title of "The Natural History of lieligion, "-which was attacked by War- burton in an anonymous tract, ascribed at the time to Dr. Hurd. His great work, the "History of England," had now acquired considerable celebrity, and the writer gained largely by its popular- ity, for besides the profits it brought him, he obtained a pension through Lord Bute. Hi 1763 he accompanied the earl of Hertford on his embassy to Paris, from whose fashionable and lit- erary circles he received an enthusiastic welcome; and where, in 1765, he re- mained as charge d'ali'aires. The yeai following he returned home, accompa- nied by Jean Jacques Koussean, to whom he behaved with great delicacy and gen- erosity. He then became under-seere- tary of state to General Conway. In 17t5y he retired to his native country on an independent income of £1000 per annum. D. 1776. HUMMEL, John Nepomuk, an cnn- nent musician, wiis b. at Presburg, in 1778. His friends discovering in hiu aa bun] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 513 extraordinary capacity for nmsic, lie was placed with Mozart when only seven years of aire ; and after remaining un- der his roof about two years, lie and his father travelled tiiroajrh various parts of Europe, visitin": Enji-land in 17',i], where Ids perfornianoes on tlie pianoforte were hig;hly applauded. He soon acquired great celebrity as a composer as well as a performer. In 1820 he became chapel- master to the 2:rand-duke of Weimar, where he continued afterwards to re- side, making, from time to time, bril- liant and profitable tours in uennany, liassia, and England. Hummel coiii- posed some operas, the most celebrated of which is "Mathihie von Guise;" liis cliurcli music was also admirable; but liis fame will chiefly rest upon liis bril- liant compositions for the iiianoforte. D. 1837. HUMPIIKEYS, David, minister of the United States to the court of Spain, was b. in Connecticut in 175S, and re- ceived his education at Yale college. Soon after the commencement of the revolutionary war, he entered the army, and was successively an aid to Parsons, Putnam, Greene, and Washington. lie left tlie army with the rank of colonel. In 1784 he was appointed secretary of legation to Paris, and was subsequently ambassador to the court of Lisbon, and in 1797 minister plenipotentiary to the court of Madrid. While in the "military service, he published a poem addressed to the American armies, and after tlie war another "On the Happiness and Glory of America." In 1789. he pub- lished a " Life of General Putnam," and while in Europe a number of mis- cellaneous poems. D. 1818.— .James, an eminent lawyer and juridical writer; author of "Observations xm the En- glish Law of Real Property," &c. He was a native of Montgomeryshire, Wales ; and d. in 1830. HUMPHKY, OziAs, an eminent min- iature painter, b. at IToniton. Devon, in 1743. He first settled at Bath; then went to London, by the advice of his friend, Sir Joshua Reynolds, and was made a royal academician. In 1780 he went to India, where he was held in high esteem by Sir W. Jones and Warren Hastings, and was chosen one of the first members of the Asiatic Society. D. 1810. HUNT, Hemiy, was b. at Unhaven, Wilts ; about the year 1778. wliere he was well known as an opulent farmer, and one who was a regular attendant at ibe Devizes market. When Mr. Hunt was a young man, lie was a decided loyalist; but later in life he became u "radical ndbiiiier," associated with tho most disalfcctcd, and was looked up to by many of them as the fearless cham- pion of their party. He long tried for a seat in parliament, but was unmicccss- ful at Bristol, Westminster, and for tiio county of Somerset. He was, however, twice elected for Preston, in 1830-1; but the year after his second return, his constituents declined his future ser- vices. As "lord of the manor of Glas- tonbury" he acted fairly at his court- lect; and, as a popular" orator, he ob- •tained notoriety; but a radical meeting at Manchester, where he presided and declaimed, having ended with loss of life and liml> to many of the assembled multitude, he was iiulicted as the ring- leader of an unlawful assembly of tho people; tried, found guilty, and sen- tenced to three years' imprisonment in Ilchestcr jail. But, though in confine- ment, he was not idle; he disct .tred and made known to the public somo flagrant malpractices going on at tlio jiiil, which, through his means, were ! fterwards corrected. He was seized \\:th paraly.sis while alighting from his phaeton at Alresford, Hants, where lie d. 183.0. HUNTER, Robert, an English gen- tleman, who wrote the famous letter on Enthusiasm, which has been ascribed both to Swift and Shaftesbury. He was governor of New York and New Jersey several years, and afterwards of Jamaica, where he d. in 1734. — William, a cele- brated anatomist and physician, was b. at Kilbridgc, Lanarkshire, 1718. His father was a farmer, and designed him for the church; but an acquaintance witli Dr. Cullen inclining him to tho study of physic, he resided with the doctor 3 years. In 1740 he removed to Edinburgh, where he followed liis stud- ies with intense application, and the year following visited London, soon af- ter whicli he was taken by Dr. James Douglas into his house as a dissector, and also tutor to his son. In 174(> he succeeded Mr. Samuel Sliarpc as lectu- rer to a society of surgeons in Covciit- garden, and commenced a series of lec- tures on anatomy and surgery. Ho soon rose into extensive practice in sur- gery and midwifery, but confined him- self to the latter, and in 17(54 was ap- pointed physician extraordinary to tho queen. He was elected F. R. S. ; bo- came physician to the British lAing-in hospital; and oil the foundation of tlie 514 CVCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, [lIUU Koyal Academy, tlie king appointed iiini pivlessor of iinatomy. In 1770, Dr. Jliintcr completed his liouse in Great Vi'm iuiill street, to whicli were attached B tlieatie, apartments for leetiiros and dissections, and a niagniticent room as a museum. His valuable museum is now in the university of Glasgow, lie wrote Bcvcr.d able works on medical subjc^cts, the most elaborate of which is '• Tlie Anatomy of the Gravid Uterus." D. n^'o. — John, younger brother of the p!?c(.ding, was b. 17-28, and apprenticed to a cabinet-maker; but, hearing of William's success in London, lie otforod his ser\'ices to him as an anatomical as- oistant. In a few months he had attain- ed such a knowledge of anatomy as to bo capable of demonstrating to the rm- pils in the dissecting room. In 175d he entered as a gentleman-commoner of St. Mary's Jiall, 'Oxford. In 17(57 lie was chosen a fellow of the Royal Society, and, the next year, he was elected one of the surgeons of St. George's hospital. In 177G he was appointed surgeon extra- ordinary to the king ; and, subseijuently, inspector-general of hospitals and sur- geon-general. He d. suddenly, having been seized with a spasmodic atfcction of the heart, in St. George's hospital, Oct. 16, 1793. He wrote several profes- sional treatises, besides recording the results of many of his valuable discov- eries in the " Philosophical Transac- tions." — Annh, wife of the precelinir, and sister of Sir Everard Homo, was the author of many lyrical pocins possess- ing much sweetness and beauty. Some of these were set to imisic by Haydn. B. 17-12; d. 18-21.— William L. an emi- nent citizen of Kliode Island ; froni 1811 to 1821, senator in congress, and in 1844 minister to Brazil. B. 1774 ; d. 184;t. HUNTINGDON, Hkxry of, an an- cient English historian, who flourished in the 11th and 12tli centuries. He composed a general history of lilngland fr'.>m the earliest accounts to the death 01 Kit g Steplieii, in 1154, in 8 books; and. It wards the conclusion, the author honestly acknowledges that it is only an abridgment, observing that to compose a complete history of England, many books were necessary which he couKl not procure. — Selina, countess of, the =iecond daughter of Washington, Elirl Fcri-crs, was h. in 1707, and married in 1723 to Theophilus, earl of Huntingdon. After slie became a widow, she espoused the principles of the Calvinistic Metliod- Ists. and patronized the famous George Whitefield, whom she constituted liel chaplain ; by the influence of her rank and t'ortunc, appeared at the head of a sect; and, after the death of WhiteSeld, his followers were designated as the people of Lady Huntingdon. She found- ed schools and colleges for preachers, and expended aiuiually large sums not only in their support, but in privato charity. D. I7i»l. — William, a religio'is enthusiast, was b. 1744. He was tho son of a farmer's laborer in Kent, and the early part of hi-i life was passed ia menial service and other humble occu- pations. Afier indulging in vice and dissipation for several years, according to his own account, he was converted, and became a preacher among the Cal- vinistic Methodists. He soon engaged in religious controversies, published a vast number of tracts, and was regarded as the head of a peculiar set. His pub- lications arc very numerous, and some of them contain curious details relative to his personal history and religious experience. Af.er the death of his first wife, ho married the wealthy relict of Sir James Sanderson, a London alder- man, and p.isscd the latter part of his life in affluence. After his conversion, he generally appended to his name tho nivstic il letters S. S., or Sinner Saved, 'HUNTINGFORD, Gkougk Isaac, a distinguished classical scholar, and an amiable dignitary of the church, was b, at Winchester, 'in 1748. Through the patronage of Lord Sidmouth, who had been his pupil at Winchester, he ob- tiiincd the see of Gloucester in 1802, and that of Hereford in 1815. He was the author of " Greek Monostrophics," " A Call for Union with the Estiblished (Jhurcli," " Thoughts on tho Trinity," &c. D. 1S;V2. HUNTINGTON, Ebenezer, a distin- guished citizen of Connecticut, d. 1834, graduated at Yale college in 177.) ; joined the army near Boston the same year as a volunteer; in September was commis- sioned as a lieutenant; in 177() was af>- pointed a captain and also deputy adju- tant-general ; in 1777 a major ; and in 17'J.i a lieutenant-colonel. He was pres- ent at tho surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown. In 17ii'J he was, at tlie rec- ommendation of W^ashington, appointed a brigadier-general in the army raised by congress, when expectations wero entertained of a war with France. D. 1834. — Samuel, a signer of the declara- tion of independence, was b. in 1732, ia Connocticnt, settled in early life at Nor- j wich as a lawyer, and soon rose to pep* hutJ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIV. r)i5 ularity nnd eminence. In 1775 he was elected u delej^ate to congress, and in 1779 was cliosen president of that ven- erable body. In 1784 he was appointed lieutenant-governor of hi:* native state, and advanced to the seat of chief judge, lie was chosen chief magistrate in 178G. D. 1796. HUPAZOLI, Francis, one of the few individuals who have lived in three centuries. lie was b. in 1587, at Casal, in Sardinia, and d. in 1702. At first he was a clergyman, and afterwards became a merchant at Seio ; and, in his 23d year, he was appointed Venetian consul at Smyrna. By his fifth ^vife, whom he married at the age of 98 years, he had four children. His druik was water; he never smoked, and ate little, (prin- cipally game and fruit.) lie drank a good deal of the juice of the scorzonera root, ate but very little at night, went to bed and rose early, then heard mass, and walked and labored the whole day to the last. He wrote down every thing remarkable which he had witnessed, in 22 volumes. He never had a fever, was never bled, ami never took any medi- cine. At the age of 100 his gray hair again became black. When 109 years old, he lost his teeth and lived on soup ; and, four years later, he had two large new teeth," and began again to eat meat. IIURD, KicHAitu, an eminent English prelate and philologist, was b. in 1720, at Congreve, in Staffordshire. In 1749 he published " Iloratii Ars Poetica," with an English commentary. In I7o0 he published a commentary on the " Epistle" of Horace to Augustus ; and tlso a satirical attack on Doctor Jortin, in defence of Warburton, in an essay on the " Delicacy of Friendship," which he afterwards endeavored to suppress. His "Dialogues, Moral and Political," with "Letters on Chivalry and Eomance," appeared, at ditlerent times, from 17.i8 to 17(54, and were republislied collect- ively, in 1765. None of his works at- tracted so much notice as the " Dia- logues," which were translated into German. In 1767 he was made arch- deacon of Gloucester; 1775 was raised to the bishopric of Lichfield and Cov- entry ; and, not long after, was trans- lated to the see of Worcester in 17S1. D. 1808. IIURE, Charles, a French divine of tlie Jansenist pi'rsuasion, was b. 1639, nnd d. 1717. His works are a " Dic- tionary of the Bible," a " Translation of the New Testament into French," wrii notes, a "Sacred Grammar," &c. IIUSKISSON, William, an English statesman, was b. in 1770. He w.ut brought into parliament for Morpetii, by government interest, in 1797, from which time he connected himself on terms of friendship with Mr. Canning, and sujiported all the measures of the Pitt administration. During the Whig administration of 1806, he was an active member of the opposition ; but on its dissolution he returned to olficc, and remained till the premiership of the duke of Wellington, with the short ex eeption of an interval in 1809, when the quarrel took place between Mr. Canning and Lord ('astlereagh, and he sided with the former in withdrawing from the government. When Mr. Canning was appointed to the government of India, Mr. Iluskisson succeeded him as member of parliament for Liveri)ool ; was successively treasurer of the navy, joint secretary of the treasury, vice- president and president of the bi>ard of trade, and was colonial secretary during the Liverpool and Canning administra- tions. It was during this latter period that he brought forward his celebrated free-trade measures. Mr. Iluskisson d. at Manchester, September 15, 1830, in consequence of one of his legs being crushed, and other severe injuries sus- tained, by the wheels of a locomotive steam-engine coming in contact with him, while present at the celebration of the opening of the Liverpool and Man Chester railway. IIUSS, John, a celebrated Bohemian reformer and martyr, b. at Hussienitz, about 1376. He was the first ojiposer of tlie doctrine of transubstantiation, and the de*ender of Wickliti'; Ibr wiiich he was burnt alive by order of the coun cil of Constance, in 1415. HUSSEY, Giles, an Enrrlish painter, b. at Marnhull, in Dorsetsliire, ni 1710. He studied in France and Italy, pos- sessed considerable talents, and jiainted some good pictures ; but lie was some- what eccentric, and met with little en- couracrement in proportion to iiis merits. D. 178«. HUTCIIESON, Francis, a metaphys- ical writer, was b. in 1694; studied at Glasgow; and, on his return to Ireland, officiated ta a dissenting congregation, for some time, in the nortliern part of that kingdom ; but, in 1729, lie was elected professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow. He vfas the author of " An Inquiry into the Ideas of Boa.ity and Virtue," and a "Treatise rn tiic Pas- sions." In 1753, his son, Du. Fkancis 51G CYCLOP/EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. LllCT IIuToiiEsoN, a pliysician of Glas«;ow, j^riiiic.l t'roiii liis Vuilur's ixipers, "A 8y.-lvia of Mural Pbilo.sopliy," to which irt iirctixed an account of the aiitlior. D. 1747. JIUTOIIINS, Joiix, an English divine and topo,L,n-aplicr, was b. in Dorsetshire, in IG'JG, and d. 1773. He was the author of tiic '• History and Antiquities of the Coiuity of Dorset." — Thomas, geogra- phur-icneral io the United States of Anieric.i, was b. in New Jersey, about 17oiJ. lie hud served in the army against the Indians in Florida; was imprisoned in England, in 177'J, on the charge of having corresponded with Dr. Erauiclin, then American agent in Franco; afterwards joined the army of General Greene, and d. at Tittsburg, in irs'J. lie published several topo- graphical and historical works of con- siderable interest. UUTUIUNSON, Ann, a religious en- thusiast in New England, who instituted meetings for women, in wliich she pre- tended to enjoy immediate revelations. By these means, gre;it dissensions were caused in the churches, and in 1637 an ecelesiastic.il synod assembled and con- demned her errors. Not long after, she was banished from the colony, where m 1643, siie and her famih', consisting of 15 persons, were captured by the Imlians, and all except a daughter killed. — John, iin English philosoplncal and critical author, celebrated as the opponent of Dr. Woodward in natural historv, and of Sir Isaac Newton in philos'opliy. B. 1674; d. 1737.— Jons Hely, an Irish statesman and lawyer, was b. in 1715. He beear le secretary of state, and accumulated a tninibcr of lucrative cniploymeuts. So great indeed was his avitlity for otfiee and emolu- ment, that Lord North said, " If En- gland and Ireland were given to this man, he would solicit the Isle of Man for a potato garden." He possessed great talents and elocpience, and d. 1794. — Thomas, lord chief justice, and after- wards lieutenant-governor of the colony of Massachusetts, was b. at Boston, 1711. He had been greatly respected in his jirovince for his able and irre- Eroachable conduct on the judicial eneh ; but having covertly taken part with Great Britain against the American colonies, and given the English minis- ters advice relative to the enforcement of the duty on tea, it was found neces- sary to remove him and place General G'!2rc in his situation. He accordingly went to England, lived in a retired manner at Bromj ton, and d. there in 1780. Governor Hutchinson was tlia author of a "History of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay," &c. HUTTEN, Jacob, a native of Silesia, wl)0 in the 16tli century, founded a sect called the Bohemian or Moravian breth- ren. These were the descendants of the Hussites, and afipear to have giver: rise to the Anabaptists. Ilutten is sup- posed to have been hiirnt as a heretic at Inspruck. — Ulric vox, a German soldier, poet, and miscellaneous writer, was b. at Steckelberg, in Franconia, ill 14S8. lie was the most active of all the early reformers ; and his writings against the church of Konie were so severe, that the pope sent orders to the inquisitor to seize him ; but he fled into Switzerland, and d. near Zurich in 1523. His letters and poems are very classical. Ilutten was one of the boldest and most free-spirited man of his time; injus- tice, falsehood, hypocrisy, and tyranny filled him with "indignation, and he unmasked them with a spirit that knew no fear. Herder has collected his poems. IIUTTEE, Elias and Leonard, two eotemporary Protestant divines, b. at Ulm, about the middle of the 16th cen- tury. The former is remarkable for having published a Hebrew Bible, con- taining no less than 30 versions of the 117th psalm in various lansuages. He also published a Folyirlot Bible in four languages, Hebrew, Greek. Latin, and German ; and he afterwards added to it the Italian, French, Sclavonic, and Saxon. D. 1603. — Leonard, who distiu guished himself as ;i stanch sui'iporter of the reformed church, published a variety of polemical treatises, obtained the divinity professor's chair at the university of Wittemberg, and d. in 1616. IIUTTi3N, Charles, an eminent matiiematician, was b. at Newcastle- upon-Tyne, in 1737. Having made great progress in his mathematical studies, and distinguished himself by the production of a small work on the principles of bridges, he was appointed professor at tlio royal military college, Woolwich. He produced in 1796 iiis " Matlieinatical and Philosophical Dic- tionary," and in 1798 he gave to the world the first edition of his " Course of Mathematics." He was aficrwards engaged with Dr. Pearson and Dr. Shaw in an abridgment of the Philo- sophical Transactions, for his labor in which work, it is said, he recoivei HYPj CYCLOP^inA OF KIOGIIAPIIV. 517 £6000. IIo rctind from liis appoint- ment lit Wooh' ich in 1807, with a pen>ioii of £oO( . D. 18'23. — Jamis, a celebrated ijeolo^ist and natural i)lii- losopher, was b. in Kdinbm-irh, in 17'i(3. Afier linisliing liis education at the university, he was apprenticed to a wri- ter to the signet, hut quitted the legal proi'essioii fur that of niediciiie, as being the nearc^st allied to elieuiistry, which was his favoi'ite study. He in conse- quence went to the universities of Paris and Leyden, at the latter ot which he took his degree in 174'J; but on his retun., being desirous of making him- Belf conversiuit with agHculture, he settled upon a farm of his own in Ber- wickshire. In 17(58 he went to Edin- burgh, and from that time he devoted himself entirely to scientific pursuits, pul)lisliing numerous works, and inves- tigating Various subjects of natural philosophy. Dr. Ilutton is chiefly distiniiuished as tne author of a system or theory of geology, termed the Pluto- nian, by whicli the structure of the solid [)arts of the earth arc accounted for by the action of subterraneous fire. This theory excited a warm controversy among men of science, and met with many tierce opponents ; but the late Professor Playfair advocated it in his " Ihustrations of the lluttonian Theory of the Eaith." and it has since been gradually rising into repute. Among the chief works of Ilutton are, "The Progress of Ro'ison from Sense to Sci- ence and I'hilosoohy," and a " Theory of the Eartli, with Proofs and Illustra- tions." D. 1797, IIUYGEXS, CuRisTrAN, an eminent mathematician and astronomer, was b. at the Hague, in 16-29. He was the son of Constantino Iluygens, lord of Zuyliehen, a noljU'.inaii of great scientific abilities, who initiated his son in the principles of general science and classical learinng, and sent him to the university of Ley- den. He soon distinguished himself by the publication of several learned works, both astronomical and mathematical; he also invented the pendulum, im- pr( ,'3d the air-pump, ascertained the laws of collision of elastic bodies, and discovered the ring and one of the satellites of Saturn, of whicli he gave an account in his " Systema Saturni- nnm." He visited both France and England for scientific purposes; was made a fellow of the Royal Society in Itiiil, and shortly after, at the invitation of Colbert, he settled in France, where lie rece; ;ed a handsome pension, and remained till IBSl, when he returned to his native country, and d. l()9r). HL'VSUM, JouN VA\, a celebrated painter, was b. in 1682. at Amsterdam, where his father, Justus van iluysum, was a lespectable artist. John was the most distinguished flower and fruit painter of modern times, and his pic- tures fetched enormous ])ricca; liis landscapes were also highly esteemed. He d. in 1740. — He had two brothers, JusTi:s and Jacob, tlic foriner ]iainted battles, and d. in his 2'2d year; the latter copied the works of ,Jo!m with great exactness, and d. in London, in 1740. HYDE, TnoMAs, a learned divine and orientalist, was b. in 1636. at Billimrsley, in Shropshire, and studied at Kind's college, Cambridge. While there, be- fore he was IS, he assisted "Walton in his great Polyglot bible. Tn ]6.')8 he went to Oxford, and became successively Hebrew reader and keeper of the Bod- leian Library. He was next iiromoted to a prebend in Salisbury cathedral, and afterwards appointed reirius professor of Hebrew, and canon of Christ-church, Oxford. D. 1703. His " Vetcrum Per- sarum el Medorum Ilistoria" is regarded as a hiirhlv valiuible work. IIYDER ALL or HYDEK ALLY KHAN, a celebrated Indian prince, who, daring the latter part of the ISth century, was a formidable enemy to the English in Hindostan, was the son of a petty chief in the Mysore. He intro- duced the Euroiiean discipline among his troops, became gencral-in-chief of the forces of Cinoas, who then reigned at Seringapatam as a vassal of the ffrciit Mogul ; and havmg quarrelled with the grand vizier, got him into his power, and eventually assumed the sovereignty himself. He made important conquests from the Mahrattas, twice invaded the East India Company's territories, and at one time caused the greatest apprehen- sion for the safety of the Bi-itish power in the East. A treaty was concluded in 1769, which was broken in 1780, and the war renewed with vio-or; but the skill of Sir Eyre Coote proved superior to Ilyder, who left the militai'v opera- tions to his son Tippoo Saib. D. 1782. HYPATIA, n female philosopher, of ths eclectic sect, was the dau'/hter of Theon, a celebrated mathematician, who governed the Platonic school in Alex- andri;i, in the 4th century. S'.ie early exhibited proofs of extraordinary ffeniuH and judffnient; and being educated by her father in all he knew, she became a 518 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [iQV preceptress in tlie school in which Hicrocles and other celebrated philoso- phers had presided. Iler ready elocu- tion, her Ijuauty, and graceful address, nnitc^l witli deep erudition and sound judi^uiont, procured her the admiration of all lier hearers; and lier house be- came the resort of all the learned and eminLMit persons in Alexandria, among whi.m w is Or>.'stes, the governor. This roused the jealousy of Cyril, a haughty and intolerant prelate, at thai dmc the patriarch of Ale.xandi'ia ; and such was the blind Ijigotry and resentment of his nionkisli partisans, that tliey conspired against Ilypatia's life, and a furious band of assassins seizing lier as she was returning liome froni tiie schools, they dragged her througli the streets, mur- dered iier in the most barbarous man- ner, and threw her mangled limbs into the flames, a. d. 415. 1. IBKAIIIM MANSOUR EFFENDT, an adventurer, whose real name was Cerr'bere, was b. at Str.isburg, of u Jewish family. After having served in the republican hussars, he became so violent a royalist that he was impris- oned. In 1802 lie went to Constantino- ple, turned Mahometan, and was em- ployed lo discipline the Turkish troops. lie subsequently wandered through Russia, Sweden, and Denmaik; held, under tlic name of Medelsheim, a gov- ernment oliice in Westphalia; fought against the Servians; was, for three years, engineer to Ali Paclia; reeom- n enccd his wanderings, and extended tliem to various parts of Asi:i, Africa, and America; and at last, being in a starving state, shot himself at Paris, in 1S2<). He wrote a "Memoir of Greece and Alb.inia. during the Government of .Vli Paeha." IBVCUS, a Greek lyric poet, a native of Rhci'ium, was b. in tlie 6th century B. c. lie wrote seven books of odes, of which onlv a few fragments are extant. He was killed in a solitary spot by rob- bers, whose crime is said to liave been discDvcre 1 in a singular m.mner. While dying, lie saw a flight of cranes passing, and called upon t'lem lo avenge liim. As the murderers were walking in Rhe- giu.ii, one of them saw some cranes overhead, and said to his companions, " Here are the avengers of Ibycus." This spcje'.i excited suspicion, and the trut'.i was wrung from the criminals by tortare. IFFLAND, Augustus William, a popul [V actor and dramatist, was b. at Hanover, in 175U, and from liis cliild- hood had a propensity to the stage, which his father vainly endeavored to repress. !n 1770 he absconded from his home, and made his appearance at tlie Got ha tlieatre, lie soon rose to the first rank among German actor.^. As a wri- ter lie was almost e(iualiy successful. In 17ys lie published an edition of liis works, which contained 47 comedies and tragedies; and he subsequently wrote inanv -Others. D. 1814. . IGN AURA, NiuHoL/Vs, a learned Nea- politan antiquary, b. in 1728. He was educated at tlie college of Urbano, at Naples, and at the age of 20 lie taught Greek in that seminary. When Charles III. tbiinded tlie Ilerculanean academy, in 1755, Ignarra was appointed one or the first members. In 1703 he succeed- ed Mazzochias, professor of sacred lit- erature in tiie royal university, and in 1771 he became principal professor. In 1782 lie was nominated director of the royal printing-otfice; and two years after, tutor to the hereditary Prince Francis of Bourbon. He was made a canon of tlie cathedral of Naples, 1794, and d. in 180S. His principal work is entitled, " Dc Palaestra Ncapclitana Cominentarium," 1770, a very learned production. He also published " The Life of M;^z^oehi," and other pieces. IGNATIUS, St., a father of the churcli, made bishop of Antioch by St. John the evangelist. After exhiljiting many virtues in his province, he was seized by Adrian, and exposed to the fury of wild beasts in the Roman am- phitheatre. Seven of his epistles are preserved. — A patriirch of Constantino- ple, was son of the Emperor Michael Curopalata, by Proeopij, and presided at the eighth genenJ council of that see. D. 8:8. ■ IGNATIUS DE LOYOLA, the foun- der of the order of the Jesuits, was b. in 14'Jl, of a noble family, in the Span- ish province of Guipuscoa. In 1521 ho was severely wounde I at the siege of Painpeluna. The result of his medi- tations on a bed of pain was, sorrow foi innJ CYCLOP.EDIA OF BlOORAPIir. 519 Lifl past clebaiijlieil life, and a detcrmi- natiou to dcvi.te liiniseir to works of piety, lie bcijaii by a pilgriiiiMjre to Jerusali'iii ; after whieb .c studied at Aleala, Salamanca, and Paris ; and be- gan to preacli and to make disciples. At first lie was opposed, and even im- prisoned ; but at length the pope, in 1540, travc his sanction to tlic new order which Loyola had established, and ajipoiiited him its first general. Be d. in l.').')!;, and was canonized in 1622. HIKE, Jonx, an erudite Swede, was b. at Upsal, in 1707 ; was educated at the university there; became professor of poetry, rhetoric, and politics ; was ennobled and made a knight of the Po- lar Star ; and d. 17S0. He is the author of" Lexicon Dialectorum,'* "Glossarinm Sueco-Gothicum," "A Dissertation on Eunic Antiquities," and other works. INCIIBALD, Elizabetit, a dramatist and novelist, whose maiden name was Simpson, was b. in 175(5, at Stanning- field, near Bury, in Suffolk. At the age of 111 she secretly quitted her family, be- ing prompted by an irrepressible desire of visiting the metropolis. After es- caping many dangers in her rash adven- ture, she married Mr. Tnchbald, of Uru- ry-lane theatre, and was for several years upon the stage. In 1780, however, she quitted it, and thenceforth depended upon her literary labors. She d. in 1821. She wrote 19 dramas, some of ■which were deservedly successful ; and two novels, "The Simple Story," and "Nature and Art," which rank aniong the standard works in that class of lit- erature; and she edited " Tlie British Theatre," "The Modern Theatre," and a " Collection of Farces." INCIIOFER, MELcniou, a German Jesuit, was b. in Vienna, in 1584. He ■wrote a book, entitled, "The Virgin Mary's Letter to the people of Messina proved to be genuine," which gave great offence to his brethren, whom ho found great difficulty in appeasing. He also wrote a satire against them, which ■was printed after his death under the title of "Monarchia Solipsorum." He also wrote the "Ecclesiastical History of Hungary," &c. I), at Milan, 1(548. INCLEDON, Benjamin Charles, a celebrated English singer, -svas b. at St. Kcvcran, in Cornwall, in 1764, where hi?* father practised as a surgeon. When only eight years old, the astonishing fine tones of his voice induced his parents to article him to .Jackson, of Exeter, un- der who ;e tuition he remained, as a chori.stci ia Exoter cathedral, until he ■was 15. Not liking tlic restraints tc which he was necessarily suhjcct, lio abruptly quitted his place in 177!t. In 1790 he made his debut at Coveiit-gar- den theatre, with great success, as Der- mot, in " The Poor Soldier," and roso at once into a degree of ]ioiiularity, which attended him till the infirmities consequent upon advancing years, and an irregular niotle of life, compelled him to quit the stage. His voice combined unconnnon ])ower, sweetness, and flexi- bility, both in the natural tones and the falsetto, and his intonation was singu- larly correct. Indeed, those who havo heartl him in "Tlie Storm," " Blaok- eyed S\isan," or any of the better ( ort of the old English ballads and hunting- songs, will not easily forget a style of singing which, we believe, has seldom, if ever, bad its equal. D. 1826. INGENHOUSZ, John, a physician and experimental philosopher, was b. in 1730, at Breda, in Holland ; settled in London, where he was chosen a mem- ber of the Royal Society ; was recom- mended by Sir John Pringle to inocu- late the family of the Empress Maria Theresa: resided for many years at Vienna, in the enjoyment of honors and fortune ; and at length returned to England, where he d. in 1799. He is the author of " Experiments on Vegeta- bles," " Experiments in and Observa- tions on Natural Philosophy," and other works of great merit. INGEPvSOLL, Jared, a judge of the admiralty court of Connecticut, grad- uated a{ Yale college, in 1742. Ho settled at New Haven as a lawyer, and was agent of the colony in England, in 1757 ; but being appointetl distributor of the stamps in Connecticut, under the stam|i act, he lost his populnritv. The people of New Haven compelled him to resign. Not deeming this resigna- tion explicit, a large company tVom tlio eastern part of (!'onnccticut set out on a journey to New Haven. They met Mr. ingersoll at Wethersfield, when they compelled him to resign, and cry out three times, " Liberty and Propert}'." The next dav 500 men escorted him to Ilarttbrd. He was afterwards judge of the admiralty. D. 1781. INMx\N, IlENitY, an eminent portrait painter of New York, was b. at Utiea, 1801. In 1812 he removed to Ne^r York, and became a pupil of the famous Jarvis. He subsequently achieved a brilliant rei>utation as an ai'tist. INNOCENT I., a native of Albano, elected pope at\er Aiiastasius the first, 520 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIV. [inn 402. lie uufeudcd Clirysostoin, and condcmuod the Novaiians and Vchx- giaiis. I). 417. — II., was elected pope after Ilouorius II., though part of the cardinals protested against his elevation to tlie [lapal eliair, by appointing the son of a Jew, of the name of Peter de Leo, who assumed the appellation of Auadetns II. Innocent, tliougli sup- ported by the prinees ot' Europe, except the Ivings of Scotland and Sicily, who aeknowjedged the authority of Ins rival, was at last driven from Kome by the tumults of Arnanid de Bresse, and re- tired to France, where he hekl .several councils at Clermont, Rheims, Puy, and other places. After the death of Ana- cletr.s, and the abdication of his succes- sor, Victor IV., he returned to Kome, ■where he held tiic second Latcrau coun- cil in ll:J;i, attended by 1000 bislions, and crowned Lothaire as emperor, lie afterwards inLiclo war against Koger, king of Sicily, and d. at Kome, 1143.^ III., Lothaire Conti, a native of Anagni, raised to the popedom, 1198, at" er Celes- tinus III. thousli only 37 years old. To unite tlie Christian princes in the re- covery of the Holy Land, he preaclied a crusade against the Albigenses of Lan- gaedoe, and afterwards put Philip Aii- ga.stns of France under an interdict, and exconniuinicated John, king of England, and Raymond, count of Toulouse. He raised tlie papal authority to such a height that the Roman republic in its brightest days, was never more power- ful, so that the pope was no longer the vassal of the neighboring princes, but the temporal master of all sovereigns, whom he could depose or restore agree- ably to his absolute will. Under In- nocent, the Dominicans, Franciscans, Trinitarians, and other orders arose, which were still to spread farther, and to confirm the power of Rome. This pope, thus distiiiiruished by political sagacity and courtly intrigue, d. at Pc- rousc, 121G. — IV., Sinibaldi de Ficsquc, chancellor of the Roman church, and cardinal, was elected pope, 1243, after the death of Cclestinus IV. IIo was early engaged in a quarrel with i>ed- eric, emperor of Germany, who wished to invade the rights of the church, and lie held a council at Lyons, in which he exconununicated and deposed the im- perial .lelinquent. This severe measure was disjileasintr to several princes, but Louis, king of France, interfered in vain with the inexorable pontitf, and the dis- pute was terminated only by the desith o/" the emperor. lie wrote "Apparatus super Decretales,'-' and'vvp.s tlis first wlio invested the cardinals with a rod hat, aa a mark of their dignity. D. 1254. — V., Peter de Tarantaise, a Dominican, arcli- bishop of Lyons, and a cardinal, m.ade pope, 1276. lie wrote "Notes on the Epistles of St. Paul," conxmcntaries, and other works. D. 1276.— VI., Ste- phen Albert, a native of Pompadour, in Limoges, was bishop of Ostia, and a cardinal, and in 13.52, elected pope after Clement VI. He was of a peaceful dis- p, sition, and labored earnestly to recon- cile the kings of England and France. He is blamed for bestowing too many honors on his family, though their good conduct deserved the highest dignities. D. 1362. — VII., Come de Meliorati, a na- tive of Sulmone in Abruzzo, wiis elected pope, 1404, but opposed by the arms of Ladislaus, king of Naples, wlio drovo l;im from Rome. D. 1406. — VIII., John Baptist Cibo, a noble Genoese, of Greek extraction, bishop of Molfi, elected pope, 1484. He labored much to re-establish union among Clu'istian princes, and showed himself particularly attentive to the interests of his family, and of his children, whom he had had before he was admitted into the church. He wa3 a benevolent pontitf, and d. of an apo- plectic fit, 141)2. — IX., John Antliony Faccliinetti, a native of Bologaa, made a cardinal by Gregory Xlll. for his ser- vices at the council of Trent. He was elected pope, 2i)th October, l.)91, and'd. two months after. — X., John Baptist Painphili, a native of Rome, who suc- ceeded Urban VIIL, 1644, at the age of 72. He persecuted the Bai-berinis, to whom he was indebted for his elevation, and ho pulilishcd his bull against the five pro])Ositions of the Jansenists. D. 16o5. — XL, Benedict Odescalchi, a na- tive of Como, in the Milanese, was mado a bishop and a cardinal by Pope Inno- cent X., and elected pope 16r6. He reformed several abuses in the ecclesi- astical states, and opposed w'lth great firmness Ijouis X\V. by refusing to admit to bishopries those persons who were recommended to him by the mon- arch, so that at his death not less than thirty dioceses were vacant. He con- demned the errors of the Molinists and the Quietists, and ctt'ected a strong coa- lition between Gcrinimy, Pohnul, and Venice, against the Turks. D. 1680.— XII., Anthony Pignatelli, a noble Nea- politan, raised to the papal chair, 1691, after Alexander VIII. He issued a bull against the system adopted by his pre- decessor, of paying p;trticular honors to tRv] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 521 the rclntioiis of popes, and conflemned the "Muxiins ot' the Saints," written by Feneloii, archbishop of Cambray. D. 1700. IKELAND, Samuel, was oricriually a Bilk iiiaiuit'acturer ia Spitalfields ; out having: a taste for the aits, he heeame a Bpcc'iilutor in scarce bqoks, priuts, &e., and published many embellished tours, lu 17y6 his character sustained a deep injury in consequence of the part he took in the publication of an impudent ♦brofery, fabricated by his son, which (uade a great noise at the time, and was entitled " Miscellaneous Papers and Le- gal Instrunionts. under the hand and seal of William Shakspearc," &c. Ilis son, however, acquitted him of wilfiU participation in this gross literary fraud, in what he termed an " Authentic Ac- count of the Shakspearc Manuscripts." Besides a variety of " Picturesque Tours" above alluded to, Samuel Ireland pub- lished a work in one volume, entitled " Oraphic Illustrations of Hogarth." D. 180(1. IREXiEUS, St., a Christian martyr in the 2d century, was bishop of Lyons. He was a man of considerable learninir, and animated with an ardent zeal for Christianity; in which cause liesuftered during the fifth persecution under Sep- timus Severus, in 202, and is Jionored as a saint. IRENE, im empress of Constantinople, alike famous for her talents, her beauty, and her crimes, was by birth an Athe- nian, and married Leo IV., after whose death, in 761), she raised hcr.^elf and her son Constantino VI., who was then but 9 years old, to the imperial throne. Oharlcmairne at that time menaced the Eastern empire. Irene at first delayed him by promises ; and at lensrth went so far as to oppose him, arms in liand ; but he totally defeated lier army in the year 7S8. Wiien Constantino had ar- rived at manhood, he refused to permit her to participate longer in the govern- ment, and actually reigned alone seven years; but the inliuman and unnatural empress caused him to be deprived of his sight, and assumed the sovereignty. Her entrance into Constantinople on a triumphal car of gold and precious stones, her liberality to the people, the freedom which she bestowed on all pris- oners, and other artifices employed by her, were not sufficient to secure her from the consequences of her criminal accession. Nicephorus, who was placed on tl;e imperial throne, exiled her to the Isle ol Lesbos, where she d. in 803. IRETON, IIen-rt, a soldier, states- man, and regicide, was b. at Attentou, in Nottingliamshire. in IGIO; studied at Trinity college, Oxtbrd, and the Middle Temple; and on the breaking out of tho rebellion, joined the parliamentarians, the left wing of whose army he com- manded at the battle of Naseby. Ilav- iug married a daughter of Oliver Crom- well, he soon rose to preferments ; sal in judgment upon the king, whom ho had previously betrayed ; and was ap- pointed commander-in-chief in Ireland, where he d. in 1651. His body wiw brought to England, and buried iu Westminster abbey till the restoration, when it was taken up, suspended at the gallows, and then thrown into a pit with those of Cromwell and Bradshaw. IRVING, William, a merchant of tho city of New York. He was also distin- guished as a gentleman of literary taste, and in 1812 became a member of con- gress. Mr. I. was a brother of Washing- ton Irving; and it is said furnished several papers for the noted work under the name of " Salmagundi." D. 1821. — Edwaki), a native of Annan, Scotland, was b. in 17y2. He received the first rudiments of classical education of the village schoolmaster, which he com- pleted at the university of Edinburgli. When a mere child he is said to havo been singular in his way of thinking, habits, and amusements ; and, before he had reached the 17th year of iiis age, ho was recommended as a teacher of tho mathematics, by Professor Leslie, to an academy at Haddington. That situation he left," in order to fill a similar one at Kirkkaldy, wiiere he remained seven years, and during which time he becamo enamored of Miss Isabella Martin, whom he afterwards married. In 1819 he went to Edinburgh, witli a determi- nation of becoming a preacher of tho gospel; and on Dr. Clialmers hearing him in the pulpit, he ap[>ointed him his assistant at St. John's church, Glasgow. In 1823 lie was appointed to pre;K'h at the Caledonian asylum, in Cross-street, Hatton-garden. The force, eloquencBj and, it may be added, the novelty ot style and manner of Mr. Irving, drew siich large congregations to the Cale- donian asylum," that those only wcro admitted who could procure tickets — even for "standing room ;" while these were chiefly distributed among tho noble, wealthy, and liberal of both sexes. He published many of his ser- mons and opinions; and on becoming acquainted with Mr. Drummond, joiuea 522 CrCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [iSl •' the proiiiimoiitary on the Pentateuch." ISAACSUX, IIenrv, the author of a valuable system of clironology, was the Bon of Richard Isaacson, sheritt'of Lon- don. B. 1">81; d. 1(584. ISABELL.\ OF Castile, the celebrated qnecn of Spain, daughter of John II., was b. 1451, and married, in 1469, Fer- dinand v., king of Aragon. After tho death of her brother, Henry IV., in 1474, she ascended the throne of Castilo, to the exclusion of her eldest sister, Jo- anna, who had the rightful claim to the crown. After the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile were united, Ferdinand and Isabella together assumed the royal title of Spain. She was haughty and ambi- tious ; but with the graces and charina of her sex, Isabella united the courage of a hero, and the sagacity of a states- man and legislator; she was always present at the transaction of state atfairs, and her name was placed beside that of her husband in public ordinances. Pri- vate warfire, which had formerly pre- vailed to the destruction of public trau- quillity, she checked, and introduced a viiforous administration of justice. D. 1504. ISx^US, an Athenian orator, the pupil of Lysias and Isoerates. lie lived in the tirst half of the 4tli century b. c, was wholly unconnected with public atfairs, and clevoted himself to the task of in- structing others. Eleven of his orations are still extant. ISCANU8, JosEPHus, or Jo=!Eph of ExETKR, was a distinguished writer of Latin poetry, who accompanied liichard Coeur de I^ioii to Palestine. He was the author of an epic poem, entitled " Anti- ocheis," or the deeds of Richard, which the poet had himself witnessed. This is unfortunately lost; but another, on the Trojan war is still extant. Wiirton styles Iseanus "the miracle of his age in classical composition." D. 1224. ISELIN, Isaac, a German philosopher, and an ingenious writer, b. at Bisle, in 172S, of the grand council of whicli city he became secretary in 175(5. His prin- cipal work is entitled "The History of Mankind," but many others came from his pen. D. 1782. ISEMBEKT OF Xaintes, a French architect of the 12th century, whoso skill in building the bridges of Xaintes and Rochelle, induced John, king of England, to recommend him to the citi- zens of London, in 1201, as an engineer, or architect, who migiit be useful to them in completing tlie bridge over the Thames t'len building. ISID OF Miletus, a Greek archi- tect of the tith century, who, tofrether with Antheniius, was employed by the Emperor Justinian, to erect the church of St. Sophia, at Constantinople. It is now used as a mosque. — Of Pelusium, a saint iu the Roman caler.dar, and so IVEJ CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 523 called from liis rotiiing to a solitude near the town wliieli bears that name, was a celebrated disc pie of St. Chrysos- toiii, and flourished n the otli century. He wrote 3000 enisiles on theological questions and ecclesiastical discipline. — Of Seville, another Roman sauit, was h. at Cartha.ircna, of which his father was governor. Isidore succeeded his brother in the bishopric of Seville in GOl, and d. in 63G. His works are numerous, and among them is a chronicle, ending at the year ij-jfi. ISOCRATES, one of the greatest ora- tors of (jrcece, was b. at Atheps, 436 B.C., and was the son of a mnsical in- strument-maker. His principal teachers were Gorgias, Prodicus, and Therame- nes. On "account of his weak voice and natural timidity, he took but little share himself in pulilic speaking, but he ap- plied himself with tlie greatest ardor to mstruction in the art of eloquence, and preparing orations for others. He was particularly distinguished for a polished style and an harmonious construction of his sentences ; his subjects were tlie most important points of morals and politics ; and it is recorded to his honor that he never, by writing or accusation, injured a single individual. He was warmly attached to the liberties of his country ; and such his grief on hearing of the'fatal battle of Cheroniiea, that he took no food for four days, and literally died of starvation, in the 98th year of his age. ITUEBIDE, AuGusTiN, emperor of Mexico, was b. at Valladolid, in New Spain, 1784, and entered the military service at the age of 17. In 1819 he was invited to take the command of an army destined to the south, and he marched to Aeapulco. There he matured a plan, the professed oVjject of which was the emancipation of Mexico from the yoke of Spain, the independence of the coun- try, the protection of religion, and the union ot the Spaniards and Mexicans. On the strength of this plan Iturbide continued his' march to Queretaro, and was soon joined by Victoria, the most levoted of the friends of liberty. He took possession of the capital in the name of the nation, and established a regency, consisting of members noni- inatedby himself, and wholly under his control. Finding that the republicans Baw through his intentions, and were op- posed to his domination, he resolved to preserve his authority by boldly nsurp- mg the crown; and, accordingly, through the subserviency of his troops, and the concurrence of a portion of Iho deputies, he was proclaimed emperor, May 18, 1822. But defection now bo- eame general among the otHccrs of the army, and in all the provinces, so that Iturbide saw ]ilainly that his cause was hopeless, and hastily assembled at Mex- ico the dispersed members of congress, and tendered to them his abdication of the crown, March 20, 1823. Congress agreed to grant Iturbide a large yearly pension, on condition of his leaving the Mexican territory for ever, and residing somewhere in Italy. He proceeded to the coast, and embarked, 1828, for Leg- horn. He might have continued to live happily in one of the charming villas of Tuscany, had he not been impelled by an ambition to attempt the recovery of his lost empire. With this object he left Italy for England, and embarked for Mexico, precisely a year after his de- parture from it, and arrived in sight of tlie port of Soto la Marina, July 14. During the year that had elapsed, the Mexicans had adopted a republican con- stitution. The government had been apprised of his leaving Italy, and sus- pected his design. A decree "was passed, 1824, declaring" him to be proscribed as a traitor, and requiring that, in ease ho landed in the country, the mere foct should render him k public enemy. Wholly deceived in the fate which awaited him, Iturbide landed at Soto la Marina, accompanied only by Beneski, his secretary, and was almost innnedi- ately arrested by order of La Garza, eonimander of the province of New Santander. La Garza lost no time in conducting his prisoner to Padilla, the capital of the province. His fate was for a short time delayed ; sentence of immediate death was pronounced ; and he was shot, July 19, 1824. IVANOF, Feodor Feodorovitsch, a Russian dramatist, was b. in 1777. He first served in the army, from wliich he was removed to the commissariat de- partment, was the author of several comedies, and a tragedy called " Martha, or the Conquest of Noyogorod." D. 1816. IVES, John, an English antiquary, was b. at Yarmouth, in 1731. lie be- came Surtblk herald extraordinary, and published three numbers of select papera on subjects of English antiquities; also " Remarks on the Garianonum of the Romans," "Remarks on English Coins," &c. I). 1776. IVETAUX, Nicholas Vauqelin, Sei- gneur d', a French poet and man of let- 524 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [jAO tcrs, b. 1559. He wrote a clever poem, entitled "Institution d\ui Prince," iind a variety of otiier pieces. D. 1(349, IZAACKE, KicHARD. a\ithor of "The [ in 1700, Antiquities, or Memorials of the City of Exeter." was b. tliere, filled the oTncea of towu-clerk and chamberlain, and cL J. JABLONOWSKY, Joseph Alexan- der vo.v, a Polish prince, b. in 1712. Preferring a life of literary ease, he re- signed his dignity when the troubles broke out iu his country, and went to live at Lcipsic, where he distinguished himself as the patron of science, founded a society, called by his name, which still exists, lie wrote " The Lives of Twelve Generals," a " Treatise on Sclavonic Poetry," and other works. D. 1777- JACKS(JN, Andrew, president of the United States from 1829 to 18:?7, was b. in South Carolina, 1767. His fatlier was an Irish emigrant. At the age of 16 he took part in the war of independence ; at tlie close of which be became a law student, and was thus enabled to dis- charge efficiently some high legal offices in Tennessee, to which lie was subse- quently appointed. On the breaking out of the war with England in 1812, he took vigorous measures for the defence of tlie menaced territory ; in 1814 lie was appointed major-general ; and, among other exploits, which raised him to the highest point of popularity, he gained the decisive victory over tlie English, Jan. 8, 1815, at New Orleans, which put an end to the war. The same success attended his arms against the Creek tribes, whom he repeatedly subdued. In 1821 he was appointed governor of Florida; and iiis gallant deeds being Still fresh in his countrymen's recollec- tion, he was brought forward by the democratic party as a candidate for the presidency, elected in 1829, and re- elected in 1833. His period of office is chiefly remarkable for the extension of democratic tendencies wliicli took place during it. He obtained from France the payment of an indemnity of twenty- five millions of francs for injuries done to the commerce of the United States during the emj)irc. His refusal to re- new the bank charter, in 1833, led to one of the most violent financial strug- gles on record. General Jackson was er^owed with inflexible will, an ardent patriotism, and was always the idol of the people. D. 1845. — Jony, a learned Hebraist and controversial writer, was b. at Lensy, in Yorkshire, in 1686. The corporation of Doncaster gave him the living of Kossington, but the perti- nacity with which he supported his Arian principles prevented his further rise in the church. He was the author of" Chronological Antiquities ;" and left behind him the character of a learned and sincere writer, though strongly tinc- tured with the faults of a violent jiolcmic. D. 1763. — John, an eminent Enirlish portrait painter, was b. at Lastinghain, in Yorkshire, in 1778, and apprenticed to his father, wlio was a tailor; but dis- covering a decided talent for the art in which he afterwards excelled, his abili- ties procured him the protection of Sir George Beaumont, through whose means he removed to London, and studied at the Royal Academy. At the time he entered the great theatre of art, Law- rence, Opie, Beechey, and other eminent masters pre-occupied the particular branch he had chosen, and for a time he contented himself with painting por- traits in water-colors, in which lie was very successful. He was, however, de- termined to take a high stand, if possi- ble, as a portrait painter in oil; and the tact with which he copied the works of the old masters surprised liis cotempo- raries. He was elected royal academi- cian in 1817; and when, in 1819, he travelled throuirh Italy, and visited Rome with Mr. Chantrey, he was chosen a member of the academy of St. Luke. D. 1831. — William, a musical composer and author, was b. in 1730, at Exeter, and received the rudiments of aclassica'. education, with a view to his following one of the liberal professions. His tsiste for music displayed itself, however, so decidedly while he was yet a youth, that his friends were induced to place him under Travers, the organist of the ca- thedral belonging to his native city. Having passed two years in the metrop- olis, he returned to Exeter in 1750, and, succeeding eventually to the situation of organist, there passed the remainder of his life. He published several books of songs, canzonets, hymns, and sonatas of his composition, wliieh are still held jam] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, 525 in esteem for their cliasteness of coiicep- tiou iind truth of expression ; he was also tlie author of a treatise "On tiie Present State of Music," "The Four Ages," Ac. D. 1804. "JACOBI. Joii.v George, a German poet, was b. in 1740, at Dusseldorf; stmlied at Gottinfren; was professor of philosophy and eloquence at Halle ; and, euhscquently, of the belles lettres at Friburir, whieli he retained during his life. The style of Jacobi was firmed on that of the lisrhter French poets, and possesses nuu-h ease and gayety. D. 1814. .JACOBS, Fkederic, a celebrated phil- ological writer, was b. at Gothar, in Saxony, in lTt;4. In 17So he became a teacher in the gymnasium of iiis native city, wher"- he published a number of exeolleiit works, of which, independent of those of a critical or philological char- acter, niMV be noticed his "School for Women,"' and " Talcs." D. 1847.— JuRiEX, was a native of Switzerland, b. in lijlO. lie studied under Snyders, and is celebrated for the fidelity and spirit with which he painted the animals in his hunting pieces. — Luc.-vs, eouiinonly called Lucas van Leydex, was b. at Leyden, in 1494. He studied under his father, IIuL'h Jacobs, and next under Cornelius Engelhrecht. Many of his pictures in oil and distemper are to be found on the Continent; but he is now best known bv his ensravings. I). l.")o3. JACOPONE, Da Todi, so called on account of his birthplace, was an Italian poet, whose real name was Jacopo ue Benedetti. On being left a witlower he distributed his property among the poor, and entered into tlie order of Minorites as a servitor. He composed Sacred Canticles, Latin poems, and the famous "Stabat Mater," since so cele- brated bv the compositions of Havdn, Pergolesi, &q. D. 1306. JACOTOT, .Iean .Joseph, orisrinally a captain of artillery in Napoleon's army, and subsequently sub-director of the Polytechnic school, was deprived of his otfice at the restoration for having been a member of the chamber durin? the "hundred days." Retiring to Bclgitnii, he there conceived and put into partial practice a new system of education, on the principle that all intelligences are 3qual, the only ditference between man and man being the result of circum- stances more than of nature, lie has left several works upon the subject, in- tcrestin? for in.— I. of England, and VI. of Scot- Lind, was the son of Mary, queen of Scotland, by Henry Stuart, Lord Darn- ley, and was b. in 1566. In the foUow- insj year, Queen Mary being forced to resign the crown, he was solemnly crowned at Stirling, and all public acts ran in his name. In 16 »3, on the death of Elizabeth, James succeeded to the crowu of England, and proceeded to London. He received during his life- time a deal of adulation for !us literary abilities ; but thougli he was the author of soiiie few books, they display more pedantry than learning. D. 1625. — II., king of England, second son of C!harles I. and of Henrietta of France, vvas b. in lo33, and immediately declared diikc of York. After the capture of Oxford by the p.irliamentary army, he eseupecl, nnd was conducted to his sister, the [jriucess of Orange. At that time he was 15 years of age. He soon after joined his mother at Paris, and, when lie had reached his 20tli year, served in the French army under Tifenne, and sub-cquently entered tlie Spanish army in Flanders, under Don .lolin of Austria !iiid tlie Prince of Coude. At the res- I'ovatioii he returned to England, and married ieeretly Anne Hyde, daughter of the Earl of Clarendon, by whom ho had two daughters, who afterwards be- came queens of England, viz., Mary and Anne. In the Dutcli war, he signalized himself as commander of the English, fleet, and showed great skill and bra- very. On the death of Charles II., in 168), the duke succeeded, under the title of James II., and, from the time of his ascending the throne, seems to have acted with a steady determination to render himself absolute. Afier disgust- ing the great majority of his subjects, he proceeded to levy the customs and ex ■ cise witliout the authority of parliament. He ]iroceedcd by every direct and indi- rect attack to overthrow the established church ; but these innovations, in regard both to the religion and government, gradually united opposin^r interests, and a large body of the nobility and gentry concurred in an application to the prince of Orange, who had been secretly pre- paring a fleet and an army for the nivasion of the country. James, who was long kept in ignorance of these transactions, when informed of them by his minister at the Hague, was struck with terror eqtial to his former infatua- tion ; and immediately repealing all his obnoxious acts, he practised every method to gain popularity. All confi- dence was, however, destroyed betweea the kin^ and the people. William ar- rived with his fleet in Porbay, Nov. 4ih, 16S8 ; and being speedily joined by several men of rank, his ranks swelled, while the army of James began to desert by entire regiments. He fled to France. The throne of Great Britian w.is declared to be abdicated, and Wil- liam and his consort Mary (the daughter of James) were unanimously called to fill it conjointly. Assisted by Louis XIV., James was enabled, in March, 163'J, to make an attempt for the re- covery of Ireland. The battle of Boyue, fouglit June, 1690, compelled him to return to France. D. 1701. — Thomas, an English navigator, -n the 17th cen- tury, who, in 1631 and 1632, attempted to discover a northwest passage. He wintered on Charleton Island, in Hud- son's Pay ; and next summer proceeded on his voyage, but was unable to pene- trate farther than 65 degrees and a half north. He made some discoveries on the coast of Hudson's B.iv ; to the oouu- trv on the western side of which ho gave the name of New South Wales. On his return to England he published an account of his expedition, entitled " The strange and dangerous Vovaga jay] CYCLOP.flDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 527 of Ciiptain Thoinas James, for tlic Dis- covery oF a Nortliwcst Fassase to the Soutli Sea." — William, the autlior of a valuable national work, entitled "The Naval History of (4reat Britain, from the declaration of War by France, in 17'.i3, to the Accession of Gcorire IV." &c. Every accessible source of authen- tic inforniation was made use of by Mr. Jaincs ill writing this history; and his industry and research deserve t!ie hiirh- cst praise. D. 1827. — William, a land asent and surveyor, was a native of Ilenley-in-Arden, Warwickshire. lie was the original projector of the Man- cliesterand l^iverpool railway; iuid may in some respects be regarded as the father of the railway system, having purveyed numerous lines at his own expense, and been an active promoter of these undertakings, at a time when tiiey were considered to be mere specu- lative innovations. D. aged 06, at Bod- min, Cornwall, ^larch 11, 1837. J.WIESON, Geouge, an eminent painter, justly termed the Vandyke of ■Scotland, was b. at Aberdeen in 1586, and d. in 164:4. JANSEN, CoRN'ELiDs, bishop of Ypres, and professor of divinity in the universities of Louvain and Douay, was one the most learned divines of the 17tli century, and founder of tlie sect of Jansenists. He was b. in 1585, at Akay, near Leerdam, in Holland ; and studied at Louvain. Being sent into Spain to transact some business of con- sequence relating to the university, the Catholic king, viewing with a jealous eye the intriguing policy of France, engaged with' him to write a book against the French, for having formed an alliance with Protestant states ; and rewarded him for it with the see of Ypres in 1635. He had among other writings before this, maintained a con- troversv against the Protestants upon the subject of grace and predestination ; but his " Augustinus," respectins which a furious and almost interminable con- test arose, was the principal labor of his life. D. 1638. JANSENIUS, Cornelius, bishop of Ghent, was b. at Ilulst, in Flanders, in 1510. He distinguished himself at the council of Trent by his learning and. modesty. He wrote a " Harmony of the Gospels," and other works, and d. at Ghent in 1576. JANSSENS, Abraham, an historical painter, was b. at Antwerp, in 1509. tic was cotemporary with Kubcns, and in many of the finest parts of the art was accounted not inferior to him. — Cc UN El. I us, called also Johnson, nn enii nent portrait painter, was b. at Amster- dam. He resided in England several years, and was engaged in the service of King .lames I. His paintings are easily distinguished by tlieir smooth, clear, and delicate tints, and Jjy a strong character of truth and nature. I). 16^*5. — Victor Honohius, a celebrated histor- ical painter, was b. at Brussels, in 1664. He associated with Tempesta, the cele- brated landscape painter for several years, and painted the figures in the works of that great master as long as they resided together. F'or small his- torical pictures, he was preferable to all the painters of his time. JARNOWICK, GiovANNA Mane, a celebrated violinist, was b. at Palermo in 1745, and was the most accomplished pupil of Lulli. For several years ho resided at Paris, and was considered at the head of his profession ; he atler- wards went to P^ngland, where he was very popular; but on being invited to settle at Petersburg, he went thither, where he d. in 1804. He was as eccen- tric and irritable as he was clever, and numerous singular anecdotes are re- corded of him. JARVIS, John, an artist, distin- guished by his paintings on glass, was b. in Dublin, in 1749 ; and after practi- sing his art in that city, removed to Lon- don, where he obtained great reputa- tion. His most celebrated performance is the west window of New college, Oxford, from the design of Sir Joshua Reynolds. D. 1804.— John Wesley a distinguished and eccentric portrait painter, one of the foremost of his clay, was b. at South Shields, 1780, but came to America c;u-ly in life. He was a[i{>ren- ticed to Edwin, tlie engraver, but his tastes were for painting, and he took to the brush. Settling in New York, ho soon won a high reputation as well for his wit and convivial talents as for his bkiU as an artist. His portraits arc among the most spirited that have been produ'ced. D. 1834. JAY, John, an eminent jurist an. Afterstudying at Columbia (then King's) college, he was admitted to the bar, and in 1774 was chosen s delegate to the first American congress, at Philadelphia. In 1776 he was chosen president of the congress, in 1777 he was a member of the convention which framed the con- stitution of New York, and in the fol- lowing year he was appointed chief 528 CYCLOPvEUIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [.I EI justice of tlwt slate. lie was next sent B-s minister plciiipatcntiary to Spain, and ill 1782 lie was appointed one of tlie commissioners to ncj,'otiate a peace witli Great Britain. Tiie definitive treaty liaving been signed in September, 178-5, lie returned to tlie United States, and in I7i>-1: lie was sent as envoy ex- traordinary to Great Britain, and cou- cliulod tlie treaty which has been called lifter his name. In 1705 he was elected governor of his native state : this post lie continued to occupy till 1801, when lie declinei.1 a re-election, as well as a reappointment to the office of chief jus- tice of the United States, and passed the remainder of his days in retirement. D. 18211. JEBB, John, a divine and physician, was the son of Dr. .John -Jebb, dean of Cashel, and b. in London in 1736. lie Ptudicd at Trinity college, Dublin, and Peter house, Cambridge, and obtained church preferment, which, however, he resigned, and then commenced practice fis a physician, in wliieh he was very Buccessful. He was a violent partisan in whatever he engaged, and, though conscientious in his religious opinions, Iheir peculiar coiiiplexion, and the free- dom with which he imlulged in the political squabbles of the day, obstructed Iiis professional progress. D. 178(5. — Samuel, an eminent physician and clas- sical scholar, was a native of Notting- liam. While at the university he pub- lished tlic "Dialogue of Justin Martyr with Trypho the Jew," in Greek and Litin. lie afterwards married the daughter of an apothecary, procured tlie degree of M.D., practised as a phy- sician at Stratford, in Essex, and retired lo Derbyshire, where he d. 1772. Dr. S. Jebb was the conductor of a classical journal, entitled " Bibliotheea Litera- ria," and the editor of Roger Bacon's *' Opus Miius." JEFFEliSON, TnoMAs, third presi- dent of the United States, was b. in 1743, at Sliadwell, in Virginia, and was brought up to the bar. In 1709 lie was elected a member of the provincial legis- lature, and in 1T7> he entered congress, and took a conspicuous and very decided part in opposition to the measures which England had adopted towards her Amer- ican colonies, and it was he who drew up the famous declaration of independ- ence. In 1776 he retired from his seat in congress, and was next chosen gov- ernor of Virginia, which post he held two years. On the return of Dr. Frank- lin to America, in 1785, Mr. Jetferson was named his successor at Paris, from wliich he proceeded, as envoy, to Lon- don, in 1786. At the usual presentation, liowever, to the king and queen, both Mr. Adams and himself were received ill the most ungracious manner, and, after a few vague and inetfectual con- ferences, ho returned to Paris. Here he remained, with the exception of a visit to Ilollan 1, to Piedmont, and tlie south of i'rance, until the autumn of 178i>, zealously pursuing whatever was beneticial to his country. He subse- quently filled the office of secretary of state under Washington, until 1793, when lie resigned, and lived in retire- ment for four years. He was then elected vice-president, and in 18ol chosen president. At the expiration of eight years he again retired to private life, and on the 4th of July, 1326, (the fiftieth anniversary of American inde- pendence,) he d. lie was the acknowl- edged head of the republican party, and an acute politician, eloquent and per- suasive in conversation, and possessing the faculty of acquiring an ascendency in his political connections. JEtFliEY, Francis, Lord, equally eminent on the bench, at the bar, and in the world of letters, was b. at E lin- burgh, in 1773. In 1794 he was called to the bar in Scotland, and when he had obtained a fair share of practice, ho joined a few of his more intimate friends in establishing the " Edinburgh Re- view," of which he was sole editor for the long period of 27 years. Tlie first number appeared Oct. 2.5, 1802. On the formation of the Whig ministry late in 1830, he was made lord advocate, and after sittimr a short time for the Perth district of burghs and for Malton, ho was chosen to represent Edinburgh iu parliament, immediately after the pass- ing of the Reform bill. His success in the house of commons disappointed his admirers, chiefly beeause he entered so late in life on a new field, and p irtly because he spoke generally above his audience. In 1834 he was promoted to the bench, and in this capacity he dis- played siicii eminent qualities, that ho is by common consent allowed to rank among the very ablest judges that ever sat on the Scottish bench. ' D. 1850. JEFFREYS, George, Baron Wem, Lord, commonly known by the name of Judge .Jeffreys, was b. at Acton, in Den- bi>rlisliire, towards the beginning of tho 17tli century, and educated at Shrews- bury school. He studied at Westmin- ster and tho Inner Temple, and rose jkn] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIV. 529 tlirough the gradations of recorder of Loudon, a Wclsli judge, and chiof jus- tice of CllC^*lcr, till at length, in l'i83, he attained the dignity of chief justice of the King's Bench. On the accession of James II., he was one of tlie advisers and promoters of all tlio oppressive and arbitrary measures of his roign; and, for his sanguinary and inhuman pro- ceedings against tiie adherents of Mon- mouth, was rewarded witli the post of lord high chancellor in 1(535. liis con- duct on the bench was, in the highest degree, discreditable at all times, and he indulged in scurrility and abuse of the most degrading description. On the arrival of the prince of Orange, he disguised himself as a seaman, in order to get on board a ship unknown, but was detected in a low public house at Wapping, by an attorney whom he had insulted in open court. The latter ma- king liim known, he was seized by the populace, carried before the council, and committed to the Tower, where he d. 168'.i. — Georoe, an English poet, was b. at Weldon, Northamptonshire, in 1G78. He was a nephew of the eighth Lord Chandos, and bred to the bar. lie wrote " Miscellanies, in Prose and Verse," and two tragedies, " Edwin" and " Merope." D. 1755. JEFFKIES, Jo^^f, was b. at Boston in 1774. Having studied medicine at the university of Cambridge, he went to London, and on his return to Boston practised with groat success, until the evacuation of that city by the British garrison. He then accompanied Gen- eral Howe to Halifiix, and was male snrgeon-gcneral to tlie forces in !"76. He subsequently resigned his army ap- pointments, declining even the otfer of the lucrative post of surgeon-irencral to the forces in India, and in 1780 scttlcLl in London. He there occupied himself much in scientific research, and in order to ascertain the correctness of certain preconceived hypotheses relative to at- mospheric temperature, he undertook two aerial voyages, the second of which was made Jan. 7, 1785, from the clitfs of Dover, across the British Channel, into tlie forest of Guinncs in France, and was the only successful attempt that had then been made to cross the sea in a balloon. In 178'J he again returne 1 to Boston, and continued to practise there with success, till his death in 18i;>. JEKYLL, Sir Joseph, a lawyer and statesman in the reigns of Anne and George I., was tlie son of a clergyman iu Nottinirhamsliire. Ho was a member 45 of parliament, and one of the inanagcrs of the trial of Sachcvcrel ; was kniglitcj by George I., who raised him to tiie of- fice of master of the rolls. 1>. 17:}S. JENNER, EnwAKi), an En;rlish phy- sician, celebrated for havinj; nearly ciad- icated a pestilent disorder from tlio human race by introducing vaccine inoc- ulation, was b. at Berkeley, Gloucester- shire, in 1740, and subsequently .settled there as a medical practitioner. About the year 177G, his attention was turned to the cow-pox, by the circumstance of Ills ascertaining tiiat those persons who had been alfeetcd with this disease, wero thereby rendered free from variolous infection. From that time till 17'Ji; ho steadily pursued his investigation of this discovery; and having at length established its general efficacy, amidst all the opposition naturally to be expect- ed in such a case, the practice of vacci- nation was introduced into tiie London hospitals, the army and navy, &e., and, finally, extended to every part of the globe. Honors and rewards were now conferred on Dr. Jenner as a public benefactor; a parliamentary grant of £20,000 was voted him ; learned socie- ties at home and abroad enrolled him as a member; and when the allied po- tentates visited England in 1814, tiie emperor of Russia sought an interview with him, and otfered to bestow on him a Kussian order of nobility. Dr. Jcn- ner's writings consist merely of "Ob- servations on the Variolic Vaccinie," and a paper in the Philosophical Trans- actions "On tiie Natural History of the Cuckoo." D. 18-23. JENNINGS, Henry Constantine, an antiquary and virtuoso of most eccen- tric habits and checkered fortune, was b. in 1731, and was the only son of a gentleman of considerable property at Shiplake, in Oxfordshire. He was edu- cated at Westminster school, and at seventeen became an cnsiirn in the foot- guards; but resigned his commission, and travelled on the Continent, where he collected, while in Italy, a numi>cr of statues and other antiques, with which he decorated his seat at Shiplake. lie now led the life of a man of fashion and fortune, indulijing in the most expen- sive follies; tiie consequence of which was that he soon became an inmate of the Kind's Bench. He was at length freed from his pecuniary embarrass- ments, and settled on an estate he had in Essex, where he gave himself up with enthusiasm to the collection of scarce books, pictures, and curioaitics. 530 CYCLOP.'EDIA OF EIOGRAPHY. JJEW Bat the current of good fortune dkl not long run smooth. Jlaving bon-o\vc(.l a Buiu of niDuey from !i person wlio was imlebtcil ti> llie crown, his museum was hastily sold for a sui ill sum, to satisfy the claim of government under an ex- tent in aid. For many years he was a prisoner in Chelmsford jail ; but on re- gaining his freedom, he resumed his former liabits, iiud settled at Chelsea. 1). ISl'.i. JKNYNS, SoAME, a sprightly and entertainin,' writer, was the only son of 8ir Kobert Jcnyns, b. in London, in 1704. Having entered into public life iis representative of the county of Cam- bridge, he began his career by support- ing Sir Kobert Walpole, and ever afier rem;iineic XQr:ic, with historical remarks and illustrations. D. 1803. .JEKN INCIIAM, Edward, a poet and miscellaneous writer, was descended from an ancient Roman Catiiolic family, and b. in Norfolk, in 1727. He was educated at Douay and Paris ; but on liis return to Enirland, he joined in communion with the established church. He was the author of the trasredies of "Margaret of Anjou" and "TheSieare of Berwick ;" he also wrote "An Es- say on the mild Teuor of Cliristianity," "Tlie Dignity of Human Nature, an Essav," " Tiie Alexandrian School," rd, and in lo4(} openly professed tie tenets of the re- formers. Having obtained tho livinir of Sunnin) per annum for the life of himself and ids son. D. 170-5. — Samuel, the celebrated lexicog- nipher, and one of the most distin- guished writers of the 18th century, was b. in 17oy, at Lichfield, where his father was ii bookseller. He completed his education at Pemljroke college, Ox- ford ; and in 1732 he becr.me \nider- master of a free-school at Market Bos- worth, in Leicestershire, whieli situation he was soon induced to quit, on account of the haughty treatment he received from the principal; and he next endeav- ored to earn a scanty maintenance by literary employment. In 173.") he mar- ried iNIrs. Porter, the widow of a mercer at Birmingham, with a fortune of about £800, by which he was enabled to open a boarding-school ; but the plan did not succeed, and, tifter a year's trial, lie re- solved to seek his tbrtmie in London, in company with one of his few pupils, the celebrated Davi he commenced his " Rambler," which was continued till joh] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 533 1752. In tliis work only five pnpers were llic proiliictions of otlier writers. Soon nt'w.v the (.'lose oftliis pujicr lie lost his wife, a eireuiiisliineo whieli jrreutly nffected him. as appears from his " Med- itations," and the sermon wliieh he wrote on lierdeath. In 17o5 appeared his l)ie- tionary, and the same year the university of Oxford confei'red on him the deirrec of M.A. Lord Chesterfield endeavored also to assist it by writinjr two papers in its fiivor in "The ^\'orld;" hut as he had hitlierto netrleetcd the author, John- son treated liiin with eontemjjf. The puhlieation of this fjreat work did not relieve him from his embai-rassments, for the priee of his labor had been con- sumed in the ]iroirress of its compilation. In 1758 he bejriui the "Idler." a ]ieriod- ical paper, which was published in a weekly newspaper. On the death of his niotlier in 17o9, he wrote the ro- mance of " Rasselas" to defray the ex- penses of her fiuieral. In 17(J-i the kintj granted him a pension of £000 per an- num. In 1773 he went on a tour M'ith Mr. Bosweli to the western island:;^ of Scotland, of which journey he shortly after published a hiji'hly interesting ac- count ; but which gave offence to many, by the violent attack therein made on the authenticity of the poems attributed to Ossian. In 1779 he beijan his "Lives of the English Foets," a work which, on the wdiole, may be recjarded as a treasure of sound criticism, and a model of literary bio;rraphy. D. 1784. — Sam- uel, a dramatic writer and performer of eccentric celebrity; autlior of "Ilurlo- thrumbo, or the Supernatural," and va- rious other laui^hable extrava^'anzas. I). 1773. — Samuet,, first president of King's college. New York, was b. at Guildford, Conneetient; educated at the college of Saybrook ; first preached at West Ha- ven, then became an Episcopalian, and went to England to obtain ordination. On his return he settled at Stratford, where he preached to an Episcojwiian congregation ; received the degree of D.U. from Oxford, in 1743; and was chosen president of the college at New YoTk on its establishment in 1754. He held this situation with much credit, until 17t)3, when he resigned and re- turned to his p;istoral charge at Strat- ford, where he continued till his death, in 1772.— Thomas, an English botanist, was b. at Selliy, in Yorkshire. He was bnid an apothecary in London, and be- came, says Wood, the best herbalist of his age. He wrote " Iter in Agrinn (lanturarium" and " Ericctum Hamsted- 45* ianum," which r.-orc th» first local cata- logues of plants j)ul)lir.hc-ii in Enghnid. But his great work was i\74; at the ffrain- mar-school of which city he was placed, under Camden, at an early agy ; till his mother marrying again to a person wlio held tlic humble occupation of a brick- layer, young Ben, as he was familiarly called, was taken home abruptly by his father-in-law, and employed by him as an assistant in his trade. The ardent spirit of the future poet revoUerl against his condition ; he fled from home and entered the army as a private soldier, in which caiiacity he served in the En- glish army in Flanders. On his return he resumed hPs studies, and went to Cambridirc; but from the ]mvcrly of his circumstances, he was obliged to leave the university and take to tho stage. At first he was not very success- ful, either as an actor or an author; and having the misfortune to kill another actor in a duel, he was taken up riud imprisoned, and narrowly escaped with life. On being released from confine- ment he mirried, and recommenced writing for the stage, to wliicii he was encouraged by Shaks])eare, who per- formed in one of his pieces. In 1.598 he produced his comedy of " Everr Man in his Humor;" which was fol- lowed bv a new play every year, till tho reign of .lames the First, when he was employed in the masques and entVrtain- ments at court. But regardless of pru- dence, Ben joined Chapman and MarstOD in writinir the comedy of " Eistwaiv. Hoc," wliich so grossly libelled tho Scotch nation, that the authors were committed to prison, and hail they not made a timely and humble submission for the offence, they would have lost tlieir noses and ears in the pillory, ac- cording to their sentence. By his ad- dress, however, he soon contrived to reinstate himself in the favor of a monarch to whose pleasures the effu- sions of his inuse had become neces- sary; and for the remainder of that reign he continued in high favor as a 536 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [j08 kin:l of snpei-intendcut 'of the court revels. In l(jl7 he wus appointed poet laureate, with a sahuy of £100, and a butt of wiue ye.irly fiom the kiurk, where siie was much adinii'ed for her archness and sportive Bimplicity. In 1782 she came to En- gland, w.is engaged by Tate Wilkinson, and first appeared at the Leeds theatre as Calista, in '* The Fair Feniteut."' From Leeds she proceeded to York, where she first played under the name of Mrs. Jordan, by wliich, though never married, she was subsequently known. In 17S5 she made her tirst appearance before a London audience at Urury- lane, as Peggy, in "Tiie Country Girl ;" and iinmeiiaieiy became sueli a decided favorite, that lier salary was doubled, and she was allowed two beneftts. At the close of the season, slie made a pro- vincial tour, and visited nearly all the large towns in England, everywhere re- ceiving tiic most euthusiastie welcome from admiring audiences. When the duke of Clarence first made overtures to lier, she was the mistress of a Mr. Ford, who refiised to make her his wife, through fear of offending liis father. Mrs. Jordan then entered into that con- nection with the duke, which continued iu an almost uninterrupted state of do- mestic harmony, until it was suddenly broken otf in" ISll. D. 1816.— Sir JosKPM, a gallant P^nglish adm.ral, who by his presence of mind and valor, gained the batJe of Solebay, iu 1672. — Thomas, a dramatic writer in the reign of Charles I. lie wrote two comedies and a nuisqne ; and is mentioned bj Langbaine with respect. JUKDANO. LucA, a famous painter, was b. at Naples, in 1632 ; and d. tliere in 170'). JUliTIN, JoHX, an eminent scholar and divine, was b. in London, in 1698. Here he acquired so high a character for learning and acuteness, that he was employed by Pope to extract the i.otes from 'Eustathius, to print with his translation of the Iliad. His chief works are, "Discourses concerning the Truth of the Christian Keligion," " Miscella- neous Observations upon Authors, an- cient and modern," '-Kenuu-ks upon Ecclesiastical History," "Life of Eras- mus," and seven volumes of "Sermons and Charges," wliich were printed afcer his death. D. 1770. J USE, Antonio, a Portuguese drama- tist, by birth a Jew, who was burnt alive at the last auto-da-fe in 1745, for having introduced in one of his farces a scene, iu which a criminal is conversing at the gallows with his confessor, in a style, as may be supposed, not the most edifying. JOSEPH I., emperor of Germany, the son of Leopold I., was b. at Vienna, in 1678 ; received the crown of Hungary in 1689; and was soon after elected king of the Romans. D. 1711.— II., emperor of Germany, was tlie son of tho Emi)eror Leopold and Maria Tneresa, queen of Hungary. lie was crowned king of the Komans in 176i; the year following he succeeded his father; and ill 1780, by the death of the empress- queen, he succeeded to the crown of Hungary and Bohemia. D. 1789. JOSEPHINE, empress of France and queen of Italy, was b. at Martinique ia 1763, and bore the name from her pa- rents of Eose Tascheu ue la Pagekie. While very young, she was taken by hei father to France, to be the bride of tho Viscount de Beauharnois — a marriage having been arranged by the two fauj- ilies when the Marquis Beauharnois was governor-general of the Antilles. They were accordingly married , and, in the enjoyment of each other's society, tliey lived beloved and respected, wliile Jo- sephine became the mother of two chil- dren, Eugene and Hortense. Prompted by filial attachment, she went, in l.'SB, to Martinique, to attend upon her mo- ther in sickness ; and having taken her tlaiighter witli her, she remained in the island three years. The sudden rising jou] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAniT. 537 of tlio colony, however, obliged her to quit it for Frnnce, witii such liastc, as not to 4, served in America and India, and took part in the first campaign of the revolu- tion. But he soon abandoned the sword for the pen, and rose to great popularity with his vaudevilles and t!i% librettos wliich he wrote forSpontini, Clierubini, and Kossini. He was also distinguished as a political writer, but he Is best known in England for his amusing and satirical work called the " Hermit of tlie Chausste d'Antin," whicli was trans- lated into Enirlish many years ago. In ISSO, Louis Philippe appointed him li- brarian at the Louvre. U. lS4ii. J(JVELLAN0S, Don Gaspar Mel- cnioii DE, one of tlie most distinguished Spaniarils of modern times, was b. at Gijon, in Asturias, in 1744, of an an- cient and noble family. He became a nieinher of the criminal branch of the au liencia in Seville, an I advan- cing rapidly in his professional career, he was finally appointed to tlie dignified station of member of the council of the military orders at Madrid. About the 8ani3 time he was intrusted with some inii)ortant atlairs, and nominated coun- Belior of state, by Charles III. When, U"! 171)4, Spain found herself loaded with debt, Jovellanos proposed, for the relief of the national diffieulties, a tax on the property of the higher order of the clergy, for which he was exiled to the tnouutaias of Asturias, though his pro- ject was afterwards carried into execu- tion. In 17'J9 he wa.s recalled, and made minister of justice for the interior, but before twelve months were past, he was dismissed, ami banished to the island of Majorca, where he was coa- fined in the convent of the Carthusians. Aficr the fall of Godoy, the prince of peace, in 1SU8, he recovered his liberty, and subsequently became a member of the supreme junta. He was, however, suspected of tiivoring the Frencli ; and, at length, being dcnouncerl as a traitor for endeavoring to promote their p'ans for the subjugation of Spain, he was put to death, in 1812, during a popular in- surrection. He wrote " Lyric Pnems," " Pelayo," a tragedy, "The Iloiiuruble Delinquent," a comedy, several works on subjects connected with political economy, and translated Milton's " Par- adise Lost." JOYCE, Jeremiah, an ingenious and industrious v/riter, whose profession was tiiat of a dissenting minister, was b. in 1764, and first attracted public notice as one of the persons included in the state prosecution with Hardy, Home Tooke, Thelwall, and others for treason. He vvas the coadjutor of Dr. Gregory in the compilation of his "Cy- clopte lia," and subsequently produced another on a similar plan, which goes by the name of Nicholson. He was also the author of "Scientific Dialo,'ues," " Dialogues on Chemistry," " Letters on Natural Philosopliy," ifec. D. 1816. JUAN, or Don .Joii>; of Austria, a natural son of the Emperor Charles V., and the great military hero of his age, was b. at Ratisbon, in 154!i. His mo- ther is said to have been a lady named Barbara Blomberg. but this is doubtful, and a sinu'ular veil of mystery hang.s over his maternal parentage. He was first employed, in 1.570, against the Moors of (ir.mada, and acquire 1 great fimc by their subjugation. He also signalized himself by a memoralile vic- tory over the Turks, in l.')7I, in the gulf of Lep.mto, as well as by the con- quest of Tunis and other places on the African coast. In lo7G he went to Flanders, took Namur by strata:rein, and succeeded in reducing the insur- gents to obedience. D. 1577. — Y SA>f- TiciLiA, Don Geouoe, a learned Spanish matliematician and naval officer, was b. at Orihuela, in 1712. His progress ia niatlieinatics was so great that, while a student iu Carthagena, he obtained tha appellation of Euclid: and, entering the iiaval service early, his reputation a."* a jjn] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 539 Bcientiftc man occasioned liis appoint- ment, witli Antonio tie Ulloa, to iicconi- p;iuy Boiiu'iier and La Coiulainlnc to Pern, in ]735, to measure a dc^Tcc of the meridian at tlie equator, lie after- wards directed mueli of liis attention to marine areliitecture, and liis exertions to improve the Spanisli navy were hitrlily sucoessfiil lie pahlished liis " Observations on Astronomy and Phys- ics, made in Pern," an'! treatises on navic/atiou and shin-building. I). 1774. JUBA, a k'nvr ot Numidia and Mau- ritania, who was an ally of Pompey asjainst Julius Cajs:»r. After the battle of Pharsalia he joined his forces to those of Scipio, but being totally de- feated at Thapsus, he put an end to liis own life, and his kinirdoin became a Koinan province. — -TI., king of Nmnidia, son of the preceding, was, when a boy, led a captive to Rome to adorn the tri- umph of Ci^sar, but the Roman con- queror bestowed on him an excellent education, and he became one of the most learned men of liis time. lie gained the hearts of the Romans by the com'teousness of his manners, and was in great favor with Augustus, who gave hiui tlie daughter of Antony in mar- riage, and made him king of Gietulia, of whieii dignity he proved himself worthy, by governing his dominions with justice and lenity. lie was also an able and prolific autlior, as appears by Pliny, Strabo, Plutarch, and otlier wri- ters, who allude to his histories of tlie Arabians, Assyrians, and Romans, his treatises on the fine arts, and his natural history, of all wliich a few fraarinents onlv hive been preserved. 1). 2-t. JU(4URTIIA, king of Numidia, was the son of Manastabal. lie was en- dowed by nature with superior talents, and was remarkable for manly strciiLrth and personal beauty. Formed for a soldier, his valor and conduct won the esteem of the Roman army, and the friendship of Scipio ; but involving him- self in iiitriLTues and crimes to obtain the Niimilian crown, the Roman senate sent Metellus against him, who con- quered him in a great battle, and re- jec^ted all his bribes. When on the point of sitrning a shameful peace, and surrenderiuir to the Romans, Jugurtlia, throutch fear that they might inflict vennreance on him for his former crimes, sud.lenly chanired his resolution, anil determined once more to abide the worst. The kinsr of Mauritania, his ally, havinir concluded a peace wit i the Romans, Sylla persuaded him to Jraw Jugurtha into his power, and deliver him up to the Romans. He was ao- cordingly seized, and sent in chains to Marius, at Cirta. Thus tlie war waft ended, and Numidia became a Roman province. Jugurtha, having siilfured many insults from the pco])le, was throvvn into a dark prison, and starved to death at"ter six days, liwi p.. c. JULIAN, Fl.wius Clauiiics, snr- named the Apostate, a Roman emperor, was the youngest son of Constaiitius, brother of Constautinc the Great. Ho was b. in 331, educated in the tenets of Christianity, and apostatizetl to pag;m- ism. In 33") he was declared t'lcsar, and sent to Gaul, where he obtained several victories over the Germans, and, in 361, the troops in Gaul revolted from Constantiiis, and declared for Julian. Duriiiir the litVtimc of his cousin, Con- stantiiis, ho inatle a profession of the orthodox faith, but, on succeeding to the throne, he threw off all disguise, reopened the heathen temples, ana sought to restore the heathen worship in all its s|ilendor, while he laboreil, both by his pen and authority, to de- stroy (Christianity. D. 863. JiJLIEX, PiicuRE, an eminent French sculptor, many of whose productions adorn the metropolis of Prance, and whose eiief-d'oeuvre is "The Dving Gladiator." B. 1731 ; d. 1804. —Simo;^, a Swiss painter, who by his brother artists was called the Apostate, in allu- sion to the Roman emperor of the same name, as well as to hi* abmdoiiment of the French school of painting for the Italian. B. 1736; d. 17U9. JULIUS L, Pope, succeeded to the papal see on the death of Mark, in 337. Celebrated for the part he took in the Atlianasian controve"sy. D. 3">2. — II., Pope, nephew of Sixtus IV., was b. in 1443. He is s'lid to liave, at one period of his life, followed the occupation of a waterman. He was remarkable for his wars, and his patronage of the arts, lliirinar his pontificate, the rebuilding of St. Peter's was commenced. D. 1'AS, — III., Pofie, previously known as Car- dinal Monte, was chamberlain to Juliua II., whose name he subsequently as- sumed. He took little part in jiublic business, but led a life of indolence at the villa still known by his name. D. 15-):-). JUNGE, or JUNGIUS, Joachim, an eminent philosopher of the 17th cen- tury, was b. at Liibeck, in 1")S7, and distincruished himself as an able antag- onist of the Aristotelian philosophy. 540 CYCLOP.'EDIA OF BIOGRAPIir. [jUfl Like hi^ pre:it cotnmpnrary, Lord Bacon, he siibrttitiitL'd expeiimmit in tlic place »f itile and antiquated tlicorics, and is ranked by Leibnitz as equal to Coper- nicus and Galileo, and but little interior to Descartes. Among liis works arc '* Geonietria Empirica," " Doxoscopiag Physicte Minores,'' and " Isagofrc Pliy- toscopc," I'roui which latter work Ray and Linnaiiis appear to have taken some vahiabiB hints. D. Iti57. JUNOT, Andoche, duke of Abrantea, a distiny^uished Frencli ffeneral, was b. in 1771, and entered the army, as a volunteer, in 17'J1. lie first attracted the notice of Bonaparte by his coolness and courage when serving as a lieuten- ant at tlic siege of Toulon ; and in 1806 he made him colonel-general of hussars, and appointed iiim to the command of Paris. In tlie following year he was placed at the Jiead of the army in Portu- gal, where he remained two years, and was honored with his ducal title; but being defeated at tiie battle of Vimieru by Sir Arthur Wcllesley, (tiie duke of Wellington,) he was compelled to capit- ulate, lie subsequently served in Spain, and was made governor of the Illyrian provinces. D. ISlS.^Madame, duchess of Abrantes, wife of the preceding, was from her infancy intimate with Napo- leon. Iler estates being confiscated in 1814, the Emperor Alexander offered tlieir restoration, on condition of her beeomiug a naturalized Russian. She refused, and remained in Paris, living quite literally by the labors of her pen. The best known of her writings are the celebrate I " Memoirs," which had a prodigious run. But she experienced the only too common fate of authors; harassed by creditors, she retired to a maison do sante ; where she died, in 1838. JURIEU, Pf.tkr, a French Protestant divine and theologian, was b. in 1637. He studied in England, under his ma- ternal uncle, Peter du Moulin; and, while there, was episeopally ordained ; but the French Protestants disapprov- ing of episcopal ordination, he was re- ordained according to the form of Ge- neva. He filled the chair of divinity at Sedan with reputation ; but, when that university was taken from tiie Protest- ants, he retired to Holland, and settled at Rotterdam, where he became a vio- lent polemic, and engaged in some fierce contentions with Bayle and others. Ilis principal works are a " Preservative against Popery," "La Politique du Clerge," " L'Aecomplissement des Pro- phites," " Ilistoire de Calvinisrao et du Papifiinc," and '' Ilistoire des Dog- nies et des C'ultes." D. 1713. JL'SSIEU, Dk; Anthony, Bernard, and Joseph ; three eminent Freneli bot- anists and physicians. Tlie first was b. at Lyons in 1686, and d. in 1758. He enriched tlie memoirs of the Academy of Sciences at Paris with several valua- ble papers, the residt of observations made in his travels, on botany and min- eralogy, lie also wrote the appendix to Tournefort, and abridged liarcllier'a work upon the plants of France, Spain, and Italy ; he was likewise the author of a '' Discourse on the Progress of Botany." — Bernard, brotlier of the pre- cednig, was b. at Lyons in 16'J"J, and d. in 1776. He published an edition of "Tournefort's History of Plants about Paris," and was the author of f. booK, entitled "The Friend of Humanity, or the advice of a good Citizen to the Na- tion." He was botanical demonstrator at the king's garden, and was much es- teemed by Louis XV^. Cuvier calls him "the most modest, and, perhaps, the most profound, botanist of the 18th century, who, although he scarcely pub- lished any thing, is nevertheless the in- spiring genius of modern botanists." — ■ Joseph, was also a member of the Acad- emy of Sciences at Paris, and accompa- nied Condainine to Pern, in 1735. He was not only a good naturalist and phy- sician, but an excellent engineer. He published a journal of his voyages, and d. in 1770. JUSTEL, Christopher, a French statesman and juridical writer of the 17th century, was b, in 1580, and d. in 1649. He was well acquainted with ecclesiastical antiquities and the canon law, respecting which he publislied scv- end learned works, and loft valuable MS. collections. — His son Henry sent his father's MSS. to the university of Oxford, for which he was compliment- ed witli the degree of LL.D. On the revocation of the edict of Nantes, he came to London, and was appointed keeper to the king's library. He pub- lished, chiefly from his tiuhcr's collec- tion, " Bibliotheea Canonici veteris," and also some able works of his own. B. 16iO; d. 10'J3. JUSTI, John Henry Gotti.ob de, an eminent German mineralogist, wlio, af- ter gaining some literary reputation at the university of Jena in 17:;0, enlisted as a eouimon soldier in the Prussian service. He rose to the rank of lieuten- ant ; was cashiered and imprisoned for juv] CYCLOP.EblA OF BIOGRAPHY, 541 iusa1)ordirmtion, but tniulo his escape to Leipsic, and iiiaiiitained liiinselfby wri- ting tor tlic press. In 17r)5 ho became professor of political economy and natural iiistory at Goltinffcn ; biit hav- ing written too freely on the I'riissian government, was arrested, and ended nis days a prisoner in the fortress of Custrin, in 1771. He was the author of a "Treatise on Money," a "Treatise on Mincraldgy," " Miscellanies on Cliem- istry ami Mineralogy," and "A Com- plete Treatise on Manufactures." JUSTIN, a Latin historian, who pro- bably lived at Home in the 2d or 8d century. He made an epitome of the history of Trogus Pompeiiis, a native of Gaul, who lived in the time of Au- gustus, and whose works, in 44 books, contain a history of the world, from the earliest ages to his own time. Justin has been illustrated by the most able commentators, and particularly by Gra3- vius. — St., a Ciiristian philosopher and martyr in the 2d century, was a native of Sichem, in Samaria. A persecution breaking out against the Christians, un- der Antoninus^ Justin presented to that emperor an admirable apology in their behalf, which had the desired etfeet. He afterwards addressed another apology to Marcus Aurelius, in which he de- fended those of his religion against the calumnies of Cresoens, a Cynic philoso- pher. For this, and his neglect of pa- gan worship, he was condemned to be scourged and then beheaded, which sentence was put in execution, a. d. 164., in the 7.ith year of Ins age. JUSTINIAN T., surnamed the Great, nephew of Justin I., emperor of the East, and celebrated as a lawgiver, was b. in 483, of an obscure family. He shared the fortunes of his uncle, who, from a common Thracian peasant, was raised to the imperial throne; and at whose death, in "'27, he obtained the ex- elusive sovereignty. He was then in his 45th year, and distinguished for his devotional austerity; but immediately upon his elevation he solemnly espoused Theodora, an actress and courtesan, whose inll.ience over him was unbound- ed. During the reign of Justinian many conquests were made by his brave general Belisarius. In 523 and 52it he obtained three glorious victories over the Persians ; in 534 he destroyed the empire of the Vandals in Africa; Spain and Sicily were reconquered ; and the Ostrogoths, who possessed Italy, were vanquished. The principal event, how- ever, which has rendered ilie reign of 46 Justinian interesting to posterity, waa the celebrated retijrmation of the Ko- niaii jurisprudence. He commissioned Tribonian, aided by other learned civil- ians, to fortn a new cotle from his owp laws and those ol'his predecessors. Ti this code Justinian added the "Pan- dects," the "Institute," and the " No- velliE," since called, collectively, tho body of civil law, (corpus juris c'ivilis.) He likewise embellished the capital with numerous magnificent churches, amonc which is the celebrated Sancta Sophia'^ now subsisting as the principal mosque in Constantinople. Bridges, aijueducts, hospitals, fortresses, and other public works, were also undertaken thi-ough- out the various provinces of the empire. But towards the end of his lite he be- came avaricious, opi^ressed the people with taxes, and lent a willing ear to every accusation ; and at length, full of cares and disquietudes, he d. in 565, after a reign of 38 years, and in the 83d of his age.— II. was the elder son of Constantine Pogonatiis, whom he sue cceded in 685. Ho recovered several provinces from the Saracens, and made an advantageous peace with them ; but his exactions, cruelties, and debauch- eries tarnished the glory of liis arms. He was slain, with bis son Tiberius, in 711, by Philippieus Bardanes, his suc- cessor. JUSTINIANI, AuGusTm, bishop of Nebo, in Corsica, was a prelate of dis- tinguished literary abilities. He was the author of " Annales do Republica Genoensi ;" a "Psalter in Hebrew, Greek, Arabic, and Clialdce, with Latin notes," &e., being the first of the kind that ever appeared in print. He per- ished in a voyage from Corsica to Ge- noa, in 1536.— St. Lawuenck, the first patriarch of Venice, was b. there in 1381 ; d. in 1485 ; and was canonized by Pope Alexander VIII. in 1690. He was the author of several devotional works. — Bernard, nephew of the preceding, was b. at Venice, in 1408 ; was em- ployed in several important missions by Calixtus III. ; wrote a Iiistory of Veniee, which has been considered the first regular attempt of the kind, and the lite of his uncle, Lawrence the patriareii ; and d. in 1489. JUVENAL, Decius Junius, a Latin poet, remarkable for tlio caustic severity of his satires, was b. at' Aquinum, in Campania, about the beginning of the reign of Claudius. He studieil rhetorio under the most celeVirated masters, and became an eminent pleader at tiie bur; 542 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [kai but satire was his forte. His first essay as a poetical satirist was directed against the player, Paris, who was tlie minion of Doinltian ; for wliicli he was seat into an lionorable Ivind of exile, by being made eomuiander of a cohort at Pen- tapolis, on the borders of Egypt. Oji Doiuitian's death he returned to Koine, where lie d. in his SOtli year, .v. u. 1'28. lie may be said to have been the last of the Roman poets, and as the bold and unflinching castigator of vice he stands without a rival. Good as are his iirten- tions, however, and forcible as are his denunciations, the moral indelicacy of the age in which he lived renders the satires of Juvenal too gross in their do- tails for readers of the present day. Able translations have been made by Dryden, Gittbrd, &e. K. KAAB, a celebrated Arabian poet, cotemporary with Mahomet, whom he at first strenuously opposed, but after- wards eulogized. As a reward for wri- ting a poem in his favor, the prophet gave him his green mantle, which one of the descendants of Kaab sold for 10,000 pieces of silver. D. 062. KAAS, Nicholas, an eminent Danish statesman, was b. 1535, and studied in the universities of Germany. In 1573 he was made chancellor of Denmai'k ; and, on the death of King Frederic 11., in 1588, he was nominated to fill the situation of first regent during the mi- nority of Christian t. 1). 15'J4. KABRIS, Joseph, a French sailor, who, being taken prisoner by the En- glish, obtained permission to enter on board a South sea whaler, and being wrecked on the coast of tlie island of Noakahiwa, in the Pacific ocean, fell into the hands of the cannibal inhabit- ants. While preparations were making for his intended fate, and his doom ap- peared inevitable, he was saved by the mtercession of the king's daughter, who shortly after became his wife. Being now allied to royalty, he was made chief judge of the island, which otfice he ex- ercised with reputation and comparative ease, owing to the simplicity of their legal institutions. Nine years thus passed away, and Kabris lived in the enjoyment of domestic happiness, when lie was carried otif, as he stated, while asleep, by the Russian navigator. Cap- tain Krusenstern. On returning to France, in 1817, he exhibited himself to the public at Paris and elsewhere, his face being tattooed in the New Zealand .ifyle. His object was to raise money, to enable him to return to his wife and family at Noukahiwa; but, while trav- sUing for this purpose, he d. suddenly at Versailles, 1822. KiEill'FER, E.NQELBKECHT, a cele- brated physician, naturalist, and travel- ler, was b. at Leingo, in Westphalia, 1651; studied at Dantzic, Thorn, and Cracow; performed a journey, in 1683, as secretary to a Swedish embassy, by land through Russia and Persia; after which he visited Arabia, Hindostan, Java, Sumatra, Siam, and Japan, in which last country he resided two year* In 1692 he returned to his native coun- try, took his degree of M.D. at Leyden, and entered upon medical practice. He was the author of a " History of Japan," '' Amcenitates Exoticas." &c. D. 1716. KAESTNER, Abraham Gotthklf, a mathematician, astronomer, and poet, was b. 1719, at Leipsic; and tilled the situation of professor of mathematics at Gottingen, with the highest reputation for more than 40 years. His soientifio works are extremely numerous, of which the principal is a "History of Mathe- matics." D. 1799. KALB, baron de, a major-general in the American army, was b. in Germany, about the year 1717. He entered into the French service when young, and continued in it 42 years. In 1757, du- ring the war between Great Britain and France, he was sent by the French gov- ernment to the American colonies, in order to see with what effect the seeds of discontent against the mother country might be sown" among them. While in the performance of this commission ho was seized as a suspected person, but escaped detection. He then went to Canada, where lie remained until its conquest by the British, after which ho returned to Fnnice. During t!ie war of the revolution he oflfered his services to the congress, which were accepted. On the loth of August, 1778, when Lord Rawdon defeated General Gates, near Camden, the baron commanded tho right wing of the American army, and fell covered with wounds. KAU] CYCLOPAEDIA OF EIOGUAPilY. 543 KALE, or KALF, "William, nn eitii- tieiit jjiiiiityr, wus b. at Amsterchini, in lOtJO. lie hail tlie power of Keiiibraiult in (.listributiii;^ lii.s liirbt and shade, wliilc lu correctness and dci'eacy he equalled reiiiurs. D. 16y;3. KALKBKEiN'NEK, Christian, an ein- iucat musical conii>o.>cr, was b. 17.35, at Mundcii, in Prussia : was a pupil of Eni:iniicl Baeli ; and having inaile con- siderable proirrcss both in the theoret- ical and practical branches of the profes- Biou, iutcred the scr\ ice of Prince Henry of Prussia, and finally settled in Paris, where his reputation obtained him the appointment of sin^intc-niaster to the ncauemy of music, which he held till his death, in ISClO. — Cukistiam Frederic, a distinguished piainst, son of the above, was b. at Cassel, 1784. Having acquired, at an early age, a high reputation as a brilliant performer on the pianoforte, be removed in 1S06 to Paris, whence he made frequent professional tours throughout Europe, his fame daily in- creasing, both from his own perform- ances and tlie brilliant compositions whicli he gave to the world. In 1814 he removed to London, where he remained 9 years. He once returned to the Freneli capital in 1822, when he joined M. Pley- del as a manufacturer of keyed instru- ments, and continued to occupy a prom- inent position in the musical \vorld till his decease. D. 1849. KALM, Peter, a Swedish traveller and natural philosopher, was b. 171o, in Ostro Bothnia; travelled in North Ainericii and Russia, for the purpose of exploring those countries ; became pro- fessor of botany in the university of Abo, and d. 177'J. His works consist of "Travels in America,'' which have been translated into English; besides numerous dissertations, illustrative of the state of commerce, agriculture, and manufactures in Sweden. KANT, Emmanuel, a celebrated Gor- man metaphysician, and the founder of a new pliilosot)hioal sect, was b. at Ko- nigsberg, in Prussia Proper, 1724, and was the son of a saddler. Througli the kindness of a rich uncle he was educated at tiie Frederician college, on leaving whicli he accepted the situation of tutor in a clergyman's family. He commenced his literary career in his 2odyear; but t was not till he was appointed a pro- fessor in the university of Kouigsberg, 'n 1770, that any traces of his new mel^ iphysical system, which afterwards al- tracted so mu ;h notice, appeared in his works, lu 17 SI he published his " Crit- ical Inouiry into the Nature of Pure Keason,'' wiiicli contains the system commonly known under the title of tho '•Critical Philosophy.'" A second part of it, nublished in ifss, bore the title of "Prolegomena for future Metaphysics." The principles contained in them ho had, however, long been promulgating from his professional chair. In 178*) he was chosen rector of the university; and, though far advanced in life, he continued to produce works in further development of his philosophical prin- ciples, luitil 1798, when he retired frcin his official situations, and d. in 1804. Kant was a man of high intellectual en- dowments ; and his ciitical philosophy for a time superseded every other in the Protestant universities of Germany. KAKAMSIN, Nicholas Michaelo- vrrscH, imperial Russian historiograiiher, wash. 176'>; educated atMoscovv; served for a while in the imperial guards, and travelled for two years, through Middle Europe ; after which he devoted himself to literature. His " History of the Ru!<- sian Empire," the " Letters of a Russian Traveller," and "Aglia," a collection of tales, are all works of merit, and in much esteem. D. 1826. KAUFMANN, Maria Anna Angel- ica, a distinguished artist, b. at Coire, in the Grisons, 1741. She acquired the first principles of drawing and painting from her father, whom she soon excelled. At Milan, Florence, Rome, and Naples she greatly increased her skill ; and when, in 176G, she went to England, and was patronized by royalty, her rep- utation and success quickly improved her circumstances. She remained there seventeen years ; married Zuechi, a Ve- netian p:tinter ; and d. at Rome, in 1807. She excelled most in the I'cpre- sentation of female characters ; and many of her most admired paintings were engraved by Bartolozzi, whose labors much contributed to the growth and perpetuity of her tame. KAUNITZ, Wenceslaus Antfiont, Prince, a German statesman. wa.s b. at V'ienua, in 1711 ; and though at first destined for the church, he finally en- gaged in political life. His talents, allied by a favorable exterior, openeil a brilliant career to him. In 1744 he was made minister of state for the kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia; in 1748 he assisted at the congress of Aix-la-Cha- pellc, was honoreil with the order of the golden fleece by Maria Theresa, and employed as ambassador to I'aris ; re- turned to Vienna in 1753, and took tlia 544 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [keb offlcfi of chancellor of state: concluded the treaty of alliance between Austria and Franco, in 17.")G ; was made a prince of the German empire iu 1764, and d. 17it4. KAYE, or CAIUS, Dr. John, the founder of Cains college, Cambridge, was b. at Norwich, in ISIO ; was edu- cated for the medical profession, first at Glouville hall, Cambridge, and subse- quently at Bologna, where he graduated as M.D. On his return to England he became physician to tlie court, and held that otKce duringthreesuccessive reigns. He was for several years president of the college of physicians ; and, in 1557, he obtained a royal license to advance Glonville hall into a college, which he endowed with several considerable es- tates, and added to it the quadrangle. D. 1573. KEAN, Edmund, an eminent English tragedian, was the son of a scenc-car- E enter of the name of Kean, (whose rother, Moses Kean, obtained some notoriety as a mimic and a ventrilo- quist,) and the daughter of the well- Icnown George Saville Carey, a dramatic writer and performer. He was b. in Castle-street, Leicester-square, London, in 1787. He trod the stage almost as soon as he could walk alone, being em- ployed in processions, &c., thus imper- ceptibly acquiring the rudiments of his theatrical education under the eye of that great actor, John Kemble, whose rival he was afterwards destined to be- come. Miss Tidswell, an actress long known on the metropolitan stage, and said to have been a relation, assisted Kean in his juvenile efforts, and, at the age of 13, recommended him to a com- pany of players in Yorkshire. He per- formed there under the najne of Carey, and is said to have obtained much ap- plause in the parts of Hamlet, Lord Hastings, and Cato. He also distin- guisheij liimself by his talents for reci- tation; and his delivery of Satan's Ad- dress to the Sun, from Milton's Paradise Lost, and the first soliloquy in Sliak- speare's Richard IH. having been highly applauded, he repeated his recitations at Windsor, before some of the royal family. He had also the good fortune to attract the notice of Dr. Drury, who sent him to Eton, where he remained three years, and is said to have made great progress in classical studies, de- voting much of his attention to the precepts and' examples of Cicero. On quitting Eton he procured an engage- ment at Bhmingham, where he was seen by the manager of the Edinburgh theatre, who engaged him for twenty nights, on twelve of which lie performed Hamlet to crowded houses. He was at this time only sixteen ; antl we finil that his provincial engagements led him, in the course of a few years, to nearly all the principal towns in the south and west of England, playing in tragedy, comedy, opera, and pantomime. In the mean time, Dr. Drury, his old patron, had reconnnended him to the directing committee of Drurv-lane, as fitted to revive that declining theatre. He was, in consequence, engaged there for three years, at a rising salary of eight, ten, and twelve guineas a week for each suc- cessive year. His first appearance was on the "26tl) of .January, 1814, '}n the character of Shylock. In 1820 he vi«ited the United States, and performed in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston, on the whole with great success. After his return to England, the extrav- agance and dissoluteness which had al- ways disgraced his character, involved him in great embarrassments ; and a second visit to America, in 1825, was attended with little credit or advantage. He returned again to England, and be- came manager of the theatre at Kich- mond, Surrey, where he d. May 15, IS'iS. KEATS, .John, a young English poet, of humble oriijin, was b. in 1796, at a livery-stable, kept by his grandfather in Moorfields. He was apprenticed to a surgeon, but gave way to the ambition of becoming a poet. He published " Endyraioa," a poetical romance, in 1818; and, in 1820, his last and best work, " Lamia," and other poems. Being: in feeble health, from a i^evere pulmonary disease, he was advi.sed to try the fine climate of Italy, where he arrived in November, 1820, accompanied by his friend Mr. Severn the artist, and d". in Rome on the 27tli of December following. He was interred in tlie En- glish burying-ground, near the monu- ment of Caius Cestius, and not far from the place where, soon after, were de- positeil the remains of the poet Shelley. Mr. Leigh Hunt, who was his earliest and warmest patron, describes him as havinsr "a very manly as well as a deli- cate spirit," and being gifted with " the two highest qualities of a poet in the highest degree — sensibility and imagi- nation." KEBLE, Joseph, an English lawyer, whose industry was so remarkal)le du- ring his whole life, that some account of it is absolute'y due t) his memory. ekl] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 545 He was born about 1632, studied nt Ox- ford, and was called to the bar in 1C58. Three years afterwards he began to si<;- Dalize himself by the constant reirnlarity of his appearance in the court of Kinij's Bench, where from that time to the day of liis decease, a period of nearly half a century, he occupied himself incessantly ns a reporter ot the cases which came before tJie court. Nor was he less per- severing while attending the chapel, copies of upwards of 4000 sermons, de- livered by various preachers in that place of worship, bemg found among liis papers when lie d., in 1710. His publications are numerous, the principal being, "A Table to the Statutes," " As- Bistanee to .Justices of the Peace," "Ke- ports," and " Essays on Human Nature and Human Actions." KEILL, John, a learned mathemati- cian, was b. at Edinburgh, in 1671. In 1693 he published an examination of Burnet's " Theory of the Earth," to which he subjoined "Remarks on Whis- ton's Theory." The year following he was appointed deputy-professor of nat- ural philosophy ; ancl in 1701 he pub- lished his " Introdiictio ad Veram rliy- Bicam," as a preparation for the study of Newton's " Frnieinia." In 170S he defended Newton's claim to the inven- tion of Fluxions, which brought him into a dispute with Leibnitz. In 1709 he was ay)poiuted treasurer to the Ger- man exiles from the Palatinate, and attended them in that capacity to New England. He next defended Newton's doctrine against the Cartesians, and re- ceived his degree of M.D. In 1714 he was chosen Savilian professor of astron- omy at Oxford, and the year following appointed decipherer to the queen. Among his works are, " An Introduc- tion to True Philosophy" and " An Introduction to True Astronomy." D. 1721. KEISER, Reinhard, an eminent Ger • man musician and composer, was b. at Leipsic, in 1673. He was the author of 118 operas, of which his "Circe,'' brought out at Hamburgh in 1734, was the last and most beautiful. He pos- Bessed a most fertile imagination, and is considered as the father of German melodv. D. 173i. KELLERMANN, Francis Christo- pher, duke of Valmy, peer au'i marshal of France, &c., was b. at Strasburg, in 173 1 ; entered the Conflans legion as a hussar when 17 years of age, and rose to the rank of quartermaster-general in 1788. At the breaking out of the revo- 46* lution he distinguished himself by hia patriotism and judgment. At the com- mencement of the war he received the command of the army of the Moselle ; formed a junction with the main army under Dunioiiriez; and sustained, Sept. 2iith, 17'.»2, the celcl)rated attack of the duke of Hnuiswick at Valmy, which contributed nmch to the success of the campaign. He was repeatedly denoun- ced to the national convention by Ciislino and others ; but his trial not taking place till after the reign of terror, he was ac- quitted. In 1795 he took the conunand of the army of the Alps and Italy, Itut he was soon superseded by Bonaparte. In 1798 he was nominated a member of the military board; in 1801 ho was pres- ident of the conservative senate, and the followins: year a marshal of the empire. He served under Napoleon in Gernumy and Prussia; and having, in 1814, voted for the restoration of royalty, was em- ployed under the Bourbons till his death in i820. KELLEY, or TALBOT, Edward, a celebrated necromancer and alchemist, was b. at Worcester in lo5.n, and edu- cated at Gloucester hall, Oxtbrd ; but was obliged to leave the university for some crime, and after rambling about the kingdom, was sentenced to lose his ears at Lancaster. He next became an associate with the credulous Dr. Dee, and accompanied him to Prague, where Kel- ley contrived to live handsomely by his impostures, and was knighted by tho Emperor Rodolphus ; but his tricks being discoverea, he was thrown into prison, and in attempting to escape, ho fell, and bruised himself to such a de- gree, that he d. soon after, in 1595. He wrote a poem on chemistry, and another on the philosopher's stone ; besides sev- eral liatin and Enalish discourses printed in Dr. Merie Casaubon's "True and faithful Relation of what passed for many years between Dr. John Dee and some Spirits." KELLY, Hron, a dramatic and mis- cellaneous writer, was b. in 1739, near the lake of Killarney. He was appren- ticed to a staymaker, which trade ho quitted when in London, and became clerk to an attorney. Afterwards he turned his attention to authorship with considerable success, writing political pamphlets, plays, &c. Hi-' works are, "False Delicacy," "A Word to tho Wise," "The School for Wives," the ."Romance of an Hour," comedies; "Cle- mentina," a tragedy ; " Thespis"" a poem in the manner of Churchill's " Kosciad ;" 546 CyCLOPiEDIA OF I!I0G1;APIIT. KEM •'Louisa MilJn.ny," a, novel ; ami "The Biibbk-r," a eolfuction of essays. D. 1777. —John, a loarnei.l Jlnglisli clcrgy- ni;ai. was a nitive or' I)ouirl:is, in tiie Isle of Man, and b. in I7o0. Ilavinif paid a particular attention to the vernacular dialect of llie Celtic tongue, which was spolcen in th;it island, he was introduced to Bishop Hildusley, who employed him in translatinir the Bible into the Manks lauguage, and ordained him a minister of the Episeopal congregation of Ayr, in Scotland. Throngh the patronage of Iho duke of Gordon, to whose son, the marquis of Huntly, he was tutor, he obtained the rectory of C.'opford, in Essex ; and having entered at St. Jolni's collesre, Cambridtre, he was there lion- orciTwith the degree of LL.D. In I8118 he published " A Practical Grammar of the Ancient Gaelic, or Language of the Isle of Man;" and in ISO") issued pro- posals for publis'TuTX "A TriLdot Diction- ary of the Celtic Tongue," wliieli was nearly completed when tlie sheets were destroyed bv a fire on the premises of Mr. Nichols, the printer, p. 1809.— Michael, a composer and singer, was the son of a wine merchant in Dublin, who, for many years, acted as master of the ceremonies at the viceregal castle. lie was b. in 1762, and at an early age gave proofs of genius for music, which induced his father to place him under Kauzzini, at that time in Dublin, who prevailed on liis friends to send liiin to Kaples, where he arrived when in liis lOtli year. He there found a patron in Sir William Hamilton, the British min- ister; stuilied under Fineroli and Ap- rili ; and subsequently performed at most of the Italian theatres, and ill Germany. He contracted a close inti- macy with Mozart during liis slay at Vienna ; was for some time in the ser- vice of the Emperor Joseph ; and at length returned to London, where lie made his first appearance, in 1787, at Drnrv-hine theatre, in "Lionel and Cla- rissa," and retained his situation as first singer at tint tlie;itre, the musical per- formances of which he directed till his rciremcnt from the stage. He set to music upwards of 60 pieces, most of which were successful, and araouirst these are the once highly popular com- positions in Colman's musiciil romance of "Bluebeard." A few months previ- ous to his death appeared his " Reminis- cences," a very amusing work, ri^plete with anecdotes of his cotemporaries »nd familiar associates. I). lS-26. KEMBLE, John Philip, the most dig- nified and accomplished actor on the Ih-iiish staire since the days of Garrick, was the eldest son of Roger Keuible, manager of a company of comedians at I'rescot, in Lancashire, where he was b. in 1757. Being of Catholic parents, he was sent to the English college at Doiiay, where he early distinguished himself by his proficiency in elocution, and had Talma for a fellow-student. Finding that his father . He was afterwards manager of the theatres of Edinburgh, Glaso-ow, Liverpool, and Newcastle; and he was remarkable for playing the part of Falstaff without stuftin?. D. 1822. — Priscilla, widow of John Philip Kemble, the eminent trasredian, d. at Leaminsrton, atred '.'O. on the 1:3th of May, ]84r)." This lady, like the widow of Mr. Garrick, long sur\ ived her celebrated husband, and, it is said, ken] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 547 was (like licr) the oldest member of the theatrical profession at the time of her decease. She entered on that public career in very early youth, and was first married to Mr. lirereton, an actor of considerable celebrity. Not many years lifter his death she was united to Mr. Kemble, and on his death in 18'23, she took up her residence at Leamington, where she lived highly respected ; her lively conversation and knowledge of the world rendering her society no less desirable, than her liberal and charitable disposition had made it useful. KEMP, Joseph, an eminent musical composer, was b. at Exeter, in 1778, and was a chorister in the cathedral of his native city, where he studied under tlie celebratec'l William Jackson. In 1802, havinar been appointed organist of Bris- tol catliedral, he removed thither, and in the same year composed one of his best anthems, " I am Alpha and Omega," In 1807 he left Bristol for London, and the year following took the degree of M.B. at Cambridge. In ISO'J he pro- ceeded to that of doctor, when his exer- cise entitled " The Cruciiixion" was performed.. He now became a lecturer on music at several institutions, and in- vented a new mode of teaching the Bcienee. His principal works are, " A new System of Musical Education, be- ing a Self-Instructor," "Twenty Psahn- odieal Melodies," "The Siege of Isclia," an opera, with a variety of songs, glees, duets, &c. KEMPELEN, Wolfgang, Baron, a celebrated mathematician, was b, in 1734, at Presburg, in Hungary. Among his inventions was the famous automa- ton chess-player, which he first exhibit- ed at Pans in 1783, and afterwards in London ; but tlie secret of it was never discovered. He also invented a speak- ing figure, which he himself described in"a work called "The Mechanism of Speech." He was also an author, and wrote " Perseus and Andromeda," a drama, " Tlie Unknown Benefactor," a comedy, and some poems. D. 1804. KEMPIS, Thomas a, a famous writer of the 14th cent\iry, was b. at a village of that name, in the diocese of Cologne, in 1380, and (1. in 1471. His treatise, "Be Imitatione Christi," or, "Of the Imitation of Christ," some have at- tributed to Gerson. KEN, Thomas, a learned and pious dignitary of the church of England, was b.at Berkhamstead, in Hertfordshire, {iilfi37. B. 1711. KENNEY, James, a distinguished dramatist, many of whose pieces still keep possession of the stau2, was b. iu Ireland, about 1670. His lively farce of " liaising the Wind," with its in- imitable character of Jeremy Diddlcr, was his first dramatic production. Tliis was soon followed by " Love, Law, ami Physic," "Matrimony," "The World," "The Illustrious Stranger," &c. Ilia healtli had been for a long time infirm, and he d. on the morning fixed for his benefit at Drury-lane theatre, Aug. 1, 1849. KENNICOTT, Benvamix, an able di- vine and biblical critic, was a native of Totness, Devonshire, of which place hi-s father was parish clerk. He was edu- cated at "\\ adham college, Oxford, be- came vicar of Culham, preacher of Whitehall, librarian of the Kadcliffe, a prebend of Westminster, and canon of Christ-church. Dr. Kennicott's lit- erary fame mainly rests on his Hebrew Bible, in collating the numerous manu- scripts for the text of which he was incessantly occupied durinsr more than ten years. Though some object to thia great work, that the author was insuf- ficiently acquainted with the Eastern languages, yet every scholar admits that he rendered great service to the cause of science and religion by opening the wav in this department of biblical criti- eisiii. D. 1783. KENRICK, William, a miscellaneous writer, was b. at Watford, in Hertford- shire. He was brought up as a rule- maker, but quitted his trade, obtained a doctor's degree at Ley.len, and became an industrious author and critic. He estalilished the " London Keview," in which many critiques of merit appeared, too often, however, contaminated by vituperative language and unwarrant- able personalities. He compiled a " Dic- tionary of the English Language," and wrote various works, among which are the comedies of " Falslutf' s Wedding," " The Widowed Wife," and " The Duel- list," "Epistles, Philosophical and Moral," and various poems. D, 1779. KENT, James, b. July 31, 171)3, in Fredericksb>irg, then part of Duchesa eountv, N. Y., received liis preparatory education at Norwalk, Ct., and entered Yale college in 1777. In July, 1779, du- rinir the invasion of New Haven, tho college exercises were suspendeJj ar.d it was during this period that the future chancellor acquired a fondness tor the profession of the law. He then first read Blackstone, and read it witn care and enthusiasm. He was graduated with 548 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, [ker distinguished lienor in 1781. Upon leaving colluge he studied tlic law with Egbert Benson, attorney-general of the state ot' New York, and in 1787 was ad- mitted, at Albany, a counsellor of the supreme court of the state. In 17iJU, and again in 17y'3, while residing at Poughkeepsie, he was elected to the legislature from his native county, but in 1793, having lost his election by a few votes, he removed to tiie city of New York, and became professor of law in Columbia college. Ill 17iH5 he was appointed a master in chancery, and in the next year was made recorder of the city. In 1798 he was appointed associate justice of the supreme court. lu July, IjOi, lie was appointed chief justiue, and iu J^cbruary, 1614-, he abandoned the latter office for that of chancellor, and on July 31, 1823, after hearing and de- ciding every case tliat had been brought before him, he retired from office, agree- ably to the provisions of tlie constitution of 1821, which disqualitied for judicial office all above sixty years of age. Tliis event was universally regarded with re- gret. The bar of New Y'ork, the bar of Albany, and such gentlemen as were then attending the supreme court at Utica, vied with each other in cxpres- eions of respect. Tlie letters wliicli are preserved iu the seventh volume of '•Johnson's Chancery lieports," are signed by the most distinguished law- yers in the state, and prove that, great as had been his merits as a judge, the warmth and generosity of his feelings had left an impression not less decided. The next year he was reappointed law professor in Columbia college, and the lectures which he tiiere delivered formed the basis of his celebrated " Comment- aries." D. 1847. KENY^ON, Lloyd, Lord, a celebrated judge, was b. at Gredington, Flintshire, 1733. He became n member of tlie so- ciety of Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the bar iu 1761, but he does not appear to have made a conspicuous figure till 1780, when he led the defence, with Mr. Erskine, for Lord George Gordon. In 1782 he was made attorney -general and chief justice of Chester. lie w:'.s also returned to parliament for Ilindon, in Wiltshire. In 1784 he was appointed master of the rolls, and, on the resigna- tion of the earl of Mansfield, in 1788, he was raised to the office of chief justice of the King's Bench, and created Baron Kenyon. D. 1802. KEPLER, John, a distinguished as- tronomer and mathematician, was b. iu 1.571, at Wiel, in the duchy of Wirtem burg. He was educated at Tubingen, under Msestlins, and, in 1591, was ap- pointed professor of astronomy at Gralz, soon after which he published his " Mysteriiim Cosmographicuin." In 1598 he was banished the university for professing the reformed religion, but was afterwards recalled, and restored to his office. In 16o0 he was invited by Tyclio Brahe to join hiin in Bohemia; and when Tycho died, he became itatli- ematician to the Emperor Rodolph, who employed him in completing the Kodol- pliine tables. To Kepler we are indebt- ed for the discovery of the laws which regulate the movements of the planetarj' boLlies, their ellipticity, &c. ; and he accordingly ranks among the first class of astronomers. Among his scientific productions are "The Kodolpliine Ta- bles," "Optical Astronomy," "Har- mony of the World," " Coperuican Astronomy," &c. D. 1630. KEPPEL, Augustus, Viscount, ac- companied Commodore Anson in his voyage round the world, and afterwards passed through all the gradations of the service, till he attained the rank of ad- miral. In 1778 he commanded tba Channel fleet, which, on the 12th of July, in that year, fell in with the French, under count d'Orvillicrs, off Ushant. A partial action ensued, which the English admiral thought to have renewed in the morning, but the enemy had retired. This affair gave great dis- satisfaction to the nation, which v/as aggravated by Sir Hugh Palliser, second in command, preferring a charge against Admiral Keppel ; but he was honorably acquitted by a court-martial at Ports- mouth. Sir Hugh was then tried and censured. In 1782 he was raised to the peerage ; he was also at two separate pe- riods first lord of the admiralty. D. 17S»5. KERGUELEN TREMAREC. Yves Joseph dk, a French navigator, w is b. at Brest, in 1745. After having been employed on the coast of Iceland, to protect the whale fishery, he was sent, in 1771, on an exploatory voyage to the South Sea; and hav ng returned with a flattering account of a supf)0sed conti- nent towards the south pole, was again sent on a similar expedition in 1773. On his return he was charged with h iv- ing abandoned a boat's crew on a desert shore, for which he was cashiered and imprisoned, but he was at length lib- erated. He published accounts of his voyages to t!ie North and South Seas^ and d. in 1797. kin] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 549 KERH, R )BERT, a snrffcon at Edin- burjrli, who devoted hiiiiselt' principiilly to the physical sciences, and distiu- cruishcd himself as an industvioiis au- thor and translator. Aniontj his works are, "A History of Scotland durinir the reij^n of Kuhert Bruce," " Ciivier's The- ory of the Earth," a "General Collec- tion of Voyages and Travels," &c., &c. D. 1814. KEKliICK, Thomas, principal libra- rian of the university of Cunibridjre, author of "Observations on the Gothic BuildiniTs abroad, particularly those in Italv, and on Gothic Architecture in geu'cral." ]). 1S28. KKSSEL, Joii\ VAX, an artist, was h. at Antwerp, in 1626, and d. about 1690. He painted portraits in the manner of V^andyke, but excelled in the represent- ation of flowers, fruits, and insects. KETEL, Cornelius, a Dutch artist. He went to England in the reign of Eliz- abeth, wliose portrait he painted, as well as the portraits of many of the no- bility. On liis return to Holland he laid aside the use of pencils, and painted with the tops of his fingers, and even with ills toes. D. ]6i:>2. RETT, Henky, a divine and an ac- comiilished scholar, was b. in 1761, at Norwich, was educated at Trinity col- lege, O.vford, was appointed Bampton lecturer in ITQi"', and rector of Charlton, &c. lie was the author of "History, the Interpreter of Prophecy," "Ele- ments of General Knowledge," "A Tour to the Lakes," " Emily," a moral tale, &c. Drowned while bathing, in 182.'>. — William, a tanner of Norfolk, who in the reign of Edward VI. excited a revolt against the government. After defeating the marquis of Nortliampton, Le was routed by the carl of Warwick, and Rett with several others was hanged, in 1 '140. KP3ULEX, LuDOLPH vA>f, a Dutch geometrician, who acquired great celeb- rity by his calculation of the approx- imate correspondence between the di- ameter of a cn'clc and its circumference. He tausrht inatliematies at Breda and Amsterdam. D. 1610. — .Janssex van, a portrait painter, was b. in London, of D\itcli parents, and before Vandyke came to fjigland, was in great favor with Charles' I. D. 166."). KIDDER, Richard, a learned En- slisli prelate, was a native of Susse.^, or, as some say, of Sutfolk, and was edu- cated at Emanuel eolleffe, Cambridsre, n-lierc he was elected to a fellowship. •d 16S1 he was made prcbeud of Nor- wich, and, in 1C89, dean of I'eter- borough, on which occasion he took his doctor's de;:ree. On the depriva- tion of Dr. Ken, he was consecrated bi>hop of Bath and Wells, and preached the Boyle's lecture in 16'.)-5. He and his wit'e were killed in their betl at Wells, during the night of the great storm, Nov. 26, 1703. Besides several sermons and religious tracts, he published n work, entitled "The Demonstration of the Messiah," a " Commentary on tho Pentateuch," &c. KILBYE, Richard, an Englisli di- vine, who studied at Lincoln college, Oxford, of which he became rector in l.i'jO. He was one of the translators of the present vension of the Bible, and d. in 1620. KILLIGREW, William, Thomas, and IIenrv, three brothers, distiniruislied for their talents, wit, and loyalty, in the reigns of Charles I. and 11., were the sons of Sir Robert Killisrew, of Han- worth, in Middlesex. Thomas, by his liveliness and v.-it, became a great fa- vorite witli Charles IL, and obtained the name of king's jester. — Anne, b. in 1060, had a decided genius for painting and poetry, and was distinguished for her exemplary piety and miblemished virtue, amidst the seductions of a licen- tious court. She was one of the maids of honor to the duchess of York, of whom, as well as her husband, she ex- ecute'] i)ortraits. D. 16S5. KIMBE;R, Isaac, a dissenting minis- ter, b. at Wantar from the court of B.idcn. Ho was tu'ico married. Margaret, his first wife, whom he married in 1754. and who d. iu 1758, was a woman of kindred OYCLOP/EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, KVl] gduius and literary accomplislimcnts. Among her productions are, "The Deutli of Abel," a tragedy; and "Let- ters from tlic Dead to tlie Living." D. 1803. KLUIT, Adrian, a Dutch historian, was b. at Dort in 1735; studied at Utrecht, and became professor of archae- ology and diplomatics at Leyden. His political opinions occasioned his removal from the chair in 1795; but in 1806, under the regal government, _ he was professor of suinstics. His chief work 18 a "listorv ot the political affairs of Holland to i78.i. D. 1807. KNAPl', Samvel Lorenzo, an Amer- ican author, whr wrote extensively on various subjects, graduated at Dart- mouth college, N. 11., in the year 1804 ; and was by profossiou a lawyer. As such he acquired in the early part of his life a desirable eminence. At ditferent periods, he was an inhabitant of New- buryport, Boston, and New York. His labors with his pen were frequently for means on which to subsist, and lieuce nuiny of his productions carry with them marks of haste. As a man of kind and benevolent feelings he will long be remembered by his personal friends. D. at Hopkinton, Massachu- setts, 1838. KNELLER, Sir Godfrey, an eminent portrait painter, b. at Lubeck about 1048, was designed for a military life, and sent to Leyden to study mathe- matics and fortitication, but showing a decided bent for painting, was placed under Bol and Eembrandt at Amster- dam. Having visited Italy, where he studied with Carlo Maratti and Bernini, he went to England in 1674, and was much patronized by Charles II., James II., and William III., for the latter of whom he painted the beauties at Hamp- ton Court, and several of the portraits in the gallery of admirals. His coloring ■ is lively, true, and harmonious; his drawing correct, and his disposition judicious; he displays, however, a sin- gular want of imagination in his pic- tures, the attitudes, the action, and drapery being tasteless, unvarying, and ungraceful. He was in habits of inti- macy with Pope and most of his eminent cotemporaries ; and, as he possessed a fund of humor, and was of a gay and convivial turn, his acquaint- ance was eagerly sought after. He con- tinued to practise his art till after he was seventy years of age, amassed a large fortune, and d. in 1723. KNIBB, William, a celebrated Bap- 47 553 tist missionary, was b. fit Kettering, in Northamptonshire, at the beginning of the present century. Orifrinally ap- prenticed to a printer at Br-tol. he ottered, on the death of his brother, to supply his place as a teacher of a Baptist school in Jamaica, and having repaired thither in 1824, he was in 182'J ajipointed pastor of tlie mission church at Fal- mouth, where his efforts to ameliorate the condition of the negroes were aiiii)ly rewarded by their gratitude towards him. But these vei^y efforts excited such hostility among the planters, over- seers, and others in tlie slave-holding interest, that when in 1802 a formidable slave insurrection was threatened, Mr. Knibb was not only compelled, des])ite his sacred calling, to serve in the militia, but was treated with marked indignity, and shortly afterwards arrested for be- ing implicated in the threatened rebel- lion. In the absence of all evidence to support a criminal prosecution he was released, but his chapel and mission preniises having been bl^rnt down du- ring the disturbances, he resolved to proceed to England to explain all the circumstances connected with his mis sion. Feeling that the time for neu- trality was passed, he now boldly advocated the entire and immediate abolition of slavery ; and it is not going too far to say, that his stirring haranguea throughout the country had no unim- portant share in bringing about the emancipation act of 1833. D. in Jamaica, 1845. KNIGHT, Edward, a celebrated comedian, b. at Birmingham, 1774. He performed at Driiry-lane and at the Lyceum, til! illness compelled him to quit the stage. D. 1826. — Gowin, an English philosopher, was educated at Magdalen college, Oxford, where he took his degree of bachelor of physic in 1742. He practised in London, and was chosen a fellow of the Royal Society. He published " An Attemjit to demon- strate that all the Phenomena in Nature may be explained by Attraction and Repulsion." — Henry Gally, a distin- guished traveller and antiquary, was b. 1786. In 1814 he published a poem, entitled "Europa Rediviva," and this was followed at difterent intervals by "Phrosyne, a Grecian Talc," " Alash- tor, an 'Arabian Tale." and " Hannibal in Bithynia." But Mr. Kniirht's chief title to fame consists in the zeal with which he devoted himself to the inves- tigation of architectural history both at home and abroad ; and the fruits of 554 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHr. [koo which he gave to tlic world in an " Arcliitectural Tour in Normandy," "Tlie Normans in Sicily," and his last and i;rcatest work, tlie " Ecclesiastical Architecture of Italy, &c. In 18'i4 he was for a short period M. V. for Aid- borough ; in 1830 lie sat for Malton ; and from ISoo down to his demise he wa3 one of the mcmlaors for North Notts. D. 134(5. — RioHAno Payne, a man of fortune, and a patron of learning and the tine arts, was b. in 1748. He devoted a groat portion of his time to the culti- vation of classical literature, and the elucidation of the domestic manners of the ancients ; while his splenilid collec- tion of ancient bronzes, medals, pic- tures, and drawings, in liis museum at his house in Soho-sqnare, gave suffici- ent proofs of his taste for every thing connected with virtu. The whole of this valuable collection, worth £50,000, he bequeathed to tlie British Museum, Among his works arc, " An Account of tlieEemains of the VVorsliip of Pria- pus," an " Analytical In- licist and historian, was b. at Bouxweil- ler, in Alsace, 1737; was educated at KOS] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 555 Stra'sbnrfr, nnclcr Sclioepflin ; succeed- ed liitn us professor of public law; and d. 1813, rector of the university of Strasl^urg. Amon^ his numerous and learned works are, " A View of the KevohUions of Europe ;" "An Abridged History of Treaties o'" Peace ;" and "Geneiiloo-ical Tables of the Sovereign Families of Europe." KOENIG, GiioBOE Matthias, b. at Altorf, 1611), WHS the author of a Latin " Biosraphical Dictionary," of consider- able merit. D. I(i99. — Johann Gkrard, a physician of Courland, in Lithuania, b. 17'J8, was a celebrated botanist, and travelled to tlie East Indies and other counti-ies, in pursuit of his favorite sci- ence, keeping up a correspondence at the time witli Linnajus, his old pre- ceptor. D. 178^. — Daniel, a native of Switzerland, was killed, in his 22d year, at Franekcr, by the mob, who in a pop- ular commotion, fell upon him under tlie supposition that he was a French spy, as he had been heard to converse in that language. He translated into Latin " Arbuthnot on Ancient Coins." — Sam- uel, his brother, was a good mathemat- ical scholar, and filled the professor's chair at Francker, in pliilosophy and etliics ; but afterwards settled at the Hague, having been invited thither by the prince of Orange, who made him his librarian. D. 17o7. KOLLOCII, SuEPHEKD, a lieutenant in the revolutionary war, who was at the battles of Trenton, Short Hills, Fort Lee, &c., established the "New .Jersey Journal" in 1779, and the " New York Gazetteer" in 1783, and was judge of the common pleas in Philadelphia, for 35 years. D. 1839. KORNEK, Theodore, dn eminent poet, often called the German Tyrtseus, was b. at Dresden, 1791 ; and, after Studying at Leipsic, became a dramatist and secretary to the management uf the court theatre of Vienna. Being an en- thusiast for the liberty of Germany, he entered as a volunteer in the Prussian army, in 1812; signalized himself equal- ly by his bravery and his martial songs ; was promoted for his conduct at tlie battle of Lutzen ; was afterwards twice wounded ; made a lieutenant; and foil ui a skirmish with the French, in Meck- Lenburg, August 2t!, 1813. His lyrical poems were published after his death, under the title of the " Lyre and Sword ;" but innumerable editions of his works, consisting of his dramas, poems, and other literary remains, have since been publ'shecf in Germany ; and many of his writings have been repeatedly trans- lated into P^iirlish. KONINGSMARK, Maria Atkora, countess of, was b. about 1678. Slie was cq\ially celebriited on account of her personal charms and cxtraortlinary tal- ents, and of the part which she per- formed in polilies. While a girl, sho wrote and spoke Swedish, Genran, French, Italian, and English ; read tho classics in the original ; had an exten- sive knowledge of history .and geog- raphy ; and even composed poems in French and Italian. She playctl on sev- eral instruments, composed music, sang and painted with great skill ; all which accomiilishments were aided by a refined wit and superior conversational powers. Thus gified and accomplished, she ar- rived, in 1691, in Dresden, with her two sisters. The elector fell in love with her at first sight; she yielded, appeared at court as his mistress, and bore him a son, the famous Marshal Saxe, to whose improvement she consecrated the re- mainder of her life. Though the passion of the fickle king cooled, and another ftivorite supplanted the couhtess, lie al- ways remained in terms of friendship with her; and by his influence she was appointed, by the court of Vienna, su- perintendent of Quedlinburg, where sho chieflv resided until her death, in 1768. KdSCIUSZKO, Thaddeus, a Polish general and patriot, was b. 1746, in Li- thuania, and was partly educated at the Warsaw military school, where he ex- celled in mathematics and drawing. IIo completed his stnose Napoleon, was bestowed upon him. To commcmorato his victories, he received the surname of Smolenskoi. He d. in 1813. KUYP, or CUYP, Albert, a cele 558 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [lab brated painter, whose father was an able landscape painter, waj b. at Dort in 160(5. lie particularly excelled in tlie purity and brilliancy of lijrlit; and was not surpassed, even by Claude, in an accurate representation of the atmo- sphere, and of the vai-ious effects of sun- shine or shade upon the objects de- lineated. Ilis paintinirs are all highly finished, and many of them grace the prini'ip;d collections in Great Britain. U. li><)7. KYNASTON, Sir Francis, au English poet, b. at Otley, in Shropshire, in 1587. He was knighted by Charles I., became regent of a literary institution, called the " Musffium Minerva'. ;" was tho translator of Chaucer's "Troilns and Cressida" into Latin, and author of " Leoline and Sydanis," &e. D. 1G42. KYKLE, John, celebrated by I'opo as the Man of Ross, was b. at While- house, in Gloucester.shire, and possessed an estate of £500 a year at Koss, in Herefordshire, where he d. in 1754, aged i»0. The good deeds of this estimable man so highly eulogized by Pope in his " Moral Essays," do not appear to bo overrated. Warton says, Kyrle was the Howard of his age, and that he deserved to be celebrated beyond any of the he- roes of I'iudar. L. LABADIE, John, a Frencli enthn- Biast, was b. in 1610, at Bourg, in Guienne. He was originally a -Jesuit; but from his licentiousness and scan- dalous practices, he was compelled to r^uit that society, and seek an asylum among the Protestants. From these he was also driven out, and forced to retire to Middleburg, where he propounded a new doctrine of belief, and by his im- posing eloquence obtained many fol- lowers. The looseness of his private life, however, lost him many of his sect, and he was at length obliged to retire to Altona, in Holstein, where he d. 1674. LABAT, JeanBaptiste, a Dominican missionary, was b. in Paris, in 1663. He possessed great mathematical knowl- edge; and while in America, where he remained twelve years, he acted as an engineer in defence of Guadaloupc when attacked by tho English in 1703. On his return to Europe in 1708, ho accurately surveyed the environs and coast of Andalusia; soon after travelled into Italy and other parts, and linally returned to Paris, where he d. in 1738. He wrote many works, the chief of whicii are his "Voyage aux lies de rAmeriquc," "Travels in Spain and Italy," a " Description of the Countries of Western Africa," &c. LABE, Louisa, called " La belle Cor- liere," was b. at Lyons about 1526. Her early education having been directed to riding and military exercises, as well us to lauLruaires and music, she acquired a taste for military glory, and entered the army in 1543. She soon displayed aer strength and courage at the siege of Perpignan, but the French being obliged to abandon it, she renounced the mili- tary service, and devoted herself to literature and poetry. A rich rope- maker, named Ennemond Perrin, be- came enamored of her, and married her, and from that time her house was the resort of the literati, and men of rank and fashion. She was nuich ad- mired for her talents, accomplishments, and beautv. LA BEDOYEKE, Charles Ange- LiQUE Francois Huciiet, count de, a noted general, b. at Paris 1786. He served as an officer in tho imperial guards at the battle of Eylau, and in 1808 and 1809, was aid-de-camp to Eugene Beauharnois. He was in the retreat from Moscow, and in 1813 dis- tinguished himself at the battles of Lutzen and Bautzen. On the abdication of Napoleon, he was, in 1815, appointed to a regiment stationed atGnsnoble ; but immediately on the return of tho French emperor from Elba, La Bedoyere, was the first to bring him a regiment. He was rapidly promoted, and eventually raised to the peerage; but being found in Paris after its occupation by the allied army, he was tried by a court-martial, and'sutfered death, August, 1815. LABEKIUS, Decimus Junu:s, a Eo- man kniglit, who wrote " Mimes, or Short Pieces for the Stage ;" one of which Julius Caesar compelled him to perfonn, nnich against his inclination, and for which reason he delivered at the same time a prologue, full of satire, against that great man. This piece is extant in Aulns Gellius. D. 46 b. c. LABKOUSE. SusANNE, b. in 1743. iaf] CYCLOP.'EDIA OF BIOGRAPIIV. 559 one of (lie extraordinary diameters pro- duced by the French revolution. 8iie proclaimed herself a propl'.otess at that period, fancied herself inspired, and ■ persuaded many of the Jacobin party to credit her ravinors, after the enthusiast, Don Serlc, had declared her ])rophccies true ill the coustitncnt assembly. She published them in 17119. LAt'ARKY, Giles, a learned French Jesuit, was b. in 1605. He was well skilled in history, and tausrht philosopiiy and theology. Among his numerous works are, " Historia Galliarnm sub Pnv^feetis Prajtorii Galliarnm," "His- toria lioinana," "Do Regibus Francias et Lege Salica," izi. D. 16S4. LACOMBE, James, a French miscel- laneous writer, was b. at Paris in 1724. He published several useful abridgments of histories. His best work, liowever, is " Histoire do Christine Reine de Suede." — ^De Prezel Honohb, brother of the above, was b. at Paris, in 1725. He published a " Dictionnaire de Cito- ycii, " Dictionnaire de Jurisprudence," and otlier works. LACRETELLE, Pieure Lonis, a French writer, was b. at Metz, iu 1751. He was a counsellor of parliament, one of the editors of the " Grand Repertory of Jurisprudence," and of the " Mer- cure do France ;" and iu 1787 he was appointed member of a committee charged with the reformation of the penal code. When the revolution took place, Lacretcllc embraced its principles with moderation, and s;it in the legisla- tive assembly ; but during the reign of Robespierre he found it necessary to retire from public duty. Ee afterwards appeared for a short time, but held no official situation, and during the impe- rial and regal governments he devoted himself wholly to literary pursuits. Among his writings are, " Eloquence Judiciaire et PVilosopliie Legislative," "Roman Theatral," "Portraits et Ta- bleaux," &c. D. 1824. LACRUX Y CANO, Don Ramonde, a famous Spanish dramatic poet, b. iu 172S, and d. in 1795. Among his best pieces are, " El Sueno," " El dia de Noelie Buenn," "El Temo," &e. LACTANTIUS, Lucius Cffiuus, or CcEciLiANus FiRMiANUS, an eminent father of the church, wao by some 2s- fecined an African, and by others a native of Fermo, in Ancona. He stud- ied rhetoric under Aniobius, and by his production, entitled "Symposium," or the " Bouquet," he obtainea such re- Vowa that Diocletian appointed him professor of rhetoric in Kicomcdia. Siibse(iuently he was appointed tutor to C'rispus, the son of Coiistantiiie, who dying not long after, Lactantius waa neglected. He wrote many works in vindication of Christianity, from the beautiful style of which he has been honored with the name of the Christian Cicero. His principal works are, "In- stitutiones Divinte," and a treatise, " Do Persccutione." LACY, JoMM, a dramatic writer, was b. at Doncaster, and bred a dancing- master; this employment he quitted for the army, hut subsequently he took to thestaire; in which line heacqiiired such celebrity as a comedian, that Charles IT. had his portrait painte:39, where he enjoyed unrivalled celebrity, till he was com- pelled to share it with Wouvermans. In energy of touch, in tlie manaircnieut of the chiaro-oscuro, and in fertility of invention, he excelled his rival, but not in neatness and delicacy of pencil ; yet the competition so much atfeeted his prosperity, that in a fit of despondency le drowned himself in a well, in 1763, when 60 vears of a^e. LAFAYETTE, Gilbert Mottier, mar- uis de, was b. 1757, at Chavagnae, in lUvergne. At the age of 17 he married the grand-daughter of the duke of Noa- illes ; and, although he inherited a large fortune, was of high rank, and had pow- erful connections at court, he came, in 1777, to join the war of iiulepeiidence in America. He raised and equipped a body of men at his own expense : fought as a volunteer at the battle of Brandy- wine, in 1778 ; at that of Monmouth ia 1778 ; and received tlie thanks of con- gress. He then proceeded to France, in order to obtain reinforcements; returned with the armaments under General Ro- chambcau ; and commanded Washing- ton's vanyuard at the time of the sur- render of Lord Coriiwallic, in 17S2. The capitulation of Yorktown followed, and, on the peace witli tiic mother country, the general returned to France. He was elected a member of tiie notables in 1787, and, on the breaking out of the 5G0 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAFIir. [lap revolution, he took part with the friends of liberty, though with wise moderation. lu October, 1789, he was made com- mandor-in-c'liief of the national guard, and ordered and assisted in the demoli- tion of tlio Bastille. On the (ith he marched to Versailles, saved the royal family frona the outrages of tiie mob, and placed tliem under the protection of the national assembly. In 1790 he proclaimed the " sacred uess of the right of insurrection," and established, in conjunction with Bailly, the club of Feuillaiis. On the attempted escape of Louis XVI., Lafayette lost some of his popularity, through being accused of conniving at it ; but, dissipating these ciiluumies, he fought against tlie emi- grants and allies in Flanders ; and mu- tual accusations of counter-revolution passed between him and Dumouriez and Collot d'ilerbois. lie returned to Paris to denounce them, and to protest against the violence offered to the king. But the Mountain was too strong for him ; he was burnt in effigy on the 30th of June, 1792 ; and, being obliged to escape from France, fell into tlie liands of tlie Austrians, who imprisoned him a'' Olmutz. There lie remained five years, till after Bonaparte's first tri- umphant campaign of Italy, when, on the special demand of tlie latter, he was set at liberty. Latavette, however, was consistent : when Napoleon became an apostate from liberty, he voted against the consulate for life, and withdrew from public aifairs. But, after the battle of Waterloo, he reappeared to protest against a dictatorsliip ; and, having sub- sequently protested against the dissolu- tion of the legislative body by Prussian bayonets, again withdrew to his estates, till he was returned, in 1818, deputy for the department De la Sarthe. In 1821 he made a visit to America, and was received with distinction and enthu- siasm, as joint founder of American liberty witli Washington and Franklin. The unconstitutional violence and ordi- nances of Charles X., in June, 1830, brought Lafa} ette on the stage again, in the character with which he commenced hi'S career — that of commander-in-chief of the national guard and tlie advocate and supporter of a citizen king. He soon after resigned the command ; and having seen Louis Philippe recognized as king of the French, he once more retired to domestic life. D. 1834. LA FERTE IMBAULT, Mapia The- BKSA Geoffrin, marchioness de, daugh- ter of the celebrated Madame Geotfrin, was b. at Paris, in 1715. She distin- guished herself by her opposition to the French philosopliers of the last century, with whom her mother had been con- nected, and by her literary talents gen- erally. In 1771 she was appointed grand-mistress of the burlesque order of the Lauturelus, while its founder, her friend, the marmiis de Croisinaro, was grand-master. This wliimsical in- stitution obtained so much eclat, that it was esteennjd an honor by several sov- ereign princes to become Lauturelus. She d. in 1791, and left mary posthu- mous writings. LAFITAU, Joseph Francis, a French Jesuit, was b. at Bordeaux, and sent as a missionary among the North Amer- ican Indians. On his return to Europe he wrote a work, entitled " Moeurs des Sauvages Amerieains comparces aux Moeurs des premiers Temps," and another on the possessions and discov- eries of the Portusruese in the New World. D. 1740. — Pkter Francis, bro- ther of the above, and a Jesuit, was also b. at Bordeau.x. He was sent on a mission to Rome to arrange the dis- putes of France, respecting the bull Unigenitus, and while there lie obtained favor with the pope, Clement IX., who made him bishop of Sisteron, in Pro- vence. He left the society of Jesus to preside over his diocese, and d. in 1764. He wrote many religious works, among which were the " History of the Con- stitution Unigenitus," and the " Life of Pope Clement IX. In the latter he spe iks much against Jansenism. LAFITTE, ' jACQura, a celebrated French banker and financier, was b. in 1798. Having obtained employment in a bankinlete Course of Literature." TjAINEZ, Alexander, a native of France, remarkable for his poetical Jetat 562 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [lal Sejfprit, wns 1). nt Cliimay, in 1650. After receiviiiix liis cdiicMtion at Klieims, he visited I'aris, and then .ioiirneycd throuirli Europe and Asia. On i)is re- turn, lie took up his abode in tlie Frencli capital, till liis death, in 171iK — .Jamks, a Spanish eeelcsiastia, and associate of the famous Ijrnatins Loyola, wash. 1-)1'2. At the deatii of Loyola he became gen- eral of tlie Jesuits, and induced the pope to grant him many privileges, lie ob- taineil tlio pap.il decree for rendering the generalship perpetual in the person eho- Bpn to till it, and giving him the power of making any ami every compact with- out consulting the brethren; also, tor giving antlienticity to all his comments and explanations of their constitutions ; and, likewise, for having prisons inde- pendent of the secular authority, where lie niisrht punish the refractory brethren. D. 1.50.-). LAING, Alexander, an antiquarian and miscellaneous writer, was b. in Aberdeen, in 1778. lie latterly followed the calling of an itinerant vendor of old books; and being a man of much humor and eccentricity, he gaiuetl admission, in the course of his peregrinations, to the archives of several houses, which have since been found shut airainst more pretending investiirators. The inform- ation thus acquired he turned to good account, in the " Donean Tourist," in verse, with copious notes, giving an account of the battles, cM.-tlcs, families, gentlemen's seats, &c., on the banks of the river Don; and "The Caledonian Itinerary, or a Tour on the Bunks of the Dee,"' a poem, with historical notes. He was also the canpiler of the " Ec- centric Magazine," which contains many curious and whimsical epitaphs gleaned from various churchyards in Aberdeen- Bliire, 1S2-2, D. lSo8".—ALE.\ANi)En Gor- don, a traveller, was b. in Edinburgh, in 17H4. He served in tlie army many years, both in the West Indies and on the western coast of Africa ; while at the latter place he mule many fruitless jour- neys into the interior to establish a com- mercitd intercourse with the natives, and to learn the geography of the coun- try. He was compelled, however, to leave Timbuctoo, and the guard he hired to protect him on his route by Sego to the coast, treacherously murdered him, 1820. — Malcolm, a Scottish historian, was b. at Strvorey, in Orkney, in 1702. He finished his education at the P^din- burgh \niiversity, and was subsequently called to the bar. On the death of Dr. Henry Lo completed the unfinished volume of that autlior's History of En- gland. His chief work, however, was a " History of Scotland." He also edited a new edition of the poems of Ossian, and d. in 1819. LAIRESSE, Gerard, an eminent his- torical painter, was b. at Liege, in 1040. He surpassed his father under whom he studied, and obtained such renown, as to be considered the Raphael of the Dutch school. He also well understooil nuisic and engravinu. He lost his sight some time before his death, and d. at Amster- dam, in 1711. His chcf-d'ceuvve is a largo [licture of the chihl Moses trampling on the Egyptian diadem. — Ernest, .John, and James, the three brothers of Xhe above, also obtained some eminence in the art ; the two former excelled in ani- mal painting, and the latter in flowers. — Two sons of Gerard also practised the art, but with very inferior pretensions to eminence. LAIS, a celebrated courtesan, was b. at Ilyccara, in Sicily. She possessed great personal charms, and at Corinth sold her favors at a most extravagant price. She was assassinated 350 b. c. LALANDE, Joseph Jerome le Fean- cats nE, a celebrated astronomer, was b. at Bourg, in France, in 17-32. He showed an early preference for mathematical studies, but was educated for the law. His intimacy, however, with astrono- mers iuid other men of science led him to pursue the early bias of his disposi- tion, and it was not long before the Academy of Sciences deputed him to go to Berlin, to make observations for de- termining the parallax of the moon, and its distance from the earth. On his re- turn home, he was nominated astrono- mer, extended his researches in the science of the heavenly bodies, and turned his attention to gnomonics. In 1701), on the resiirnation of Maraldi, La- lande undertook the editorship and publication of the "Connaissancc dea Temps." Shortly after, he succeeded Delisle as professor of astronomy at the colleffe de France ; when successive treatises, talented and voluminous, pro- ceeded from his pen, much to the advancement of astronomical science. Among these mention must be made of the very valuable "Traite de I'Astro- nomie." D. 1807. — Michael Richard DE, a celebrated French musician, b. at Paris, in 1657. He attained to great perfection on various instruments, par- ticularly on the violin, and was appointed master of music in the chapel royal, bj Louis XIV. D. 1726. lam] CYCLOP .I^DIA OF BIOGRAl'IlY, 563 LALLY, Thomas AnTucR, Count, nn Irisli officer, uttiicliod to the house of Stuart, and in the service of France. His bravery at the battle of Fontenoy was rewarded by the appointment of briiradier-freneral ; and in 17")6 lie was made jrovcrnor of Pondiclierry. This town was soon after besieged by the British ; and unable to withstand their assaults, he suirendcred, and with the garrison was made prisoner, lie was conveyed to England, but was soon liberated and permitted to return to I"rance. On arriving in that country, public clamor ran so high against iiim, that he was beheaded, in 1766. — Toli.en- v.\L, marquis de, son of the preceding, was b. at Taris in 17"il, and was educa- ted at the college of Ilarcourt. Tlic cx- Eenses of his education were defrayed y liis cousin the Countess Dillon and by Louis XV'., who thus endeavored to make some atonement fur the misfor- tune which he incurred through tlie fate of his father. Prompted by filial feeling, lie wrote, wiien only In, a L;itin fioem on the story of John Calas, who lad been sacrificed to the fury of a mob ; and when lie had attained a more mature age, he warmly exerted himself to re- trieve from obloquy the memory of his father; and in 1783 he regained posses- sion of his paternal estates. Previously to the revolution, he was captain in the regiment of cuirassiers; arul in 17S1) he Was nominated deputy from the nobility of Paris to the state.s-general. He soon became one of the most popular mem- bers of the constituent assembly, gave Ills support to the declaration of the Kights of Man proposed by Lafayette, and subsequently suggested as an aincndmcnt, that all citizens should be eligible to public employments, which was adopted by acclamation. He pub- lished a work, entitled " Quintus Capi- tolinus," in which he retraced- the oper- ations of the national a'^seinbly, pointed out tiie faults of the constitution, and condemned the suppression of the higher orders of tlie state. Having returned to Franco in 17!t2 he was arrested, and sent to the Abbaye, but liaving fortu- nately escaped amidst the massacres wiiicii took place in the prisons in Sep- tember, he effected his retreat to Kn- fland, where lie obtained a pension from the government. When Bonaparte bo- came consul, lie returned to France, where he resided till the restoration of the Bourbons, in 1814. He wrote a work, entitled "Tiie Defence of the Emigrants," published in 1796 ; also an "Essay on tlic Life of the Earl of Straf ford, the Minister of Charles L ;" an0, which he continued to enjoy till his death. He began his literary career in 1797 as a poet, in conjunction with his friends Coleridge and LK)yd, their three names appearing to one volume; and subsequently the attention of the jnib- lic was tor several years called to his occasional Kssays, signed "Elia," which were published in various periodicals, and afterwards collected and printed. In 1808 he jiublished "Specimens of English Dramatic Poets who lived about 504 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGBAPHY. L^M tho time of Shakspearo ; with Notes," &c. Bi-.si les tliese, he wrote " Rosii- miiiid (i ay," a tale ; " Jolni Woodvill," it tniirei ly '; "Album Verses," "Tales from Slu'iksiieiire," "The AdveiUures of Ulysses," (fee., in some of wliieh he was assi-ted by Mary Lamb, his sister, with whom he lived. His writiiitrs were -elect rather than numerous ; and his manner of treitinj^ the suljjects which his fancy sugirested was at once pinii uit, terse, and playful. D. 1834. JjAMBVr.LE, Marie TnERiiSE Louise DE Savoie Carignan, princess de, was b. at i'liria, in 1749, and was married to the duke of Bourbon Penthievre, whom she soon lost by death. She was super- intendent of the household of Marie Ancoiuctte, queen of Franoe, to whom Ehe was remarkably attached. After the fli^rht of the royal family to Varennes she departed for England ; but hearing of the nn[)rlsonment of her royal mis- tress, she hastily returned, and shared with the queen her continement and misfortunes. She was, however, sum- moned before an iniquitous tribunal, and cruelly murdered in 171t2. LAMBERT, ANNETHi:ni:sE, marquise de, a liter iry lady of Paris, was b. in 1647. Upon the death of her husband, Henri L imbert, marquis do St. Bris, in 1686, slie employed her large ibrtune in pa ronizing literature, and learned men. At hei- disease, in 1733, her own wri- tinu's werL> collected, and published.— Atlmer Bouuke, a gentleman distin- guished for his attainments in botanical Beiem e, was b. in 1761. On the founda- tion of the Linimean society, in 1788, Mr. Lambert became one of the origi- nal members, and for many years filled the otMce of vice-president; while he contributed many excellent articles to the " Lin na;an Transactions." His own Herbirium was considered one of the finest in Europe. D. 1842.— John, a distinguished general in the time of Ohailes I., was a student-at-law on the breaking out of the civil wars. lie, liowever, espoused the cause of the parliament, and distinguished himself as colonel at the battle of Marston- moor; and also acted a conspicuous part in many other engagements. He vigorously oi>posed the advancement of Cromwell to tho title of king, upon which he lost his commission; yet a pension was granted him of £-2000 a y»;ar. Upon tin death of Oliver Crom- well, Lambert compelled his son Rich- ard to relinquish his authority, and tstorcd the members of tho long par- liament to their seats. Subsequently, however, acting in opposition to the parliament. General Monk marched from Scotland to meet hi in. His troops de- serting, he was compelled to submit, and was confined a prisoner in the Tower. Escaping thence, he again quickly appeared in arms, but was de- feated, and retaken. At the restoration, he was brought to trial ; but his sub- missive demeanor gained hiin a reprieve, and he was banished for life to the isle of Guernsey. He licre lived upwards of thirty years, amusing his leisure with horticulture and flower-painting, and is said to have d. a Catholic. — John IIenry, an eminent mathematician and astrono- mer, was b. at Mulhausen, in 1728 Compelled to follow his father's employ- ment as tailor, for his supi)ort, night was the only time his poverty attbrded hiin forstudy, till 1748, when he became tutor to the children of Baron Sails, president of the Swiss convention. In 1756 he visited Gottingcn, where he pnb- lished his first work ; and next went to Paris. Soon after he published his cele- brated work "On Perspective," and in the following year appeared his " Pho- tometry." Other important and valua- ble scientific works succeeded, and in 1764 he visited Berlin, where he was introduced to Frederic the Great, who admittetl him a inembcr of the academy of that capital. D. 1777. " LAMI, Bernard, an ecclesiastic, was b. at Mans, in 1640. He d. in 1715, at Rouen, and left numerous writings, of which his "Apparatus Biblicus" is very valuable. — Francis, a Benedictine, was b. in 1636, at Montereau, in the dioceso of Chartres. Aficr serving in the army he embraced the religious life, and be- came a Benedictine monk, and one of the ablest theologians of his time. He distinguished himself by his writings against Spinosa, and d. in 1711. His works are mnnerous, and written with much purity and elegance of style. — Giovanni Battista, an ecclesiastic, was b. at Santa Croce, near Florence, in 1697. He studied at Pisa, of which university he became vice-rector. He afterwards went to Florence, where he was appointed chaplain to the grand- duke of Tuscany, professor of ecclesias- tical history in the university, and public librarian. He published a valu- able edition of the works of Meursius. His own writings are numerous. D. 1770. LAMIA, a celebrated Athenian cour- tesan, noted for the charms of her per- son, Ciie brilliancy of her wit. and liei cam] CYCLOP.-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, 5G5 proficiency on the flute. She visited Eirypt, wiicrc slie beennic the mistress of i'to'.emy Sotcr. On the defeat of iliat prince by Demetrius Poliorcetes, hur charms truined a complete ascendency over tlie conqueror, from whom she procured .<;reat concessions in favor of lier countrymen, the Atlieniaus. The time of lier deatli is uncertain. LA MOTIIE LE VAYER. Francis DE, a French jihilosophcr and inirenious writer, was b. at Paris, in loSS; relin- quislicd the hiw for literary pursuits, and, in lf!?)!i, was achnittcd a member of the French Academy. In 1047 lie was ap- pointed [ircecptor to the duke of Anjou, and he also obtained tlie titles of liis- torioirraphcr of France and counsellor of state. D. 1672. LA MOTTE, Anthony IIounAr.T de, a French poet, was b. at Paris, in 1672. He was bred to the law, but deserted it for t of that noble family. The lmH married a private in the guards; and, obtaining an introduction to tlie cardinal do Ro- han, great almoner of France, he advised her to make herself known, by letter, t« Marie Antoinette, the reigning queen, at the same time expressing his bitter rcirret that an otfenee he had been (though innocently) guilty of towards that illustrious lady,^ prevented him requesting an interview. The queen granted her prayer, and employed her about her person ; but Lamotte reward- ed her royal benefactress by the grossest treachery. By means of a person named Villette, the countess kept up a fraudu- lent correspondence between the queen and the cardinal. Villette fbrL'-ed the queen's handwriting, while the cardinal fancied himself restored to the royal favor, and even honored by the queen's confidence ; for, through Villcttc's vil- lany, he was led to suppose he had furnished the queen with 120.000 francs, but which were kept by the countess. Not being detected in this, she carried on the fraud to an excess that merited her subsequent disgrace. Badimer and Bassange, the queen's jewellers, had collected, at an enormous expense, dia- monds, which, set as a necklace, they intended to sell for 1,800,000 francs. I-amotte persu idod the cardinal that the queen passionately desired to pos- sess this necklace, and confided 1o him the commission to purchase it ; and that she would give a note in her own wri- tiufr for the sum, wliich she would repay from her private purse, by instalments, unknown to the king. The c:irdiniU fell into the snare — he bought the de- sired necklace, which he committed to the care of the countess, who, the bet- ter to prevent suspicion, told the cardi- nal the queen would meet him in the garden, as she wished to thaid< him. A courtesan of the Palais Royal, Made- moiselle Olivia, personated the queen 5G6 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [lam in a sliort speech slie tliankcd the cnr- dinul, !ind promised lum her future protcotioii. Ambition silenced every other idea, and lie left the garden el.ited to excels. Jileuiitinie tlie countess sent her husband lo London with the neck- lace ; but the period of the first payment being allowed to pass without any notice being taken of it, Bojhmer made his complaint to the queen, and the whole plot was discovered. The queen, in- censed at the affiiir, required public fcatisfiietion to be made. The minister, Breteuil, was a sworn enemy to the car- dinal, and, by his advice, the king or- dered tlie cardinal to be arrested. lie was taken in his sacerdotal habit to the Bastille, and proceedings were entered into against Mademoiselle Olivia, who proved lo be a dcirraded female ; Cagli- ostro, a mountebank; the former Villette: and the contriver of all, the countess. She alone was punished ; the cardinal Was acquitted, because he was a duped agent in the business ; and tlie others etfceted tlicir escape from prison ; but niadame la Comtesse was whipped, and burnt on each shoulder with the letter V, and then taken to the hospital, where it w.as intended she should remain for life ; but siie made her escape at the end of ten montlis, and proceeded to En- gland, where she published her justifi- cation, which was read with curiosity, but excited little interest iu her favor. D. in London, 1791. LAMPRIDIUS, Benedictcs, a Latin poet antl scliolar of the 16th century, v/as b. at Cremona, lie taught the classical lantrunsces at Rome with crreat reputation, and in 1521 removed to Padua. At the invitation of Frederic Gonzaga, duke of Mantua, he settled in the latter city, and superintended the education of tiie duke's son. D. l.")40. LANA, Francis de, an Italian matli- etnatician, was b. at Brescia, IfiO?. He was a .lesiiit, and a celebrated teaclier of philosophy and mathematics. lie first gave the iiint of the principles of airo- static machines, to be conducted by sras, in his work entitled " Magisterium Na- tuias ct Artis," printed at Brescia, 1634. D. 1700. LANCASTER, James, an English nav- igator, sailed to tlie const of America in 1501. and afterwards doubled the Cape of Good Hope on a voyage to the East Indies. lie subsequently srave such in- formation relative to a N.W. passage to the Kist In lies as led to tlie attempt of Baffin and others to discover it. I). 16'20. — Joseph, a member of the Society of Friends ; the author and suceersful pro- mulgator of the system of mutual in- struction, known under the title of "the Laneasterian." He was, for many years, actively engaged in delivering lectures and forming schools in various parts of P>ugland ; and rank, wealth, and beauty flocked to hear the earnest though sim- ple eloquence of the enthusiastic and benevolent Quaker. But enthusiastic as were the applauses bestowed upon him. patronaire and support were not bestowed in like proportion ; he becaino so much cmbarrassccl in consequence of his benevolent exertions, tliat he was oblifred to seek an asylum in America. Here also he suffered many einbarrasa- ments, and a subscription was just pro- posed for his relief, when he was run over in this city, and so severely injured, that he died on the dav following the accident. B. 1771 ; d. 1S;39. LANCISI, GiAMARiA, an eminent phy- sician, was b. at Rome, 1654; d. 1720. LANCRE, Peter de, a native of Bor- deaux, was a counsellor of parliament, and presided over the trials of sorcerers and witches in tiie provinces of Labourd and Gascony. His services in this ca- pacity were rewarded by the appoint- ment of counsellor of state. He wrote two curious works on demouography. D. 1630. LANCRTNCK, Prosper Henry, an able painter, was b. at Antwerp, in 1628. He imitated Titian and Salvator, and was much encouraged in England, where he met with employment under Sir Peter Lely. D. 16'.t2. LANDEN, John, an eminent math- ematician, was b. at Peakirk, Northamp- tonshire, 1719. In 1755 he published a volume of " Mathematical Lucubra- tions," in 1764 his "Residual Analysis," subsequently a " New Theory of tlie Ro- tatory Motion of Bodies affected by Forces disturbing each Motion,'" aiiJ his volume of "Memoirs." D. 1790. LANDER, Richard and John, two brothers, whose names are indissolubly associated with African discovery, were natives of Cornwall, and b., the former in 1804, the latter in 1806. They were both apprenticed to a printer; but the elder abandoned his occupatioia to ac- company Clappcrton in his ex|ie lition to the Ni^er in 1825 ; and after his death, in 1827, he returned to Entrland, where he submitted to government a jilan for ex))lorincr the termination of the Niger, which was adopted. Aceompanied by his younger brother, he set out f r Ba- daguay iu 1830, where, after encounter- tAN] CYCLOP.T:niA OF niOGKAPFir. 567 ing' many dangers, tliey rcacLerl Kirrec, lint wore taken prisoners at P^boc, and only, after the promise of a liiirli ran- Bon'i, sneeccilod ni srettins nrrani;omonts made for eonveyiii" tliem to tlie sea. Tiiis tliey reaelied by tlic clianncl called by tlie Portncriiese, Nnn, and by the Kn- piish, Brass river; and thus was solved by tlieir aareney, one of the grandest problems in African jjeoirraphy. This nnportant discovery, openinif a water eomninnication into the very heart of the AtVicmi continent, made a great im- pression on the mercantile world; and soon after the brothers' arrival in P2n- gland, an association of which Mr. Mac- pregor Laird was the jiead, was entered into for forming a settlement on the Upper Niger; but the expedition tliat was fitted out for this purpose at Liver- pool proved a failure ; and the Landers, togetlier witli nearly all that joined it, fell victims either to tlie unhealthiness of the climate, or in contests with the natives, in IS'lf!. LANFKANC, a learned prelate, was b. at Paira, in lOO'i, but w-cnt over to England with William the Conqueror. Through the interest of that prince, be obtained the archbishopric of Canter- bury, vacant by the deposition of Sti- gand. lie was an able politician, as well as a munificent prelate, founding two hospitals near Canterbury, which lie liberally endowed. D. 1080.— Gio- vanni, an "artist, b. at Parma, in I'lSl. He was originally a domestic in the ser- vice of Count Horatio Schotte, who, finding him to have a taste for design, placed liim under Caracei. Under this prcat master he improved so rapidly that liis talent was soon in requisition, and the Farnese palace and churches of St. James and St. Peter at Rome, bear am- ple testimony of his capability. The great excellence of this artist consisted 111 his composition and foreshortening, nnd in fresco p.iinting. D. 1647. — A physician of Milan, where lie practised with much success, but attempting some innovations in his profession, be was compelled to take refuge in France. D. 1300, and left a valuable treatise on sur- jery, entitled " Chirurgia Magna et Parva." LANGBATNE, Gerard, an English clivine, b. at Bartonkirke, in Westmore- land, about 1608; was keeper of the archives, and provost of Queen's col- lege; was well acquainted with the laws ond antiquities of his country ; corre- sponded with Selden, Usher, and other •earned men ; endowed a free Hcbool at his native place; published an coition of Longiniis, and several works on iiis tory, theology, and criticisms. ]). I'iAS, LAN(J1)()X, John, a distinguished American patriot, was b. at Portsmouth, N. 11., 17;3'.). lie engiiged in commerce, and took an early and efficient interest in tlie cause of the colonics. He was successively a delegate to the general congress, navy agent, speaker of the as- sembly of his native state, president of bis native state, a delegate to the pon- veiiiion that framed the federal consti- tution, and a member of the senate of the United States. In ISO.') he was chosen governor of his state, and again in ISIO.' D. 1819. LANGllAM, SmoN dk, abbot of St. Peter's, Westminster, was b. at Lang- bam, in Kutlandsbire, in the early part of the 14th century. In 1360 he was made lord high treasurer; in the follow- ing year he accepted the bisboprie of Ely; in 1364 he became cbaiiccllor, and was promoted to the see of Canterbury, in 1366. lie there distinguished him- self by the violence of his o])position to Wickiitf, and was made a cardinal ; but this so offended Edward III. that bo seized the temporalities of his see. IIo accordingly repaired to the papal court, and was amply compensated lor its loss. 1). 1376. LANGIIORNE, Jonx, an English di- vine, poet, and historian, was b. at Kirkby Stephen, in Westmoreland, in 1735. He published several popular pieces, particularly a poem, entitled " Genius and Valor," and having there- in defended Scotland from the scurrility thrown out by Churchill in his " Proph- ecy of Famine," he was complimented with the degree of D.D. by the univer- sity of Edinburgh. In 1770 in conjunc- tion with his brother, he imblished a translation of Plutarch, wliicli is still a very popular work: in 1777 he was pre- sented to a prebendal stall in tb(^ cathe- dral of Wells, and d. in 1779.— William, his brother, b. 1721, was presented to the rectory of llakinge, and the pel petual curacy of Folkestone, where ho d. 1772. lie wrote one or two poems, and had a share in the translation of Plutarch. LANGL.^NDE, Roreiit, a secular priest of the 14th century, and fellow of Oriel college, Oxford, known as the author of some satirical poems against the vices of the Catholic ele"gy. LANGLE!^, Louis Matthkw, a cele- brated oriental scholar, b. at Peronne, in France, 1763, published a "Diction- 56S CYCLOP^'EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [lap naire M;uitclion-Frani,'ais," and various Works transliitc'l from the oriental toiiiriies, ii:,rtieularly a worlv on Hindoo literature. ]). 1S24. 1 ANGLKY, Battv, an Englisli build- er, known by liis attempt to remodel the Gotliie >style of architecture, by in- venting dilfcrent orders of the Gotiiie, from an intermixture of the various Grecian orders. D. 1751. LANGTOFT, Peter, an liistorian and Augu>iin friar, v/as b. in Yorksiiire, ju the lUtii century, and is known as the tranj^iator of '-Boseani's Life of St. Thomas of Canterbury." LANGT>>N, Stephen, arclibishop of Canterbury in the time of King Jolni, was b. in Lineolusliire, but educated in France. lie rose through tlie various honors of the univ°rr'.ty of Paris till he became its ciiancelloi, and tiien to tlie see of Canterbury by the pope. .John, the king of England, however, refused to coutirni tlie nomination, and the king- dom was accordingly under excommu- nication. The monarch at length yielded, and Laugton entered into quiet posses- sion of his diocese in 1213. D. 1:^28. LANIEK, IN'icnoLAS, an Italian artist, b. about 1568, employed by Charles I. of England. LANJUINAIS, Jean Denis, count de, was b. at lienues, in 1753. He was a member of the third estate at tlie breaking out of the revolution, and, when tlie republic was proclaimed, he was as zealous in defence of tiie riglits of his prince as of the rights of the na- tion, lie opi)0:'ed the usurpations of Bonaparte, aiul after the second restora- tion, he stieiuiously resisted the ex- travagant pretensions of the French clergy, defended the liberty of the press and individual freedom, tlie law of elec- tion, and the charter. I). 1827. — Joseph DE, an ecclesiastic, b. in Britany. After entering the order of St. Beneiiict, and becoming ju-ofessor of theology, his connect. on witli D'Alembert and JJide- rot eonipelled him to retire to Lausanne, where lie embraced the reformed reli- gion, and became principal of the college of MoLidon. He juiblished many works, which excited some attention, and d. in ISuS. LANNES, Jorm, duke of Montebello and a inarshal of France, was b. in 17()'J, at Lestoure. lie was apprenticed to a dyer, but entering the army, his zeal and energy gained him promotion, and in 1793 he was made a chief of brigade. After various successes in Italy, and Ondei Bo'iaparte, in Egypt and' other places, particularly at Marengo, he waa uuidc a marshal of the empire, and af- terwanis duke of Montebello. He con- tributed much to the victory of Auster- litz, and was very prominent in tho battles of Jena, Eylau, Friedland, Tu- dela, and Saragossa. At the battle of Essling he received a mortal wound, of which he d. 1809. LANZI, Louis, an Italian antiquary, b. at Monte del Cclino, in 1732, became a Jesuit, taught rhetoric witli great suc- cess, and, on the suppression of his order, was sub-director of the Florence gallery. lie wrote several works, par- ticularly one on " The Tuscan Lan- guage," and " A History of Fainting," &e. D. 1810. LAO-TSEE, a celebrated Chineso philosopher, was b. about 600 b. c. iu the service of IIou-Konang. He was coteinporary with Pythagoras, and taught the doctrine of metempsychosis. He followed the sect of Tao-Tsec, and must have lived to a great age, having been visited by Confucius in 517 b. c. LAPLACE, Petep. de, a French ma gistrate and writer, b. at Angouleme, in 1526. He became a pleader in the parliament of Paris, till he was appoint- ed, by the prince of Coiule, superin- tendent of his household. Unfortunately he returned to Paris, and while dis- charging his duty as president at the court of aids, was murdered in the massacre of St. Bartholomew in 1572. His works are, " Commentaries on the State of Keligion and tlie Common- wealth," '• A Treatise on the Use of Moral Philosopiiy," and "A Treatise on the Excellence of the Christian Reli- gion." — Pierre Simon, marquis de, a celebrated mathematician and astrono- mer, was b. at Beaumont-en-Auge, in 174'J, where he became professor of niathcuiatics in the military school. From this place he soon removed tc Paris, where he distinguished himself by his knowledge of analysis and the higliest branches of geometry, and was chosen, a member of the Academy of Sciences, one of the forty of the French Academy, and member of the bureau des longitudes. In 17',i6 appeared his famous work, "Exposition du Systtme du Monde." After the revolution, ou the 18tli of Brumaira, in 17'.i'J, he was made minister of the interior by tho first consul. But from this he was re- moved, to make room for Lucien Bona- parte, and was then admitted into tlia senate, of which, iu 18o3, he liecame president. Having, in 1S14, voted for las] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. 5G9 the deposition of Napoleon, on the re- orgauiziitiou of the peers, he was made a marquis. D. 1827. LAl'O, James, or Jacopo, an Italian arcliitect living at Fh)renee, who built the cliureh of Uie Virgin Mary at Assisi, founded by Ilclias, wTiicii obtained liini great reputation. D. 1202. — Aknolpiio, his son, becaine a most eclebrated arclii- tect and sculptor, displaying great fjenius and skill in his profession. D. 1300. LAKCIIEK, Pkter Henry, an emi- nent Frcncli scholar, was b. at Dijon, in 172(i. Ilis lirst translation was the " Electra" of Euripides, after which he translated " Martinus Scriblerus," from Pope's Miscellanies, and furnished notes to the French version of lludibras. In 1767, a difference took place between him and Voltaire, on whose " Philoso- phy of History" lie published remarks, under the title of a " Supplement," to which the latter replied in his well- known '' Defense de nion Oncle." Lai'cher rejoined in a "Eeponse," with which the controversy ceased on his part, l)ut not so the merciless wit of his opponent. He afterwards published his " Mcmoire sur V^enus," and translated Herodotus and Xenophon. D. 1812. LAEDNEK, Natoaniel, a learned dissenting divine, was b. at Hawkhurst, Kent, in 1684, and received his educa- tion at Utrecht and Leyden. He was the author of several important theolo- gical works, viz., " The Credibility of the Gospel History," "The Testimonies of the Ancient .Jews and Pagans in favor of Christianity," "The History of Her- etics," sermons, &c. D. 1768. LARIVE, M., a celebrated French tragedian, was b. at Kochelle, in 1749, appeared at the Theatre Franc^ais, Paris, in 1771, where, by his fine person, and liis powers of declamation, he rose to emiuence. He quitted the stage rather earlier in life than most actors, and d. at Montignou, in 1827, aged 78. He wrote a drama, entitled " Pyramus and Thisbe," " Retleetions on the Histrionic Art," and other works. ' ARIVEY, Petek de, an old French dramatic writer, and one of the first who considered comedy as the repre- (tentation of real life, was a native of Troycs, and is supposed to have d. about 1612. LA ROCHEFOUCAULD, or ROCHE- FOUCAULT, Francis, duke de, prince of Marsillae, a distinguished courtier and man of letters in the reign of Louis XIV., was b. 1613. He acted a con- »picuous part in the civil war of the 48* Fronde, but ho is chiefly remembered as the writer of " Reflexions et Max- imcs," a work which has been e.\tolled and criticised in no ordinary dcj^rec. He also wrote " Memoircs de la Rcgne d'Anne d'Autriehe," and, during liio latter part of his life, his house was the resort of the first-rate wits and literati of France. D. 1680. LA ROCHE-JAQUELEIN, Henri de, one of the most distinguished of the \'endean royalists, was b. at Chatillon, in Poiton, in 1772. and was a son of the marquis do la Eochejaquelein. The l)easants of the neighborhood having risen in the royal cause in 1702, lie placed himself at their head. After gaining sixteen victories in ten months, he fell, at tlie age of 22 jears, March 4, 1794, in a single combat with one of the republican soldiers, while defending the village of Nouaille. LARREY, Isaac de, an historian, was b. in 1638, at Montvilliers. He went to Holland, where he was made histori- ographer to the states-general. llis works are, " The History of Augustns," " The History of Eleanor, Wife of Henry II.," "History of England," "History of the Seven Sages of Greece," and "The History of France under Louis XIV." D. 1719. LA SALLP], count de, a brave soldier, was b. at Metz, in 1775, and entered the army, with the rank of an officer, at 11 years of age, under Prince Maximilian, afterwards' king of Bavaria. Tiie privi- lege of birth opened to him a line of promotion ; but he resolved that merit alone should distinguish him. He ac- cordingly resigned liis commission, be- came a private soldier, and at length rose, tln-ough long and dangerous ser- vices, which occupied eiirht years, to the post which he had belbre resigned. By his decisive conduct at the battle of Rivoli he possessed himself of the colors, upon which the commander-in-chief addressed him in these words: "Rest yourself upon these flags, you have de- served them." He was equally victori- ous in Egypt; conquered the I'russians on the wails of Konigsberg, and finished his career on the field of Wagram. LASCARIS, CoNSTANTiNE antl John, two noble Greeks of the l.'.th cent iry, who, on the taking of Constantinnple by the Turks in 14r)3, took refuge in Italy. Constantino went to Milan, where he instructed the daughter of the grand- duke in the Greek language. From thence he removed to Rome, and next to Naples, in which city he opened a 570 CYuLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [lat school for Greek a ill rhetoric. Lastly, lie settlcil at Messina, where lie <1. iiboiit 15'tu. His Greek griiininar was ]iriiited at Milan ill 1470, and attain by Aicliis lu Myj. — John, surnaiiietl Kuvndacknus, took 111) lii.s residence at Padua, and was patroiiizc'l by Lorenzo de Medici, wiio Bent hiiii to Greece to purchase certain valuable iiiuiuiscripts, a iiiisslon which lie accoiui>lislied much to the satisfac- tion of his cir.ployer. In li',i4 he entered tiie service of Louis XII. of France, who made him an envoy to the Venetian pcnate; in lolS he went to IJonie, and persuaded Leo X. to found the Greek eollejjje, of which Lascaris became the principal, and also the superintendent of the Greek presa ; and in 1-')18 he re- turned to France, and was employed by Francis I. in forming the royal library. D. 1535. LAS CASAS, count de, celebrated for his fidelity to Bonaparte, was b. in the chateau of Las Casas, in the department of the Ilaiite-Garoune, ITtjii. At the outbreak of the French revolution, 1789, lie was a lieutenant in the navy, lie then emiufrated, joined the army of Condo, and took part in the Quiberon expedition, but returned to France after the ISth Urumaire. Having been long devoted to literary pursuits, he now publislicd, under the name of Le Sage, an " Atlas Ilistorique, Chronologique, et Geographiqiie," wliieh went through several editions. In 1309 he ciirolleil himself as a volunteer to ward olf the English attack upon Flushing, and from this time attracted the attention of Bu- naparte, who soon afterwards made him his chamberlain, admitted him to the council of state, and intrusted him with various eontideiitial missions. In 1814 lie refused to vote with the council of state for the dethronement of the em- peror, took up arms for him after his return from Elba in 1815, and was one of the tour attendai.ts that accompanied him to St. Helena. Tliere he remained eighteen months with the illustrious prisoner, enjoying his intimacy, and noting down all tliat he said in a jour- nal, which he subsequently published, wilder the title of " Memorial de Sainte Kelene." But havinij become an object of suspicion to Sir Hudson Lowe, the governor, he was seized, and conveyed first to the (Jape, and thence to England Its a prisoner, and was not allowed to return to France till after the emperor's decease. In 183(1 he was elected to the chamber of deputies, and took his seat with the opposition. D. 1842. LASSALA, Manuel, a Spanish Jes- uit, author of an "Account of the Poets of Castile," an "Essay on General His- tory," &c. B. 1729; d. 1798. tiASSO, Orlando ui, an eminent mu- sician, way b. at Mons, in llainault, in 1530. De Thou relates that he was forcibly taken from his parents in child- hood by Ferdinand Gonzaga, on account of his tine voice, and carried by him to Milan, Naples, and Sicily. He subse- quently taught music at Rome, Ant- werp, &c., and Anally settled at Muuich, as chapel-inastcr to Albert, duke of Bavaria. His productions are uumerous, but now rarely to he met with. D. 1593. — KuuoLPH and Ferdinand, his twD sons, were also good musicians, and bo- sides producing many compositions of their own, published their father's works, under the title of " Magnus Opus Musicum Orlandi de Lasso." LATHAM, John, M.D., F.K.S., &c., an eminent ornithologist and antiquary, was b. at Eltham, in Kent, in 1740, where his father practised as a surgeon and apothecary. Among his produc- tions are, "A General Synopsis of Birds," " Index Ornithologicus," also, " Ileald's Pharmacopcfiia Improved," and others; but his great work, which he commenced in his 82d year, was "A General History of Birds." So inde- fatigable was he, and withal so capable of this undertaking, at such an advanced period of life, that, with singular fidelity to nature, he designed, etched, and colored the whole of the plates himself. D. 1837. LATIMER, Hugh, bisliop of Wor- cester, one of the first retbrmers of the church of England, was b. at Thurcas- ton, ill Leicestershire, in 1470. lie first became obnoxious to the enemies of in- novation by a series of discourses, iu which he dwelt upon tin- uncertainty of tradition, the vanity of works of sn- pererogation. and the pride and usurpa- tion of the Roman hierarchy. liUtimer had the courage to write a letter of re- monstrance to Henry VI II., on the evil of prohibiting the use of the Bible ii. English. Although this epistle pro- duced no etfect, Henry presented the writer to the living of West Kenton, ia Wiltshire. The ascendency of Aine Boleyn and rise of Thomas CroniwoU proved favorable to Latimer, and he was in 1585 appointed bishop of Worcester. But the tall of his patrons prepared tho way for reverses, and the six articles being carried into parliament, Latimer resigned his bishopric rather than hold LAU] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 571 any offico in a cliurcli wliich cnforoed Buch terms of communion, and retired into the country. Durini,' the short reiiin of Edward VI. lie agn'm prenched, and was liiglily popwiar at court, but could not be induced to resume his epis- copiil functions. Soon after Mary as- cended tlie throne, Latimer was cited to appear before tiie council, in doing wliich an opportunity was artbrdcd him to quit the kinirdom. lie, however, piepared with alacrity to obey the cita- tion, and as he p:issed tlirouiih Smith- field exclaimed, " This phice has long groaned for me." In 1555 new and more sanguinary hiws having bee:i enacted, in support of the Catholic reli- gion, a commission was issued by Cardi- nal Pole, the pope's legato, to try Latimer and Ridley for lieresy, who were in con- sequence delivered over to the sccuhir arm, and condemned to tlic flames. This sentence was put in execution at Oxford, Oct. 16, 1555. At the place of execution, having thrown otf the old gown wliich was wrapped about liim, Latimer appeared in a shroud prepared for the purpose, and with his fcllow- sutferer was fastened to the stake with an iron chain. A fagot ready kindled was then placed at Ridley's feet, to ivhom Latimer exclaimed, "Be of good comfort, master Ridley, and play the man. We sliall this day light such a candle, by God's grace, in England, as, I trust, shall never be put out.'' lie tlien recommended his soul to God, and, with firm composure, expired amid the flames. — William, a celebi'ated scholar ofthe 16th century, who tauglit Erasmus Greek, and was tutor to Reginald, after- wards Cardinal Pole. Tie was a prcliend- ary at Salisbnry, and lield two livings in Gloucestershire. D. 1545. LATOUR D' AUVERGNE CORRET, TiiEovniLus M VLO DE, a distinguished Boldier, citizen, and seliohir of the French republic, was b. in 1743, at Car- liaix, in Lower Britany. lie first served in the army during tlie American war ; and when the French revolution broke out, he was intrusted with the commimd of 8000 grenadiers, and dis- tinguislied himself in various successful enterprises on the Spanish frontier. In 1795 he returned to his studies ; but in 1799 he once more took the field, gener- ously serving in lieu of a friend's only son, who had been drawn as a conscript. Bonaparte rewarded liis bravery by be- stowing on him the lionoralile title of First Grenadier of France ; but lie did Uot long retain it, being killed at the battle of Neuburg, in 1800. \\t was well versed in history, and an eminent lir:- guist ; author of a Franco-Cellie Dic- tionary, iind various otlier philological works of merit. IjATUDK, Henry Mazeiw de, whc was a prisoner in the Bastille I'or 85 vears, was b. in 1724, at Montagnac, in Languedoe. In order to gain tlie favor of niadame de Pompadour, he persua- ded her that an attempt was to lie made on her life, by a box containing tlie most sul)tle poison ; and wlien the box ar- rived, it was discovered that it had l)een sent by Latude liimself, and contained nothing but ashes. This ottcnce, aggra- vated by repeated endeavors to escape, was the cause of liis long and rigorous incarceration; but when Tiis sutfcrings became known, by the publication of liis memoirs, which he wrote soon after liis liberation, they became a formidablo weapon in tlie hands of the revolution- ists, and tlie national assembly decreed him a pension. D. 1804. LAUl), William, archbishop of Can- terbury in the reign of ('harles I., was b. in 1573, at Reading, in Berkshire, accompanied James I. to Scotland, as one of his chaplains, in 1617 ; was in- stalled a prebend of Westminster in 1620 ; and obtained the see of St David's in the following year. On the accession of Charles I. his influence became very great ; and he was translated to tlie see of Bath and Wells, and in 1628 to that of London. In 1630 he was elected chancellor of the university of Oxford, to which lie was a great benefactor, and which he enriched with an invaluable collection of manuscripts, in a great number of languiiges, ancient, modern, and oriental. In 1633 he attended Charles, into Scotland, who went tliera to be crowned ; on his return he was promoted to the see of Canterbury, and during the same year he was chosen chancellor of the university of Dublin. The zeal which he displayed for conform- ity to the church, and his endeavors to introduce the liturgy into Scotland, created him numerous enemies. At the commeneenient of the long parliament, therelbre, he was impeached by the commons and sent to the Tower. After lying there three years, he was brought to his trial befoie the lords, by whom he was acouitted, which so provoked the faction in the lower house, that they passed a b'.ll of attainder, declaring him guilty of treason, which they compelled the peers to pass ; and the archbishop was accordingly beheaded on Tower- 573 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIT. lAU hill, Jan. 10, 1644-5. ITo was in the 72d year of iiis age, and met his fate with great fortitiulc. Among liis works are, "Annotations on tlie Life and Death of King .James," his " Diary," edited by Wharton, and published with his " lieniains," " Otiiciuin Quotidia- num," &c. LAUDEE, Sir Thomas Dick, whose versatile pen has acquired for him a high plaee in Scottish literature, was b. near Edinburgh, 1784. lie was one of the first contributors to "Blackwood's Magazine." Jlis tvvo novels, '' Lochin- dher" and " The Wolf of Badenoch," published in early life, are remarkable tor freedom and felicity of style ; and these were followed at interval's by va- rious other works, among vvhieh are '-Tiie Floods of Moray in 1829," " High- laud Kambles," " Tour round the Coasts of Scotland," " The Queen's Visit to Scotland in 1842," &c. His last contri- bution to literature was a series of pa- pers on the rivers of Scotland, which appeared in " Tait's Magazine." D. .1848. — William, a literary impostor, who acquired notoriety by endeavoring to hold up Milton as a plagiarist, was a native of Scotland. In 1747 he began an attack upon Milton in the "Gentle- man's Magazine," which he followed up by a pamphlet, entitled "An Essay on Milton's Use and Imitation of the Mod- erns in his Paradise Lost." His alleged quotations from Grotius, Masscnius, and others, passed as genuine for a time, until they were exposed by Dr. Douglas, bishop of Salisbury, whicli drew from the fabricator an acknowledgment of his guilt. Yet after this he returned to the charge in a tract, witli this title, " The Grand Impostor detected, or Milton convicted of Eorgery against Charles I." D. 1771. LAUDEKDALE, James Maitland, earl of, a very active and energetic states- man, whose opinions were at one time deemed to be of great weight, both by his own party and by his opponents. was b. in 1759. In 1780 he was rctui'ned to parliament for Newport, in Cornwall, and subsequently for Malmesbury. As a member of the lower house he joined the party of his friend Mr. Fox, and took an active part in opposing the Nortli administration, supported Mr. Fox's India bill, and was one of the managers of the impeachment of War- »en Hastings. In 1789 he succeeded to the title, aiid wa» in the following year sent to the house of lords as one of the fiixteea Scottish representative peers. In j806, on the dissolution of the Titt administration, he was created a peer of the United Kingdom, sworn a privy councillor, and received the great seal of Scotland. In August of tiie same year he was sent as minister plenipoten- tiarv to France, with full powers to con- clude a peace. D. 1840. LAUNEY, Beunaud Rene .Iourdai* DE, the last governor of the Bastille in Paris, which was erected in 1383, and destroyed July 14, 1789. LAUNOI, .John de, a French divine, b. in 1603, who defended the liberties of the Gallican church, and reformed the calendar by purging it of fictitious saints and leireudary tales. D. 1678. LAURENT, Peter Joseph, a me- chanic, was b. in Flanders, in 1715. Ho is said to have constructed some hy- draulic machines, when he was not more than 10 years of a^e; and at 21 ho was made superintendent of several public works ; among which was the direction of the canals in the Nether- lands. He also projected the junction of the Somme and the Scheldt ; for which he was honored with the order ofSt. Miihael. D. 1773. LAURENS, Henry, an American pa- triot and statesman, was b. at (Charleston, S. C, in 1724. After receiving a good school education, he engaged in com- merce, and soon amassed an ample fortune. At the breaking out of tiie revolution he was in I^ondon, but he immediately returned to his native coun- try, and in 1776 was elected a delegate to the general congress. He was soon chosen president of this body, and re- mained so till the close of the year 1778. In 1779 he received the appointment of minister plenipotentiary to Holland, but on his way thitlier was captured by the British, and committed to the Tower, where he was in confinement fourteen months. He was one of tiie commis- sioners for negotiating a peace with Great Britain, and in 1782 he signed with Jay and Franklin the preliminaries of the treaty. His health, however, was much impaired, and he soon returned Ikmiio and passed the remainder of his lil'e in agricuhural pursuits. D. 1792. — John, lieutenant-colonel, son of the preceding, was liberally educated in Enirland, and having returned to his native countiy joined the American army in 1777. He displayed prodigies of valor at Brandy- wine, Germantown, Monmouth, Savan- nah, and Charleston, and was killed at the very close of the war by carelessly exposing himself in a trifling akiruiish. LAVJ CYCLOP.-EDIA OF BIOGUArilY. 573 In 17S0 lie was sent ns a special minister to France, to negotiate a loan, and after beinjr siihjectcd to a vexations delay, lie determined to present a memorial to tlic kini,' in person at the Icvce. This purpose he carried into effect, the me- morial wuR graciously received, and tlie object of negotiation satisfactorily ar- ranged. LAURT, FiLippcr, a painter, was the won of a Flemish artist, but b. at Rome, in l6-2-i. Ills altar-pieces and other scriptural jtnintings are held in mucli esteem. D. li)9t. LAV ALETTE, Marie Ciiamans, count de, was b. at Paris, in 176i*. In 1796 Bonaparte appointed him his aid-de- camp, and he was frequently charged by liim with ditticult missions. After Napoleon became emperor, in 180:), lie was appointed a count of the enipire. In 1S14 he was removed from the post- ofHce; but on the 20th of March, 181.5, by virtue of orders from Napoleon, who entered Paris in the evening, be re- sumed his former duties, and gave no- . tice to stop the departure of the journals, dispatciies, and travelling post-horses without signed orders. At the same time, he dispatclied a courier to Napo- leon, to describe tlie actual condition of the capital. On the 2d of June be was nominated a peer. On the second res- toration in July, If'lS, he vvas deprived of Ills functions, arrested by the sub- prefect of police, Decazes, and con- demned to death as an accomplice in Bonaparte's treason against the royal authority. An a])peal liaving been re- jected, and Madame Lavalette's appli- ;ation for pardon being declined, liis J.xecution was fi.xed for the 21st Decem- oer. On ti^e evening of the 20tli, his wife, her daughter, twelve years old, and her governess, presented them- selves at the prison door and were ad- mitted by the jailers as usual. A short time aftor the daughter and governess reappeared, supporting Madame Lava- lettc, apparently in great affliction. Tliey were scarcely gone when the turnkey appeared in his cell, and Lavalctte was not to be found — his wife, Madame La- valctte, bad taken his place. On the escape being known, liis wife was ar- rested, and tried, with her croverness, Sir Robert Wilson, ami Messrs. Hutch- inson and Bruce, by the Cour Royale. The latter were condemned to a sliort .imprisonment, and she and the gover- ness acquitted ; but she never recovered die shock caused to her nerves and con- »tilution by the risks to which her noble fidelity had exposed Iier. A fi.xed men- tal alienation suecceded. LAV'ATER, Jous Gaspar, the celo« brated physiognomist, was b. atZuiieh, in 1741. lie became pastor of the prin- cipal church of St. Peter at his native I)lace, and was distinguished bv liis miwearied zeal in behalf of practical Christianity. He d. in 1801, in conse- quence of a wound which he received in 17'J9, when the French troops under Massena took Zurich by storm. He was the author of a " Treati.se on Phvsiog- nomy," the " Journal of a Sc'lf-Ob server," "Jesus the Mes.siali," "Spir- itual Hymns," "Swiss Lays," &c. ; but the work by which he is univcrsallj known, aiul which once was highly popular, is that on i)liysio?nomy. La- vater was pious, but credulous ^enthu- siastic, but sincere. LAVICOMTERIE de St. Sampsox, Lours, a violent partisan of the French revolution, who wrote " Crimes des Rois de France," " Les Crimes des Em- pereurs," and " Les Crimes des Papes." lie became a member of the convention in 1792 ; votc^l for the deatli of the king; and, in 1794, was ordered by the Jacobin club to draw up the " AV of Accusation airainst Kings." D. 18o!t. LAVOISIER, Anthony Laurf.nce, a celebrated French chemist, was b. at Paris, in 1743; was educated at Mazarin college ; and, on quitting it, devoted himself wholly to tlie sciences, but more particularly to chemistry. The discov- eries of Black, Cavendisii, and Priestley, relative to the nature of elastic fluids or gases, haviiiij attracted his notice, he entered on the same field of intpiiry, . with all his characteristic ardor, in the cause of science ; and, possessing the advantage of a considerable fortune, ho conducted his experiments on a large scale, and obtained highly interesting results. Ilis new theory of ciiemistry was received with applause in Germany and France, though strenuously opposed by Dr. Priestley, whose plilo;,nstic hy- pothesis it tended to overthrow. In 17S9 he published his " Elemenls of Chemistry," a work of merit ami im- portance. Tie succeeded Burton and Tilct as treasurer of the Academy, and became also farmer-general ; but not- withstanding his talents and virtues, ho was condemned to death by the revolu- tionary tribunal of Paris, on the frivo- lous charge of haviuii: adulterated the tobacco with ingredients obnoxious to the health of the citizens, and was guil- lotined in 1794. Besides his Elements, 574 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPilT. [LAlf he wrote " Clicmical and Philosophical Miscellanies," " Keport of tlie Couiniis- sioners charged to examine Animal Magnetism,""" Instructions for making Nitre," &c. LAW, Edmund, a learned prelate, was b. at Cartuiel, in Lancashire, in 1703 ; and, after obtaining various church pre- ferments, was raised to the see of Car- lisle in 17G9. He was the author of many able theological works, among which are, " Considerations on the Tiie- ory of Religion," " Eeflections on tlie Life and Character of Clirist," an " In- quiry into the Ideas of Space, Time," appointed president of the first bureau of the chamber of peers. After the return of Napoleon, he accepted the peerage from liim. and likewise the place of grand- master cf the university, a proceeding wh'ch rendered him incapable of sitting in the new chamber of peers, formed in August, 1815. In the early part of his life he translated the Iliad ana Odvssev, and Tasso's "Jerusalem." D. l'824.— PoNCE Denis Ecoccharu, a French poet, who for a tin>e obtained the appellation of the French Pindar, was b. m 1729; became secretary to the prince of Conti, and early distinguished himself as a writer of elegant lyrics. At the com- mencement of the revolution, he cele- brated the birth of freedom in odes, epigrams, and sougs ; but afterward cnanged his opinions. "When the acad- emical establishments were reorganized, Lebrun became a member of the insti- tute ; ai d he received from Bonaparte, 42 when first consul, a pension of COOO francs. 1). 1807. LECLERC, Damfx, an eminent medi- cal writer, was a native of Geneva. His chief writings are, "Bibliotheca Ana- tomica," " llistoire deIaMcdeei.;c,'" and "Ilirtoria hitorum Lumbricon.m. I). 1728. — John, an etninent critic, b. at Geneva, in 1657. He was the author of numerous works; among wiiicli arc, " Ars Critical," "Harmonia Evangeiiea,'' and three voluminous '• Bibliotlieqiics." He was professor of philosophy, heiles leltrcs, and Hebrew, at Amsterdam, where he d. in 17^6. So prone was he to dogmatize, and so impatient of con- tradiction, that he has been styled the scIf-con>tituted inquisitor ofthe repub- lic of literature. LECOMTE, Felix, a celebrated French sculptor. Having obtained a jirize for a bas-relief of the Massacre ot the Inno- cents, while he was a pupil of Vassc, he was sent to Rome as a pensionary of the French school of arts. His statue of Phorbas preserving (Elipus procured him admission into the Academy ; but the statue of Fenelon, which ornaments the hall of the national institute, is con- sidered his chef-d'oeuvre. During the revolution he lived in retirement; but, at the restoration of the Bourbons, he was nominated professor in the academy of sculpture. D. 1817. LEDYARD, John-, an adventurous traveller, was b. at Groton, Conn., 1751. For a short time he resided among the Six Nations, with whose language and manners he became acquainted. He then went to England, enlisted as a ma- rine, and sailed with Captain Cook on his second voyage, of which he published an account. He next determined to make the tour of the globe from London cast, on foot, and proceeded to St. Pe- tersburg in the prosecution of this de- sign, througli tlie most unfrequented parts of Finland. After waiting there nearly three months, he obtained his passport for the prosecution of his jour- ney to Siberia. On his ariival at Ya- kutsk, he ^^'a.•^ p»-eveiited by the Russian commandant of the place from proceed- ing any further; and was conducted to the frontiers of Poland, with a tlireat of being consigned to the hands of the ex- ecutioner, should he again be found in the Russian territories. He was next employed by the African Association to explore the interior of Africa; but ho had proceeded no further than Grand Cairo, when he was attacked with a fatal disease, and d. in 1788. 576 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [lee LEE, AnTiiuR, an eminent patriot, was b. in Mrj^iiiia, in 1740, and received his education in England, taking liis degree of M.D. at tlie university of Ed- inburgh. He tlien returned to liis native state, nu-i for some years practised pliysic at Williiiinsburg, but political atfairs were then assuming so interesting an aspect, that he again went to England, and entered on the study of law in the Temple. In 1770 he visited London, and became a member of the tamous society of tlie supporters of the bill of riglits. His political publications at this period, under the signature of "Junius Americanus," were numerous, and pro- cured for him the acquaintance of the leaders of the popular party. In 1776 he was appointed minister to France, in conjunction with Dr. Franklin and Mr. Deane, and assisted in negotiating the treaty with that nation. In 177'.», in eon- sequence of the false accusations of Mr. Deane, complaints of liis political con- duct were freely circulated at home, and in the following year he resigned his appointments and returned. In 1781 he was elected to the assembly of Vir- ginia, and by this body returned to con- gress, where lie continued to represent the state till 178.5. In 1784 he was em- ployed to arrange a treaty with tlie six Indian nations. He was next called to the board of treasury, wiiere he con- tinued till 1789, when he went into re- tirement. D. 1792. — Charles, a major- general in the army of the American revolution, was b. in North Wales, jind became an otlicer at the age of 11 years. He served at an early age in America, and afterwards distinguished himself under Gen. Burgoync in Portugal. He subsequently entered the Polish service, wandered all over Europe, killed an Italian otlicer in a duel, and, in 1773, sailed for New York. Espousing the cause of the colonies, lie received a commission from congress in 177.T, with the rank of major-general. In 1776 he was invested with the command at New York, and afterwards with the chief com- mand in the southern department. In December, 1776, he was made prisotier by the English, as he lay carelessly guarded at a considerable distance from tiie main body of the army in New Jersey. He was kept prisoner till the surrender of Burgoync, in 1777, and treated in a man- ner unworthy of a generous enemy. In 1778 he was arraigned before a court- martial, in consequence of his miscon- duct at the battle of Monmouth, and was suspended from any commission in the army of the United States for one yeiir. He retired to a hovel in ^'irginia, living in entire seclusion, surrounded by his books and his dogs. In 1782 he went to reside at Philadelphia, where he d. in obscurity, in October of the same year. He was a man of nnich energy and courage, with considerable literary attainments, but morose and avaricious. He published essays on military, literary, and political sni)jects, which with his extensive correspond- ence were collected in a volume in 1792. The authorship of the Letters of Junius has been ascribed to him. — Henky, a distinguished officer in the revolutionary army, was b. in Virginia, 1756, and was graduated at the college in. Princeton. In 1776 he was a captain of one of the six companies of cavalry, raised by Vir- ginia, and afterwards incorporated into one regiment, and in 1777 added to the main body of the provincials. At the battle of Gerniantown, Leo was selected with his company, to attend Washing- ton as his body-guard. In 1780, being raised to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, he was sent with his legion to the army of the South, under Gen. Greene, and continued with it till the end of the war. He distinguished himself at the battle of P^utaw springs, and in the ensuing October was sent on a special commis- sion to the commander-in-chief, then employed in the siege of Yorktown ; in 1786 iie was appointed a delegate to congress, from the state of Virginia, and remained in that body till the adoption of the present constitution. He was a member of the state convention which ratified that instrument, and in 1792 he was raised to the chair of governor of Virginia. In 1799 he was again a mem- ber of congress, and, while there, se- lected to pronounce a funeral oration on the death of Washington. The latter years of his life were embarrassed by want, and it was while confined for debt in the limits of Spottsylvania county, that he prepared for publication his ex- cellent " Memoirs of the Southern Cam- paign." He was severely wounded during the riot in Baltimore, in 1814, and his health rapidly declined. He d. 1818. — Francis Lightfoot, a signer of the declaration of independence, was b. in Virginia, 1734. lie inherited a large fortune, and in 1765 became a member of the house of burgesses of his na'-ive state, and continued in that body till 1775, when he was chosen a member of the continental congress. He remained in this assembly till 1779, when he en- leg] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 5T7 lercd the Icerislature of his native state. D. 17^7. — lliciiARD IIknry, an eminent American patriot, and signer of the declaration of independence, was b. in Virginia, 1782, and received his educa- tion in England. lie returned to liis native country when in his nineteentii year, and devoted himself to the general study of history, polities, law, and polite literature, without engaging in any par- ticular profession. In his twenty-tiflli vear he was chosen a delegate to the house of burgesses, where he soon dis- tinguished himself by his powers in debate. In 1704 he was appointed to draught an address to the king, and a memorial to the house of lords, which a.c among the best state papers of the period. His efforts in resisting tlie va- rious encroaeiiments of the British gov- ernment were indefatigable, and in 1774 he attended the first general congress at Philadelphia, as a delegate from Virginia. He was a member of most of the im- portant committees of this body, and labored with increasing vigilance and energy. The memorial of congress to the people of British America, "and the second address of congress to the peo- ple of Great Britain, were both from iiis pen. In .June, 177(5, he introduced the measure that declared the colonies free and independent states, and supported it by a speech of the most brilliant elo- quence. He continued to hold a seat in congress till June, 1777, when he solicited leave of absence, on account of the delicate state of his health. In Au- gust of the next year he was again elect- ed to congress, and continued in that body till 1780, when he declined a re- election till 1784. In tliat year he was chosen jiresident of congress, but re- tired at the clo.-e of it, and in 1786 was again chosen a member of the Virginia assembly. lie was a member of the con- vention which adopted the present con- stitution of the United States, and one of the first senators under it. In ]7ti2 he again retired from public life. D. 1794. — Nathaniel, a dramatist, was b. at Hat- lield, in Ilerttbrdshire ; was educated at Westminster school, and at Trinity col- lege, Cambridge ; tried his fortune as an actor and a writer for the stage ; be- came insane, and was confined in Bed- lam for two years, and d., in poverty, in 1692, of injuries received during a drunken frolic. lie wrote eleven trage- dies, of which " The Rival Queens,'' and "Theodosius," are the best; and he assisted Dryden in writing " (Edipus," ttJid "The Duke of Guise." Lee pos- sessed genius, but was deficient in judg- ment ; and his style is often bombastic. — Sophia, the daughter of an able actor, was b. in London, in HoO. Her first literary attempt, which, however, was not published till many vears after i*i was written, was " The Life of a Lover." In 1780 lier comedy of the "Cliapter of Accidents" was so successful that tlio profits of it enabled her to establish, at Bath, an academy for young ladies, which was conducted by herself and her sisters. Her novel of" The Kecess" established her fame. In 1808 she retired from her toils of tuition ; and she d. March 18, 1824. She wrote, besides the above works, "Almeyda," a tragedy; "The Assassination," a comedy; "A Hermit's Tale," a poem ; and two of the stories in her sister's "Canterbury Tales." ^ LEGARE, Hugh Swtnton, was b. at Charleston, S. (\, in 17l<7; was grad- uated at the college of Columbia; stud- ied law in his native place, and after- wards at Paris and Edinburjrh ; was elected to the state legislature in 1820, and made attorney-general of the state in 1830. On the "establishment of the "Southern Review" in 1837, he was chosen, jointly with Mr. Elliott, to be tlie editor. He enriched its pages with some of his best writings. In 1882 he was made charge d'affaires to Belgium. Mr. Tyler appointed him attornev-gen • eral of the United States in 1841. D. 1848. In addition to his articles in the Southern Review, he wrote for the " New York Review" several al>le and learned papers, such as "Uemosthenes," "Origin, history, and influence of the Roman Law," and "Democracy at Athens." LEGENDRE, Adrien Marie, one of the first mathematicians of the atre, filled the professor's chair at the military school at Paris, was a member of the French Academy of Sciences, and n knight of the legion of honor. In 17S7 he was employed by the French ffovern- mcnt to assist Cassini and others, in obtaining accurate estimates of the rela- tive meridional situations of Paris nnj Greenwich. He also distinguished him- self by very profound researches con- cerning the attraction of elliptic splic- roids, and was the first who demon- strated that the ellipse is the only figure in which the equilibrium of a homoge- neous fluid mass can be preserved under the influence of rotatory motion, and that all its component molecules would be mutually attracted in the invcrs* 578 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAVHT. [let ratio of the squares of their distances. Oi tlie tbriiutioii of the Institute lie became a iiieiiiber of that hojy ; and nnder th*? itnperial govcrmnent lie wa3 noniiiiated a counsellor for life of tiic nniversity of Paris. In 1815 he was made an lionorary member of tiic coun- cil of public insitruction ; and in 1S16, conjointly with M. Poisson, examiner of cindiJatcs for the Polytechnic schor' Amonir his works are, '' Elemens de Geometric," " MJmoires snr les Trans- cendantes Elliptiqaes," " NoavclleTiie- oric di;s Paralleles," &c. D. 1S3-2.— LoL'is, a French historian, b. at Eonen, in 16 J9; he was canon of Notre Dame, anl abbot of Claire Font:iine, in the diocese of Chartres. His principal work (for he Wiis the author of several) is a "History of France." D. 173 5. LEGER, Francis Barry Boyi-e, St., barrister-at-Iaw ; author of "Gilberc Eiirle," the "Blount Manuscripts," and " Tales of Pixssion." He was also editor of the "Album," and a contributor to several periodical publications. D. 132y. LEGGETT, William, was b. in the city of New York about 1302, was edu- cated at the college of Georgetown, D. C, but did not take a detrree, accompa- nied his parents to Illinois in 1S19. ■wliere they wer ^ ainon-^ the earliest set- tlers, and oi)tained a midshipman's warrant in IStirt, bat retired from t!ie navy on account of the arbitrary con- duct of one of his superior otiieers. Shortly after he left the service he piilv- lisiie I a volume of occasional verses, called " Leisure Hours at Sea," and wrote the tale of the " Rifle," which attracted great attention. In 1822 he estab!is:ie,l in this city a periodical named the "Critic," which was con- ducted with marked ability. His " Tales of a Country Schoolmaster," and "Sketches of the Sea," were eollectcl from its pages. In 1829 he became joint editor with Mr. Bryant in the " New York Evening Post," wliere, he displayed the noblest editorial energy and talent. In 18 '6 he published the" " Plaindealer," a weekly paper of high character. In 1S40 Mr. Van Burcn appointed him charge to Guatem i!a, but he d. while he w'as preparing to set out. LEGOUVE, Gabriei> Marie Jeax Baptiste, a French dramatist and poet, Wi»8 b. in 17<)4, at Paris ; and was ad- milte 1 as a member of the Institute in 17'J8. He wrote six tragedies and sev- eral iioenii. D. 181:5. LEIBNITZ. GoTrtiuED Wilhelm, B:iron, a man of splendid abilities, wa3 b. in 1640, at Leipsic, in which city his father was a professor of jurispruacnce and mond pliilosophy. After studying at Jena and Nuremberg, he removed to the court of Meutz, and was appointed a counsellor. In 1672 he went to Paris, where he applied himself to niathe- niatics, and enjoyed the acquaintance of the celebrated Huygeus, wiiose expecta- tions he answerei by the invention of an arithmetical inacuine. Tiie elccior of Brandenburg (afterwards Frederic I king of Prussia) requested his advice ia the establishment of the roj'al academy of sciences at Berlin, and, when com- pleted, made him president of the insti- tution. In 1711 he was made Aulic councillor to the emperor of Germany; and the emperor of Russia appointed him privy councillor of justice, with a pension. lie wiis, after this, engaged in a controversy with Dr. Clarke, on the subject of free will, as he had been be fore with Newton on the invention of fluxions. His philosophical writings are very numerous, and he crowned his literary' fame by an "Essai sur TEnten- dement Iluinain." According to the Leibuitzian system of optimism, an infi- nite number of worlds arc possible in the divine understanding; but, of all possible ones, God has chosen and formed the best. Each being is intended to attain the hig!iest degree of happi- ness of which it is capable, and is to. contribute, as a part, to the perfection of the wliole. D. 1716. LEICESTER, Thom.vs William, eari of, and Viscount Coke, was distin- guished throughout a long and active life as one of the most princely and effi- cient of all the improvers of English agriculture. When upwards of 8> years of age he was raised to the peerage. He was twice married. By his tirst mar- riage he had three dau?hters; and by the second, contracted when he was 70 years of age and the bride not 19, five sons and one daughter. Ho sat in par- liament for many years previous to hi3 elevation to the peerage, and always spoke and voted ou the Whig side. D. 1842, aaed 90. LEIGHTON, Alexaxder, a Scotch divine and physician, was b. at Edin- burgh, in lo68". He became professor of moral philosophy in that university, but afterwards went to Leyden, and took his doctor's degree. He then visited London, where lie had a rector- ship, till he was prosecuted in tlie stai chamber for publishing two libels, on« entitled "Zion's Plea," and the othei len] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAI'IIY. 579 "Tlic Loolvin,G;-frlafs of tlie Holy War." He was seiiteiieuil to stand in the pillory, to have ills cars cnt off, liis nose slit, branded on the cheek, pnblicly wliipped, and iiriprisoned in tlic Fleet, where he remained 11 years, and d. insane, in 1644. — KoRKUT, son of the preeedin?, was b. in London, in 1613; he received liis education at Eilinbiir!j;h ; and in 1(54-3 settled as minister of Ncwbottle, near thtit city, lie then quitted the J^resbyterian church for the Kpiscopal ; was successively principal of Edint)ur;;h university, bishop of Duniblane, and archbishop of Glasf^ow; and d. in 1684. He was a good theologian, an eloquent preacher, and a pious and disinterested man. LP^LAND, John, an English anti- quary, was b. in London, about the end of Ilcnry V'lL's reign ; was educated at St. Paul's school, Christ's college, Cam- bridge, and All Soul's, O.\ford ; and was made chaplain and librarian to Henry VHI., wlio also appointed hiin his antiquary, with si commission to examine all the libraries of the cathe- drals, abbeys, and colleges in the king- dom. He spent six years in travelling to collect materials for the history and antiquities of England and Wales; and retired to his house in London, to ar- range and methodize the stores of intel- ligence which be had eoUccle'l ; but, .after about two years, he d. insane in 15.")2, without having completed his undertaking. The gre:it bulk of his collections, uftcr passing thronu'h various hands, was placed in the Bodleian li- l)rary, in an unfinished state. Hearne published liis "Itinerary" and "Col- lectanea," and Hall edited his " Com- mentarii de Scriptoribus Britannicis." — John, a dissenting minister; author of " A View of the Principal Deistical Writers in England," "The Advantaire and Necessity of the Christian Revela- tion," and "Sermons." He also wrote airainst Tindal, Dodwell, and Boling- broke. B. 16'.'1 ; d. 1766.— Tkomas, 'a divine and miscellaneous writer, was b. in 1722, at Dublin, and was educated at Trinity college. In 1768 the lord lieu- tenant appointed him his chaplain, and pubsequently gave him the vicarage of Bray, and a prebend in St. Patrick's catliL-dral. lie was the author of a " His- tory of Ireland," "The Life of Philip of Miccdon," " A Dissertation on the Princii>les of Human Eloquence," &c. D. irs.->. LELY, Sir PETF-n, a celebrated paint- er, whose family name was Vander Vaes, was b. at Socst, in Westphalia, in 1617, and was a ])iipil of Grebber, of ilaerleni. In 1641 lie v\ent to Enffland, ami from that period he gradually rose in reputa- tion, lie finished portraits boln of Charles 1. and Cromwell, Ijut it was not till the rcstor.ition that he reached tlie height of fame and prosperity. He fell in with the volujitnous taste of the new court, in his representation of the beau- ties who adorned it; and by the delicacy and grace of his pencil, became the favorite painter, and was knighted by ('liarles II., who highly esteemed him. D. 1680. LEMONNTER, Peter CnAULKs, an eminent French astronomer, was b. at Paris in 17 IT), and accompanied Maa- pertuis in his tour towards the north pole for measuring a degree of the me- ridian. He wrote several works on the science, and had the honor of nuuiber- ing among his pupils the celebrated Tjalande. D. 1796. — ^Louis William, brotlwcr of the preceding, was first phy- sician to the king, and professor of botany at the Jardin du Roi. After narrowly escaping destruction during the French revolution, lie retired to Montrenil, whore he d. in 1779. He was the author of " Observations d'Histoiro Naturelle," &e., and a contributor to the Encyclopi'die and other scientific woi-ks. LEMPRIERE, John, an eminentclas- sioal scholar, was a native of Jersey; received his education at Reading, Win- chester, and Pembroke college, Oxford, graduated at tluit university; was head- master of Abingdon gi-ainmar-school, and afterwards of the school at P^xeter; and on resigning the latter, was pre- sented to fhe livinss of Meeth and Newton Petrock, in Devonshire, wliich he hold till his decease, in 18::4. His principal works are, tlie "Bibliotheca Classic:!, or ('lassical Dictionary," and a " Universal Biography." L'ENCLOS, Anne, or Ninon de, a celebrated female, distinguished alike by beauty, wit, and accomplishments, was b. at'Paris in 1616. She was left) at an early age the mistress of a good for- tune ; and being possessed of the high- est personal as well as intellectual charms, and giving free scope to the in- dulgence of her passions, it is no won der that she drew around her a circle of lovers and suitors, distiniruishcd either for their rank or gallantry; but her love of independence, or a more un- worthy cause, prevented her from form- ing a serious connection. Without ma- king a traffic of lier charms, she att,aoho<1 580 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [leo herself to those who pleased her; and having extended her favors, in sucees- Bion, to the niosi celebrated men of her time, she proved to uU tihe was quite as regardless of constancy in her attach- ments. Tills modern L:iis was coun- tenanced, (.'omplimeiitod, and consulted by some of the most eminent writers of the day. Senrron, we are told, consulted her on his romances, St. Evremont on his poems, Moliere on his comedies, Fontcnelle on his dialogues, and Koche- foucauld on liis maxims. Her friendship was sought by some of the most respect- able of her own sex. "'The power of licr natural beauty," says one of her biographers, '" was indeed tragically illustrated by the often-told adventure of one of her own sons, who being brouglit up in ignorance of his birth, fell desperately in love with his mother, and when she discovered to hiin the fatal secret, he, in a fit of despair and desperation, stabbed himself in her presence !" Tliis terrible event has been introduced by Le Sage into Ins Gil Bias. D. 1705, in the 'JOth year of her age. LENFANT, James, a French Prot- estant divine, was b. 1691, and d. 1728. He published histories of the councils of Constance, B*sle, and Pisa, very faithfully written. lie likewise trans- lated the New Testament into French, with notes, in conjunction with Jieau- sobre. His other works are, a " History of Pope Joan," " Sermons," a " Pre- servative against Uniting with the Church of Kome," &c. LENGLET DU FRESNOY, NrcH- OLAS, a French writer, was b. at Beau- vais, in 1674. Ho was an ecclesiastic, but so much given to satire and political intri^-ues. that he was frequently sent to the Bastille. His death was occa- sioned by falling into the fire in 1755. Among "liis voluminous works, the best are, his " Method for Studying History" and "Chronological Tablets of Univer- sal History," which have been translated inip English. L£;NiSfOX, CfiARLOTTE, a female of considerable literary abilities, was b. in 1720. Her father. Colonel Kamsay, was lieutenant-governor of New York, by whom she was sent to England, where she married early, and was lefc a widow with one child. Hi 1647 she published A volume of poems, aiul 1751 her novel of " Harriet Stuart," which was followed the next year, by " The Female Quixote" and '' Shakspciire Illustrated." Afcer VhJ3 appeared, in quick succession, sev- eral works translated ft m the French, and the novels of "Henrietta" and "Euphcmia." She was also the author of some dramatic pieces. Her character was unimpeachable, and she was highly respected by Dr. Johnson and Samuel Kichardson ; but in her declining years she was doomed to penury and sickness, and had it not been fur the relief af- forded her by tlie Literary P'und So- ciety, her latter days must have been truly miserable. D. 1804. L'ENOTKE, Andrew, a French ar- chitect and ornamental gardener, was b. in 1618, and studied painting under Vouct. He was a great favorite of Louis XIV., and his plans for the decoration of the park of Versailles contributed principally to establish his reputation. Delille has celebrated the talents of Lenotre, whose style of orna- mental planting was fashionable, not only in France but in Enghiiul, till it was superseded by the more natural style introduced by Kent, Brown, &c. D. 1700. LENTHALL, William, an English statesman of the 17th century, was b. at Henley, in Oxfordshire, in 1591. In 163'J he was elected into parliament for Woodstock, and in 1640 he was chosen speaker, but was turned out by Crom- well in 1653. The year following he became speaker of the parliament called by the Protector, as he did also of the liump. D. 16S2. LEO L, surnamed the Great, and canonized as a saint, was a native of Tuscany, and succeeded Sixtus III. in the papal chair in 44o. He took a very decided part against tlie Maniclirean heresy and other schismatics, persuaded Attila to witlidraw his forces from the very gates of Rome, and afterwards saved the city from being burned by Gcnserie. D. 461. — X., Giovanni db Medici, pope, son of the celebrated Lo- renzo de Medici, was b. at Florence, in 1475. At the age of 11 he was made an archbishop by Lo\iis XL, kins of France ; at 14 Julius II. invested him with the dignity of legate, and he served as such in the army which was defeated by the French, near Ravenna, in 1512. Ho was taken prisoner after that battle, but the soldiers showed the most super- stitious veneration for his person, as the representative of the pope. He was elected to the papacy in I'll.S, and his coronation was celebrated with unusual pomp. He terminated the disputes whirii had subsisted between his pre- decessor and Louis XIL of Franco, LES] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 581 concluied the council of Lateran, and formed a splemliil library, wliicli he en- riched with iiicstimaljle nianusfripls. This poutirt' fornietl two great prqju(.-ts, the one to ett'ect af^eneral association of the Ciii'istian powers against the Turivs, and the oilier to complete the chureli ot^ St. J'etcr. To aid tliese schemes lie issued plenary indulLfeuces, wliiuh beinir carricil into Germany, aroused the zeal of Luther, and ultimately produced the reformation. D. 1521. Leo X. was a muuincent patron of learninjf and the arts, and his short i)ontifieate forms one of the most interestiu'^ periods in papal history. — Xli., Anniuale uella Gi;.noa, •was b. at Genoa, in 17(J0, and succeeded Pius V'll. in tlie papal chair, in 18'2.'5. By the remission ot'many taxes, as well as by his benevolence and personal at- tention to the hospitals, "prisons, and public institutions for the poor, he ob- tained tile love of the people; he also endeavored to free the states of the church from robbers and banditti, as well as to suppress the remains of Car- bonarism. Leo d. in Feb., 182. •, and Was succeeded by Carilinal Castigiione, who took the name of Pius VIII. Pius died Dec, 1830, and was succeeded by Cardinal Caiiellari, (Gregory XVI.) — VL, emperor of the East, called the Philosf>plier, succeeded his father, P>asil, the Maccilonian, in 88ii. He expelleLl the patriureli Photius, and defeated the Hungai'iaus; but just before his death, whicii happened in 911, his fleet sus- tained a total defeat by the Saracens. LLt)N, FuAV Luis de, a Spanish poet and ecclusiastie, was b. in l.i27, and d. in 15'.il. Ilis ode, entitled " La Profecia del Tago," iuis been translated into En- glisli by Mr. Witfen, and published at the end of his translation of the poems of Garcilaso de la Vega. LEOXIDAS, the Spartan king and hero, was the son of King Anaxandrides, and succeeded his half brother Cleo- menes, 491 b. c. When Xerxes, king of Persia, invaded Greece, with an immense army, Leouidas marched to Tiiermo- pyla3, and, on arriving there, posted his army, which, inclnding the whole of tlie allies, amounted only to 7000 men, so tskilfully, that, the enemy, on coming to the narrow pass, became aware of the ditiiculty of cin-rying it by force. Xerxes, therefore, attempted to bribe Leouidas, offering him tlie d.oniiniou of all Greece, riiis iirojiosal being rejected with scorn, jhe clespot sent a lierald to order the Greeks to surrender their arms: "Let Uiui come and take them," was the 49* hero's reply. Thrice d.d the Persians advance in great force, and thrice were they rejHiIled, with enormous loss. Meanwhile, a traitorous Greek, named Ephialles, led 10,000 of the enemy, iiy a secret j-iatii, over the mountaiii.s, who tlius gained tlie rear of Leouidas. He now saw that all was lost, but resolved to show, by a memorable example, what the Greeks could perform in the cause of their country. After a long contest, the hero fell, surrounded by countless assailants. The gratitude" of Greece raised a splendid monument to the memory of Leouidas and his brave as- sociates, and annually celebrated the great event by warlike" games and ora- tions. LEPAUTKE, AxTHONT, first architect to the king of France, erected the palace of St. Cloud. His chief talent lay in the decoration of edifices, but his fondness for excessive ornament in a lueasiiro destroyed the simple beauty of his de- signs. U. 1091. — Petek, his son, was an eminent sculptor, and became royal I statuary and director of the academy of St. Luke. T). 1744. LE S.\GE, Alain Eene, a distin- guished French novelist and dramatist, was b. in IGGS, at Sarzean, in P>ritany, and studied at the Jesuits' college, "at Vannes. In 1092 he went to I'aris, where his talents and manners procured him admission into the best society, and he soon adopted the profession of an author. He stiuiied the Sptmish lan- guage, and produced a multitude of translations, or imitations, of Castilian dramas and romances. Ills comedy of "Crispin the Kival of his Master" first attracted the public notice; but his suc- cess as a novelist has most contributed to make him known to foreigners. " Le Diable Boiteux," known in Englanil by the title of " The Devil upon Two Sticks," became extremely popular; the comedy of "Turearet," added to hia fame, and that fame was soon rendered imperishable by his admirable "Gil Bias." Le Sage was endowed witii great literary fertility ; he coniposed 24 dramatic pieces, and had a share in the composition of 70 others. Among his novels arc, "The Adventures of Guz- man d'Alf.irache," "The Bachelor of S'damanca," "The History of Estova- nille Gonzales," &c. D. 1747. — Georob Ijolis, a philosophical writer, was b. at Geneva, in 1724, and d. in 1803. Ho wrote "Fragments on Final Causes," an. 1832. LESSING, GoTTiioLD Ephraim, an eminent German author, remarkable tor the versatility of his genius, was b..in 1729, at Kaiiientz, in Pomerania, and was educated at Meissen and Leipsie In the early part of his career he con- nected himself with theatricals, and led an erratic life, Ijiit he afterwards com- pensated for it by the closest mental application. At Berlin, where he some- times resided, he became acquainted with Voltaire, the Jewish philosopher Mendelssohn, Nicolai. Ramler, Sulzer, and other literary characters. In 1770 the hereditary prince of Brunswick ap- pointed him librarian at Wolfenbuttel, and one of the fruits of this appoint- ment was a periodical publication, en- titled " Contributions to Literary His- tory." Among his dramatic works are, "Nathan the Wise," " Emilia Galotti," "Minna von Barnhelin," "The Miso- gynist," and " The Freethinker." His other principal works are, " Laocoon," "Fables," "Fragments of an Un- known," "The Hamburgh Drama- turgy," and a " Dissertation on the Education of the Human Race." D. 1781. L' ESTRANGE, Sir Roser, a political partisan and controversial writer, was D. in 1616. His father, Sir Ilainond r Estrange, was a zealous royalist ; and the son, following his example, was concerned in raising forces, and in some unsuccessful enterprises in favor of Charles I. during the civil wars, for which he was obliged to leave the king- dom. Upon the restoration he returned, and established an Ensrlisli ncwspuper, under the title of "Tiie Public Intel- ligencer," in 1663, which he discon- tinued upon the publication of the first " London Gazette." He was author of many violent politieal tracts ; translated Josephus, Cicero's " ()llk'es," Seneca's "Morals," the "Colloquies" of Eras- mus," and ^^op"s " FaHcs." D. 1704. LESUEUR, EusTACHE, adistinguislied French yiaintcr, was b. at Paris, 1617, and obtained from his countrymen the name of "The French Riphael." His conceptions are noble and elevated, hi3 composition is simple, careful, and well arranged, the drawing is correct, in good taste, and proves liis diligent study of the antique and of the L'reiit Italian masters; but his coloring is deficient in tEw] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 583 truth and vigor, wliich often renders his pictures too nniibrin. D. ]f)')8. — Jr.xy JJaitiste, n nuisiciil coinjiosLM-, b. 1705. After eoinplcling: his stiulies iit Amiens, he obtained vurious ai)pointnients. as dircc-tor of jniisic in ciitliedrala ; but havinir an indlnaiion for tiieatrioal com- positions, he resigned his place at Notie Diune in 1788, and produced scNcral operas. "Telemacluis" was liis first. lie afterwards composed " La Caverne," wiiicli met with the most brilliant ap- plause, and in 17it.') lie produced " I'au! et Viririuie," the " Death of Adam," and "The Bards." —Tno.\i.\s, a math- ematician and ecclesiastic, was b. at Kethcl, in Champagne, 1703. lie en- tered into the order of Minims, and became a celebrated professor of math- ematics, pliilosophy, and theology, in tlie college of Sapienza, at Kome, where he d. in 1770. He joined witli Father Jacquier in a "Commentary" upon Newton's Principia, and also in a pro- found work on the " Integral Calculus." He also nublishoil "The Pi'inciples of Natural Philosophy," and "Instituti- oues Philosophicie." LET!, Gju;gokv, an Italian historian, ■was b. in l(i30, at Milan, and, after stu lying at Rome, went to Geneva, ■where he alijured the Catholic reliyion, and afterwards resided in Enghiiul. Amotiy: Ills works are. Lives of "Sixtus v.," " Charles V.," "Queen Elizabeth," "Oliver Cromwell," the "History of Geneva," and a " History of the Car- dinals." But the whole are so inter- Bpersed with error and fiction, that they may be regarded rather as romances than authentic Instories. D. ITid. LKUCIPl'US, a philosopher of Elea. ■who lived in the oili century before the Christian era. He was the disciple of Zeno, and the master of Demoeritus. The atoniic system originated with him, and thus, by ascribing a sensible power to the jxirticles of matter, and setting; them in motion, Leucippus and Ids fol- lowers accounted at once for the origin of t!ie universe, without the interposi- tion of divine agency. From him Des- cartes borrouod his hypothesis ol" the " Vortices," and Kepler was also much uidel>*e 1 to the thcorv of Leucippus. LEUSDEN, John, acelelirated biblical critic and theologian, was u native of Utrecht, where he distiiviuislicd himself as one of the most erudite scholars and able divines of the age. His theological works aro numerous and vahiable. B. 1624. LEUWEN'.IOEK, Antuoxy, a cele- brated natural philosopher, was b. at Delft, in lCy.)2, and wa.s celebrated for his microsco|)ical improvements and dis- coveries, chiefiy anatomical, the partic- ulars of which were published in the " Philosophical Transactions," and the memoirs of the academy of sciences. A selection from his works was published in EuLdish. I). 1723. LEV A ILL A NT, Francis, a traveller and naturalist, was b. at Parainarii)0,in Guiana, and from childhood showed a strong predilection for tiie study of natural liistory, particularly of ornithol- osry. In f\irthcrance of tins desire, lie undertook to jjcnetrate the interior of Africa, which he twice accomplished, tlioygh under circuinstances of great difficulty. He published two narratives of his "Travels into the Interior of Southern Africa," and a "Natural His- tory of African Birds," of " Parnns," and of the rare "Birds of the Indies." Insurmountable obstacles prevented bin? from pursiung his researches so far as he wished, but his travels are very amusing, and also afford much inform- ation of a philosophical nature. D. 1S24. LEVIZ AC, John Toss Victor LACoxxa DE, a French srrammarian, was b. al Alby, in Languedoc, emigrated to Hol- land at the beginning of the revolution, and settled in England as a French teacher. He commenced his literary career as a poet, but he is best known by his grannnars, dictionaries, and other S-actical works on the French language. . 181:^. LEWIS, John, a learned divine and antiquary, was b. at Bristol, 1C>7'\ and d. at Margate in 174(5. He published "The Life, of Wickliff," "Wicklilf's Translation of the New Testament," "Tlie History and Antiquities of the Isle of Thanet," "The History of tho Abliev and Church of Feversham," "The Life of William Caxton," ,fec.— Matthew Greoouv, familiarly styled " Monk" Lewis, a popular romance writer and dramatist, was b. in Lon- don, in 177-''>, and was the son of the under secretary of war. He was edu- cated at M'estminster school, after which he travelled on the Continent, and im- bibed while in Germany that taste fbt the marvellous and romantic which characterizes most of his writiiiL's. Ilia first production was "Tlie Monk," a romance admired for its talent, but iiistlv censured for its licentiousness* he also wrote " Feudal Tvrants," " llo- mantie Tales," "Talcs of Terror," "The 584 CVCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [l.IO Castlo Spectre," a drama, and inany otliers. lie was a member of parlia- ment, but iindistiuguished by any ora- torical powers, and he d. in 1818. — MEKKiwLTiiiiK, b. 1774, and employed by the govenunent of the United States, with Clark, to make discoveries in the northern parts of the American con- tinent, with a view to the extension of commerce to the Pacific ocean. In 18:»o they unlertook a journey for the pur- pose of discovering the sources of the Missouri, and they "passed the winter in an icy region, 500 leagues beyond its confluence. Lewis was soon id'icr made governor of Louisiana, and Clark a general of its militia, and agent of the United States for Indian affairs. D. 1809. LEYDEN, Joux, a physician, but more distinguished as a poet and orien- tal scholar, was b. 1775, at Denholm, Eoxburglisliire, and was the son of a 8mall fanner. Displaying in early youth an eager desire for acquiring knowledge, liis parents contrived to send him to a college at J2dinburgh, where he flrst studied theology, but relinquished it for medicine; and, in addition to the learn- ed langu iL'es, he acquired French, Spanish, Italian, German, Arabic, and Persian. In 1801 ho assisted Sir Walter Scott in procuring materials and illus- trations for his " Minstrelsv of the Scot- tish Border," and republished "Tlic Complaynt of Scotland," with a learned preliminary dissertation, notes, and a glossary. Having obtained a doctor's degree, lie was appointed assistant sur- geon on tiic Madras establishment; after which he wab made professor of the na- tive dialects in the Bengal college, from which situation, however, he was re- moved, to bo ju.lge of the 24 Pei-guii- nahs of Calcutta. His power of acquiring languaics was truly wonderful, an I du- ring his residence in India he devoted himself to the study of oriental litera- ture; but he did not lonir survive the influence of the climate. Ilis " Poetical Eeinains" were published in 1821. LIIUYD, Edwahd, an omiiiont anti- quary and naturalist, b. about 1670, w;is a. native of Wales; studied at .Jesus col- lege, Oxford, in which university he Buccoeded Dr. Plot as keeper of the Ashmolean Museum ; and was the au- thor of a learned and valuable work, entitled " Archicologia Britannicn." lie also )iublislied " Lithophylacii Britun- nici Icono,rra]ihia," and left in mum- script an '' Irish-English Dictionary," and other curious papers ou autiquiiriau subjects. D. 1709. — ^Humphrey, an an- tiquarian, b. at Denbigh, Wales ; author of'''Conunontarioli Brittanniete Descrip- tionis Fragmentum," " De Mona ruid um Insula," "De Armamentario Ma- no," and " The History of Cambria." D. 1570. LIBANIUS, a celebrated Greek rhet- orician, b. at Antioch, in 314. lie studieil at Athens, and afterwards be- came famous as a teacher of eloquence at Constantinople, till the jealousy of the other professors being excited by his success, he was accused of magical practices, and banished. lie afterwards became preceptor to Basil and John Chrysostom, so celebrated in the Chris- tian" church; and on the accession of Julian, he was honored with his friend- ship, and is supposed to have assisted the emperor in some of his composi- tions. Many of his orations and de- clamations are extant, but they are verbose and pedantic. LIGHTEN BERG, George Christo- pher, an eminent natural philosopher, was b. near Darmstadt, in 1742 ; studied at Gottingen, where he was appointed professor extraordinary of the physical sciences ; and succeeded Erleoen, in 1777, as professor of experimental phi- losophy. His astronomical observations were original and important. He also indulged' much in satire; and among others, possessing much wit and humor, was an elusion, entitled "The Physiog- nomy of Tails," in which Lavater and his system were held up to ridicule. D. 1799. LIDDEL, DuNCAv, a mathematician and physician, was b. in 1651, at Aber- deen, where he received his education. He afterwards went to Frankfort, and then removed to Rostock, and, in 1591, was elected professor of mathematics j.t Helmstadt, where he tO(.k his doctor's degree in i>hysic. In 1607 he returned to Scotland, and fonndod a mathemati- cal professorship and six scholarships at Aberdeen. Ho wrote several works ou nielieal subjects, and d. 1613. LIGHTFOOT, John, a learned En- irlish divine, was b. at Stokc-npon- Trent, in Staffordshire, in 16i>2, and educated at Christ's college, Cambridge. lie made extraordinary advances in the Greek and Latin huiguaires, and applied himself to Ilelirew with sinirular assi- duity and success. In 1629 he printed his first work, entitled "ErubJiim or Miscellanies, (Jhristian and Jndaical." He distinguished himself as a zealous promoter of the Polyglot Bible, and, at um] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIT. 585 the lestoration, was appointed one of the assistants at the Savoy conference. lie became vice-chancellor of Cam- bridge, and d. in 1675. The works of Lighttbot, who, for biblical learning, has had few equals, were printed in 1614, and his " Keniaius" were published by Strypc, in 1700. — John, a botanist, b. at Newont, in Gloucestershire, in 1735, was educated at Pembroke college, Ox- ford, and became successively rector of Shelden, in Hampshire, and of Gotham and Sutton, in Nottinghamshire. He was patronized by the duehess of Port- laud, and drew up the catalogue of her miiseuBi. He wu.s a fellow of the Koyal and Linnaean societies, and published the " Floia Scotica." D. 178S. LI6NE, CuARLEs Joseph, prince do, was b. at Brussels, in 1788 ; entered the Austrian army at the age of 17 ; distin- guished himself in the seven years' war; was invited to the French court by the count d'Artois, and admitted into the privacy of the royal family ; was sent on a mission to Kussia, where his talents and personal accomplish- ments rendered him a great favorite with Catharine, who made him a field- marshal, and gave him an estate in the Crimea. His knowledge, experience, activity, and acute observation appear by the numerous writings which he published at dilicrent periods ; and the information he gives ot the leading per- sons and events of his time, is detailed in an amusing and instructive manner. D. 1814:. LILBUENE, Jonx, an enthusiastic republican in the reign of Charles I., was b. in 1618, in the county of Dur- ham. Having gone to Holland to superintend the printing of some libels on the government, he was sentenced by the star chamber council to receive 500 lashes and to stand in the pillory ; for which the long parliament voted him reparation. He fought at the bat- tle of Edge-hill as a captain of foot ; but at Brentford he was Tuade pris- oner, and carried to Oxford, where he would have been hanged, had not the parliament threatened retaliation. He then obtained his liberty, and was made first a major, and afterwards a colonel of dragoons, in which capacity he served at the battle of Marston-moor, where he behaved with great gallantry. Being committed to Newgate tor contempt, ^hen brought before the house of lords for a libel on the carl of Manchester, he contrived, while thus immured, to pub- rjsh Bamphlets in rapid succession, in which he virulently assailed his ene- mies, and even charged Cromwell and Ireton with high treason. For this piece of daring, he was again tried, but lie defended liitnself with "o nuicli boldness and ability, that he was ac- quitted. He possessed an uncon(|uera- ble spirit, and was of so quarrelsome a disposition, that it has been ap[)Ositely Haid of him, "that if there were nono living but him, John would be against Lilbiirne, and Lilburne against Jolni." D. 1657. LILLO, Geohoe, a tragic writer of the last century, was b. in London 16!)3. He carried on tin, business of a jeweller many years, in a style of great respect- ability, and contrived to devote no small portion of his time to dramatic produc- tions. He well knew how to touch the heart, and his pieces, which arc sub- servient to the cause of virtue, are, "George Barnwell," "Fatal Curiosity," and " Arden of Feversham." D. 1739. LILLY, John, an English writer, w;\9 b. in Kent, about 155.'5, and d. about 1600. He wrote " Euphues," a descrip- tion of different characters ; also some plays, as "Endvmion,"' "Campasne," " Midas," acted before Queen Eliza- beth ; " The Maid's Metamorphosis," " The Woman in the Moon,"' &c. — • William, an English astrologer, was b. in Leicestershire, in 1602. After receiving a common education, he went to London, and became book- keeper to a tradesman, at whose death he married his widow. In 1632 he be- came the pupil of Evans the astrologer, and soon excelled his master. He was employed by both parties during the civil wars, and even Charles I. is said to have made use of him. Lilly was certainly consulted respecting tlic king's projected escape from Carisbrook castle, lie, however, gained more from the par- liament party ; and the predictions con- tained in his almanacs had a wonderful etfect upon the soldiers and common people. Ilis principal works are, "Chris- tian Astrology," " A Collection of Na- tivities," and " Observations on the Life and Death of Charles, late king of En- gland." D. 1681. LIMONADE, count de, an emanci- pated ncfrro slave of Ilnyti, b. about 1770; distinguished in the war of inde- pendence waged by Toussaint; and was secretary of foreign affairs to Christophe, when he superseded Dessalines as em- peror of Ilayti. lie survived the suicidal death of Cliristophe, and the destruction of the imperial government. His saga- 58G CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. cilj" and stntesmnn-likc talents were ex- hibited ill IVeijueiit diplomatic corrc- Bpondenco with Napoleon's ministers. LINC(.)LN, Bkxja.min. an Auierican general, b. in Hingham, Mass., 1733; d. 1810. A farmer, he served in various civil and military oiiices, and soon after the hreakinj;- out of the revolution became major-general in the provincial militia, anil in 1777 was transferred to the ccniti- iiental army. At the battle of Bemus's Heights he commanded, and the next dav, while recoiiiioitriiig, received a severe wound. In 1778 he was appointed to the command of the southern army. He coi pnrated with Count d'Estaing in the assault on Savannah, and in 1780 was bssieged in Charleston liv a superior British force and capitulated after an obstinate defence. At the siege of York- town he received the sword of Cornwal- lis. He was secretar}' of war two years, and in 1787 commanded the forces which quelled the Shays rebellion in Mass. In the same year he was elected lieutenant- governor of that state. For severiil years he was collector of the port of Koston. — Levi, an American lawyer and states^ man, b. in Hingham, Mass., 1749; d. 182 J. He was a member of President Jeil'erson's cabinet; lieut. -governor, and for soma months acting governor of Mass. ; and, later, an associate justice of the U. S. supreme court. LINDSAY, Sir David, one of the most famous of the old Scottish poets, b. 14U0; d. 1.557. LIXDSiiV, TiiEorHiLus, a church of England divine, afterwards known a.s a unitarian preacher. B. 1723; d. 1808. LINN, John Blair, an American poet, b. iu 1777, at Fhippenburgli, Pennsyl- vania. Ill 1700 he became a preaeher among tlie Presbyterians of Pliila. But his conduct having rendered him unpopular with his parishioners, he was induced to rcsiLMi his elun-ge; and ho then jiroceeded to London, where ho became connected with the press : and among other productions, wrote a pam- phlet, entitled " A Review of the prin- cipal Charges agamst Mr. Warren Has- tings," whicli led to the prosecution of the publisher, Mr. Stoelvdale, who, liow- ever, was acquitted. His poems, usually printed with those of Micliael i^rucc, whose merits he was the first to make known, are cliiefly lyrical ; but he also wrote "Runnymedej" a tragedy; and published the' " Elements of the Phi- losophy of History ;" besides being tho a_uthor of a volume of sermons, pub- lished posthumously, which have en- joyed great popularity. D. 1788. LOLLARD, Walter, the founder of a religious sect in Germany, about 1315. He was burnt, at Cologne, in 1322. LOLLT, or LOLLY, Antonio, a cele- brated performer on the violin, was a native of Bergamo, in Italy, and b. in 1728. In Germany, Russia, England, Spain, France, and Naples he excited the admiration of the musical world: but thouifli for many years he possessed a wonderful command over the instrn- nient, yet during tlie latter part of liis life not a trace w.as left of that extraordi- nary skill which had established his fame. D. 1802. LOMONOZOF,MionAKi.WAsiLowrrz, a Russian poet and historian of the last century, was b. 1711. He was the son of a fislimonger, and having fled from liis father, he took refuge in a nionas- terv, where he received his education, wiiich he afterwards improved at a Ger- man university. In 1741 he returned to his native country, and became a member of the academy of Petersburg^, and professor of chemistry. In 17S4 ha was ma Ic a counsellor of state, and d. in tlie course of the same yea'*. Ilia odes partake much of the fire of Pindar, and he lias boon justly called tho futhui" 593 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [low of Eusslnn poetry. Ho also wrote sev- eral works ill [troso, piirticularly a "His- tory of the Empire of Kussiii." LONDON DEKRY, Kobert Stewart, inarqnis of, who for many years was known as Lord Castlereagh, was a na- tive of Ireland, and b. in 1769, He was educated at Armagh and St. .John's col- lege, Cambridge, and having made the tonr of Europe, was on his return cho- sen a member of the Irish parliament. He joined the opposition in the first place, and declared himself an advocate tor parliamentary reform ; but on ob- taining a seat in the British parliament, he took his station on the ministerial benches. In 1797, having then become Lord Castlereagh, he was made keeper of the privy seal for Ireland, and soon after ai>p(>iiited one of the lords of the treasury. The next year he was nominated secretary to the lord-lieu- tenant, and by his strenuous exertions and abilities, in the art of removing opposition, the union with Ireland was greatly facilitated. In 1805 he was ap- pointed secretary of war and the colo- nies ; but on the death of Mr. Pitt, he retired until the dissolution of the brief administration of 1S06 restored him to the same situation in 1807, and he held his ottice until the ill-fated expedition to Walcheren, and his duel with his colleague, Mr. Canning, produced his resignation. In 1812 he succeeded the Manpiis Wellesley as foreign secretary, and the following year proceeded to the Continent, to assist the coalesced powers in negotiating a general peace. In 1814 he was plenipotentiary extraordinary to the allied powers, and towards the close of the same year, to the conarress of Vienna. For these services he received the thanks of parliament, and was hon- ored with the order of the garter. On the death of his father, in 1821, he suc- ceeded to the title of marquis of Lon- donderry ; but he did not long enjoy it, for in a fit of insanity, bronirht on by excessive mental and bodily exertion in attending to his public duties, he put an end to his existence by severing the carotid artery with a penknife. This event took place on the 12th of August, 1822. LONG, Edward, was b. in 1724-, at St. Blaizc, Cornwall. He was brought ip to the law, and became judge of the ('ice-admiralty court in .Jamaica, where liis father possessed estates, and of which island his brother-in-law. Sir Henry Moore, was lieutenant-governor. P<>mg oblisrod to return to England for the restoration of his health in 17G9, he devoted his time to literary pur-^uits, and wrote an .admirable " History of Jamaica," a collection of essays, enti- tled "The Prater," " The Antigallcan," a novel ; " Letter" ,,n the Colonies," -'e on As- tronomy," and constructed at Pem- broke iiall, a hollow sphere, 18 feet in diameter, on the intt-rior surface of which were represented the stars, con- stellations, &c., the whole being moved by means of machinery. D. 1770. — Thomas, an English nonjuring divine, was b. at Exeter, in 1021, was educated at Exeter college, Oxford, and after the restoration, was made prebendary of Exeter, but lost that preferment at the revolution for refusing the oaths. His principal works are, "Calvinus Kedivi- vns," " History of the Donatists," " Vindication of the Primitive Chris- tians in point of Obedience," "History of l^opish and Fanatical Plots," and " A Vindication of King Charles's Claim to the Eikon Basilike." D. 1700. LONGEPIERRE, Hilary Bernard DE, a French critic, b. at Dijon, in 1659 ; author of several tragedies in imitation of the Greek poets ; but only two of them, the " Medea" and " Elcctra," were ever performed. D. 1721. LONGlKuS, DioNYsius, a celebrated Greek critic and philosopher of the third century; but whether born at Athens, or in Syria, is uncertain. In his youth he travelled for improvement to liome, Atlien'", and Alexandria, and attended to all the eminent masters in eloquence and philosophy. At lencrth he settled at Athens, where he \.aufrlit philosophy, and where he also pnblislied Ids inimitable "Treatise on the Sub- lime." His knowledge was so exten- sive, that he was called "the living library;" and his fame having reached the cars of the celebrated Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, she invited him to the court, intrusted to him the educa- tion of her two sons, and took his advice on political affairs. But this distinction proved fatal to him, for after the surrender of Palmyra, Aurelian basely put him to death, for having ad- vised Zenobia to resist the R;)man3, and lor] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 59o for being tlic real author of the spirited letter wliicli tlie queen addressed to tiio Koiiian nionarcli. Ilisdeatli took place in 273. lie met his fate with eahnness and fortitude, exchiimin17, anci' intended to put an end to tlie sale of indulgences by the Dominican Tetzel. They were con- demned as heretical, but neither men- aces nor persuasions could induce him to recant, and he still maintained the invalidity of indulgences, and of the papal supremacy. Li 1520, Luther and Jiis friends were excommunicated, and his writings burnt at Rome, Cologne, and Louvain. Indignant at this open act of hostility, Luther burned the bull of excommunication and the decretals of tlu! papiil canon. Being called upon by many of the German nobility to de- fend the new doctrine, he i)resentcd himself at the diet of Worms, April, 1521, before the emperor, and a vast assemblage of the princes and prelates of Germany. lie there made an elabo- rate defence, and concluded it with tliesc words : " Let me tiien be refuted and convinced by the testimony of the Scrip- tures, or by the clearest arguments, otherwise I cannot and will not recant ; for it is neither safe nor expedient to act against conscience. Here I take my gtand ; I can do no otherwise, so help me (jod ! Amen." He left Worms, in fact, a conqueror ; but it was so manifest that his enemies were determined upon his destruction, that the elector of Sax- ony conveyed him to the castle of Wart- burg, to save his life. In this Patmos, as he called it, Luther remained ten months, and then returned to Witten- berg, wliere he published a sharp reply to Henry VIII., who had written a book against him, on the seven sacraments. Luther also printed a translation of the Kew Testament, which greatly alarmed the Catholics, and severe edicts were issued against the reading of it by the princes of that communion. In 1524 he married Catherine de Bora, who had been a nun, by whom he had three sons. In 1520 the emperor assembled another diet at Spires, to check the progress of the new opinion.'*; and hero it was that the iiamc of I'rotestants first ar^se, oo- casioneil by the protest made, on the part of the electoral princes, who wero for the relbrmation, aW, was called "The Confession of Augsburjr." In 15:14 Luther's translation of tlie whole Bible was published, and the same year lie printed a hook against the service of the mass. At leugtli, worn out, more bv labor than age, this illustrious man J. at his native place, Feb. 18, 1546, having lived to see that his doctrines had taken such deep root, that no earthly power could eratlicate them. LUTTI, Benkdict, an eminent Italian painter, on whom the emperor of Ger- many conferred the honor of kriight- liood, was b. at Florence, in 10(50. He resided at liome, where he was presi- dent of the academy of St. Luke. His paintings are rare and valuable. D. 1724. LUXEMBOURG, Francis TIenkt dk MoNTMoitENCi, duke of, a famous general and marshal of France, b. in 1028, was the posthumous son of tlic cou'.it de Bouteville, who was beheaded in the reign of Louis XIII. for lighting a duel. He served when young under the prince of Condc, was made a duke and peer of France, in 1602, was a lieutenant-gen- eral at the taking of Franelic-Conipte, in 1008, commanded during the invasion of Holland, in 1672, and having gained the battle of Seref, in 1074, was created a marshal. He subsequently distin- guished himself at the battles of F"leu- rus, Leuze, Steinkirk, &c., and d. in 1695. LYCOPHRON, a Greek poet was b. at Chalcis, in Enboia. He flourished in the age of Ptolemy Philadelplius, and was one of the seven poets termed the Pleiades. He wrote numerous trage- dies, a satirical drama, and other works ; but the only extant production of this writer is a poem relating to the [)redio- tions of Cassandra, the daughter of Priam, kinir of Trov. LYCURGUS, the celebrated Spartan legislator, son of Knnomns, king of Sparta, is supposed to liavc been b. about 898 b. c. His elder brother, Polydectes, wlio sncceeded to the tlirono on the death of his father, soon after 600 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ltd died, and loft the kingdom to liiin ; but Lycur<^us lindiag that the widow was pregu;nil, forbore to assume the sceptre ; und the issue proving to be a boy, he faithfully fulfilled the office of guardian to it. lie made the study of legislation his prini-ipal object; and having trav- elled for the purpose of investigating the institutions of other lands, he re- turned to his own country, and estab- lished those laws by which Sparta was 80 long governed. Having bound the king, senate, and people, by a solemn oath, not to alter any of the laws he had made until his return, he left Sparta •with the avowed intention of visiting the oracle of Delphi, but he secretly deierinined never to see it again. Plu- tarch aflirms, that he put himself vol- untarily to death by starvation, while Lucian assert that he died naturally, at the age of 85. The rigid character of the laws of Lycurgus was intended to make public principles predominate over private interests and ati'eetions. Children were not allowed to be the property of their parents, but of the state ; which directed their education, and even determined on their life or death. Tiic severest penalties against debauchery and intemperance were affixed; and it was enjoined that the people should all take their meals in public. They were allowed to possess neither gold nor silver; iron was used for money ; the theatres were abolished, and nothing but the most indispensable knowledge was allowed to be acquired ; in short, all that tended to soften and humanize mankind was prohibited, while every thing that could promote a hardy life and [personal bravery was en- couraged. Tlie Spartans, under the laws of Lycurgus, consequently became a nation of warriors, who, tor ages, proved the bulwark of their' friends, the dread of their foes, and an example for future ages — more, however, to be Bhunnebli:jlicd liia journal, under tlic title of " A Narrative of Travels in Northern Africa, accompanied by Goo- e^rtiphical Notices of Soudan, and of tlie Coarse of the Niger." A more disas- trous undertaking lias been seldom known ; the travellers suffered every kind of privation, were attacked with tlie most alarming disordei's, and Mr. Kitcliie fell a martyr to extreme suffer- ing and disappointment while at Mour- zouk, the capital of Fez/.au, from which place Mr. Lyon returned. A very dif- ferent scene of operations next awaited liim. In 1821 he was appointed to tiie coujiiiand of the Ilccla, one of the ships belonging to Captain Parry's expedition to the polar seas ; of which he also published "A Private Journal." In 1823 he was raised to the rank of post- captain, and appointed to the command of the Griper gun-brig, then fitting out for another voyage of discovery in the icy regions. Here he and his gal- lant crew encountered the most frightful perils, but providentially returned to England, though without effecting any part of tlieir object. He afterwards went to Mexico as one of the commis- sioners of tlie Keal del Monte Mining (/ompany, and was wrecked on his^re- turn, near Holyhead, in 1827, losmg cvury thing belonging to him. He again visited South America, but d. on lijh passage home, 1832, aged 37. lVoNNET, Peter, an eminent nat- uralist, was b. at Macstricht in 1707. Being bred to the law, he became one of the secretaries to the states of IIol- Jand, and their law translator from the Latin and French. In his latter years ne applied to the study of natural his- tory, particularly insects ; on winch sub- ject he wrote several esteemed books, the most important of which is, " Traite Anatomique de la Chenille qui rouge le Bois de Saule." D. 1789. LYONS, IsRAEi-, an astronomer, bot- anist, and mathematician, b. in 1739, was the son of a Polish Jew, who was a Hebrew teacher at Cambridge. He was Sir Joseph Banks' instructor in bot- any, and accompanied Captain Phipps, afterwards Lord Mulgrave, as astrono- mer, in his voyage towards the north pole. He was one of the calculators of the " Nautical Almanac," wrote a ''Treatise on Fluxions," and other works, and lectured on botany. T>. 1775. LYSANDElv, a famous Lacedemonian general, who was employed in and put 51 an end to tlic Peloponnesian war. By defeating tlie Athenians, too, in tlie naval action of yEgospotamos, 40') b. c, he destroyed the Athenian ascendency in Greece. His ami/ition was to obtain the sovereign power of Snarta, but he did not succeed. He was slain in the war against Thebes, 375 is. c. LYSI AS, a Greek orator, b. at Athens, as some say, and at Syracuse, as otlier.s maintain, 459 B.C. He obtained great fame as a rhetorical teacher, and is cited by Qiiintillian as an example of pure and beautiful eloquence. He lived to the age of 81. Of his 300 or 400 orations only 34 have come down to us. ILYSIPPUS, a celebrated Grecian sculptor, who worked with such extra- ordinary diligence, that he is said to have left behind him fifteen Dundved pieces, every one of whicl evinced marks of superior genius. H( received from Alexander tlie Great the singular privilege of exclusively making his effigy in cast metal ; and he accordingly executed a series of figures of that prince, from childhood to maturity. He greatly improved the art of statuary, and gave fe) tlie human figure a degree of symmetry and beauty unpractised by his predecessors. LYTTLETON, George, Lord, an ele- gant poet and liistorian, was b. at llaglcy, in Worcestershire, in 1709. On the res- ignation of Walpole, he was made one of the lords of the treasury ; was subse- quently chancellor of the exchequer, but resigned in 17.57, and was raised to the peerage, after wliicli he withdrew from ])ublic affairs. He was the author of a " Dissertation on the Conversion of St. Paul," " Dialogues of the Dead," a "History of Henry 11.," and "Poems." The latter are correct in versification, and replete vsfith delicate sentiments ; nor are his miscellanies in prose devoid of good taste. D. 1773.— Thomas, Lord, son of the preceding, was a young no- bleman of promising talents, but of dis- sipated manners ; and whose death is said to have been preceded by a very extraordinary circumstance. He dreamt that a young female, dressed in wliite, solemnly warned him of liis dissolution in three days from tliat time. On the third day, his lordship had a party to spend the evening with liiin, and about the time predicted he observed to tlio company present, that " he believed he should jockey the ghost ;" but in a few minutes afterwards he was seized with a sudden faintness, carried to bed, and rose no more. D. 1779. 002 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. |ma«] "J MABrLLON, a learned French Bcne- 3ictinc, famous as a writer on ecclesias- tical antiquities and diplomatics, was b. in 1632, at Pierre Mont, in Ciiampajrne, and studied at the colIc<:e of Kheims. He assisted D'Aclieri in his Spicilcgium, and published several laborious works, among which are, " De Diplomatica," the '• Musffiuin Itnlicum," and " The Annals of the Order of St. Benedict." D. 1707. MABLY, Gabriel Bonnet de, a French abbe, eminent as a political and historical writer, was the brotiicr of Condilliic, and b. at Grenoble, in 1709. He was educated by tiie Jesuits at Lyons, but soon abandoned tlieolojrical studies tor Tliucydides, Plutarcii, and Livy. His works include " Fanillelc des Eomains et des Francjois," " Le Droit public de I'Europe," "Observations sur les Grees," " Observations sur les Eo- mains," " Observiitions sur I'llistoire de la France," " Sur les Constitutions des Etats Unis de I'AmL-rique." &c. D. 1785. MACADAM, JoHx Loudon, known as the introducer of an improved system of road-makinj, which bears his name, was descended from an ancient and respectable family in Kirkcudbright, Scotland, where he was b. in 1756. He was a mnn of science generally, and in the course of his active services as a magistrate and trustee of roads, his at- tention was first nttracted to the want of scientific principles in the construc- tion of roads. At that time he was in his GOth year, and the subject continued to occupy his leisure till he finally ef- fected what may fairly be termed a na- tional good. Government appreciating the vast utility of his plans, rewarded him by two grants, amounting together to £10, 000, and he waii offered the honor of knighthood, which, however, he de- clined, in consequence of his advanced age, and it was conferred on his son, now Sir .Tames Nicoll M'Adam. D. 18:36. MACARTNEY, George, earl of, was b. at Lismore, near Belfast, in 1737. He was employed as ambassador from Great Britain to the emperor of China in 1792. He conducted hniiself with great ad- dress on that occasion ; and an account of the mission was published by Sir George Staunton, who acted as his sec- retary-. The embassy returned in 1794, and the carl was next sent to Louis XVin., then Monsieur, at Verona; after that, he was appointed governor of the Cajie of Good Hope, which ho was compelled, from ill health, to resign. During his retirement in Surrey, ho wrote "The State of '.-{.issia in 1767,'' and " The State of Irel ,nd in 1773." MACAU LAY, Catharine, a female historian, was b. in 1730. In 1760 she married Mr. George Macaulay, a physi- cian in London ; and after his de:ith"she married, in 1778, Dr. Graham, a clergy- man, and brother to the noted empiric of that name. In 1785 she came to America, for the purpose of visiting General VVashinirton, with whom she maintained a correspondence during her life. Among her works are, "The His- tory of England from James I. to the Accession of the House of Hanover," " The History of England from the Rev- olution to the present Time," " Remnrks on Hobbes's Rudiments of Government and Society," " A Treatise on Moral Truth," " Letters on Education," &c. D. 1791. — Zaciiary, a zealous co-op- erator with Mr. Wilberforce and other distinguisiied philanthropists in the abolition of slavery in the British colo- nies; to which end he had devoted .his eminent talents and best energies for upwards of forty years. He was the father of the distinguished historian, T. Babington Macaulay, esq. D. 1838. MACAULEY, Elizabeth WRibnT, a lady, who, in the varied characters cf an actress, a lecturer, and a preacher of the gospel, was well known, was b. iu 1785. She left the stage on the plea of ill health, and became the occupant and preacher of a. chapel in London ; she also occasionally entertained audiences with dramatic recitations; and, for the twelvemonth jireceding her death, she was occupied in delivering lectures on " Domestic Philosophy" iu variou.-i parts ofEuirland. D. 1837.' MACCALL, Hugh, major in the army of the U. S., d. at Savannah, Georgia, 1824, aared 57. He published a " History of Georgia," 1816. MACCALL.\, Daniel, minister at Wappetaw, S. C, was a native of Penn- sylvania, and graduated at Princeton college, 1766. In 1774 he was ordained pastor of the churches of New Provi- dence and Charleston, Penn. In th« KAC] CTCLOP.'EDIA OF BIOaRAl'UV. 603 war he went as chaplain to Canada, and was made a prisoner. For some n)ontiis he was conhiicd in a prison-ship. IIt returned on parole at the close of 177G. D. 1800. MACCULLOCII, JoH!>r, was b. in}773, at Guernsey; entered into tlie artillery as assistant surgeon, ami beeame chem- ist to the ordnance in 1803. He was afterwards enafanred by government in tlie surveys of Scotland; and his miner- aloijical and treoiOijical survey of that por- tion of the Ivinirdom is deemed his most important public work. In 1832 his able map of it was completed, and lie received from jfovernment the sum of £7000. lie also vvrnte many scientific works. D. 183 >. MACDONALI), P^tif.xnk Jacques Jo- seph ALEXANnuE, duke of Tarcntnm, and a distiuKuished marshal of France, was b. at Sedan, in France, 176.5. Descended from a Scotch family, whicli had taken refuge in France after the suppression of tlie rebellion in Scotland in 1745, he entered the French army in 1784, and embracing the revolutionary cause, served on the staff of Dumourier, at Jemappes, and greatly distinguished himself in tlie campaign in the Low Countries under General Pichegru. In 17'Jti, as general of division, he took tlie command of the army of the Rhine: lie tlien joined tlie army of Italy, where he beeaine governor of Rome; and having soon afterwards been sent against Na- ples, liis skilful retreat saved tiie French army from the utter ruin with which it was jnenaced by Suwarrow. During the IBtli Brumaire, he commanded at Ver- sailles. In 1800 he was appointed to the command of the army in Switzer- land, and immortalized his name in military annals by his celebrated passage of the" Splugen. In 1802 ho was ap- pointed French ambassador at the court of C(3penhagen ; and, on his return to Paris, Napoleon marked his displeasure at some expressions he had made use of in reference to his treatment of Moreau, by withdrawing him from active service. But in 1809 he once more took part in tlio Italian campaign, sliared the glories if tlie victories at Laybaeli, Raab, and Wagram, his gallant conduct in the last earning for him a marshal's baton at the emperor's hands, and was appointed governor of Gri.U?, where his humanity gained him "golden opinions from all ranks of peonic." In 1810 he was cre- itcd duke of Tarcntnm, and appointed to command in Catalonia, where, con- trary to his wont, he displayed great ji&umauity. He subsequently shared in tlie Russian campaign, and distin- guished himself in the battles of 15aulzen and Lutzcii ; but met with a severe re- verse at Katzbach, where he liad iiii|)ru- dently engaged Marshal Blucher with a greatiy inferior force. After the fall of Napoleon, he was called to the chamber of peers, and made chancellor of the legion of honor. D. 1840. MACDONOUGII, Thomas, commo- dore, WIS a native of Delav.-are. He servcil as a midshipman in tlie American fleet sent to the M^editerranean. In the war of 1812, at the age of 28, he com- manded the American forces on lake Champiain. In the battle of Sept. 11, 1814, after an action of two hours and twenty minutes, he obtained a completo victory. The state of New York gave him 1000 acres of land on the bay, in which the battle was fought. D. 182.'), aged S'.t. MACDOUGAL, Alexander, major- general, was tiie son of a Scotchman, who sold milk in the city of New York, nor was he ashamed to acknowledge, that when a boy he assisted his futlier. He proved iiimself a zealous whig liefore the beginning of the American revolu- tionary war; in 1776 he was appointed brigadier, and major-general in 1777. He commanded in the action at White Plains, and was engaged in the battle of Germantown. In 1781 he was elected a delegate to congress; he was after- wards in tlie senate of New York. D. l^S*). MACDUFFIE, Geokge, an eminent politician of South Carolina. He studied law with J. C. Calhoun and commenced the practice in connection with Edward Ford, now the rector of an Episcopal church at Augusta. Shortly after fhpir separation he was involved in dilliculties witii Colonel Cummiug of Augusta, which resulted in several hostile meet- ings, in one of which he received a wound in one of his shouMers from which he never recovered. He entered congress in 1S21, and represented his state fourteen years, during which he distinguished himself as an orator, and often eonteiKlcd in debate with the late John Randolph. He was afterwards elected governor of his stale, and in 1843 was chosen to the United States senate as colleague with Mr. Calhoun. He was once a champion of the United States bank, internal improvements, and a protective tariff, and soon after became an equally enthusiastic opponent of them nil. lie was an earnest and eloquent de- bater. D. 1851. 604 CTCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPIIT. [mac MACE, Thomas, an English mnsician, who was an excellent performer on the Into. lie publislied a work, entitled " Music's Moiiiiment, or a Kemcm- brance of the best Practical Music," &c. D. 1076. MACFARLANE, Henrt, an histori- cal writer, was b. in Scotland, in 1734; was for some years a reporter of speeches in parliament; and afterwards kept a respectable seminary at Waltliamstow. lie was the author of a " History of George III.," an " Essay on the Authen- ticity of Ussian," "An Address to the People of Britain," &c. D. 180-i. MACIII AVEL, or MACCIII AVELLI, Nicholas, a celebrated political writer and historian, was b. at Florence, in 1469, of a noble family, whose members had enjoyed the highest dignities in the republic. On account of his distin- guished talents, he was very early ap- pointed cliancellor of his native state, and not long afterwards advanced to the post of secretary. When Florence had recovered her liberty, by the expulsion of the Medici, he was several times charged with important embassies, which were of great use to the cotn- monwealtli. On tiie return of the Medici to Florence, he was deprived of his post ; and being afterwards accused of participating in a conspiracy, he was imprisoned, put to the torture, and banished; all which he endured with a firmness approaching to indilference. Having returned to his native country, the favor and confidence shown him liy the Medici alienated him from the af- fections of the Florentines; and he d. in indigent circumstances, in 1527. His chief vvorks are, "The History of Flor- ence," "The Life of Castruccio Castra- cani," " A Treatise on the Military Art," and "The Prince." This last work, if taken literally, contains the most per- nicious maxims of government, founiled on the vilest principles ; hence the word Machiavcllism is used to denote that Hystem of policy which disregards every law, human or divine, to effect its pur- poses. There are many, however, who regard it rather as a covert satire upon tyranny, than as a manual for a tvrant. ■ MACINTOSH, Lachlan, General, an officer of the American revolutionary war, was one of the early settlers of Georgia, and the principal military of ihe province. In 1776 he was appointed brigadier-general. Having served to the end of the war, he was a member of congress in 1784. In 1785 he was one of the commissioners to treat with the southern Indians. D. 1806. — Jonif, General, was an officer of the Georgia line in 1775, and served during tlie war with unblemished honor. In 1814 he commanded the Georgia division which went to Pensacoia. D. 1826. MACKAY, Andrew, nn eminent mathematician; author of a "Treatise on the Longitude," and a contributor to Eees's "Cyclopaedia." D. 1809. MACKEAN, Thomas, an eminent judge, and a signer of the declaration of independence, was b. in Pennsyl- vania, in 1734, and after a course of academic and professional studies was admitted to the bar at the age of 21 years. His political career commenced in 1762, when he was returned a mem- ber of tiie assembly from the county of Newcastle. He was a member of the congress which assemhled in New York, in 1765, to obtain relief of the British government for the grievances under which the colonies were suffering. lu this body he behaved with much decis- ion and energy. In 1774 he was ap- pointed to the general congress, a dele- gate from the lower counties in Delaware, and was the only man who, without intermission, was a member during the whole period. Of this ,body he was president in 1781. In 1777 he was ap- pointed chief justice of Pennsylvania, and discharged the duties of this office with impartiality and dignity for 22 years. In 1799 he was elected a gov- ernor of the state of Pennsylvania. D 1817. MACKENZIE, Sir Geokoe, an inge- nious lawyer and writer, was b. at Dun- dee, 1636; became an eminent advocate; and gained from the covenanters the severe appellation of " Ijloodthirsty." When James II. abrogated the Catholio laws he resigned, but was afterwards restored by tliat prince. Not approving the measures of the prince of Oranje, he again retired and went to London, where he d- 1691. He wrote several works of merit on the laws of Scotland; "A Defence of the Antiquity of the Royal Line of Scotland," "Essays on Moral Subjects," and some poetical pieces. — Henry, an essayist and elegant writer of works of fiction, was the son of an eminent physician at Edinburgh, and b. in 1745. He received a libcr.al education; and, in 1746, became an at- torney in the Scottish court of exche- quer. His first production was "The Man of Feeling," vvliich soon acquired unbounded popularity: this was fol- lowed by "The Man of the World," mac] and he subsequently produced a tliird, "Julia de KoubiLrne." lie next, in con- junction with otiier literavy characters, published a series of Essays, under the title of "T!ie Mirror," and afterwards "The Lounger." He also coiitributeil many excellent papers to the "Transac- tions of the Koyal Society of Edinburjrh and of the Highland Society," of lioth of which lie was a member. His dramatic works were by no means so successful : they consist "of two tragedies, "The Priuce of Tunis" and " The Shipwreck," and of two comedies, "The Force of Fashion" and " The White Hypocrite." He was the author of a political tract entitled " An Account of the Proceed- ings of the Parliament of 1784;" and at the eominencement of the French revo- lution he published several others, with the view of counteracting the prevalence of democratic principles at home, which introduced him to the notice of Mr. Pitt, and some years after he was appointed comptroller of the taxes for Scotland, an office which he held till his death. 1). 1831. — DoxALD, was h. in Scotland, in 1783, and at the acre of 17 he came over to Canada and joined the Northwest company and continued eight years with them. In 1809 he became one of :he partners with the late John Jacob Astor, of New York, in establishing the fur trade west of tlic Rocky Mountains, and in company with Mr. Hunt, of St. Louis, he made the overland route to the mouth of the Columbia river, a feat then rarely attempted and full of perils, and remained at Astoria until it was surren- dered by MacDougall to the British. He converted every thing he could inti available funds and carried them safely through a mighty wilderness to Mr. Astor. After the restoration of peace, he exerted himself to secure for the United States the exclusive trade of Oregon, but after a long negotiation with Mr. Astor, and through him with Messrs. Madison, Gallatin, and other leading in- dividuals in and out of office, the matter was abaniloned, and Mr. Mackenzie, in March, 1821, joined the Hudson Bay Company, and was immediately ap- pointed one of the council and chief factor. In August, 1825, he was married to Adelegonde Humbert, (who survives him,) and was shortly afterwards ap- pointed governor. At this time lie resided at Fort Garry, Red River settle- ment, where he continued to reside until 1832 in active and prosperous business, in which he amassed a large tbrtuno. D. 1851. 51* CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPnY. 605 MACKINTOSH, Sir James, eminent as a jurist, a statesman, and a writer^ equally distinguished for his extensive learning, liis large views, and his lib- eral ])rinciples in law, politics, and phi- losophy — was descended of an ancient but reduced Scottish family, and b. in the county of Inverness, during 1765. After studying at King's eolle^-e, Aber- deen, he spent three years at Edinburgh, chiefly in medical studies, and receive.! a degree ; but inclination soon led him to abandon that pursuit. In 17S!) wo find him in London, where he publish- ed a pampiilet on the regency question, which, on account of the sudden recov- ery of the king, attracted little notice. A visit to the Continent, at that inter- esting period, contributed to excite his sympathies for tlie French, and he pub- lished a reply to the celebrated " Reflec- tioi>s" of Burke, under the title of "Vmdicire Gallicre," or Defence of tho French Revolution, 1792, a work which laid the foundation of his faiue, and ac- q^uired for him the friendship both of lox and his great antagonist. About this time he entered himself as b ftu- deut of Lincoln's Inn, was soon c.Jled to the bar by that society, and com- menced the practice of the law. Having obtained permission, though not with- out some difficulty, to deliver a course of lectures in the hall of Lincoln's Inn, on the law of ntitions, he published his introductory lecture, under the title of a " Discourse on the Law of Nature and Nations." The ability which it dis- played, obtained him a large audience, including some of the most distinsi'uish- ed men of the country. On the trial of Peltier for a libel against Bonaparte, (then first consul of France,) the de- fence was eomlucted by Mr. Mackin- tosh, as sole counsel, in a most brilliant speech, which at once established his reputation as an advocate and an orator. Tlie recordership of Bombay, with tho dignity of knighthood, was soon after conferred on him, and, besides the dis- charge of the duties of his office, the nine years which he spent in India were marked by his exertions in the amelio- ration of the criminal law, the founda- tion of the Literary Society in Bombay, and his valuable communications to the " Asiatic Reiris'^er." Soon after liis re- turn to Euirland, Sir James was return- ed a member of the house of commons for the county of Nairn, in Scotland, 1813, and sat subsequently for the bor- ough of Knaresborouirh, in Yorkshire, under the influence of the late EnrJ fi06 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIT, Fitzwilliara. He soon took his stand *mons the first parliamentary speakers, and tlierc are few instances in wliicli finer reasoning, or deeper learning in the liistory of nations, and tlie infla- ence of human laws upon the feelings, passions, and interests of tlie human race, have been sustained, developed, and enforced by a more manly and vig- orous eloquence. His greatest efforts were directed to the amendment of tlie criminal code, which had been under- taken by Sir Samuel Komilly, and was taken up as a solemn bequest by his friend and representative. His "Histo- ry of England" is not a detailed narra- tive of events, but a rapid, yet clear, profound, and philosophic view of the state of the progress of society, law, government, and civilization, in whicli the lessons of experience, the character of men and events, the circumstances which have promoted, retarded, modi- fied the social and political improve- ment of the English nation, are unfold- ed and judged with the acuteness of a philosopher, and the wisdom of a prac- tical statesman. His style is simple, clear, graceful, and elegant, and often rises to elo(iuence, when the historian traces out tlie growth of liberty, and ihe influence of generous institutions. This admirable man died, to tlie deep regret of his country. May SOth, 1832, having closed his public labors, the year before, by a brilliant speech in favor of reform. MACKLIN, Charlks, a celebrated veteran actor and dramatist, whose real name v/as Mae Laughlin, was b. in the county of Westineath, Ireland, 'in IQ'JO. He appeared as a performer at the thea- tre in Lincoln's Inn Fields, in 1725; but it was not till 1741 that he estab- lished his reputation as an actor, by his admirable and still unrivalled perforra- nnce of Shylock. He continued on the stage until 1789; but, during the last years of his life, his understanding be- came impaired, and he d. 1797, at the patriarchal age of 107. His " Man of the World," a comedy, exposes mean- ness, sycophancy, and political servility, with considerable skill ; and his " Love a la Mode," a very popular farce, also attests the talents of its author. MACKNIGHT, James, a learned Scottish divine, was b. in 1721, at Ir- vine, in Argyleshire, and was ordained minister of Maybole, where he com- posed his " Harmony of the Gospels," lud Ills " New Translation of the Epis- tles." In 1763 he became one of the laiuistera of Edinburgh, and was em- [mao ployed nearly 30 years in the execution of his last and' greatest work, viz.: " New Translation from the Greek of all the Apostolical Epistles," with com- mentaries and notes. D. 1800. MACLAINE, Archibald, a learned divine, b. at Monaghaii, in IreUmd, where his father was a dissenting min- ister, is advantageously known by his " Letters to Soaiiie Jenyns., on his View of the Internal Evidence of Christiani- ty," a translation of Mosheim's " Eccle- siastical History," and a volume of miscellaneous sermons. D 1804. MACLAURIN, Coliv, an eminent mathematician, who was b. at Kilmod- dan, in Scotland, in 1698. In 1717 he obtained the mathematical professor- ship in the Marischal college of Aber- deen, and in 1725 was elected professor of mathematics at Edinburgh. In 1734 he entered the lists against Berkeley, which produced his excellent " Treatise on Fluxions." Ho also wrote several papers in the " Philosophical Transac- tions," a treatise entitled "Geometria Organica," another on " Algebra," and "An Account of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophical Discoveries." In the re- bellion of 1745 he took so active a part in fortifviiig Edinburgh, that when the Preteiuh'r approached with his forces, Mr. Maehiurin deemed it prudent to re- tire to York, where he was entertained by Archbishop Herring, in whose pal- ace he d. 1746. — John, Lord Dreuhorn, son of the preceding, was b. at Edin- burgh, in 1734 ; was admitted a member of the faculty of advocates: andia 1787 was raised to the bench by the title of Lord Drcghorn. His works' are, "An Essay on Literary Property," " A Col- lection of Criminal Cases," and an "Es- say on Patronage." D. 1796. 'MACLEAN,'Letit[a Elizabeth, bet- ter known as Miss Landon, or L. E. L., a celebrated English poetess, was b. in Hans-place, Chelsea, 1802. At a very early age, she attracted the notice of the reading public by her spirited short poems, published "in the " Literary Ga- zette." Her shorter compositions, in the shape of contributions to the peri- odicals, are almost innumerable. In addition to those, she published " The Improvisatriblig!itious to tlie Gaelic bards of former ages. In 1764 he accompanied Governor Johnstone to Florida, as secre- tary. After his return he translated tlie Iliad into Ossianic prose; wrote a " History of Great Britain, from the Restonition to tlie Accession of the House of Hanover ;" and also employed his pen in vindicating the measures of fovernment during the American war. le was afterwards appointed agent to the nabob of Arcot, became a member of pirliament, and d. 1796. MACQUEK, Peter Joseph, an emi- nent chemist, b. at Paris, in 1718. He wrote in the "Journal des Savaus," from 17t)8 to 1776, the articles relating to natural pliilosophy, medicine, chem- istry, anatomy, &c. ; and published " Elemens de Chimie," &c. D. 1784. — Philip, his brother, was the author of an '" Ecclesiastical History," and sev- eral other historical works. D. 1770. MACKOBIUS, AuRELius Ambuosius Theodosius, a Latin author, in the reign of the emperor Tlieodosiiis. He held the consular dignity ; and was the au- thor of a miscellaneous work, entitled "Saturnalia," curious for its criticisms, and valuable for the light it throws upon the manners and customs of anti- quity, lie wrote other works, and d. about the year 420. MADDE>f, Samuel, an Irish clergy- man, b. 1687, and educated at Trinity college, Dublin, where he introduced the scheme for promoting learning by premiums at tlie quarterly examinations. In 17?.2 he published tlie first volume of " Memoirs of the Twentieth Century, or Original Letters of State under Geoi-'xe VI." He founded a society at Dublin for the improvement of the arls, in 1740, similar to that which was after- wards established in London. In 1744 he published " Boulter's Monument," a poem; ami a play, entitled "Theinis- tocle-s." D. 1765. MADDOX, Isaac, an English prelate^ was b. in London, in 16'J7. Being lett an orphan, he was taKcu under tho care of a relation, who placed him with a pastrycook ; but he soon left that situation, and went to Scotland with a view of obtaining at St. Andrew's a cheap but solid education, and event- ually becoming a minister of the kirk. The tenets and discipline of Presbyte- riauism, however, not being congenial with his sentiments, he returned to England, entered at Queen's college^ Canibrii-lge, was episeopally ordained, and rose so rapidly, that in 1733 he was made dean of Wells. In 1736 he w:x3 consecrated bishop of St. Asaph ; whence, in 1748, he was translated to Worcester, where he d. in 1759. Bishop Maddox published " A Vindication of the Church of England," in answer to Neal's History of the Puritans ; and 14 occasional sermons. MADERNO, Carlo, an Italian archi- tect of the 16th century, appointed by Pope Paul V. to complete ht. Peter's, at Rome; in the execution of which he has been charged with committing some important errors. He was, however, in high repute, and built the Matfei palace, and many other public edifices at Rome. B. 1556 ; d. 1629. — Stephen, was an emi- nent sculptor; b. in Lombardy, 1576. D. 1686. MADISON, James, president of tho United States, was b. March 16th, 1751, at the seat of his maternal grandmother in Prince George county, Va., was edu- cated at Princeton college, under Dr. Witherspoon, and studied law in his native state. In 1776 he was chosen a member of the convention which formed the constitution of Virginia, and of tho state legislature, by which he was ap- pointed to the executive council. He was a delegate to the continental con- gress of 1780, and afterwards to the convention which formed the constitu- tion of the United States, where he took a leading and iinportant part, and was regarded as one of the wisest of its members. After it was formed, he united with Jay and Hamilton in urging its iidoption, in various essays in the newspapers, under the title of the " Fed- eralist." From 17S9 to 1797 he occu- pied a seat in congress, where he rossay concerning the Cities, Towns, luid Boroughs of England." M^CENAS, Caius Cii.Nius, the friend :»nd minister of Autrustus, and the patron of Virgil and Horace, was a Ro- man knight, who traced his genealogy from the ancient Etrurian kings. He has been described as a pattern of every political virtue, and a most generous patron of the sciences. Though luxuri- ous and effeminate in his hours of re- laxation, he was vigilant and active in business, and well understood how to employ the fti\ors of fortune. Many pleasant and useful qualities gained him the confidence of Angustns, which he enjoyed undiminished until his death, in the year of Rome 745, and 8 b. o. So signal were his good offices towards literary genius, tliat tiie name of .Mieec- nas has since become synonymous with that of a liberal patron. Myf'.STLINUS, Michael, a celebrated German astronomer, was b. in the duchy of Wirtembcrg, about 1542. He went to Italy, where he became inlitriate with Galileo; and on his return to Germany he Was chosen professor of matiicmatics, at Tubingen, where he had Keplctr foi a pupil. He published many mathe matical and astronomical works, and d 1590 MAFFEI, Francis Scipio, Marquis an eminent Italian writer, was b. 1()73, at Verona; entered the army, and dis- tinguished himself as a volunteer at the batitle of Donawert, in 1704; but, at tho end of the campaign, quitted tlie ser- vice, and devoted himself to literature. Aiuong his works are, the tragedy of "Merope," a "Treatise against Duel- ling," a " History of Diplomacy," "Musseum Veronense," and "Verona Illustrata." D. 1755. — Vegio, a native of Lodi ; author of " Epigrams," "Es- says," and a "Supplement to Virgil," which he called the 13th book of the vEneid. Julius Scaliger and Gerard Vossius have declared him a great poet. B. 1407; d. 1159. — Bernardin, a learned cardinal, who d. at Rome in 1553, aged 40. He wrote a " Commentary on Cice- ro's Epistles," and a " Treatise on Med- als and Inscriptions." — John Petku, h Jesuit, was b. at Bergamo in 1536, and d. at Tivoli in 1003. He wrote the "Life of Ignatius Loyola," a "History of tlie Indies," and other works, in the purest Latin. MAGALOTTI, Lorenzo, Count, an elegant poet and learned naturalist, was b. at Florence, in 1637. He wrote many philosophical and poetical works, of which latter the most valued is his "Canzonette Anacrcontiche," published under his Arcadian name Lindoro Ela- teo. D. 1712. MAGEE, William, an Irish prelate and theological writer, was b. in hum- ble life, and admitted as sizar at Dublin university. He was soon distinguished for his scholastic attainments; and in 1806 became a senior fellow of Trinity colle£re, and professor of mathematics. In 1801 he published his celebrnted " Discourses on the Scriptural Doctrinci* of the Atonement and Sacrifice," a work directed against the tenets of tha 010 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. Unitarians, and written with peculiar force. In 1S18 lie was advanced to the deanery of Cork; in ISiy he was conse- crated bisiiop of Kaplice; ami, in 1822, translated to the see of Dublin. D. l&il, aired M. MAGELLAN, or MAGALIIAENS, Feuimnand, a celebrated J'ortntruese navijfator, who, in 1.t19, discovered and passed tlie straits wliicli liave since been called by his name. Ills services not bcinjr valued by his own country, be offered them to Charles V. of Spain, who intrusted him with a fleet destined to attempt a westward piissaire to the Moluccas; hence his discovery. He was slain in 1521 in a skirmish with the natives of one of the Philippine islands. MAGEOGIIEGAN, Jamks, an Irish priest; author of an "Ancient and Modern History of Ireland." B. 1702 ; d. 17G4. MAGGI, Carlo Maria, an Italian poet, b. at Milan in 1630, was secretary to the senate of his native city, and d. there in ItiiJO. His sonnets are much admired, and some of them have been translated into English. MAtilNN, William, one of most fertile and versatile writers of modern times, was b. at Cork in 17ti3. He vis- ited London for the first time in 1823, nnd settling there, wrote much, and for a variety of works. Besides the harass- ing demands upon him as a periodical contributor, he at this time wrote the Bin^ndar and strikimr romance entitled " Whitehall." About the year 1828, he became sub-editor of the "Standard." He also contributed immensely to the well known Eraser's Magazine and to Blackwood. He wrote a caustic and powerful review of a "fashionable" novel, entitled " Berkely Castle." The author took offence, and in company with a friend, committed a most merci- less assault upon Mr. Eraser. Aroused by this ill-treatment of his friend and publisher, Dr. Maginn instantly offered the offriiKled author satisf iction, and a hostile meeting aeeordiiiLrly took place. The duel proved a bloodless one, but it W!is very near having a different result, the doctor being hit on the heel of his boot, and his opponent on the collar of his coat. To vast learning, eloquence, fancy, and wit, the doctor added a boy- ish good-hnmor and joviality. D. 1842. MAGLIABECIII, Antonio, a learned critic, whose eccentric liabits were al- most as extraordinary as his varied erudition, was b. at Elorence in 1633. He was placed, when a boy, as servant [mah to a dealer in fruit, or, as others say, with a goldsmith, in which situation he discovered such a propensity to letter.% that a bookseller took him into his em- ployment, where his talents and mem- ory made him so much talked of, that the grand-duke, Cosmo 111., appointed him his librarian. His attention was wholly absorl^ed by his books; among them he took his rest and meals, nor could he be persuaded to leave IiIn old apirtment tor one more commodious which the duke had j>rovided for him. A threadbare cloak served him for a garment by day, and a covering by niirlit; he had one straw chair for his table, another to sleep on, and the only luxury in which he indulged was smo- king." He Icfr no literary work deserv- ing of particular notice ; but lie freely afibrded information to those authors who sought his advice or assistance. D. 1714. M AGNENTIUS, a German, who rose, from being a private soldier, to the first employments in the empire. The em- peror "Constans had a great esteem for him, and in a mutiny among the troops delivered him froiii the fnry of the soldiers by covering him with his robe. Magnentius murdered his benefactor in 350, and assumed the title of emperor; but Constantius II. avenged the death of his brother, and after abloody battle took Magnentius prisoner, and put him to death at Lvons in .353. MAHOMET, or MOHAMMED, the founder of a reliirion which has spread over a considerable portion of the globe, was b. in 570 at Mecca, a city of AralVia, of the noble family of Koreish. Losing his father in his iiifancy, the guardian- ship of him devolved on his uncle Abu Taleb, who employed him to go with his caravans from Mecca to Damascus. In this employment he continued till he was 28 years" of age, when he married Khadijah, a rich widow. He continued to act for some time as a iiicrcliant : but a disposition to religious contemplation seems to have attended him from his early yo\ith ; and liaving remarked on his travels the infinite variety of sects which prevailed, he formed the design of founding a new one. He accordingly spent much of his time in a cave near Mecca, seemingly alone and employed in meditation and prayer. While there he framed the celebrated " Koran," or "Book," which he pretended to have received at different times from heaven bv the hands of the angel Gabriel. At the ixfre. of 40 he publicly assumed tho MAl] CTCL0P.1':DIA OI. BIOOhAPHy. 611 prophetical character, calling himself tlie apostle of God. At first lie had only his wife and eight other followers ; hilt in three years the nmnber of his disciples was very considerably auir- mented. In the tenth year of his mis- sion he lost both Abu Taleb and his faitliful wife Khadijah, which so exposed liim to the enmity of the Koreishites, that he found it necessary to make a temporary retreat to the city of Tayef. Tlie fundamental doctrine inculcated in the Koran was, " There is but one God, and Maliomet is his prophet." His proselytes rapidly increased ; and as they swore fidelity to him, and proflered liim their assistance, lie adopted the resolution of eneounterinsj his enemies with force. Being the more exasperated at this, they formed a conspiracy to murder him ; warned of the imminent danger, he left Mecca, accomp;niied only by Abubeker, and concealed him- eelf in a neighboring cave. Here he spent three days undiscovered, after which he arrived at Medina. It is from this event, called the Ilcgira, or Flight, that the Mussulmans compute their time ; it corresponds with tlie l(5tli of June, 622. Mahomet now assumed the sacerdotal and regal ditrnity, married Ayesha, daughter of Abubeker, and declared his resolution to propagate his doctrines by the sword. The hopes of booty were thus added to the religious zeal of his partisans ; and after many minor exploits with various hostile tribes of tlie Jewish persuasion, he sent a summons to the ]irincipal neighboring princes, particularly (Jhosrou Parviz, king of Persia, Heraelius, emperor of Constantinople, Mokawkas, ruler of Egypt, the king of Ethiopia, and the princes of various districts of Arabia, to embrace his new revelation of the divine law. The more remote and powerful parties gave no heed to him ; others, however, submitted ; and, liav- ing made himself master of Mecca, the Arabs, who regarded it as a holy city, embraced the proffered creed. In the tenth year of tlic Hegira, Mahomet un- dertook his farewell pilgrimage to Mecca. On this occasion he was surrounled with the utmost splendor, and attended by 90,000, or, as some say, 150,000 friends. This was the last important event of his life. Ho d. soon after his return to Medina, in his 63d year. MAII.LAR, Oliver, was an eccentric French ecclesiastic, of the 15th century. His sermons were distinguished by their (fross and ridiculous denunciation against those who miglit hajipen to ofFcn 1 him. Having glanced in one of them at sorno traits in the character of Louis XI., tliat kinjr, who had just cstablislied tlie post in France, sent him word tliat he would have him thrown into tlie Seine. "Tho king is master," he reulied; "but tell him that I shall get to heaven by water sooner than he will by his post liorses." D. 1502. M AILLE, duchess of, lady of the bed- chamber to Marie Antoinette, who twico escaped the guillotine by singular con- tingencies. On the 7th of Jiilv, 1794, a lady named Maillet, detained i'n St. La- zare, was executed by Robespierre'.-* revolutionary tribunal, "by mislako, in her place; on tiie 8th she was sum- moned ; but liaving remarked to the huissier tliat tliere was a mistake in tho register of her baptismal name, a delay occurred, in order to see her sisfo'-in- law on the subject; but the latter i eing seized with convulsions, the examina- tion was delaxed till the 10th, during: which interval Ilobespicrrc was himself guillotined, and the duchess escaped. MAILLET, Bknvdict de, a whimsical but ingenious French writer, b. at Lor- raine, in lt)51). He successively became consul at Egypt and Le. — Paul IIen-ry, an historian and antiquary, was b. at Geneva, \n 1730; was successively pro- fessor of belles lettres at Copenhagen and at Geneva. Beinif deprived of his fortune during the first revolutionary war, he far some time receivcil pensions from the landgrave of IIe«e and the duke of Brunswick, of which he was deprived by ihe late war. His merit as tn antiquary was very great. Among hi3 works are, Histories of " Denmark," •'^esse." "the Swiss," "the Iliuiseatic L.«ftgue.," and "the House of Bruns- wick," and an " Introduction to the History of Denmark," whicli Dr. Percy translated, under the title of " Northern Antiquities." D. 1807. M.\LMESBUKY, William of, an English historian, who flourisl'.ed in the 12tli century, was b. in Somersetshire, educated at Oxford, became a monk of Malmesbury, and was elected librarian of the monastery. His " De Kegibus Angloruni" is a general history of En- gland, from the arrival of the Saxons, in 44'.), to the ieth Henry 1., in 1126. He also wrote a " History of his Own Times," from that year to the escape of the Empress Maud from Oxford, in 1143; an "Ecclesiastical History of P^ngland," "The Antiquities of Glas- tonbury," and a " Life of St. Alilhelm." D. 1 143. —James Haruis, earl of, a dis- tinguished aiplom tiist, the only son of the' author of " Hermes," was b. at Salisbury, 1743. He commenced his diplomatic career as secretary of em- bassy at Madrid, in 1767. Here he dis- played such talent and firmness in conducting the manasrement of the transfer of the Falkland Islands to Great Britain, that he was appointed minister at the court of Berlin ; and from this period, with few interrup- tions, down to the close of the century, he bore a large share in all the great diplomatic transactions of the time. D. 1820. MALONE, Edmund, a dramatic critic and miscellaneous writer, was the son of an Irish judge, and b. at Dublin, in 1741 . He studied at Trinity colleife and tlie Inner Temple, and in 1767 was called to the bar, but being possessed of an independent fortune, he retired from the profession, and devoted him- self to literature. In 1780 he pul>lished two suiiplementary volumes to Stee- vens's Shakspeave, and a detection of Chattcrton's forgeries. In 1790 ap- peared his editionof Shakspeare, and in 170.") he exposed the imposture of tihe Irelanls. He also published a "Life of Sir. Joshua Reynolds," prefixed to his writings; a "Life of Drvden," and a " Bioi-raphical Sketch of the Right Hon. William Wyn Iham." D. 1812. MALPIGMI, Makcellus, an eminent Italian physician and anatomist. His discoveries in anatomy were consider- able, particularly respectin:; the liver and kidneys, but his merit is still higher as a vcL'etable anatomist and pliysioi- ogist. B. lf52,S: d. 1694. ' MALTE-BRUN, Conrad, a poet, ge- ographer, and political writer, wa.s b. in man] Ci'CLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPIir. C15 1775, at Thye, in the isle of Jutland. Having given ortence by liis writings in favor oftlie liberty of the press, and the enfranchisenTent of the peasants, lie was banished to Sweden in 1796. After luiving resided for a time at Stockholm, he went to Paris, wliere lie acquired great reputation, particularly as a geog- raplier. He edited the foreiitn political department of the ".Journal des Dc- bats," was a contributor to the "Bi- ograpliie Universelle," and produced various works ; among tliese are his " Frccis de la Gcoirrapliie Universelle," "Tableau de la Pologiie Ancienne et Moderne," " Poems," &c. He also pub- iislied, in conjunction with Mentelle, "Gcotrraphie Malheinatique, Physique, et Politique." D. 18-^(5. MALTHUS, Thomas Robert, author of a famous, or perhaps some would have us say, an infamous " Essay on Population," fidl of learning and ability, was b. in Albury, Surrey, in 17i5<5, and educated at Cambridge, lie was ap- pointed professor of history and political economy in the college of the E-.ist India Company at Ilaileybury, and continued to hold that situation till his death.. His system is founded on the liypothesis, that population increases in a geomet- rical, while provisions only increase in an arithmetical, ratio. D. 1846. MALUS, Stkphen Louis, a French mathematician and experimental philos- opher, was b. at Paris, in ITIr,, became a professor in the Polytechnic school, and subsequently served as an officer of engineers, on tlie Ehine, in 1797, and under Bonaparte in Egypt, wliere he much distinguished himself After this he entered on a course of experiments on the phenomena of optics, and ulti- mately discovered the polarization of light. This discovery, the greatest since that of the achromatic telescope, gained liiui admission into the institute, lie also received the gold medal of the Koyal Society, and honors flowed in upon him from all quarters. D. 1312. MALVASIA, Charles Cesar, an Italian ecclesiastic, author of " A Ilis- t'-ry of the Painters of Boloofna," and a work entitled " Marmora Fulsinea." MAMBRUN. Peter, a French -Jesuit, was b. in the diocese of Clermont, 15S1, and d. 1661. He is celebrated for his Latin " Eclosrues," and " Georgics." MAN, Cornelius de, a Dutch his- torical and portrait painter. B. 1621 ; d. 1706. MANGO CAP AC, the founder of the Peruvian empire, and the first of its incas, reigned, as is supposed, about 400 years before the Spanish invasion in 1532. According to the tradition of the natives, he first appeared with Mama Oelhi his wife, and sister, in an island of the lake Titicana, and declared tliem- selves to be children of the sun, sent down to civilize them. Ho is said to have instructed the natives in religion, agriculture, antl the useful arts; to have founded Cuzco, and to have ruloil lon^ and prosperously over a grateful people. It is probable he was a straiiLrer from some civilized land, who sudnsiderable time with great Bpirit. Besides the works before men- tioneJ, s'.ie -wrote '' Lucius," a tragedy; "The Lo-t Lover," a comedy; "Me- moirs of Europe towards the close of the EiLrhteenth Century," "Court In- trigues," " Adventures of Rivellc," &e. D. 172 k MAN'LY, .loMN, a captair in *]\c navy of t^ie United States, received a naval commirsion from Washin^rton, in 1775. Invested with the commmd of tlie schooner Leo, he kept the hazardous station of Massachusetts boy, during a most tempestuous season, and the cap- tures which he made were of immense value at the moment. "An ordnance brig, which fell into his hands, supplied tlie continental army with heavy pieces, mortars, and working tools, of which it was very destitute, and in the event led to the evacuation of Boston. Being raised to the command of the friijate Hancock, of 32 guns, his capture of tho Fox increased his liiijh reputation for bravery and skill. But he was taken prisoner by the Rainbow, July 8, 1777, and suffered a long and riicorous con- finement on board that ship at Halifax, and in Mill prison, precluded from far- ther actual ser ice till near th* close of tlie war. In September, 1782, the Hague frigate was intrusted to his care. A few days after leaving Martiniuue, ho was driven by a British seventy-tour on a sand bank at the back of Guadaloupe. Three ships of the line, having joinod this ship, came to within point blank shot, and with springs on tlicir cables, opened a most tremendous fire. Hav- ing supported the heavy cannonade for three days, on the fourth day the frigate was got off', and hoisting the continental standard on the main-lop gallant mast, 13 guns were fired in farewell defiance. On his return to Boston a few moni.ha afterwards, he was arrested to answer a variety of charges exhibited against him by one of his officers. The proceedings of the court were not altoijether in ap- proval of his conduct. D. in Boston, 1793, acred .59. MANNING, Owen, an English anti- quary and topoarrapher, was a native of Nortliamptonshire; was educated at Queen's college, Cambridge; entered into orders, and became a pVebendary of Lincoln, and vicar of Godalming. His principal literary labors are, ^' Dic- tionarium Saxonico et Gothico-Latinuin, auetore Edvardo Lye, edidit et auxit O. M.." and the " Iiistory and Antiqui- ties ofSurrev;" published posthumous- Iv, bv Mr. Brav. D. 180L ' MANSART, Francis, a French arch- itect; b. 1598; d. 1666. He built sev- eral churclies, and other public structures at Paris. — JuLEs-HuKnouix, his neplicw, was also an excellent architect, and the superintendent of the royal edifices. He built the palaces of Versailles, Marly, and the Great Trianon; the Hospital or the Invalides. tScr. MANSFIELD, William Murray, earl of, the fourth son of David, Lord Stor- inont, was b. at Perth, in Scotland, in man] CYCLOPAEDIA OF niocnAPiir. 617 1705. He became a stiulent at Lincoln's Inn, and, after the usual term of proba- tion, was called to the bar, grailually making his way to eminence. In 1712 he Was made solicitor-general ; two years afterwards he was created chief justice of the King's Bench ; and, in 1770, he was advanced to the dignity of an carl )f Great Britain. During the riots in London, June, 1780, his house was at- tacked by the anti-Catholic mob, and his valuable collection of books and manuscripts fell a sacrifice to the fury of the multitude, by whom the mansion was burnt to the ground. lie continued for some years longer to exercise his ju- dicial functions, but resigned in 1788, and passell the remainder of his life in retirement. At the commencement of the ruign of George IIL, he was assailed with the utmost virulence by patriots of the day, particularly in the atfair of Wilkes; while Junius poured upon him a torrent of malignant slander, which he bore with dignified silence. As a poli- tician. Lord Mansfield inclined to the absurd maxims of toryism, but as a judge he was acute, liberal, and disin- terested. D. in 1783. MANSI, Jonx Dominic, a learned Italian prelate, and an indefatigable an- tiquary, was b. at Lucca, in 1692. He was several years professor of divinity at Naples, and in 1765 was made arch- bishop of Lucca, where he d. in 1769. His principal works are, a Latin trans- lation of "Calmet's History of the Bible," with additions; " De Veteri et Nova Eccleaia; Disciplina," " Commentaries on the Bible," an edition of " Baronius's Annals," another of the "Councils," an edition of " ^neas Sylvius's Orations," and one of Fabricius's "Bibliotheca La- tina medise et infimaj ^tatis." MANT, RicHARu, bishop of Down, Connor, and Dromore, was b. at South- ampton, where liis father was rector of the church of All-Saints, 1776. In 1815 he became rector of St. Botolph's, Bish- opsgate-street, and, three years later, vicar of East Ilorsley, Surrey. In 1820 he was consecrated bishop of Killaloe, and translated to the see of Dowfl and Connor in 1823; the care of the diocese of Dromore devolving upon him in 1842, on the death of the last bisliop. Dr. Laurie. During Ids long life. Dr. Mant was constantly engaged in authorship, chiefly on subjects connected with his professional duties. D. 1848. MANTEGNA, Andrea, an eminent painter, was b. at Padua, in 1431 ; and studied under Squarcione His chief residence was at Mantua, where ho wna much employed in oil and fresco ; but he worked a great deal at Home, and produced some admired paintings there, lie had great influence on the stylo of his age, and distinguished himself highly in tlie art of perspective. D. 1505. MANUEL, Jacques Antoine, one of the most eloquent and intrepid defend- ers of French liberty, was b. in 177.5, at Barcelonette, in the department of the Lower Alps. He entered as a volunteer in one of the battalions of the requisi- tion, in 1793, and rose to the raniv of captain. After the peace of Campo Forinio, he cjuittcd the army, studied law, was adnutlcd to tlie bar at Aix, and soon acquired a high reputation for tal- ent. In 1815 he was elected to the chamber of deputies, which was con- voked by Napoleon, and after the abdi- cation of that monarch, strenuously contended for the rights of his son. In 1818 he was elected a member of the chamber of deputies by three depart- ments, and became one of the most formidable opponents of the ministers, lie was fervid and ardent in the cause of the party to which he had attached himselt; but having used some violent expressions in his first speech, in the session of 1823, on the subject of the Spanish war, his expulsion was loudly demanded; the result of which was that a body of the gendarmerie was intro- duced to arrest him. Manuel was again chosen to the chamber of deputies, m 1824, and d. 1827. MANUTIUS, Aldus, a celebrated Italian printer and author, was b. at Bassimo, in 1447 ; became tutor to Al- berto Pio, prince of Carpi ; and in 1488 established a printing office at Venice. He printed numerous valuable editions of Greek and l^atin classics ; compiled a Greek and Latin Dictionary and Gram- mar ; and was the inventor of the Italic character, hence called Aldine, for the exclusive use of which, for a term of years, he obtained a patent. D. 1515. — Paolo, son of the preceding, distin- guished as a classical scholar, no less than a printer, was b. at Venice, in 1512, and d. 1574. — -Aldo, the younger, was a son of Paolo, and equally celebrated as his father and grandfather. lie was b. in 1547, and d. in 1597 ; and with him expired the glory of the Aldine press. MANVEL, Francis, a celebrated Portuguese lyric poet, b. at Lisbon, in 1734. He was the author of many odea, and other poems ; was compelled to fly G18 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, [mar from his country to avoid the Inquisi- tion, and (1. at Versailles, in 1821. MAI'l-KTOFT, Dr. John, a very learned Engli.-il of Andrea Sacchi : and on account of his habit of painting female saints, was nicknamed, by Salvator Rosa, Car- luceio della Madonna. He was also a good architect and an engraver; was knighted by Clement XL, who gave him a pension. D. 1713. — Maria, his daughter, who married J. B. Zappi, was also a irood artist and poetess. MARBEC'K, John, a musician of the 16th century, supposed to have been the first composer of the cathedral service of the church of England. He was or- ganist at St. George's ch.'-.TNel, Windsor; and author of a " Concordance of the Bible," "Tiie Lives of the Saints, Prophets, and Patriarchs," &c. MARCELLUS, CLAunius, the first Roman general who successfully en- countered Hannibal in the second Pu- nic war. Soon after the fatal battle of Canna;, he was sent against that distin- guished commander, and forced the Carthaginians to retreat, with a loss. He afterwards went to Sicily, where the siege of Syracuse was his most remark- able achievement. Marcellus fell in a sanguinary battle with his former oppo- nent, 209* B. c, when Hannibal caused the body to be burnt with distinguished honors, and sent the ashes to his son in a costly urn. MARt'ET, Alexander, an eminent Ehysician and mitural philosoplier, was . at Geneva, in 1770 : studied at Edin- burgh, and settled in London, where he obtained great reputation as a medical practitioner and public lecturer. Ho was naturalized in England in 1802, but returned to liis own country in 1814. He was the author of " An Essay on the Chemical History of Calcidi," and of manv valuable papers in the " Philo- sophical Transactions," &c. D. 1822. MARCIUN, a heretic of the 2d cen tury, was a native of Synope, on the Eux'.ne. He espoused the notions of Cer Jo, to which he added the doctrine of Manes, aud some peculiarities of his own. MAR1*;TS, Samuel de, was a native of Picardy, and snrnamed "' The Little Preacher," from his diminutivestature. He was an eminent controversialist of the reformed chureli in the 17th century, and from his erudition and ability made a distiniruished figure among tlie po- lemics of the day." He wrote a variety of tlieological works, particidarly an excellent "" System of Divinity." D, 1663. mar] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIV, 619 MARGARET OF ANJOU, daughter of Rl'iic d'Anjoii, kiiij;;' of Naples, aiul wife of Ilciiry VI., kiiiirof Engtaiul, was an ambitions, enterprising, eouragcous woman. Intrepid in the field, she sig- nalized herself by heading lier troo])s in several battles against tlie house of York ; and if she liad not been the in- Btrument of her husband's misfortunes, by putting to deatli the duke of Glou- cester, his uncle, her name would have been immortalized for the fortitude, activity, and policy with which she sup- ported the rights of her husband and son. The fatal defeat at Tewkesbury, however, p;.t an end to all her enter- prises; the king being taken prisoner, and Prince Edwartl, tiieir only son, base- ly murdered by Richard, duke of Glou- cester. Margaret was ransomed by lier father for oO,000 crowns, and d. 1482. — Ok FitANCE, queen of Navarre, daughter of Ileniy II., was b. in 1552, and ranked as one of the greatest beauties of her age, with talents and accomplishments corresponding to the charms of her per- son. She married Henry, then prince of Beam, but afterwards king of France. D. 1615. — Of Valois, queen of Naples, and sister to Francis I., king of France, was the daughter of Charles of Orleans, duke of Angonlcme, and b. in 14112. In 1509 she inarried Charles, duke of Alenqon. Her next liusband was Henry d'Albret, king of Navarre, by whom she had Joan d'Albret, mother of Henry IV. She was the authoress of some poetical pieces, and of a tract, entitled " The Mirror oftheSinfid Sotd," which was condemned as heretical by the Sor- bonne. A volume of tales, entitled " Heptameron, ou Sept Journees de la "Reyne de Navarre," which were written by her during the gayety of youth, arc as free in their tendency as those of Boccaccio ; and it certainly, at the pres- ent day, appears somewhat e.vtraordi- nary, that a princess so pious and con- templative, should be their author. D. 154'.l. MARIA LOUISA, ex-empress of the French, wife of Napoleon, was the eld- est daughter of Francis I., emperor of Austria, and of his second wife, Mnria Theresa of Naples, and was b. 1791. In 1810 she was married to the emperor, then in tlie zenith of his power; in 1811 she presented her husband with a son — afterwards called king of Rome — to the ^reat joy of the French nation ; and in 1313, "on" his departure to the army, she was nominated regent. In 1814 she refused to accompany Napoleon to Elba on the plea of ill-lieallh ; and linvinf? obtained by treaty with the allied powers, the duciiies of Parma and Pla- centia, lizabetliaii age, was educated nt Cambridge, afterwards settled in Lon- don, and became an actor as well as a writer for the stage. Besides six trage- dies of his own composition, and one written jointly with Nashe, he left translations from Ovid, Lucan, and others. His powers as a tragic writer were of a higli order, and some passages in his plavs are fraught with exquisite beautv. I). lo9;3. MARMONTEL, .John Francis, a dis- tinguislnid French writer, b. in 1723, at Bort, ill the Limousin, was the eldest son of a large family in humble life ; and was educated at the Jesuits' college nt Mauriae. He first settled at Toulouse, but being persuaded by Voltaire to try h|s fortune at Paris, he went there iii 1745. By his tragedies of " Dionysius" and " Aristomenes," and other popular works, he soon gained reputation ; and being patronized by madame dc Pom- padour, he received the appointment of secretary to the royal buildings. Soon after, be became connected with D'Alembert and Diderot in the Eucy- clopedie. He also had a share in the Mercure Fran(jois, in which his " Tales" first appeared ; but having written a satire on the duke d'Aumont, he was sent to the Bastille; from which, how- e^-er, he was liberated in a i'ew days, and in 17G3 he obtained a place in the Academy, of which he afterwards be- came perpetual secretary. In 1797 he was chosen a representative to the na- tional assembly tor the department of the Eure ; but his election being sub- sequently declared null, he again retired to his cottage, where he d. of apoplexv. in 179'J, aged 76. His «• Moral Tales^'' "Belisarius," "The Incas," his own " Memoirs,'' and " Elements of Litera- ture," are his most esteemed works. MAROT, Clkment, an eminent French poet, was b. at Cahors in 14i)o. Having accompanied the duke of Alen- 9on to Italy, he was wounded and taken prisoner at the battle of Pavia ; was afterwards persecuted for his attach- ment to the Protestant religion, and d. in 1544. As a poet he was superior to ^ny of his countrymen who had irone oefore him, and greatly excelled all his cotemporaries. — Francis, a painter, Wiis the pupil of La Fosse, and an asso- ciate and professor of the French aca i- emy of j)ainting, D. 1719. MAUkVAT, Captain Fiieokuic, ilio inost popular of England's naval novel- ists, was b. 17blj. His first work was the "Naval Otheer," published in 1829. This was followed in 1830 hv tha "King's Own;" and in 1832 appeared " Newton Foster," u great improvement on the two former works, and "i'clei Simple." Then came " Jacob Faithful," " Mr. Midshipman Easv," " Masteniiar Ready," " The Pacha 'of many Tales,' " Japhet in sea>, h of a Father,'" " Pool Jack," " The Pirate and Tiiree Cutters," " Snarleyow," " Pereival Keene," &c. ; besides the " Phantom Ship" and "Jo seph Rushbrook." In 1837 he paid a visit to the United States, aud on his re- turn he published his "Diary in Amer- ica," wliich reflected severely on our national character This was t(>llowed by three additional volumes, and by his "Travelsof Monsieur Violet." D. 1848. MARS, Mademoiselle, a great French comedian, was b. 1779. She made her debut at the early age of 13, and enjoyed the rare privilege of retaining the public favor till an advanced age, having kept the boards of the Theatre Frau- yais i\it Paris, where she had gained in- numerable triumphs, till 1841, when she retired in her 63d year. D. 1847. MARSH, James, president of the university of Vermont, antl ]jri)fessor of philosophy there, was b. at Hartford, Ct., 1794. lie was educated to theology at Andover, afterwards a professor of languages at Hampden Sydney college, and distinguished himself through life for his tine scholarship and profound thought. His pi-eliminary ess.ay to Cole- ridge's " Aid to Reflection," is a mas- tcrlv piece of philosophical discussion. 1). 1847. , MARSHALL, John, chief justice of the United States, was b. in Fau(iuier county, Virginia, on the 24th Septem- ber, 1755. He had some ciassica! instruction in his youth, yet his oppor- tunities for learning were very limited ; and he never had the benefit of a regu- lar education at any college. At the eommeneemerit of the revolutionary war, he engaged with ardor in the American cause; in 1776, he received an appointment of first lieutenant; and in 1777 he was promoted to the rank of captain. He fought against Lord Dun- more in the battle of Ore it-bridge, and was afterwards in the baitles of IJran- dywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. He was a member of the convection 622 CYCLOP j:dia of biography. [mar called together in Virsrinia for the ratifi- cation of the constitution of the United States, and on this occasion he greatly distinguished himself by his powerful rea.-;ouing and eloquence : as he did also, subsequently, as a member of the legislature of Virginia, in the discus- Bions relating to the treaty negotiated by Mr. Jay. He was envoy to France, in connection with General Pinekney and Mr. Gerry. The envoys, liowever, were not accredited : and in the summer of 17S8, Mr. Marshall returned to the United States. He became a member o^ congress in 179V* : in 1800 he was appoiutod to the office of secretary of war ; s.^n afterwards he snecceded Co'. Pickerin? a.s secretary of state; and on the jeslffnation of Chief .Justice E]..8 th.1t latly was proclaimed queen; but her reign lasted only a few days. The partisans of Mar>- became numerous, and she entered ix)ndon without oppo- sition. In 1-1.54 she married Philip of Spain, el" lest son of Cliarie* V.; bat her union with him was eqn.illv unpro- pitious to herself and the nation. Tlio sanguinar>- laws against heretics were revived, and tlio.«e shocking scenes of cruelty followed, which have fise I upon this princess the epithet of " bloodv." D. 1.5.5S. MARY STUART.. queen of Scota famous for her beauty, her wit, he.r le:irnii\g. and her misfortunes, was d:inghter of .Jame-s V.. king of Scotlan«l, and succeeded her father in 1-542, eight days after her birth. In 15-5S she mar- ried Francois, dauphin, and afterwards king of France, by wljich me.ans, she bewune queen of France. This monarch dying in l-56ii. she returned into Scot- hmd, and married her consjn, Henry Stuart, Lord Damley, in 1-56.5. Being excluded from any share of the govern- ment (as he suspected') by the a'', vice of Rizzio, an Italian mu.sician. her favorite and secret.-jry, the king, by the counsel and assistance of some of the principal nobility, suddenly surprised them to- gether, and Rizzio was slain, in the queen's presence, in 1.566. An apparent reconciliation afterwards, took place, when Damley. who had continued to reside separately from the queen, was assassinated, and the house he had in- habHed was blown np with gunpowder, in Febrnary. 1.567. In the month of May following, she wedded the earl of Boihwell. who was openly accnsetl as the murderer of the late king. Scotland soon became a scene of confusion and civil discord. Bothwell. a fugitive ami an outlaw, took refuge in Denmark ; and Mary, made a captive, was treated with insult and contempt, and conirairted to custody in the castle of Loch Lcven. After -sonte months' confinement she effected her escape, and. .assisted by the few friends who still remained attached to her. made an effort for the recovery of her power. She was opposed by the earl of Murray, tlie natural son of .lamea v., who had obtained the regency in the minorit>- of her son. The battle of Langside insured the triumph of her 024 CYCLOP -'Ein A OF BIOGRAPHY. [mA3 enemies ; and, to avoid fallinEC ajrain into ilicir power, she iled to England, and souiflit tlie protection of Cineen Elizabctli; but that princess treated licr ns a personal and political rival, and kept her in safe custody for a period of 18 years. At the end of that time she ■was tried for a consjiiracy affainst the life of the queen of Enj^hind, condemned, and sutfcred decapitation, Feb. 8, l.iST, in tiie castle of Fotheriugay, where she had been confined. MASCLEF, Francis, a French theo- logian and orientalist, who was a canon of Amiens, and d. 1728. His works are, "A Hebrew Granunar," "Ecclesiastical Conferences of the Diocese of Amiens," and "The Catechism of Amicus." M ASCOV, or MASCOU, John .Fames, a German publicist, was a native of Dftiitzic, studied at Leipsic, became pro- fessor of jurisprudence at Halle, and wrote the " Principles of tlie Public Law of the German Empire," ami " A History of the Germans." B. 1689 ; d. 1762. MASCRIER, John Baptist de, a French abbe, was b. in 1697, at Caen ; and d. at Paris, in 1760. Among his works are, "A Description of Egypt," " A Translation of Ctesar's Commenta- ries," " Eeflections on the Truths of Faith," and a " History of the Kevolu- tiou in the East Indies." MAS(JN, John, a dissenting minister, was b. at Dunmow, Esse.x, in 1706. He was the author of an excellent little vol- ume of ethics, entitled " Self-knowl- edge," of which there have been numer- ous editions ; he also wrote " Practical Discourses for the use of Families," " An Essay on Elocution," two " Essays on the Power of Poetical and Prosaic Numbers," " Christian Morals," &c. D. 1763. — William, an eminent English ?oet, was the son of a cleriryman in 'orkshirc, where he was b. in 1725. He studied at Cambridtre, and obtained a fisllowship in Pembroke hall. His first appeiirance as a poet was by the publication of " Isis," in which he satir- ized the Jacobitism and high-chnrch principles prevalent at Oxford. This Was rc|>lied to by Thomas Warton in his "Triumph of Isis."' In 17o2 Mason produced his " Elfri^a," a dramatic poem, with choral odes on the ancient Greek model, which was well received, though the attempt to establish it on the stage proved abortive. On entering into orders he was presented to the liv- ings of Aston, and appointed one of the king's chaplains ; and in 1762 he ob- tained the precentorship of York, with a cano'.iry annexed. On the commeneo- ment of the American war, he bi'camo so active an advocate for freedom as to give otfence at court, and wa^ conse- quently dismissed from the chap.aiiisiiip. Besides the tra;-edies of "EltVida" and " Caractacus," he wrote " The Enrrlish Garden," a poem ; "Ode to the Naval Officers of Great Britain," " Memoirs of Gray," the poet, &c. D. 1797.— John, was a native of Scotland, b. 17:34, connected with that branch of the se- cession from the established clmrcli of North Britain, known by tiic name of Antiburtrhcrs. liy a presbytery in that connection he was licensed, and not long afterwards ordained, with a view to his taking the pastoral charge of a consre- cration in the city of New York, where he arrived in 1761, and resided greatly respected and eminently useful until his death rx 1792. — GiconoE, of Virginia, a statesman of distinction, was a member of the gei;eral convention which formed the constitution of the United States, and refused h's signature to that instru- ment. The next year, in union with Henry, he opposed its adoption by the Virginia convention, on the grouml that the govermnent of the states would be consolidated, instead of federal, and be liable to conversion into a monarchy. He also opposed with great zeal tlie sec- tion allowinjj a continuance of the slave trade. He held a high rank among the great men of that state with whom h.e was cotemporary, in intellectual energy, delicacy of wit, extent of nolitical knowl- edjre, and eloquence. D. 1792.^.John Mitchell, a divine and pulpit orator, was b. in the city of New York, in 1770, and after graduating at Columbia col- leare, his theological studies were com- pleted in Europe. In 1792 he returned to New Y'ork, and was established in the ministry at that place till 181 1, when he accepted the appointment of provost in Columbia collefje. This situation his ill health obliged him to resitjn, and ho visited Europe to repair his constitution. On his return in 1817 he aarain resumed his labors in preachinsr, and in 1821 un- dertook the charge of Dickinson college in Pennsylvania. In 1824 he returned to New Y'ork, and d. in 1829. He was the author of " Letters on Frequent Communion," " A Plea for Sacramental Communion on Catholic Principles," and a number of essays, reviews, ora- tions, and sermons published at dif- ferent times. — Erskine, the youngest son of the above, was b. 1805, pursued matJ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. G25 his theological studies in the seminary at Princeton, and in 1827, at the age oV 22, was installed pastor of the Presby- terian eliurcli in Schenectady, from which he was called in 1830 to the Bleecker-street church in this city, where he labored with distinguished ability, until his doatli in 1850. — -Jomn T., a native of Virginia, who removed in early life to Kentucky, where he oc- cupied from 1811 to 1835 many distin- guisiicd stations, after which lie became governor of Michiiran. D. 1850. MASQUE 1)E FER, or IRON MASK, a person confined in the castle of Pigne- rol, and afterwards in the isles of St. Margaret, and always disguised in a Kiask with steel springs, which con- cealed his features, without incommo- ding him in receiving his nourisinnent. lie d. Ml the Bastille, 1703, and was pri- vately buried under the name of March- iali. Though no person ever could dis- cover who he was, it is certain that he was a man of high birth, as he was treated with singular respect by his keepers, and as infinite pains were taken to prevent his holding communi- cation witli any other person. MASSENA, Andre, a victorious gen- eral, created prince of Essling, duke of Kivoli, and marshal of E" ranee, was b. at Nice, in 1758. lie went through the regular gradations in an Italian regi- ment, commencing his military career at the age of 17. After 14 years' ser- vice he obtained his discharge; but, in 1792, the revolution presented a field for the display of military talents; and his natural sentiments in favor of liberty caused him to enter the service of the French republic, where he obtained rapid promotion. Napoleon, wiio was quick to discover genius, fortned an in- timate friendship with Massena; and, after the successful battle of Lovcredo, in 179(>, against Beaulieu, called him " the favored child of victory." lie had the chief command in Switzerland in 1799, when he finished the campaiirn, by completely routing the Austro-Rus- Kian army under the Archduke Charles and General Korsakoff. In 1800 he commanded in Italy, but with less suc- cess than in his former campaigns. He was, however, again successful in the campaigns of 1805 and 1806, taking pos- Bession of Naples, and siirnalizing him- self in the campaign of Poland, which terminated by tlie treaty of Tilsit. lie was afterwards employed in Germany, and eminently distinguislied himself in the memorable eutragements of Essling 63 and Wagram. His subsequent conduct in Spain, when advancing against Wel- lington, was equal.y skilful. At the landing of Napoleon, in 1815, he sworo allegiance to him, was made peer, and eonnnandcr of the natioiuil guard at Paris, and contributed much to tlio preservation of tranquillity in that city during the turbulent period which pre- ceded the return of the king. D. 1817. MASSILLON, John Baptist, an emi- nent French preacher, was b. 1663, at Hieres, in Provence. He entered into the congregation of the Oratory, and became so celebrated for his eloquence, that the general of his order called him to Paris, where he drew crowds of hear- ers. In 1717 he was made bishop of Clermont, and d. 1742. His discourses were published, and are distinguished for an artless flow of eloqLcnce, a knowl- edge of the human heart, and a richness of ideas. MASSINGER, PniLn>, a distinguished English dramatist, was b. at Salisbury, in 1585. He studied at Oxford, biit ouitted the university without taking a ctegree, in consequence, it is supposed, of having become a Roman Catholic. Little is known of his personal history, yet he appears to have been intimately connectea with the wits and poets of his time, and d. 1639. Some critics rank him next to Shakspeare. In tragedy, however, he is rather eloquent and for- cible than pathetic; and, in richness and variety of humor, his comedy can by no means vie with that of his great master. MATHER, Increase, one of the early presidents of Harvard college, was b. at Dorchester, Mass., in 1639. His Icarn- insr, zeal, and general abilities were of great service to the institution over which he presided, and he was a skilful and efficient servant of the common- wealth. In 1688 he was deputed to En- gland as agent of the province, to pro- cure redress of grievances. AVIien James II. published his declaration foi liberty of conscience. Dr. Mather was again sent to England with an address of thanks to the king; but, before his return, the revolution occurred, and he obtained from William a new charier for the colony of Massachusetts. He ■v.-js the author of " A History of the War with the Indians," "An Essay on re- markable Providences," and some other works. D. 1723. — -Cotton, son of the preceding, was b. at Boston, in 1653, and d. in 1728. His principal works are, " Au Ecclesiastical History of Now 626 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. MAU England," "The Christian Pliiloso- plicr," " Fsalterinin Aiuerifiimiin," and "The Wontlers of the Invisible World, or the Trials of Witches." MATllKVVS, Charles, a comedian of transceiidant ability, and one who was loniT regurdi^d as the master-mind of the mimic art, was b. in 177H. He was the son of a bookseller in the Strand, at- tached to the Weslcyan connection. For many years he was accustomed to entertain whole audiences by his single etforts, in a species of entertainment entitled "Matliews at Home;" and never were admiring crowds more highly delighted than in witnessing the vivid portraits which he so accurately drew. The " At Homes" of Mathews were not only well received throughout Great Britain and Ireland, but also in this country, where some of his most felicit- ous portraitures were sketched. He w;v» twice married, and had one child only, the present Charles Matliews. 1). lS3'i. MATSYS, QuiNTiN, an eminent paint- er, was b. at Antwerp, 1460. He was, originally, a blacksmith, but quitted that business, and, by diligent application, became such an excellent artist, that, according to the opinion of Sir Joshua Reynolds, some of liis heads are not in- ferior to those of Ruphacl. One of his best pictures is that of the "Two Mi- sers,'' at Windsor. D. 152'.). — -John, his son, was also a painter of very consid- erable merit. M ATTHESON, Jonx, an eminent mu- sical composer and performer, was b. at Hamburgh, in 1"'*1 ; and gave such early indications of talent, that at nine years of age lie was able to perform composi- tions of his ovvn at the organ. He com- posed music for the church and for the theatre, aU'l was always present at the perfiirmaiice of it. D. ITW. MATTHISSIJN, Frederic von, a cel- ebrated lyric and elegiac poet, was b. near Magdeburg, in 1761; accompanied the princess of Dessau in various tours throUidi the south of Europe; and in 181 i was appointed librarian at Stult- gard. Among his poems is to be found the celebrated "Adelaide," which, as set to music by Beethoven, is still lis- tened to with deliirht. D. 1831. MATTHIEL', Peter, a French histo- rian, was b. at Basle, in 1585, and d. in 1621. He became an advocate at Lyons, and was made historiographer of France. He wrote "Histories of Henry IV.," "Lo;iis XL," and "St. Louis;" also the " History of France," and " La Guisiade," a tragedy. MATTOCKS, Isabella, nn eminent actress, b. 1746, was tiie dauL'hter of Mr. Hallam, manager of the tlieatres of New York, Charleston, and l'iiiladcli)hia. Her forte lay in such characters as abigaiU, citizens' wives, cfee., and siie was an ex- cellent comic singer. D. 1826. M.\TUK1N, Robert Charles, an Irish clergyman of the establisiied church, was b. at Dublin, and educated in Trin- ity college, of that city ; and, on entering into orders, obtained the curacy of St. Peter's church. "Bertram," a wild but powerful tragedy, was the first produc- tion which, by its singular success, brought him into notice as an author. Having anticipated his resources, with- out contemplating the possibility of a failure, he contracted embarrassments, from which he was seldom entirely free. He was the author of several popular novels, the first three of which, "The Fatal Revenge," "The Wild Irish Boy," and "The Milesian Chief," were pub- lished under the assumed name of Den- nis Jasper Murpliy. He also wrote the novels of "Melinoth" and "Woman;" "The Universe," a poem; and the tra- gedies of " Manuel" and " Fredolpho." He published, in 1824, six "Controver- sial Sermons," which exhibit him as a well-read scholar and an acute reasoner. D. 1825. MAUPERTUIS, Peter Louis Moreau DES, an eminent mathematician and as- tronomer, was b. at St. Malo, in 1603. He studied at the college of La Marche, at Paris; and in 1723 was admitted a member of the Academy of Sciences, the memoirs of which institution abound with his communications. In ''.786 he was sent on an expedition to tli> polar circle, to ascertain the figure of the earth. In 1740 he was invited to Berlin by the king of Prussia, whom he fol- lowed to tiie field, and was present ut the battle of Mol-.vitz, where he was made prisoner, and carried to Vienna. On regaining his liberty, he married and settled at Berlin, and was appointed president of the Royal Academy of Sci- ences. In this situation, however, he became involved in a quarrel with Vol- taire, which imbittered his hitter days, from the sarcasm with which the latter continued to assail him. MAUREPAS, John Frederic Phih-i PEAUX, count de, a French statesman, b. in 1701. He was made minister of ma- rine at the age of 24, and was afterwards at the head of the foreijrr. department. He was hasty in his decisions, amiable in manners, quick in conception, artf il. may] CirCLOP^DIA OF BIOGUAPllV. 027 and penctratino: ; but being accused of writinj; iin epigram on niadaine de Pom- padour, it led to iiis baui.-^liment from court. After a lapse of 80 years he was placed at the head of the ministry by Louis XVI., but he was found inc-a]ia- ble of jierforming its duties, and quite destitute of the vigor necessary to avert the troubles which then threatened the kinordom. D. 1781. MAUKICE OF NASSAU, prince of Orange, youngest son, by a second mar- riage, of William [., prince of Orange, b. at Dillcnburg, 15(J7, was studying at Lcydcn, in 15!S4, when his father was assal^sinated. The provinces of Holland and Zealand, and, soon after, Utrecht, immediately elected the young prince Btadtholder; and his talents, as a gen- eral, surpassed nil expectations. I). IG'25. MAUKY, Jkan SiFFKEix, a French cardinal, was b. in 1740, at Valcras ; fitudied at Lyons; and, on entering into orders, became a celebrated preach- er at Paris, where he obtained a place in the Academy, and obtained an ab- bey. When the revolution broke out, he was chosen one of the representatives of the clergy in the states-general, where he distinguislied himself by liis elo- quence in behalf of his order, and also in defence of royalty. On the dissolu- tion of the constituent assembly, he went to Italy, was nominated bishop of Kiciea, and made a cardinal; and, in 18U8, Napoleon gave him the archbish- opric of Paris, but in 1814 he was obliged to quit the archieniscopal palace, and retire to Eome. lie was a great orator, and a man of ready wit. D. 1817. MAV(JR, William, was a native of Aberdeenshire, and b. in 1758. He went to England early in life, and after due probationary exercise, as an assist- ant in a scIkjoI at Burford, established liiniself as the master of an academy at Woodstock, where he gained the favor and patronage of the duke of Marl- borough, entered into holy orders, and was presented to the vicarage of Hurley hi Berkshire. Among his literary labors are a "Universal History," a collection of " V'ovagcs and Travels," "The Brit- ish Tourist," "Tiie Modern Traveller," histories of Greece, Rome, and England ; Bpelling and class books; miscellanies in prose and verse ; and many others, whose merits arc in general commensurate with their re))ute. D. 1837. MAWE, JosKPM, an eminent mineral- ogist and conchologist, was b. tdiout 175.5, travelled in v:irious parts of South America, and published numerous works on tho subject of his researches. Among tiiem are, ■' Travels in the hilerior of Brazil," ii " Treatise on Diamonds and Precious Stones," ''Familiar Lcssonn on Mincraloiry and Geolotry," "Tho Liuna'an System of Concholoiry," and "The Mineralotry of Derbyshire." D. 18211. MAXWELL, William H., a distin- guished H-ish novelist. Early in life he was a eaptain in the British "army, and noted for his social qualities. He sub- sequently entered the church, and ob- tained the benefice of prebendary of Balla, a wild district in Connaught,'witli an income, but no congregation or of- ficial duties. Among his works are "Hector O'llalloran," "Story of Mv Life," "Wild Sports of the West," and many humorous sketches in the period- ical literature of the day. D. 1850. MAY, Thomas, a poet and historian, was b. in Sussex, in 1504, and educated at Cambridjre ; after which he entered of Gray's Inn, where he wrote soino plays and translated several authors, particularly Lucan. Charles L employed liiin in writini,' two historical poems — one on the lite of Henry IL, and the other on the reijrn of Edward IIL But in the civil war May joined the parlia- ment, and was appointed their sccrctarj' and historiographer. He published tho " Histoiy of the Parliament, whicli be- gan in ltj4il," and a "Breviary of the History of the Parliament of England," a work which was extremely obnoxious to the royal party. D. 1650. MAYER, Tobias, a celebrated astron- omer, was b. at Marbach, in the duchy of Wirtembcrg, in 172-3. He taught himself mathematics, and at the age of 14 desisrned machines and instruments with the greatest dexterity and accuracy. His various merits procured liim an in- vitation to (iottin-c on Curves," and a "Mathematical Atlas." — .Joiiann 'I'obi- As, liis son, b. 175_', was also professor at Gottiiiu'cn, and gained distinction by his astronoujical writings. D. 1830. 6:8 CVCLOP.-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [mel MAYNARD, John, a judge of the Bupreiiio court of New York, and of the court of ai)j)C!ils. lie was elected to coiitrrcss ill 1S20, and again in 18-il. D. 18.)0. MAZAKIN, Julius, a cardinal and first iirinister of Jjouis XIV., was b. of a noble family, at Fiscini, in Italy, in 16u2. lie studied at Aloala, in Spain, afier which lie went to liouie, and became attached to the service of Cardinal Sachetti, whom he accompanied on his iriission into Lonibardy. While in that country, Alazarin etfected a peace be- tween the French and Spaniard.-., which procuretl him the esteem of the cardi- nals liichelieu and Barbarini, by the hitter of whom he was recommended to Ihe pope, who sent him as nuneio-extra- ordiiiary to the court of France. In 1641 he was made a cardinal, and on the death of liichelieu succeeded iiim as prime minister. At first he was rather popular, but in a short time ca- bals were formed against him with such eii'ect that he was dismissed from the royal presence, and compelled to leave the kingdom. But though a price was Bet upon his head, Mazarin contrived to dispel the storm ; and he even returned to court with increased eclat, and held the reins of power till his decease, in 16.51. MAZEPPA, JoHx, hcttman of the Cossacks, whom Lord Byron has made the hero of a poem, was b. about the middle of the 17th century, iu Fodolia, of a poor but noble Polish tamily, and became page to John Casimir, king of Poland. in this situation, Mazeppa had an opportunity of acquiring various useful accomplishments; but an intrigue was tlie foundation of his future eleva- tion. A Polish noblemuii having sur- prised Mazcppa with his wife, ordered him to be tied naked upon a wild horsi', and committed to his fate. The animal had lieen bred in the Ukraine, and di- rected his course thither, where some poor peasants found him half dead, and took care of him. Their warlike, roving life suited his disposition ; he made him- self conspicuous and beloved by his dexterity, bodily strength, and courage: his knowledge and sagacity procured him the post of secretary and adjutant to the hettman Samoilowitz; and, in 1687, he was elected in his place. He gained the confidence of Peter the Great, who loaded him with honors, nnd he was finally made jirince of the Ukraine. But though a prince he was Btill a vassal, and his restless spirit made liim resolve to throw off the yoke of subordination, ilo joined with Charles XII., who had just given a king to J'o- land, and aimed, by his assistance, lo throw oti'the yoke of subordination. For a long time the intrigues of Muzeppa against Peter were disbelieved by the latter; but at length he openly joined the Swedish monarch, who, by his ad- vice, fought the fatal battle of Pultowa. lie then sought refuge at Bender, where he d. 1709. MAZZA, Angelo, an eminent Italian poet, b. at Parma, in 1740, in the uni- versity of which city he was afterwards professor of Greek literature. He trans- lated the odes of Pindar, and Akenside's "Pleasures of Imagination;" and hav- ing attained a high degree of literary reputation, was admitted into the Arca- dian acadeinv at Rome, D. 1817. MAZZHINGI, Joseph, Count, a dis- tinguished composer, was the descend- ant of an eminent Tuscan family, but was b. in F^nirland, and of an Encrlish mother. "The Blind Girl," "The Turnpike Gate," "Paul and Virginia," and a long list of other once popular pieces, were from his fertile pen, and Sir Walter Scott warmly thankeil him for the manner in which he adapted some of that great author's poetry. D. 1844. MAZZUCHELLT, Giammaria, Count, a Venetian nobleman, was b. 1707, and d. 1765. He was the author of " La Vita di Pietro Aretino" and " Gli Scrit- tori d'ltalia;" but the work on which his fame chiefly rests is, " Notizie His- toriche o Critic'he." MAZZUOLI, F'kanci.?, a celebrated painter, known by the name of Parme- GiANo, was b. at Parma, 1508. He be- came acquainted with Correggio, but owed his eminence to his studying the works of Raphael. His reputation as a painter w.as very great, but lie wasted his energies in the delusive labors of alchemy^ D. 1540. MKIDE, Joseph, a learned divine, b. in 1586, at Berden, in Essex; author of the "Clavis Apocalyptica," which is considered by biblical critics as the ablest exposition of the obscure prophe- cies to which it refers. D. 163S. MEDICI, Cosmo de, an illustrious Florentine, b. in 138'.t, was the sen of •John de Medici, a rich and influential merchant, who d. in 1428. The vast wealth which Cosmo thus inherited, atforded him the means of lisplaying his liberality, and of acquiring great influence in the republic But the MEl] splendor and injignifieenco in wliieli lie live.l, excited the jeiiloiisy and enmity of iniHiy of liic nobles. Tlic Strozzi, tile Albizzi, and many of tlic lirst Tus- can tamilies combined against liim ; but, by tile most eonsiunmate art and jim- dent MiauaiTCineiit, lie extrieatctl liim- Pclf tVom tlie toils of his enemies, and eventually reii^iied without a rival. His superHuous wealth lie expended upon public buildiujfs, and iji the eneouratre- nient of literatiu'e. lie was ii friend to science, an active merchant, and a sagacious statesman; and, when he d. in l-i'ii, such was the ireneral estima- tion in which he was held, that the Flo- rentines inscribed on his tomb the title of " Father of his country. "^Louknzo DE, surnamed the Mairnificent, was b. 1448, and was the grandson of the pre- ceding. He siirp;issed in wisdom and mo'leration, in mairnanimity and splen- dor, all of his family who bail gone be- fore him, while in active zeal for the arts and sciences he also greatly excelled them. He revi\ed the academy of Fisa, established another at Florence, collected a vast treasure of literature, and tbunded a gallery of art, where Michael Angelo, under his patronage, pursued his youth- ful studies, and improved his taste and skill. Nothing, in fact, could exceed the exertions he made for the improve- ment of literature ; and he d. in the zenith of his renown, in 1492. MKIIEMKT ALI, pacha of Eirypt, and it may be safely said, one of the most remarkable men of the aire, was b. at Cavalla in Roumelia, in 17'69. He commenced life in the humble career of a tobacconist; but afterwards volun- teered into the army, to which his taste was more congenial, lu his new career he soon ol.itaiiied high favor with tlie governor of Cavalla. In ]79'.i, the period of the French invasion of Egypt, he was enabled to seize the paehalie of Egypt, and was then prepared to set the sultan at defiance, had the latter at- tempted to overthrow him. But the saltan saw that his vassal was too firmly seated to be easily displaced, and re- solved to compromise, by exacting an annual tribute from Meheniet Ali as an acknowledgment of his subjection. In this arramrement, which virtually con- stituted Mehemet Ali the independent ruler of Egypt, he had the prudence to acquiesce, and he direeteil himself steadily to the consolidation of his newly acquired power. In 1831, he entered mto a contest with the sultan for the possession of Svria, when the superioritv 53* CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. G20 of his army thus disciplined became so manifest, that, in autumn, 18:52, he had carried his victorious arms within a few days' march of Constantinople. For seven years subsequently, .Mehemet Ali remained undisturbed by war, du- ring which his active mind was steadily dirccicd to the internal improvement ot his kingdom. I). 1849. MEIlUI-i, Stepiikn Henry, an emi- nent musical composer, was b. at Givet, in France, in 170:5, and was an excellent organist when only ten years old. He settled at Paris in 177t>, wiieie he studied with great advantage under Gluck, be- came inspector at the conservatory of music, professor of eompi'iition at the royal school, a member of .he academy and institute, and a knight of the legion of honor. He produced the operas of " Stratoniee," "Irato," "Joseph," and "(Jora et Aionzo," besides the ballets of "The Judgment of Paris," " Perseus and Andromeda," &c. D. 1817. MEIGS, KrtTuuN Jonathan, an officer in the revolutionary war. laving in Connecticut in 1775, immediately after the battle of Lexington he marched a company of liglit iiit'antry to the neigh- borhood of Boston. With the rank of major he accompanied Arnold in his march through the wilderness of Maine, in order to attack Quebec, where he was made a prisoner with captains Morgan and Dearborn. In 1770 he was ex- ehanged and returned home, and the next year was appointed colonel. His expedition to I^ong Island, in May, 1777, was one of the most brilliant en- terprises of tlie war, for which ho re- ceived the thanks of congress and a sword. After the war, about 178S or 1789, he was one of the first settlers of the wilderness of Oliio. For the first emigrants, he drew up a system of regulations, which were posted on a large oak near the confluence of the Ohio and Muskingum rivers, the bark of the tree beintr cut away for the space of the sheet. Often was the venerable oak consulted. He was the agent for Indian affairs as early as 1810. D. at the Cherokee atrency, 1820, at an ad- vanced age. — Rktl'kn Jonathan, gov- ernor of Ohio from 1810 to 1814, when he was appointed postmaster-general of the United States. He resigned the office in 182;") and d. in 182.".. MEINEKS, CnuisTopiiEK, a German historian and miscellaneous writer, was b. in 1747, at Warstade, Hanover, studied at Gottingen, where he became professor of philosophy, and d. 1810, 630 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [mel Ero -rector of that university. Aniong is nuiucroiis works are, ''A History of the Origin and Progress of Philosophy among the Greeks," "On tlie Origin and i)ec-line of the Sciences among tlie Greeks and Romans," and otliers on kindred siil>jccts. MElSSXl'^lv, Augustus Theophilus, a Geiuian romance writer and dram- atist, was b. at Bautzen, in Lusatia, in 1757, studied at Leipsic and Wittom- berg, and was successively keeper of the archives at Dresden, professor of belles lettres at Prague, and director of the superior sl-IiooIs at Fulda. Besides writing a number of Jiistorical romances and other works, lie translated Hume's »' History of England " into German. D. 1807. MELA, Poiipoxius, a Latin geog- rapher, wlio lived in the 1st century of the Christian era. His treatise, " De Situ Orbis," contains a concise state of the world as far as it was known to the Komans. By some authors he is sup- posed to have been related to Seneca and Lucan. MELANCHTHON, Philip, a cele- brated German divine, coadjutor with Luther in the reformation, and one of the wisest and greatest men of liis age, was b. at Bretten, in the palatinate of the Rliine, in 1497. He studied at Hei- delberg and Tubingen, and, in ir)lS, was appointed Greek professor at Wit- temberg, where he became tiie friend of Luther, and a convert to ins doc- trines. The Augsburg Confession was his work, and, under the sanction of the elector of Saxony, he aided in framing a code of ecclesiastical con- stitutions. Even his theological op- ponents respected the virtues, the talents, the learning, and tlie mild temper of Melanchtiion, though some zealots natur;illy branded him witli op- frobrious terms for his tolerant spirit. le wrote numerous theological trea- tises, Latin iMjems, works on history, philosophy, &c., and d. at Wittemberg, in 15(50. MELBOURNE, William Lamb, Vis- count, was the second son of tlie first Lord Melbourne, and b. 1779. In 1805 ho was brought into the house of com- mons, where he joined the Whig party, and gradually rose to great distinction for nis liWerality, ttilent, and independence, .n 1827 he became secretary for Ireland, but in 1828 he resigned office, and the same y^sar ho was called u\ io the house of lords by the death of his father. On the formation of Lord Grey's adminis- tration in 1830. he was appointed sec- retary of the hi ne department, and in 1834, on the retirement of Lord Grey, succeeded to the premiership. D. 1848. MELCHTHAL, Arnold ok, (so called from the jslace of his residence in the canton of Uiiderwalden,) was the son of a rich fanner, who having been cruelly treated bv the governor of the district, under Albert of Austria, Arnold con- spired with two friends, Furst and Stauftarcher, to effect the deliverance of their country, and to the plan which they formed', in 1307, was Switzerland indebted for the restoration of its an- cient freedom. MELEADEZ, Don .Juan, an eminent Spanish poet, was b. in 1754, at Riberia. He wrote three volumes of poems, which are distinguished for their graceful har- mony, elegant diction, and rich imagery. He filled some public situations during tlie rule of Joseph Bonaparte, and left Spain on the retreat of the French. D. 1817. MELEAGER, a Greek poet, in the 1st century betbre the Christian era, was the author of epigrams and other short pieces, which are among the most beau- tiful relics preserved "in the Grecian Antholoirv. MELLON, HAiiraKT, duchess of St. Alban's, was b. about the year 1775, and was the pf a method of projection called by his name, in which the meridians and par- allels of latitude cut oacii other at right angles, and are both represented by straight lines, which has the etfect ot enlarging the - ment at length appointed a committee of physicians and members of the Acad- emy of Sciences, among whom was Franklin, to investigate his pretensions; and the result of their inquiries appear- ed in a memoir, drawn up by Baill.v, whicli was unfavorable to the pretender of animal masneide ; and having a griMit animosity to the hierarchy, he published some virulent pamplditsagainst the bishops. In 1643 he married the dausrhter of Kichard Powell, esq., a magistrate in Oxford- shire. The father of the lady beinu' a jovial country gentleinan and a royalist, the residence of her husband so dis- gusted the bride, that in less than a month, under the pretence of a visit, she left him, and remained for the rest of the summer with her parents. Mil- ton became incensed, and regardinir her conduct as a desertion of the marriage contract, he sought to punish it by re- pudiation, and to this is to be attributed his treatises on the subject of " Di- vorce." Ilis wife's friends, however, brought about a reconciliation. He con- tiimed an ardent champion for the liberty party, even after the execution of Charles I., which deed he vindicated in his " Tenure of Kings and Magistrates;" for which the parliament rewarded him with £1000, and soon afterwards nomi- nated him Latin secretary to the new council of state. He also wrote against the king's book, entitled " Icon Basi- likc." The treatise of Milton was called " Iconoclastes, or the Image Breaker." lie was next eiu ployed to answer tho treatise of Salmasius, entitled " Dcfen- sio Eegia, or a Defence of the late Kins'," The rcjily of Milton had for its title "De- fensio pro Populo Anglicano ;'" and it was observed by Ilobbes, in reirard to the two disputants, that he did not know whose style was best, or whose arjrn- ments were worst. About this time he was wholly deprived of his sight, owing to a natural weakness, and intense appli- cation to his studies. In li;.")2 he lost his wife, and afterwards took another. He was the friend of Oomwell, to whom he became Latin secretary. When tho ancient constitution was re-established, he was excepted out of the act of in- demnity, on which he kept himself con- cealed for some time. By the kindnes.s, 638 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [mih however, of Sir William Davenant aiul others he obtained his pardon ; soon after which he lost his second wife. In tlie time of the plague he removed witli his family to Chaltbnt, in Biicliingh;im- sliire, wiiero lie completed his "Para- dise Lost," which was printed first in 1667. For this immortal work he had only £15, and that by instalments. After this he engaged in another, called " Paradise Kegained." Besides tlie poems mentioned above, Milton wrote a drama on the Greek model, entitled "Samson Agonistes," which possessed iineomn\on beauties, though not adapted to theatrical representation. He also wrote a " History of England to tlie Conquest," and several tracts. In liis youth, Milton was distinguished for personal beauty, his habits of life were those of a student and philosopher, being strictly sober and temperate ; and his chief relaxation consisted of music and conversation. Though warm and acrimonious in controversy, and possess- ing lordly notions of his rights as the head of a' family, he is said to have been of a serene and cheerful temper, and particularly urbane in iiis intercourse with society. But whatever may be thought of his domestic virtues, there can be put one opinion with regard to the sublimity of his genius and the extent of his' erudition. D. 1674. MIMNEEMUS, a Greek amatory poet of the 6th century b.c, wiio is Baid to have invented the pentameter measure ; but only a few fragments of his poems are in existence. MIRABAUD, Jkan Baptiste de, per- petual secretary to the French Academy, was at first a member of tlie congrega- tion of the Oratory, and afterwards served in the army. His works are, translations from "Tasso's .Jerusalem," and " Ariosto's Orlando," into French; " Alphabet de la Fee Gracieuse," " _Le Monde, son Origine, son Antiquite," "Sentimens des Philosophes sur la Na- ture de TAme." In 1770 was published under his name, but falsely, an atheisti- cal book, entitled the "System of Na- ture," the real author being D'llolbach. MIRABEAU, Victor Rujuetti, mar- quis de, descended from an ancient hmily in Provence, but originally of Naples. He was one of the principal propagators of the doctrines of the French political economists, and wrote several books in support of them. His chief work is entitled " Ami des Ih.mmes." B. 1715; d. 1789.— IIovore U.\BKiJiL RiQUEiTi, count de, one of the most celebrated characters of tho French revolution, was tlie son of the prece- ding, and b. at Bignon. in I'rovence. in 17411. On leaving scliool, he entered the military service ; and his intercourse witii young and dissipated officers, familiarized him to all their vices. His active mind, however, could not remain idle, and he read all tiie books which lie could on the military art. He also fell in love, and his passion was marked by all the impetuosity of a strong and wild character. His father, who .systemati- cally thwarted his inclinations, now procured his confinement in a fortress on the island of Rhe. After his libera- tion, he went as a volunteer, to Corsica, distinguished himself, and obtained i commission as captain of dragoons ; but. his father refusing to purchase him a regiment, ho abandoned, though unwill- ingly, the military profession. In 1772 he espoused a rich heiress of Aix, but he soon squandered away the fortune he received with her, and plunged himself in debt. He was confined in different prisons, and on obtaining his liberty eloped to Holland with the wife of the President Mounnier. For this he was afterwards imprisoned in the castle of Vincenncs, and remained there three years and a half. He then instituted an ineffectual lawsuit against his wife, who obtained a separation from him. In 1784 he visited London, and afterwards Berlin ; and he was variously employed in literary quarrels and occupations tiU the commencement of the French revo- lution. This offered Mirabeau an ample element for his activity. He was elected deputy to the third estate of Aix, and by the courtiers he was termed tlie ple- beian count. In this new capacity, his extraordinary eloquence, his talent, and his boldness, soon gave liiin irresistible weight in the assembly, and rendered him' the idol of the people. Before, however, he could carry his plans into effect, a sudden illness terminated his existence in 1791. His principal works are, "A Comparison between tiie Great Conde an," "Secret History of the Court of Bcilin," which book was burnt by the common execu- tioner; "On Lettres de ('achet," and an " Essav on Despotism." MIRANDA, Don FiSANcisc.v, General, was b. of a Spanish family, at Caracciis, of which province his grandfather was governor. In 1783 Lc visited the Unito'l MOL CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. G39 Stntes, and travelled on foot over a pnrt of Europe. In tiie Freiicli rc'voliition lie was ii iii^jor-ar- tieularly Lorenzo de Medici and Politian. MITCHILL, Samiel L., a celebrated physician, was b. 17(53, and was for a great number of years professor of va- rious l)ranches in the college of physi- cians jind surgeons of New York. He Was elected to the assembly of New York soon after the revolution, and was afterwards a senator in congress, and colleague of De Witt Olinton. He was a man of immense ac(]uisitions, and his labors are dispersed ihrouirh many vol- umes. He was a member of most of the philosophical societies of any note in Europe and his native country. D. 1831 — Stephen Mix, a distinguished citi'.tn of Connecticut, who held various judicial offices in tiiat state. He was b. at Wethersfield, 1743 ; was graduated at Yale college in 17(53; was chosen tutor hi the college in 17(50, in which station he continued three years ; entered upon the practice of law in Wethersfield in 1772; was appointed in 1770 to the offi'v, of an associate judire of the Hart- ford county court, and in 1700 was placed at the head of that court; in 1795 he was appointed judge of the superior court of Connecticut, and in 18i_»7, chief justice of that court, which office he held till 1814, when he becaine disqualified by age. In 1783, and again in 1785, he was elected a delegate from Connecticut to the congress of the United States; and in 17!)3 he was apjiointcJ it senator in congress, which station ha held till he became judge of the su- perior court of Connecticut in 17'J5 I). 1837. MITFORD, WiLUAsi, an eminent his- torical and philological writer, was b. at London, in 1734, studied at tiueen's college, Oxford, and then at the .Middle Temple, but he early quitted the pro- fession of the law, aiid obtaincil a com- mission in the Ilampshiro militia, of which he rose to be colonel. He was, successively, M. P. lor Newport, in. Cornwall, Beeralston, and New komney. He was professor of ancient history at tiie Royal Academy, and, besides his principal work, "The History of Greece," he published " An Essay on the Harmony of Language," " A Trea- tise on the Military Force, and particu- larly the Militia of this Kingdom," "Observations vn the History of Chris- tianity," &c. D. 1827. MOESER, Justus, an eminent Ger- man advocate and author, was b. at Osnaburgh, in 1720, was educated at dena and Gottingen, acquired great popularity on his return to his n:itive place as an advocate and counsellor of justice. D. 1704. MOLA, PKTiii! Francis, an eminent painter, b. in 1609, at Coldra, in tho Milanese. He was a pupil of Albani, and is distinguished both as a landscapo and historical painter. D. 16(!'>. MOLAI, Jamks de, the last grand marshal of the knights Templars, was a native of Burgundy. He was admitted into the order about 12i5'), and having signalized himself by his valor in Pales- tine, was unaniniou~ly elected grand- marshal on the death of William de Beaujeu. The great wealth and power of the Templars, their pride and their dissolute manners, created them a mul- titude of enemies, and led to their de- struction. At length, Philippe le Bel, king of France, and Pope Clement V. formed a plan for their extermination. They were accused of heresy, impiety, and various crimes revolting to human nature. In 1307, all the Templars throughout France were arrested at iiie same hour, and they were tried and convicted, some on their own conies- 640 CTCLOP-f:DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [mol Bions, and otliers on such evidence as could be ]irociired. Fifty-seven were coinniittoil to the flames in 1311, and afier an imprisonment of seven years, De Molai sliared their fate at Paris, in 1314, ileclarinj; his innocence to the hist. MOLP], Francis Kene, an eminent Frencii comedian, b. at Paris, in 1734-. During tiie prot^ress of tlic revolution he became an associate of the Jacobins, and impiously officiated in the church tif St. Koch, as the priest of the izoddess of Reason. D. 1802. — Matthew, a French magistrate remarkable for his probity and courage in the most troub- esoine times, was b. at Paris, in 15Si, became president of the parliament, and keeper of the seals. D. 16.'>6. MOLESWORTII, Robert, Viscount, an Irish statesman, b. at Dublin in 1(356, and educated in Trinity college. When James II. landed in Ireland, he caused his estate to be confiscated; but, on the settlement of att'airs under William III., he was made a privy councillor, and sent ambassador to Copenhairen, where he had a dispute with the king, which induced him to return home abruptly, lie then published "An Account of Denmark, which was considered as a libel on the country, and complained of as such by the Danish ambassador in London. In 1714 he was made a com- missioner of trade and plantations, and two years afterwards raised to tlic Irish peerage. D. 1725. MCJLIERE, JoHK Baptist Poquelin de, the most celebrated among the French writers of comedy, was b. at Paris, in 1622. Ills father was valet- de-chambre and upholsterer to the king, and wheii he became infirm, Moliere was obliged to officiate for him in the royid household, in wliieh capacity he attended Louis XIII. to Narbonne, in 1641. On his return to Paris his passion for the stage was unconquerable ; he became a jjroviucial actor, and began also to display his dramatic powers ua an author. In 1062 he produced his '•Etourdi;" and having the patronage of the prince de Conti, he finally estab- lished himself at Paris. Ilis reputation was carried to its highest summit when die "Tartutfe" appeared; and the piece was played and applauded after it had been kept back for years by the clamor of false devotees. In this, liypocrisy is fully unveiled, the charac- ters are equally various and true, and the dialogue is elegant and natural. For twenty years Moliere wrote for the stage ; and being all the time an actor also, and interrupted by various avocrv- tions, his fertility was most extraortli- nary. His last piece was the celebrated " Le Malade Imaixinaire," to the fourth representation of which he fell a sacri- fice. He himself acted the imaginary sick man in the piece; but laboring at the time under a i)nlmonary complaint, and exerting liimself with unusual spirit, his ertbrts bvoui,'ht on the rupture of a blood-vessel, by which he was suffo- cated. Moliere may be regarded as tho true father of French comedy ; and Vol- taire styles him " tiie best comic writer of any nation." He chastised the cox- combry, false wit, and pedantry of tho day, and his works may be considered as' a history of the manners, fashions, and tastes of the times. In private life he was humane and benevolent in a high degree, and no one had more friends of rank and talent, or vus more lamented by them, bat his matrnnonial connection with a young actress, whoso conduct subjected him to great annoy- ances, imbittered his domestic enjoy- ments. D. 1673. MOLIERES, Joseph Privat de, a philosophical writer, vvas b. at Tarascon, in 1677, became a member of the con- gregation of the Oratory, and was a pupil of Malebranche, on whose death lie quitted the society, and devoted himself wholly to physics and mathematics. He was afterwards professor of philosophy at the royal colleire, and d. in 1742. His works are, " Philosophical Lectures," "Mathematical Lectures," and "La Premier Partie des Elemeus dc Geome- tric." MOLIN, James, usually called Du- moulin, a celebrated French physician, was b. in 1666, became chief physician to the army in Catalonia, at the aire of 26, and on his return to Paris, in 1706, added to his reputation by his cure of the ])rince of Conde. In his medical practice he was so partial to venesection, that it is supposed Le Sajte intended to satirize him under the character of Dr. Sangrado. D. 1755. MOLINOS, Michael, a Spanish theo- logian, and founder of the sect called Quietists, was b. 1627, at Sarasrossa, but passed the greater part of his life at Rome, where, in 1675, he published his celebrated "Spiritual Guide," which was condemned by the Inquisition tea years after its first appearance, and tlia author sentenced to perpetual imprison- ment. He d. a captive, in 1696. Tho followers of Molinos, of whom Madamo Guy on was the principal, were oalleJ mon] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPIl-Y. 641 Qtiictista, bcciitise they maintained tl.at reliirioii consists in an abstraction oCtlie mind from external and finite oVyeets. MOLYNEUX, William, an inirenious tnatlietnatician, was b. at Duljlin, in IfioG. The philosoiiliical society, estab- lislied at Dublin in 1G83, owed its orifjin to his endeavors, and ho became tiie first secretary.. Soon after, he was ap- pointed surveyor-f^eneral of the works, and chief entcinccr. Tn 1685 he was chosen a member of the Royal Society, and in 1689 he settled with liis family at Ciiester, where he employed hi!iiself iiifinishin? his " TrcatisO on Diojitrics." In this year he returned to Dublin, and was chosen one of the representatives for that city. Besides the above, he wrote " Sciothericum Telescopium ;" also, "The Case of Ireland stated, in relation to its beinar bound by Acts of Parliainent in Entrland ;" and some papers in the "Philosopliical Transac- tions." — Samuel, his son, was b. at Chester, in 1689, became secretary to Georofe II., when prince of Wales, and was distinguished by his skill in as- tronomy. MONCRIF, Francis Augustin Para- Dis UE, a member of the French Acade- my, was b. at Paris, in 1687, became the favorite of fashionable society by his musical, theatrical, and poetical talents, and d. in 1770. His principal works are " An Essay on the Art of Pleasincr," and a romance, entitled " Les Ames Rivales." MONK, George, duke of Albemarle, a distintniished military commander, and a great promoter of the restoration of Charles II., was the son of Sir Thomas Monk, of Potheride, near Tor- rinErton in Devonshire, and b. in 1608. On tlie breakina: out of the war between Charles I. and" the Scotch in 1639, he obtained a colonel's commission, and attended his majesty in both his expe- ditions to the north'. When the Irish rebellion began in 1641, his services there were so important, that the lords justices thoucrht proper to appoint liim governor of Dublin. On his return to England he was sent to rplieve Nant- wich, where he was taken prisoner by the army belongintr to the parliament, and sent to the Tower, where lie re- mained till 1646. The royal cause beinii use your dilitrence to aiiprehend hiin and send hini up to me." On the decease of •ho protector, the resiirnation of power br Ills son, and the contest of parties which subsequently took place, he availed him- self of the commandiiif,' situation which he occupied, to crush the republicans, and promote the recall and restoration of the Stuart family to the throne, iu the person of Charles II. As the re- ward of his loyalty, he was created duke of Albemarle, with a pension of £7000 a year, made a privy councillor, and invested with, the order of the irarter. In 1664 he was appointed admiral of the fleet in conjunction with Prince Rupert, and in 1666 obtained a great victory over the Dutch, in a tremendous battle, which lasted three davs. D. 1670. MONMOUTH, James, duke of, a natural son of Charles II., was b. at Rotterdam, in 1619. He was distin- guished by his personal attractions, his affable address, and thoughtless gener- osity ; hence he becan-.e very popular. But he was weak-minded and pliant, lie was concerned in various plots, which had for their object the exclusion of the duke of York from the crown ; and he was, in consequence, ordered by Charles to quit the kingdom. On the accession of James II., being urtred to the act by some of his partisans, ho landed at Lyme, with scarcely a hun- dred followers, (June, 1685;) but his numbers were soon increased, and ho assumed the title of kimr, and asserted the IcLHtimacy of his birth. His forces were defeated, and the duke himself was made prisoner, haviiifj been (bund in the disguise of a peasant, lyinsr at thf. bottom of a ditch, overcome with hun- £rer, fatigue, and anxiety. He refused to betray his accomplices, and conducted himself' with mucii firmness on tho scartbld, where his head was severed from his body, after four unsuccessful blows. The people, of whom he was still tiie favorite, believed that the per- son executed was not Monmouth ; and it was probably this belief which has led some to conjecture that tho faiuous 642 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOOHAPHY, [mon ♦'Iron Musk" was the duke of Mon- moiitli. MONRO, Alexander, an eminent physician an<.l anatoinist, of Scottish descent, was b. in London, in 1(51)7. lie wrote " Osteology, or a Treatise on the Anatomy of tlie Bones;" and an "Ac- count of liie Snccess of Inoculation in Scolland." D. lTpointed, in conjunction with M.r. William Pinkney, minister to Lon- lon. He was subsequently governor of Virginia; in 1811 was appointed secre- ary of state, and continued to exercise he duties of this department, and for >omc time those of the department of war, till 1817. In that year he was chosen president of the Union, and in 1821 was re-elected by a unanimous vote, with the single exception of one vote in New Ilatnpshire. He d. in New York, on the 4th of July, 1831. MONSTRELET, Enoukkrand de, a Freiicli chronicler of the 15th century, b. about 1390, and d. in 1453. IIo was provost of Cambray, and bailitl of Wa- liucourt ; and wrote a chronicle of events, from the year 1400 to 14")3, the year in which he died. MONTAGU, George, an eminent naturalist, was a native of Wiltshire. He devoted his particular attention to the study of ornithology and eonchi-logy ; and was the author of " An Oruitho- '.ogical Dictionary" and "Testaeei Bri- tannica, or Natural History of British Shells." D. 1815.— Mary \Voijtley, u laily distinguished for her literary at- tainments, was the eldest daughter of Evelyn, duke of Kingston, and b. aboui HJUO, at Thoresby, in Nottinghamshire. She made a great proficiency in the Latin and Greek languages, under tho superintendence of Bishop Burnet. In 1712 she married Mr. Edward Wortley Montagu, whom she accompanied in his embassy to Constantino[)le, from which place she wrote " Letters," to Mr. Pope, Mr. Addison, and other emi- nent literati of the time, which are very interesting, and contain many curious facts respecting the manners of tho Turks. She is also memorable for hav- ing first introduced the practice of in- oculation into that country, for which millions have had cause to bless her memory. She closed a life marked by a gri'at variety of adventures, in 176'2. Her collected works have been published in six volumes; and her "Letters" cer- tainly place her at the head of fenialo epistolarv writers in Groat Britain. MONTAGUE, Elizauetu, an eminent female writer, was the daughter of Mat- thew Robinson, esq., of Yorkshire, b. 1720. She had an opportunity of prose- cuting her studies imder the direction of Conyers Mi Idleton, to whom she was probably indebted for the tincture of learning whieli so remark d:)ly influenced her character and manners. About 1742 she married Edward Montague, a descendant of tho first carl of Sand- wich. Mrs. Montague published "An E->say on the Writings and Genius of Shakspeare," which obtained a great and deserved reputation. She formed a literary society known by the name of the "Blue Stocking Club," from^tho circumstance that Mr. Banjunin Stil- lingfleet, a gentleman beloniring to it, wore stockiniTS of that color. Mrs. Montague was noticed for another pecu- liarity, that of givinsr .an annual dinner on Mav-dav to the chimney-sweeper* cf the metropolis. D. 1800. MONTAIGNE, Miguaei de, a celo- mon] CYCLOP. EDIA OF BIOGRAIMIY. GW brated French essayist, was b. in 1530, at the castle belonging to iiis lUniily, in Pcrifrord. His fatiier, Pierre Eyqiiuni, Beigneur de Montaigne, bestowed the greatest care on tlic cultivation of liis son's promisin'4 talents; and after a course of suitable instruction Montaiirne became a parliamentary counsellor, but his aversion to the duties of the station led him to retire from it. The study of man was his favorite occupation, and he therefore devoted himself entirely to philosophical subjects. His quiet, how- ever, was disturbed by the troubles which distracted France in conseaucnce of the cruel persecutions of the Hucrue- nots ; Ills castle was plundered by the leag":.:jrs, and he himself was ill-treated by their adversaries. To these causes of distress was added the plasjue, which broke out in Ouienne, in liSii, and com- pelled him to leave his estate, with his family, and wander through the coun- try, which was then tlie theatre of all kinds of atrocities. He then resided some time in Paris, but finally returned liome, and d. in 1592. His celebrated "Essays'' contain a treasure of wisdom, and m:iy still be deemed one of the most popular books in the French lan- guage. Their style, without being pure or correct, is simple, bold, lively, and energetic. Cardinal du Perron emjihau- cally'called them the breviary of honest men; and La Harpe observes, "It is not a book we are reading, but a con- versation to which we are listening; and he pei"suades, because he does not teach." MOXTALVAN, Don Luis Perez de, an eminent Spanish dramatist in the reitrn of Philip IV., whose writings are disiinLTuishe 1 bv trood taste and sound ju.k'ment. D. 1 ■"■.!). MONTALEMBERT,MARKKENE,mar- quis de, a French general, was b. 1714, at Angouleme: entered the army early in life ; and in the seven years' war was attached to tlie staff of the armies of Russia and Sweden, to give an account of military operations to the French ministry. "lie published a work on for- tifications, besides three volumes of lorrespondcnce on military subjects ; ind pa]iers in the memoirs of the Acad- imv of Sciences. MOXTANUS, the fi)under of a new «ect, in the 2d century, was a native of Phrygia. He affected to be a prophet ; and,' having deceived two rich ladies, named Priscllla and Miximilla, by his pretended sanctity, and exalted them *nti) prophetesses! he asserted it as an article of faith, that the fulness of the Spirit was imparted to these thrt'c cho- sen vessels to comidete the mystery of eternal redemption. Amoiii; others wlio fell into this delusion were Tertullian and Theodotus. — BKNEnror Akias, a Spanish Beneilictine, was b. at Fre.xe- nel, in. F.stremidiira, in l.')27, and edu- cated at Alcala. He was at the council of Trent, and, on iiis return to Spain, was emiiloyed in editing a poly. 15.51. He translated into Latin the works of /Etius ; the poem of Mu- sceus, the " .\rgonautics" of (Orpheus, and the " Tragojiodairra of Lueian." MONTPX'UCULI, liAYMoNn oe, a cele brated general, was b. in 1008, of a dis- tinguished family in the Moarty, which ended in the triumph of the former at the battle of Lewes. From what precise cause it does not appear, but probably it was owing to his arrogance and rapacity, that a powerful party was raised up against liiin among the barons ; and, according to some, this was the motive which iii- ducei-l him to summon knights of shires and burgesses to the parliament in 1"J65. Whatever may have been his motive, however, he thus became the founder of the English house of commons.. In the same year was fought the battle of Evesliam, in which the royal tbrces vvere led by Prince Edward ; *and there, in attempting to rally his troops, by rush- ing into the midst of the enemy, he was surrounded and slain. MOXTGULFIEK, Jacques Etienne, the inventor of air-balloons, was b. in 174.i, at Vidalon-les-Annonai. In con- junction with an elder brother he de- voted himself to scientific pursuits, and was the first who manufactured the vellum paper, still so much admired for its beauty. One day while boiling water in a cotiee-pot, the top of which was covered with paper folded in a spherical form, he saw the paper swell and rise — a circumstance that furnished him with the idea of a light machine, made buoy- ant by inflation, and traversing the air. After various preliminary trials, it being ascertaineil that a balloon, with a car attached to it, could be kept suspended by a supply of heated air, the experi- ii'ient Was repeated on a large scale at Versailles, when the marquis d' Orlandes aseen led in the presence of the royal family, and a vast concourse of spec- tators. D. 1799. MONTI, ViNCENZo, one of the most celebrated poets of modern Italy, was b. arFusignauo, near Ferrara, in 1753; and became as notorious for the versatility of his political principles as for his poetic talents. He commenced his career as secretary to Luigi Braschi, nephew of Pope Pius VI., and was then a \ iolent enemy of the Fre; eh ; he afterwards became a republican , nevt a panegyrist of Napoleon ; and emled by eulogizing the emperor of Austria. His '■ Basvilli- ana," written on the inurtler of Hugo Basseville, the i'rencli ambassador at Rome, is a close imitation of Dante, and gained him a high reputation. His other chief works were, "Banlo dclla Selva nera," and a translation of Ilomer'a moo] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAniY. 645 Iliad; and hif drnmatic writings are tlic tragodicsot" Galcolti Maut'redi," "Aris- todciiio," and "Caius Clia'jflius." lie was sueeesf'iv'cly appointed protussor of the belles lottres and of rhetoric in tlic university vf Tudiia, and liistoiioirraplier of the kii-^fdoni of Italy; and, atujr tlic destruet)?n of that state, he was fortu- nate enough to preserve his place and penJ^iop. under the netv government. He WHS alr>o u knight of the legion of honor, and a member of many learned Boeict'es. D. 1S2S. MOXTMOKENOY, Anne de, peer, marshal, ami constable of France, b. in 14Uo, was one of the greatest generals of the liJth century. He distingiiishetl himself under Francis 1., in the wars against Ciiarlcs X., and was made pris- oner at the battle of I'avia, which was fought against his advice. D. loO". — Henkv II., duke de, was b. in l."iy">, and in his IStli year wiis created admiral of France. He defeated the Protestants in Languedoe; and, in lt)2S, he gained de- cided advantages over the duke de Ro- han, leader of the Huguenots. In IGoO he held the chief eomnumd in Piedmont, and defeated the Spaniards under Doria. His services were at length rewarded with a marshal's baton; and being jeal- ous of the influence of Cardinal Kiche- lieu, he, with Gaston, duke of Orleans, raised tiie standard of rebellion in Lan- fuedoe, whcsre, being opposed by Le "orce and Schomberg, he was wounded and niiidc prisoner. He was condemned to deatii by the parliament of Toulouse, and executed, in 1632. MONTPENSl KK, Anne Maria Louisa, of Oilcans, b. at Paris, in liJiT, was the daughter of Gaston, duke of Orleans, and the niece of Louis XIII. In the civil contests which distinguisheil the minority of Louis XIV'., she was a zeal- ous partisan of Conde; and, in fact, her whole life was a scene of restless am- bition and intrigue. D. 1G'J8. MOKTKOSL, James Gkaham, marquis of, a distinguished royalist under Charles I., was the .«on of the earl of Montrose, who gave him an excellent education, which was improved by a residence in France, where he held a commission in tlie Scotch guards. On his return home ' he experienced such neglect through thejcalousy of the manpiis of Hamilton, as induced him to join the Covenanters ; but he afterwards took a very active part on the side of tlie king ; and in a few months gained the battles of Perth, Aberdeen, and Inverlochy ; for which service he was created a marq^uis. In 1645 his fortune changed; and after sulfering a deleat from Lesley, he was obliged to leave the kingdom, when lie lamled in Orkney with a few Ibllowcrs, but was soon overpowered, conveyed to Edinburgh, and there hung and 'quar- tered. MONTUCCl, Antonio, n learned phi- lologist, particularly excelling as ii Ciii- nese seliolar, was b. at Sienna, in 1762, and studied at the university there, de- voting himself to the liviuir languages with almost incredible ap])lieation. In ITS.") he was appointed professor of En- glish in the Toloniei college; antl, in ITS'J, accompanied Mr. Wedgwood to F2ngland as Italian teacher in his family. Being in London in 17!t2, when prep- arations were making tor Lord Macart- ney's embassy to China, Montucci took the opjiortimity of obtaining assistance from some Chinese youths attached to the embassy, in acquiring their language, with which he was before only imper- fectly acquainted. Tlie result' was he projected a Chinese dictionary, the pros- pectus of which lie forwarded to several princes and academies in Europe. In 1806 he went to Berlin, on the invitation of the king of Prussia ; but the invasion of the country bv Bonaparte ibr soma time interrupted liis plans; and, return- ing to Italy, he d. at Sienna, in 1829. He is the author of a "Chinese Diction- ary," an "Italian Pocket Dictionary," and several elementary works in tliai language; and he edited the " Pocsio inedite de Lorenzo de' Medici," pub- lished at the expense of Mr. Koscoe. ilO^STUCL.^, John Stephen, an emi- nent French mathematician, was b. at Lyons, in n2") ; studied at the Jesuits' college, and acquired legal knowledge at Toulouse, but relinquished the law for the cuUivnticn of inathematieal sci- ence ; was sent to Cayenne, in 1764, as astronomer; and d. in 17!'9. His chief work is his " Histoire des Mathunati- ques.'' ^lOOEE, Edward, an English poet and dramatic writer, b. 1712. In 1744 he published his "Fables for the Fe- male Sex," and after that the comedies of the "Foundling," and "Gil EUis," and the tragedy of " The Gamester." He next became the editor of a )>eriodi- cal paper, called "The AVorld," in which he Avas assisted by lords Lyttleton, Chesterfield, and many other men ot rank and talent. D. 17'i7. — Joiix, a physician, and miscellaneous writer, b. m"l7oO, at SruTing. In K'.iVt he pub- lished the fruits of his travels m "A 646 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [moh View of Society and Manners iu France, Switzerlaiul, and Germany,'' and in 1781 two volumos more, entitled " A View of Society and Manners iu Italy." After this, he 'published his " Medical Sketches;"' a novel entitled •'Zeluco," which abounds with incident, and af- fords a striking illustration of Italian character and manners. In 17t)5 he {lublished " A View of the ('auses and 'roc^rcss of the French Kevolution." He subsequently published a novel, ca-_ titled •' Edward, or various Views of Iluman Nature," and " Mordaunt, or Sketc'.ies of Life, Character, and .Nlan- ncrs in various Countries." U. 1802. — Sir John, a distinguished military com- mander, was the eldest son of Dr. Jolin Moore, an I b. at Glasgow, in 1761. In x7y'> he went out as a "brigadier-general 'o the West Indies, under Sir Ralph Abcrcromby, who appointed liim to the goverumeut of St. Lucie, in the capture ot which he had a princip.il sliar^.-. On his return home, in W-Ji, he was em- ployed in Ireland during the rebellion, and was raised to the rank of major- f^eneral. In ISOS he was appointed to command an army in Si).iin, where, after a skilful and arduoits retro it lie- fore a very superior force, he fell by a eannon-b.ill, un.lerthc walls of Corunna, January Hith, ISO'J. — James, governor of South Carolina, sucooedad Blake in 1700, and continued in office until Sir Nathaniel Jolinson assumed it in 1703. The provocations of the Spaniards in- duced Governor Moore, in 17(i2, to pro- pose to the assembly an expedition against St. Augustine. The me;isure was adopted, but proved unsuccessful, and entailed a heavy burden on the colony. To answer the public exigence on this occasion, the first paper money was issued in South Carolina, under the name of bills of credit. In Ul'J, when the revolution took place, and Governor Robert Johnson was depose 1, Colonel Moore, wiio had early and zealously es- pousel the cause of the people, was chosen governor. He was well qu ilitied by his prudence and enterprise for the crisis, and vlien the transfer of the gov- ernment to the kinar w;is elfected, and General Nie!iolson was placed at th.e head of the government, (Joloucl Moore was elected speaker of the assembly, and continued to be reehosen until 1725. — Sir IlKNiiY, governor of New York, was app )i:ited in 1715 '>, and arrived in the c)lo;iy in November f )llowinj. He ?ODti lued governor until his death, 17t)y. MuHE, Antonio, a celebrated portrait painter, b. at Utrecht, in 1519. lie was very successful in Ids portraits, of which he painted several in England, in tho reign of Queen Mary, on whose death he accompanied Piiilip II. to Spain, where he lived in terms of great inti- nuicy with that monarch. D. 1575. — Hannah, an eminent moral writer, wds b. at Stapleton, in Gloucestershire, in 1744. Siie was )nc of the five daughtew of a village schoolmaster. Tiie literary abilities of Hannah early attracted no- tice. Her first literary production, " The Search after Happiness," a pastoral drama, was written when she was only 18 years of <.■•<'., though not published till" 1773. By the encouriigement of Garrick, s!ie tried her strength in tnigic couiposition, and wrote "Tae In.^lexible Captive," a tragedy, which was printed in 1764. ller tragedy of '-Percy," the most popular of her dramatic composi- tions, was brought out in 1778, and ran tburtceu nights successively; and her last tragedy, "The Fatal Falsehood," was produced in 1779. Shortly after, her opinions of public theatres under- went a change, and she has stated that siie did not 'consider the st:ige, in its present state, as " becoming the appe.ir- ance or countenance of a Caristian.' Her first prose publication was ''Taoughts on the Manners of the Great ;" thU wa-* followed by her "Estimitc of tho Religion of tlic Fasiiionablo World." In 1705 she commenced at Bath, in monthly numbers, "Tlie Cheap Repos- itory," a series of talcs for the co.nmoa people, one of whicli is the well known '•Slieplierd of Salisbury Tlain.'' She subsequently produced her "Strictures on the Modern System of Female Edu- cation," " Hints towards Forming the Ciiaracter of a Voimg Princess," '-Coe- Icbs in Search of a Wife," " Practical Piety," "Cliristian Morals," an "Essay on the Character and Writing* of St. Paul," and " Moral Sketches of the Prevailing Opinions and Manners, For- eign and Douiestic, with Retlections on Pr lyer." D. ISii. — IltNRV, an eminent divfne of the cluirch of England, was b. at Grantham, in Lincolnsiiire, in li>14; was educated at Eton, and Christ's col- lege, Cambridge; and, wiiile at the latter, profoundly studied the most celebrated systems of philosophy, and finally set- tied into a decided prcticirence fir that ofPhto. In 1(340 he published " Psy- e!io-Zoia, or the Eil'e of the Soul ;" a plnlosopliical poem, which he repub- lislied, with othe:- pieces, in 1(J47. Ho I refused the highest ecclesiastical prefer- uor] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPIiy. 647 menta, and d., universally beloved, in 1687. — Sir Thomas, cliuiieellor of Eu- eluiid, WiiM the son of Sir John More, iudj^e of tiic Kind's Beneii, and ij. in lOndon, in 1480. He \va.s etlucaled al Ohrist-chureh, then Canterlniry college, Oxford; and, in 14'Jii, became u student of Lincoln's Inn. At the age of 'Jl he obtaineil a seat in purlianient, wiiere lie opposed a subsidy tlemanded by Henry VII. vvitii such force, tiiat it was refused by the house. At the accession of Henry VTIl. he was called to tlie bar, and in 1508 lie was made judjie of the sheriffs court, ani.1 a justice ol' peace. In 1518 he published liis " Utopia," a political romance ; and about this time the friend- ship betjan between him and Erasnuis, wlueli lasted through life. By the in- terest of VV'olsey he obtained the honor of kn-ighthood, and a place in the privy council. In 1520 he was maile treasurer of the exchequer ; and in 152a chosen Bpcaker of the house of connnons, where lie resisted a motion for an oppressive subsidy, which gave groat offence to his former friend, the cardinal. In 1530 he succcc.led Wolsey as lord chancellor; and by his indefatigable api)licatiou in that office, there was in a short tinni not a cause left undetermined. He re- signctl the seals, because he could not conscientiously lend his support to the mcasm'es of Henry respect! ng his divorce of Queen Catharine; and he was event- ually conunittcd to the Tower for refu- sing the oath of supremacy. After an imprisonment ot twelve months, he was brought to his trial in the court of King's Bench, where, notwithstanding his elo- quent (.lefenee, he was found guilty of .treason, antl sentenced to be beheaded. His beliavior, in the interval, corre- spondeil with the uniform tenor of his life; and, on July (J, 1535, he ascended the scaffold, with his characteristic pleas- antry, saying to the lieutenant of the Tower, " 1 pray you. see me safe up ; and as for my coming down, let me shift for myself." Mt)REAlJ, Jean Michel, an eminent designer and engraver, was b. at I'aris, 1741. He was a man of extensive in- formation on works of art, and his in- dustry was truly surprising. D. 1814. — John Victor, one of the most celebrated of modern French generals, was b. in 1763, at Morlaix, and was brought up to the bar. The army, however, was the iprofession of his choice, and he entered a regiment before he was 18, but was taken from it by his father. The revo- luiiju eiuibled liim to gratify his wishes, and he made his first campaign under Dmnouricr, in 17'.)2. He gained tho rank of brigadier-general in 17'.i3, imd that of general of tli vision in Xi'.'i. In the latter year he connnanded tliu right wing of I'ichcgru's army, and olitaineJ great successes in the Netheilands. In 17;. G he was placed at the head of the army of the Khine. In that year he dis- tinguished himself by penetr.iting into Bavaria, and by his masterly retreat jo- fore a superior tbrce ; in 17yr, by his passage of the Khine; and in 180C, hy his campaign in (Germany, crowned by the decisive victory of llohenlinden. Having engaged with I'ichegru, (jeor- ges, and other royalists, in a jilot against the consular government, he was brought to trial in 18U4, and sentenced to two years' imprisonment, but was allowed to retire to Aorth America. There he re- nuiinod till 1813, when he was prevailed upon to join the allied sovereigns, and appeared in arms against his country, lie was, however, mortally wounded at the battle of Dresden, and d. Isl3. MOKETO Y CABANA, Don Al'gus- TiN, an eminent Spanish dramatic poet of the 17th century, who, after writing 200 plays, became an ecclesiastic. Ho was cotemporary with Cal leron, and was patronized by I'hilip IV. He may fairly be called the Spanish Moliere;, many of his comedies si ill kee|>ing pos- session of the stage, from their racy humor, striking iiici(.lcnts, and cliarac- teristic language of the dniiuatU pers::naR, MOKGAGNI, John Baptist, an emi- nent physician and anatomist, was b. at Forli, ill Komagna, in 1082; studied un- der Valsalva, at Bologna; an 1, in 1711, became professor of medicine at Padua. In 1715 he was appointed to the first anatomical professorship, in wiiich situ- ation he continued till his death, m 1771.. M(3RGAN, Sir IIenhv, a celebrated commander of buccaneers in the 17th century, was the son of a Welsh liinncr. He to()k Porto Bcllo and Pan una fr')in the Spaniards, and for several years continued to enrich himself and his fol- lowers by the success of his manuiding expeditions against that nation. Hav- ing amassed a large fortune, he settled at Jamaica, of which island he was ap- pointed governor by Charhs II., and knighteiL — William, an eminent Welsh prelate, who had a principal concern ic the translation of the Bible into Welsh, printed first in 15S8. D. 1(>04.— \Vil- LiAM, u distinguished ni ithcmaticiarv, was a native of Glamoryanshirc. Pa 648 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [moh was actuary to the Equitable Assurance coiiip-.iiiy, Lon loii, an I remained con- nected with tliat institution 5<) years. He was tlic autiior of "Tiie Doctrine of Annnitii's and Assurances of Lives," "A Ke\iew of Dr. Crawford's Theory of Heat," tosretlier witii various trea- tises connected with tlio financial pros- perity of Great Uritain. D. 1833. — Danikl, a distinguished officer in tlie army of tlie American revolution, was b. in Now Jersey, and remove 1 to Vir- ginia in 175.5. lie enlisted in Brad- dock's expedition as a private soldier, and on the defeat of that general re- *£urne:l to his occupation as a fn-mer. At the eommenccinent of the revolution lie was appointed to tlie command of a troop of liorse, and joined the army un- der Wa.-hinfrton, tlien in the nciiriibor- liood of Boston. He distiniriiishey his wealth and credit during the exhausted state of our public funds. It has been said, and witii niueli truth, that " the Americans owed, and still owe, as much acknowledgment to tin financial operations of Robert Morris, a? to the negotiations of Benjamin Frank- lin, or even to the arms of George Washington." He was a member of the convention which framed tlie con- stitution of tlie United States in 1787, and afterwards a senator in congress. In his old age he lost his ample fortune, by unfortunate land s|)cculations, and passed the last years of his life conliiied in prison for debt. L). 1806. MORRISON, RoiiKiiT, was b. in 178-2. He was bred to last-making by his fa- ther, who was also an elder of tli" .Si otch church. But Robert had a ]jro])eiisity tor high clai-sical attainments, ile ob- tained the rudiments of the Latin, Geek, and Ilclirew languages fioui the local preacher he attended; and wa^, at length, sent by the London Missionary Society to Cliina, where he arrived in 1807. In the course of a year or two he had prepared a grammar and dictionary of tffe Chinese language foi- the ))rcss, 'besides a Chinese version of the New I Testament. He afterwards projected an Anglo-Chinese college at Malacca, of ■nhich he was a liberal patron until his death, which took place at Macao, in 1834. 1 MORSE, Jeuidiaii, a geographer, 650 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. Fmot Ciiniftoi ■Dfrinrlestown, Massachusetts, pradiiacoJ at Vale eoUe^^e in 1783, and iriStallod 17S'.t. Ilia first freoicrapliical publication was in 1784, and tluriii^r liis iifetitnc tlie woi'lv was kept in perpetual proirrcss, and passed throiigli many editions. lie also publislied tiie " Amer- ican Gazetteer," and the "History of New Euxland." D. 182(5. MOKTIKK, Marshal, duke of Treviso, b. in 171)8, was the sou of a merchant, wlio represented the tiem etat of Cam- bresis at the states-general in 17?9. Quitting the mercantile profe-'sion, for which lie had been designed, h'j enter- ed the army in 1791 with the rank of captain; and having clistingnislietl him- self on various occasions, he was rapid- ly promoted, and intrusted with the higliest commands. Being amon^r the stalf that accompanied Louis Philippe and princes to the review at Paris, on the 2Sth of July, 1835, it was the fate of this brave officer to be one of the victim -i of tlie assassin, Ficschi. MOKTO?J, Thomas, an eminent and pucccssful tlramatist, was b. at Durham, in 17H4. Ill entered as a student at Lin- coln's Inn. but his taste for theatricals caused him to abandon his profession, and he soon gave proofs of his talents as a dramatic writer. It is remarkable, indeed, that nearly all his pieces still keep possession of the stage. They consist of '* The Way to get Married," *' (Jolumbus," " Town and Country,'" " Zorinski." "A Cure for the Heart- ache," "Speed the Plough," "Secrets Worth Ki.owing," "The Blind Girl," "The Ch-ldren-iu the Wood," "The School of Kefonn," "The School for Grown Gentlemen," " A Rowland for an Oliver," and " The Invincibles." D. 1838. — Nathaniel, one of the first set- ticrs of Plymouth, New Engl nid, and a njsgistrarc of the colony, was the author ol a " History of the Church at Ply- mouth," and of a volume c:dle I "New Enghiad's Memorial." This work was originally published in IGtii), and a new edition of it has been recently issuctl. — John, a signer of the decla'Mtion of American independence, was b. in the county of Clicstcr, Pennsylvania, was a member of the piovincial assembly of his native state, and in 1774 appointed a d?l^,gate to the continental congress. D. 17/7. — Samuel G., one of the most distiug'.iislied scientific men of tlie Uniud Slates, was b. in Pliiladelp'iia, wliere he passed the greater part of his life. His chief works were the " Crania Americaua," and the "Crania Egyptica." His museiun of crania embr.\ceil over nine liundrcd human skulls, and six hundred of the inferior animals. D. 18 ")1. MOSCHUS, a Greek pastoral poet, a native of Syracuse, who nourished, wltb his friend i3ion, aljout 200 b. c. MOSHEIM, John Lajkenoe, alearned German theologian, was b. at Lubeek, in 1(594; became a member of the fuc(dty of philosophy at Kiel ; and was appointed chancellor of the university of Gottii.- gen, where he remahied till his death in i75i, lecturing daily on ecclesiastical history and most other departments of theology. His principal work on this subject is the " Institutiones Ilistoriaj Ecclesiasticai," which was afterwards published under various other forms, and translated into German, with addi- tions; also into English by Dr. Maclainc. Among his other numerous writings are, " Dc Rebus Cliristianorum ante Couslantinum Magnum Counnenturn,'' a " Life of Servctus," " The Ecclesias- tical History of the Tartars," " Observa- tiones Sacrcland after the revocation of tlic edict of Nantes ; and cmbarkinf,' his property in trade, opened an East India warehouse in Tjeaileidnill-street, London, and also obtained a sitnation in tiie post-office. He '•vrotc nearly twenty dramatic pieces, and translatecl " Don Quixote" and "Kabcl:iis." D. 1718. MO'lTLEY, John, a dramatic writer, was b. in l(5ii2, and wrote live dramatic pieces ; also the '• Life of tlie Czar Peter the Great," and the " History of Cath- arine of Russia ;" bnt the work of iiis which obtained by far the greatest pop- ularity, is the weil-known collection of facetiie, called " Joe Miller's Jests." D. 1750. MOULIN, Peter du, a Protestant divine, was b. at Bechny, in the Vexin, in 156S. He studied first at Sedan, and next at Cambridge, from which univcr- Bity he reniovcLl to a professorship of philosopliy at Leydcn, where he also tauglit Greek ; but in 15;iy he returned to France, and became minister at Ciui- renton. On the assassination of Henry IV., he cliarged the guilt of that deed upon the Jesuits, which produced a vio- lent controversy between him and some of that society '; an.d, in l(il5, he visited England on the invitation of James I., who gave hiin a prebend in Canterbury cathedral. He did not continue long in England ; but after refusing the divinity professorsliip at Leyden, lie finally set- tled at Sedan, of which place he became the pastor, tilling at the same time the tlieological chair there. Among his writings are, " A History of ilona- chism," a treatise " On the recent Ori- gin of Popery," &c. D. 1658. — Petek, his son, was" b. in 1600, at Paris, and graduated at Leyden ; but goinjr after- wards to England, obtained, like his father, a prebend at Canterbury, and was one of the chaplains to Kincj Charles II, He was the author of -'The Peace of the Soul," " Clamor RegiiSanjruinis," whicii, being anonymous, was attributed, by Milton, to Alexander More, and " A Defence of the Protestant Churcli."— Louis, his brother, became a violent independent, and wrote " Parajnesis ad ^Edihcatores Imperii," dedicated to Oli- rer Crorawe'l ; and ' Patronus Bonae Fidei," ft fierfi invective against the ciiurch of Enirlrtid. D. Ii583. MOULTRIE, Wn.LiASi,. a major-gen- eral in the army if the AniericiMi revo- lution, was b. in h'lghind, )(Ut emigrated to South (.'arolina at an early a^'c. He served witii distinction in the Clierokco war in 1700, and in its last ciuupaign commanded a c<>n\pany. At the com- mencement of the rev(jluti(iM he was a member of the provincial coiii/ress, and a colonel of the second rcL'inient of South Carolina. For his brave ilefeneo of Sullivan's island in 177li, lie received the thanks of congress, and the I'ort was afterwarils called by his name. In 1779 he gained a victory over the British at Beaufort. He afterwards received the commission of niajor-jfeneral, mid was second in command to General Lincoln at the siege of Charleston. After the close of the war he was repeatedly elected governor of South (Jarolina. He pub- lished " Memoirs of the Revolution in the Carolinas and Georgia," consisting chicHy of official letters. D. in Charles- ton iii 1805. MOUNTFOKT, Wii.t.iam, an Engli.sh actor and dramatic wriier, was b. in Statlbrdshire, in lt)5'.i. He was an ex- cellent comic performer; and being in the fiowcr of his age, and one of the handsomest men on the boards, the {)arts of the lovers were usually allotted to him. In one of these he hail capti- vated the affections of Mrs. Bracegirdle, an actress much admired for her per- sonal charms. This lady had rejected the addresses of a Captain Hill, who, in company with Lord Mohuii, waylaid Mounttijrt one night, in the winter of 16y'2, as he was returning from the theatre to his lodirings, in Norfolk- street, Strand ; and, befonj he could draw his sword, ran him through the body, and killed him on the spot. Hill made his escape to the Continent, and Lord Moliun was tried by his ]>eers for the murder, but, for the want of siitti- cient evidence, was aeqtntted. This nobleman was himself eventually killed by the duke of Hamilton, in a duel fought in Hyde Piirk. Momitfurt was the author of five plays, and was in tlio zenith of his reputation at the time of his death. MOURAD BEY, afainoua Mftmeluke chief, was a native of Circassia. .\t'ter the sian His- tories." D. 1783. — .John von", an emi- nent Swiss historian, was b. in 1752, at Scliatf hausen, and studied at Gottingen. In 1780 he published the first part of his ''History of the Swiss Confedera- tion ;" and shortly after he went to Berlin, where he printed "Historical Essays." His other principal work was a "Course of Universal History," but he was also the author of several others, which were published collectively at Tubingen. Muller was successively professor of Greek at Schatf hausen. and of history at Cassel, counncllor of the imperial chancery, secretary of state for the ephemeral kingdom of West- phalia, and director-general of pubHc instruction. D. 1800. MUXCER, TnoMAs, in the early part of the lOth century, rendered himself for awhile extremely formidable in Ger- many, wl'.ere he preacheil equality and the community of property, and collect- ed 40,000 followers. He *was at length defeated Vjy the landgrave of Hesse, witli the loss of 7000 of his followers, anil being chased to Franehausen, was taken prisoner, and executed at Mul- hausen, in 1526. MUNCHHAUSEN, .Jerome CriARLta Fredkric vov, was a German officer in the Russian service, who served in sev- eral campaigns again-^t the Turks. He was a passionate lover of horses and liounds; of which, and of his adven- tures among the Turks, he told the most extravagant stories, till his fancy so completely got the belter of his memory, that he really believed his most extravagant fictions, and felt very mur] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. C53 much offenJjd if any tlonbt was ex- pressed on tliesubieet. Havinn the Grecian mythology and the Olympiads. MUTIANA, GmoLAMO, an Italian painter, b. at Brescia. He was a great favorite with Pope Gregory XI II., wlio employed him to paint a picture of St. Paul tiie hermit, and another of St. An- thony, for tiie cliurch of St. Peter. Six- tus V. also held him in esteem, and intrusted to hiin the designs for the bas- reliefs of the column of Trn.inn. At tho instance of this iirtist, I'one Grci.'ory founded the academy of St. Luke, wliica Sixtus confirmed by a brief ; and Muti- ano gave two lionises to the institution. D. 15>.i0. MUTIUS, CfiLius, first named Codrns, and afterwards Sciovola, an illustrioua Roman, who distinguished himself in tlie war against Porsenna. Wlicn that prince besieged Rome, Mntius entered Ills camp to assassinate him, and, by mistake, stabbed one of his attendants. BeiniT seized and broutrht before Por- senna, he said tliat he was one of three hundred who had engaged by oath to slay him, and added, "This hand, wliich has missed its purpose, oueht to surtcr." On sayiuir this lie tlirust it into tlie coals wliicii were biirninL'' upon the altar, and suffered it to be consumed. Porsenna, struck witii his intrepidity, made peace with the Romans. The name of Sccevola, or left-iiandcd was given him as a mark of distinction to MiJtius and ids tiimily. MYRON, a celebrated Greek sculptor, whose works are highly praised by iho Greek and Latin poets, was a native of Eleiitheris, and is supposed to have flourished about 430 b. c. MYSON, one of the seven wise men of Greece. Anacliarsis, the Scythian, liaviiisjr inquired of Apollo, who was the wisest man in Greece, was answered, " He who is now plougliing his fields." This was Myson. MYTENS, Ans-OLD, a painter, was b. at Brussels, in 1541. He painted sev- eral capital pictures for churches in Italy; and d. in 1(502. — Martin, a Swe- disli painter was b. at Stockliohn, 16'J5. lie fixed his residence at Vienna, and was trreatly esteemed by the Emperor Charles VL D. 1755. N. NAIIL, Johann Atjoust, an eminent Prassian sculptor, b. at Berlin, in 1710. He executed tho admirable colossal Btatue of the landgrave Frederic, which stands in Frederic's square. In 1755 he was created professor in the academy of arts at Cassel, and d. there in 1731. NANI, Giovanni Battista, a Venetian iiistorian, was b. Uil6.— He distinguislied himself as ambassaloyed in other missions of importance, fir which he was made proctor of St. Mark, and captain-ircneral of the marine. Ho was the author of" Istoria della Repiib- lica Veneta," and was historiographer and keeper of the archives of the repub- lic. D. lii7S. NAPIER, .John, lord of Merehiston, in Scotland, a celebrated matlieimitieian, was b. in 1550, ami educated at the uni- versity of St. Andrew's. After having 656 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. travelled in France, Italy, and Germany, he returned to his native country, where he wholly devoted himself to the study of matlicmatics and theology. Being much attached to astronomy and spher- ical geometry, he wished to find out a Bhort nietiiod of calculating triangles, pines, tangents, &c. ; and to the exer- tions arising out of this desire is to be attributed his admirable invention of logaritiniis, first made public in 1614, and wliich alone has immortalized his name. The Napier "bones, or rods," for multiplying and dividing, were in- vented by liim. He also made several improvements in spherical trigonome- try, and was regarded by the celebrated Kepler as one of tlie greatest men of the age. D. 1*517. — Macvey, whose name will long be memorable in eomicetion with the' "Edinburgh Review" and the "Eneyclopffidia Britannica," was profes- sor of conveyancing in the university of Edinburgh, and one of the principal clerks of the court of session, lie passed as a writer to the signet in 1799 ; but he soon discovered a decided bias for lit- erary pursuits; and his various acquire- ments, literary and legal, his profound erudition, and his sound. judment, found ample scope for their development in the last edition of the " Encyclopedia Britannica," of which he became editor. In 1829 he succeeded Mr. (afterwards Lord) .Jeffrey, in tlie editorship of the " Edinburgh Review." D. 1847. NARES, -James, was b. at Stanwell, 1715. In 1755 he became organist and composer to the king, and was created doctor of nuisic at Cambridge. In 1757 he was appointed master of the choris- ters of his majesty's chapel. He pub- lished, besides his compositions of sacred music, which are marked by fjreat genius, and a thorougli knowl- edge of the science, several books of instructions. D. 1783. — Robert, a learn- ed critic and theologian, was the son of the preceding. He was a prebendary of Lincoln, archdeacon of Stafford, can- on of Lichfield, and rector of Allhallows, London. He established and conducted the "British Critic," a high church lit- erary review ; and among his separ:\te works are, "Elements of Orthoepy," "A Glossary of Words, Phrases, <%c., in the Works of English Autjiors of the age of Queen Elizabeth," " A Chrono- loD'ical View of tiie Prophecies relatinif to"the Christian Cliu -ch," &c. D. 1829. NASH, Richard, connnonly called Beau Nash, the once celebrated arbiter of fashion at Bath, was b. 1674, at Swansea, in Glamorganshire. He wa« originally intended for tiie law, but en- tered the army, which, however, he soon quitted, and took chambers in tha Temple. Here he devoted himself en- tirely to pleasure and fashion; and when King William visited the Inn, ho was chosen master of the pageant with which it was customary to welcome the monarcl). In 1704 he was appoiuted master of the ceremonies at Bath, and immediately instituted a set of regula- tions as remarkable for their strictness as for their judicious adaptation to the wants and society of the place ; and aa he drew the whole beau-monde to Batii, he was justly regarded as a public bene- factor there. While in the plenitude of his power and popularity, Nash lived in the most splendid style, supporting his expenses by a long run of success at the gaming table. His dress was covered with expensive lace, and ha wore a large white cocked hat. The chariot in which he rode was drawn by six gray horses, and attended by a long retinue of servants, some on horse, oth- ers on foot, while his progress through the streets was made known oy a band of French horns and other instruments. His common title was the king of 15 ith, and his reign continued, with undimin- islieil splendor for more than 50 years. His health then began to decline, and his resources grew less plentiful. As the change in his spirits and circumstances became more evident, his former ac- quaintances gradually forsook him, and he died in comparative indigence and solitude, in 1761. NASMITII, James, a divine, was b. at Norwich, in 1740. He published "A Catalogue of Bennet Collese Library," an edition of the " Itineraries of Simon and William of Worcester," a new edi- tion of Tanner's " Notitia Monastiea,'' &c. D. 18i?2. — Peter, an eminent land- scape painter, was h. at Edinburgh, in 1786. At the age of 20 he removed to London, where his talents soon attract- ed notice, and procured him the appel- lation of the English Ilobl^ima. His works are deservedly in high repute, and there are few collections of import- ance in Eno-land but \vliat contain some of them. D. 1831. NAYLOR, James, a Quaker, b. at Ardsley, near W.ikefield, Yorkshire, 1616. He was, in 1641, a private in the parliamentary army, and rose to the office of quarter-master under Lam>)ert, but quitted the military life in 1649. The preaching and conversation of WlJ CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGHAPHT. 657 George Fox converted him to Qiial^er- ism, 1C51, and thinking liiniself divinely inspired, he became an itinerant minis- ter. In 1656 h(, was imprisoned for his extravagant conduct at Exeter, wliere his followers addressed him as the prince of peace ; and afterwards, when liberated from confinement, he went to Bristol. He was accompanied by an enthusiastic cavalcade, who sang before him "Holy, holy, holy, is the Lord God of hosts, IIi;>sannain the highest." This fr.natie zeal was noticed by the parlia- ment. Naylor was accused ancf con- demned as guilty of blasphemy, and as an impostor: he was exposed in the pillory, whipped, and branded on the forehead ; his tongue was bored through with a red-hot iron at the Old Exchangro,, and he was then imprisoned in Bride- well for life. After two years imprison- ment he was set at liberty, and, in 1660, he left Loudon to return to Wakefield, to his wife and faniUy, but d. by the way. NEAL, Daniel, a dissenting minis- ter, was b. in 167S, in London f was ed- ucated at Merchant Tailors' school, and atUtrec'it; became minister to a con- gregation in Jewin-street ; and d. in 1743. He wrote a "History of the Puritans," and a " History of New En- gland." NEANDER, Johann August Wil- HELM, one of the most distinguished ecclesiastical historians of modern times, was b. at Gottin^en, 1789. His parents were Jews. They removed to Ham- burgh when their son was very youn? ; and to the excellent institutions of that city he was indebted for great part of his education. In his 16th year he was con- verted to Christianity, a'mt proceeded to study first at Halle and then at Gottin- geu, where he gained the reputation of great learning and piety, though strug- glinsr with an extremity of poverty that would have crushed a le^s ardent and heroic soul. After a short sojourn at Ilatnburgh he removed to Heidelberg, in ISll, and occupied himself in writing Lis firs'; work, "Tlie Emperor Julian and his Age," which led to his appoirit- ment to a chair of theology in that uni- versity, in 1812. A i'ew months after- n-ards he was nominated to the same chair in tlie then infant university of Berlin, where he had Marheinecke and f clileierinaeher for his colleagues ; and liere he labored assiduously for 38 years, producing his " History of the J'hristian Church," and other ecclesias- tical works of the highest value. He was a person of simple but ccccntrio manners, and greatly beh ved. D. If-oO. NECKEK, James, an eminent finan- cier and statesman, was b. in 1732, at Geneva, and for many years carried on the business of a banker at I'aris. His '• Eulogy on Colbert," his "Treatise oa the Corn Laws and Trade," and somo " Essays on the Resources of France," inspired sucli an idea of his talents tor finance, that, in 1776, lie was appointe.l director of the treasury, and, shortly after, cumptrollcr-ireneral. Before his resiu'uation, in 1781, he published a statement of his operations, addressed to the king; and, while in retirement, he produced a work on the " Adminis- tration of the Finances," and another on the "Importance of Religious Opin- ions." He was reinstated in the comp- trollership in 1788, and advised tho convocation of the states-general ; was abruptly dismissed, and ordered to quit the kingdom, in July, 1780; but was alinost instantly recalled, in consequence of the ferment which his departure ex- cited in the public mind. Necker, how- ever, soon became as much an object of antipathy to the people as he had been of their idolatry, and in 1700 he left France for ever.' D. at Copet, in Switz- erland, 1804. — Susanna, his wife, whoso maiden name was Curehod, was a wom- an of talent, and wrote " Reflections on Divorce," and " Miscellanies." She was the object of Gibbon's early attachment. NEEDHAM, John TL•RB^;Rv^LLE, a natural philospher, was b. in 1713, at London; was educated at Douay ; ami d. in 1781, director of the imperial academy at Brussels. Among his works are, "Inquiries on Microscopical Discoveries," " iS'ew Microscopical Dis- coveries," "Inquiries concerning Nature and Relisrion,'' and an "Essay ou the Origin of the Chinese Empire." NEPXE, PIenrt, a poet and miscel- laneous writer, was b. 1798 ; followed the profession of an attorney ; and put an end to his existence in a tit of insani- ty, Feb. 7, 1828. He is the author of " Poems," " Dramatic and Miscellane- ous Poetry," "The Romance of Entrlish History," and " Literary Remains." NELSON, Horatio, Viscount, was b. Sept. 2'.t, 1758, at Burnham Thorpe, in Norfolk, of which parish his father was the rector. At the a0. NEWCOMEN, Thomas, a blacksmith of Dartmouth, in Devonshire, lived at the latter end of the 17th century, and the beginning of the ISth. To liim belongs the merit of the first srreat improvement in steam-engines, by form- ing a vacuum under the piston, and thus bringing into action the atmospheric pressure. cyclop.i;dia of biography. Kic] NEWTON. Sir Isa-^o, the greatest of philosophers, was b. December 25, lfl4'2. at Colstei"vortii, in Lincohisbire, umi early displayed a talent for mechanics and drawing. He was educated at Grantham school, and at Trinity col- lege, Cambridge, and studied mathe- matics with the utmost assiduity. In 1667 lie obtained a fellowship; in 1669 the mathematical professorship; and in 1671 he became a member of tiie Eoyal Society. It was during liis aljode at Cambridge tliat lie made his three great discoveries, of Huxions, the nature of ligiit and colors, and tlie laws of gravi- tation. To the latter of these his at- tention was tirst turned by his seeing an apple fall from a tree. The "Prin- cipia," which unfolded to the workl the tlieory of the universe, was not pub- iislied till 16S7. In tliat year also ^lew- ton was chosen one of the delej^ates, to defend the privileges of the university against James II. : and in 16S8 and 17ol he was elected one of the members of the university. He was appointed war- den of tlie Mint in 16'J6; was made master of it in 1609 ; was cliosen presi- dent of the Royal Society in 1703 ; and ■was kniglited in 1705. Among his works ai'e, "Arithmetica Universalis," "A New MetJiod of Infinite Series and Fluxions," "Optics," " The Clironology of Ancient Kingdoms amended," and " Observations on the rropliecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse." D. 1727. — Thom.vs, a learned prelate, was b. in 1704, at Lichfield ; was educated tliere, at Westminster, and at Trinity college, Cambridge ; and, after having filled various minor preferments, was made bishop of Bristol, in 1761. He d. in 1782. His principal work is, "Disser- tations on the Propliecies." He also published editions, with notes, of "Pa- radise Lost," and " Paradise Regained." — Gilbert Stuart, a painter of consid- erable merit, was b. at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1794; visited Italy, about 1820; and, on his return to England, entered himself a student of the Royal Academy. He confined himself chiefly to small pictures, and illustrated many subjects in the " Annuals" and otiier cleimt publications, in a higlily credit- able manner. His t male figures are Btrikin^ly expressive of innocence as well as beauty. D. 1835. NEY, MicHAKL, a French mnrshal, prince of the Moskwa, duke of Eichin- iren, denominated " tlio bravest of the brave" by liis countrymen; was tiie son of au artisan, and was b. in 1769, at loyed for six years on that mission, and was the only one who returned; was liber- a'iv rewarded by the Danish monarch ; and d. in 1815. Among his works are, "A Description of Arabia," and "Trav- els in Arabia and the neighboring Coan- tries." — G. B., a son of the foregoing, was, successively, professor at tlie uni- versity of Berlin, counsellor of state, and Prussian ambassador to the pope. While he was at Rome, he discovered some vidiuible fraLnnents of two of Cice- ro's orations. He d. in 1830. His great work is "Tlic History of Rome," which is far superior to most of its rivals. NIEWLAND, Peter, a Dutch mathe- matician, was b. in 1764, at Dimmer- meer, near Amsterdam, and d. in 1794; professor of natural philosophy, matlie- in.Hics, and astronomy, at Lcyden. Niewland was an instance of precocious talent. At seven years of age he wrote a poem to the " Deity," and at eight he solved difficult geometrical problems with uncommon facility. lie is the au- thor of various seientitic works, and of a volume of poetry. NIVERNOIS, Louis Julius Barbon Mancini Mazarini, duke de, was b. in 1716, at Paris; served as colonel in the army, but was obliged by ill health to resign his commission ; was, succes- sively, ambassador at Rome, Berlin, and London, in which latter city he negoti- ated the peace of 1762 ; was imprisoned by the republicans in 1793; and d. in 1798. Among his works are, "Fables in Verse," " Dialogues of the Dead," "Dramas;" and translations from thtj Latin, Entrlisli, and Italian. NOBLE, Patrick, a governor of South Carolina, distinome income. In 1809 he became connoited with the associations which had the emancipation of the Catholics for their object, and the powers of eio- qnencft, togetiier with tlie boundless zeal which he displayed in this cause, soon made him the idol of his ('atholie, and the dr.wd of his Protestant, coun- trymen. In iSl.'i. having applied tho ejiithet "beggarly" to tho Dnoiin eor- jwration, lie was challenged by Alder- man d'Estcrrc, who resented' it as a personal insult. The challeiiL'e was ac- cepted, but the alderman tell. The same year Mr. O'Counell received a liostile message from Mr. Peel, tlien secretaiy for Ireland, but their mectinff was prevented by tlie police, who liad obtained knowledge of the affair, and Mr. O'Counell soon afterwards resolved that he would thenceforward neither send nor accept a challenge for any in- jury that he might inflict or receive — a resolution to which he steadfastly ad- hered. In 1823, in conjunction" with Mr. Shell, he founded a new Catliolio association, which soon extended over the whole of Ireland, and from that period down to his decease, his personal history is identified with tliat of Ireland. In 1828 he resolved, notwithstanding the existing disabilities, to become a candidate for a seat in parliament, and was chosen a member for Clare. Ho refused to take the prescribed oaths. ' But early in tho next session the Roman Catholic relief bill was introduced and carried. He was therefore, in the month of April, 1829, enabled to sit for Clare without taking the objectionable oaths. He continued a member for eighteen years. In 1841 he was elected lord mayor of Dublin, and in 1843 " monster meetings" was held on the royal hill of Tara, on the Curragh of Kildare, the rath of Miillaghmast, and other renown- ed localities, tor the repeal of the Irish imion. A meetiuL' for Clontarf was fixed for the 8th of Oct., whci the gov- ernment interfered. Mr. O'Counell was sentenced to pay a fine of £2000, and to be imjjrisoned for a year. This judg- ment was afterwards reversed by the house of lords. He retired soon after from the arena of,strifc, and connncncod a pilgrimage in 1847, more for devotion than for health, towards Rome ; but lio had proceeded no tarther than Genoa, when with comparatively little suffering, he expired, in his 72d vear. OCCAM, or OCKIIAM, William, a divine and philosopher, called the In- vincible Doctor, was b. at Ockham, in Surrey, in the 14th century, was edu- cated at Merlon college, Oxford, under Duns Scotus, became a Franciscan friar 664 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [OHA and iirGideacon of Stow, but resigned Lis lu-cluriiioiit, wrote boldly against the pope, for wliieh he was exeoniuiuuicated, ancl (.1. at Munich in 1647. He is the founder of the scholastic sect of the Doniinal'sts. OCKLKY, Simon, a celebrated orien- lalisr, was b. in 1(578, at Exeter, was educated at (Queen's college, Cambridge, obtained the vicaraore of Swanesey, in Cambridgeshire, and d. in indigence in 17iiO. He is the author of a valuable " History of the Saracens," "The Life of Hai Kbn Yokdau," from the Arabic, an "Introduction to the Oriental Lan- guages," and otiier works. UECOLA.Ml'ADIUS, Jonx, an emi- nent German reformer, was b. in liSS, at Weiusberg, in i'ranconia. He was conveited to tlic Protestant faith by reading the works of Luther, became professor of theology at Basle, embraced the opinions of Zuinglius respecting the sacrament, contributed much to the pro- gress of ecclesiastical reform, and d. in 1581. OEIILENSCHLOEGER, Adam,^ the most celebrated dramatic poet of Scan- dinavia, was b. at Copcniiagen, 1777. "When still a child he evinced great skill in writing verses; and even in his yth year lie wrote short comedies for private theatricals, in which the chief performers were himself, his sister, and a friend. Tliese and other similar attempts created the wish to go upon the stage, and when lie was in his 17th year he put his de- pign into execution. But he soon found that the stage was not in unison with liis inclinations, and he abandoned it first tor the study of the law, and after- wards for general literature, hi 1805 he left Co[)eiUuigen with a stipend from the Danisii goverinnent. on a lengtiiened tour through Germany and Italy ; and ■ on his return, in 1810, lie was appointed to the chair of literature in the univer- sity of Copenhagen, where he labored assiduously till his death. His earliest works were composed in Danish, but he rewrote most of them in German, and Germany has given them a promi- nent i)lace in her own literature. His most imiiortant works are, " Hakon Jarl," "Correggio," " Palnatoke," "Al- addin," " Der Hirteu-knabe," &c. His "Autobiography" is a beautit'ul per- formance, fully displaying the qualities for wliicli he was distinguished through life — strong feelings and earnestness of purpose — and whicii gained him uni- versal respect while he lived, and mor6 tliau regal honors at his death. D. 1850. OELRICHS, John Charles Conrad, a German historian and bibli'-grapher, was b. at Berlin, in 1722, became pio- fcssor of history and civil law at the academy of Stettin, publislied many valuable works in Latin and German, obtained the post of counsellor of lega- tion, and resident of the duke of Deux Ponts, at the court oi Berlin, in 1784, and d. in 1798. OGILBY, John, a multifarious writer, was b. in 1600, at Edinburgh, and was originally a dancing master. Being conipelled by an accident to relinquish that occupation, he became an author. He was also appointed king's cosmog- raplier, and master of the revels in L'c- land, wht,.e he built a theatre. He d. in 1676. Among his works are. transla- tions of the Uiacl, Odyssey, and Eneid, and many geographical productions. OGILVIE, John, a Scotch divine and poet, was b. in 1733, and educated at the university of Aberdeen, from which he obtained a doctor's degree, was for more than half a century minister of Midmar, in Aberdeenshire, and d. 1814, respected for his piety and talents. His poetical powers were by no means inconsiderable. His chief works are, "Sermons," "Poems," "Britannia," an epic poem, "Philosophical and Crit- ical Observations on Compositions," and " Examination of the Evidence of Prophecv." OGLETHOEPE, James Edward, an English officer, was b. in London, in 1698, and was educated at Oxford. Ho was an aid-de-camp to Prince Eugene. Hi 1732 he settled the colony in Georgia, and laid the foundation of the town of Savannah. Hi 1745 he was made major- general, and was employed to follow the rebels under tlie Pretender. He J. in 1785. O'HALLORAN, Sylvester, an Irish antiquary, was b. 1728, brought up and practised as a surgeon, and wrote sev- eral mediciil treatises. But it is as an antiquary and historian that he is now iirincipally known. In 1772 he pub- lished an "Introduction to the Study of the History and Antiquities of Ire- land," which was fullowetl bv a " Gen- eral History of Ireland." D.'l807. O'HAKA, Kane, an Irish dramatist, who had much musical t;iste, and a happy talent of adapting verses to old airs. Hisehiefproductionsare "Midas," which was extremely well received, and is still a favorite, "The Golden Pippin," "The Two Misers," "April Uay,'^ aiij " Tom Thumb." D. 1782. OLiJ CyCLOPyEDIA OF BIOGRAPIir. G05 O'KEEFE, John, a celebrated dram- Rtist, was b. at Dublin, in 1748, and was originally intended for the profession of a painter, but liis taste for theatrical auiusenients interfered with his studies, and he soon forsook the easel for the BOck and buskin. Having been intro- duced to Mr. Mossop, he obtained an engagement at the Dublin theatre ; and he continued to perforin in that city, and in the towns to which the company made summer excursions, for twelve years, as a comedian, with considerable BUccess. His ambition to figure as an author was coeval with his theatrical taste ; for, at the age of 15, lie attempted ft comedy in five acts. Among his early productions which attracted notice, was a kind of histrionic monologue, called "Tony Lnmpkiirs Rambles through Dublin," lie at length left Ireland, about 1780, with the view of obtaining an engagement in London, but, as he did not succeed in his endeavor, he ap- plied himself with great assiduity to dramatic composition, and between 1781 and 1798 he produced nearly fifty com- edies, comic operas, and farces. Many of these acquired a fiattering popularity, and some still keep possession of the stage, among which are, "Wild Oats," the "Castle of Andalusia," the "Agree- able Surprise," the " Poor Soldier," " Peeping Tom," the " Young Quaker," «fee. Jn 1800, O'Keefe, who was then blind, and had been reduced by mis- fortune to a state of great embarrass- nr.ent, had a benefit at Covent-gardcn theatre. He subsequently published his "Kecollections, or Biographical Me- moirs," and d. at Southampton, 1883. OLAFSEN, EoGERT, a learned lee- lander, who studied at Conenhagen, after which he returned to liis native Island, which he travelled over repeat- edly in company with his fellow-student Biarne Paulsen. The result of their ob- servations was printed at Copenhagen, 1772. Olafsen was then appointed a a magistrate in Iceland, where he de- voted much of his time to natural his- tory and poetry, but, about four years before his deatli, he applied almost wholly to the study of the Scriptures. He was drowned with his wife in cross- ing the Breidafiord in 1776. OLDHAM, John, a poet, was b. in 1653, at Shipton, in Gloucestershire, Vas educated at Tetbury free school, and Edmund hall, Oxford,' became usher of Croydon free school, and afterwards •••itor in the families of Sir Edward Thurlaud and Sir William Hickes, was 56* patronized by the carl of Kingston, and d. in 1(583. His .satires are rugj^ed, but full of energy. Dryden, in a beautiful tribute to lua memory, Ciills him "Iheyoune, But, nhl loo short, Mnrcellus of our lornju. !" OLDYS, William, an antiquary and miscellaneous writer, the natural son of a civilian, was b. in IG'.iG, became libra- rian to Lord Oxford in 172'j, was ap- pointed Norroy king-at-arm?. and d, in 1761. Among other works lie wroto "Tiie British Librarian," "The Uni- versal Spectator," a "Life of Sir Walter Kaleigh," and several lives in the " Bi- ographia Britanniea." He also assisted in selecting "The Harleian Miscellany." OLEAKIUS, or OELSCHL^.GER, Adam, a learned German traveller, was b. 151)9, at Ascherleben, in Anhalt; was educated at Leipsic; entered into the service of the duKc of Holstein Gottorp, and was appointed secretary to the em- bassy which that prince sent to Russia and Persia; was, on his return, made counsellor, librarian, and mathematician, to the duke ; and d. 1671. He wrote an account of his "Travels," a "Chronicle of Ilolstein," and other works. OLIVET, Joseph Thoulikk d', a French grammarian and critic, was b. in 1682, at Salins. He was originally a Jesuit, but quitted the order, to give himself up to literature. In 1723 he became a member of the French Acad- emy, the dictionary of which body he assisted in revising. His principal works are, a valuable edition of Cicero, trans- lations from Demosthenes and Cicero, a "History of the French Academy," and a "Treatise on Prosody." D. 1762. OLIVER, Andrew, was'gradiiated at Harvard college, in 1724, and was early engaged in public employments, suc- ceeded Hutchinson as lieutenant-gov- ernor of Massachusetts, in 1771, and retained that office till his death, in 1774. He rendered himself very unpopular by accepting from the British government the office of stamp distributor of the province. — William Anthony, an emi- nent French naturalist and traveller, was b. 1756, at Frcjus ; was sent on a scien- tific mission to Persia by the French government, in 1792, and returned with a valuable collection, after an absence nf six years. His chief works are, "Travels in the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and Per- sia," "A Natural History of Coleopterous Insects," and a portion of the " Diction- ary of the Natural History of Insci't-V' iiVthe " Methodical lincyclopfiedia." D. 1814. 660 CYCLOPAEDIA OF CIOGRAPHT. [ORL O'MEAR .\, Barrt Edward, the con- fidciitiiil medical attendiiut of the E.nper- or Napoleon in liis last days, and author of "A Voice from St. Helena," was a native of Ireland, and b. about 1778. He was oritrinally a surgeon in the Brit- ish navy, and was on board the Bellero- phon ill thtit capacity, on the 7tli of Ansrust, ^H\i.| when Napoleon went on boiinh Napoleon liaving observed Dr. O'Meara's skill in attending to some of the crew, and his knowledge of Italian, made overtures to him, on being trans- ferred to the Northumberland, to ac- company liim to St. Helena as his sur- geon, his own not being able to go with him. Having obtained Admiral Keith's permission, Br. O'Meara assented, and remained with the ex-emperor till July, 1818, when he was recalled and deprived of ills rank. He was latterly an iictive partisan of O'Connell's, at one of wiiose agitation meetings he is said to have caug'it the illness which terminated iatally, June 3, 1836. OPIE, John, a celebrated painter, was b. 1761, at St. Agnes, near Truro, in Cornwall, iind was the son of a carpen- ter, who destined him to follow that business. At lo years of age he could solve many difficuit problems in Euclid, and at 12 he taught writinsr and aritli- metic at an evening seliool in iiis native village. But dravvinir soon became his principal object, and he made several sketciies and copies, which were much talked of in the neiirhborhood. After having practised for a few years in tiie provincial towns, he settled in Lonance, was b. at Palermo in 1810, and was the eldest child of Louis Phi- lippe, then duke of Orleans, and after- wards king of the Frcncli,' by Maria Amelia, dautrhter of Ferdinand, king of the Two Sicilies. The prince served with great distinction with the F'rench army at the siege of Antwerp, and in the African war; and his horse was wounded at the time of the murderous attempt upon the life of his royal tiither in 1835. Yoiinir, pojnilar, a patron of the arts and literature, and devotedly attached to his profession, every thing seemed to promise to this prince a career glorious to himself and useful to his country, when he was unfortunately thrown from his carriage, and he d. on thespot..Tuly 13, 1842. — Marik. princess of, dauirhter of Louis Philippe, ex-king of the French, was b. at Palermo, 1813. From lier earliest years she evinced a remarkable love of the fine arts, and more especially of .'sculpture, which she cultivated with a zeal and assiduity that soon gave' her a prominent place among the most distinL'uished artists of her time. Her marvellous statue of Joan of Arc. in the museum of Versailles, was finished betbrc she had reached lier 20th year; and besides this she produced" jiumerous bas reliefs, busts, and stat- uettes, of rare beauty aiir Mi- lan, and three years later his re|iiitatioa had so s|iread abroad, that tlic " Lcipsio Musical Gazette," no mean antiK>iity at that time, pronounced him the ftr.-it vio- linist in the world. From this cjioch dates his wondrous perfonnance on a single string, which at a later |iciiod called forth sucli bursts of applause from innuincrable audiences in (Ger- many, France, and Eiiirland. In 1828 ho visitcil Vienna, where he met with an enthui-iastic reception. Thence lie visited the chief cities of Germany ; and in 1831 he made a musical tour through France and England, where he realized enormous sums, which, however, the gambling table swallowed up, frequently even with greater rapidity tiian he gained them. His last years were spent at his villa Gajona near Parma; and lie d. at Nice, 1840. The most absurd stories were circulated regarding Paganini da- ring his lifetime ; nor did they cease even with his death. Crimes of the deepest dye were imputed to him with- out a vestige of foundation ; though it must be admitted that the singular east of his countenance, his reserved char- acter, his sudden bursts of passion, and the mysterious veil which lie was fond of tlirowing around all his proceedings, \rore well fitted to awaken public curi- osity, with its usual adjunct, excessive credulity. PAGkS, Francis Xavier, an indefat- igable Fie.'icii romance writer, &c., was b. at Aurillac, in 1745, and d. at Paris, in 1802. Among his numerous works are, "Histoire Secrete de la Kcvolutioa Franqaise," and " Nouveau Voyage uu- tour du Monde, en Asie, en Aincrique, et en A'^rique, precede il'un Voyage eu Italic." — Pierre Marie Francois, vis- count de, a celebrated French navigator, was b. at Toulonse, in 1748. He sailed from Cape Francois, in St. Dominiro, in 1797, with a view to explore the Indian seas, and travel through China and Tartary to the Northern Ocean ; but on arriving at the Philiiipine islands in October, 1798, and finding it impossible to penetrate China, he went by sea to Btissora, and travelling tlirough th» desert to Syria, he reached Franco in December, 1771. lie afterwards sailed in Kerguelen's expedition to the south 672 CYCLOP--RDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [pal pole, and on his return proceede'l as far as 8! do;xrccs and a half ofiiortli latitude. He served in the American war, after whicli lin retired to his estate in St. Do- miniro, where he was murdered during a revolt of the nearroes in 1793. PAG I, ANTnoNY, a famous Cordelier, who was four times provincial of liis order. B. 1624; d. 16'.)9. He was the author of a " Critique on Baronius's Annals," and a " Dissertation on the Consulates." — Francis, his nephew, also a Cordelier, assisted his uncle in his prcat work on Bironius, and was the author of "Breviarium Historico-chro- noloirico-eriticum." D. 1721. PAINE, Thomas, a political writer, was b. 1736, at Thetford, in Norfolk. He was brought up as a staymidicr, but became an exciseman. Beiiiir, however, dismissed for misconduct, he came over to America, and espoused the cause of the colonies, who were then in arms against the mother country. His first literary production, a pamphlet, witii the title of "Common Sense," had a power- ful effect, and he was rewarded by a grant of land, and another of £500. He was also employed by the congress. In 1790 he visited England, and, in the following year, he produced his celebrated " Ricrhts of Man, in answer to Burke's " Kcflec- tions ;" for the second part of. which a prosecution was instituted against him. He was, however, beyond the reach of the Entrlish law; he having taken his seat as a member of tlie national conven- tion. As a French legislator he dis- played a degree of moderation, which Drouffht upon hi)n the hatred of the Jacobins. He was imprisoned, and was near becoming a victim to the guillotine. He at lenijth returned to America, and d. in 1S09. Besides the works already mentioned, he wrote "The Age of Rea- son," and some political tracts. — Robert Trkat, an eminent lawyer, and a signer of the declaration of independence, was b. at Boston, 1731, and was graduated at Harvard college, in 1749. Alter a visit to Europe of some years, he com- menced the study of the law, and about 1759 settled in its practice in Taunton. He took an early and active interest in public affairs, and in 1774 was appointed a delejrate from Massachusetts to the general conjrrcas. Ih; was a member of tlie committee of the convention that drafted the constitution of his native Btate. Under the government that was organized he was appointed attorney- general, and held this office till 1790, when he was appointed a judge of the supreme court. He remained on the bench till 1804. D. in 1814.— Robert Treat, a poet son of the preceding, was b. at Taunton, 1773, and graduated at Harvard college in 1791. On leaving college he was placed in a counting- house, liut soon turned his attention to literature and theatricals, and published several orations and poems. His poeniM were very popular and profitable, and by the sale of the song of " Adatns and Liberty," he received the sum of $750. In 1800 he began the practice of law, but failed of success from the want of industry, and passed tlie close of his life iu poverty. D. 1811. PAISIELLO, John, a celebrated com- poser, a pupil of Durante, was b. 1741, at Tarento. He begun his public career ill 1763, by two operas, which raised him at once into popularity throughout Italy. His subsequent works extended his reputation over the whole of the Continent. Several sovereigns invited him into their service. He accepted the olfer of the Empress Catharine, and re- sidcfl in Russia for nine years. He next settled at Naples. In 1801 he went to Paris at the request of Bonaparte ; but, after having lived nearly three years in France, he returned to Naples, and d. there in 1816. PAJOU, AuGusTTN, an eminent French sculptor, was b. 1730, at Paris; sraiiied the prize at the Acad(;iny at the aarc of eighteen, and was sent to study at Rome, where he remained for twelve years ; be- came professor of the academy of paint- ing and sculptu/e, and a member of the institute, and of the legion of honor. His countrymen have called him the re- storer of the art. Among his numerous vvorks, some of the principal are, " Pluto holding Cerebus chained," "Psycho abandoned by Love," and statues of Demosthenes, Descartes, Bossuet, Pas- cal, and Tnrenne. D. 1809. PALAFOX, Don Joseph, immor- talized by his heroic defence of Sara- gossa, in 1808-9, was sprung from an old Aragoncse family, and having en- tered the military service of Spain at at early age, accompanicil Ferdinand tc Bayonne; hut on the resignation of that monarch, he returned to Aragon, and lived in retirement at a short distancf from Saragossa. Proclaimed governor of Saracjossa l\v the people who savr themselves menaced on all sides by tlio armies of France, he took instant meas- ures to sustain a sieare ; and such wa» the effect of his combined intcllijrenef and determination, that with a compar- pal] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. G73 ativc handful of men, the city uitinfally resisted an overwhehnins; force, and at lensth compelled tlie Freiicii general to rclreut after a sietre of 61 days, and tlie loss of tiiousands of his men. But the reduction of Saragossa was of too great importMiice to the French for them not to strain every nerve to accomitlisli it ; and Marslials Jlortier and Moncey marched in November of the same year, at the head of a large army, to recom- mence tlie siege. After suffering two defeats before Saragossa, Paiafox once more retired within its walls, and com- menced the same vigorous course of action which haer ancestors. A very consid- erable jiart of his life was dedicated to the diplomatic service of his country, which he represented at the eonL'^ress of Vienna iuid in London. In 1820 he made a fruitless voy;iire to Brazil, to pacify the revolution which had burst forth. He was also selected to attend at the coronation of Qncen Victoria; and his trreat wealth enabled him to vie on that occasion with tlie representatives of the other courts of Europe. He was several times called on to otfcr advice to his sovcreiirn. but only held office for a limited period. T>. ISoO. PALMER, .John, an eminent English actor, was b. in London, about 1742, and made liis first appearance in the metropolis at the Haymarket tlientre. He was afterwards enjajred by Garrick at Drury-lane, and frnulually rose to eminence in his profession, both in comedy and tra>redy. D. 1798. — John, the first projector of mail-coaches, was a native of Bath, where he was brouL'ht up as a brewer, but subsequently soli- cited and obtained a patent for a theatre in his native city, which concern proved eminentlv sucecssfid under his manaire- mcnt. Bein? much in tlie habit of trav- cllintr from place to place, for the pur- pose of securiur rising performers, the idea occurred to him that t better mode of conveyinir the mails was mo^t desira- ble, and he acconlinffly matured the plan of transmit! inir letters by coaches with guards, now superseded by the r:dlway. He succeeded in his object, thouirh not without creat ojiposition; but the utility of the jilan soon became manifest, and he was made comptrollcr- ireneral of the post-office, with a salary of £1500 a year. Some disputes, how- ever, occuri-inir, he lost his situation in 1792, and though he afterwards, through petitions, was reimbursed by parlia- ment, the compensation was very inad- equate to the per centage he was to have received, in case hi.s plan suc- ceeded. D. 1818. PALOMINO DE CASTRO Y VE- LASCO, AciscLEs Anthony, an emi- nent Spanish painter, was b. 1653, at Bujalance. inValen.'a; was a pupil of Valdes; became kintr's ]->ainter, and entered into the clerical profession in his latter »!ays. Amonsr nis most re- markable works are, a "Confession of St. I'eter," at Valencia, and five pictures in tiie choir of the cathedral at Cordova. Paloniino wrote the "The Pictorial Mu- seum," of whicli the third voluinc con- tains the lives of Spanish artists. D. 1726. 1' AN ARD, Cii ai!lt:s Francis, a French draiuatist, whom Marmontel surnamed the Lafontaine of t!;e Vaudeville, was b. 1 6'j4, near Chart res. He wi-ote eighty piijces, amona: wliich are five coniedies, and thirteen comic operas. The songs of I'anar 1 are remarkable for their easy style and their piciuancy. D. 1765. PANCIROLl, Guy, a civilian, was b. 1628, at RcL'gio, and was professor of l;iw at Padua, and afterward.? at Turin. He is the author of various works; but the one by wliieh he is remembered is n curious treatise on the ancient inven- tions which are lost, and on those in- ventions which belong to the moderns. D. 1599. PANCOUCKE, Charles .Joseph, one of the most eminent booksellers in France, and also a man of literary talent, was b. at Lisle, 17".6. Ho settled at Paris, became connected with most of the distimruished authors of his time, and published many macrnifieent works. The Moniteur was established by Iiimj and he also projected the Methodical Encycloptcdia. Ainonsj his own pro- ductions are, a free translation of Lu- cretius, "On Man, and the Reproduc- tion of different Individuals," and " Philosophical Discourses en the Beau par] CYCLOP.f:DIA OF niOGRAl'HV, (575 tiful." D. 1698. — Andrf.w JosEpri, his father, was a bookseller and author. I'AULI, Pascal, a p:itriot and gen- eral, (the son of Ilyaciath Paoli, who Was also an intrejiid assertor of his country's liberty.) was b. 1726, at Stret- ta, in Corsica; followed his father into exile ; and was educated at the Jesuits' college, at Naples. In 17"i5, his coun- trymen having elected him their gener- alissimo, he returned to Corsica, and acted witli such vitror against the Ge- noese, thai he confined their dominion within the narrow limits of the fortified peaports. To enact wise laws, introduce reforms, and encourage agriculture, was his next care. But all his noble labors were rendered abortive. The Genoese sold the island to France, and, after a severe struggle against the invading army, Paoli was once more compelled to become an exile. For 20 years lie resided in England, subsisting on a Eension from the government. In 1789 c was recalled by the constituent as- sembly ; but, in 1793, he was proscribed by the Jacobins, and he subsequently placed Corsica under the protection of Great Britain. D. in London, 1807. PAPIN, Denys, ail eminent natural philosopher and physician, was b. at Blois, in France. After takinir the de- cree of M.D., he visited England ; and, jn 1680, became a fellow of the Koyal Society. Wliile there he made many attempts to bring tlie steam-engine to perfection, and published an account of an invention, which still bears his name. His work is entitled "The New Digest- er, or Encrine for the Softenintr of Bones." Papin assisted Mr. Boyle in liis pneumatic exjieriments ; and, on leaving England, he went to Marpurg, where he was made mathematical pro- fessor, in 1687, and d. 1710. PAPINIAN, Ji^MiLius, the greatest civil lawyer of antiquity, was b. about 14-5 ; was pra'torian prefect under the Emperor Severus; and was put to deatli by Caraealla, in 212. for refusing to jus- tify' the murder of Geta. Most of his works are lost. PARACELSUS, Aureolus Philip Theophrastus Bombast oe Hohemieim, a celebrated Swiss empiric and alchem- ist, was b. 14-9-3, at Einsiedlen, iu the canton of Schwitz. He lived a wander- ing life for several years; but, having performed some extraor'linnry cures, he was invited, in 1.526, to fill tlic medical and surgical chair at the universitv of Basle. This post, however, he held for littJe more than a year, when he recom- menced his peregrinations. Tic intro- duced mercury and other medicines into practice. D. at Salzburgli, l.')41. PARE, .\xiijRosE, who is called the father of French surgery, was b. at Laval, about the beginning of the 16th century; was successively sursreon to Henry' 1 1., Francis II., Charles IX., and Henry III., and d. 1590. PARINI, .Joseph, an Italian poet, wa.* b. 1729, at Basizio; was jiatronized by Count Firmian, governor of Lomhardy, and afterwards by Princess Maria Bea- trix, of Este ; and was professor of bcllea lettres, eloquence, and the fine arts, at Milan. Parini was one of the most eminent lyric poets of Italy, and ex- celled also in satire. D. 1799. PARIS, Matthew, an EuLdish histo- rian, was a Benedictine moidv at St. Albans, into which order he entered iu 1217. Paris was an universal scholar, and a man of great probity. His histo- ry is a valuable work. D."l2">'.t. — Fran- cis, commonly called the Abbe Paris, was b. in the French capital, where his father was counsellor to the parliament: but the son embraced the ccclesiastieai life, and devoted himself to devotion and charity. lie d. in 1727, and wa.H buried in the cemetery of St. Medard, where the .Jansenists pretended that miracles were wronsht at liis tomb; in consequence of which such crowds re- sorted to the place that the government caused the churchyard to be walled up in 17S2. PARK, MuNoo, a celebrated traveller, the son of a farmer, was b. 1771, at Fowlshifts, Scotland, and was brought up to the medical profession. After having made n voyage to Bencoolen, ha was engaged, in 179o, by the African Society, to penetrate into the interior of Africa, and explore the course of the Niger. He arrived i)i the Gambia in June, and, on the 2d of December, pro- ceeded from Pisania. on his adventurous journey. On the 20th of July he came in sight of the long-sought river. After having traced it to a considerable dis- tance, he was under the necessity of desistinsf from his enterprise. On hi& return to Scotland, Park married, and entered upon the practice of his profes- sion. In 1804, however, he undertook a second expedition, for the same pur- poses as the first. lie nirain reached the Niirer, and embarked u|)on it at Bammakou, but was attacked by the natives, and drowned, in his voyage to Iloussa. PARKE, John, a celebrated musician, 676 CYCLOPEDIA or BIOGRAPHY. [par b. 1745, was the best hautboy player of his time, and succeeded Fisclier, at Vauxhall, in 1770. About the sa;ne time Garriclv engaged liim, on very liberal terms, to play at Drury-lane ; and, in 1783, he was' attached to the Carlton- honse band, at a yearly salary of £100. He was now in the highest reputation ; he performed at the concert of ancient music, at the best private concerts, and was also regularly engaged at the great provincial music meetings. D. 1S29. PARKER, Matthew, a learned pre- late, was b. loOi, at Norwich ; was edu- cated at Cambridge ; and was succes- Bivoly cliaplain to Anne Boleyn, dean of Stoke Clare, master of Bennet college, and dean of Lincoln. In the reign of Mary he was in great danger of being brought to the stidve. Elizabeth raised him to the see of Canterbury, which he filled witli honor to himself He took a share in the " Reformed Liturgy," and the "Bishop's Bible," publislied edi- tions of some of the old English histori- ans, and wrote " De Antiquitata Britan- niciB Ecclesia;," and some works of less importance. D. 1575. — Isaac, an emi- nent lawyer, was b. in Boston, and praduated at Harvard college, in 1786. He studied law in the office of Judge Tudor, and eoiimieneed practice at Cas- tine, in Maine, then an integral part of Massachusetts. Kemovi ng to Portland, he was sent for one term to congress, as a representative from Cumberland coun- ty. He also held, for a short time, the office of United States marshal for that district. In 180(5 he was apf)ointed by Governor Strong associate judge of the Bupreme court of Massachusetts, and Boon after took up his residence at Bos- ton. In 1814: he was appointed chief justice of the supreme court, and held '.hat office till his sudden death, in July, 1830, at the use of 63. PARKES, Samuel, a chemist, was b. 1759, at Stourbridge, was educated at Market Ilarborongh. He was a great manufacturing chemist, and a member of the geoloirical and other societies. He is the author of a "Chemical Cate- chism," which has passed through nu- merous editions ; " Rudiments of Chem- istry," "An Essay on the Utility of Chcmistrv," and "Chemical Essays." D, 1825. ■ PARKHURST, John, a divine, was t). 1723, at Catesby ; was educated at Rugby seliool, and Clare hall, Cam- bridge; and d. 1797. He is the author of "A Hebrew Lexicon," "A Greek Lexicon," "An Address to Wesley," and " The Divinitj- and Pre-e.\ stence of Christ demonstrated." PARKINSON, JoHX, a botanist, was b. 1567 ; was appointed apotliecary to Charles I. ; was nominated Botanicus Regius Primarius by Charles I. He i? the author of " Paradisus Terrestris, or a Garden of all Sorts of Pleasant Flow- ers," and of "Theatrum Botanieum, or Theatre of Plants." D. 1640. PARMA, Alexandek Farxese, dnke of, one of tlie most celebrated generals of the age in which he lived, first dis- tinguished himself at the battle of Le- panto. Being appointed to the govern- ment of the Netherlands by Philip II. he gained several victories, and restored the greatest part of the provinces to the authority of his sovereign. In 1590 he compelled Henry IV. to raise the siege of Paris ; and, in 1592, the siege of Rouen. In the last of these expeditions he received a wound in the arm, which he neglected, and which caused his death, at Arras, on the 2d December, in the fortv-se»cnth vear of his age. PARMP:NTIER, .\nthony Augustin, an eminent French agricultural improv- er, was b. 1787, at Montdidier, and was successively apothecary to the army in Hanover, and to the Hotel des Invalides at Paris. To Parmentier, France is in- debted for rendering the cultivation of the potato general, and for im[>rovins» and introducing various other alimentaiy articles. His whole attention was paid to these subjects, and all his works re- late to them'. I). 181-3. P.\RNELL, Thomas, a divine and poet, was 1). 1679, at Dublin; was edu- cated at Trinity college, in that citv ; ob- tained, in 1705, 1713, and 171(5, tho archdeaconry of Clogher, a prebend in Dublin cathedral, and the vicarage of Finglass. He was the friend of Swift and Pope, the latter of whom gave tho works of Parnell to the press. D. 1717 PARXY, EvARisTE Desire DESFOit- GES, viscount de. whotn his countrymen denominate the French TibuUus, was b. 175•^ at the Isle of Bourbon ; was sent to France, at the age of nine years ; Avas educated at the eollcsre of Ri^nncs ; and entered into the military service. His "Elegies," inspired by an unfortunate passion, appeared in 1775, and at once gave him a conspicuous ])Iace aujong poets. Subsequent works sustained his reputation. It is, however, to be re- Ln-etted that, in his latter years, he sid- lied his fame by several impious and licentious productions. D. 1S14. PARR, Samuel, one of the most pro- pat] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIT. 677 found of Greek scliolavs, wns b. 174R, ftt ILirrow-oii-tlie-IIill, niid was odiiciitcd at tlie gnimmar school of tliat place, and at Einaimcl colleire, CambrldLre. HaviiiL', ill consequence of liis joiitli, been disnfipointed of beeoniinff head master at Harrow, he established a sem- inary lit StaniTiore; which, however, lie iiltinintely trave up, and was siicces- eively master of Colchester and Norwich grammar schools. His first chureli pre- ferment was the rectory of Asterby, which he obtained in 1780. lie subse- quently received the perpetual curacy of Ilatton, the livinir of Grart'hain, in Iluntiiiirdonsliire, and a prebend of St. Paul's cathedral. Anionj; his works are, various "Sermons," the "Preface to Bellendenus," and a "Letter from Irenopolis." D. 182.). — Thomas, an ex- traordinary instance of lonL'Cvity, was b. in Shropshire in 1483. lie was bred to husbandry, in whicii he labored after he was 130 years old. Ten years before this he married a widow; and he ex- hibited every siirn of health, when, in IfiSo, the earl of Arundel took him to the court of Charles T., where he d. throaj,'h the chanire of air and mode of liviuiT, at the a<;e of 152 years and months. His body was opened by Dr. Harvey, who discovered no internal marks of decay. — Cathartne, the sixth and last wife of Henry VIII. In 1547 bIic ni:n-i-icd Sir Thomas Seymour, lord admiviil (if Kntrland, who is stiid to have treated lier so ill that she d. of it the year tiillowinir. She wrote "Prayers," " Meditations," and other religious pieces. PARRIIASTUS, an ancient painter, the cotenipnrary and rival of Zeuxis, was b. about 420 r. c, at ?]plicsiis. His vanity was equal to his talents, ffreat as they were. Among his most celebrated works wore, an allegorical yiiclure of the Athenian people, Mcloager, Hercules, nnd Perseus, and a high priest of Cyb- PARSONS, TiiEopHiLi's, n distin- guished lawyer, was b. at Bycfield, Mas- sachusetts, in 1750, and graduated iit Har\'ard collcLre in 178',i. He studied, and pursued the practice of the law, for Borne years, in Falmouth, now Portland, but when that town was destroyed by the British, he retired to the honse of his f ither in Newbury. About a year afterwards he opened an ottiee in Now- buryport. He soon rose to the highest fnnk in his )irofession, and made im- mense acquisitions in le^al knowledge. Uis professional services were sought 57* for in all direotions nnd after thirty-fivo years of extensive practice he was ap- pointed chief justice of the supreme court of Massachusetts. In 1780 ho was a mcmlDer of the convention which formed the constitution of the state, and of the convention whicli accepted the federal constitution. He was a powerful speaker, vvithont a rival in knowledgre of law, and surpassed by i'ew in his acquaintance with science and classical li.tcrature. He continued in the seat of chief justice till his death in 1813. PASCAL, Blaize, equally eminent as a geometrician and a writer, was b. I(i23, at Clermont, in Auvergne. Though himself a mathematician, his father would not allow him to be taught mathe- matics ; but such was his propensity to that science, that, unassisted and by stealth, he mastered a part of Euclid be- fore he was twelve years of age. He was then suffered to indulge his genius. At sixteen he published a "Ti'catise on Conic Sections," and at nineteen he in- vented an arithmetical mtichino. Un- like many early prodio-ies, he mon' than sustained in manhood the fame acq; ired in youth. But his incessant mental ex- ertions injured his health, and in some degree affected his intellect, without, however, deprivinir him of the use of his talents. In 1655 and lt>5() he pub- lished, under the name of I,ouis do Montalte, his admirable "Provincial Letters." His latter days were spent in the practice of austere devotion. D. 16fi2. PASQUIER, Stephen, an eminent French civilian and writer, was b. 1529, at Paris ; was a pupil of Cujas, and first rose into re]iutation as an advocate by pleading against the Jesuits before the parliament. In his writinsrs he was also a formidable adversary of that ambitious and powerful order. One of his prin- cipal works is. "Inquiries respect' ng France." D. I(il5. PATERCITLUS, Caius Velleius, a Roman historian, of an equestrian family, flourished in the reigns of Autrustus and Tiberius. He filled the offices of tri- bune of the soldiers. qii»stor, tribune of the people, and priPtor, and commanded the cavalry under Tiberius. He is sup- posed by some to have lieen involved in the ruin of Sejnnus. Only a part of his valuable " Eyiitome of Greek and Rfim'Ui history" is extant. PATRICK, Simon, a learned prelate, was b. I8, at Surene, and became a member of many learned societies. Amon^ his works are, the canal of Bursfundy, and tiiirteen bridues. Of his bridges the finest are those of Neuilli, Nemours, Pont Saint Maxence, and Louis XVL at Paris. That of Neuilli was the first example of an horizontal bridsre. D. 1794. PP^RRY, James, an able whig' political writer, b. in 175f>, at Aberdeen ; was educated at the hiirh school and univer- Bity of his native place; settled in Lon- don in 1777, and was engaged as a writer in "Tlie General Advertiser and Lon- don Evening Post." In 1783 he estab- lished "The European Magazine," the manasrement of which he quitted at the end of a year, to become editor of "Tlie Gazetteer." He afterwards purchased "The Morniiiff Chronicle," of which he continued to be the sole proprietor till his decease ; and he raised it to emi- nence among' the public journals. D. 1821. — Oliver Hazard, an American nava! officer, was b. in Rliode Island, 1785. Entering' the navy in 1793, he served in the Mediterranean in the ex- peditiof against Tripoli, and distinguish- ed himself in tV.e late ■war with Jrcit Britain, l)y obtaining a si)lendid victory over a superior tbrce on Lake Erie. For this exploit he was raised to the rank of captain. He commanded the Java in the expedition to the Mediterranean under (Jommodore Decatur. J). 1820. PERSIUS FLACCUS, Aulus, a Roman satirist, was b.- M, at Volterra; studied at Rome, and imbibed the Stole philos- ophy from Cornutus; was intimate with Lucan, Seneca, and other eminent men; and d. in his 28tli year. His six satirts, unim-.ited and often beautiful, but also often obscure, have been translated into English by Dryden, Brewster, Drum- inoiid, Howes, and Gitt'ord. PERTINAX, PiTBLius Helvius. a Ro- man emperor, was b. 126, at Villa Martis. After liaving signalized liimself in arms, particularly against the Germans, and tilled various important offices, among wliicli were those of consul and procon- sul in Africa, he was raised to the throne on the death of Commodus. He began his reign by restoring discipline ancl reforming abuses; but he was murdered in 193, by the prtctorian guards, after having held the imperial dignity only ciglity-seven days. PERUGINO, Peter, an eminent paint- er, Yi^hose re:il name was Vanucci, was b. 1446, at Citta della Pieve. He was the master of Raphael, who has intro- duced him in his picture of the "School of Athens." Perngino was suspicious and avai-icions, and Vasari charges him with an utter want of religion. As a painter he has high merit. D. 1524. PESCENNIUS NIGER, Caius, a Ro- man emperor, a native of Aquino, of a considerable family, was appointed gov- ernor of Syria, and comnumder of the legions in Asia, by Commodus. On the death ofPertinax, the troops of Pescen- nius proclaimed him emperor, in 193, but he was ojiposed by Severus. After having been defeated at Issus, in 195, lie was killed by some soldiers, while he was on his flight to the Parthian do- minions. His virtues rendered him worth v of a happier fate. PliSTALOZZI, IIenrt, celebrated for having introduced a new method of ed- ucation, was b. 1745, at Zurich. After having studied tiieology and jurispru- dence, he relinquished his views with respect to the church and the bar, to cul- tivate his own small property. Witness- ing the wretchedness of the peasantry, he became anxious to ameliorate their situation by cultivating their mental fac- ulties. In the pursuit of his benevolent 684 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIT. [pet pui|iOfbliged that power to make extensive jessions to him. But amidst all his glory his latter years were clouded by domestic infelieiiy; his wife, Catharine, was more than suspected of being un- faithful to him ; and his son, Alexis, was disoliediont. The former he spared ; the latter he brought to trial, anti is bo- believed to have put to death in prison. D. t725. PETERBOROUGH, Charles Mor- DAUNT, earl of, the son of Lord Mor- daiint, was b. in 16.')8; distinguished himself against the Moors at Tangier, in 1680 ; contributed to the revolution, and was created earl of Monmouth ; suc- ceeded to the title of Peterborough in 1697; was appointed comm:mder-in- chief of the English forces in Spain, in 1705, at the head of which he reduced Barcelona, and obtained other splendid successes, for which he was appointed generalissimo of the imperial forces; was made general of the marines, and a knight of the garter by George I. ; and d. 17:i5. PETERS, Hugh, a celebrjited fanatic, was the son of a Cornish merchant ; was educated at Trinity college, Cam- bridge ; and, after having been on the stage, in the church, and a resident in America, took a very active part against Charles I., for which he was executed in 1660. He wrote "Discourses;" and a " Last Legacy to his Daughter." — Rich- ard, an eminent judge, was b. in 1744, ami received his education in the city of Philadelphia. He adopted tlie pro- fession of the law, and soon obtained an extensive practice. At the commence- ment of hostilities with the motlier country, he joined the side of the colo- nies, and, in 1776, was appointed by congress secretary of the board of war. His exertions in this department were highly meritorious and useful, and, on resigning the post, in 1781, he waa elected a member of congress, and as- sisted in closing the business of the vi^ar On the organization of the new govern- ment, be was appointed judge of the district court of Pennsylvania, and per- formed tiic duties of this ofKce for thir- ty-six years. During this time he was engaged in several objects of public im- provement, and issued several valuable publications in relation to agriculture. As a judge he possessed powers of a high order, and bin decisions on admiralty law form the groundwork of this branch of our jurisiirudence. Their principles were not only sanctioned by our own courts, but were simultaneously adopted by Lord Stowell, the distinguished inari- tinie judu-e of Great Britain. D. 1828. PETION, Alexander, a mulatto, whose real name wa'i Sabes, was tlie^ son of a St. Domingo planter ; was b. at piia] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. G85 Port an Prince, in 1770, and received a liberal education. From tlic comnienee- menl oftiie stniirgle between the bl:ieks and the wliites in his native island, he boro arms, and distinjrnislied liiui^elf on various occasions. In 1807 he was elected president of the republic of Hiiytl, coniprciiendinj^ the southern and western part of St. Doniiniro, and this office lie tilled so wonhily, tliat he was called The Father of his' Country. D. 1818. PKTIS DE LA CKOIX, Fkancis, a celebrated orientalist, was b. in 16")3, at Paris?; was employed in nei,rotiations with the BarVjary powers, and was Ara- bic professor at the royal colle.sre ; and d. 1713. Amonff his works are, "A History of Tamerlane," " Persian Tales," and "Turkish Tales." PETIT, Jonx Lewis, an eminent sur- geon, was h. 1674, at Paris, studied anatomy under Littre, and sursjery un- der Castel ; was for some years an army and hospital surofeon, settled at Paris, gave lectures, acquired a well-merited reputation ; and became direcidr-Lreneral of the surtcical school. He in\entcda tourniquet, and a method of extracting foreign bodies from the oesophagus ; and wrote a treatise on " Diseases of the Bones," and a treatise on surgical diseases. D. 1750. PETITOT, .John, an admirable painter in enamel, wlio so much improved that branch of the art, that he may almost be said to be the inventor of it, was b. 1607, at Geneva, and d. at Vevay, 16'.il. He was patronized by Charles I. of En- gland, and afterwards, by Louis XIV. Petitot worked in conjunction with his brother-in-law Bourdier, and it is hon- orable to the character of both, that they lived together for half a century ■A'ithoiit the slightest disagreement. PETRARCH, Francis, one of the four greatest of the Italian poets, was b. in 1304, at Arezzo. The dissensions which distracted his country induced his father to remove to Avignon ; and the first rudiments of education were received by Petrarch, at Carpentras, from Con- vennole, Bcinsf intended for tlie law, he studied it at Montpellierand Bologna. Jlis whole 3onl, however, was devoted to literature ; but it was not till he was in his twentieth year that the deatii of his father allowed him to inihilge his inclination. Having settled at Avicrnon, he saw the beautiful Lui'.ra de Noves. Her charms inspired him with a lasting passion, the etfiisions of which he poured forth in those sonnets and odes 53 whicli have rendered his i.ame immortal, but which failed to gain the object of his affections. After having vainly trav- elleil to forget or moderate his love, ho settled at V^aucluse, a romantic spot, where he wrote some of his finest works. His literary reputation attracted the regard of princes; he was invited to Naples, to Paris, and to Rome ; and re- ceived the laureate crown in the capitol of the latter city. Among his warmest friends and patrons was the Colcnna family. In 134S his feelings were deeply wounded by tiie death of Laura. Ho survived her, however, nearly thirty years, during all which period he was admired aiul honored by his own coun- trymen, and by foreign princes. Of all his numerous works, in prose and verse, his Italian poems alone preserve their reputation undiminished ; biU they are identified with literature itself, and till that is annihilated their fame is se- cure. D. 1374. PFEFFEL, Ciiristian Fredkric, a jurisconsult and diplomatist, was b. at (.'ohnar, in 1726. Becoming the friend of the count de Bruhl, he was em- ployed on various diplomatic missions, and was made jurisconsult to the king; but during the revolution his ]iroperty was confiscated, and he was jilaeed on the list of emigrants. He was the au- thor of several excellent works, among which his "Abrtgc Chronologique de rilistoire, et du Hroit publique d'Alle- macrue." D. 1807. PII^DRUS, JuLitJS, an elegant Latin fabulist, was b. on the frontier of Thrace and Macedonia, was a slave of Augustus, by whom he was manumitted, and was persecuted by Scjanus, during the reiL'ti of Tiberius. The time of his death is not recorded. After having lain in oblivion for many centuries, liis Fables were discovered by Francis I'ithou, and civen to the press bv Peter his brother. PHALARIS, a native of Crete, ^^ hose cruelty, and the horrid instrument with which he wreaked his vengeance on those who fell under his displeasure, have become proverbial. In .^71 B.C., he made himself master of Agrigentum, in Sicily, where he was guilty of horri- ble cruelties. Among other instruments of destruction, he caused a hollow bra- zen bull to be made, so contrived, that when a fire was kindled under the body, the cries of the unhappy victim within resembled the roa,rings of the animal it represented. Phalaris, after commciid- inijr the work, ordered Perillus. the artist, to be the first to make trial of it 686 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [pin After a sau^uinary reign of eight yeiirs, the citizens at length seized the tyrant, and with a severe but just retaliation consumed him by a slow fire in his own bull, 563 B. c. PHIDIAS, one of the greatest of sculptors, an Athenian, is supposed to have been b. about 4'.i7 or 49S h. c, and to have d. 431 b, o. Little, however, is known respecting his life. Ilippias is stated by some to have been his master, and Eladas by others. lie executed several statues of Minerva, particularly" that in the Parthenon, (the works of which temple he superintended,) a statue of Jupiter Olympus, and various other admirable productions. PIIILIDOR, Francis Andkew, a com- poser, was b. 172(5, at Dreux ; composed a great number ofoperas, and set Alex- ander's Feast, and the Carmen Seeulare, to music, and d. in 1795, in London. Pliilidor had respectable musical talents, but he owes his fame to his consummate Bkill as a chess player, in which lie has seldom been equalled. He wrote " The Analysis of Clicss," which has passed through many editions, and may lie called one of the classical works upon the game. PHILIP II. king of Maeedon, son of Amyutas II. and father of Alexander the Great, was b. 383 b. c. The art of war he learned under Epaminontlas. On the death of his brother Perdiecas, lie usurped the tlirone, at first under the guise of guardian to his infmt nephew. After liaving repeatedly defeated the bordering powers, and enlarged his do- minions by successive encroachments, he extinguished the liberties of Greece by the victory of Cheronaea. He was next appointed general of the Greeks against "the Persians, and was preparing to invade Asia, when he was assassi- nated by Pausanias, 33i5 b. c. — Marcus Julius, a Eoinan emperor, surnanied the Arab, from Ms being b. at Bosra, in Ai'ahia, rose from being a coniniou sol- dier to the highest rank in the army. He gained the throne, in 244, by the assassination of Gordian, and for a while his liberality rendered him popu- lar. He was at length defeated by Deeius, and was slain by his own troops in 249. PHILIPS, John, a poet, was b. I(i76, at lianipton, was educated at Winches- tor school and Christ-chtiich, Oxford, and d. 1708. While at college, he wrote "The Splendid Shilling," the most popular of his works, aiiil the poein of '' Blenheim." He is the author, likewise, of " Cyder," a poem, in imitation cf Vir gil. — Ambrose, a poet jmd dramatist, b. in Leicestershire, in the latter part of the seventeenth century; received his education, and obtained a fellowship at St. John's college, Cambridge, and be- came registrar of the Irish prerogative court. He wrote poems, the tragedies of "The Briton," " Humphry, Duke of Gloucester,'' and "The Distressed Mother," and a "Life of Archbishop Williams," and contributed to the peri- odical paper called the "Freethinker.'' His pastorals involved him in a quarrel with Pope, by whom they were insidi- ouslv attacked in the " The Guardian." D. 1749. PHILLIPS, Thomas, a portrait painter of considerable merit, was b. at Dudley, in Warwickshire, in 1770. Having had some initiatory practice in the country, he went to London when he was about 20, and found employment at Windsor, under Benjamin West, who was at that time engaged in decorating St. George's chape!. He was devotedly attached to his profession, but for many years he had to contend with the superior talenta of West, Lawrence, Iloppner, &c., who were in their zenith; but Vjy unceasing application, and a laudable emulation which never forsook him, he gained so much celebrity, as to number among his sitters some of most eminent men in the kingdom. He also wrote many occasional essays on the fine arts ; and, in co-operation with Turner, Chantrey, Eobertson, and others, he planned and successively matured the Artists' Gen- eral Benevolent Institution. D. 18 1'). PHILO, JuD/Eus, a learned Jewish writer of Alexandria, who was one of the deputation sent by the Jews to lay their complaints against the Greeks of Alexandria before the emperor Caligula, A. D. 40. He wrote several works in Greek, tlie principal of which is entitled, "Of the Contemplative Life." — Of By- zantium, an arcfiitect, who flourished 800 B. 0. He wrote a treatise on the machines used in war ; and there is also attributed to him a piece, entitled "De Septein Orbis Spectaculis." PlIILOLAUS, of Crotona, a cele- brated Pythagorean philosopher, who flourished 370 b.o. lie belonged to tho Pythagorean school, and by some is supposed to ha\ e written the " Golden Verses of Pythagoras." He is also said to have first taught the true system of the universe, revived by Copernicus, but this supposition is erroneous. i PIIILOPUiMEN, a celebrated geu- pic] CYCLOPAEDIA OF DIOGRAPIIA. 687 eral, wlio lias been called tlie last of the Greeks, was 1). 223 b. c, at Megalopolis, in Aoailia; beeainc geueriilissiiiio of the Arcliuertii league; redueccl the Spar- tans to a, tributary state, dismantled Sparta, and abolisiied the laws of Ly- ciirgiis ; but Wius at length taken pris- oner in a battle witii the Messeniuns, and Was piitto death by ]Kiison, 183 b.c. rHOClON, an Athenian, illustrious for his virtues no less than for liis tal- ents, was b. about400 B.C., of an obscure family. Plato and Xeuocrutes were his masters in philosopliy. Forty-five times he was placed at tlie head of tiie Atiie- nian armies, and on all occasions dis- Ehiycd bravery and skill. He was, owever, a lover of peace, and lie dis- couraged hostile proceedings against the Macedonians, because lie was convinced that circumstances were sucli as to ren- der success hopeless. In probity and disinterestedness he was never sur- passed, lie was, nevertheless, con- demned to die by poison, 318 b.c, and was even denied a grave in his own country. When the madness of popular passion had subsided, the Athenians raised a statue to his memory, and put his accuser to death. PIAZZI, Joseph, a celebrated astron- omer, was b. 1746. at Ponte, in the Val- teline; entered into the order of the Theatins, and, after having been a pro- fessor at Genoa, Malta, and Ravenna, was invited to Palermo, in 1780, to fill the professorship of the higher branches of mathematics. At P;;lermo he obtained the establishment of an observatory, and entered into a correspondence with the most eminent European astrono- mers, lie made a new catalogue of j*tars, containing seven thousand six hundred and forty-six, and, on the 1st of January, 1801, discovered an eighth planet, to which he gave the name of Ceres Ferdinandea. He is the author of " Astronomical Lessons" and of va- rious other scientific works. D. 1826. PICARD, JoFiN, an able French as- tronomer and mathematician, was b. in 1620, at La Flache, in Anjou, became astronomer to the Academy of Sciences at Parit;, and made a voyage to Urani- burg to ascertain the exact longitude and latitude of that observatory. He was the first who observed the phos- phoric liirht in the barometric vacuum, and applied the telescope to quadrants. He edited the "Connoissanee des Temps, from 1679 to 1683;" and wrote ft narrative of his voyage, and other works. D. 1684. — Louis Benedict, a celebrated French drair.atist and ro- mance writer, was b. 176ii, at Paris, and d. there 1S24. For many years he waa also a popular actor. He wrote nearly a hundred dramatic pieces, most of which were crowned with success. Hi.s romances, anionir which mav be men- tioned "The History of Gabriel Deso- dry," "The Gil Bias of the Kevolution," niid "The Confessions of Laurence GitFard," arc inferior to his comedies. PTCART, BtRNARn, an engraver, the son of Stephen, who was of the same profession, was b. 1663, at Paris; ac- quired an early reputation for designing as well as engraving, and settled in Holland with his father. Among his best works are, " The Massacre of the Innocents," " Time discovering Truth," and "The Arcadian Shepherds." He also executed the plates for the "Reli- gious Ceremonies of all Nations." D. 1733. PICCTNT, Nicholas, an eminent com- poser, was b. 1721, at Bari, and studied ;;nder Leo and Durante, of the latter of which masters be was the favorite ]>upi!. He began his career in 1754, and soon acquired an extensive reputation by his compositions, particularly by bis " La Buona," "Figluola," and "Olympia." After a residence of nearly twenty years at Rome, he was invited to Paris." His subsequent life was checkered with much vexation and ill fortune. D. 1800. PICCOLOMINI, OcTAvirs, a leadei of the imperial armies, one of the most distinguished generals of the thirty years' war, was b. in Italy, in 1599, and made his first military essays in that country, in the Spanish army. He jiassed into the service of the emperor, and rendered himself conspicuous for bravery and talent, at Lutzen, Nordlin- gen, and many other battles. Returning to the Spanish colors, be was api>ointP commander-in-chief in the Netherlands, but was soon recalled by the emperor, and was made field-marshal. His sub- sequent exploits gained for him the title of prince. D. 16 ">6. PICHEGRU, Charles, one of the most celebrated generals produced bj the wars of the French revolution, was b. of poor parents, in 1761, at Arbois, in Franche Comte ; was educated by the monks of that town ; and was a tutor to the mathematical and philosophical classes at the college of Brienne, when Bonaparte was a student there. He en- tered into the artillery as a private sol- dier, and rose to be adjutant before 1789. Subsequent to the revolution La 688 CYCLOPEDIA OF EIOGRAPIIY. [pia rapicUy ntlaincd the rank of general of division. After luivinj,' comuuinilcd tlic anny of tlic Rhine, lie was placed, in February, 1794, iit tiie liead of the army of tiic Nortii. He defeated tlie allies in several actions, and soon achieved the contjuest of the Netlierlands and of Holland. But, in 17'.I5, while general of the army of the Rhine, he .sullied his fame by enteriusr into neu:otiations with the exiled Eourbons. In 1797 he was elected a member of tlie council of five hiindretl, and was chosen president of that body, lie was one of those who were transported to Cayenne by the di- rectory, after its triumph in September; but he contrived to make his escape to Eno-land. In 1804, in conjunction with Georges and otliers, he visited Paris, for the purpose of attempting tlie o\er- throw of the consular government. lie was arrested, and committed to the Temple ; and was found dead in bis bed, by strangidation. FK;ilLER, Caroline, one of t]\c most prolific writers that Gerinany has pro- duced, was b. at Vienna, 1761). ller maiden name was Greiner. Her father held a higli position at the court of V'ienna ; and his house was long cele- brated for its reunions of all that was most distinguished in that metropolis for rank, fashion, and genius. She re- ceived atirst-rate education, and showed an early predilection for literary pur- suits; but it was not till after she had attained her 30th year that she appeared as an authoress, lier first work, called the "Gieichnisse," being published in 1799. This was followed from time to time by various other works of consid- erable "merit: br.t these were all thrown into the shade by her " Agathoeles," whicli appeared in 180S, and was written with the view of counteracting Gibbon's attacks upon the Christian tiiith. Her works amount to more than 60 volumes, consisting chiefly of dramas and histor- ical romances ; of which may be men- tioned the " Grafen von Hohenberg," " Die Belagcrung Wien's von 16s3," "Die Scliwcdenin Prag," " Die Wie- dereroberuug von Ofen," " llenriette von England," " Die Franenwlirde," and the " Nebenbnhler," &e. D. 1843. PICKERING, TiMoxny, an American statesman, was b. at Salem, in 1746, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1763. He took an active part in the popular cause, and, in organizing the provisional government of Massachu- Botts in 1775, was appointed a juc?ge of Ihe court of common pleas for Essex, nud sole judge of the maritime court for the middle district. During the war he was appointed adjutant-general, and 8ub-:cquently a member of the boaril of war. From" 1790 to 1798, at ditferent intervals, lie was employed on various negotiations with the Indians. lie was successively postmaster-general, secre- tary of war, and secretary of state. From the last otlice he was removed by President Adams in 1800. From 1803 to 1811 he was a senator in congress from his native state, and from 1814 to 1817 a representative in that body. In public life lie was distinguished for firmness, energy, activity, and disinter- estedness. D."l829. PICTET DE RICHEMONT, Chahlks, was b. in 17.'i5, at Geneva; spent several years in the military service ; retired to "his estate, where he devoted himself to farming and literature ; and was em- ployed in 1815 as negotiator for Swit- zeriaiid at Paris, Vienna, and Berlin, He conducted (in conjunction with his brotlier and M. Maurice) "The Britan- nic Library ;" translated various works from the English ; and publishecl ' A Course of Agriculture," and other pro- ductions on the sanre subject. D. 1824. PIERCE, Edwakd, an English painter in the reign of Charles I. and II. He was eminent in history and landscapes; but as his works chiefly consisted of altar-pieces and ceilings of churches, there are few of his pictures in existence, most of them having been destroyed iu the fire of London. One of his sons was an excellent sculptor, and executed the statues of Sir Thomas Gresham and Edward III., which ornamented the roval exchange before it was destroyed by fire, Jan. ]<\ 1838. ■piGAFETTA, Anthoxy, a voyager of the 16th century, was one of the eighteen companions of Magellan, who survived the voyage, and returned to Seville, in 1522. In 1524 he was n.ado a knight of Rhodes. He wrote a nar- rative of the voyage, the MS. of which was supposed to be lost, but was dis- covered^ some years ago, in the Ambro- sial! library at Milan. PIGALLE, .John Baptist, an eminent sculptor, was b. inl 714, at Paris; stud- ied at Rome ; became a sculptor to the French monarch, and a knight of the order of St. Michael. Among his best works are, the monument of Marshal Saxe, Love and Frienilship, and statues of Silence, Merenrv, and Venus. D.1785. PIGNOTTI, Lauuence, an Italian poet and historian, was b. at Figliena, pin] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGKAPHV. G89 in Tuscany, in 1730; was educated at Arczzo and Pisa ; practised as a physi- cian at Florence ; was created histori- ojrrapher of tlic court, and became rector of the nil'- ..sity of Pisa. His "Fables" have acquired an extensive popularity, but his great fame was accjuired by his "Ilistovv of Tuscany." D. 1812. riKl/ER, or PICHLEK, John, the most able f^em engraver of the age, was b. in 17'34, at Naples, and was the son of John Anthony, wlio was also cele- brated for his skill in tiie same art. He was knighted by Joseph II. His works arc numerous, and highly valued. D. 1791. PILKINGTON, James, an English bishop, was b. at Rivington, in Lan- cashire, in 1520, and educated at St. John's college, Cambridge, of which he became master. During tlie persecution under Mary, he was obliged to leave the kingdom, but on the accession of Eliza- beth he was made bishop of Durham, and d. in 1575. He wrote some valuable " Commentaries on the Scriptures." — Letitia, thedaugliterof Dr. Van Lewen, a physician of Dublin, was b. in 1712. She became tiie wife of the Rev. Mat- thew Pilkington, from whom she was separated on account of the irregularity of her conduct. After this she settled in London, where she subsisted partly by writing, and partly by the bounty of her friends. She wrote " The Roman Father," a tragedy; and "The Turkish Count, or London Apprentice," a com- edy ; "Memoirs of her Life;" and va- rious poems, &c. D. 1750. PILPAY, an oriental fabulist, was a Brahmin of Iliiidostan, and counsellor to one of the rajahs. He is said to have flourished 2000 years betbre the Chris- tian era. His fables were translated from the Persian into French, by Gal- land, in 1714. PlNCKNP.y, Charles Cotesworth, a distinguished otiicer of the revolu- tionary army, was b. in South Carolina, received liis education in England, and Btudicd law in the Temple. On return- ing to his native provnice in 1769, he devoted himself to tlie successful prac- tice of his profession. On the com- mencement of hostilities he renounced law for the study of mililary tactics, and was soon promoted to the command of the first regiment of Carolina infantry. He was subsequently aid-de-cainp to Washington, and in tliis capacity at the battles of Brandy wine and German town. On the surrcndei' of Charleston he was ♦akeu prisoner, and remained so till all 58* opportunity of gaining fresh reputation in tiie field had passed. Ho was a member of the convention which formed the federal constitution, and in l79fi was appointed minister to France. Wlien preparations were making for war on account of the expected French invasion, Mr. Pinckney was nominated a major general, but he soon had an opportunity of retiring to tiie quiet of private life. He was afterwards president of the ('incinnati society of tlie United States. D. 1S25. PINDAR, the greatest of lyric poets, was b. about 522 b. c, near Thebes, in Boeotia, and is believed to have d. about 442 B. c. He was patronized by Theron of Agrigentum, and Hiero of Syracuse, at the court of which latter prince he is said to liave resided during the closing years of his existence. Little, however, is known of his real history. Of his works which were numerous, and in various kinds of composition, time has spared only four books of Odes ; but wliat it has spared is amply sufficient to vindicate his claim to be I'anked among the most illustrious of ancient bards. PINEL, Philip, an eminent French physician, was b. in 1742, at St. Paul, in the department of the Taru ; prac- tised with distinguished success at Paris, particularly in cases of insanity; intro- duced the most important improvements into the mode of treating insane pa- tients; acquired great popularity by liis lectures. Among his works are, " A Medico-philosopliieal Treatise on Men- tal Alienation," " Philosophical Nosog- raphy," and " Clinical Medicine." D. 1826. PINGRE, Alexander Gut, an able astronomer, was b. in 1711, at Paris; was originally an ecclesiastic, and began the study of astronomy at a late period ; and macle a voyage, in 1760, to Isle Ro- driiruez, to observe the transit of Venus, and three subsequent voyages, to try the chronometers of Berthoud and Le Roy. The most important of his works is his " Conietograpliy, or Historical and Tiieoretieal Treatise on Comets." D. 1796. PINKERTON, John, a fertile bu eccentric author, was b. in 1758, in Edinburgh. He was educated at Lanark grammar school, and served five years as clerk to an attorney ; after which he settled in London, and gave himself np to literature. He began his career by poetical productions, among which were. Rhymes, Odes, and Tales, but he did not rise above mediocrity. In emulation 690 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [PIR of Chatterlon he also produced two vol- umes of pretended ancient Scottish poems. One of liis earliest works was •' Lettc-s on Literatcre," iintler the as- Bunied name of " Robert Huron," in wliich he displayed a de.n-ee of vanity ami impudence winch has seldom bccii equalled. In his latter years he took nj) his abode in France. Among the works of this indefatigable writer are, un ex- cellent " Essay on Medals," " The Treasury of Wit," " A Dissertation on the Origin of the Scythians and Goths," "A History of Scotland," " Iconographia Scotica," " Modern Geography," '• A Collection of Voyages and Travels," " Kecollertions of Paris," and ■' Tetral- ogy, or a Treatise on Koeks." I'lNKNEY, William, an eloquent lawyer and statesman, was b. in Mary- land, in 1765, an I prepnrcd himself for tlie bar under the iiisiruction of Judge Chase. He was admitted to practice in 178t), and soon gave indications of pos- sessing superior powers. He was a member of the convention of Maryland which ratified the fcileral constitution. In 1776 he was appointed one of the commissioners under the British treaty. The state of Maryland also employed him to procure a setdement of its claims on the bank of England, and he recov- ered for it the suili of 800,000 dollars. This detained liim in England till the year 1804, when he returned and re- sumed his professional labors. In 1806 he was sent as envoy extraordinary to London, and in 1808 received the au- thority of minister plenipotentiary, lie returned to the United States in 1811, and soon after was appointed attorney- general. This office he held till 1814. During the incursion of the British into Maryland, he commanded a battalion, and was wounded in the battle of Bla- densburg, in August, 1814. He was ftfterwartis representative in congress, minister plenipotentiary to Russia, en- voy to Naples, and in 1819 senator in congress. In tlie last office he continued till his death in 1822. — Edwaud Coate, son of the foregoing, was b. in London, in 1802, passed his infancy in England, and was placed as a student in Baltimore college at the age of 10 or 11. lie en- tered the navy as a midshipman, and continued in the service tor several years. On the death of his father he quitted the navy and devoted himself •o the practice of the law. lie published, irj 182"), a volume of poems, wliieli pos- H«s much beauty. D. 1828. PINZON, Vincent Yanez, a Spanish navigator, accompanied Columbus on his memorable voyage; was the first European who crossed the line; dis- eovcred Brazil and the river Amazon; Was appointed one of the royal pilots; and d. in the early part of the 16th cen- tury. I'lOMBO, Sebastiano del, an emi- nent painter, b. at Venice, in 1485. He renounced music, of which he was very fond, for painting, and studied under Bellini, but afterwards took the tjno coloring of Giorgione as a model. The delicacy of his pencil was much ad- mired, and Michael Angcio encouragcil him to enter into competition with Raphael, and even supplied him with designs, which Piombo often executed very happily, although by no means ca- pable of lot'iy conceptions or sublimo inventions. His greatest work is hi3 •' Resurrection of Lazarus," now in the British national gallery. D. 1547. PIOZZI, Hesteh Lynch, a miscellane- ous writer, wliose maid'cn name was Salisbury, was b. 17ii9, at Bodvel, and was united, in 1763, to Mr. Thralc, an opulent brewer. For many years Dr, Jolinson was the intimate frientl of her and her husband. After the death of Mr. Thrale she accepted the addresses of Signer Piozzi ; an act which occa- sioned a dissolution of her friendship with Johnson. For a considerable peri- od she resided at Florence with her second husband, and while there she contributed to the " Florence Miscella- ny." Among her works are, "Anecdotes of Dr. Johnson," "Observations in a Journey throuirh France, Italy, and Germany," "British Synonymy," and "Retrospection." D. 1821. PlRANESl, John Baptist, an emi- nent engraver anil antiquary, was b. 1707, at Rome, in which city he d. 1773. Pirancsi was one of the most inde- fatigable of artists, and his talents were equal to his industry. — Francis, a son of the foregoing, and the inheritor of his genius, was b. 1748, at Rome. The nuignificent works begun by his father he continued with such a kin- dreil S])irit that the labors of the parent and son cannot be distinguished from each other ; and he executed many oth- ers of cq\ud magnitude. D. 1810. PIRON, Ali.xis, a French poet, us, the nephew and adopted son of the foregoing, was b. in 61 or 02, at Como, was a pupil of Quin- tilian, and pleaded successfully as an advocate in his 19th year. He was, suo- cessively, tribune of the people, prefect, of tlie treasury, consul, proconsul in Pontus and Bitliynia, and augur, and d. universally esteemed, in 115. His "Letters'" and his " Panegyric on Tra- jan" are the only parts of his writings that remain. PLOTINUS, a Platonic philosopher, was b. 2' 13, at Lyeopolis, in Eirypt, was a disciple of Ammonius Saceas, en- countered great danger in accompanying the Emperor Gonlian on his expedition against the Parthians, wl/uih he did with a view to obtaining a knowledge of Persian and Indian philosophy, and d. 270. His works were translated into Latin, in 1492, by Ficino. POl] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. G93 Pl.OWDEN, Francis, an liistoriiin and iniscelhiiiooiisi writer, a native of Ireliiiiil and a Koniuu (.'atliolic, was a barristur and conveyancer. A verdict of £.")OnO obtained ai^ainst liiin in an Irish court, in I8I0, for an alletred iiljel in his " History of Ireland," eompelleil hini to retire to Franco, wliere he re- mained till his decease, at an advanced njre, in 18'2i). Ainonsr his works are, "The History of Ireland," "Jura An- grloriun," "Clmreh and State," "Tlie Case StatOfl," and a "Treatise upon the L:iw of Usin-y and Annuities." — Chaulks, a Jesuit, b. in Entrlaiul, in 1743, but cducited at Koine, where lie entered into the society in 175H. On his return to his own country after the Bupprcssion of his order in 1773, he was one of the most zealous advocates for their reunitinjr in EnL'lantl. He after- wards became president of the Catholic collenre of Stonyhurst, in Ijancasliire, and d. in 18-21. — Kdmuxd, an eminent lawyer, was b. in Shropshire, in 1517. and d. ]584. His "Commentaries and Kepoi-ts " arc frreatlv esteemed. PLUTARCH, a celebrated Greek bi- ographer and philosopher, was b. abont 50, at Clierona;!. in lio30ti-i, and stiulicKl at Athens under Aininonius, after which he travelled in Greece and E'zypt, sedu- lously acqu'rintr knowledLre. For some years subsequently he resi led at Rome, whire his lectures on philosopliy at- tracted in my illustrious auditors. Tra- jan was one of his hc.irers, and, at^er he became emperor, is said to have con- ferred on him the consular di'/nity, but this story is apocryphal. Plutarch at lencrth retired to Cheronasa. where he filled the office of archon. He was also a priest of the Delphic Apollo. He is believed to have d. about a. d. 120. His extant works are his " Monils," and his "Lives of Illnstrious Men," the last of which, thou'jfh often erroneous in point of f ict, nni-. 1523. POLYBIUS, a celebrated Greek his- torian, son ol' Lycortas, [reneral of the Achieans, was b. about 205 b. c, at Me- galopolis. He was formed for public business by the precepts and example of Philopa;men, the friend of his father, and at the funeral of that general he bore the urn vk'hich contained his ashes. He was one of the thousand persons whom the Romans demanded from the Achicans as hostages, and he lived at liome many years. There he became the friend of the Scipios, one of whom he accompanied to the siege of Carthage. He d. in his own countiw, at tlie age of 82. Of liis works only a part of his ex- cellent "Universal History" has been preserved. POLYCARP, St., a Christian father and martyr, who, according to tradition, was a disciple of the apostle John, and by him appointed bishop of Smyrna, lie made many converts, and violently opposed the lieresies of Marcion and Valeutinus ; out durhig the persecution of the Christians under Marcus Anre« lir.s, he suffered martyrdom with tho most heroic fortitude, 109. His "Epis- tle to the Pliilipi)ians " is the only one of his pieces that has been prcser\ed. POLYCLETUS, a famous sculptor, was b. at Sieyon, and flourished about 4=30 B. o. Ife is considered to have attained perfection in single figures; and a statue of a boy, executed by him was sold for 190 talents, equivalent to £20,000. POLYGNOTUS, a painter of Thasos, about 422 b. c. He gained celebrity by a series of pictures on the war of Troy, for which he refused the presents of- fered him by the states of Greece; he also jiainted' the temple of Delphi, and part of the Poecile at Athens L'ratuiton.s- ly, for which it was decreed that ho should be supported at the public ex- pense. POMBAL, Skbastian Josi;pir Cak- VALiio Meliio, marquis of, a Porlugueso statesman, was b. at Soura, 1699. After having been ambassador to London and Vienna, he was, in 1750, appointed sec- retary of state for foreign affairs, and, [n 1756, prime minister. He introduced many reforms and changes in the gov- ernment, but as his "measures were frequently severe and arbitrary, ho rai>cd up many enemies, and on tho death of the kintr, in 1777, he was dis- craced, and exiled to his estates, where he d. 1782. POMFRET, John, an English poet, was b. at Luton, 1667, was educated at Queen's college, Cambridge, and ob- tained the living of Maiden, lie wa3 the author of "The Choice," a poem which has ever been popular; but owing to an equivocal expression therein. Dr. Conipton, bishop of London, thought him unfit for the clerical oftice, and re- fused to induct him to another and more considerable benefice. The prelate was, however, soon after convinced of his mistake ; but in the mean time Pomfret, who had been detained in London, caught the small-pox, and d. of it, 1703. i'OMPADOUR, Jeanne ANTtiiNETTB PoissoN, marchioness de, the mistress of Louis XV., in whose affections she succeeded madame de Cliateauroux, was I the daughter of a financier, and b. 1720. At the age of 21 she was nmrricd to M. d'Etioles; first attracted the king's no- I tice while he was hunting in the forest of Senart; appeared at court in 1745, nnder the title of marchioness of Pom- padour, and d. in 1764, ai^ed 44 years. I She used her iuflueneu with the king ia 698 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [for proinotinjr the progreps of tlie fine arts, but hur cupidity imd extnivagauce were imbouiidcd ; and many of tlie evils wliicli oppressed France in the succeed- ing reign have been attributed to the power she jiossessed of tilhng tiie most imi)ortaut offices of the stale with her favorites. rOMl^EY, Cneus, surnamed the Great, a Kouiaii statesman and warrior, was b. 1U6 B.C., and learned the art of war from his fatlier. In liis 23d year he joined with three legions tlie party of Sylhi, recovered Sicily and Africa, and obtained the honors of a triumph, lie obtained a second triumph Ibr i)ut- tintr an en I to the war in Spain, and a third tor his splendid successes in Asia, where he considerably extended tlie dominion of his countrymen. About 60 b. c. he formed the tirst triumvirate with Crassus and Caisar, and married the daughter of the latter. In the course of a few years, however, dissensions broke out between Ccesar and Pompcy, a civil war ensued, :md I'ompey sus- tained a di^cisive defeat at Pharsalia. lie fled to Egypt, and was assassinated there 4S b. c. FONIATOWSKI, Joseph, an illus- trious Polish general, who was oaiied tlie rolish Bayard, was b. 17(58, at War- saw, distinguished himself in the cause of ills country during the fruitless Struggles of 1T'J2 and U'Ji, entered the Frenc!] service, and displayed conspicu- ous bravery and talent in the camp.iigns of ISOi), 18O0, 181'2, 1813, and 1814, was appointed a marshal on the field of bat- tle at Leipsie, and was drowned in at- tempting to cross the Elstcr, on the lytli of October. POPii, Alexander, a celebrated poet, was b. May -22, 163S, in l^ombardstreet, London. Ilis fitlier, a linen-draper, in which trade he amassed a eoiisitlerablo fortune, retired from business, and settled at l)in9eld, in Berkshire, soon after the liirth of his son. Both parents were Koman Catholics, and, as Pope tell.^ us, were of gentle blood. Jle liini- Bclf was born deformed, small in size, and delicate in constitution. The groundwork of learning he a<-quired at two private schools, and from two priests, who were employcl as his tutors; fertile rest lie was indebted to his own persevering studies. Before' lie was 12 years old he formed a play from (Jirilhy's Homer, wliich was acted by his seiool-fellows. liis '-Pastorals" were written wlw-n he was 16, and they sbtaincd him the friendship b. in Normandy in l."il0. In his youth he supported himself at the college of St. Bnrbe, by waitiufr upon the other students. His reputa'ion for irenerid learning and an- tiquarian research in Ineed Francis T, to send liim to the East to cnlle'-t manu- Boripts, vvhieh commission he discharired BO well as to be appointed professor of rcithemitics and laniruatres, but he af- terwards fell into disgrace, and Inst his appointments. Ilaviiiir wandered about from place to place, he was recalled ; but lost his .ituation asrain, and d. in a monastery in l.i81. Amona: the wild and e^travajrant notions tltat ho enter- tained, one was, that he had died, and risen again with the soul of Adam, ■whence he called himself "Posiellus restitntns," he also maintained that women sli:'.ii have the dominion over tu^n, and th^t his writings were revealed to him bv .le-us Christ. POSTIIUMUS, Marcus Cassiamts Latinius, a Roman emperor, one of the thirty tyrants, was of obscure birth, but rose rapidly in the army, till he obtained the command in Gaid. He assumed the imperial title in 257 ; ruled Ganl and a part of Spain, and obtained various suc- cesses aL'iinst the Gcrnr.ins ; and was murlered bv his soldiers in 2fi7. POTEMIvTN, Gregorv Alexandro- vrrscn, a Russian prince and field-mar- shal, the minion of Catharine IL, was b. 173(5, in the neiarhborhool of Smo- lensk, of a noble though poor tamily, and was intended for the church, but obtained a cornetcy in the horse guards. Over the empress, after the death of her husb nid, he acquired an unbound- ed influence, and he retained it till nearly the enil of his life. Tic distin- pnished himself against the Turks, par- ticularly in the war of 1787. when he commanded in chief. D. 1791. P0TITIP:R, Robert .To^kph. one of the most eminent of the French juriscon- sults, wa-s b. 1(5(59, at Orleans ; was pro- fessor of law ill his native city; and d. in 1772, as much beloved for his virtues an admired for his extensive learning. His great work is Lis " Digest of the Pandects of Justinian." His treatises on vaniAis legal questions form seven- teen volumes octavo. POTOCKI, Count Staxislaos, a Polish writer and statesman, of a family which has produced several eminent eliarac- ters, was b. 1757, at Warsaw ; was one of those who contributed most actively to establish the constitution of 1791; was appointed a palatine senator ai>d one of the ministers of the grand duchy of Warsaw ; was president of the senate in 1818 ; and d. 1821. Among his wurks are, " A Treatise on F^loqucnce and Style ; and " The Journey to Ciemno- grod," a satirical romance.— Claudia, the wife of Count Bernard Potocki, was b. in the grand duchy of Posen, in 1802. She was tiie lineal descendant of the Polls!) ambassador, Dzialynski, who was sent to England in Elizabeth's reign, to remonstrate against the infraction of a treaty between that country and Poland, and whose bold and successful eloquence is recorded in history. During the patriotic struggle for Polish freedom, from 1830 to 1833, the Countess Potocki not only became the „iuniticent bene- factress of her countrymen, but devoted her personal energies to the sacred cause, and alleviated, by her kind atten- tions to thtfsick and wounded, much of the misery that the unequal contest en- tailed on the gallant spirits who strove to shake off the oiipressor's yoke. Sur- rounded by wounded warriors, and the victims of cliolera in the hospitals of Warsaw, neither the sight of hideous gashes, nor the fear of eontairion de- terred her from her course of charity : there, for seven successive months, she was constantly occupied ; and when the day of adversity came, the remains of her fortune, her influence, her personal exertions, were entirely at the disposal of the unfortunate refugees. At one time, while residing at Dresden, where she luid formed a ladies' committee for the reliefofthese brave men, she pledged her jewels, and most expensive dresses, for 40,0i)0 florins, and the wlxile amount was instantly sent to its pious destina- tion. F'or this, the Poles assembled at Dresden, presented to her a bracelet, with an inscription commemorative of the noble act, and pointing it out for na- tional gratitude. She at length fixed her residence at Geneva; and there, in the exercise of those Christian virtues, which will imtnortalize her name, but worq out bv silent grief, she d. in 183(5. POTTER, Paul, a celebrated Dutch PR a] painter, the son of an artist, was b. 11)25, at Enkliiiysen ; acquired a perfect knovvicdyc of liis profession by tlietiine that he was fifteen; and d. IG'i. His pictures are held in liigli estimation for tlieir fidelity to nature, and tlic beauty of tlicir execution. In representinir ani- mals he was unequalled. — John, a learn- ed prelate, was b. about 1()72, at Wake- field; was educated at the free school there, and at University colleire, Oxford ; was made bishop of Oxford in 171. "i, and archbishop of Canterbury in 1737 ; and d. 1747. lie wrote " Arch'ajolojjia Grajca." and various theolojical works ; and ed- ited ("lemens Alexandrinas, and Ly- cophron's "Alexandra." — RoBEnr, a divine and poet, was b. 1721 ; was ed- ucated at Emanuel college, Cambridge ; and was for some years vicar of Seam- ing, after which ho obtained the livings of Lowestoff and Kessin<,dand, and a prebend in the cathedral of Norwich. Ilis original poetry consists of a volume of Foems, and two Odes from Isaiah, and is much above mediocrity. But he is best known by his spirited versions of iKschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. D. 1804. POUSSIN, Nicholas, one of the great- est of the French painters, was b. in 15'.i4, at Andelys, in Normandy, and re- ceived instructions from Varin, Eile, and Lallcment, but was more indebt- ed to nature and his own assiduity than to their lessons. In 1024 he went to Rome, where he improved himself by studying the works of Titian, Domeni- chino, and Raphael, and of the ancient sculptors. Louis XIII. invited him to France in 1639, anrl gave him a pension, and apartments in the Louvre; but Poussin was soon disgusted with the intrigues of Vouet, Le Mercier, and Fouquiercs, who envied and dreaded liini for his superior genius. He there- fore returned to Rome in 1642, and re- mained there till his decease in ISfi-'i. His pictures are numerous and highly esteemed ; in landscape he particularly excelled. — Gaspar, an eminent painter, was b. 1613, at Rome. Ilif^ name was DcOHET, bat he took the surname of his pictorial preceptor, Nicholas, who was his brother-in-law. In landscape he ac- quired a high reputation. Such was the rapidity with which he worked that he often completed a picture in the course of a day. D. 1765. POWELL, Sir John, an eminent and honest lawyer, was b. of a very ancient and wealthy f unily at Pentrymeyriek, in the parish of Llanwrda, Caermarthen- CYCLOP/EDIA OF BIOGRAPIIV. C99 shire. lie was a judge in the court of King's Bench, in l'688, and distin- guished himself so much by his integ- rity and ability on the trial of the seven bishops, that James II., deprived him of his office, but he was restored to it at the revolution, and sat there until his death in 16'Jfi. POWNALL, Thomas, a learned anti- quary and politician, was b. at Lincoln, in 1722. He held sevenil situations un- der government, and having greatly exerted himself in America to sup[)res3 the rising spirit of discontent among the colonists, he was in 17.07, appointed governor of Massachnsett's Bay, and subsequently of Carolina. On returning to England in 1761, he was made direc- tor-general of the control office, with the military rank of colonel ; but the latter part of his life was spent at Bath, in literary retireirient. His principal works are, " On the Administration of tiie Colonies," "Description of part of North America," "Treatise on the Study of Antiqnities." " On the Anti- quities of the Provineia Roniana of Gaul," " Descriptions of Roman An- tiquities dug up at Bath," " Intellectual Phvsics," besides many political tracts. D. 180.5. PRADT, Abb6 Dominique de, a French ecclesiastic and a political writer, b. at Auvergnc in 17.5!). He was grand vicar at the revolution to the Cardinal Rochefoucauld, and was elected deputy for the Norman clergy to the states- general, 17S'.i. He ojiposed the union of his order to the tiers (tat, protested against the new order of things, and was consequently obliged to emigrate, establishing himself for a considerable time at Hamburgh. In that city he published in 1788, the first of his volu- minous series of political panii)hlets, called " Antidote to the Coligrcss of Radstadt." In another, terined " I'rus- sia, and her Neutrality," he ursred a coalition of Europe against the French republic. But after the revolution, which made Bonaparte first consul, ho made interest with his patron, Duroc, to enter Bonaparte's service, and by dint of well-timed flattery, became his grand almoner. On the coronation of the emperor, in 1804, at wiiich he assisted, he was invested with the title of baron, received a gratuity of 40,000 francs, was made bishop of Poitiers, and was or- dained by Pins VII. in person, in 1805, On the war airninst Russia occurring in 1812, he was sent ambassador to the duchy of Warsaw, as he states, in hia 700 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIT. [PRI "'History of tlio Polish Embassy," painfully and violently ajraiust liis wish. During the retreat tVoin Moscow, Napo- leon had an interview with hiin at a lone cottage, reproached him with treachery, and divested him of his em- bassy. On iiis return to Paris, he found all his employments taken from him. He was ordered to quit Paris for his diocese, and did not return till tlic fall of Napoleon, and the entry of the Bour- bons into France in 1814. He wrote his " Vindicatory History" then, but did not publish it till after the battle of Waterloo, and Napoleon's departure for St. Helena. He was made by the Bour- bons chancellor of the legion of lionor; but a new disgrace overtook him, he retired from the scene, and did not re- appear till afcer the "hundred days." He subsequently ceded all the rights of his archbishop's see to the king of the Netlierlands, for a yearly pension of 10,000 francs, and, retiring into private life, occupied himself witii the contin- ued publication of political pamphlets. In all these latter publications, however, he espoused the cause of wise and tem- perate constitutional reform. D. 1837. PRATT, Chakles, Earl Camden, a celebrated lawyer, tlie son of Chief Jus- tice Pratt, was b. 1713 ; studied at Eton, King's college, Cambridge, and Lincoln's Inn ; was chosen member for Downton in 1754; was, successively, recorder of Bath, attorney-general, chief justice of the common pleas, lord chancellor, and president of the council. The title of baron he obtained in 176">, and that of carl in 178a. D. 1794. — Samuel Jack- son, a once popular novelist and miscel- laneous writer, was b. in 1749, at St. Ives, in Huntingdonshire, and, after having been an actor, an itinerant lec- turer, and a bookseller, he became an author by profession. Of his numerons works the principal are, the poems of " Sympathy and Landscapes in Verse ;" the" tragedy of "The Fair Circassian;" the novels of" Liberal Opinions," " Em- ii:a Corbet," " The Pupil of Pleasure," " Shcnstone Green," and " Family Se- crets ;" " Gleanings through Wales, Ilollmd, and Westphalia;" "Gleanings in England," and " Harvest Home." D. 1814.--Benjamiv, chief justice of New York, was b. in Massachusetts, in 171 D, and was graduated at Hirvard college. He studied law, and entering 311 its practice in Boston soon became cmit>ei:t. Turning his attention to pub- lic atFairs, he soon rose to political dis- iinctiou, and by the influence ofGoveruor Pownell was appointed chief justice of New York. He had made colleetiona for a history of New England, ami pos- sessed considerable talent for poetry. D. 1763. PRAXITELES, a, famous Grecian sculptor, is believed to have been a na- tive of Athens, to have flourished early in the 4th century b. c, and to have cl. at the age of 80. He was long attached to the celebrated Phryne, of whom he executed two statues, one of which was placed in the temple of Delphi, the other in the temple of Love at Ihespia. His "Venus" at Cnidus was considered a3 I one of the most tinished productions of Greece. PREBLE, Edwaed, a distinguished naval officer in the American service, was b. at Falmouth, in Maine, 1761, and entered the navy as a midshipman in 1779. He soon rose to the rank of lieu- tenant, and during the revolutionary war distinguished himself by capturing a Britisii vessel at Penobscot. In 1798 he was appointed to the command of the brig Pickering, and soon after to the Esse.x. He commanded, in 1803, a fleet sent ag;iinst the Barbary powers, and I'epeatedly attacked Tripoli with consid- erable success. In 1804 he returned to the United States, and d. 1807. PRENTISS, Saugeant S., a young lawyer, b. in ilaine, went to Natches and New Orleans to practise law. In 1837 he was elected to congress, but the right to his seat was disputed, and he was rejected. But the speeches he made in his own behalf, as well as his argu- ments before various courts, gave him a reputation as one of the most eloquent speakers in the Union. B. 1810; d. 1850. PRESCOTT, William, a distinguished revolutionary officer, was b. in 1726, at Groton, Mass. At the capture of Cape Breton, in 1758, he was a lieutenant of the provincial troops, and attracted, by his conduct in that campaign, the notice of the British general, who oftererl him a commission in the regular army, which, however, he declined; in 1774, when the struggle between the colonies and the mother country was at hand, ho was appointed to command a regiment of minute-men, organized by the provincial congress, and, on receiving notice of the intended operations of General Gage against Concord, m-.irched with it to Lexington. Before he arrived, however, the British had retreated, and he then proceeded to Cambridge, where he en- tered the army that was ordered to bo raised, the greater part of his officora pa;] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGKAPHT, 701 and men volnntecring to serve with him for the first ciiinpai, agent for Massachu- setts at the court of Great Britain, was b. at Braintree, 1681, and graduated at Harvard college in 111119. In 1713 he was appointed a judge of the supreme court, and held a seat lor a long time in the house of representatives, and in his majesty's conncil. In 1737 he was se- lected as an agent to the British court to procure a decision of the contro- versy respecting the boundary line be- tween Massachusetts and New Hamp- shire, and d. while in London, on the 23d of February, 1738,- in his fifty- seventh year. — .Josiau, a distinguished lawyer and patriot, was b. in Boston in 174'3, and was graduated at Harvard college. He soon became eminent in the practice of law, and distinguished by his active exertions in the popular cause. His powers of eloquence \vere of a very high order. In 1774 he took a voyage to Europe for the benefit of bis health, and to advance the interests of the colonies. He d. on his return, on the 25th of April, 1775, the day that the vessel reached the harbor of Cape Ann. tiUlNTILIAN, Marcus Farius, a cclcl:)ratetl rhetorician, was b. in 42, at Home, followed Galba into Spain, and taught rhetoric there; retimed to 1?'3 native city, in 138, and was long a pro- fessor of rhetoric ; and d. in his 80th year. His "Institutes of the Orator" have been translated into English. "Declamations," and "A Dialogue OQ Oratory,"' are also attributed to him; but the latter is sometimes ascribed to Tacitus. QUINTINTE, John de l.\., a celebrated French horticulturist, b. at Poicticrs, in IGiiii. QUINTUS CALABER, or QUINTUS SMVRNKUS, a Greek poet, who wrote a su[)plemcnt to Homer's Iliad. He Ls supposed to have lived in the 5th cen- tury, and to have been a native of Smyrna. QUIRINI, AxGELo Makia, a canlinal, b. at Venice, in 1G84. Benedict XIII. made him archbisiiop and cardinal, which dignities he tilled with great rep\itation. D. 1755. QUIROGA, Joseph, a Spanish .Jesuit, was b. at Lugo, in Gullicia, and distin- iruished himself as a missionary iu America. D. 1784. QUIROS, Peduo Fernandez de, & celebrated Spanish navigator, of the 16tli century, who explored many of the islands afterwards visited by Captain Cook. D. 1(514. QUITA, DoMiNGOs DOS Reis, a Porta- fuese poet, who early in life wa.s a bar- er, but being fond of learning, and making himself master of Italian, Span- ish, and French, he wrote verses, and became the author of " Inez de Castro," and four other tragedies; besides many sonnets, elegies, and pastorals. B. 1728 ; d. 1770. K. RABANITS-MAURUS, Magnentius, a learned German prelate, who became abbot of the monastery at Fulda, and was afterwards archbishop of Mentz. B. 785; d. 856. RABAUT DE ST. ETIENNE, John Paul, one of the most worthy of the I'rench revolutionists, was b. at Nismes, in 1741, for which city he was chosen a deputy for the constituent assembly in 1789. He attached himself to the party of the Girondists, and was proscribed f )r opposing the Mountain party in 1793. lie was subsequently guillotined. His wife killed herself; and all thosf who assisted him were guillotined. RABELAIS, Francois, a hunioroua and satirical writer, whose works are not so much read as they are talked about. His fame has extended to all RAC] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPnT. 70C lands, and he ranks with Liican, Cer- vantes, Moliere, Swift, &c., among the jrreatest wits of the world. He was b. nt Chinar, in Touraine, about tlic year 1483, and was the son of an apothecary, or as some say, an innkeeper. In early life he became a monk of the Franciscan order, and entered the convent at Fon- tenay le Compte, w-here partly repelled by the ignorance and indecorum of his companions, and partly because his rude sarcastic humor made them liis enemies, he was soon disgusted, and separating from them joined the Benedictines. But the monkish life not suiting his taste, he studied medicine, and for a while practised the art. Kemorse, fear, or some otlier motive, next induced him to procure an absohition from Paul III. for his departure from his monastic vows, and lie spent some time as a canon in the abbey of St. Maur des Fosses, where he wrote a greater part of his famous " Pantagruel." He was after- wards transferred to Meudon as a parish priest. He w-as a conscientious teacher of his people, and delighted to instruct the children of his cure in sacred music. His house was a favorite resort of learned men, and he was noted for his generosity to tiie needy. It is not known when he completed liis great work. The date of the earliest existing edition of the first and second books is ir)35, but there were previous editions which have dis- appeared. Whenever published, it was attacked on all sides, and on opposite grounds. The champions of Anstotle and liis enemies, the friends of the Catholic and of the Eeformed doctrines. Ramus and Calvin, the monks and the Sorbonne, felt aggrieved alike by its keen ridicule and cutting satire, and fell upon it witliout mercy. But as his subjects were the vices of the popes, the luxury and avarice of prelates, the libertinism and knavery of the monastic orders, the barbarous theological philosophy of the Sorbonne, and the noless barbarous juris- prudence of the courts, the wonder is, not that lie was opposed, but that he escaped with his life. Fraui.'is the First, who pronounced his book delectable, extended to him his protection, and the hearts of the general readers echoed his sentiments and sarcasm. Rabelais wrote other works, most of them on medical topics, but none of them are comparable to the " Gargantuaand Pan- tagruel." It alone has rendered his name immortal. He was the master of fourteen languages, and of all the sci- ences and most of the arts of his time. At the age of 70, in the year IS.'"-, Ls d. at Paris. RABENER, Gottlieb Will Mi, r\ German satirist, wlio was controller of the'taxes for tlie circle of Leipsic. His works have been translated into the French and Dutch languages, and re- published several times in his own country. B. 1714; d. 1771. RABUTIN, RoGEK, a French wit and satirist; he was dismissed the army fcr writing a lampoon, and afterwards sent to the Bastille, on account of a libel called "Tlie Amorous History- of the Gauls." D. 1693. RACAN, IIoNOKAT DE BENrfE, a well- known French poet, and one of the earliest members of the Academy. B. 158tf; d. Ifi70. RACINE, Jean, one of the greatest tragic poets of France, whose reputation and writings have spread over the whole literary world. He was b, at Fert6 Milon, December 21st, 1G93, but lost his parents when a child, and was educated m the abbey of Port Royal des Chamjis. He early discovered a love for the old Greek dramatists, especially Euripides, and was a diligent student of their works. His first production, a poem on the iruirriage of Louis XiV., procured him, tliroiigh Colbert's mediation, a pension of 2000 livrcs, and a i)resent of 100 louis d'ors. The "Thebaide," his first tragedy, appeared in l(j(i4, and was warmly received by the public. It was. an imitation of Corneille, and greatly inferior to the works by which it was followed, the " Alex;md're," the " An- dromache," " Les Plaideurs," " Bere- nice," " Phedre," Ac, most of which still keep possession of the French stage. After a mistaken piety had withdrawn the poet from the theatre, he wrote " Esther," at the request of madame de Maintenon, which was re- ceived with great satisfaction by the court, and was represented by the pu- pils of St. Cyr, in 1(389. But after en- joying court favor for nearly all his life, he fell into disgrace with tiie king, and was so mortified, that he d. April 22d, 1699. A certain formal stitfncss and coldness marked all the productions of Racine ; yet his tenderness in the delin- eation of love gives him a place in tho highest rank of French poets. In har- mony of versification and grace of ex- pression he is without a rival in his native language. — Bonaventuke, an ec- clesiastic, canon of the cathedral of Auxerre, who wrote on eccle.siasticsJ history. B. 1708 ; d. 175o. 708 CYCLOP,«DIA OF BIOGKAPHY. [ral RATXJLIFFE, Ann, a female novelist of London, wliose nuiidcu n;une was Wiirtl. Her first pcrtbrniunce was a romance called the " Casiie.s of Atlilin and Diunhhdiie," and the next the "Si- cilian Kuniance." But her greatest pop- ularity was achieved by tlie " Romance of the Forest," and the " Mysteries of Udolplio," the latter particularly, which is still read with breathless eagerness and attention by young masters and mistresses, who initiate themselves by etealth into the horrors and excitements of mysterious adventures. Siie also publislied a book of travels in Holland and along the Rhine. Her descriptive powers were of a high order, and liave been finely appreciated by S^'Ott, in his " Lives of" the Novelists.'"' B. 17G4 ; d. 1823. — John, a celebrated medical prac- titioner of Wakefield, ni Yorkshire, who afterwards removed to London, and became physician to I'rincess Anne of Denmark. He was also consulted by William IIL, whose favor he lost by his free and honest speech. In 1699 the king, returning from Holland with his ankles swollen, and his body emaciated, sent for Radclitfe, and asked, "Wiiat do you think of these ?" He replied, •' Wl'iy, tridy, I would not have your majesty's two legs for your three king- doms !" He was never again sent for. He was b. in 1650, and when he d. in 1714, he left £40,000 for the erection of a library at Oxford, which still bears his name. RAE, Sir William, an eminent Scot- tish judL'e. D. 1842. RAEBURN, Sir Henry, an eminent fortrait painter, knighted by George V. He ranked second only to Sir Joshua Lawrence. B. at Stockbridge, near Edinburirh, 1786. D. 1823. RAFFENEL, Claude Denis, a French autlior, who was killed at the siege of Alliens, in 1827. B. 1797. RAFFLES, Sir Thomas Stamford, a distinguished functionary of the Flnglish East India Company, wlio, in 1811, be- came lieutenant-governor of Java. Du- ring his ailmiuistration he introduced many judicious reforms. He was after- wards' at the head of the factory at Ben- ccolen, in Sumatra, where he continued his reforms, and at last established the free port of Sinsrnpore. In the year 1823 he laid the foundation of an Anglo-Chi- nese college, with the necessary libraries, museums, &c. When he embarked to return to England, all his valuable col- lections and manuscripts were burnt in a fire which consumecl the vessel. He •wrote a " History of Java," in two vo.- umes. B. 1781 ; d. 1826. RAGHIB I'ACHA, Mohammed, a grand vizier of the Ottoman empire, noted for his literary taste and talent. B. 1702; d. 1768. RAGOTSKI, Francis, a patriotic prince of Transylvania, who entered into secret negotiations witli Louia XIV. to bring about the emancipation of his country from Austrian rule ; but his schemes having been detected, ho was arrested and comlemned to death foi high treason. He Ibrtunately managed to make his escape, and then roused tho people of Hungary against the imperiiJ despotism. For a time he was prosper- ous in his career, and was proclaimecl protector, but, in the end, certain of the Hungarian states entering into an alliance with Austria, his plans were defeated, he renounced his estates, and took refuge in Turkey. He wrote the memoirs of his own life and adventures. B. 1676 ; d. 1735. RAGUENET, Francis, a French bi- ographer and historian, who wrote lives of Cromwell, Turenne, &c. D. 1722. RAGUET, CoNDY, a vigorous writer on suljjects of political economy, who flourished during the present cent'"v at Philadelphia. His various essays (. : banking, on tariffs, and the principV of taxation, are remarkable for c!oa« logic and force, and created no little in- fluence on the political discussions of the day. B. 1784; d. 1842. RAIKES, Robert, a benevolent and pious printer of Gloucester, in England, whose name will long continue to live as that of the first projector of Sunday schools. B. 1735; d. 1811. RAIMONDI, Marc Antonio, a famous engraver of Bologna, employed by Ra- phael, and whose school surpassed all otliers of the same era. Pope Clement V'll. imprisoned him for some over free illustrations of the Aretine verses, but was released on account of his " Martyi- dom of St. Lawrence." B. 1748 ; d. 1540. — John Baptlste, an orieniaiist of Cremona, whom Ferdinand de Medici made director of tne oriental pres.s, which originated the Propaganda. B. 1540. RAINOLDS, John, a learned Puritan divine, head of Corpus Christi college, at Oxford; who was one of the translators of the Bible into English. B. 1549; d. 1607. RALEIGH, Sir Walter, an illustrious English naviirator and historian, b. ai Budley, Devonshire, 1552. He did eini ram] CYCLOPyEniA OF BIOGRAPHY. 70!) ncnt services for Queen Elizabeth, par- ticularly in the discovery of Virginia, and in the defeat of the Spanish armada, and lived in happiness and honor during her reign ; but his sun set at her death ; for, on the accession of King James, he lost his interest at court, was strii)ped of his preferments, and unaccountably accused of high treason, tried, and con- demned to die. Being reprieved, how- ever, he was committed prisoner to the Tower of London, where he lay many years; and during his confinement de- voted the greatest part of his time to Btudy. His writings have been divided into poetical epistolary, military, marit- imal, geographical, political, philosophi- cal, and historical. But his grand work was "The History of the World." to the end ot'ti)e Macedonian empire, 823 b. c, a work of vast compass and endless va- riety. He received a commission from the king to go and explore the golden mines at Guiana. In the mean time his design, being betrayed to the Spaniards, was defeated ; and his eldest son Waiter being killed by the Spaniards at St. Thome, the town was burnt by Captain Keymis. Upon this the Spanish am- bassador Gondemar, nuiking complaints to the king, a proclamation was pub- lished innnediately against Kaleigh and his proceedings, and threatening pun- ishment in an exemy>lary manner. Ka- leigh landed at Plymouth in July, 1018, and was arrested. It was found, how- ever, that his life could not be touched for any thing which had been done at Guiana : therefore a privy seal was sent to the judges, forthwith to order execu- tion in consequence of his former attain- der; and he was beheaded in Old Palace- yard, October 2ii, suftering his fate with great magnanimity. KALPII, Jamks, a miscellaneous wri- ter, b. at Philadelphia, who accompanied Benjamin Franklin to England, where his political connections secured him a pension. He wrote a " History of England," the "Case of Autl-.ors by Profession," the "Use and Abuse of Parliaments," and an "Answer to the Memoirs of Sarah, Duchess of Marlbo- rough." One of his works was a poem called " Night," whieh Pope alludes to in the "Duueiad," thus, "Sil.ncp, ve wolves, wliiln Rulph 1o Cviitlii.i howls, Mukiiif; iliKlit liiiieous,— iinswer liiin, ye owls !" His ^'Iramatic attempts were failures. D. 1762. KAMAGE, Adam, a native of Scotland, tvho reuiovetl to the United States early in life. His name is Identitied with 60 an improvement in the printing-press, which was among he first to enlarge the utility of that powerful engine. It was generally adopted in this eountry, and the press went ever afterwards by the name of the Kamage-prcss. B. 1770 ; d. 1850. KAMBERG, John Henry, a distin- guished engraver and etcher, who stud- ied under Sir Joshua Peynolds, and became court painter at Hanover. Hia works were numerous, and particularly good in the line of humorous cai'icatiire. The drawinpointed him district at- torney for tiiat state ; but thou^li fre- quently solicited, he never would take office. ' He was a member of nearly all the literary and scientific societies of the day, and first president of the Penn. Histori- cal Society. His writings were a " View of the Constitution of the United States" and the new Civil Code, prepared liy a commission appointed to revise, collate, [rea and digest the Pennsylvania statutes. D. 1836. RAY, John, a celebrated naturalist, b. at Black Notley, in Essex, in 1628. He received his education at Catharine hall and Trinity college, Cambridge, but lost his fellowship by refusing to comply witii tiic act of uniformity. After thii he devoted himself to the study of na- ture, and in 1663 accompanied Mr. Wil- loughby on a tour tiirough Europe, of which journey he published an account in 1673. Mr' Ray was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1667, and the transactions of that body afibrd ample proofs of his attention to science. Ihe principal of his works are, " A Collec- tion of English Proverbs," " The Wis-, dom of God manifested in the Works of the Creation," "Three Discourses concerning the Chaos, Deluge, and Dis- solution of the Worid," "Synopsis Metliodica Animalium (4uadrupedum," and "Sylloge Stirpiuin Europearum extra Britanniam." D. 1705. RAYNAL, William Thomas Fkancis, an eminent French historian and phi- losopher, was b. at St. Genies, 1718, and after quitting the Jesuits, by whom he was educated, he became an historical and political writer. He joined the French philosophical party, as it was called, adopted tlieir principles to the fullest extent, and became one of the writers in the "Encyclopedia." He also published several works at Paris, the principal of wiiich was his "Political and Pliilosophical History of the Euro- pean Settlements in tiie JEast and West Indies." Tliis was followed by an essay on the " Revolution of America," writ- ten in a style of declamation, and full of enmity to the English. In 1791 the Abbe Raynal addressed a letter to the constituent assembly, in defence of the rights of property, which greatly irri- tated the revolutionists, and tiiough ho escaped the tyranny of Robespierre, he was stripped of his propertv, and d. ill great indigence at Passy, in 1796. Among his other works are, a "History of the'Stadtholdership," " History ot" the Parliament of England," " Histori- cal Anecdotes," " History of the Di- vorce of Henry VIII. of England," " Tlie Military School," and " Historical Memoirs of Europe." READ, George, a distinguished American citizen, of Irish descent, b. in Marvland, 1734. Ho studied law, and settled'iu tlie state of Delaware, where he was attorney-general of tlie three lower counties from 1763 to 1775. In rek] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. 713 1774 he was chosen a mcniber of con- gress, and was continued duriiisj the revolutionary war. He was president of the convention which formed the first constituiion of Delaware, a member of the convention which formed the con- Btitutiou of the United States, and was a sensftor of the United States. From 793' to the autumn of 179S, the time of •is death, he was chief justice of the state of Delaware. In his several sta- tions of honor and responsibility, he had the reputation for talents and wis- dom. — John, a lawyer of Boston, Mas- sachusetts, distinsuished for genius, learninsr, wit, patriotism, eloquence, and integrity, was graduated at Harvard col- lege, in 1697. He studied divinity, and E reached for some time with popularity, ut at length left that profession for the law, and soon became eminent in the practice. He first reduced the redun- dant and obscure phraseology of the English deeds of conveyance, to the simple form now in use. Pie held a conspicuous place for some time also in the house of representatives and coun- cil. D. at an advanced age, in 1749. REAL, Gaspaud de. Seigneur de CuRBAN, was b. at Sisteron, in 1082, and d. at Paris, in 1752. He wrote an able work on the "Science of Government." EEAUMUR, Rene Antoine Fer- CHAULT DE, a pliilosopliic naturalist, b. in 1683, at Roehelle ; studied under the Jesuits at Poitiers, and afterwards went through a course of law at Bourges. But his tastes led him to the observation of nature ; and having made himself acquainted with the mathematical sci- ences, he was chosen a member of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, to which he had presented some memoirs on geometry. He discovered the art of manufacturing porcelain, of converting iron into steel, of tinning iron plates, jnd of making artificial pearls. He ascertained, also, the existence of mines of turquoises in France equal to those of Persia ; and he invented a method of hatching eggs by artificial heat. But he is principally celebrated for being the first who reduced thermometers to a common standard ; and the instruments constructed upon liis principles still go by his name. His chief works are, "Memoirs of his Discoveries," "The ^listory of Insects," and a " History of the Auriferous Rivers of France." REBOLLEDO, Bern.\rdin. count de, a Spanish soldier, writer, and diploma- tist, was b. at Leon 1596, and d. at Madrid in 1677. 60* REDESDALE,, John Freeman Mrr- FORD, Baron, an eminent English lawyer and statesman, was b. 1748, educated at New college, Oxford, and having studied at Lincoln's Inn, was called to the bar; in 1782 he published " A Treatise on Pleadings in Suits in the Court of Chan- cery." He was afterwards made a Welsh judge. In 1789 he was chosen M.P. for Becralston ; in 1793 lie was appointed solieitor-£reneral, and in that capacity he assisted in conducting "ho state trials of Hardy, Ilorne Tooke, and Tbelwall. He succeeded Lord Eldon as attorney-general in 1799. In 1802 he was raised to the peerage, and made lord chancellor, and a member of the privy council in Ireland ; bnt he resign- ed the seals in March, 1806, in conse- Quence of the death of Mr. Pitt. D. I'SSO. REDING, Aloys, baron von, lande- maiin and general of the Swiss, was b. 1755. On the invasion of Switzerland by the French in 1798, he counnanded the troops raised to repel them ; but though he obtained some advantages over the enemy, his forces were inade- quate to the task assigned them, and the Swiss were compelled to submission. Having afterwards endeavored to secure some degree of independence for his country, Bonaparte had him arrested and confined in the fortress of Arbourg, but he was set at liberty in a few months. He was subsequently at no pains to con- ceal his antipathy to Bonaparte, and ho is believed to have favored the passage of the allied troops through the Swiss territories over the Rhine, after the campnisn of 1813. D. 1818. REED, Isaac, a critic and miscella- neous writer, was b. in London in 1742, and brought up to the conveyancing business," which he relinqnisjied for literary pursuits. He published the poems of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, edited the Seatonian prize poems, .and revised and enlarged Dodsley's " Old Plays." He afterwards also published the' "Biographia Dramatica," and four volumes of humorous pieces, under the title of the " Repository ;" bnt the work by which he is most advantaseously known is an edition of Shakspeare, embodying in its pages all the most val- uable notes and elucidations of former commentators, with much original in- formation. D. 1807. — JosEpn, a dra- matic writer, was b. at Stockton-u pen- Tees, in 1743, and carried on business as a rope-maker at Stepney, till bis death in 1787: He was the luthor of 714 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [req "Dido," a tragedy, "Tom Jones," a comieopci-a, several farces, &c-. — Joseph, a p:itriot of the American revolution, yva.i pnidiiated at the college in New Jersey, in 17o7. While a incniljer of congress in 1778, the British commis- sioner endeavored to procure his influ- ence to bring about a reconciliation between tiie colonies and the motiier country, he rejected their otFers with the reply — "That he was not worth purchasing ; but sncli as he was, the king of Great Britain was not rich euougii to buy him." Tn 1778 he was clioseh president of PcJTnsylvania, and retained that otRce till his death, 1781. REKS, Abraham, a dissentnig minis- ter, whose labors as an encyclopisdist have gained for him great and deserved celebrity, was b. in Montgomerysliire, 1743, was educated at Iloxton, became theological and philosophical tutor in the new college, founded at Hackney, which place he held till 17Ji5, when that establishment al>o terminated. In 177G he was employed as editor of " Cluvm- bers's Cyclopaedia," which he completed in 17SG. Atter a lapse of 14 years, the proprietors embarked in a more com- prcliensive undertaking, which also Dr. Kees brought to a conclusion. Besides these literary performances, he publish- ed two volumes of " Practical Sermons," and several other works. D. ]82'>. EEEVE, Clara, a novelist, was b. at Ipswich, and was the daughter of a clergyman who gave her an excellent education. She possessed great learn- ing and research, which she displayed in'her first litei-ary essay, a translation of Barclay's " Argenis." Among her subsequent productions are, "The Pro- gress of Romance," "Memoirs of Sir Soger de Clarendon," " The School for Widows," and the well-known tale of " The Old English Baron." D. 1808.— John, a celebrated comic actor, b. in London, 1790, made his first appearance on the boards of Drury-lane, as " Syl- vester Daggerwood," in 1819; was sab- Bequenily engaged at the Ilavmarket, English Opera-house, and Adelphi, and d. 1838. John Reeve was tlie absolute pers(>nilication of hilarious jollity and genuine good-humor. — Tapping, an eminent lawyer, was b. at Brook-Haven, in 1744, and'was graduated at Princeton college. lie established himself as a lawyer in Litchfield, Connecticut, where be founded the law school, of which, for nearly thirty years he was the prin- cipal instructor. 'He was for many years judge of the supreme court of that state, and some time chief justice. His legiU attainments were of a high order, and as a man he possessed tiie esteem and respect of the community. RECTUS, Urban, or L'e Eot, a learned poet and controversialist, distinguished also as one of the early reformers, was b. at Langenargen, in Germany. He completed his studies at Ingoldstadt, under Eckius, and when the emperor Maximilian visited that university, lie made Regius his ]ioet laureate and ora- tor. He afterwards obtained a profes- sorship , but when the controversy arose between Luther and Eckius, the reformed doctrines operated so strongly upon his conviction, that he sided with the former against his old tutor in po- lemics. In 1530 he accepted an invita- tion from the duke of Brunswick to settle as pastor of the church of Luuen- bcrg, and d. in 1541. REGNARD, John Francis, a comie writer, was b. at Paris, in 1655. He went to Italy about l'J7(), and was re- turning homo with considerable prop- erty, when he was captured by an Algerine corsair, and sold for a slave. During his captivitv, he obtained the favor of his master by his skill in cook cry ; but being caught in an intrigue with one of the women, he was required to turn Mahometan, or sutler death. The French consul, however, saved him by paying his ransom, and Regnard re- turned to France about 1681. Afier this he wrote a number of successful com- edies, besides poems and other works ; was made a treasurer of France, and lieutenant of the waters and forests ; and d. 17O0. REGNAULT, Michael Louis Ste- phen, a French advocate and statesman, was b. at St. Jean d'Angeli, in 17C0; d. 1819. — Noel, a learned mathematician and philosopher, was b. at Arras, 1683; belonged to the society of Jesuits, and d. at Paris, 1762. He published several scientific and metaphysical works, tha principal of which are his "Philosophi- cal Conversations" and his " Ancient Origin fif the New Philosophy." REGNIER, Claude Ambrose, duke of Massa, minister of justice under the government of Napoleon, Was b. at Bla- moiit, in La Meurthe, in 1736 ; prac- tised as an advocate at Nancy, was a member of the constituent assembly, retired from public affairs durinir the reign of terror ; but at\er the fall of Robespierre, became a member of tiie council of ancients, and took an active part in the senate. He assisted in the ben] CYCLOPvCniA OF BIOGRAPIir. 715 elevation ot" Bonaparte as first consul, and, ill ]?02, he was ap|)ointed }jrand iiidcre, minister of justice, &c. In 1818 lie became president of tlie legislative body, and d. in the following year. — Matiiurin, a French poet, and the first ■who siiccee'jd in France as a satirist, b. at Chart ces, 1572. lie was brought up to the church, which he disgraced by liis debaucheries; yet he obtained a canonry in the cathedral of his native place, with other benefices, and a pen- sion. I). 101.3. His "Satires" still re- tain a place in the standard literature of his country. REGULUS, MAncus Attilius, a Ro- man general, celebrated for his patriot- ism and devotion in tlic service of his country, was made consul a second time about 2.i6 B.C., and, with his colleague, Manlius Vulso, commanded in the first war against Carthacre. REICHARDT, John Fredehio, a mn- Bieal composer and author, was b. at Konigsberg, in 17.51 ; studied under Kant, was for a long time director of tlie Italian opera at Berlin, and subsequently bad the direction of the French and German theatres at Casscl. Among his compositions, which are very numerous, are tlie " Tamerlane" of Mi'rel, and the "Patithea" of Berquin. His literary productions are, " Familiar Letters writ- ten during a .Journey in France in 171*2, and again in 1803 and 1804," "Familiar Letters on Vienna," &c. ; and " Napo- leon Bonaparte and the French People unfier his ('onsulato," &c. D. 1814. REICIIENBACH, George of, a dis- tinguished mechanical artist, was b. at Manheim, in 1772, and d. at Munich, in 1&26. He and his coadjutor, Fraunhofer, were unsurpassed in the manufacture of optical instruments generally, and quite unrivalled in the execution of tel- escopes, heliometcrs, theodolites, «tc. REID, Thomas, a celebrated Scotch divine and metaphysician, was b. 1700, at Strachan, in Kincardineshire, and educated at the Marischal college, Aber- deen. In 1764 he succeeded Adam Smith as professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow, and d. in 1796. Ills prin- cipal works are, " An Inquiry into the Iliiman Mind," and "Essays on the In- tellectual and Active Powers of Man." Dr. Reid was the first writer in Scotland who attacked the skepticism of Hume, and endeavored to refute the ideal the- ory which was tlien prevalent. ilE!NHOLD, P>vASMUs, a German ma- thematician and astronotner, was b. at Salfeldt, in Thuringia, in loll ; becan.e professor of mathematics at "Wittem berg, and d. there in 1533. Ills works are, "Theoria nova Planetarnm," "Ptol- emy's Almagest, with a Latin version," " Prutenicjc Tabulse Ceelestium Motii- um," and " Primus Liber Tabularum Directionum." REMBRANDT VAN RHYN, Paul, one of the most celebrated painters and engravers of tlie Dutch seiiool, was b. 1606, near Lcyden. His passionate love for art disappointed his father's desire of educating him as a schohir ; but he received some instruction in the art of painting from Peter Lastmann, of Am- sterdam, but soon returned home, and pursued his labors there, taking nature as his solo guide. He came into notice by taking a picture to the Hague, where a dealer gave him 100 florins for it; which circumstance procured him em- ployment and pupils. Rembrandt was master of ail that relates to coloring, distribution of light and shade, and the management of the pencil ; and though he was deficient in some of the other requisites of a true artist, it cannot be denied that his pencil is masterly and unique, possessing an energy and effect belonging to no other painter. His etchings possess a wonderful freedom, facility, and boldness. Rembrandt mar- ried the handsome daughter of a peas- ant, who used to sit to him as a model. He resided during thegreater part of his life at Amsterdam, and he soon acquired a large fortune. His habits, however, were low, and his avarice insatiable; so that he lived like a beggar, and descend- ed to the meanest tricks to increase his hoard. D. 1674, or, according to some accounts, in 1688. REMUSAT, Jean Pierre Abel, an eminent linguist, was b. at Paris, 1788. He was professor of the Chinese and Tar- tar languages at the college dc France ; was admitted into the academy of in scriptions in 1816 ; and, after Visconti's death, in 1818, he was appointed editor of the " Jonrn;\l des Savans." His prin- cipal works are, " Essai sur la Langue et Litterature Chinoises," "Plan il'un Dictionnaire Chinois," "Melanges Asi- atiques," and " Comtes Chinois." D. 1832. RENAU D'ELISAGARAY, Ber- nard, an able French naval architect, was b. in Bcarn, in 1652. He was em- ployed at Brest in the construction of large ships ; an2. RH'E, JoHM IToLT, an eminent Pres- byteriiin clerjrynuin of Virjrinia, who was professor in the Union tlieolotrieal school of tliat state, establisliod in 1824. He was also for some years editor of the Virsrinia " Evangelical ai\d Literary Magazine." And lie published " Mem- oirs of Samuel Davis," an "Illustra- tion of the Presbyterian Church in Virginia," and a " Discourse before the Foreign Board of Missions." B. 177>t; d. 1831. KICIIARD I., king of England, sur- named Coeur de Lion, was b. in 1157, and ascended the throne on the death of his father, Heurv 11., in 1189. D. lino.— TL, king of England, the son of Edward, prince of Wales, commonly called the Black Prince, was b. in 1366, and succeeded Edward TIL, his trrand- fiither, in 1377. D. 1392.— III., king of Ensrland, b. in 1450, was the brother of Edward IV., and created "duke of Glou- cester. He is represented as having been of diminutive stature, deformed from his birth, and of a forbidding as- pect ; but far more depraved in his mind than fbrbidiling in his person. Slain at Bosworth, 1485. RICHARDSON, .Jovatuax, a painter and author, was b. about 16i)5. lie quitted the profession of a scrivener to oecoine a pupil of Riley, the portrait painter, whose niece h.e married. After the death of Kneller and Dahl, he was considered at the head of his profession in England. He was the author of an " Essay on the Art of Criticism in Painting," "An Argument in behalf of the Science of a Connoisseur," "Ac- count of Statues, Bas-reliefs, Drawings, and Pictures, in Italy," "Notes and Remarks on Paradise Lost," &e. D. 1745. — Joseph, a lawyer and poet, was b. at Hexham, in Northumberland, was entered of St. John's college, Cambridcfe, m 1774, became a student of the Middle Temple in 1779, and was called to the bar in 1784. He wrote " Criticisms on the Rolliad" and " Probationary Odes for the Laureateship," two satirical works on ]iublie characters, whieli wore very popular at the time, and "The Fugitive," a successful comedy. D, 1803. — Sami:el, a celebrated novelist, was b. 1(189, in Derbyshire, and re- ceived his education at a common day school. At the usual age he was bound apprentice to a London printer, and after the expiration of his time he work- ed as a compositor and corrector of the press some years. At length he took up his freedom, and set up business for himself, first in a court in Fleet-street, and afterwards in Salisbury square. He became one of the principal in his pro- fession, and, by the interest of Mr. Onslow, speaker of the house of com- luons, obtained the printing of the Journals. In 1754 he was chosen mas- ter of the stationers' company, and, in 1760, he purcluiscil a moiety of the patent of law-printer to the king. In 1740 he published "Pamela," the pop- ularity of which was so great, that it ran through five editions in one year, being recommended even from the pul- pit. In 1748 "Clarissa" fully estab- lished his literary reputation," and its pathos, its variety of character, and minute development of the human heart, will cause it ever to be regarded as a work of real genius. The "His-, tory of SirCharles Grandison" appeared in 1753, and was received witli great applause. Besides these works, all of which have a moral tendency, Mr. Richardson published a volume of " Familiar Letters for the Use of Young People," and an edition of " ^sop'g Fables, with Reflections." His "Cor- respondence" with persons of efninence was published in 1804, with his "Life" by Mrs. Barbauld. D. 1761. — William, a poet and miscellaneous writer, was a son of the minister of Aberfoyle, and was educated at the university of Glas- gow. He accompanied Lord Calhcart, who had been his pupil, to Russia ; and was for more than forty years professor of humanity at Glasgow. Among his works, all of which are marked by elo- quence and erudition, are "Anecdotes of the Russian Empire," " Es*ays on Shakspeare's Dramatic Characters," "Observations on the Study of Shak- speare," poems, and tales. D. 1814. — John J., an eminent judge of South Carolina, and a member of eonsrress elect, from that state, in 1820, but he refused to quit the bench. D. 1850. RICHELIEU, AnMAND John nu Ples- SI9, a cardinal, and minister of state in France, was b. at Paris, 1585. He waa 720 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [rie at first intcnderl for the arm}', but tlic bishopric of Liii^'ou being opi.'U to him by tlj3 rcsijruiUiou of liid brother, lie stiiJicii theology, uuJ obt;iiuod the mitre before he was 22. He was also ap- pointoJ grand almoner, and in 1016 uuule secretary of state. When Mary de Medici fell into disgrace, Kichelieu W.is banished to Avignon, where he wrote his "Method of Controversy." Being soon after recalled to court, he brought about a reconciliation between the king and queen, for which he was rewarded with a cardinal's hat, and ap- pointed prime minister. Being a nuui of prodigious capacity and of a restless and insatiable ambition, he formed to liimself vast designs, which made his whole lite a series of agitations and in- quietudes : still he showed himself a patron of men of letters, ami caused the arts and sciences to flourish in the kingdom. lie abounded, however, rather with great qualities than good ones, and t lie re fore was much more ad- mired than beloved. D. lGf2, amidst political storms. — Louis Fkancis Ar- MAND uu Plessis, dulvC of, a French marslial, descended from the same fam- ily as the cardinal, was b. IG'JU. After the death of Louis XIV'., he was admit- ted into the court of the regent, duke of Orleans, and he largely participated in its profligacy. He was sent to the Bastille in 1716, for fighting aduel wiih the count de Gace, and again in 1719, as an accomplice with the Spanish ambas- sador, in a conspiracy against the regent. He distinguished himself under Villars, and afterwards at Kehl, Fhilipsburgh, Dettingen, and Fontenoy ; conquered Minorca, forced the duke of Cumber- land to submit to tlie capitulation of Glosterseven, and devastated the elec- torate of Hanover. In 1781 he obtained the rank of dean of the French mar- shals : and he concluded liis long career, varied as it was with acts of heroism and villany, in 178S. — Armand Emanuel DU Plessis, duke of, grandson of the preceding, was b. at Paris, in 1776, and eventually became prime minister to Louis XVIIL He cmigrute.l at the commencement of the revolution, en- tered tiie Russian service, and distin- guished himself at the siege of Ismail, for which he was rewarded with the rank of major-general. In 1801 he re- visited France, when Bonap.irte en- deavored to attach him to his service; but he returned to Pussia, and in 1803 he was appointed governor of Odessa, (irhich city, by his pruilent measures, he raised from insignificance to tho height of prosperity. On the restora- tion of the Bourbons, he took his seat in the chamber of peers, accompanied Louis XVIII. to Ghent, and, returning with hiin to Paris after the battle of Waterloo, was appointed president of the council of ministei's, and placed at the head of the foreign department. He soon resigned his post, but again held the ottice of prime minister in 1820, and d. 1822. RICHMOND, Legh, aclergyman, was b. at Liverpool, in 1772, became chaplain to the Lock hospital, London, aiul af- terwards rector of Turvey, in Bedford- shire. He is principally known as tho author of "Annals of the Poor," con- taining the " Dairyman's Daughter," and other devotional tales, written with great force, originality, antl pathos. Ho also wrote a work, entitled " The Fa- tiicrs of the English Church," &c. D. 18-27. RICFITER, John Paul Frederic, a celebrated German novelist, was b. ia Franconia, in 1763, studied at Leipsic, vvas intimately associated with Goethe, Herder, and the galaxy of genius that gave its celebrity to Weimar, finally settled at Baireuth, and d. 1825. His works are very numerous. They are generally in tlic form of romances ; but many of tliem treat of abstruse questions in philosophy, «nd with all their singu- larity of style, evince the profoundest erudition, infinite humor, and a richness of imagery which have earned fur their author the title of " The only One." Among his most celebrated works are, " Titan," " Hesperus," " Das Campa- ner Thai," "Selina," and "Lcvana," and an admirable treatise on education. RIDER, William, an English ilivine, several years under-master of St. Paul's school, and lecturer of St. V'edast, Foster- lane. He published a " History of En- glaiid,'' a "Commentary on the Bible," and other compilations. D. 1785. RIDGELY, Charles G., was b. in Baltimore, Md., on the 2d July, 1784, and entered the navy on the 17th of October, 179'.). He was the first mid- shipman appointed from the city of Baltimore. He was with Commodore Preble at the battle of Tripoli, and when the expedition was fitting out to en- deavor to cut out the American frigato Philadelplii:> then lying under tho enemy's guns^ and volunteers wero culled for," he was one of the first to otter, but was refused. Still, being most anxious to participate in that la- rik] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 721 nicntablc expedition, he concealed liim- Belf in the boat, but, bein<:r discovered, returned to his ship. For his frallant conduct in tlie Tripolitan war he re- ceived a gold medal from congress. D. 1848. RIDLEY, Gloster, on English divine, and a dramatic and tlieological writer. B. 1702 ; d. 1774. — James, his eldest son, was av.*lior of " The Tales of the Genii'' and some other literary performances. — Nicholas, an eminent English prelate and Protestant martyr, was b. in 1500, at T> nedale, and educated at Cambridge, lie travelled on the Continent, and, clu- ring a three years' absence from his native country, became acquainted with several of the early reformers, whose doctrines he afterwards warmly es- poused. Returning to Cambridge, he tilled the office of proctor to the univer- sity, and as such protested against tiie claims of the papal see to the supreme ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the realm. He was also chosen public orator, be- came one of the king's chaplains, and was finally elevated to the see of Lon- don, wliere he discharged the duties of his olfice with unwearied diligence. lie was likewise employed in all the most important ecclesiastical measures of that reign, particularly in the compiling of the liturgy, and the framing of the arti- cles of religion. But one of the most distinguished acts of his life was that of inciting King Edward to endow the three great foundations of Christ's, Bar- tholomew's, and St. Thomas's hospitals. Having unadvisedly concurred in the proclamation of Lady .Jane Grey, he was, on the death of Edward, marked out as one of the most prominent vic- tims of papal authority; and being con- demned, as a heretic, to the stake, he Buttered, with the venerable Latimer, at Oxford, Oct. 15, 1.555. RIEDESEL, Frederica Charlotte Louisa, Baroness, wife of Col. Riedesel, who commanded the troops at Bruns- wick, employed in the English service in America, in 1777, accompanied her husband, and wrote an interesting ac- count of her adventures, entitled "Voy- age de Mission en Amc'rique," &'c. 8he returned to Eurdpe in 1783; and, having lost her husband, fi.ved her res- idence at Berlin, wliere she d. in 180S. RIEDINGER, John Eli.^, a cele- brated painter of animals, b. at Ulm, in Buabia, in lii95; d. 1707. EI EGO, Rafael del, ;i Spanish pa- triot, w;is b. in the Asturias, 1785. The enthusiasm with which he embraced 61 tlie cause of independence rendered him a zealous patriot, and a long im- prisonment in France aflorded him leisure to contemplate the miseries of his countrymen. Before he returned to Spain, he visited Germany and En- gland. Till 1820 every eftbrt 'for liberty had been followed by e.xilc, and the horrors of the inquisition ; nearly all the chiefs who favored liberty were in confinement: but the valor 'of Ricgo wa.s at once triumphant; he delivered Quiroga from the hands of his jailers, and, on the 1st of January, his "troops proclaimed the constitution. General O'Donnell made his victory difficult, but he was victorious; and 'in the first sitting of the cortes, in 1822, they ap- pointed him their president. At the height of his glorious career his modera- tion was most conspicuous; he avoided parade, and displayed real magnanimity, prudence, and disinterestedness. For- tune, however, changed ; Ferdinand VII. was reinstated. He was taken prisoner after the surrender of Cadiz, conveyed to Madrid, condemned to an ignominious death, and sutfered, Nov. 7, 1823. RIENZT, Nicholas Gabrini de, a native of Rome, who in the Uth century obtained great celebrity by his attempts to restore tlie republic". He was of low origin, but had received a liberal edu- cation, and possessed great eloquence and lofty views, which induced his fel- low-citizens to send him as one of their deputies to Pope Clement VI., then at Avignon. Rienzi, on this occasion, drew so affecting a picture of the dis- tressed state rf the city, that the pope appointed him apostolic notary, which office he discharged with great credit. But while he appeared actuated by the purest principles, he was secretly form- ing a conspiracy for the alteration of the government", and he let no oppor- tunity pass of exciting the discontent of the people, by haranguing against the nobility and the defects of the public administration. By these means he became the idol of the people, who con- ferred upon him the title of tribune, with the power of life and death, and all the other attributes of sovereignty. What was more extraordinary, the pope confirmed the title, and Rienzi for some time governed the city with judgment and moderation. But" the intoxication of supreme power betrayed him into extravagances, and he was expelled, and imprisoned for three years by Clement VI. He was released by Innocent IL, 722 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [kit wlio soiit liim again to the Koman cap- ital i.9 governor. But Rieiizi's cruelties raiscJ hiin new enemies, and lie was mas^s.icred in 1354, about seven years after the connnencement of his extra- ordinary Career. KIGAUD, Hyacinthe, an eminent portrait painter, was b. at Perpigiian, in 1663, and d. at Paris, 1743. lie met with distinguished patronage, and has been called tlic Vantlyke of France.— STKpnEN Peter, Savilian professor of astronomy in the university of Oxford, was b. at Kiehmond, in Surrey, and niuy almost bo said to have been tlie inheritor of seientitic pursuits, both his father and grandfather having filled the office of observer in the royal observa- tory at Kew. His contributions to the scientific works of the day were botli numerous and valuable. B. 1775 ; d. 1839. KILEY, Jonx, an eminent painter, b. in London, in 1616. After the death of Sir Peter Lely he was appointed painter to the king, and rose greatly in public estimation; but, according to the opinion of Lord Orford, he was so dis- trustful of his own merit, that his mod- esty and humility were great impedi- ments to his advancement. D. 16yl. KINGGLI, GoTiiARD, a celebrated .Swiss artist, was b. at Zurich, in 1575, and d. in 1635. KINUCCLXr, OcTAVio, a Florentine poet, who went to France with Mary de Mciliei, and is said to have been the first who invented the opera, or musical drama, in the year 160:-'. He wrote three pieces, " baphne," "Eurydice," and "Ariadne." U. 1621. lilOJA, Fkancisco de, an eminent Spanish poet, was b. in 1600, and bo- came librarian and historiographer to Philip IV. D. 1650. RIPLEV, George, an English alche- mist and poet, who d. in 1400. He wrote a work, entitled " A Compound of Alchymie," &c., and " Auram Pota- bile, or the Universal Medicine." KlPPEIiDA, Jons William, baron do, a celebrated adventurer, was b. of a noble fimily in Grouingen, in 1630 ; served some time as colonel of infantry in the Dutch army; aad, in 1715, was Bcnt on a mission to Spain, where he acquired such an ascendency over Philip v., that the monarch took him into hi* service, made him prime minister, ond created him a duke. At length he fell into disgrace, and was imprisoned in the castle of Segovia, whence he es- taped in 1728, and went to England. In 1731 he went to Morocco, wlisrc b« was favorably received by Muley Ab- dalla, and declaring himself r. convert to the Mahometan religion, and taking the name of Osman, he obtained the chief eonnnand of the Moorish army at the siege of Ceuta. But the Moors being defeated, he fell from his second eleva- tion : and, retiring to Tctuan, he ihero d. in 1737. RIQUET, Peter Paul de, a celebrated French civil engineer, b. at Beziers, in 1604. He projected the noble canal of Langnedoc, wiiich opens a communica- tion between the Mediten-anean and the bay of Biscay. It was connnenecd in 166R, and carried on daring the re- mainder of his life. After his death, which occurred in 16S0, his two sons completed it. RISDON, Tristram, an English to- pographer ; author of a " Description or Survey of the County of Devon." B. 15S0: d. 1640. RITS<)N, Isaac, a poet and miscella- neous writer, was b. near Pcnritii, in Cumberland, in 1761 ; received a med- ical education at Edinburgh ; went to London, where he became an author by profession ; and d. in 1789. — .Joseph, an Entrlish lawyer and antiquary, was b. at Stockton," in Durham, in 1752; settled in London as a conveyancer, and purchased the office of high-I}ai!itf of the Savoy ; and d. in 1S03. As an an- tiquary, "particularly in early English poetry, he exhibited much industry and intelligence ; but his morbid sin- gularities of temper, and his avowed contempt for religion, more than coun- terbalanced what'ever merit he might have otherwise possessed. It would, however, be uncharitable not to attrib- ute his imperfections to a species of long protracted mental derangement, of winch distressing malady he d. in 1803. His principal publications are, " A Collection of English Songs," " The English Anthology," " Metrical Ro- mances," ''Biosrraphia Poeticii," Ac. RITTENIIOUSE, David, a celebrated American mathematician, was b. in Pennsylvania, in 1732. In 1769 tlio American Philosophical Society em- ployed him to ob-erve the transit of Venus; and he afterwards constructed an observatory, where he ma le some important discoveries. After the revo- lutionary war, he was appointed director of the inint and treasurer of his natiya province. He also succeeded Frankliii as president of the Philosophical bo* ciety. D. 1796. rob] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. r23 EITTER, John William, a celebrated German pliilosoplier, was b. at Sainitz, in Silesia, in 1176. The study of elec- tricity occupied his chief attention ; and in 1798 he started the idea that the plieiiomena of animal life are connected with iiialvanic action ; but, tlioiij,'h hiijh- ly seientifi'J, he advocated the reveries of animal niairnetism, &c. lie \yroto "Plivsico-Medical Memoirs," and other works. D. 1810. RITTERSIIU YS, Conrad, an eminent civilian and philologist, b. at Brunswick, in 15(j0. He became professor of law at Altorf; wrote some works on civil law, and notes upon Greek and Latin au- tlion,. D. 11)18. — Nicholas, his son, became professor of feudal law at Al- torf, where he d. in 1670. lie published a collection, entitled "Genealojria Im- peratorum, Eegum, Ducum, Comitum," &c. RIVAEOI, Anthony, count de, an able French writer, was b. at Bagnois, in Languedoc, in 1757, and d. at Berlin, in 1801. His chief works are, " Dis- cours sur I'Universalite de la Languc Francjoise," " L'Enfer," translated from Dante; " Lettres sur hi Eeligion et la Morale," "Petit Almanach dcs grands Honimes," and " Lettres a la Noblesse Frun(;oise." EIVAULT, David, a French mathe- matician, b. at Laval, about 1571, who became tutor in mathematics and mili- tary tactics to Louis XIII., and was made a counsellor of state. D. 161(5. EIVAZ, Pktkr Joseph de, a skilful French mechanist and chronologer, b. in 1711. He made a watch which had the singular property of winding up spontaneously, invented an improvetl pendulum, &c. lie also drained the mines of Pontpeau, in Britany, and made many mechanical discoveries. D. 1772. El VIEEE, Mercier de la, a celebrated French political economist, who obtained the post of counsellor of the parliament of Paris in 1747 ; was afterwards made intcndant of Martinique : and, on his return, published his noted work, enti- tled "L'Ordre naturel et essentiel des Socic'tes Politiques." The singularity of his schemes and his high pretensions were ridiculed by Voltaire, Grimm, and others ; but had some of his precau- tionary advice been attended to, it is possible that the revolution, which he )ived to witness, would not liave taken place. D. 1794. — The Duke de, gov- rsrnor of the young duke of Bordeaux, Tras a devoted servant of the Bourbons. He emigrated with the French princes in 1789, served in the army of Cond(5, and became aid-de-camp to tlic ex-king of France, Charles X. Seven times he entered France in disguise, to corre- spond with the friends of liis royal master; but in 1804 he was arrested, tried, and sentenced to death, from whieli he escaped through the interces- sion of Josephine, his punishment being mitigated into an imprisonment for four years. EIVINUS, AuGcsTDS QuTRiNus, an eminent botanist and physician, whose real name was Bachmann, was b. at Leipsic, in 1652. D. 1723. EIZZIO, David, the son of a music and dancing-master at Turin, was b. there in theearlier part of the 16th cen- tury. His musical abilities procured him notice at the court of Savoy, wliile his talents as a linguisi caused him to be selected by the ambassador from the grand duke to Mary, queen of Scots, as a part of his suite. In 1564 he first made his appearance at Holyrood house, wliere he soon became so great a favor- ite with the queen, that he was ap- pointed her scci-etary for foreign lan- guages. The distinction with which he was treated by his royal mistress excited the envy of the nobles, and the jealousy of Darnley. A conspiracy, with the king at its head, was accordingly formed for his destruction ; and before he had enjoyed two years of court favor, the Lord Enthven and others of his part}' were introduced by Darnley himself into the queen's apartment, where they assassinated tlie unfortunate object of their revenge, who fell at the feet of his royal mistress, having received no less than 56 stabs in her presence, 1566. EOBEET, Hubert, an eminent French painter, was b. at Paris, 1732, and may be considered the first artist of the French school who studied with effect the decline and ruin of tiie monuments of ancient architecture. D. 1808. — Peteh Francis Joseph, a French revolutionary statesman, b. near Givet, in 174.3. Be- coming secretary to Danton, he was elected a deputy to the convention, in wliich he voted for the deat^h of the king. Ilavingr married Mademoisello Keralio, he adopted the literary profes- sion, and wrote several political works. — Louise Felicite de Keralio, his wife, was b, at Paris, 1758, and d. at Brussels, 1821. Among her works were, "His- toire d' Elizabeth, Eeine d'Ansleterre," " Amelie et Caroline," besides sever.iI translations from English authors. 724 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [rob ROBERTS, Emma, a lady of diatin- guislied literary talent, and an early iVieud of the ill-fated Miss Landou. She was the author of " Memoirs of the Rival Houses of York and Laneastcr, Historieal and Biographieal," '* Oriental Scenes, Sketches, and Tales," ifec. D. at I'oonah, in India, 1840; the object of her mission thither having been the fur- ther illustration of life and manners ia the East. ROBERTSON, William, a celebrated liistorian, was b. in IT'il, at Borthvvick, where his father was minister. Having comiileted his theological studies at Etl- iuburgh, he obtained a license to preach, and in 17-'i3 was presenlft^l to the livintr of Gladsmuir, in East Lothian, lie soon became distinguislied by his eloquence a'ld good taste as a preacher; but it was not till 17.j',i that, by his "History of Scotland," he acquired a place among Briiish classical writers. The distinc- tion and patronage acquiretl by this work, whicli readied a fourteenth edi- tion before his death, appeared in his successive preferments. He became cluii.ilain of Stirling castle in 1739, king's chaplain in 17(51, principal of the uni- versity of Eilinburgh in 17(32, and his- toriograpiier- royal of Scotland in 1764. Notwithstanding his numerous pursuits and official avocations, he foiuid time to employ himself in his celebrated "His- tory of Cliarlcs v.," wliich, in 1777, was followey Mr. Garrick. Her reception was very flattering, and she continued to perform in various characters till her represen- tation of Perdita, in the "Winters Tale," when her beauty attracted the admiration of the prince of Wales, (af- terwards George IV.,) in eonsequcneo of wliich she quitted the stage, and be- came his mistress. This connection, however, was but of short duration. In 1784 she had the misfortune to be at- tacked by a violent rheumatism, which progressively deprived her of the use of herlimbs, jind she was partly dejiend- ent on her pen for the means of living. She wrote a number of poetical pieces under the name of Laura Maria; be- sides which she was the author of " Vau- cenza," a romance; "Poems," " Wal- singliam," a novel; her "Memoirs," &c. D. 1800. ^Richard, archbishop of Armagh and Baron Rokeby, was b. in York.shire, in 1709, and d. iii 1794. The arelibishop, besides building a palace at Armagh, with an observatory, tbiindca a school and a public lilirary tberet roc] CyCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPIIT. 725 whicli last he furnished with a lar^e col- lection of books, ami left a liberal en- dowment for its Rup[K>rt. lie also erected four new chiuvhes in liis dio- cese. — John, minister of the clinrch in Holland, to which the first settlers of New England belony-ed, was b. in Great Britain in 157o, and educated at Cam- bridge. In 1602 he became pastor of a dissenting congregation in the north of England, and removed with them to Holland in 160S. It was his intention to follow his congregation to the new world, but his sudden death in 1(525 nrevented. KGB KOY, whicli signifies llohcrt the Red, was a cclebruted Highland free- booter, whose true name was Robert Macgregor, but who assumed that of Campbell, on account of the outlawry of the clan Macgregor by the Scotch par- liament, in 1(JG2. He was b. about 16G0, and was the younger son of Donald Macgregor of Glengylc, said to have been a lieutenant-colonel in the service of James n., by his wife, a daughter of Campbell of Glenfalloch. Like other Highland gentlemen, Rob Roy was a trader in cattle previous to the rebellion of 1715, in whicii he joined the adhe- rents of the Pretender. On the sup- pression of the rebellion, the duke of Montrose, with whom Rob Roy had previously had a quari-el, took the op- portunity to deprive him of his estates ; and the hitter began to indemnify him- self by a war of reprisals upon the prop- erty of the duke. An English gai'rison was stationed at Iiiversnaird, near Aber- foyle, tiie residence of Rob Roy ; but his activity and courage saved him from the hantis of his enemies, from whom he continued for some time to levy black mail. Tlie time of his death is nneer- tain, but he is known to have survived the year 1733, and d.at a very advanced age. ROBSON, George Fennel, an emi- nent draughtsman and landscape paint- er in water-colors, was b. at jDurham, and d. ISOo. ROCHAMBEAU, Jean Baptiste Do- VATiEN i)E VtMELR, count de, marshal ^f France, was b. at Vendonie, in 1725, and entered the army at the age of 16. In 1746 he became aid-de-camp to Louis Philippe, duke of Orleans; and after- wards obtaining the command of the regiment of La Marclic, distinguished siuiself at the battle of Lafeldt, where he was wounded : obtained fresh laurels At Creveldt, Minden, Covbach, and Clos- i,ereanip ; and, having been made lieu- tenant-general, was. in 1780, sent with 61* an army of GOOO men to the assistance of tlie United States of America. Having disembarked in Rhode Island, he acted in conceit with Washington, first against Clinton, in New York, and then against Cornwallis, Rochambeau was raised to the raidv of mtirshal by Louis XVI., and, after the revolution he was ap- pointed to the command of the army of the north; but he was superseded by more active officers, and, being calum- niated by the jtopular journalists, ho addressed to the legislative assembly a vindication of his conduct. A decree of approbation was consequently passed in May, 17'J2, and he retired to his estate, near Vendome, with a determi- nation to interfere no more with public affairs. He was subsequently arrested, and narrowly escaped sufi'ering death under the tyranny of Rolicsnierre. In 1803 he was presented to Bonaparte, who granted him a pension, and the cross of grand officer of the legion of honor. D. 1807. ROCHE, Regina Maria, a novelist, whose productions were very popular in their day, was b. 1765. Among her fictions were " The Children of the Ab- bey," a great favorite also ; "The Noc- turnal Visit," "The Monastery of St; Columb," and many others. But they have almost faded from the memory, or been overwhelmed by the myriad vol- umes which have succeeded them. D. 1845. ROCHESTER, John Wilmot, earl of, a witty and profligate nobleman of the court of Charles II., was b. 1648, and, on the death of his father, succeeded to his titles and estates, thelatter of which, by extravagance, he soon dissipated. He became the personal friend and fa- vorite of his sovereign, who is said to have encouraged and shared many of his exploits. The levity of his disposi- tion frequently brought him into dis- grace, and he was more than onco forbitlden the royal presence : his com- panionable (jualities, however, which made him necessary to the amusement of his master, prevented his occasional exile from being ever of long continu- ance. His constitution at length gavo way under such excesses ; and, at the age of 30, he was visited with all the de- bility of old age. He lingered for some time in this condition, and d., professing great penitence for his missi)ent life, ir 1680. His satirical poems are keen, bii their obscenity and impiety render then alike dangerous and disgusting. ROCKINGHAM, Charles Watson 726 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [rou Wentwortii, marquis of, a British Btiite^iinaii, b. 1780, succeeded liis f.ither in his titles mid estates in 1750, and in 1765 became first lord of the treasury. American affairs formed at tliat time a leadin<; subject of discussion ; and Rock- ingham took the middle way, by repcij- ing the stamp act, and declaring tlie right of Great Britain to tax the colonies. He was, tlierefore, deserted by some of his supporters, and retired tVoin the ministry in 1706. He afterwards acted in concert with Chatham, in opposition to the ministry of Loi-d North ; on the fall of which, in 178"i, he was again placed at the head of the administration, but (1. in the s;ime year, and was suc- ceeded by Lord Shelbiirne. EODGEKS, JoHx, a commodore of tlie United States navy, was b. in Mary- land, 1771; served in the merchant service for several years, and entered the navy in 1797. He tirst distinguish- ed himselfin bringing the French frigate L'Insurgente, captured by the Constel- lation, satijly into port in her dismantled condition. At St. Domiuiio he was of great service in savinar tiie white popu- lation from the vindictive fury of the blacks. In 1802 ho was suceessfid in an engagement with the largest frigate of Tripoli. During: the late war with En- eland his exploits were of the most bril- liant kind, and useful to his country. J). 1858. RODNEY, George Brvdges, Lord, a gallant English admiral, was tlie son of Captain Henry Kodney, a naval officer. He entered the navy early in life, and obtained the command of a ship in 1742. In 1749 he was appointed governor of Newfoundland ; and on his return, in 1753, married the sister of the earl of Norlhampton. In 1759 he was made admiral of the blue; and in the same vear he des'royed the stores prepared at Havre de Grace for an invasion of Eu- fland. In 1761 he served on the West ndia station with such activity that, at the conclusion of the war, he wa-; mule a baronet. In 1768 he was elected into parliament for Northampton ; but the contest ruined his estate, and he found it necessary to retire to the Continent. Tl.o French sovernin'.mt made some overtures to him, whicli would hive re- cruited his fortune. These he rejected ; and, the fact having transpired, he was placed in coinni and of a squadron, des- tined for t'le Mediterranean. In 1780 lie fell in with I^angira's fleet, off Cape Bt. Vincent, and completely defeated it : tad on the 12th of April, 1782, obtained a decisive victory over the French fleet luidcr De Grasse, capturing five and sinking one of his largest vessels. A barony and a pension of £2000 were bestowed upon him for his services ; and on his decease, in 1792, a monu- ment was voted to his memory, at the national expense, in St. Paul's cathedral. — C^sAR, a signer of the declaration of American independence, was b. at Dover, Maryland, in 1730. He was ser.t as a delegate to the congress of 1774, and re- mained in that body till the autumn of 1776. He was afterwards president ol his native state for about fouryeai's. D. 1783. RODOLPH I., emperor of Germany, and founder of the imperial house of Austria, was b. in 1213, beinrrthe eldest son of Albert IV., count of Ilapsburg and landirrave of Alsace. D. 1291. ROEMER, Olaus, a Danish astrono- mer, was b. at Arluisen, in Jutland, in 1644. He studied at the university of Copenhagen, where he applied so dili- gently to the mathematics, that he waa appointed tutor to the dauphin of France. In 1681 he returned to his native place, and held several consider- able offices previous to his decease, which took place in 1710. He made many scientific discoveries, the most important of whicli was that of the velocity of light, from the observation of the eclipses of Jupiter's satellites. D. 1710. ROGERS, JoHX, an eminent English divine of the 16th century, was educated at Cambridge, and became chaplain tc the factory at Antwerp, where he as- sisteil Tin lal and Coverdale in transla- ting the Bible into Engli-^ii. In the reiLTU of Edward VI. he returned to En- gland, and obtained a prebend in St. Paul's cathedral. He was the first per- son exeeuteil in the succeeding reign on the score of his religion, being burnt at Smithfield, in 15')o. R()H.\N, IIenrv, duke of, a very dis- tinguishetl peer of France, b. in 1579. After tlie death of Henry IV., in 1610, lie became tlie chief of the Huguenots; Mud iiaving ably in lintained three wars against Louis XIII., procured a peace upon advantageous teruis, 1629. He distinguished himself also as a political writer, but at length d. of wounds re- ceived at the battle of Rhinfield, in 1633. Anions: his works are, "Memoirs on French Aft'.iirs," "The Perfect Ciptain," and " Memoirs relative to the Warof the Valtelinc." — His widow, Margaret »h Bethl'-ve, daughter of the great Sully, BOM CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 723 ■wa»a conracreous woman, and defeiidctl Castres against the mareclml de Tlicnii ues. D. IGiJO.^AxNA Roiias, sister of the diikc, was distiniiuislied by her spirit, Icarnins, and piety. At tlic ta- kini? of Rochelle, slie and her mother refused to be included in tlie capitula- tion, and were made prisoners of war. D. Ifi46. ROLAND DE LA PLATIEEE, Jkxs MAiit?;, u French statesman, was b. at Lyons, in 1732, and hold the office of inspector-jreneral of manufactures after the commencement of the revolution. He espoused the pojuilar cause, and becomins closely connected with the Girondist party, he was made minister of the interior in 1792. The downfall of his ])arty, in 1793, exposed him to proscription, hut he found a secret asy- lum at Rouen. On hearin.ar, however, of the condemnation and death of his wife, he deliberately siabbed himself, Nov. 15, 1793. — Manon Jean Pmilipon, wife of the preceding, b. at Raris, in l7o4, was remarkable for her beauty, and received an excellent education. After her marriaa-e, in 1779, Madame Roland took part in the studies and tasks of her husband, and tlie revolution found in her a ready convert to its prin- ciples. On the appointment of her hus- band to the mini-^try, she participated in his official duties, writing and pre- pariuif many papers, and takins a share in the political councils of the Girondist leader*. She was arrested on the fall of the party, and, when condemned to death, conducted herself with great firmness, exclaiming at the time of her execution, "O Liberty, what crimes are committed in thy name!" Her deatli took place Nov. 8, 17J3. She wrote "An Appeal to Impartial Posterity," and " Miscellaneous Works." ROLANDINO, an old Italian histo- rian, was b. at Padua, in 1200, aud d. in 127fi. ROLLE, Dennis, a native of Devon- ptiire, who traced his descent from Rollo, first duke of Normandy. In 17ii(5, he purchased a whole district in Florida, whither he proceeded with a thousand persons to people his new possessions ; out throucrh the unhealthiness of the climate, and the desertion of those who escaped disease, he soon found himself without colonists and without money ; BO tliat, in order to revisit Ensland, he was compelled to work his passage back in an American vessel. He was then fatisfied to live on his j)aternal estate, liad a seat in the house of commons, and filled the office of sheriflCfor the county. He devoted much of Ids time to the im- provement of the condition of the lower classes. D. 1797. — HENur, an eminent lawyer and Judge, was b. at Heanton, in Devonshire, in l.')89, and educated at Exeter colleire, Oxtbi-d ; after which he became a student of the Inner Temple- and was called to the bar. In 1640 he was made a sorgeant-at-law, and in 1648 he accepted the office of chief justice of the court of King's Bench. He wrote "Reports," and "An AbridL'ment of Cases and Resolutions of the Law,' which was published by Sir Matthew Hale. ^ ROLLIN, Chaules, nn eminent his- torian, b. at Paris, in lfi61. He was in- tended tor business, but his talents obtained the notice of a learned Bene- dictine, by wliich he was enabled to gratify his inclination for learning. After eoina: through a course of theology at the Sorbonne, he received the tonsure, and was twice chosen rector of the uni- versity of Paris. When elected a third time, he was deprived of his situation by the intrisrues of the Jesuits; but he employed his leisure in comjiosing his excellent work, "On the Manner of Studyinrf and Teaching the Belles Let- tres." This was followed by his " An- cient History," and nine volumes of the "Roman Historv." D. 1741. ROMILLY, Sir Samuel, a celebrated English advocate, and M.P. for West- minster, (descended from a Protestant family, who left France after the edict of Nantes,) was b. in London, in 17.57, and placed in the office of a solicitor, which he quitted to study for the bar. Called in 1783, for some years his prac- tice was chiefly confined to draughts in equity; but he gradually rose to dis- tinction in the court of chancery, and ultimately took the lead, beinor equally distinguished by profound information and forcible eloquence. His general politics agreeing with those of the Whi^s, he was, during the short ad- ministration of Mr. Fox in 1806, ap- pointed to the office of solicitor-general, and knighted. He was particularly dis- tinguished by the eloquence with whicli he pleaded the necessity of a revision of the criminal code; or which su>)ject he also composed a very able pamphlet, entitled "Ob-Nervations on the Criminal Law of England." His knowledge of the law, his great talents, and his knowu integrity, rendered liim the hinrhest au- thority of his time. This good and use- ful man was, by the deatli of liis bo- 728 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. ■[ros loved wifft, afflicted with a bniin fever, and, duriii<^ ii piiroxy^^m, he put an cud t,o his valuiihle life, iSToveniber, 1818. liO.MXEl', Geoijoe, an excelientpaint- er, was h. at Daltoii, in Lancashire, in 1734. llavinf? served his time to an artist n;inicd Steele, wliom lie soon sur- passed, he came to Lou.lon with a pic- ture of the "Death of General Wolfe," which obtained the second prize in the exhibition, and sold for a considerable suin. After visiting Italy he returned to London, where he obtained great reputation. D. 1302. KOMULUS, the founder of Rome, and brotlier of Kemus, was the son of Khea Svlvia, daughter of Nuuiitor, king of Alb 1. D. 715 B.C. RONSAKD, Peter de, a French ele- giac and cpiirrammatic poet, of a noble family. B. l-VJi; d. 158(3. KOOKE, Sir George, a gallant British admiral, was a native of Kent, and b. in 1650. He destroyed the French and Spanish Hcets in Vigo bay, in 1702, and captured sever.il men of war, and gal- leons; he also bore a part in the reduc- tion of Gibraltar, in 1704. Admiral Rooke was not less distinguished for disinterestedness than for skill and in- trepidity. He d. in 170,i, declaring, in allusion to the contracted fortune he left behind him, that, " though small, it was honestly acquired, and had never cost a sailor a tear, or the nation a farthini;." — L.vuren'ce, an eminent ge- ometrician and astronomer, b. at Dept- ford, in Kent, in 1763 ; became astro- nomical professor of Greshaiu college, and was o:ieof the original members of the Royal Society. D. 1662. R(JSA, Salvator, a celebrated paint- er, poet, an 1 musician, was b. at Naples, in 1615. After studying under Fran- canzani, he became a disciple of Ribera, with whom he went to Rome. But his taste was formed more from tlic study of nature among the wilds of the Apen- nines, than froui the lessons of otiier artists; and he delighted in delineating scenes of gloomy grandeur and magnifi- cence. He also wrote plays, and per- formed parts in thein ; besides which ho composed many cantatas. He was liberally patronizcsl by the grand-duke of Florenec while residing in that city ; the Matfei funily also proved great friends to him, aiid it was at their scat that he wrote his celebrated satires. On liis return to Rome, he executed many pictures forchurciies. Hispriucip:il merit lay in the represeiitiition of the wild Bceuery of nature, storms, &c. D. 1673. ROSAMOND, usually called ^air Rosamond, was the daughter of Walter do Clitford, baron of Hereford, and the favorite mistress of Henry IL She had two sons by Henry : William, called Long-sword, and Jeffery, who became archbishop of York. ROSCIUS, QuiNTus, a Roman actor, b. at Lanuvium, was so celebrated for his powers of representation, that his name has ever since been the character- istic distinction of performers of pro- eminent merit. D. 61 b. c. ROSCOE, William, an eminent biog- rapher and misctUaneous writer, whose life affords a meniv^rable instance of what may be effected by persevering efforts. Placed very early in a lawyer's office, he found leisure, without neglect- ing any of the duties of a clerk, to make himself master of the Latin language, so as to translate the classics, and also to study other ancient languages; and he then went through the same course with the mo lern languages, reading the best authors in each. "At the ago of 16 he published " Mount Pleasant," a poem that was well received. When the projected abolition of the _slave trade became a subject of public discus- sion he warmly interested himself in its success; and his "Scriptural Refutation of a Pamphlet on the Licitness of the Slave Trade," and his " Wronors of Africa," appeared in 1783. In 1795 he brouudit out that great work on which his fame chieflv rests, entit'ed "The Life of Lorenzo' de Medici." In 1798 he published "The Muse." a poem, . from tlic Italian; and in 1805 appeared his second great work, "The Life and Pontificate of Leo X., the Son of Lo- renzo de Medici." He also subse- quently wrote several political pam- phlets, and scientific treatises. Mr. Roscoe being attached to the Whig party, they supported him as a candi- date to represent Liverpool, and after a severe contest with General Tarleton, in 1806, he was returned. Some time iire- vious to this, he had become a banker at Liverpool : but the house to which he belonged ultimately failel, ami his private property was wrecked. D. 1831. — Henry, voungest son of the prece- ding:, was b. in ISOO, studied the law, and was called to the bar in 1S26. In- dependent of manv " Digests" of dif- ferent branches of tiie law, he was the author of " Lives of eminent Britist. Lawvers," in Lardner's Oyclopsedia ; a " Life of his Fatlier," and the editor Oi " North's Lives." D. 1836. rotJ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGUAPHr, 729 ROSEr.LTNT, Tppoltto, one of tlio moat celebrated !xrcha?olo!jists of modern times, w;i3 b. at ri><;v, 1800; completed his studies* at the imlversity of his native town, in 1S21 ; three years later obtained ■Jie ciiair of oriental lansnages, which he had prosecuted at Bolonjna mean- while with trreat zeal under the cele- brated Cardinal Mczzofante. Having made Eiryptian antiquities hia peculiar study, he followed ea<;erly in the steps of the illustrious Chamnollion, wlioin ne accompanied first to Paris and then to Earypt in the prosecution of his re- searches ; and on whose death he un- dertook the publication of tlie splendid work, the result of their united efforts, entitled the " Monuments of E'^'vpt and Nnbia." &c. D. 1843. ROSENMULLEK, Jonx George, a celebrated German thcoloa'ian, was pro- ^fessor of theolotry at Erlansren and Leip-ic, and distinguished himself as a preacher, and by his activity in the cause of education. B. 1736 ; d. 1815. — ER>fE9T P'rederio Cha.rle3, his son, a distinoff.lshed orientalist, was b. at Leips:.;, in 17*53 ; in which university lie became professor of Arabic, &c., and rendered important services to oriental literature by various learned works. — Another son, Jonx Christian, celebrated as an anatomist, was b. at Hessberg, in 1771 ; became professor of anatomy and surgery at Leipsic, and d. in 1820. He was the author of" Anatomico-Surgical Delineations," a " Manual of Anatomy," &c. ROSS, Alexander, a native of Aber- deen, was master of the grammar school at Southampton, and chaplain to Charles I. His works are very numerous ; the most known of which is, a " View of all Religions." He was also the author of a curious performance, called " Vir- gilius Evangelizans," which is a cento on the life of Christ, taken wholly from Virgil. D. 1654. — Alexander, a Scotch poet, b. in Aberdeenshire, in 1699. He was educated at the ^larischal college, Aberdeen, and spent his life in dis- charging the duties of a parish school- master at Lochlec, in Angusshire. It was not till he was nearly 70 years of age that he first appeared as an author, when he publishect " Helenore, or the Fortunate Shepherdess," a poem which in the nortli of Scotland is nearly as pi>pular as the writings of Ramsay and Hums. He was also the author of some favorite songs, and d. 1784. — David, a theatrical perfc iier at Drnry-lane, co- tomporary with Garrick. Ho was edu- cated at Wcstir.'mstcr school ; and hav- ing the advantages of a good figure and a classical education he acquired repu- tation both as a tragic and a comic actor. D. 1790. ROSSLYN, Alexander Wedder- burne, earl of, an eminent lawyer and statesman, was b. in Scotland, in 1733. He received his education at Edinburgh, and was called to the bar in 1757. In 1771 he was appointed solicitor-general ; in 1778, attorney-general ; and, in 1780. chief justice of the common pleas, will, the title of Lord Loughborough. He adhered to the party oif Mr. Fox wlien Mr. Pitt first came into power ; but joined the administration, with many otiiers, under the alarm produced by the French revolution in 1793, when he succeeded Lord Tharlow as chancellor, which office he held till 1801, wh.en he retired with the title of the earl of Roas- lyn, and d. in 1805. ROTHSCHILD, Nathan Mater, tha richesf; man of the age, was one of five brothers, who by their wealth, connec- tions, and financial skill have for years exercised a great control over the mon- eyed, commercial, and political interests of Europe. Mayer Anselm, their tathcr, and the founder of the house of Roth- schild, was born at Frankfort. Though educated for the priesthood, he turned his attention to coinmp.ree, became emi- nent as a banker, and being trusted with the most important affairs by the land- grave of Hesse during the dominion of Napoleon in Germany, he executed his trusts so faithfully and successfully, that his house ranked among the most cele- brated on the Continent. Mayer Anselm died in 1812, leaving for inheritance to his sons the example of hia life and wise counsels, an immense fortune, and un- bounded credit; and they, by combining their operations, and always acting in concert, formed among themselves an invincible phalanx, whose power at one time was sufficient to influence the counsels of a mighty empire, and to regulate its financial operations. Their names and residences were as follow : Anselm, at Frankfort; Solomon, at Berlin and Vienna; Nathan Mayer, at London ; Charles, at Naples ; and •James, at Paris. N. M. Rothschihl went to England in ISOO, where he acted as acrent for his father in the purchase of Manchester goods for the Continent. Shortly afterwards throush the agency of his father, for the elector of Hesso Cassel and other German princes, ha had large sums placed at his disposal vr.o CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHr. [noTJ wliicli he employed with such extraor- dinary j.idirment, tluit liis menus went on lit a "rapid rate of aceuninltition. Be- sides the essential co-operation of his brothers, he had agencies in .almost every city in the world, with hosts of minor dependent capitalists who parti- cipated in his loans, who placed implicit confidence in the family, and were ready at all times to embark witli them in any operation that was proposed. D. 183i!. ROTTECK, Chaiilesvox, a celebrated modern historian, was born at Freiburg, in Ba len, in 1775. Carefully educated under the care of his father, who had been ennobled for his medical skill, he joined tlie university of his native town in 1790 as a law student ; and eiglit years later he obtained the chair of his- tory, where his lectures laid the found- ation of the great historical work wiiieh has secured him so high a place among the historians of Europe. In 1818 he excliansed the chair of history for that of politics and the law of nations ; in 1819 he was chosen member for the uni- versity in the first chamber of the states of Baden ; and the liberal tenor of his lectures and speeches was well seconded by numerous able works which flowed from his pen on various constitutional questions. The outbreak of the French revolution in 18-30 having given fresli vigor to his liberal views, he founded several journals to enunciate and propa- gate his opinions ; but his zcai was viewed with a jealous eye by the govern- ment, wliich not only deprived him of his chair in 1832, but interdicted him from editing any political journal for five years, and sought in various other •ways to thwart his desisns. Henceforth be was regarded as a martyr to the liber- al cause ; his name became a watchword to the opposition ; and though in 1848 he was restored triumphantly to tlie enjoyment of his previous rights, the redress came too late, for he d. the same year. His fame chiefly rests upon bis '' Ailiremeine Welt-Gesehichte," which has been translated into nearly every European lansrnatce. ROUBILLTAC, Louis Franols, an eminent sculptor, was a native of Ly- ons, but came to England in the reign of Georire L, and was employed on several great works ; amon^r wliieh are, the monument of the duke of Argyle, in Westminster abbey; the statue of Handel, at Vauxhall ; that of Sir Isaac Newton, at Trinity college, Cambridge ; and many other statues and monuments in various parts of the kingdom. He long stood at the head of his profession, and had also a talent for poetry. D. 1762. KOUELLE, William Francis, one of the earliest of the modern clieinists in France, was born at Caen, in 1703. Having devoted great attention to chem- ical science, botany, and pharmacy, he settled at Paris as an apothecary, and afterwards became professor of chemist- ry, at the royal botanic garden. He also lield the office of inspector-general of pharmacy at tlie Hotel Dieu, and was a popular lecturer. D. 1770. — Hilaut Marixus, his brother, who was a clever experimental philosopher, assisted him in his lectures, and succeeded him us professor at the royal garden. B. 1715 ; d. 1779. ROUSSEAU, Jacques, a French paint- er, b. at Paris, in lii:'0. He studied in Italy, where no acquired great skill in his art; and, returning to France, was* employed by Louis XIV. He afterwards went to England, and painted many ex- cellent pictures. D. 1694. — Jean Bap- TisTE, a distinguished lyric poet, was b. at Paris, in 1669. His "father, though a shoemaker, gave himaliberal education, and at an early period he displayed a decided taste for poetry. In 16SS he became page to the French minister at the court of Denmark; after which he was secretary to Marshal TallarJ, in his embassy to England. In 1701 he was admitted into the academy of inscrip- tions ; but, in 1712, he was banished from France, on the ehfirge of writing some grossly libellous verses, which, during the remainder of his life, and even in his last moments, he solemnly declared were forgeries, devised for his ruin. — Jean .Jacques, one of the most eloquent writers and singular charac- ters of the age, was the son of a wateli- nuiker at Geneva, where he was b. in 1712. Leaving school he was first placed with an attorney, who soon dismissed him for negligence; he was then ap- prenticed to an en.^raver, from whom he ran away before he was 16, and wan- dered about for some time in Savoy, where he was saved from starvinir by a priest, and placed in a monastery. It was not long, however, before he found means to escape from this restraint, and a new scene awaited him. The noted madame de Warens, a recent convert to the Catholic church, who had left her husband at Lausanne for the pious work of jiroselytism, took him under her es- pecial protection, caused him to be instructed in science and music, and , continued to live with him, at intervala, rot] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 731 on terms of more intimacy than deli- cacy, I'or about eiirht years. At lenfrth he left his once agi'ecablc benefactress ; but was so fortunate as to obtain the place of secretary to the French ambas- sador in Venice, in 1742. But it was not till 1750 that he manifested liis splendid literary talents. In that year "le gained the prize ottered by the acad- emy of Dijon, on the question, " Whether tiie revival of learninif has contril)Uted to the improvement of morals," — taking tiie negative side of the question, it is said, at the suggestion of Diderot. From this period his pen became fertile and Eopular. He soon after brought out is " Devin du Village," a comic opera, of which he had himself composed the music. This piece was received with general favor, and the author was almost worshipped by the French ; but the ap- pearance of his celebrated "Letter on French Music," 17o3, in which he pointed out its defects, excited a general Btorm. Singers and connoisseurs, who could not wield the pen, contributed to spread calumnies, pasquinades, and caricatures against the author, who re- tired to Geneva. By his change of re- ligion he had lost the rights of a citizen, lie now again embraced Protestantism, and was formally reinstated in the privi- leges of a free citizen of Geneva. From Geneva, Rousseau went to Chamberry, where he wrote liis essay, "Sur I'lncgu- lite parmi les Homines," which excited still more sensation than his prize essay. In 1760 he published "Julie, ou la Nou- velle Heloise," a romance, of the most seductive description. His next work, entitled " Du Contrat Social," was pro- hibited, botli in France and Switzerland. This treatise was followed, in 1762, by " Kmile, ou de I'Education ;" which was anathematized by the archbishop of Paris, and ordered to be burnt Ijy the parliament of Paris and the authorities of Geneva. Obliged to flee from France and Switzerland, the author took shelter in the principality of Neufchatel, where he publishecl his " Letter to the Arch- bishop of Paris," and " Lettres de la Montagne," a remonstrance against the proceedings of the Genevese republic, the citizenship of which he renounced. Thenceforth his existence was passed in frequent changes of place, to escape real or fancied persecution, and in sus- pecting all his friends of insulting and uonspiring against him. D. 1778. ROWAN, John, an etninent jurist and statesman, b. in Virginia, 1773, but early went to Kentucky, where he immediately attained the higliest rank at the Western bar. In 17'.i'J he was a member of the convention which framed the constitution of the state, in 1804 was made secretary of state, in 1806 was elected to congress, and in 1819 judge of the court of appeals, and in 1824 senator of the United States. In all these positions he took a leading part. D. 1843. ROWE, Elizabeth, a lady distin- guished for her piety and learning, was the daughter of a dissenting minister named Singer, and was b. at llchester, 1674. Her principal works are, " Friend- ship in Death," " Letters, Moral and Entertaining, in Prose and Verse," the " History of Joseph," a poem, and " Devout Exercises of the Heart." D. 1737. — NicnoLAS, a poet and dramatist, whose father was a sersreant-at-law, was b. in 1673, at Little Berkford, in Bed- fordshire; was educated at Westmin- ster school, and was intended for the bar; but on the death of his father lie gave up all thoughts of the profession, and devoted himself to the cultivation of literature. His first tragedy, which he published when he was 24, was "The Ambitious Stepmother," and its success gave him encouragement to pro- ceed. It was followed bv " Tamerlane," "The Fair Penitent," "Ulysses," "The Royal (Convert," " Jane Shore," "Lady Jane Grey," and a comedy called "The Biter." He also wrote "miscellaneous poems, and the " Life of Shakspeare ;" out his principal performance is a trans- lation of Luean's " Pharsalia." On the accession of George I. he was made poet laureate, and he also obtained some srovernment situations. D. 1718. ROWLANDSON, Thomas, an artist celebrated for his skill in caricature, was b. in London, 1756. He studied draw- ing at Paris, and, on his return, availed himself of the advantages which au attendance at the Royal Academy af- forded hin\ ; rose to some degree of eminence in his profession, and d. 1827. Among his works are the plates to " Dr. Syntax," " The Dance of Life," and "'The Dance of Death.." ROWLEY, William, a dramatic wri- ter in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. — • There was also a Samuel Rowley of the same period, who wrote two historical plays. — William, an eminent physician, b. in Lontlon, in 1743. lie wrote "Schola Medicinffi universalis nova," and several tracts on medical subjects. D. 1806. ROY, Julian le, a celebrat«d olook 732 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [rud and watcli maker, was b. at Tours, in 1686. When very younsr, he showed a decided partiality for rneclianical pur- suits, and acquired tlic reputation of being a fir^t-rute liorologist. D. 1759. — Peter le Koy, his son, was watcli- maker to the king, and d. in 1785. He published "Memoires pour les Ilorolo- gcrs de Paris," " Etrennes Chronome- triques," &c. — Julian David, another son, became a member of the National Institute, and attached himself to archi- tecture. He wrote "On tlic Pviiins of the finest Monuments of Greece," " On the Construction of Christian Temples," &c. — Peter Charles, a French satirist and dramatic poet, was b. at Paris, in 1683. His principal pieces adapted for theatrical representation are, the operas of "Cai'.irhoe" and " Semiramis," the ballets of " The Elements," and "The Senses." and the comedy of " Tiie Captives," imitated from Plautus. D. 1764. ROYER-COLLAKD, Pierre Paul, a distinguished French statesman and philosopher, was b. at Sommepuis, 1763. Not long after his admission to the bar at Paris, he embraced the prin- ciples of the revolution in 1789 ; but he soon became disgusted with the scenes of violence tliat prevailed, and after an abortive attempt to aid the cause of the royalists, he bade adieu for a time to politics, and gave himself up wholly to literary pursuits. In 1810 he was ap- pointed to a chair of literature and phi- losophy. After the restoration he once more "entered upon a political career, and gradually rose in public favor by his sagacity, moderation, and honesty, till in 1828' he was nominated president of the chamber of deputies, of whicii he had long been a member, but retired from this otlice in 1830. He was one of the founders of the school of politicians in France known by tlie name of Doc- trinaires; and as a philosoplier he has well-founded claims to esteem for hav- ing introduced in France that system of'philosophv so clearly illustrated by Cousin, Joutfroy, and Damiron, and which bears so close an analogy to that of Reid and the other Scotch philoso- phers. I). 184'>. ROZEE, Mademoiselle, an ingenious artist, was b. at Leyden, in 1632. She neither used oil nor water colors in her pictures, but silk floss on the ground, disposed according to the different de- grees of the bright and dark tints, which she applied with great judgment and taste, lu this manner she executed liistorical subjects, landscapes, and por- traits. D. 1682. RUBENS, Peter Paul, the most distinguislied painter ot the Flemish scliool, was b. at Antwerp, in 1577. Ha received an excellent education ; and, after studying in his own country, he went to Italy ,'where he greatly improv- ed himself after the works of the best masters, but chiefly Titian. While in Italy, he was employed by the duke of Mantua, not only as an artist, but on an embassy to Madrid. In 1020 he was employed by the Princess Mary do Medici to adorn the gallery of the Lux- embourg witli a series of paintings, illus- trative of the principal scenes of her life. While thus engaged, he became known to the duke of Buckingham, who p\irchased his museum for £10,000. He was afterwards employed by the Infanta Isabella and the king of Spain, in sotne important negotiations, which he executed with such credit as to be appointed secretary of the privy council. On going to England with a commission from the king of Spain, he obtained the favor of Charles I. While there he painted the Apotheosis of James I. and tiie picture of Charles I. as St. George; for which he was knighted, and received a chain of gold. D. at Antwerp, 1640. Rubens, beyond all comparison, was the most rapid of the great masters ; and, according to Sir Joshua Reynolds, he was the greatest master of the me- chanical part of his art that ever existed. — Albert, son of the precedinir, was b. at Antwerp, in 1614. He succeeded his father as secretary to the council, and was greatly esteemed by the Archduke Leopold, governor of the Low Conn- tries. D. 1657. He wrote " De Ro Vestiaria Veternm," " Regum et Impe- ratorum Romanorum Numismata," "Do Vita Elavil Manlii Tlieodori," &c. RUDDIMAN, Thomas, a distinguish- ed grammarian and critic, was b. 1674, at Boyndie, in Bantlshire; was educated at King's college, Aberdeen; became as- sistant-keeper of the advocates' library at Edinburgh; set up a printinfr-offico in conjunction with liis brother; was one of the founders of the eariiest library soeietv in Scotland, in 1718, and d. 1757. His "Rudiments of the Latin Tongrue," long used as an elementary book in schools, is the most popular of liis pro- ductions; but he wrote otlier grammat- ical works, and was tlie editor of the works of George Buchanan, in Latin. He also established the "Caledonian Mercury," RUSj CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 733 KUFFIIEAD, Owen, a miscellaneous writer, was b. in London, about 1723; sntcrcd at the Middle Temple, and was c'lilcd to the bar; ptiblishcd an edition of the statutes, and conducted a period- ical pnper, called the "Contest." He also wrote the " Life of Pope," &c. D. l7fiP. KUFINUS, by some called Toranius, a priest of Aqiiileia, in the 4th century. He became so attached to St. Jerome, that he accompanied him to the East; out beinsr persecuted by the Allans cinder Valens, he was banished into Palestine, wliere he founded a monas- tery on Mount Olivet, and employed himself in transhitina: Greek authors into Latin. His version of Orlffcn g'ave such offence to his old acquaintance, Je- rome, tliat he wrote bitterly afjainst him, and Kufiiins was cited to Rome by Pope Anastasius, who condonned his trans- lation, npon which he retired to Sicily, where he d. about 410. RUMFORD, Benjamin Tiiompsox, Count, was b. i75S, at Rumford, N. H., and was educated at Harvard college. Durineared about a week before his own death. SANDYS. EuwiN, an eminent English prelate, was b. 1511), at Hawkshead, in SAU] CYCLOPEDIA OF niOGRAPIlV. 7^ Lancasliirc. At tlie accession of Mary lie waH vice-chancellor, and on refusini; to prociiiiin her, lie was dejirivetl of his office, anil sent first to the Tower, and afterwards to the Marshalsea. When Elizabeth came to the throne he was appointed one of the connnissioners fur ro\ ising the liturgy, lie was also made bisiiop of Worcester, and had a share iu the translation of the Scriptures, commoiily called the "Bishop's Bible." In 1570 he was translated to London, tind in 1576 to York, where a conspiracy was laid by Sir Eobert Stapleton, to ruin him by the imputation of adultery; out it was discovered, and the parties concerned in it were punished. D. loSS. SANSEVEKO, Eaymond di Sangro, eminent for his mechanical inventions and scientific discoveries, was b. at Na- ples, in 1710, and d. 1771. Among the multifarious and extraordinary machines invented by himself was a four-wlieeled veliicle, to pass over the surface of the water, whicli he exhibited on the bay of Na()les.^ SANSON, Nicholas, a celebrated ge- ographer and engineer, was b. at Abbe- ville, in 1600; and constructed, even while a youth, a map of ancient Gaul, remarkable for its excellence and accu- racy, ilc subsequently produced up- wards of three hundred maps, all on a large scale, with several volumes to illus- trate them ; i-eached the head of his profession, and was appointed geogra- pher and engineer to the king. D. 16(>7. — NicnoLAS, William, and Adrian, his three sons, who also were excellent geographers, collected and published the works, of their father, as well as sev- eral of their own. SANSOVINO, GiAcoMO Fatti, an eminent sculptor and architect, was b. at Florence, in 1479. D. 1570. S ANTEKKE, Jkan Baptiste, a French painter, was b. at Magny, near Poiitoise, m 1651. lie painted historical subjects, on a small size, and with great delicacy. D. 1717. SAPPHO, a celebrated Greek poetess, b. at Mitylene, in the islanil of Lesbos, about 600 B. c. Her writings were highly esteemed by the ancients, and she is regarded as the inventress of the metre which bears lier name; but of her works there at present exist only a "Hymn to Venus," an ode, and a few trifling fragments. ^Another Sapimio, of ii later date, who is usually confounded with the foregoing, from being also a native of Lesbos, was no less distin- guished for amorous propensities thau for the warmth of her lyrical efFusioim, and is said to have thrown heiself into the sea, from the promontory of Lcu- cate, in consequence of the neglect sbo experienced from I'haon, her lover. SAKGENT, WiNTHuop, governor of Mississippi, was a native of Massachu- setts, and graduated at Harvard college in 1771. He entered tlie revolutionary army in 1775, and served in various capacities with reputation to the close of the war. In 1786 he was appointed by congress surveyor of the northwest- ern territory, and in 1787 secretary of the government established there. He attended General St. Clair as adjutant- general in his unlbrtunate expedition against the Indians, and was also adju- tant-general and inspector under Gen- eral Wayne. D. 1820. SAKPl, Peter, better known under the name of Father Paul, or Fra Paolo, was b. in 1552, at Venice. So preco- cious were his talents, that, at the nge of 17, he publicly maintained theologi- cal and philosophical theses, consisting of uOd articles. His elocjucnce Wiis equal to his learning. He did not con- fine his studies to theology ; for anatomy and astronomy also engaged much of liis attention. He was of the order of the Servites, and became provincial of the order. The Venetian government appointed him its consulting theologian, and reposed unbounded confidence in liim ; which he justified and repaid, by defending the ecclesiastical liberties of his country against the encroachments of the Koman pontitf. His patriotism roused the vengeance of Rome against him, and in 16i)7, five ruffians made an attempt to assassinate him. They failed, however, in their purpose, though they gave him fifteen wounds. He d. in 1028. His greatest work is, "A His- tory of the Council of Trent." SAUMAREZ, James, Lord dc, a dis- tinguished officer in tlie British navy, was b. in the island of Guernsey, in 1757, and was descended from a French family, whose ancestor accompanied William the Conqueror to England. D. 18;i6. SAUKIN, James, an eminent French Protestant preacher, was b. at Nisines, in 1677; was the author of 12 vols, of "Sermons," "The State of Christiani-ty in France," " Discourses, Historical, Critical, and Moral, on the most remark- able Events of the Old and New Testa- ments," &c. D. 1730. — Joseph, brother of the preceding, was b. 165i), and dis- tinguished himself as a inatheniatician. 740 CYCLOP.-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [sat He was oritrinally a Protestant minister ; but, in lUyu, he" cnibracc'd the Catholic faith, anil was pensioned by Louits XIV. He contributed for some years to the "Journal des Savans," and d. 1730. — Beknaud Joskvh, son of the last men- tioned, was b. 1706, at I'aris ; and quilted the bar to become a dramatic ■writer. He wa.s the author of " Sparta- cus," a tragedy ; " Mu3urs des Temiis," a spirited comedy ; and a variety of other dramas. D. 1781. SAUSSUKE, lioKACE Benedict de, a celebrated naturalist, was b. at Geneva, in 1740 ; attained an early protieiency in the niullieniatieal and physical sciences, and was for several years professor of philosophy at Geneva. He travelled in J?" ranee, England, Italy, &c. ; and by the valuable observations which he made, particularly among the glaciers of the Alps, he coi'itributed much to the advancement of geology and meteorolo- gy. He also showed great ingenuity in the construction of improved instru- ments adapted to scientific uses, viz., a thermometer, an hygrometer, a eudi- ometer, and electrometer, &c. D. 1799. SAVAGE, KiOHAKD, an English poet, celebrated for Ids genius, irregularities, and misfortunes, was b. in London, about 1698. He was the natural son of the countess of Macclesiield by Earl Kivcrs. No sooner did he see the light, than a most unnatural hatred took com- plete possession of his mother, who placed him with an old woman in the lowest; state of indigence, with direc- tions that he shoidd" be brought up in utter ignorance of his birth, and in the meanest condition. He was an appren - tiee to a shoemaker, when Ibis womau dying suddenly, some of Lady Mason's (the inother of the countess) letters, which he found among her jiapers, dis- covered to him the secret of his birth. From this moment his attempts to ob- tain the notice of his mother were incessant, but all his assiduities and applications were unavailing; aiid in justice to the countess of Macclesfield it inust be observed, that she always asserted that her child d. while quite young, and that Savage was an impos- tor, "lie now Itecame an author, and, in 1723, ]iroduced the traii'cdy of "Sir Thomas Overbury," the profits of which nroduced him £200: and he was rising in reputation, when, in 1721, he acci- dentally killed a Mr. Sinclair, at a house of ill-fiune, in a drunken quarrel. For this he waa tried, and found guilty; but obtaiuod the royal pardon, through the intercession of Lady Hertford. Soon after, Lord Tyi .'onuel became Ina patron, received him into his house, and allowed him £200 a year ; but the bard and the peer quarrelled, and he was again turned adrift upon the world. A " Birth-day Ode," addressed to the queen, procured him a pension of £50., but on her majesty's death this was dis- continued, and he subsequently endured much misery and privation ; till at length, in 1748, he d. in the debtors' prison, at Bristol. SAVILLE, Sir Henrt, one of the most profound and elegant scholars of his age, was b. in 1549, and after grad- uating at Brazennose college, Oxford, removed on a fellowship to Merton college, in the same university. In his 29th year he made a tour on the Conti- nent for the purpose of perfecting him- self in elegant literature, and on his re- turn was appointed tutor in Greek and mathematics to Queen Elizabeth. D. 1622. SAVONAROLA, Jerome, a Domini- can, was b. at Ferrara, in 1452. He was regarded by some as an enthusiast, and by others as an impostor; but he preached with great zeal against the corruptions of the lioinan church, for which he was condemned to the fiames in 1498. Ho wrote "Sermons," a trea- tise entitled "The Triumph of the Cross," and other works. SAXE, Maubtoe," count de, marshal- general of the French armies, was b. at Dresden, in 1696. He was tlie natural son of Frederic Augustus II., king of Potand, by the Countess of Kunigsmark, and d. in 1750. SAXO, Ghammaticus, a Danish his- torian, who flourished in the 12th century. SAY, Jeat* Baptiste, an eminent French writer on political economy, b. in 1767. He concerted with Chamtbrt (who was guillotined) the "Decade I'hilosophique," during the revolution. Bonnpartc, on going to Egypt, made him his librarian extraordinary, and after- wards appointed him a member of the tribimate, from which post he was dis- missed by his patron, for having the consistent honesty to vote against the creation of an emperor and empire. His "Traite d'P^conomie Publique" is n most valuable work, and has been com- pared to Adam Smith's " Wealth of Nations." Among his other works are, "Observations siir rAnsrlcterre ct los Ansjlais," "Cours complet d'Economie Politique." D. 1832. bch] CYCLOPyEDIA OF lilOGRAPIIY. 74] iS'-'ALIGER, Julius Cesar, crenerally known ;istlic elder Sc:iliger, acolcbmtoil Bcliolnr, Wiis 1). 1484, at the castle of Kiva, on lake Ganla, and became a paire of the Emperor Maximilian, whom lie Fcrved in war and peace for 17 years. When he was about 40, he quitted the army, and applied himself to tlie study of natuiMl law, medicine, and the learned hmiruaLTcs. In 1525 he aecompanied the bishop of Atren to his diocese in France, where he d. 1558.— Joseph Justus, son of the precedintr, was b. at Airen, in 1540 ; was made professor of polite liter- ature at Leyden, and is said to have been master of no less tlian 13 lanirnages. D. Kiini. SCANDERBEG, (which means the Bky Alexandkr,) whose proper name was Gc(ir;.'-e Castriot, was the son of Joiin, [irincc of Albania, and was b. 1404. Beimr given by his father as a hostago to Sultan Amurath II., he was educated in the Maiiometan religion, and at the age of 18 was placed at the hea 1 of .a body of troops, witli the title of sanu'iac. After the death of his father in 1432, he formed the dcsiirn of possessing himself of his principality ; and having accom- panied the Turkish army to IlnnL'ary, lie entered into an agreement with Ilnii- niades to ilesert to the Christians. This design he put into execution ; and, hav- ing ascended the throne of his fathers, he renounced the Mahometan relisrion. A long warfare followed ; but although frequently obliged to retire to the fast- nesses of mountains, he always renewed his assaults upon the first favorable oc- casion, until tiie sultan proposed terms of peace to him, which were acceptcil. He, however, renounced hi^ treaty with the sultan, obtained repeated vietories over the Turkish armies, completely established Ins power, and d. 1467. SCARLATTI, Alkssandro, b. at Na- ples, in letlie, which soon I'jpened into a friendship only dissolved by death, hi 1789 he was appointed to the chair of history in the university of Jena, and besides lecturing to crowdeil aiuliences, he published his celebrated " History of the Thirty Years' War," :ind engaired in various literary enterprises, which have more or less had ureat influence on tlie literature of Germany. " Die Horen" and " Der Musen-Almanach," to which the most eminent mi'ii in Ger- many contributed, belong to tiiis cat- egory. He soon after settled at Weimar, in order to direct the theatre in con- junction with Goethe, in accordance with their mutual tastes and opinions: and here he at intervals publishctl the ■works which, together with those above mentioned, have immortalized his name. Among these are, '■ Joan of Arc," " Mary Stuiirt," " Wallenstein," " Wil- liam Tell, ' " History of the Remarkable Conspiracies and Revolutions in the Middle and Later Ages." &c. D,. 1305. SCHLEGEL, August WiLnErm von, ■ a celebrated critic, poet, and philolourist, was b. at Ibinover, 17()7. After finish- ing his studies at Gottingen, he became prolbssor at Jena, where he lectured on .he tlieory of art, and joined his brother Friedericli in the editorship of the '• Atlieiueum." In 1802 he repaired to Berlin, as a wider flt'ld for his literary predilections ; accompanied madame hy of Life," and his "Philosophy of His- tory," which rank among his best liter- ary efforts. Like his brother, Friederich Schleirel becatne a Roman Catholic; and his strontr devotional tendencies may be seen in his interesting "Letters on Christiim Art." D. 1829. SCHLEIERMACHER, Fredkrtc Ek- NEST Daniel, equally distinguished as a theolocrian, a ]ihilololiich criticism would be out of place, need hardly be enumerated : " \Va.verley," skl] CYCLOP^IilDIA OF RIOGRAPHT. 745 "Tiilcs of my Landlord," "Ivanhoe," "The Moimstery," "Tlio Abbot," "Qiientin Diiru-ard," "Pevcril of the Peak," " Woodstock," " Rob Koy," "Tlie Heart of Mid Lothian," "Ciiron- icles of tlic Canongate," &o. Sir Walter Scott was made a baronet by Georjje IV., in 1821. Thoiiofh from the time of the publication of " Waverley," Sir Walter liad been generally considered the author of the "Scotch Novels," yet he had managed to' preserve his incog- nito by various modes of evasion and half-denials whenever the subject was publicly mooted; and the author, who- ever he might prove to be, was fanci- fully styled the " Great Unknown." At length, the mystery was solved. At the annual dinner of the Tlieatrical Funtl Association in 1827, Sir Walter, in re- turning thanks for the honor which the company had done him by drinkinsr bis health, unreservedly declared that they were wholly and solely his own compo- sitions. His emoluments were very larffo, but pecuniary difficulties with his publishers involved him in the common failure. His debts he nobly determined to reduce by new efforts, many of which, though they answered the end which the author had in view, added little to liis fame, and utterly destroyed a robust constitution in writing them. D. 1832. — JonN, a distinguished lawyer and judare of Virginia." B. 1782; d.'^lSSO. SECKER," Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, an eminent and pious pre- late, was b. at Sibthorpe, in Nottmg- Immshire, in 1093, and was educated with a view of becoming a dissenting minister. He, however, declared that he could not conscientiously assent to the tenets held by his family, and he therefore conformed to the church of Enijland, took orders, and obtained pre- ferment. T). 176S. SEDGWICK, TnEODonK, a judge of the supreme court of Massachusetts, was b. at Hartford, Ct., in 1746. He was graduated at Yale college, and in 1766 began the practice of the law in Berk- shire county, Mass. In 1776 he served as aid to General Thomas in the expedi- tion against Canada. In 178.5 he was a member of congress under the old con- feder.ation. His exertions during 1787 to suppress the insurrectionary spirit of the state, in what is known as Shay's rebellion, were efficient and honorable. In 1789 he was again in eonsrress ; and in 1796 a member of the U. S. senate. In 1802 he was appointed judge. D. 1813. — Theodore, a son of the pre- ceding, was b. at Sheffield, Mfts.s., 1780 ; was educated at Yale college, and prac- tised law in Albany. He was twice a member of the legislature of Massachu- setts, and twice the democratic candi- date for congress. But his life was mainly devoted to literary and agricul- tural pursuits. He wrote " Hints to my Countrymen," and "Public and Private Economy." D. 1839. SEDLiEY, Sir Charles, a celebrated wit, courtier, and poet, of the age of Charles II., was b. at Aylcsford, in Kent, in 1639: d. 1701. SEGUR, Joseph Alexander, viscount de, second son of the marshal de Segur, engaged when young in the military service, but having attained the post of mnreschal de camp in 1790, lie gave up his time entirely to the cultivation of literature, and published several ro« mances. D. ISO-i. — Louis, count de, a French diploinatist and historical wri- ter, was the eldest son of the marshal de Sdgur, and b. in 1753. He served during two campaigns in the American war, and was afterwards ambassador to St. Petersburg and Berlin. On the overthrow of the French monarchy he relinquished liis connection with afifiiirs of state ; he was, notwithstandincr, ar- rested by order of the committee of pub- lic safety; but being liberated shortly after, he quitted France, and did not re- turn till after the fall of Robesjiierre, when he was made a peer. I). 1830. SELDEN, John, an English antiquary, law writer, and historian, of most exten- sive acquirements, was a native of Sus- sex, and b. 1584. So early as 1607 he drew up a work, entitled " Analectum Anglo-Britannicum," which was quick- ly succeeded by several others ; and in 1614 appeared 'his "Titles of Honor." Next followed his " De Dits Syriis" and " Mare Clausum." He now entered the field of politics, and in 1640 was elected mendier of parliament for Oxford. At the commencement of the disputes be- tween Charles and the parliament, ho acted with great moderation, aiul uni- formly endeavored to prevent an ulti- mate appeal to the sworrl. In 1643, the house of commons appointed him keep- er of the records of the Tower, and, tho following year, one of the commission- ers of the admiralty, votincr him £5000 as a reward for his services. He cm- ployed all his influence for the protection of learning:, and was universally esteem- ed for his urbanity of manners and good- ness of heart. D. 1654. SELKIRK, Alexander, a sailor, was 746 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPnV. [sew b. at Largo, in Scotland, about 16S0. He was a gocid navigator, and made several voyages to the South Sea, in one of wliicli, having a quarrel with his coin- man. ler, lie was put ashore on the island of Juan Fernandez, with a few neces- paries, a fou-ling-pieee, gunpowder, and Bhot. Here he remained in solitude nearly three years, till he was taken away by Captain Woods Rogers, in 170U. On ills return to Enoflund, he is said to have eniployetl Daniel Defoe in drawing up a narrative of his adventures for the press, from which source originated the popular and interesting '"Adventures of Robinson Crusoe." SENECA, LuciL's Ann^lts, a cele- brated Roman philosopher, moralist, and statesniLUi, tlie son of Marcus An- nseus, an eminent orator, was b. at Cor- duba, in Spain, during the first year of the Christian era. His reputation soon extended to the imperial court; and his various learning and practical wisdom caused him to be appointed tutor to Nero, and procured hnn several iniport- ani places. After his acce^sJon to the throne, his imperial pupil for a while loaded him wiili favors; but at length resolviag to rid himself of his old pre- ceptor, the tyrant charged him with being aii aecpinpliee in the conspiracy of Piso, and he was condemned to dcatli. The meihod of his execution was, how- ever, left to his own choice. He conse- quently, with the ehuractcristic osten- tation of 11 stoic, finished his life in the midst of his friends, conversing on philosophical topics while tlie blood was flowing from his veins, which he had caused to be opened for that purpose. D. 6.i. SERVETUS, Michael, alearned Span- iard, memorable as the victim of religi- ous intolerance, was b. at Villaniieva, in 150il : was educated at Toulouse, studied medicine at Paris, and was in constant correspondence with Calvin, whom he consulted in respect to his Arian notions. He published several anti-trinitarian works, which excited against hiin the violent hatred of both Catholics and Protestants ; and though he was so for- tunate as to escape from the persecu- tions of the Ibriner, he could nut elude the vengeance of the latter, headed and incited as they were by his implacable enemy, the stern and unforgiving re- former of Geneva. He was seized as lie was passinjr through that city, tried for " blasphemy and heresy," and con- demned to the flames, whicli sentence W113 Ciirried into execution, October 27, 1553. Servetus is supposed by many to have anticipated Harvey in the fli.'seov- cry of the circulation of the blood. SERVIUS TULLIUS, king of Rome, was the son of a female slave. He mar- ried the daughter of Tarquin the elder, whom he succeeded, 577 b. c, and was murdered by hLs sou-iu-law, Tarquin Superbus, h:ii b. c. SETTLE, Elkaxah, an English poet, was b. at Dunstable, 1618; educated at Trinity college, ()xford ; was much en- gaged in the [lolitical squabbles of the age, and wrote some smart pieces both in prose and verse. He was al>o an in- defatigable writer for the stage, but none of his dramas are now acted. D. 1724. SEVICNE, MAur de Rabutin, mar- chioness de, daughter of the baron de Chantal, was b. in 1626. At the age of 18 slie married the marquis de Sevigne, who was killed in a duel seven yearn afterwards. Being thus left a widow, with two children, she paid great atten- tion to their education ; and when her daughter married the count ile Grignan, she kept up a correspondence with herj to which circumstance the world is in- debted tor those letters whicli are regarded as mo lels of epistolary com- position. 1). 1696. SEWARD, Anna, daugliter of the Rev. Tiiomas Seward, himself a poet and the author of an edition of Beau- mont and Fletcher, was b. at Eyai,i, in Derbyshire, in 1747. She evinced a poetical taste in early life. Li 1782 she piiblislied her poetie:il romance of " Louisa ;" and she subsequently print- ed a collection of sonnets, and a " Life of Dr. Darwin," in which she asserted her claim to the first fifty lines of that author's "Botanic Garden." D. 1309. — William, a biographical writer, was b. ill London, 1747. lie was e lucated at tlie Charter house and at Oxford; wa.s intimate with Dr. Johnson, an 1 other eir.ipent literary characters ; and was the author of "Anecdotes of Distia- iruishe 1 Persons," " Biographiana," &c D. in 17ity. SEWELL, George, a poet and mis- cellaneous writer, was b. at Windsor and after completinir his educ-ation at Peter-lion-;c, Cambridge, studied med- icine in Holland under the celebrated Boerhaave, and settled at Hampstead as a physician. His chief literary pro Ine- tions are, " Sir VV^ilter Raleigh,' a tra- iredy ; "A Vindication of the Eaidish Staye ;" translations of parts of Lucan, Ovid, and Tibullus; and "Epistles to Mr. Addison." D. 1726. biia] CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, 747 SFORZA, James, called the Great, was b. of linmble parentage, at Cotig- nolu, ill l(j;3y. A company of soldiers happening to pass tlirongli liis village, yoinig Stbrza joined tlicin, and, after passing throuffli tlie inferior military ranks, became a general. He obligeil Alphonsus, king of Aragoii, to raise the siege of Naples, and he retook sev- eral important places which had revolt- ed ; but being too eager in pursuing the flying enemy, he was drowned iu the river near Pescara, in 1424.— Francis, natural son of the preceding, command- ed with distinction in tlie service of Naples ; after which lie married the daughter of the duke of Milan, on whose dealli he was chosen general of the duchy ; but he abused that trust, and usurped the sovereicrntv. D. 146t). SHADWELL, Sir Lancelot, vice- chancellor of England, was b. 1799 ; educated at Eton and Cambridge, where he took his degree of B.A. in 1600. lie was called to the bar by the honorable poeiety of Lincoln's Inn in lSy and learuin?, was b. at Dur- ham, 1734. He obtained a place in the ordnance offi.e, which he resig^ned at the connneneement of the American war, because he disapproved of its principles ; after which he devoted his life to private study, and tlie active exercise of a be- nevolent mind. He established the right of netrroes to their freedom while in Euirlaud, instituted the society for the abolition of the slave trade, advo- cated the principles of parliamentary retbrm, and distinguished himself with equal zeal in other patriotic and benev- olent objects; the last of which was the promotion of the distribution of the Scriptures. He was critically skilled in the Hebrew and Greek languages, and was the author of various works, the principal of which are, "Remarks on the Uses of the Definite Article in the Greek Testament," a "Short Treatise on the English Tongue," "Remarks on the Prophecies," " Treatises on the Slave Trade," on "Duelling," "The Feople'.s Right to a share in the Legis- lature," the " Law of Nature, and Prin- ciples of Action in Man," &c. D. 1813. SIIARPE, GuEOOKV, an eminent ori- ental scholar and able divine, was b. in Yorkshire, 1713, was educated at West- minster and Al)erdeen, and eventually became master of the Temple. Among his writings are, "A Review of the Con- troversy on the Demoniacs," " Defence of Dr. Clarke acrainst the Attacks of Leibnitz," " Dissertations on the Oricrin of Languages, and the Powers of Letters, with a Hc!)rcw Lexicon," " Disserta- tions on the Latin and Greek Tongues," "Three Discourses in Defence of Chris- tianity," an "Introduction to Universal History," and "The Rise and Fall of the City and Temple of Jerusalem." D. 1771. SHEE, Sir Martin Archee, president and senior member of the Royal Acad- emy, was b. in Dublin, 1769. On his first arrival from Ireland in the British metropolis, he was introduced to the notice of Sir Joshua Reynolds, and to some other distinguished persons, by his illustrious friend anfl countryman, Edmund Burke. He became an cxliib- itor at the Royal Academy for the first lime in the year 17S9. In 1791 he sent four portraits to the exhibition; in 1792 he exliibited seven works ; and, in 1796, he reached what is now the full academ- ical number of eisht portraits. He con- tinued equally industrious for many suc- cessive years; and was in such favor with his fellow-artists, that he was elect- ed an associate of the Royal Academy in 179S. In 1800 he was elected a full royal academician ; and of his thirty- nine brethren by whom he was chosen, he was the last survivor. D. 18.50. SHELDON, Gilbert, an eminent pre- late, was b. at Stanton, in Staffordshire, 1.598. On the death of Archbishop Juxon, he was raised to the primacy, and expended above £66,000 in cliarita- ble uses. But the greatest of his works was building the theatre at Oxford. D. 1677. SHELLEY, Percy Bysshe, an emi- nent modern poet, eldest son of Sir Timothy Shelley, Sussex, was b. at PielJ Place, in that county, 1792. He was sent to Eton, whence, owing to his ec- centricity of character, he was removed to Oxford, much before the usual period. Here a repetition of youtliful irreirulari- ties occasioned his expulsion ; and his family were estranged by an ill-assorted marriage. After the birth of a boy and a girl, he separated from his wife, who died shortly after. Mr. Shelley then married Miss Godwin, daughter of the author of " Political Justice" and the famed " Mary Wolstoncroft," and soon after retired to Marlow, in Buckingliam- shire, where he wrote his " Revolt of Islam." About this time the guardian- ship of his children was taken from liim, by an infamous order of the chan- cellor, on the arround of alleged atheisti- cal and skeptical notions, and of certain avowed opmions regarding the inter- course of the sexes, which were deemed immoral and dauflrerous. He now re- paired to Italy, with liis second wife and a new family, and renewed an acquaint- ance with Lord Byron, to whom he had been known durina' a former visit to the Continent. There, in conjunction with his lordship and Mr. Leirrh Hrnt, he contributed to "The Liberal," a ^■oriod she] CVCLOP.^DIA OF BIOGRAPIIT. 740 ioal miscellany, which contained the "Vision of Judgment," by Lord Byron, and other oritrinal productions; but whicli, partly owinsr to Shelley's un- timely death, was very soon discontin- ued. He was drowned by the wreck of his own small sailing-boat in a violent storm, on his return from Lcirliorn to his house, on tlic gulf of Lerici, July 8, 1822. Fifteen days afterwards his body was discovered, and, agreeably to his own desire, often expressed to his friend Byron, it was burnt on the sea-shore, and the ashes conveyed to Rome, where they are interred in the burial-ground near the pyramid of Caius Cestus. The poetical works of tliis writer are, "Pro- metheus Chained," " Alastor, or the Spirit of Solitude," " Qiieen Mab," and "Cenci;" the whole of which dis- play a poetical genius of the highest order, and a character of the utmost pu- rity and benevolence. — His wife, above alluded to, b. 1797, gained great dis- tinction by her "Frankenstein," pub- lished in 1817. She was also the author- ess of the "Lives of Eminent Literary Frenchmen," published in " Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopsedia;" and, among other literary performances of merit, she ed- ited with notes her husband's poems. D. 1§51. SHENSTONE, Wiluam, an English poet, b. 1714, at Hales Owen, in Shrop- shire, was the son of a gentleman farmer, residing on his own estate, called the Leasowes. He was educated at Oxford, and, on coming into possession of his paternal property, he relinquished all views of an active life, and occupied himself with, rural embellishments, and the cultivation of poetry. His great de- sire to render the Leasowes f^imous for picturesque beauty and elegance, led to expenses whicli he could but ill support, and he was by no means a happy inhab- itant of the Eden which he haa created. His works consist of songs, elegies, pas- torals, and miscellaneous essays. D. 1763. SHERBURNE, Sir EnwARn, an in- genious writer, was 1). in London, 1618. He held the oflice of clerk of the ord- nance under Charles L, and suffered greatly during tlie civil war; but was restored to his ofKce, and knisrhted bv Charles IL D. 1702. He translated "Seneca's Tragedies," the "Sphere of Marcus Manilius," and other works, •oto EuLdisli, and wrote poems. SHERI DAN, Thomas, (the well-known friend of Dean Swift,) was b. in 1684, and. d. in 1738. He was eminent as a 63* teacher, but, being singularly thoight- less and extravagant, he closeil h.s life in great povertj'. He was the author of some sermons, and a translation of the satires of I'ersius. — Tuomas, son of the preceding, was b. in 1721, at Quilca, in Ireland, and was educated at Westmin- ster school, and at Trinity college, Dub- lin. In 1742 he went upon tlie stage, and gained much celebrity as a trage- dian, both in his native country and in England. He next became numager of the Dublin company, but beiuii ruined by the o]-)position of a rival theatre and by riots in his own, he relinquished the profession, and commenced as a lecturer on elocution, whicli for a time was very successful. Duriiiir the ministry of Lord Bute, he obtained a pension of £200 a year. He subsequently became manager of Drury-lane theati-e : but some disputes takiuir place, be retired from the situation, and resumed bis at- tention to oratory. His principal works are, an " Ortlicepieal Dictionary of the Enslisii Lantruaire," and a " Life of Swift." D. 1788.— Frances, wife of the preceding, was the writer of "Sidney Biddulph," a novel ; " Nourjahad,'' an Eastern tale; and the comedies of "The Discovery'' and "The Dupe." B. 1724; d. 1767. — Richard Brinsley, third son of the preceding, distinguislied as a statesman, wit, and dramatist, was b. at Dublin, 1751. He was educated at PLu-- row school, and became a student of the Middle Temple, but was not called to the bar. His first dramatic attempt was "The Rivals," which was acted at Gov- ent-garden in 1775, with moderate suc- cess; but the "Duenna," a musical entertainment, which followed, was re- ceived witli general admiration; and his "School for Scandal" gained liim tlie highest reputation as a comic writer. On the retirement of Garrick from Dru- ry-lane theatre, he purchased a share in that property, which qualified him for a seat in parliament; and, in 1780, he was chosen mcmoer for the boroutrh of Staf- ford. He attained distinsruished celeb- rity as an orator, and made the grandest dispkay of eloquence durina: the proo-ress of the impeachment of Warren Hastiuirs. The political changes consequent on the death of Pitt, in 1806, occasioned the exaltation of the party with which Sher- idan was connected, and lie obtained the lucrative post of treasurer of the navy, and the rank of a ]irivy councillor. This administration beiiiir weakened by the loss of Mr. Fox, who survived his celebrated rival only a few months, new 75) CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [sHl idterations took place, and he was de- prived of office, to which lie never re- turned. At the general election in 1806, he olitaiiied a seat for Westminster, the great objeet of liis ambition ; but he was uf.erwards nominated for the borough of lleliester, which he continued to rep- resent during the remainder of his par- liamentary career. TIjc latter part of the life of this highly talented individual was imbittered by misfortunes, princi- pally iirising from his own improvidence, ills profuse habits involved him deeply in debt; his failure of a seat in parlia- ment deprived him of protection from arrest ; intemperance had uuderuiined his eunstitulion; meutal anxiety com- pleted the destruction of his health ; and his death took place amidst a com- plication of difficulties, feai's, and sor- rows, July 7, ISIG. Besides the pieces already noticed, he was the author of part of " A Translation of Aristasnetus,"' the farces of "The Critic," a "Trip to Scarborough," and "St. Patrick's Day," a "Letter to Henry Dundas," " Tizarro," a drama altered from Kotzebue, and poems. Mr. Sheridan was twiie mar- red, first to Miss Linley, a celebra ed singer; and the second time to Miss Ogle, daughter of the dean of Winches- ter. SHERLOCK, WiLLiAH, an eminent English divine, b. 1641. He became dean of St. Paul's, and wrote numerous books and pamphlets, the greater part of which were of the controversial kuid. His "Practical Treatise on Death," however, has been highly valued and very much read. D. 1770. — Thojias, an eminent prelate, son of the preceding, b. in 1678, was distinguished as a warm and spirited controversial writer. His works are very numerous, and his ser- mons particularly to be admired for their ingenuity and elegance. He was, successively, dean of Chichester, and bishop of Bansror, Salisbury, and Lou- don. D. 1761." SHERMAN, Roger, a signer of the declaration of American independence, was b. at Newton, Mass., in 1721, and with only a common-school education, rose to distinction as a lawyer and statesman. His early life was passed in tiie occupation of a shoemaker. Re- no ving to Connecticut in 1743, he was admitted to the bar in 1754, and soon became distinguished as a counsellor. In 1761 he removed to New Haven, four years after was appointed a judge of the county court, and in 1776 ad- vanced to tlie bench of the superior court. He was a delegate to the eel»- brated congress of 1774, and was a member of that body for the sj)aee of nineteen years. He was a member of tlie convention that formed the consti- tution of the United States. D. 1793. SIIIEL, Richard Lalor, was b. in Dublin, 1794, was educated at Trinity college, and studied law at Lincoln's- Inn. To defray the expenses of his education, he betook himself to writing tragedies. " Adelaide" to wliich the passionate actin? of Miss O'Neil lent a charm, was followed by the " Apos- tate," "Bellamira," and " Evadne." In 1S31 he entered parliament, where his success as a speaker was very great. He took a deep interest in Catholic emancipation, and was the riijht hand of O'Counell. He was ultimately pre- ferred to the commissionership of Greenwich hospital, and shortly after- wards made vice-president of the board of trade, with a seat in the privy council. Mr. Shiel was the first Catholic com- moner upon whom this dignity was be- stowed. From the general election in 1*^41, to the time of his departure for Florence, in 18.50, he represented Dun- garvon. On the return of the Whitrs to office, in 1846, after the repeal of the corn-laws, Mr. Shiel succeeded to the mastership of the mint, which place being abolished last session, he pro- ceeded to Florence as British minister at the Tuscan court. D. 1S51. SHIPl'EX, WiLLTAM, an eminent physician, was b. in Pennsylvania, and was graduated at Princeton college in 1754. His medical studies were com- j)leted at Edinburgh, and on his return in 1764, he began at Philadelphia the first course of lectures on anatomy ever delivered in the country. He assisted in establishing the medical school of tliat city, and was appointed one of its professors. D. 180S. SHIRLEY, James, an eminent En- glish dramatic writer and poet of the Elizabethan age, was b. in London, about 1594. He became a fertile writer for the stage ; and having obtainetl con- siderable celebrity, was taken into the service of Queen Henrietta Maria. He afterwards accompanied the earl of Kil- dare to Ireland, but returned on the breakinsr out of the rebellion, and re- sumed his scholastic employment in the Whitefriars. At the restoration many of his plays were asrain acted, and ha appears to have been comparatively prospennis ; hut having lost all his property by the fire of London, in bid] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHV. 751 1C6G, both he and his wife were so af- fected by tlie cahimitoiis event, that tliey died of grief and terror within 24 hours of each other. SHORE, Jank, tlie beautiful and nn- fortunate mistress of Edward IV'., was the daiighter of a London citizen, and tlie wife i)f 11 rich jeweller in Lonibard- Btreet. Her personal charms are rep- resented as being transcendent; her connubial state, infelicitous; and the monarch's admiration of her, unbound- ed. Her virtue was not sufficiently strong to resist her royal lover, and she iinreluctantly yielded to his desires. After the king's death she became at- tached to Lord Hastings, and their known partiality to the young princes rendered them obnoxious to the duke of Gloucester, who accused them of witchcraft. On this charge Hastings Was beheaded, and his pretended ac- complice committed, by the tyrant's order, to the Tower. After undergoing the form of a mock trial, she was or- dered to do penance in St. Paul's, in a white sheet, and was paraded through the public streets, the bishop of Lon- don heading the procession. Her house and fortune was seized by the protector, and the unfortunate woman was reduced to the greatest distress ; but her perish- ing in a ditch, which is said to have given rise to Shoreditch, does not ap- pear to be founded upon fact. Where or when she died is not known; but it is certain slie was living in the reign of Henry VIIL SHORT, William, a native of Vir- ginia, wlio was secretary of legation to France when Jefferson was minister, and afterwards charge to France, and minister to Spain, by the appointment of W^asliington. His state papers were marked bv great cleverness and ability. B. 1750; d. 1850. SHRAPNEL, Lient.-general Henry, the inventor of the case-shot known as Shrapnel-shells, received his commis- sion as second lieutenant in the royal artil.jry in 1779, and attained the rank of lieutenant-general in 1837. Shortly after tlie sie(, a pliilolosrist, Was b. in Lonlon, about 1622 ; was edu- cate:! !it Christ-ehnreh, Oxford ; settled Bs a physician at Lineohi, and d. T5G7. lie Was author of " Etyniologieou Lin- g-nos Ani.dicanns." SL0ANP2, Sir Hans, a distinanished pliysic'ian and naturalist, was b. at Kili- leosh, Ireland, in ]t5tiO. He was the first in Ensrland who introduced into g'fcneral practice the use of bark, not onlv in fevers, but in a variety of other disorders. He also formed a valuable ninseum of the rarest productions of nature and art, wliich totrether with his library, consistinir of upwards of 50,000 volumes and 3,566 manuscripts, were purchased of his executors for £20,000 uy act of parliament, and made part of the collection of the British Museum. D. 1652. SM.\RT, Christopher, an Ensrlisli poet, b. 1722, at Shipbourne, in Kent, was educate! at Pembroke colleafe, Cambridtre, where he obtained a fellow- ship, but vaoited it by marriaire, and havin? settled in London cotnmenced nutlior. The eayety of his disposition and the buoyancy of his spirits render- ed him an acceptable companion to the wits and public writers of tlie day, with many of wiiom, particularly Pope, Jolinsoii, Garrick, and Hawkesworth, re became intimate. He translated Pope's " Ode on St. Cecilia's Day," and the " Essay on Criticism." into elesrant Latin verse ; wrote a poetical version of the "Psalms;" a volume of orisrinal poems, " Hannah," an oratorio, with several odes, tallies, etc. He also gave to the world translations of the works of Horace, both in prose and verse. Poverty, however, overtook him, and his distresses, aided by intemperance, so unsettled his intellects, that he was placed for awliile under personal re- etraint. D. 1771. SMEATON, Jony, an eminent civil ensineer, was b. in 1724, at Austhorpe, near Leeds. His father, who was an attorney, was desirous of briniyinir up Iiis son to the same profession ; but he became a mathematical instrument ma- ker. In 1759 he received the eold medal of the Royal Society, of which he was a member, for a paper on the power of wind and water to turn mills, and as an ensrineer he gradually rose to the sum- mit of his profession. In 175.5 the Eddystone lighthouse wa.s burnt down. and Mr. Smcaton bein? recommended to the proprietors of that buildinj? as an euirineer every way calculated to rebuild it, he undertook the work, and executed it in such a maimer, as ah.iost to bid defiance to the power of time or acci- dent. His last public employment was that of cnsrineer for the improvement of Kams he was elected to the senate for three years, an 1 in 17ii8 was re-elected for four years. In K'JCi lie was appointed assistant at- torney-general for the counties of Co- lumljia aiKl Kensselaer. In February, 1802, he was appointed attorney-general of the state: and in 18:i4 he received the apijointiiient of a justice of the supreme court, of which he was made chief justice in 1819. For many years Judge Spencer exercised a very power- ful influence in the atlairs of the state of New York. In 1812 lie united heartily with Daniel D. Tompkins, then governor, in the memorable strugirle that preceded the declaration of war against Briiain, to prevent the charter of the six-million bank. In 1823 Judge Spencer retire 1 from the bench, and resumed for a while the practice of his profession, and was subsequently em- ployed in vai'ious public duties, particu- larly that of mayor of the city of Albany, and fur one term, that of representa- tive ill eruriress. D. 1848. SPENSER, Edmund, one of the most illustrious among our early poets, was b. ir. London, about 1.5.53; was educated at '*°inbroke hall, Cambridge, and, on leaving the university, took up his resi- dency with some relations in the north of Eiiudand, prob dily as a tutor. In 1.580 he accompanied Lord Grey de Wilton, viceroy of Ireland, as his sec- retary, and procured a grant of 3028 acres' in the county of Cork, out of the forfeited lands of the earl of Desmond ; on whieli, however, by the terms of the gift, he was obliged to become resident. lie accordinvrly fixed his residence at Kilcolmau, in l-he county of Cork, where be was visited by Sir' Walter Raleigh, who became his "patron in lieu of Sir Philip Sidney, then deceased, and whom he eclcbrate's under the title of tlie " Shepherd of the Ocean." Sir Walter persuaded him to write the " Faerie Queen," the first edition of which was Erintcd in 15',ti», and ]iresented to Eliza- etli, who irranted the poet a pension of £50 per annum. In 1595 he pub- lished his p'.istoral of "Colin Clout's come home aufain :" and, the year fol- lowing, the second part of his " Faerie Queen ;" but the poem, according to the original plan, was never completed. About this time Spenser presented to the queen his "View of the State of Ireland." being tlie clerk of the council of the province of Munster." In 1597 he returned to Ireland ; but when the rebellion of Tyrone broke out, he was obliged to fly with such precipitancy, as to leave behind his infant child, whom the merciless cruelty of the in- surffcnts burnt with the house. Tho untbrtunate poet earne to Enudand with a heart broken by these misfortunes, and d. at Westminster, Jan. 16, 1598-9. His remains were interred at the ex- pense of the carl of Essex, in Westmin- ster abbey, where the countess of Dor- set raised a monument to his memory. SPINOLA, Ambkose, Marquis, a cel- ebrated Spanish general, was b. in 1569. He connnanded an "rmy in Flandei-s, and in 1604 he took Ostend, for which he was made general of all the Spanish troops in the Low Countries, where ho was opposed by Maurice of Nassau. In the war occasioned by the disputed succession to the duchy of Cleves and Juliers, Spinola took Aix-la-Chapelle, Wesel, and Breda. He was subse- quently employed in Italy, where he made himself master of the city of Casal; but not being able to subdue the citadel, owiiiiT to the imprutlent orders sent to liiin from Madrid, he exclaimed, "They have robbed me of my honor," and fell a prey to chagrin, in 1630. SPINOZA, Be.nedict, one of the most profound thinkers of the 17th century, and the founder of modern pantheism, was b. at Amsterdam, in 1633. His pa- rents were Portuyuese Jews, who gave him the name of Baruch, which, on re- nouncing his religion, he altered to Ben- edict. He resided chiefly at the Hague; and strenuously refused to accept of any of the numerous proposals he re- ceived to enter upon a career that might have led to his worldly advancement. He was for some time a Calvinist, and afterwards a Mennonist, but at last adopted the views, religious and polit- ical, with which his name is now con- nected, and in support of whicli ho published numerous works. His " Trac- tatus-lheoloyico-politieus" was reprinted in London in 1765, by Hume, though without his name or that of the author. D. 1677. SPlZfi^LIUS, TiiEopiriLus. a learned German ecclesiastic, author of an elabo- rate " Commentary on tlie State of Lit- erature ainonsr the Chinese," and othei works. D. 1691. sta] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 7G1 SPOXTTNT, Gasparo, a distinsrnislied imisieal composer, was b. at Miijolatti, iiear Jesi, in tlic Roman states, 1778. Ho was educated at the Conservatorio do la Pieta of Naples, and beijan his career when 17 years of acre, as the com- poser of an opera, " I Pnntigli delle Donne." In 1807 he was appointed mnsic-dircctor to the empress .loseph- ine; and in 1808 he produced his most famous work, " La Vestalc," with bril- liant and decisive success. His "Fer- nando Cortez" appeared in 1809 ; and the next year witnessed his appoint- ment to the directorship of the Italian opera in Paris, which he held for ten years. In 1820 the masrniflcent appoint- ments offered by the court of Prussia tem|)ted him to leave Paris for Berlin, in which capital his last three grand operas, " Nourmahal," (founded on " Lalla Rookh,") " Alcidor," and " Ajr- nes Von Hohenstauffcn," were produced with irreat splendor, but with little com- parative success. D. 1851. SPOTSWOOD, or SPOTISWOOl"), John, archbishop of St. Andrew's, in Scotland, was b. in 1565, educated at Glasffow, and in 1601 went as chaplain to tiie duke of Lennox in his embassy to France. On the accession of James VI. to the throne of England, he accom- panied him ; and the same year was raised to the archbishopric of Glasgow, and made one of tlie privy council in Scotland. In 1615 he was translated to St. Andrew's. He crowned Charles I. at Holyrood house, in 1633; and, two years afterwards, was made chancellor of Scotland ; but, on the breaking out of the rebellion, he retired to London, where lie d. in 1639, and was buried in Westminster abbey. He wrote the " History of the Church of Scotland." SPRANGHER, BAimioLOMEw, an eminent painter of Antwerp, was b. in 1546, and d. in 1623. SPRAT, Thomas, bishop of Roches- *,er, an historian and poet, was b. in 1636, and d. in 1713. He wrote the " History of the Royal Society," the "History of the Rye-iiouse Plot," " The Life of Cowley," a volume of sermons, and a few poems. SPURZIIEIM, Gaspard, a celebrated physio.ogist, was b. near Treves, in 1776, and received his medical education at Vienna, where he became acquainted with Dr. Gall, the founder of the science of phrenology. To this science Spurz- heim became exceedingly partial ; and he soon joined Gall in making inquiries bto the anatomy of the brain. They 64* ouittcd Vienna in 1805, to travel ; visited Paris ; and lectured in P^ngland, Scot- land, and Ireland, and then Spurzheim came to the United States, where he d. 1832. He was a man of rare benevolence and integrity. STACKHOUSE, Thomas, a divine, was b. in 1680, but the place of his birth is not known; became, in 1733, after many vicissitudes, vicar of Benham, in Berkshire ; and d. there in 1752. Ho wrote several works, of which the n.ost important is, "A Historv of the Bible." STAEL-HOLSTEIN," Anne Louisa Germaine, baroness de, a celebrated fe- male writer, the daughter of M. Ncckcr, the Pi-ench financier, was b. in 1766, at Paris. Her talents were so early dis- played that she was said never to havo been a child, and the utinost care was taken to cultivate them. In her 20th year she married the Baron de StaCl, the Swedish ambassador. From that period she took an active part in literature, and an almost equally active one in politics. It was through lier influence with Barras that Talleyrand was appointed minister of tlie foreign department. At the com- mencement of Bonaparte's career she was one of his admirers, but she after- wards became hostile to him : and, in 1801, in consequence of her attempting to thwart his government, she was or- dered to quit Paris. After having visit- ed Germany, Prussia, and Italy, she re- turned to France, whence, however, she was again expelled. Her peregrinations were next extended to Moscow, Stock- holm, and London : nor did she again behold her favorite abode of Paris till after the restoration of the Bourbons. In 1811 she married M. de Rocea, but tlieir union was kept secret. D. 1817. Of her works, wliieh form seventeen volumes, the principal arc, the ro- mances of "Delphine" and "Corinnc," " Considerations on the French Revo- lution," " Dramatic Essays," " Consid- erations on Literature," " Germany,'' and "Ten Years of Exile." STAHL, George Ernest, an eminent German physician and chetnist, was b. in 1660, at'Anspach; studied at Jena; became physician to the king of Prus- sia : and d. 1734, at Berlin." Stahl in- vented the theory of phlogiston, which was long prevalent. Ilis chemical and medical works are numerous. STANDISII. Miles, the first captain at Plymouth, New England, was b. in Lancashire, in 1584, and accompanied Mr. Robinson's congregation to Ply- mouth in 1620. Ilis services in the ■ 7G2 CYCLOPEDIA OF HIOGRAPHV". [sTB wars Willi the Indians wcreliijrlily use- ful, iiU'l uiaiiy of his exploits were da- rin? and cxtraordii\arv. D. 16)6. STANHOPE, Charlks, Earl, a politi- cian and man of science, was b. in 1753; was educated at Eton and Geneva; was member for Wycombe till he tool; his Beat in the honse of peers, in 1786, on the death of his f.ither ; was ii strenuous republican, and enemy to Mr. Pitt's ad- ministration ; and d. 1816. Anion? his many inventions are, an improved printinjj-press, a monochord, an arith- metieal machine, a mode of securing buildincrs from fire, and a double in- clined plane. He wrote several political and scientific pamphlets and papers. — Lady IIkster, a very hisrlily accom- plished, but no less eccentric, English lady, nicfc of the celebrated William Pitt. Soon after the death of that great statesman, with whom she was domes- ticated, and with whose pursuits she so much sympathize], as to act upon some occasions as his private secretary, she went to Syria, assumed the dress of a male native of that country, and devoted herself to astrology, in which vain sci- ence she was a most implicit believer. She had a large pension from the En- glish government, and for many years was possessed of considerable influence over the Turkish pachas, which, how- ever, when habitual carelessness in money matters had deprived her of the means of bribing them, she lost. B. 1766; d. 1839. STANSBUKY, Tobias E., a distin- guished citizen of Maryland, who from the beginning of the revolutionary war till the time of his death, participated actively iu national and state affairs, and wi'is rcpeatedlv speaker of the house ofdelcirates. D. 1850. STARK, John, a general in the army of the American revolution, was b. in Londonderry, New Hampshire, in 1728. During the French war, he was captain of a company of rangers in the provin- cial service, in 1755, and was with Lord Howe when that general was killed, in storming the French lines at Ticonde- ro?a, in 1758. On receiving the report of the battle of Lexington, he was en- gaged at work in his saw-mill ; and, fired with indignation, seized his musket and immediately proceeded to Cam- bridcre. He v/as at the battles of Bun- ker's hill and of Trenton, and achieved a glorious victory at Benninirton. He rose to the rank of brigadier-general, and wa.H distinguished tliroughoiit the •»!ir for enterprise and courage. D. 1822. STEELE, Sir Richard, was b. in 1671, or, according to some accounts, in 1675, at Dublin ; was educated at the Charter house and at Merton college, Oxford; and entered the military service, in which he rose to the rank of captain. The " Christian Hero," which was print- ed in 17()1, was his first production. It was followed by the comedies of " Tho Funeral," " Tlie Tender Husband," and " The Lying Lover." In the beginning of Queen Anne's reign he obtained the office of gazetteer, and, in 1710, he was made a commissioner of stamp. Tho "Tatler" he began in 1709, and he sub- sequently was, in part or in whole, the author of " The Spectator," " Guar- dian," " Encrlishman," " Spinster," " Lover," " Reader," and " Theatre." In 1713 he was elected M. P. for Stock- bridge, but was expelled for what the house was pleased to consider as libels. He afterwards sat for Boroughbridge. During the reisrn of George I. he was kai',rhted, made surveyor of the royal stables, manager of the king's company of comedians, and one of the commis- sioners of forfeited estates, and gained a larsre sum by " The Conscious Lovers ;" but his benevolence and his lavish habits kept liiin in a state of constant embar- rassment. A paralytic attack at length rendered hiin incapable of literary ex- ertion, and he retired to Llangunnor, in Caerinarthenshire, where he d. 1729. STEEN, .Ja.v, an eminent painter, was b. at Leyden, in 1636. One of his mas- ters was" Van Goyen, whose daughter ho married ; but Steen proved a dissipated character, and totally neglected hi.s fam- ilv. D. 1689. ' STEENWICK, Henry, a Flemish painicr, was b. 1550, and d. 1603. STEEVENS, George, a commentator, was b. in 1736, at Stepney; was edu- cated at King's college, Cambridge; and d. in 1800. He was a man of talent and extensive reading, but his dispor^ition was not amiable. His first work, pub- lished in 1766, was an edition of twenty of Shakspcare's plays ; the notes to which, and additions, were afterwards inco'-porited with those of Johnson. STEPHENS, Alexander, a miscel- laneous writer, was b. in 1757, at Elgin; studied at Aberdeen; was designed for the law, but gave himself up to liters^ ture ; and d. in 1821. He wrote a " His- tory of the War of the Frencli Revolu- tion," and "Memoirs of John Home Tooke ;" and contributed to the " Month- Iv Magazine," " Public Characters," aud " Tlie Annual Obituary." CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOORAPEIY". 7G3 STERNE, Laukenck, a miscellixueons writer, was b. in 1713, at Clouinel, in Irelaiiil ; and wiis cdticatcd at a scliool near Halifax, and at Jesus collejarc, Gam- bridge. He successively obtained the living of Sutton, a prebend at York, the rectory of Stillington, and tlic curacy of Coxwold. In 1760 lie published the first two volumes of" Tristram Siiandy;" the remainder appeared in 1761, 1762, 1765, and 1767. Some of his latter years were spent in travelling on the Conti- nent, and ills travels gave birth to "The Sentimental Journey." D. 1768. STEPHENSON, George, whose name will be for ever identified with the great- est mechanical revolution effected since the days of Watt — the application of steain to railroads — was b. near New- castle, in 1781. His father was an en- gine-tender at a colliery ; and lie himself began life as a pit-engine boy at Id. a day's waffes. A lucky accident having given him an opportunity of showing pome skill, he was advanced to the otttce of engineman. He was afterwards em- ployed in forming railway planes and engines underground, and all his leisure time was spent in working out the great problem, which he at last so hap[)ily solved. His first attempt to carry out his design was at Hetten ; he subse- quently planned the line between Stock- ton anil Darlington: but his crowning achievement wiis the great Manchester and Liverpool line. Heat .iiice took the lead in railway enirinecring, became an extensive locomotive manufacturer at Newcastle, a railway contractor, and a great colliery and iron-work owner; but he always retained the manly simplicity of chni-a'cter which had marked his early career. STERLING, John, an accomplished critic and essayist, whose promising career was broken by long-continued illness, and at last prematurely closed, was b. at Kames castle, in tl i isle of Bute, 1806. His father, who was a ciis- tiniJTuished political writer, had him ed- ucated chiefly at home. In 1824 he went to Trinity college, Cambridge, where he had Archdeacon Hare for his classical tutor ; and a year later he entered Trin- ity hall with the intention of srraduatinsr in law ; but he left Cambridge in 1827 without taking a degree, and during the next few years he resided chiefly in London, employing: liimself actively in literature, contributing to the " Athe- nasum" and other literary journals, and preparin? himself, in familiar intercourse with Coleiidge, Wordsworth, and many other distinguished persons, for tho pecuHar career he had marked out for his exertions. Soon after his marriage in 1830, he was forced by threatening pulmonary symptoms to seek a tempo- rary home in St. Vincent, where liia fainilv held some property. He return- ed to' Europe in 18;y2. D. 1844. STERNHOLD, Thomas, a poet, was b. in Hampshire, and educated at Ox- ford ; after which he became groom of the robes to Henry VIII. and Edward VI. Hed.inl"i49. Sternhold versified 51 of the psalms ; the remainder were the productions of Hopkins, Norton, and others. STEUBEN, FREDEmc William Au- gustus, baron de, was a Prussian officer, aid-de-camp to Frederic the Great, and lieutenant-general in the army of that distinguished commander. He arrived in America in 1777, and immediately offered his services to the continental congress. In 1778 he was appointed inspector-general, with the rank of major-general, and rendered the most efficient services in the establishment of a regular system of discipline. Du- ring the war he was exceedingly active and useful, and after the peace lie re • tired to a farm in the vicinity of New York, where, with the assistance of books and friends, he passed his time a3 agreeably as a frequent want of funds would permit. The state of New York afterwards gave him a tract of 16,000 acres in the county of Oneida, and the general government made him a grant of $2.50''i per annum. D. 1795. STEWART, DuoALD, an eminent philosopher and writer, was b. in 1753, at Edinburgh, and was the son of the professor of matliematics; was edu- cated at the high school and university of his native city: and attended the lectures of Dr. Reid at Glasgow. From Glasgow he was recalled, in his 19th year, to assist his father ; on whose de- cease, in 1785, he succeeded to the pro- fessorship. He, however, exchannred it for the chair of moral philosophy, which he had filled in 1778, during the' absence of Dr. Ferguson in America. In 1780 he began to receive pupils into his house, and many young noblemen and gentle- men, who afterwards became celebrated, imbibed their knowledge under his roof. It was not till 1702 that became forward as an author; be then published the first volume of the " Philosophy of the Hu- man Mind." Among his works are, " Outlines of Moral Piiilosophy," " Phil- osophical Essays," " Memoirs of Adara 764 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [STO Smith, .and Dr->. Robertson and Koid ;" and " I'refatory Dissertations in tlie Siippleiucnt to" tlie Encyclopsedia Bri- taunicii." D. 1S2S. STILLING, IIeinbich, a paeudonymc adojilcd by Uienrieli Jani? in one of tlie most reniai'k'.ible iiiitobiojir;ipliics ever written, was 1). at Flore- \l3urif, in Nas- sau, 17-10. Ills father was a tailor, and bis son at first followed the same trade ; bat Ills srreat natural abilities soon burst through the trammels of bis lowly posi- tion, and after ncqnirinor by his o\vn ex- ertions considerable knowledge of Greek and of medicine, he found means to pro- ceed to the university of Strasburg, where he prosecuted his studies with such ardor and success that he was soon appointed to a professor's chair, and raised himself to eminence both by his ability as a lecturer and as an operator. He wrote several novels, the best of which arc, " Theobald," " Ilerr von Morgenthau," "Das Heimweii," &c., besides several medical and mineralo:.ri- cal treatises ; but bis name is chiefly connected with his autobiography, en- titled " Juircnd-.Kingling-iahre, Wan- derschaft und Alter von Ileinrich Stil- ling," whioli, it may safely be said, has never been surpassed in interest and fldelitv. D. 1817. STILLTNGFLEP:T, Edwakd, a pre- late, was b. in 1635, at Cranbourne, in Dorsetshire ; was educated at St. John's college, Cambridge; obtained various preferments, among which were, in 1077 and 1678, the archdeaconry of London and the deanery of St. Paul's ; and was promoted to the see of Worcester at the revolution. Among his works are, " Oriffines SacroB," and " Origines Bri- tannicie." Among his latest literary ef- forts was a controversy with Locke, on some points in the " Essay on Human Understandincr." D. 1699. STOCKTON, Richard, a signer of the declaration of American independence, was graduated at Princeton college in 17-iS, and entering on the practice of the law soon rose to eminence. He settled in New .Jersey, was appointed to the office of judge, and was a delegate to the congress of 1776. D. 1781. STOLBERG-STOLBERG, Fredkrio Leopold, Count, a German writer, was b. in 1750, at Bramstedt, in Holst^ein ; was educated at Halle and Gottintren ; anidated state: and by his pru-1eut administration he at once increased the revenue and liirltt- encd the burdens of the people. After , the death of Henry IV. Sully retired syd] CYCLO?.'EDTA OF BIOGRAPHT. 707 from public affairs, and d. IRil. Ilis " Mt'lii.iirs," written by biinsclf, are hiirlilv iiiti'rcs£iii;_r. SUItliEV, IIenuy Howard, earl of, eldest son of tlie dii!; and fell a victim, on the scaffold, to tlie tyranny of Henry VIII., in 1547. " lie ■was," says Raleiirh, "no less valiant than learned, and of excellent hopes ;" and Warton considers lain as "the first Entrlish classical poet." SUV^AROFF, or SUWARROW, Prince Alexander, a celebrated Rus- sian fii'ld-marshal, was b. in 1730, at Siiskoi, in the Ukraine, and was educa- ted at the cadet school of St. Petersbnrir. He distinuiiished himself during' the seven years' war; in Poland, in 17i3. SYDENHAM, Thomas, an eminent physician, was b. in 1624, at Winford 768 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHV. [tal E?.?le., ill Dorsetshire ; was educated at 'Wadliain c-oUoure, Oxford, studied medi- cine at Moutpellier; and settled in Wcstminsier, where he deservedly at- tained a hisjh reputation. D. 16S9. — Floyer, an eminent Greek scholar, was b. in 1701, and was educated at Wad- Lam collejrc, Oxford. In 1759 hehegan a translation of the works of Plato, a part of which he published; but the want of patronasrc involved liini in em- barrassments; he was tiirown into pris- on for a small debt which he had con- tracted for his frngiil meals ; and there be perished in 1788. His fate gave rise to the establishment of the literary fund. — Charles William Poulett, Ijord, governor-general of Canada, was the son of Mr. J. Poulett Thompson, a London merchant, and b. 17113. Wiien about 20, he became resident in St. Petersburg as the correspondent of liis father's firm ; and, until his acces- sion to public otiice in 1830, he con- tinued to be connected with the mer- cantile business. His political life connnenced in 1826, as member for Dover; but in 1830 being returned for botli Dover and Manchester, he gave preference to the latter. On the forma- tion of the reform cabinet, he was appointed vice-president of the board of trade and treasurer of the navy ; he became president of the board of trade in 1834: and, in 1839, succeeded Lord Durham as governor-general in Canada. Whilst riding near Kingston, Lord Sydenham met with an accident by tho fallinir of his horse, and d. September 19, 1841. SYLLA, Ltjcius Cornelius, a cele- brated Koman, was b. 137 b. c. After having spent a part of his youth in Tu'entious pleasures, he distinguished himself in Afrii.'a, under Marius; in Pontns, as coinmander-in-ehief, and on various other occasions. He rose to tho consulship in the forty-ninth year of Ills age. He subsequently reduced Greece, and vanquished Mithridates; and, returning to Italy, overcame tho Marian party, and assumed the dicta- torship. By his merciless edicts of proscription he deluged Rome with blood ; but, at the very moment when no one dared to dispute his power, he retired into private life. D. 78 b.c. SZALKAT,' Anthony, an Hungarian poet, who is considered as the tbunder of the dramatic literature of his coun- try. He Iield an office in the house of the archduke palatine, Alexander I^eo- pold, and d. 1304, at Buda. His " Pikko Ilertzog" was the first regular drama composed in the Hungarian lansuasre. He also wrote a travesty on the ^ucid. TACITUS^ Caius Cornelius, a Latin historian, was b. about .56, and was of mi equestrian family. The place of his birtii is not known. He early culti- vated poetry; he became an advocate, and he is supposed also to have borne arms. He was successively quaestor, eedile, and prretor, and in 97 attained the rank of consul. Pliny the Younger was his bosom friend, and Asri'icola was his father-in-law. lie is believed to have d. about '[?>r>. TALBOT, Joiix, Lord, a fomous war- rior, was b. in 1373, at Blechinore, in Shropshire ; obtained various successes against the Irish, distino'uishcd him- self in France by his skill and valor during tlic reigns of Henry V. and VI., for which he was rewardeil by the earl- doms of Shrewsbury, Wexford, and Waterford ; and was killed at the battle of Castillon. in 1453. TALLIEN, John Lambert, one of the most prominent characters in the French revolution, was the son of a no- bleman's porter; was b. 1769, at Paris, received a good education, and early in life was successively clerk to an attor- ney, and in a public office, and foreman to a printing establishment. On the brcakiiiir out of the revolution, he took a violent part against the court, and he gradually acquired considerable influ- ence. As a member of the convention, he voted for the death of the king, and for a while he participated in all the enormities of the Jacobins. At length, however, he became more moderate, and it was mainly to his couraire and eloquence that France was indebted for the downfall of Kobespierre. He con- tinued to be an active member of tiie legislature till 1793, when he accom- panied Bonaparte to Egypt. He enjoyed a place under the consular and iirpe- rial governments ; remained unmolested after the accession of Louis XVIIL, and d. 1820. TAV] CYCLOI'^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 769 TALMA, Francis Joseph, tlie great- est of French actors, was b. 1763, at Paris, and spent liis eliildliood in Flan- ders and England, where his father was n diMitist. At the age of nine years lie was sent to France to be educated, iviience he returned to Enghind. The Btaire was early his de!i<;ht, and lie was at one time on tlie point of appeiirint; at Drury-lane. On his settlintr in France, he for eiirhteen months followed the profession of liis father; but in 1787 he came out upon the Frencli theatre, in the character of Seide. For some time, h(/wever, lie was kept in the back- ground; but at lensfth lie attained the hiarhest rank as a trajredian. Talma also accomplished in France a complete ref- ormation oftheatrical costume. D. 1826. TAMERLANE, TIMUR LENO, or TIMUE BEG, was b. 1336 a. n., in the province of Kersch, the ancient Soir- diana, where his father was the chief of n tribe. He attained the sovereign au- thority at Samnrcand, 1370. He sub- Bequently conquered Persia, India, Syria, and many other countries; made prisoner Bajazet, the Turkish sultan ; and was on the point of invading China, when he d. in 1405. TANNAHILL, Robert, a Scottish poet, was b. at Paisley, in 1774, and bred a weaver. He read the works of Burns with enthusiasm, and, like many more of his countrymen, he burned to emulate him, and tliouUGii, a signer of the decl.. ration of Ambncan independen e, was b. in Ire- lund, 1711). Emigrating to America, he became the proprietor of extensive iron works at Durham, on the river Dela- ■w..re. He \V:\s for sonie years a rep- resontatise for Northampton county to the provincial a-ssembly, an I in 1776 was elecred to the eoniinental congress. D. 1781. — Jaxe, the daughter of an crtist ia London, was b. in 178"!, and very early in life gave evident indica- tions of poetic talent, ller first publica- tion, "The Beggir Boy," appeared in 1804; an 1 fromthattime forwarJshecon- tinucd to publish, occasionally, miscel- laneous pieces in verse. Tiie principal of lli(!se are, "Oriifinal Poems for Infant Minds," and ''Essays in Kliyme on Morals and Manners." She also wrote a prose tale, entitled "Display," which met with much auccess. D. 1823. — Jonx, usually called the Water Poet, from his being a waterman, was b. in Gloucestershire, about loS'i. In 1.596 he served in the fleet under the carl of Es- sex, and was present at the attack upon Cadiz. Aficr his return lie plied on the Thames, and was for many years col- lector for the lieutenant of the Tower, of his fees on the wines imported into London. He also styled himself the king's water poet, and the queen's waterman. When the civil wars began he retired to Oxford, where he kept a public house, as he af erwards did near Long Acre. At this place he manifested his loyalty by assumiuir for a sign, the "Crown in Monrnirig," whicii proving offensive, he substituted his own nor- trait. D. 1654. — Thomas, a learned Gre- cian, commonly termed the PItitonist, was b. in 175S, and placed, at 'J years of age, at St. Paul's school, with a vi.ew to orders ; but he changed his min:l wl'vfin 1."), and went to a relation, an officer at the port of ^' Iicevness. Thero a cclcliratcd dissenrer justructc 1 him in the rudiments of Latin an-.l Greek, and he applied himself with itidefatigablo ar lor lo the study of Greek, especially the works of the Platonic sophist. Hav- ing contracted an early love marriage, he Was compelled to become un ler- Urther in a school, and, subso'iueiitly, clerk to a banker, tor subsistence; but he still foun 1 time to pursue his cail/ stu lies. He afterwards gave public lec- tures in Greek and on the Platonic wri- ters, which intro luced him to the favor of the iluke of Norfolk, who furnished the funds for his great work, the excel lent translation of Plato. His transla- tions are very voluminous; the most important are the works of Aristotle, Plato, and Pausaniiis. D. lS)i. — Wil- liam, a ilisting'.iished critic, translator, and Utterateiii\ was the only son of an eminent merchant of Norwich, where he was b. 176o. He was originally des- tined for his father's business; but his early bias lor literary pursuits proved so strong, that his father gave way to his inclinations, and after one or two somewhat lengthened sojourns in Franco and Germany, hegiive himself u[) almost entirely to the "cultivation of the Muses" and of politics. He first became known by a translation of Burger's '• Lenore;" and stimulated by the success which followed his first attempt, he mado various other translations from the same author, and from time to time contribu- ted specimens of other German poets to dirtercnt magazines and periodicals. In 17'.i8 he formed an acquaintance with Southey, which soon ripened into the warmest friendship; and in ISf).^ he bo- eame the editor of the "Norwich Iris," which he made the organ of his peculiar political and religious opinions ; but lie soon abandoned this speculation, and henceforth engageil in the business of " reviewing," for whicli he found a main vent in the "Monthly Review," then under the editorship of Dr. Griffiths. Anion? his works should be mentioned his " English Synonymes ;" aiul in 1830 he published a "Survey of Germ in Po- etry," consisting chiefly of his collected translations, with explanatory notes. D. 1836. — William (Jooke, an eminent writer on miscellaneous subject-!, was b. at Youirhal, 180L). After prosecuting his studies at the university of Dublin with great distinction, he rep died to the metropolis, an 1 entered upon a lit- erary career, wldch, for constancy of ap- plication, and variety of subject, has ten] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 'iTl had few equals in modern times, lie w;is employed in 18 Ki, by the British government, to inquire into the system of eilucation on the Continent; and lie was just on the eve of beinif jilaecd in a position on the establishment of the forcl-lieiitenant of Ireland, to c:a-ry out his views, when lie was cut off by tlie pestilence that ravaged Great Britain and Ireland in 1849. Amonor his chief works are, his '' Manuals of Ancient and Moilern History," "Lileand Times cf Sir Robert reel," " History of Ma- hommedanism," " Revolutions and Re- markable Conspiracies of Europe;" and liis last, and perhaps his most important work. "The History of the House of Orleans," published only a few weeks before his death. D. 1849. — Zachary, president of the United States, was b. HI V'iririnia, ITSrt. His father, who had fouoflit at the side of Washington duriucr all the war of independenco!, at its con- clusion settled in Kentucky, and con- ducted his family to their forest-home, where his son, amid the perils of savage life, had ample opportunities of develop- ing those military qualities of which he afterwards gave so signal a proof. At the outbreak of the war with England, in 1807, he hastened to join the army, and was appointed to guard the banks of the Wabash. In 1812, while in com- mand of tlie garrison of Fort Henderson, consisting only of fifty-two men, lie was suddenly attacked at midnight by a hos- tile party, who succeeded in setting fire to the fort. But Taylor, with his hand- ful of men, extinguished the flames, and forced the enemy to retreat. For this exploit lie was raised to the rank of major. In the war against the Indians, bolih in Florida and Arkansas, he passetl successively through all the grades of his profession, till he reached the rank of general. Nominated in 1S46 to the command of a corps of observation on the fi'ontiers of Mexico, an attack of the Mexicans gave him an opportunity of crossing the Rio Grande, and of gaining his first battle at Palo- Alto. The victo- ries of Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, and Buena-Vista proved him at once a val- iant soldier and an able general, and marked him out to tK ; suffrages of hia countrymen for the presidency. Chosen in Nov. 1848, he entered on his high Btlice in March, 1849: but he had only filled the chair of Washington and Jef- ferson for sixteen months, when he was suddenlv attacked by cholera, and d. July, 18")0. TELL, WiLLiAH, one of the champions of Swiss liberty, wa< b. in the latter part of tlie 13th century, at Burglen, in tho canton of Uri. Some doubt exists as to the truth of the story, that he was com- pelled to shoot at an apple on the head of his child, and that he shot the Aius- trian governor Gcssler; but there is no doubt that he contributed to enuincijiato his country, and that he fought at the battle of Morgarfen. D. 13')4. TEMPLK, Sir William, an eminent statesman and writer, was b. 16-J8, in London, and was educated at Bishop Storttbrd grammar school, and at Eman- uel college, Cambridge; Cudworth wa* his college tutor. In his 19th year he began his travels, in the course of wliich he resided for two years in France, and visited Flanders, Holland, and Germany. On his return he obtained a seat in tho Irish parliament. Charles II. employed him as a diplomatist, in which capacity Temple displayed abilities of no common kind. He was twice dispatched on a secret mission to the bishop of Munster ; as envoy extraordinary to the Hague he concluded within the short space of five d.ays the treaty of triple alliance ; he was one of the netrotiatoi-s at the congress of Aix la Chapelle; he signed the peace of 1G73 ; was appointed ambassador to the Hague in 1(574, and contributed to bring about the marriage of the prince of Orange with the Princess Mary; and lastly, was one of the netfotiators at Niinesruen. In 1679 he was appointed one of the king's now council, but was soon displaced for his freedom of speech. After this he retired into private life, and never asain took part in public affairs. D. 1698. TENCIN, Claudine Alexandrina GuERiN DE, a French writer, was b. in 1081, at Grenoble, and d. in 1749. She was early bound by monastic vows, from which she succeeded in obtaining her release, and she s\ibsequently spent many years in political, and especially in love intrigues ; in the course of which she was imprisoned, unjustly, however, on a charge of havintr murdered one of her lovers, D'Alembert was her son, At length she adopted a more rognlai mode of living, and her house became the resort of wits and men of letters. Of her novels, " The Count do Commin- ges" is that which is most esteemed; but they all have srreat merit. TENIERS, David, the elder, an emi- nent painter, was b. in 1582, at Ant- werp; studied under Rubens, and at Rome under Elsbeimer; and d. 1649. Ills pictures of rural festivities, conver- 772 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [thb Bations, fairs, foi tune-tellers, and similar Bubjet'ts, arc usually of a sin ill size, and are'iuueli valued.— David, the yoiinu-er, a sou of the foregoiir.(, was b. in IfilO, at Brussels, and was instrueted in piiutmi; by his father, and by Adam iirouwer aiid KuhLins. In his youth sueh was his faoiliiy of imit.itin^ the styles of various masters that he «as called the Proteiw and the Ape of Paintinir. He soon, howevoi', had the (jood sense to choose nature as his model, and he rose into hi:xh reputation. He wis patronized by the Arciiduke Leopold William, the king of Spain, Christina ol' Sweden, and other distiiiiTuis'ie 1 pjrsoniii:es. U. 1(3'J4-. TERENCE, or TEKENTIUS, Pub- Lius, a Latin comic writer, is believed to have been a native of Carthage, and to have been b. about 192 b. c. Being taken a captive to Kjiuc, lie was sold to Tereiitius liucanus, who gave him a good education, and enfranchised him. He was ill his -i^th year when he brought out his tirst play. His talents acquired for him illustrious friends, among whom were Scipio and Lailiiis. He quitted Rome vviien he was 3.5, and is .supposed to iiave perished at sea in a storm. Of his adinir.ible eouiedied only si.v are ex- tant. TERTULLTA.N, Qui\tu3 Septimus Florens, one of the most learned men of the primitive cluireli, was b. ;ibout 160, at Carthage. Originally a bitter enemy of the Christian faith, he was converted by witnessing the firmness of the mar- tyrs, became a priest, and was thence- forth one of the most eloquent defenders of the doctrines which he had despised. Lat« in life he adopted the opinions of the Montaiiists, and afterwards formed a sect of his own. He d. about 245. Among his works are, " An Apology for the Christians," a "Treatise against the Jews," and the live books against Mar- cion. TETZEL, John, a Dominican monk of the 16th century, was b. at Picrn. Being appointed, in 1517, to vend the indul- geuces issued by Pope Leo X., for tlie completion of St. Peter's church at Kome, he represented them as possess- ing the virtue of pardoning all sins, past, present, and future. This first roused the indignation of Luther, and may tridy be said to have been the pri- mary cause of the reformation. The papal government, seeing the niiseliief likely to accrue from the indiscreet zeal and bigotry of Tetzel, so severely re- Yiukecl him, that he is said to iuive died of a broken heart, in 151'J. THALES, one of the seven sages of Greece, was b. 639 b. c, at Miletus, in Ionia, or, as some attirm, was a natire of I'henieia. He travelled in Eg\ pt and other countries, and d. in the Uiith year of his age. Tliales was the founder of the Ionian school of philosophy, and was an admirable astronomer and ge- ometrician. He was the first who accu- rately ealetdatetl a solar eclipse. THEMiSTOCLES, an illustrious Athe- nian, was b. 535 b. c, at Phreas. Licen- tious in his youth, he was reclaimed fiom his follies by the love of glory. He bore a conspicuous part in the battle of Marathon, and the trophies gained there by Miltiades were a stimulus to the am- bition of Themistocles. When, after the banishment of his rival Aristi;les, he acqiiirei-l the management of the Atlieniaii attairs, lie displayed splendid talents. It was by his persuasion that his countrymen were induced to contido their safety to their navy, and to him were the Greeks indebted for the glori- ous victory of Salainis. He rebuilt the walls of Athens, fortified the Pirieus, and prevented the Spartans from gain- ing an ascendency in the Amphictyonie council. The popular favor, however, was at length withdrawn from him, and he was banished for five years. Further proceedings being meditated against liim, he sought an asylum at the court of Arta.xerxes, and was hospitably re- ceived. He d. 470 b. o. Some attribute his death to poison taken by himself, rather than assist the Persian monarch against Athens, while others affirm that he died a natural death. THEOBALD, Lewis, a dramatist and commentator, was b. at Sittingbourne. in ivcnt, and was brought up to h'S father's prot'ession, that of a lawyer, but quitted it for literature. Having offend- ed Pope, by editing a rival edition of Shakspeare, that poet made him the hero of the " Dunciad." Yet, in spite of the wit of the satirist, TheobahJ is not despicable as a commentator on the bard of Avon. D. 1744. THEOCRITUS, a celebrated Greek pastoral poet, was b. at Syracuse, and riourislied in the 3d century b. c. Ptol- emy Pliiladelphus invited him to his court, and treated him munificently. It is saitl that he was strangled by llioro, tyrant of Syracuse, for having written satires upon him, but there is little oi rather no evidence in support of the assertion. THEODOSIUS, Flavrts, surnained the Great, a Roman emperor, was b. ia THOJ CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. ns B46, in Spain. In his ISth yenr lie de- feated the b:irb;irians, and drove tliem across tiie D.miibe. Gratiun rewarded bill! with the purple, and tlie sway over tiie eastern provinces. In the course of his reiirn Theo losiiis trimnphed over the Goths, and various otlier enemies of the empire. lie vanquished Arbo- gaste, in o'j4, and added tlic western Frovinoes to his dominions. I). :3',I5. — I., surnanied tiie Younger, emperor of the East, crrandson of tiie grreat Tlieo- dosius, was b. 400, ;^nd succeeded to tlic throne at tiie ajrc of eiirlit ye irs. Tiic early part of his reio'ii Wiis marked by some success ajrainst the Persians; the remainder of it w;us not fortunate. The code which bears his name was formed by his order, and was the work of seven lawvers. U. 450. TIIE()PlIR.\STUS,acelebrated Greek philosopher, was b. 371 B.C., at Eresus, in Lesbos. He was a iliseiple of Plato and of Aristotle, the latter of whom he succeeded, and with splendid success, in the Lyceum. Twice lie was persecu- ted by his enemies, but in both in- stances he eventually triumphed. Of all his numerous works time lias spared only a "Treatise on Stones,"' parts of his "Characters," and of a -'History of Animnis," and some fragments quoted by othci- authors. TIIESPI.S, a Greek poet, b. at Icaria, in Attica, flourislicil 576 b. c. He is considered as tlie inventor of tragedy, from his having introduced actors in addition to the chorus. His stage is said to have been a cart, and the faces of the performers were smeared with wine lees, or, accordinir to Suidas, with white lead and vermilion. THEVEXOT, John-, a French travel- ler, was b. in 1633, at Paris. His for- tune cnibling him to gratifv his love of travellinir, he visited several parts of Europe, and afterwards explored many countries of the East. He d. in Persia, in 1657, as he was returning from Hin- dostan. His '' Voyasres and Travels" have been ot'ten reprinted. THOMPSON, WiLLiAsr, a poet and divine, was b. at Brough, in Westmore- land ; was educated at Queen's college. Oxford, and d. about 1766, dean of Eaphoc, in Ireland. His poems have been deserve lly admitted among the collected works of the British poets. His poem on "Sickness" contains m my (ine passages, and his "Hymn to May" breatlies more of the spirit of Spenser than mo-t mf)dern imitations ot* him. He also wrote " Goiidibert and Bertha," 6J* a tra. 1841. TIERNEY, Gkoroe, a distinjxnished siatesman and political writer, was b. in London, 1756, and, in 1796, he was elected M.P. for Southwark. He soon proved himself an able debater, and Was one of the most formidable opponents of Mr. Pitt. Dnrinjr a debate in the year 179S, some words spoken in the lionse were the cause of a duel between him and Mr. Pitt. When Mr. Addinu- ton became minister, in 1802, he made Mr. Tierney treasurer of the navy. In 180(5, under the Grbiiville administra- tion, he became president of the board of control, but went out of office early in the fullowinf year, on the resignation of the ministry. On the formation of the Canuinof ministry, he was appointed to the mastership of the mint; from which he retired, with Lord Goderich, lu 1828, and d. 1890. TILGIIAM, William, an eminent jurist, was b. 1756, in Talbot county, on the eastern shore of Maryland. In 1772 lie Ijciran the study of law in Philadel- phia, but was not admitted to the prac- tice of the profession till 1783. In 1788, and for some successive years, he was elected a representative to the lefrislature of Maryland. In 1793 he returned to Piiiladelphia, and pursued the practice of the law in that city till 1801, when he was appointed chief,iudn:e of the circuit court of the United "States for the third circuit. After tlie abolition of this court, ho i-csumed his profession, and contin- ued it till 1805, when he was appointed prcsitlent of the courts of common pleas in the tirst district of Pennsylvania. In the followins year he was commissioned as chief justice of the supreme court of that state. D. 1827. TILLI. John Tzerclaes, count de, a celebrated German gjeneral, was b. at Brussels, of an illustrious family, to- wards the close of the 16th century. Orifrinally he was a .lesuit, but he quit- ted that order to lake arms. Ue first sitifnalized himself in IIimgaTy acrainst the Turks. Subsequently he rose to hiffh command in the Bavarian service, and next in tlte Imperial, and irained several victories between 1620 and 1631 : in which last year he eternally disgrraced himself by his cruelty at the storming of Ma.ffdeburtrh. Gustavus Adolphus defeated him at Lutzen, in 1631, and airain at the passinc^ of the Lech, in 1632, in which action Tilli was mortally wounded. TILLOCII, Alexander, was b. 1757, at Glaso-ow, where he received a liberal education. While resident at his native, place he invented stereotype i)rintin?; but, after havinst joined with Mr. Foulis to carry it on, and taken out a ptitent,. he had the mortification to find tfiat the process had been previously discovered by Ged. SettlinEr in London, he l)ecame editor and one of the proprietors of the "Star" newspaper, and, m 1707, ho es- tablished the " Philosophical Ma'/azinc.'* D. Jan. 26, 1825. Tilloch uiade some improvements on the stoam-encfinc. TILLOTSON, John, an eminent pre- late, was b. 1630, at Sowcrby, in York- shire, and was educated at Clare hall, Cambridije. He was of a Puritan family,, and was brouifht up in their religiou!* principles, but he conformed to the church in 1662. Between that period and 1669, ho was, successively, curate of Cheshunt, rector of Kc(idin,2:ton> preacher in Lincoln's Inn, lecturer at St. Lawrence Jewry, and grained repu- tation both as a preacher and a con- troversialist. In 1670 he was made a prebendary, and, two years afterwards^ dean of Canterbury. In 1683 ho attend- ed Lord Russell on the scaifold, and la- bored, but, of course, in vain, to draw from him a declaration in favor of pas- sive obedience. This blot in his charac- ter is to be rcLTretted. At the revolution, he was appointed clerk of the closet to his urijesty, and, in the followini year, he exchanged his deanery for that of St. Paul's. In 1691, after fruitless attempts to avoid the honor, he accepted, with unfeigned reluctance, the see of Canter- bury, which was become vacant bv the deprivation of Sancroft. This promo- tion, however, he did not lon^ survive, as his decease took place in 1694. Ho died poor, the copyrio'ht of his " Post- humous Sermons," which sold t'or 0500 guineas, being' all that his family inherit- ed. Ilis works form three folio volumes. TINDAL, Matthew, a deistical writer, was b. about 1657, at Beer Ferrers, in Devonshire; was educated at Lincoln 770 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [tom colle-rc, Oxf()i\l, and obtained a tellow- B'.iip in All Souls, and d. 17ti3. Anioiinr his works are, " The Right- of the Chris- tian CMuirch Asserted," and "Christian- ity as old as the Creation."' — NicnoL.vs, nephew of the forejjoinif, was b. 1687, in Devonshire; was eclncuted at Oxford; obtained vario\is livings, and the chap- lainship of Greenwich hospitil; and d. 1774. Jle wrote a continuation of Rapin, translateil Calmet and Caiitemir, and abrid'i-ed Spenre's " Polvmetis.'' TINTORETTO, a celehraled painter, whose re.il name was James Robusti, was the son of a dyer, fiom whieh cir- cumstance he derived his [lietorial ap- pellation, lie was b. 1.512, at Venice, and was a pupil of Titian, who became jealous of his talents, and dismissed hiin from his school. lie rose to high reputation, and was employed by the Venetian i^overnment to paint a picture of the victory gained over the Turks in 1571. Most of his finest compositions are at Venice, where he d. lo',i4. TiRABOSCin, Jkuome, an Italian writer, was b. 1731, at Bergamo, and d. 1791, counsellor and librarian to the duke of Modena. Among his works are, " Memoirs of Modeuese Writers," and " Notices of Painters, Sculptors," ho I himself in lu-ms, particularly at the siege of Jerusalem, lie ascended the throne a. d. 79. His early licen- tiou.suess inspired feais as to ids future conduct, but he discarded his vices, and acted in sucli a maimer as to be denom- inated the delight of the human race. He was the father of his people. Oil one occasion, having within the twenty- four hours pertbrmed no act of kind- ness, he exclaimed, " My friends, 1 have lost a day !" He reigned little more than two years. TOBIN, JuiiN, a dramatic writer, was b. 1770, at Salisbury; was educated at Srivate schools at Southampton and ristol ; and was brought up as a solici- tor. He had an irresistible propeiisity to dramatic composition, and at the ago of twenty-lour had written several plays ; and he continued his labors till the close of his existence. In his applications to theatrical managers, howevei, '^e waa uniformly unsuccessful ; little to the credit of their judgment. It was not till he was sinking into the grave from consumption that his " Honey Moon" was accepted, and he did not live to wit- ness its success. T>. 1804. TOLAND, JoiiK, a deislical writer, was b. in 1699, near Londonderry; was originally a Catholic, but became a dis- senter, and, lastly, a skeptic ; was ed- ucated at Glasgow, Edinburgh, and Leyden ; was employed in secret mis- sions to the German courts; and d. 1722. Among his works are, "Christi- anity not Mysterious," " Nazareiius," " Pantheisticon," " Amyntor," " Tetra- dvmns," and " A Life of Milton." 'TOMLINE, George, whose fomily name was Prkttyman, a prelate and writer, was b. about 17.J0, at Bury St. Edmund's, where his fath.er was a tradesman. He was educatcil at Bury school, and at Pembroke hall, Cam- bridge, and was senior wrangler in 1772. Mr. Pitt, to whom he had been academ- ical tutor, made him his private secre- tary, gave iiim the living of Sudbury, and a prebend of Westminster, and, in 1787, raised him to the see of Lincoln, whence, in 1820, Dr. Tomline was trans- lated to tiiat of Winchester. D. 1827. TOMPKINS, Daniel D., was the son of -Jonathan G. Tompkins, a revolution- ary patriot, and was b. June 21st, 1774. He received his education at Columbia college, in the city of New York, and irraduated in 179o. He commenced the practice of law in New York, and took a prominent part in the trreat party striitrsrle which resulted in the elevation of Mr. .Jetferson to the presidency of the United States. In 1803 Mr. To'mpkiiia tor] CTCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 777 was appointcrl cliiof justice of the su- perior court of New York, which office he filled with reputation to himself, and to the approbation of the public. lie was elected i>-ovcniov of the state in 180", and during a period of great polit- ical excitement, was an active and up- right chief magistrate. In 1817 lie whs clecteil to the vice-presidency of the United States, James Monroe at the same time having been raised to the presidency. In tliis honorable station he served his country for two terms; and tinally retired from public life, in March, 1825. He d. suddenly, at his residence, in Richmond county, Staten Island, June 11th, 1825. TONE, Theobald Wolfe, an Irish revolutionary politician, and founder of the "Society of United Irishmen," was b. in Dublin, in 1763, and was bred to the bar. In 1790 lie published a pam- phlet, the object of which was to expose the mismanagement of the English gov- ernment regarding Ireland; and, in 17'.i3, he establisheil the society above mentioned. lie afterwards became in- volved in a treasonable correspondence with France, but made a sort of com- promise with the British government, and was allowed to withdraw liimself. He accordingly came to America in 1795, from whence he proceeded to France in the following year. By his persuasions, the French directory fitted out an expedition, consisting of 17 sail of the line, 13 frigates, &c., with 14,000 troops on board, and upwards of 40,000 stand of arms, besides artillery and war- like stores. Tone was appointed ehef de brigade, under General Iloche, the commander-in-ehief. They set sail Dec. 15, 1796 ; but, before they had all reach- ed their destination, (Bantry bay,) a hurricane arose, in consequence of which three ships of the line and a frigate only remained together. This bold attempt being thus frustrated by the elements, the scattered ships made the best of their way back to France, and Tone was foiled in" all his future endeavors to per- suade the French government to under- take another expedition on a large scale. But he still persevered in those plans which he conceived would lead to a sep- aration of Ireland from Great Britain ; and he at length embarked in one of those petty armaments, the inefficiency of vhich,"he thought, perhaps, might be remedied by his own coura;:;e and ex- perience, lie was taken y.risoner in tlie lloehe, after fighting bravely in a des- r)erate action, waa tried by a military commission, and sentenced tobehanged. The execution of his sentence, however, he avoided, by cutting his own throat ia prison, November 19, 1798. TOOKE, John IIorne, a politician and philologist, who for many years wan known by liis family name of Home, was b. 1736, in Westminster; was edu- cated at Westminster and Eton schools, and at St. John's college, Cambridge ; and in 1760 was inducted to the chapelry of New Brentford. The clerical profes- sion, however, was little suited to his habits and feelins's, and he took an ac- tive part in yiolitics. The cause of Wilkes he warmly espoused for a con- siderable time, but at length they be- came enemies. In 1771 he was attacked by Junius, but he defended himself with spirit and success against that for- midable writer. Kesigning his livina at Brentford, he studied law at the Temple, but his ecclesiastical character proved an obstacle to his being admitted to the bar. In 1775 he was sentenced to im- prisonment on a charge of having libelled the king's troops in America. Out of this circumstance arose his Letter to Dunning, which formed the basis of his subsequent philological work, "The Diversions of Purlev," publishel in 1786. In 1790, and 1796, he stood, in- effectually, as candidate for Westmin- ster; and in 1794 he was one of the persons who were tried at the Old Bailey, and acquitted, on a cliarye of treason. In ISOl he was returned to parliament for Old Sarum ; but he sat only during that session, a bill being passed to pre- vent individuals in orders from sitting in future. D. 1812. Tv")PLADY, Augustus Montague, an eminent Calvinistie divine, was b. in 1740, at Farnham, in Surrey; was edu- cated at Westminster school, and at Trinity college. Dublin; and d. 1778, vicar of Broad Ilembury, in Devonshire. Toplady was a strenuous opponent of Weslev. TORQUEMADA, Thomas de, the first inquisitor-general of Spain, a man infamous for his barbarity, was b. in 1420; was a monk of the order of St. Dominic; became inquisitor-freneral in 1483 ; and d. in 1498. In the course of sixteen years he srave to the flames no less than 8,800 victims, besides execu- ting nearly as many in effiirv, condemn- ing 90,000 to perpetual imprisonment and other severe punishments, and ex- pellinsr from Spain above 800,000 Jews. TORRK'ELLl, Evangelista, a cel- ebrated Italian geometrician, was b. ia 778 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHr. [trb 1608, at Modi^liana, or, as some assert, at I'iaiic ildoli ; be.sruii his ediiciitiou un- der the Jesuits at i<'aenz;i, aiul eomplcted. it at Koine ; was invited to Florence by Galileo; and succeeded that eminent man as professor of niatlienvitics. Tlie prand-dnkc also appointed liim his matlicm itieian. D. Itj4:7. TOIIRINGTON, Gkouge Byno, Vis- count, a Brltisli admiral, was b. 10(38, in Kent; became a rear-admiral in 1703; and, dnrinlain, in September, 181'J. After tlie war lie liad been appointed surgeon of tlie Navy Yard at CharlestoVn, and in 1822 he was stationed as surireon on board the sloop of war Peacock, bound on a snnmier cruise to the West Indies. Ho was seized with the yellow fever, and d. at Norfolk in November of that year. TRIBONIAN, a celebrated juriscon- sult, was b. about the besrinnin!; of the sixth century, at Sida, in Paniphylia ; obtained reputation at the bar, and rose, through a succession of state offices, to those of prgetorian prefect and consul. Justinian intrusted to him the superin- tendence of the compiling of his new code of laws. This task was be£run in 530 and completed in nSi. Trilioninn, whose rapacity and venality were at least equal to his talents, d. about "i47. TRIMMER, Sarah, an active and in- telligent female, tlio daughter of Kirby, •who wrote on Perspective, was b. in 1741, at Ipswich, and d. 1810. TRISSINO, John George, an Italian poet, was b. in 1478, at X'icenza ; was educated at Rome and Milan, and iiad Chaleondyles for one of his tutors ; was employed by Leo X. and his successor Clement on various diplomatic missiims ; and d. in l;i50. Among his works are, "The Deliverance of Italy from the Goths," an epic ]ioeni ; aii'l the tragedy of " Sop]\oi)isb:i." TROMP, Marttn IIerbertson, a cel- ebrated Dutch admiral, was b. ir)>.i7, at Brill ; besan bis naval career at an early age ; defeated the Spaniards in lf)-'.7 and and l(5:j',i ; fought with great gallantry against the English, during the war which besan in 1652; and was killed in an engagement in lfi53. — Nicholas, his son, who was b. 1020, and d. 1697, emu- lated the fame of his father, particularly in the four days' action in the Downs, hi 1666. TROWBRIDGE, Edmund, a learned jurist, was b. at Newton, in 1709, and was graduated at Harvat'l college. He pursued the profession of the law, rose to distinction, in 174'.) was appointed attorney-general, and a judge of the su- preme eourl: of Massaclnisetts in 1767. In 1772 he resigned his seat on the bench, and d. in retirement, in 1793. TRUMBULL, John, the author of " McFlngal," was b. in Connecticut, in 17.")0, and was educated at Yale college, •'here ho entered at a very early age. In 1772 he published the first part of his poem, " riie Progress of Dulnesa." In the following year lie was admitted to the bar in Cormccticut, and, removing to Boston, continued his legal studies ia the office ot' John Adams. He returned to his native state in 1774, and com- menced practice at New Haven. The first part of " McFiu'Tal" was published at Philadelphia, in 1775 : the poem Vr'as completed and published in 1782, at Harttbrd, wiiere the author at that time lived. More than thirty editions of this work liavc been printed. In 1739 he was appointed state-attorney for the county of Hartford, and in 1801 was ap- pointed a judge of the superior court of errors, and held this ai)pointment till 1819. In 1825 he removed to Detroit, where he d. 1831. — Jonathan, governor of Connecticut, was b. at Lebanon, in 1710, and graduated at Harvard college at the early age of 17. He early engaged in public att'iirs, and served his native colony in many im]iortant offices. In 1769 lie was elected governor, which office he discharged witli great skill and prudence for fourteen years, embracing tiie wliole period of the revolution. In his otiicial station lie enjoyed the confi- denee of Washington, and tlic other sages and patriots of that eventful pe- riod. D. 1785. — Jonathan, a son of the preceding, was b. at Lebanon, 1740, and was educated at Harvard college, where he graduated in 1759. For several suc- ceeding years he resided in liis native town ; but when the revolution com- menced, he was found among the fore- most in defence of his country's rights. In 1775 he was appointed paymaster to the northern department of the army, and continued in that office until the close of the campaign of 1783. He was soon afterwards attached to the family of Washinirton, in the capacity of secre- tary and first aid. He enjoyed, in an eminent degree, the confidence and friendship of the commander-in-cliief, with whom he continued until the close of the war. In 1789 he was a member of congress, and for ten years repre- sented his native state in that body, in the house of representatives, of wliich he was some years speaker, and in tho senate. In 1798 he was elected governor of Connecticut, and filled that office until his death, 1809.— John, a son of the preceding, was b. at Lebanon, 175G, and early in life served as an aid to Gen. Washington. He was rapidly promoted, but quitted the army in 1777. wlien he applied himself to painting visited Eu- 780 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [tur rope to ffct llic instructions of West, and rose to the liiirliest rank in liis prot'es- Bion. His L't'Ciit national pictures, some of wliicli adorn the Capitol at Wasliinij:- toii, anil others are at Vale college, arc valuable historical nionumen'.s. D. in 18i3. TKUXTON, Thomas, an officer in the American navy, was b. on Lonir Island, in l7')5. In 177-> be coniinanded a ves- sel, and distinguished himself' by his depredations on Britisli commerce du- ring tlie revolution. He subsequently engaged in commerce, till the year 17i)4, when he was appointed to tlie frigate Constitution. In 171i9 be captured the Frcncli fi-igate L'Insurgente ; and in the following year he obtained a victory over the La Vengeance, On the close of the French war be retired from the navy, and d. at Philadelphia, in 18'22. TUCKER, Abraham, a metaphysical writer, b. in 1705, in London, was the son of a merchant, and was educated at Bishop Stortford school, and Merton college, Oxford. lie studied for a wliile at the Inner Temple, but was not called to the bar. D. 1774. His great work is, "The Light of Nature pursued," in seven volumes octavo, of which the first half was published bv himself, under the fictitious name of Elward Search. — St. Gkohge, an American lawyer and statesman, (listinguished by the title of " The American Blackstone," was a zealous promoter of the independence of the United States, and bore a part in its accomplishment, not only with his pen, but his sword. D. 1828. TUCKERMAN, .Joseph, an eminent Eliilanthropist of Boston, who devoted is life to the ministry of the poor, in which he displayed equal benevolence and judgment, "b. 1840. TUDOR, William, a man of letters, was b. in the state of Massachusetts, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1796. He soon after visited Europe BncI passed several years there. Afier having been some time a member of the legislature of his native state, he was appointed, in 1823, consul at Lima, and for the ports of Peru. In 1827 he was appointed charge-d'atFaires of the United States at the court of Brazil. D. at Rio do Janeiro, 1830. Mr. Tudor was the founder, and for two years the sole editor of the "North American Re', lew." He was the author of " Letters on the Eastern States," and a " Life of .James Otis," and left a number of volumes in manuscript, nearly prepared for the press. TULL, .Jethho, an agricultural writer- was b. about 1(580 ; studied at one of the universities and the Tem))le, and was admitted a barrister ; but, on re- , turning from his travels, he settled on his estaCe, and devoted himself to agri- culture. 1). 1740. TURENNE, IIenrt de la Toun D'AiJVEiiGNE, viscount dc, a consum- mate general, seconil son of the duko of Bouillon, was I), in 1611, at Sedan ; had from his chiklhood an irresistible propensity to a military life ; and was initiated in the art of war by five years' hard service under his uncles, Maurice of Nassau and Prince Frederic Henry. On liis returning to France a regiment was given to liim. He displayed such talent in Lorraine, Germany, Italy, and Koussillon, that, anxious to fix him in his interests, Mazarin gave him the marshal's staff in 1644. In 1645 he was defeated at Mariendahl, but was soon amply avenged by the victory of Nord- lingon. During the war of the Fronde, he at first espoused the car.se of the princes, and was beaten at Khetel ; but, having rejoined the royal party, ho was more s\iccessful in the battles of Gien and the suburb of St. Antoine. In the war against the Spaniards, from 1654 to 1659,"he gained the battle of the Downs, and a variety of other advan- tages. He now enjoyed some years of repose, during which he abandoned the faith of his fathers, and became a Cath- olic. In the campaign of 1672 all tho other marshals employed were placed under his orders. Between that period and 1675 he compelled the elector of Brandenburg to sign a peace, gained the battle of Sintzheim", and, by a movement of the most masterly kind, expelled tho Imperialists from Alsace, and drove them over the Rhine. He sullied his glory, however, by his barbarous con- duct in the Palatinate, which country he utterly deviistated by fire and sword. In 1675 he was opposed to Montecuculi, and the game of war was never played with greater skill than by the two gen- erals. Turenne believed that he had at length found a favorable opportunity of attacking his enemy, when he was killed, July 27, 1675,' by a cannon-ball, and the consequence of his death was the immediate retreat of the French. TUR60T, Annk Robert JAMK3,_a French statesman, was b. 1727, at Paris. He studied at the Sorbonnc, and was intended for the church, but relinquisli- ed the clerical profession, and was made master of requests. In 1761 he was ap» ttt] CYCLOPiEDIA OF RIOGRAPHY. 781 pointe.I iiilendant of I.imojres, wliicli office lie held for twelve years, jjreatly to tlic advantage of tlie inhabitants of the Limousin. In 1774 he was made coniptrolicr-treneriil of the finances; hut his benevolent views were tliwarted Iw intritrnes, and he was removed in 1776. lie d. in 1781. Ills works form nine vohitnos octavo. TURNER, Wii.i.TAM, an English nat- uralist of the 16th ccntiirv, was b. at Morphet, in Nortlnimbcrliind ; was cdn- caied at I'cnibrokc hall, Oauibridfi-c : and d. in ir)6S, dean of Wells. Tie wrote, ainong other things, " A History of Plants," which is the earliest English lierbal. — Siiakon, the well-known his- torian of the Ans'lo-Saxons, was b. in London, 1768. lie was principally e. The death of his master be- fore his articles of clerkship were ex- I pired left him free to decide on his future career; but at the suggestion of an old client, who promised him sup- port, he took up the business, and not- withstandinir the jrreat amount of time occupied by his literary pursuits, lie continued to conduct a large profes- sional business, which he transmitted to his family. Ilis chief works, or rather series of works, (for they were published separately,) are, the " History of P]u- gland from the earliest Period to the Deatli of Elizabeth," and the " Sacred History of the World ;" they have been repeatedly reprinted, and may be now said to forn) part of the standard litera- ture of the country. Shortly before his death he published a )ioem, entitled "Richard III." D. 1847.— Danikl, a commodore in the U. S. navy, who sravc gallant aid to Perry in the battle of Lake Erie. The state of New York presented him a sword in testimony of honor for his ser\ices. D. 18,50. TWISS, Richard, an Ensrlish trav- eller, was b. in 1747, at Rotterdam. He was a man of fortune, and spent several years in visiting various parts of the Continent. lied, in 1821, at an advanced 0.S6. Anon? his works are, "Travels throuarh Spain and Portugal," " A'Tour in Ireland," " A Trip to Paris in 1792," "Anecdotes of Ohess," and "Miscel- lanies." His illiberal attack on the na- tives of Ireland drew on him a severe literary chastisement from the Irish 66 poet Preston. — IIorack, a ilistinguished member of the British parliament, and a prolific writer, who held several polit- ical appointir.ents, and wrote the life of Lord Eldon. lie was vice-chancellor in 1844. D. 1849. TYLER, RoYALL, a lawyer and mis- cellaneous writer, was b. in Boston, and graduated at Harvard college in 1776. In 1790 he removed his residence to Vermont, and soon distinsruished him- self in his profession of law. For six years he was an associate judge of the supreme court of that state, and for six years more chief justice. He was the author of several dramatic pieces ot considerable merit ; a novel called "The Algerine Captive," and numerous pieces in prose and verse published in the "Farmer's Museum," when edited by Dennie. In addition to these he pub- lished two volumes, entitled "Vermont Reports." D. 182.5. TYRT.EUS, a Greek poet, who flour- ished about 684 n. c, is said to have been a native of Miletus, and to have settled at Athens. He was lame, and blind of one eye. Defeated by tiie Mes- senians. the Spartans applied for a gen- eral to the Athenians, who, in derision, sent Tyrta-ns, to them. Tlie bard, how- ever, so inspired the Spartans by liis warlike songs that they were victorious. Some fragments of his battle strains are extant. TYTLER, William, an historical and miscellaneous writer, was b. in 1711, at Edinburgh, was educated at the gram- mar school and university of his native city, followed the profession of a soli- citor, and d. 1792. His principal work is " An Historical and Critical Inquiry into the Exidence produced against Mary, Queen of Scots." — Alexander FiiASEU, son of the foregoinsr, was b. in 1747, at Edinburgh, in which city he was educated. After having been pro- fessor of universal history, at the uni- versity, and deputy judge advocate for Scotland, he was appointed a senator of the college of justice in 1802, on which occasion he took the title of Lord Wood- honsclee. In 1811 he was appointed a commissioner of judiciary. Among his works are, " Decisions of the Court of Sessions," "A Treatise on Military Law," " Elements of General History," " An Essay on Translation," "An Es- say on the Life of Petrarch," and "Memoirs of Lord Karnes." D. 1813. 782 CYCLOPEDIA OF IIIOGRAPHY. [VAI u. UfiLOA, Don Anthony de, an able 8p:iiiish naval officer and inatlieinatieian, wa.s b. 1716, at Seville, entered tlic navy in 17;J3, ami at the age of only 1,9 was chosen as one of the scicntifiecliaracters who were appointed to measure a de- gree of the meridian of Peru. He was ten years a resident in Soatli America. AftCr his return he rose to liigh rank in rue navy, and was employed in various iniportant offices by the government. Spain is indebted to him for many im- portant improvements. D. ITito. lie published Ills "Travels," andaphysico- historical work on South America. ULl'IIILAS, or WUULFILAS, a Gotliie bishop, who flourished about tlie middle of the 4th century. He was deputed by the Goths, in 377, to obtain leave from the Emperor Valens to settle in one of tlie Koman provinces. His decease is supposed to have taken place in the foUowni^ year. He trans- lated the " Gospels,'' and some other parts of the Scriptures, into the Gothic lanjcuage. ULPIAN, DoMiTius, an eminent Ro- man civilian, was tutor to the Emperor Alexander Scverus, who made him his secretary, and afterwards priRtorian pre- fect. Having dis<}bliged the soldiery by Ilia reforms, Ulpian was murdered by them in •^•2S. Some fragments of his works are extant. UNDKKUILL, Johx, one of the ear- liest settlers of Massachusetts, wa^ sent by Sir Henry Vane to command the troops at Saybrook in 1637. He was engaged in the expedition against tho Pequots, and displayed great valor and enterprise. In 164:1 he was elected gov- ernor of Exeter Dover. Itemoving to New York, he d. at .\Iedford. UKFK, llovoKius u', a French writer, was b. 1557, at Marseilles, distinguished himself as a soldier during tlie wars of the league, and as a negotiator at Turin and Venice, and d. in 1625. He is the author of the romance of " Astrea," which was once exceedingly popular in France, but is now completely forgotten. — His brother, the count de Lyon, wrote a volume of sonnets, with the title of " Diana." USHER, James, a divine and histo- rian, was b. 15S0, at Dublin, and was educated at Trinity college, in that city. In 1601, he took orders, in 1620 he was made bishop of Mcath, and, in 1624, was raised to the archbishopric of Armagh. The rebellion in IrelaiKl drove him from his see, and deprived him of every thing but his library. To the cause of Charles I. he was warmly attached. He d. in 1656, at Ryegate, in Surrey. Usher is the author of many learned works, among which may be mentioned, " De Ecelesiaruin Christianarum Successione et Statu," " Britannicarum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates," " Annals of the Old and New Testament," and "Chronologia Sacra. V. VADE, John Joseph, a French writer of broad farces and songs, was b. 1720, at Ham, in Picardy. His career was cut short, in 1757, by the consequences of the dissipation in which he had spent ills early youth. He was the first who introduced on the stage the coarse but emphatic slaug language of the Parisian mob. VAILLANT, John Foi, a celebrated French numismatist, was b. 1632, at Beauvais, and was brought up as a phy- sician. To the study of medals he was first led by a fanner bringing him some which he iiad found ; ami he pursued it eagerly and successfully. Employed by Colbert to collect medals for the king's cabinet, Vaillant male numerous visits to Italy, Sicily, and Greece. In one of his voyages, being pursued by an Al- gerine pirate, he swallowed twenty scarce gold medals, to save them from the pursuers. D. 1706.— Seb.vstian, an eminent botanist, b. 166'.', at Vigny, near Poutoise. Under his father, wlio was an organist, he when a child acquired a proflcieticy in music; but he quitted music for the study of surgery. The lectures of Tournefort, at Paris, revived Vaillant's early predilection for botany, and to that science he devoted himself. D. 1722. val] CV'CLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 78S VALCKENAER. Louis Caspar, one of the luo.-it able of moleni philuloirists niul critics, was b. 171"), at Leeii warden, in Frie.sland, aiul studied at Franeixford, havinc; been appointed to one of ilie scliolarships founded in Pembroke college for the natives of Jersey and Guernsey. From Oxford he reinoved first to Bury St. Edmund's, and afterwards to Keading, where he bad been unanimously elected head- master of the school founded by Henry VII. D. 1S36. — Edward, an eminent scholar, brother of the preceding, was educated at Trinity college, Cambridge. ,and after having been assistant several years in the s'jliool at Reading, obtained the mastership of tlie grauunar school at Norwich. He was rector of All Saints, Thwaite, and vicar of St. Mary, Walsham, Norfolk. He published "Elegantiae Latinae" and other classical works. D. 1^32. VALSALVA, Anthont Makia, a celebrated Italian anatomist, was b. in 166(i, at Imola, was professor of anat- omy in the university of Bologna, and surgeon of the hospital of Incurables ; and d. in 17'23. Among the services which he rendered to surgery arc the simplifying of many instruments, and the abolition of the practice of cauteri- zing the arteries of an amputated limb. He had several eminent pupils, amoi g whom was Morgagni. His princip.l work is the " Anatomy of the Ear," which was the result of si.\teen years' labor. VALVASONE, Erasmus di, an Ital- ian poet, was b. 1523, in Friiili ; resided upon the lordship which belonged to him and bore his name ; spent his time in. literature and in hunting, and d. 1593. VANBRUGH, Sir John, a dramatist and architect, of whom it was said that, though he wanted grace he never wanted wit, was b. about 1672, in Lon- don. He was early in the army, but iloes not appear to have remained in it long. Ills tirst comedy "The Relapse," was produced in 1(397. It was followed bv the " Provoked Wife" and " ^sop." In 1707 he joined Bctterton and Con- ^reve in est iblishing tlie Haymarket theatre, on which occasion he brought out " Tlie Confederacy." In 17'"»4 he was appointed clarencieu.x king-at-arms, in 1714 he was knighted; and soon af- ter, was made comptroller of the board of works and surveyor of Greenwich hospital. Though his licentiousness as a dramatist must be condemned, his talent is undeniable. As an architect much ridicule has been cast on him by ignorant or tasteless critics, but against such puny attacks the splendid piles of Blenheim" and Castle Howard are alono sufficient to defend his fame. 1). 172G. VANCOUVER, George, a British navigator, was b. about 1750 ; entered early into the naval service; and served as inidshipman under Captain Cook, in liis secoiKl and third voyages. In 1790, he was appointed to command an expe- dition to explore the western coast of North America, to ascertain whether any communication by water exists be- tween the Atlantic and the Pacific, un this service, which he portbrined skil- fully, lie was five years employed. Ho d. in 1798, when "he had nearly com- pleted for the press the account of ins vovage. VANDERVELDE, William, called the Old, a celebrated painter, was b. in 11)10, at Leyden, and was bred to the sea, but quitted it for paiutinEr. He was invited to England, with his son, by Charles II.; lived there many years, and d. in Loiiclon in 1693. He excelleil in marine subjects and battles; and was so anxious to be correct in his rep- resentations that he would sail, in a light vessel, close to the fleets while they were hotly engaged. — Willl\m, called the Young, the son of the fore- going, was b. in" 1653, at Amsterdam ; accompanied his father to Enirhind, where his works became exceedingly popular, and d. in 1707. He surpassed even the elder Vandervelde in marine paintiiiLT. Walpole 'Icnominates iiini the Ra])hael of this branch of art. — Adrian, an admirable landscape paint- er, was b. in 1639, at Amsterdam; was a pupil of Wynants ; and d. 1672. Thouich landscape was the peculiar department of Adrian, yet he was no mean iiistorical painter, and he drew figures with such excellence that his assistance was often soui^ht for by his own master, and by Ruysdael, Hob- bema and others. VANDERWERF, Adrian, an emi- nent painter, was b. 1659, at Ambaeht, near Rotterdam ; was a pupil of Picolet and Vanderineer ; was patronized by the varJ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 785 Elector Piiliitinc, for whom he executed many of his l)est works; and d. in 1718. His sinull Iiistory pieces are nincli es- teemed. — His brother, Peter, who was b. lit Rotterdam, in 166."), and d. in 1718, acquired fame as a painter of portraits and conversation pieces. VANDYKE, Sir Anthony, one of the greatest of portrait painters, was b. Slareli 22, 15'J8-ll, at Antwerp, and was tiie son of a merchant. His mother dis- tlnassed by two diivks, which dabbled with their beaks, ate srrain, and voided it af.er it had undergone a sort of disresfive process. YAUGHAN, He.vky, a poet, b. 1621, at Newton, in Breoknoelcsliiro. Tie adopted the appellation of the Silurist, wrote a varic;y of poems, chiefly devo- tional, and d. 16i)5. — TiioMAS, his brother, was an alchemist, on which occult sub- jects he wrote some extravagant books, under tlie name of Eiigeiiius Philalethes. D. l(>(5o. — Sir .John, a celebrated lawyer, was b. in Caraigaushire, liJOS. From Ciiiist-caurcli college, Oxford, he re- moved to t.ie Inner Temple, where he coniraete I an in imaey with Selden, who made liim one of his executors. During the civil war he lived in retirement, but, in 166s, he was made chief justice of the common ]>leas. D. 1674. — Sir. John, one of the judges of the court of commoa pleas. He Was calleil to the bar in his twenty-fourth year, and in seven yeara in'^re liail so i:reatly (iistinguishr-d him- self that he was made a sergeant. He gained this rank at this unusually early age, it must be reinembere 1, wdiile Shep perd. Best, andA,ens were in the zenith of their [towers and reputation ; ami ho maint.iine I his position subsequently with such opponents as Copley, (after- wards Lord Lyn Ihurst,) vViidc, and Denman. He was made a baron of the excheiiiier in 1327, and, in 1S!4, he be- came judge of the common pleas and a privy councillor. In private he was as amiable as iii public lie was able. B. 1772; il. 1889. — William, an iiurenious Welsh poet, was b. in Caennartlienshire, 1577; and was the author of a variety of miscellaneoi's poems, the principal of whieh are, " De Sphajrarum (Jnlitie," "The Golden Grove Moralized," "The Golden Fleece," &c. D. 164i). — George, a graduate of Harvard college in 1696, was the son of .Major William V'aughan, a wealthy merchant of I'ortsmouth, N. II., who was noled tor his public spirit, and for the tirmne-s with wliich he re- sisted the claims of the proprietors of that territory. After leavinir college he became the agent of the colony in En- gland, and, in 1715, he succeeded Usher, as lieiitenarit-governor of it. Bui givincj ortence to the g vernor, the coun.-il, and the assemblv, I e was removed from of- flc« in 1717." D. 1724. VAUVENAPvGUE.S, LrKE de Cla- piers, marquis of, an eminent French writer on moral pliilosophy, was b. 1715, at Aix, in Provence, and entered the army at the age of seventeen. The fa- tigue which he endured in the retreat from Prague, undermined his constitu- tion, and the small-pox completed the rniii of his herdth. To soothe his con tinual sufferings he resorted to meditar VEK CYCL0P.15DIA OF niOGRAPHY. 787 tion ami comjiositioii. Voltiiire Wiis one of liis \vnniiu.>t tViuiids. Tlic works of Vaiivciiai'jrucs foj-m tlivec volumes, niul consist of Tlioiiglits, Ecflet'tioiis, and Maxims, Dialogues, Characters, &c. 1). 1747. VAUVILLIEES, John Fuancis, an eminent iiellcnist, was b. 1737, at Paris; Buweeded liis fatlier as Greek professor at tlie university of tliat city, and d. in ISOl, in Kussia, in wiiich country he had taken rcfiiire, after beincr condemned to trans];ritation, as a royalist, in 1797. \'E()A, Lopez de la, a celebrated Spanish poet, was b. at Madrid, in loGS. After studying at Alcala, he entered ii to the .service of the duke of Alva, at whose instance he wrote the heroic pas- toral of " Arcadia." Soon after tiiis he married; but, on the loss of his wife, he endjarked in the Armada, prepared for the invasion of Pjngland. In tliis voyage he wrote a poem, called " Iler- niosiu-a de Angelica," to which, when published, he added tlio "Dragontea," an invective against Drake and Queen Elizabeth. In 1590 he married a second time, and again became a widower, on which he entered the order of St. Fran- cis. He still, liowever, cultivated poetry, and scarcely a week passed without see- ing a drama from his prolific muse. Honors and wealth flowed in upon him, and he was absolutely idolized by the whole nation. At his death, which happened in 1635, the highest honors were paid to his remains, and all the poets of tlie age vied in encomiastic tributes to his memory. VELASQUP2Z, James Koderiok pe BiLVA T, a celebrated Spanish painter, was b. 1599, at Seville; was a pupil of Ilerrcra the Elder and Paeheco; was patronized and highly esteemed by Philip III. and IV.; and d. in lefii*. Among liis greatest works are, "The Expulsion of the Moors," "The Cruci- fixion," "Joseph's Coat," and several p::'rtraits. VELDE, CiiAKLES Francis, van der, a romance writer, who has been called the German Sir Walter Scott, was b. at Breslaii, 1799. He began his career in 1809, by writing short pieces for the journals ; was afterwards a dramatist, in wliich he was not siiccessfu!, and, lastly, became a popular novelist. Ilis works form eighteen volumes. Among them are, " Arwcd Gvllensticrna," "The Patricians," "The Anabaptists," " Tlio Hussites," "Christina and her Court," and Talcs and Legends. D. 1824. VENDOME, Louis Joseph, duke of a great general, and a profligate man, the gravidson of Henry IV'., was b. 11)54, and made his tir.-t campaign in 1072, iit the invasion of Iloiland. After bavins distinguished himself in Flanders and Italy, he was, iji 1095. ai>pointed to com- mand the army in Catalonia, where ho reduced Barcelona with extraordinary celerity. From Italy, where, in the war of the succession, he was opposed to Pi'inee Plugene, ho was recalled, in 170S, to remedy the disasters which the inca- pacity of Villeroi had occasioned in the Netherlands. Ho failed, however, to accomplish this, and was defeated at Oudcnardc. In 17i)9 he was sent to Spain, where he gained the decisive vic- tory of Villa Viciosa, and established Philip on the throne. Ho d. suddenly in 1712. Vendome possessed abilities, but he was dirty in bis habits, and de- praved in his morals. VENTURl, JonN Baptist, an Italian natural philosopher, was b. 1746, at Bi- blano, in the duchy of Keggio; was suc- cessively professor of metaphysics and geometry at Keggio, engineer and pro- fessor of philosophy at Modena, member of the legislative body of the Cisalpine republic, professor of pliysics at Pavia, and envoy from the kingdom of Italy to Berne. Napoleon gave him the cross of the Icirion of honor and of the iron crown. Among his works are, "Com- mentaries on the History and Theory of Optics," "On the Origin and Progress of Artillery," and "An P^ssay on the Physico-Mathematical Works of Leon- ardo da Vinci." D. 1822. VERNET, Claudius Joseph, an em- inent French painter, was b. in 1714. at Avignon, and at the age of eiirhteen he' visited Rome, where he studied unccr Fergioni. His voyage to Italy turned his genius to marine painting, in which he acquired almost unrivalled ropnta- lion. After an absence of twenty-two years he returned to France. On his homeward passage a storm arose, during which he ordered himself to be tied to the mast, that be might make a faithful sketch of the scene. On his return he was employed by Louis XV. to delin- eate the principal ports, a task which occupied him i'or ten years. His de- scendants have inherited his talents as an artist. D. 17S9. VP^RNON, Edward, a British admi- ral, descended from a Staflfordshirc fam- ily, was b. in 1684, at Westminster, and chose the naval profession, in opposition to tlie wishes of his father, who was see- rotary of .state to William III. After 788 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [vie havin? served iindt r Ilopson, Eooke, and other eoinmaudcrs, lie rose, in 1739, to tlio riiiik of vice-adiiiinil of tlic blue. In that year lie took the town of Torto Bello, and destroyed the fortitieations. He was less fortunate in 1741, when, in conjunction with Weatworth, he failed at Carthatrena. D. 1759. VERROCIIIO, Andrew, a sculptor, ■was b. 1422, at Florence, and d. in 1488. In bronze works he surpassed all his coteniporaries. Atnons: his chief pro- ductions are, a "Christ and St. Thomas," and an equestrian statue of Bartholo- mew Colleoai. He was also an able painter, and one of the best musicians of his period. He invented the method of takins the features in a plaster mould. VEKTUK, Georgk, an able engraver, was b. Ifi84, in Westminster; was ap- prenticed to a plate engraver, and after- wards worked for seven years under Vanderguclit. In 1709 he began busi- ness for himself. He was patronized by Sir Godfrey Kneller, the earls of Ox- ford and Burlington, and the prince of Wales. Among his engravings, which amount to live hundred, are the heads for Rapin's "England," twelve heads of distinguislied poets, and portraits of Archbishop Tillotson and George I. It was principally from the materials col- lected by Vertue, that Horace Walpole drew his "Anecdotes of Painting." D. 1756. VESALIUS, Andrew, an eminent anatomist, was b. in 1514, at Brussels; was educated at Louvain and Paris, was professor of anatomy at various Italian universities ; and afterwards chief phy- Bician to Charles V. and Philip II.; and d. of hunger and fatigue, in 1563, in Zante, on which island lie had been shipwrecked as he was returning from a pilirriinage to Jerusalem. Vesalius displayed an extraordinary predilection for the science of anatomy at a very early period, and liis treatise on "The Formation of the Human Botly" was composed when he was onlv eiirhteen. VESPASIAN, TiTcs Flavius, a Ro- man emperor, was b. at Rieti, towards the close of the reign of Augustus; and, after liaving been ajdile, prator, coinm mder of a legion, eonsid, and pro- consul of Africa, and lia\iiig distin- guished himself in Germany, Britain, and Palestine, was raised to the empire, 69. He reiened 10 rears, and d. 79. VESPUCCI, or VESPUCIUS, Ame- niGO, an eminent navigator, was b. in 1451, at Florence; was liberally edu- cated, and was brought up to commerce. In 1490 he was sent by his father to conduct his commercial affairs in Spain. Stimulated, however, by the honor which Columbus had acquired, Vespucci quitted traffic, about 1499, to enter on the Career of discovery. He subse- quently made several voyages in the Spanish and Portuguese services, and explored a considerable extent of the South American coast. He d. in 1516. By an act of flagrant iniustice to Colum- bus, the name of one who was only his imitator was given to the new wor."d. VICCARS, John, a fanatical writer during the commonwealth, was b. in London, in 1582, and educated at Ox- ford. His tirades against chureli and king have tlie following quaint titles : "God's Ark overtopping the World's Weaves," "The Burning Bush not con- sumed," and "God in the Mount," which were afterwanls published to- gether, under the general title of the "Parliamentary Chronicle." His rhap- sodies were satirically alluded to by the author of " Hudibras." VICENTE, Gil, the earliest and most eminent of the Portuguese comic poets, was b. about 1480, at Guimaraens, or at Barcellos ; studied jurisprudence at the university of Lisbon ; became a popular dramatist, and brouglit the drama of his country to a much more perfect state, and d. in 1577. His works were pub- lished by his son; but complete copies of them are now unattainable. VICQ D'AZYR, Felix, an able French anatomist and physician, was b. 1748, at Valogne, and lectured at Paris with great success upon anatomy; became principal physician tothe queen. Among his works are " A Treatise on Anatomy and Physioloiry," "An Anatomical System of Quadrupeds," and "A Trea- tise on the Curing of Horned Cattle." Tiie whole of his productions have been , collected in six volumes. D. 1794. j VI DA, Mark Jerome, one of tho : most eminent of modern Latin pr^ets. was b. 1490, at Cremona; studied at Padua, Bologna, and Mantua; was raised to the bishopric of Alba by Clem- ent VII. as a reward for having written "The Christiad," and d. 1566. Ilis works form two quarto voh.ines. Among them are "The Art of Poetn," "Chess," "The Christiad," "The Silk- worm." "Hymns," and other poems. VI EN, Joseph Mary, an eminent French painter, was b. 1716, at Mont- pellier; studied at Paris, under Natoire, and at Rome ; was received a member of the Academy, in 1745, and became vin] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. r89 Bucecssivcly profcpsor, rector, and di- rector; ami d. in ISO J. Aiiiontr his best woiks arc, "St. Denis prcaciiin?," a "Slcc|iiiijr Hennit," "The Partinir of Hector and Aiidromaelie," and " Hectc)r cxliortinLT Paris to arm himscltV David and ViiKcnt were pupils of\'icn. — Ma- ria, his wife, who d. Iso."), aired scventv- Fcvcn, was an excellent painter of birds, sliclls. and flowers. ViGEE, Locis William Beunaisd GTEpnKN, a French poet and dramatist, was b. 17o">, at Paris, and d. in ISiiO, reader to Loiiiii XVllI. He is the aii- tlior of many poems, a " Course of Literatsire," delivered at the Athcnajuni, tliree comedies, and tlie " Pro and Con," a rclif.'ious, moral, politit-al, and literary dialo^rue. VIGNOLA, .James, whose real name was Bai:ozzio, a celebrated architect, was b. It'iuT, at Viynola, in the Modenesc territory, and relinquished paintiiiEr for architecture. He eonstnicteil various niagniticeiit edifices at Bnloirna, Parma, Peru-ria, and Rome: but liis master- piece is the Caprarola palace, and he was intrusted with the manaofcment of the worlvs at St. Peter's after the death of Michael Anjrelo. For the kine of Spain he drew the designs of the Escu- rial ; and in tliis instance his plans were preferred to those of twenty-two other artists. I'). 157:^. VlLLANl, John, a celelirated Italian historian, was b. l)efore the close of tlie 13tli century, at Florence, travelled on various [lart-* "f the Continent: filled several inqior.ant offices in Irts native country, and d. of the jilajrue in 1348. His "History of Florence" was con- tinned by his brother Mattuew and liis nepliew PniLir, the latter of whom is also the author of "Lives of Illustrious Florentines." VIIJ.AKET, Clai-difs, a French his- torian, was b. about ITl.'i, at I'aris. and was broujrht up to the bar, but quitted It for literature, and then went unon tlie stairc, on which he remained till IT.oG. He subsequently obtained a place in the chamlier of accounts, and was intrusted with the arranfrement of the archives of that ofti-e — a task which led him to examine into the sources of French his- tory, hi consequence of tliis, he was eni]>loyed to contin\ic the work of VcUy. and he is allowed to liave sur- passed his predecessor. His portion of the "History" extends from 1529 to 140'.). His other productions are for- cotlon. D. 17CI). VILLARS, Locis Hectok, marshal, duke of, one of the most enii.icnt of the I Frencli fjfenerals, was b. in lii'ig, at I Moulins. He served liis apprenticeship to the art of war under Turenne, Conde, Luxembourg', and (^rcqui. Soon after the peace of Nimearuen, lie was sent amliassador to Vienna. Hi the w-ar which was terminated by tlie treaty of Ryswick, he distinrruislied himself, and particularly at the combat of Leuze. In IfiO'j he was ajrain appointed ambassa- dor at Vienna, and in this situation he displayed infinite diplomatic skill. Dn- rintr the war of the succession he was commander-in-chief in various quarters, and by numerous splendid adiieve- nients acquired a riffht to be considered as one of the greatest generals of tho aire. He closed, in 1732, his military career, b\- tlie conquest of the Milanese and the Mantuan. D. 1734.- — Montkau- coN i)E, a French abbe, was b. 1635, in the neiirhborhood of Toulouse ; and acquired great reput.ation at Paris as a preacher, but was prohibited from preaeiiinjr in con.=equence of his pub- lisliinir "The Count de Gabnlis." which his enemies pretended to be an irreli- gious work. He was assassinated in 1675. The idea of the sylphid maeliin- ciy of the " Kajie of the Lock" is bor- rowed from the "Count de Gabalis." VILLEHAEDGUIN. Gfoferey de, a French chronicler, was b. in 1167, near Arcis sur .\ube ; held the oflicc of mar- shal of Cliampagne : took a part in tho crusade of lliis, and was present at the capture of Constantinople ; was appoint- ed marshal of Romania, and d. about 1213. He wrote a "History of tho Events from 1198 to 1207." VILLP'RS, Charles Francis Do- minic, a French writer, was h. in 1767, at Boulay, in Lorraine; served as a cap- tain of artillery, but emigrated in 1792, and joined tlie army of Conde: subse- quently abandoned military for literary jiursuits, settled in Germ;mv, and be- came professor of French literature at Gottingen ; and d. 1815. His ]>rineipal work is "An Essav on the Spirit and Influence of the Reformation brought about by Luther." VINCEiS'T, William, an able critic and divine, was b. 17?9, in London, was educated at Westminster school, and at Trinity college, Cambridge, was successively usher, second master, and head master, of the former seminary, and prebend and dean of Westminster, ancl d. in 1815. His principal works are, "The Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients iu the Indian Ocean,' -iQO CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [vol "Sermons," "The Coujugatioii of the Greek Verb," and •' A Uefence of rub- lie ELlueatiou." VlNCl, Leoxardo da, a celebrated Italian iKiiiiter, the natural son of a notary, was b. in 1452, at a castle near Florence, whence he derived his name. To the personal gifts wliieh he received from nature were joined the advantai^os of an excellent education, and he earlv acquired an extensive knowledge ot' niatlieuiaties and otlier branches of science. Verocchio was his preceptor iu painting, and Da Vinci soon surpass- ed him. In 148'J he \vaa invited to Milan, by Duke Louis Sforza, ami he resided there for nniny years, acting at once as engineer, ineeliani.^t, sculptor, ai-e!iiteet, and painter. During the EerioJ of his abode there he executed ■ is great work, the " Last Supper," and formed the canal of Martesaiia. lie was subsequently employed at Florence | and at Koine. In 1515 he accepted an invitation from Francis I. to visit France, and he il. in that country in 1519. The srory that he expired in the _ arms of Francis appears to be a tiction. Da Vinci is the author of u "Treatise on Painting," and of some unpublished works. VINER, Charles, an English law writer, was b. about 16S0, at AUlershot, in llunpshire, spent a considerable part of his lite in compiling the well-known "General Abridgment of Law and Equity," cnilowed several fellowships find scholarships, and founded the law professoi-ship, at Oxford. D. 175il. VIKGIL, or PuBi.ius V'irgilius Maro, the greatest of the Koin;in poet.*, was b. 70 ii. c, at Andes, near Mantua, and Studied at Cremona, Milan, and Naples. It appears to liavo bejii in his 30th year that lie first visited Kome. His oljject was, to obtain resdtution of his lands, of whicli the sollicrs of Oetavius had taken possession after the battle of Fhl- lippi. Througli the interest of Varus and Pollio he obtained from Augustus the desired order; but, when he re- turned with it, the military usurper compelled him to save his life by swiui- ming over the Mineio. A second man- date, however, had the wished-tbr ertect. Tiie rest of h."> lite was devoted to liter- ature, and was cheered by the friendship >f Augustus, Muicenas, and iUl the other i'-,!neiit men of the age. The fame whie'i lie acfiuircd by his "Eclogues," •ind "Tlui Georgies," he crowned by 'Tile ^]neiil," to whieli last work, hovrover, he did not live to put the finishing touches. On ni.i return from meeting Augustus, at Athens, he d. at Brundusium, 19 B.C. VISUONTI, JouN Baptist ANrnoNY, a learned Italian antiquary, was b. 17'i2, at Verniizza, in the Genoese territory, was educated at Kome, succeeded Winckeliniui as connnissary of antiqui- ties tliere, had a large share in the for- mation of the Pio-Clementine museum, au'l d. in 1784:. — En'nius Qiurinus, tho eldest son of the foregoing, and n,oro than his equal in archicologieal knowl- edge, was b. 1751, at Kome, displayed uncommon precocity of talent, was ap- pointed conservator of the ninseuin of the capitol by Pius VI., was minister of the home department, and subsequently one of the consuls, of the short-lived Komiui republic, was in consequence compelled to seek an asylum in Franpe, and became there a ineni!>cr of the in- stitute, professor of archaeology, and aflministrator of the museum. Among his numerous works are, "The De- scription of the Pio-Clementine Mu- seum," "Grecian Iconography," and "liomin Iconography." D. 1818. VITELLIUS, AuLus, one of the moat contemptible of the Koman emperors, was b. 15, at Rome, rose to gre itness by being subservient to the vices of his imperial masters, was at the head of the legions in Lower Germany when Galba dieil, was raised to the throno by his soldiers, and obtained full possession of it, on the fall of Otho ; and was put to death, a. n. 69, after a disifraceful rei'in of "bnly eiglit months. His inor- dinate irluttoiiv was his least vioo. VITKUVIUS POLLIO, Mar;;us. a cel- ebrated Koman writer on architecture, is supposed to have been b. at Formal, in Campania, to have flourished under Julius Cicsar and Augustus, and to have lived to a very advancetl aLre. He wrote Mil able work, on "Architecture." VOlTLlliK, Vincent, a French wit and poet, was the son of a wine mer- chant, and was b. in 1598, at Aiiueiis. llis manners and talents conciliated to him the kindness of the jfre it, ami ho became a f ivorite at the hotel de Rain bonillet and at coirt. Gaston, iliike of Orleans, w;is much attached to him, and made liim his master of tlie ceremonies. Under tlic administration of Cardinal Mazarin, Voitiire was in the zenith of his reputation, and enjoyed lari'e pen- sions, but women and i;ainl)lihg kept liim poor. In private life Ids character was amiable. His best poem is an "Epistle to the Prince of Coude." Ilifc \ von] CYCLOPEDIA OP BIOGRAPHT. r9i "Letters," wliioli were once considered Es liiiinitublc, are now almost wholly ne/lccted. " j VOLXEY, C0NSTAXT[NE FRANcrs CnASSF.i4(EL"F, couut (Ic, iiii einiiieiit Freiieii writer, was o. in I?")?, at Craoii, ill Brituny. lie was educated at An- ger:i, und for tiiroe years studied medi- I cine at Taris, but coming; into possession [ of a small estate he was enabled to in- dulirc his ardent desire of travcllinir. I lie spent t!iree years in Syria and Etrypt, i and on his return published, in 17>>7, I his "Travels," which establisjied his ' reputation. lie was elected a member j of the states-w(Mieral, was confined for ] ten months during the reisrn of terror, I was appointed professor of history at the Norm:il school in 17!i4, and in 1795 | made a voya^'e to the Unite 1 States, whence he did not return till 17PS. Na- poleon created him a senator and a count. In all circumstances, however, V^olney was a friend of freedom. Amonsr his principiil works are, "Tiie Ruins," "Lectures on History," and "New Researches on Ancient History." D. 182'"!. VOLTA. Alexander, a celebrated ex- perimentil philosopher, who contributed larjrely to the pro^rrcss of science, was of It noble family, and was b. 174.5, at Como ; was for 30 years professor of natui'al phi- losopliy at Pa via; was made an Italian count and senator by Napoleon ; and was a niemben of many learned bodies. Electricity was the first object to which Volta turned his attention ; and he in- vented t!ie perpetual electrojihorus and the condenser. But the ;L'reat invention wliicii immortalizes his name is the Vol- taic pile, to which wc are indebted for BO inniy important j)hilosophieal and chemical discoveries. D. 1826. VOLTAIRE, Marie Francis Arouet DE, the most univcrs;il of French wri- ters, was b. Feb. 20, 1694, at Chatenay, near Sceaux, and was educated with preat care .at the Jesuits' college, Paris. One of his tutors predicted that he would be the Coryphffius of deism in France : and the society which the youthful poet frequented — elcirant, but iireli Academy; and was appuint>- ed resentativc3. D. 1808. — Mercy, tlie wife of General James, was the author of a valuable " History of tlie American Revolution," "The Adulator," and "The Group," two political pieces before the revolu- tion, and a voluine of ]ioems. D. 1814. — -John, a celebrated physician, was b. in 1763, at Roxbury, Mass., and was graduated at Harvard colleire. lis de- livered the first course of lectures on anatomy, ever given in New England, and was appointed professor on the foundation of Dr. Hersey. Through life, he enjoyed a very high reputation, as a phvsician and anatomist. He d. in 1,815. WARTON, Joseph, a poet and critic was b. in 1722, at Duusfold, in Surrey; was educate I at Winchester school, and at Oriel college, Oxford ; iield at vari- ous periods, tlie livings of Winslade, Tamworth, Thorlcy, Easton, and Wick- li'iin, and prebends of St. Paul's and Winchester, and was head-master of Winctiester school from 1766 to 1793- D. 1800. Ho wrote poems, and '• An i CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. was] Essny on Pope," contributed to the "Advontnrcr," traiisluted the "Eolotrues and Gc'or.^'ics ;" and edited the \vor]r a while, liowever, he abandoned his favorite art to practise that of lithoirraphy, but he soon returned to it. His first operas were " Das Waldmunehen," and "Peter Schmoll," the fii'st of which was pro- duced in 1800. He made professional tours through various parts of Germany, and was, successively, chapel-master at Breslan and at Carlsrnhe, and conduc- tor of the opera of Prague. In 1816 he was invited to Di'esden by the elector of Saxony, to form a national ojicra, and was apjiointed director of music to the court. His " Freischiifz" was lirought out in 1821, at Berlin, and rapidly be- came popular throutrhout Europe. In 1826 he visited London, and brought out the opera of " Oberon ;" but liia health was now completely broken, and he d. suddenly, on tlie 3d of June. Weber left a prose work in manuscript, called "Lives of Artists," which pos- sesses considerable merit. WEBSTER, Noah, was b. in West Hartford, 1758. His ancestor, John Webster, was one of tlie earliest En- glish settlers in Hartford, and was subsequently governor of Connecticut. Noah, his father, and two more Web srcrs, were in the army on the occasion of Buryoyne's expedition to Canada. Restored to more peaceful pursuits. Ire continued his studies, and in 1781 was called to the bar. Tlunigh he hatl coi- siderable professional employment, his active mind could not be satisfied witli- otit diffusing some portion of its ener- gies through the medium of the press, BOO CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [wES and 1)0 puoisncd the "First Part of a GrainiiKitieal Institute," "Slvetclio.s of American Foliey," and several other , works, and also established and con- ducted a daily paper in New York. But all tiiese labors are comparatively insii^- 'nificant when contrasted with his elab- orate " Entrlish Dictionary," which, .'notwithstanding it contains some very seridus mistakes on the subjects of ety- mology and the analogy of languages, is h stupendous monument of industry. •D. 1843. , WKDGEWOOD, Josiah, an eminent .■manufacturer of pottery, was b. 17S0. Ht- surceedcd to the business of his father, and, in 1760, began his improve- 'incnts in porcelain and earthenware, 'which have changed the current of tr.ide in those articles, and renilered England ■an extensive exporting instead of an im- porting country. He invented the ware whicirbears the name of the queen, and .various other kinds. Wedgewood was !also the inventor of the pyrometer, and the projector of the Grand Trunk canal. D. ITiii ■ WEISSE, Christiax Fklix, a German .poet and dramatist, was b. 172G, at An- nabcrg, in Saxony; was educated at 'Altenberg and Leipsic; established and xondiicted two periodicals named the ■*' Library of Elegant Literature," and "The Children's Friend," from which 'latter work Berqnin borrowed his plan and part of his materials ; succeeded in ?1790 to a good estate ; and d. 1804. WELLS, William Cuarles, a physi- 'cian, was b. 17.53, at Ciiarleston, in South Carolina. His purents were Scotch, and rlie was educated at Dumfries and Edin- ■bnrgh, after which he returned to liis ■ native province. Being a loyalist, he Iquitied America at the close of the war, and settled in London, where he d. in 1817. He is the author of " An Essay ■on Single Vision with Two Eyes," and of some valuable papers on the forma- tion of dew, for which he received the ;gold and silver medals of the Koyal Societv. • WERNER, Abraham Gottleib, one of the most eminent of modern miner- alogists, was b. in 1750, at Weldau, in iUpper Lusatia. He studied at the min- jcralogieal school of Freyberg, in Saxony, ■and at Leipsic; and, in his 24th yciir, »lie published an excellent treatise on the "Characters of Minerals." In 1775 ho was appointed lecturer on mineraloiTV at Freyberg, and inspector of the cabi- net of mines. His lee'nres soon extend- ed his reputation througliout Europe. Among his works ait, " A New Tlicoi*y of Veins," witli its application to the art of working mines; "Classification and Distribution of Mountains," and a translation of " Cronstadt's Mineralo- gy." His system is now very generally i-eceived. D. 1S17. — Fkkuekio Louw Zaciiariah, a German poet and drama- tist, was b. 1863, at Kuenigsberg, in Prussia; held for some years an em- ployment under the Prussian govern- ment; abjured Protestantism, and went to Vienna, where he became a popular preacher, and d. 1823. Among his works are. Confessions, Poems, and Tragedies. WESLEY, Samuel, a divine and poet, was b. 1662, at Wiiitcliurch, in Dorset shii-e : was educated at E.Kcter college, Oxford; obtained the living of South Ormesby, and subsequently the rectories of Epworth and Wroot. He wrote a volume of poems, with the title of "Maggots;" "The Life of Christ," in verse; "The Histories of the Old and New Testament," in verse ; " Eleories on Queen Mary and Archbishop Tillot- son ;" and " Dissertations on the Book of Job." D. 1735. — John, second son of the foregoing, the founder of the sect of the Methodists, was b. June 17, 170 5, at Epworth. He was educated at the Charter house, and Christ-church, Ox- ford, and was ordained in 1725. Natu- rally of a serious disposition, he was rendered still more so by the reading of devotional tre-.itises ; and, in conjimction with his brotlier Cliarlcs and somo friends, he formed a religious society; to the members of which, with reference to a sect of lioman pliysicians, his gay fellow-collegians gave tlie name of Methodists. In 1735, with Cliarles Wes- ley and other missionaries, he went to Georgia to convert the Indians; hut, after a residence of less than two years in the colony, during whieli he was ex- tremely unpopular, ho returned to En- gland. In 1738 he began those public labors which ultimately pro luced such a mighty effect, and in 1739 the first meeting-house was built at Bristol. For some time he acted in coiijunction with Wliitefield, but the radical difference in their tenets at length produced a sepa- ration. Over tlie sect which he iiad founded, Wesley obtained an unbound- ed influence; and it must be owned that he earned it by his zeal and his unwea- rie.l and astonishing exertions. Twj sermons he usually preached every day, and often four or five. In the course of his peregrinations he is said to have WetJ CVCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 801 preaclicd more than forty tlionsand ser- iTious, fiiid to liave tnvvclled tliree liiiii- dred tliousand miles, or nearly fifteen times the circimit'erenec of the jjlobe ! On the irth of February, l?i)l, he took cold, after preachin«r at Ijambetli. For some days he snN, was b. at Leba- non, Connecticut, in 1754. During the re\oliit!on he held the commission of lieutenant-colonel, and obtained soma military reputation. In 1779 he became president of Dartmouth collcire, New llampshire, and in 1782 visited Europe to obtain conti'ibutions for that semi- nary. He remained in that office for 36 years. D. isir. WHIPPLE. William, a sigr.er of the declaration of American indcpen lence, was b. in Maine, 1730, and engaged in commercial pursuits. He took an early put in the controversy with Great Britain, and in 1776 was sent as a dele- gate from New Hampshire to the con- tinental congress. He was affcrwards briiradier-general of the troop- of that state, and hel 1 several civil otfices of importance. D. 1785. WHISTON, William, an eminent divine and mathematician, w-.is b. in 1667, at Norton, in Leicestershire, and was educated at Tamwortli school, and at Clare hall, Cambridge. In 1698 ho obtained the living of Lowestotf, in Suf- folk, which he rcsiLrned, in 1703, when he succeeded Sir Isaac Newton in the mathematical professorship at Cam- bridge. At length he adopted Arii'.u principles, in consequence of which ho was expelled from the university in 1710, lost his offices of professor and cate- chetical lecturer, and was even pros- ecuted as a heretic. Late in life he became a Baptist. Among his -works are, "A Theory of the Earth," "Ser- mons," "Primitive Christianity Re- vived," and a translation of Josephiis. D. 1752. WHITAKER, .ToiiN, a divine, critic, antiq\iary, and historian, was b. 1735, at Manchester; was educated at the free school of that plar-e, and at Corpus Christi coll.-ge, Oxford, and d. in 1S08, rector of Ruau Lanyhorue, in Corn wall. WHi] CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPlir, 803 His principal work> are, " The History of Maucliestcr," '"A V'iiiJicatioii of M;irv, Q,iei.-n of Scots,"' "Tlie Coiiise of Han- nibal ovei" the Alps," '•Criticisms on Gibbon's Hi>torv," "•The Ancient Ca- thedra! of Cornwall," and "The Origin of Government." He also contiibnted laru-ely ti> '"The British Critic," and the Enjrlisii and Antijacobin reviews. WHITBY, Daniel, a learned divine, was b. lt)3S, at Rushden, in Norihamp- tonshire, and was educated at Trinity colleire, 0.\ford. His controversial zeal ajrainst the Cathtilics urained for him the fiatronage of Bishop Ward, who gave lim a prebend of Salislniry, and the rectory of St. Edmund in that city, with the j)recentorsliip. In his latter days he became an Arian. His greatest work is a "Paraphrase and ('ommentary on the New Testament." D. i:2H. WHITE, Sir Thomas, a native of Reading, was b. 1492: acquired a for- tune by trade in London, and served the ottice of lord mayor; was knighted for Ids coii'iuct in Wyatt's rebellion, and d. in 15tj6. He was t!ie founder of St. John's college, O.xford, the patent for which he obtained in 15")7. — Thomas, a divine, was b. in the UUh century, at Bristol, and was educated at Magdalen hall, Oxford. He obtained considerable church preferment, among which were a prebend of St. Paul's, and canonries of Christ-church and Windsor; and d. in 1(J2;5. He founded Sion college, in the metropolis, and an hospital at Bris- tol, and was a benefactor to Magdalen college, Oxford. — Gilbert, a naturalist and antiquaiy, was b. 1720, at Selborne, in Hampshire ; and was educated at Basingstoke school, and at Oriel col- lege, Oxford. After having taken a master's degree, and been senior ])roctor of the university, he retired to reside on his property in his native vilhige ; nor could he be tempted to quit it by the olfer of valuable church preferment. He wrote the " Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne,'' one of the most amusing of books ; " The Natural- ist's Ciilendar ;" and " Miscellaneou.s Observations.'' D. 17'J3. — Joskpii, an eminent divine and oriental scholar, the Bon of a weaver, was b. nit!, at Stroud, in Gloucestershire, and received Ids education at Gloucester school, and Wadham college, Oxford. In 1755 he was appointed Liudian professor of Arabic, and in 178:1 he delivered the BaiTipton lecture. In the composition of the lectures he was assisted by Dr. Parr and Mr. Bad:ock. He obtained a prebend of Gloucester, and the rectory of Melton, in Suffolk; and d. in 1814, Among his works are, " >Eg\ ptiaca." " Diatcssaron,'' and editions of the Philoxenie Syrian versions of the four Gospels, and of Griesbach's Greek Tes- tament. — Henry Kirke, a poet, was b. 1785, at Nottingham, and was the son of a butcher. His delicate health pro- tected hiin from being brought up to his father's trade, and he was placed with a stocking weaver, but was subse- quently removed to an attorney's office. He produced several prose and verso compositions at an early age, and de- voted his leisure hours to reading, and to the study of Greek and Latin. To obtain a university education, for the purpose of entering into the churcli, was the main object of his wishes. By the generosity of Mr. Wilberforce and some other friends, he was at length enabled to become a student at St. John's college, Cambridge. His pro- gress was rapid, but his intense appli- cation destroyed the vital powers, and he d. in 180'). He published "Clifton Grove," with other pocins ; and his " Iveinains" were edited by Southey. — Blanco, a miscellaneous writer, b. ia Spain, but the greate_r part of whose life was passed in England. He was a sin- gularly sincere and earnest religious inquirer, the friend of Chaninnir, Cole- ridge, Arnold, &c., and whose memoirs, in which the strurrgles of his mind are unfolded, are of the deepest interest. — William, b. at Philadelphia, in 1747, was the first bishop of the Protest- ant E)">iscopal church, who lived to a venerable age. He was chaplain to the congress of 1777, was manily instru- mental in t'raming the constitution of the American church, compiled tho liturgy and the canons, and wrote sev- eral able works, chieflv ou religious top- ics. D. 18?><). WHITEFIELD, George, a celebrated divine, the founder of the Calvinistic Methodists, was b. 1714, at (Gloucester, where his father kept the Bell inn. He was educated at the Crypt school of hia native city, and at Pembroke college, Oxford. At the university he was ono of tlie members of the society formed by Wesley, and inflicted on himself many ascetic privations. He was or- dained a deacon in 1736, and his pulpit eloquence soon became highly popular. In 1737 he sailed to GeorLria, and he re- mained in the colony for nearly two years. He returned to America in 1739, made a tour through several of the 804 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [wia provinces, and re^^Kled In Georgia till 1741 ; and he siib.sef|iiently made five visits to that quarter of tlie globe. Tho foundation of tlie orphan house was one of tiic Ijcnefits vvhicii Wiiitefield con- ferre 1 on Georgia. In England he tirst introJiiccil, in 1730, the practice of preaching ni the open air, and tiie effect of his oratory was astonishing. The tabernacles in Moortields and Totten- ham-court road were erected l>y his fol- lowers, and among liis converts was tlie countess of Huntingdon. In 1741 the brcae'.i took place between him and WcskiV. D. Sept. 30, 1770, at Newbury- port, in New Englaml. WHITEHEAD, George, one of tlie early preachers among tiie Quakers, was b. l()-5i3, at Orton, in Westmoreland, and was educated at Blenclow free scliool, in Cmnberland. At the age of 18 he began to propagate those religious doc- trines which he had embraced, and he continued his labors in various parts of England, in spite of the severest perse- cution. Aftei the revolution, his exer- tions procured from the legislature the admission of a Quaker's aflirmation in- stead of an oath, lie d. generally re- ppectel, in 17'22-3. He wrote his own Memoirs, and some other works. — Paul, a poet, was b. 1710, in Holborn ; was apprenticed to a mercer, but quitted trade to study law in tlieTiMnple; ac- quired considerable popularity as a sat- iiist ; was ap[)ointed deputy-treasurer of the exchet^uer; and d. in 1774. He wrote the "State Dunces," "Manners," "Honor," "The. Gymnasiad," and other poems. — William, a poet and dramatist, was b. 1715, at Cambridge, and was the Bon of a baker. He was educated at Winchester school, and at Clare hall, Cainbriilge; became travelling tutor to Lord Nuneham and the earl of Jersey's 6on ; obta'.ned tho registrarship to the order of the Batli ; and, on the death of Cibber, was appointed poet laureate. He d. in nS'i. Among his works are the tragedies of the " Roman Father" and "Crcusa;" "The School of Lovers," a comedy; "Poems," and some miscel- faneous nieces. • WHlTEliURST, John, an eminent engineer, was b. 1713, at Congleton ; was lirought up to his father's business of a Watchmaker; followed that business at Derliv, and also became celebrated for constructing philosophical instru- ments and hydraulic machines ; was ap- pointeil, in 177.5, stamper of the money weights in the mint ; and d. 178S. He frrotc, an " Liquiry into the Original State and Formation of the Earth," " A Treatise on Chimneys,"' "An Attempt towards obtaining invariable Measures of Length, Capacity, and Weight, from the Mensuration of Time," and some papers in the "Philosophical Traiisao- tioiis." WHITELOCKE, Bulstrode, was b. lOO.S, in London, and studied at Mer- chant Tailors' school, St. John's col- lege, Oxforil, and the Middle Temple. He was a member of the long parlia- ment, and espoused the popular cause, but was motlerate in his conduct. In 1648 he was appointed one of the coun- cil of state, and in ItioS was sent on an embassy to Sweden. He wrote " Me- morials of English Affairs," " Notes on the King's Writ," " An Account of his Swedish Embassy," and "Labors re- membered in the Annals of Life." D. ItiYo. . WHITGIFT, Joiix, a prelate, was b. 1530, atGreat Grimsby, in Lincolnshire: was educated at Queen's college, and Pembroke hall, Cambridge ; was, sne- eessivcly, made Margaret professor of divinity, queen's chaplain, master of Pembroke hall and of Trinity college, antl dean of Lincoln. In 15r7 he be- came bishop of Worcester, and vice- president of the Welsh marelies, and, in 1o8j, was translated into tiie aroh- bishopric of Canterbury. As primate, he distinguished himself by persecuting the Catholics and Puritans. D. 1003. WHITTINGTON, Sir Kiouard, a citiiien and. mercer, and "thrice lord mayor of Lomlon," was an extensive benefViCtor to the metropolis, though tho marvellous stories connected witli his name are groundless fictions. His alms- houses for thirteen poor men form an interesting object on llighgato hill, and near them stands the famous stone which eonimemoratcs his return to London at the time tlie church bells so invilintrly recalled hiin, in tones which he was fiiin to believe assured him of future civic honors. His last mavoraltv was in 1419. WIClvLIFF, WYCLIFFE, or WIC- Lf2F, Jon.v, a divine and ecclesiastical reformer, who has been eallel " the morning star of the reformation," was b. in lv24, at a village of the same namo in Yorkshire. He studied at Queen's and Merton colleges, Oxford, and early distiiiiruished himself by opposing the mendicant friars, and by his proficiency in school divinity and the works of Aristotle. His exertions against tho friars were rewarn.led by the mastership of Baliol college, and the wardeuship of wil] Trinity. Of the latter he was deprived by ArohbishoR Laii!,'iiaiii, and tlic seii- teiice was rutiiicd by tiic pope. Ha\ in;? gained tiie favor of John of Gaunt, vViciclitf was made Iciuir's chajihiin, ancl rector of LultLTwortli. He now bc^'an vi;:^oroiisly to attaek pa|)al usurpation nud the abuses of the church ; nor did he slacken liis ett'orts till lie ceased to exist. The p.ope insisted on liis being broiifrht to trial as a heretic, but he was crtectually i>rotected l)y his patron, the duke of Lancaster, liis works are very numerous. Amon;? them are, " Tri- aloiTiis," •' Wicklitf's Wicket," and a version of the Old and New Testament. D. loSl. WIELAND, CnnisTopHER ^Iartin, a German writer, who rivals Voltaire in universality of talent and literary fer- tility, was b. in 17;3o, at Iloltzheim, near Biberaeh, in Suabia. He was educated by his failier, a cleryjyman, and comple- ted his studies at Klosterberiren and TubinLTcu. Ill his Uith year lie beiran to compose Latin and German verses. His tir^t puljlisbed work was "The Na- ture of iliinlic life. In 181.=), when barely above the constitutional age, he was elected to eoiiirress. At the end of two years ho returned to his profession, but he was again a member of contrress in 1825, and from 1827 to 1S3.5. Mr. Wilde was more generally known as an aceom- lilished scholar. He published several poetical effusions, which gained him credit : and liis researches in Italian literature, especially the work on the " Love, Madness, and Iinprisonnipnt of Tasso," have arained him a hiL'h placo amontry renewed tlie prosecution in a regular manner, and conunenced anoth- er for an obscene poem. lie was also dangerously wounded in a duel with Mr. Martin, one of their partisans. Giv- ing way to the storm, lie retired to France, upon which lie was outlawed, and exjielled from his scat. In 176S, being elected for Middlesex, he return- ed, and was condemned to a fine of £1000, and 2-2 months imprisonment, and was subsequently expelle.l a second time for a liljel. Again he was chosen, but, in utter contemjit of all I'lLi-ht, the liousc declared him ineligil>!e to sit in that paiTriment, and seated Colonel Luttrcll, who had but a small number of votes. This infamous vote was after- wards expunged from the journals. In 1770 lie w:is chosen an alderman of Lon- don, in which capacity he set at defiance the man lales of the liouse. In 1772 he was sheritf; in 1774, loril mayor; and in 177'J he became chamljerlain of tiie city. In 177') he was once more sent to parliament by Middlesex, and he was a steady opponent to the American war. D. 17^7. Two collections of l^s corre- spondence have been published. WILKIE, Sir David, a painter of dis- tinsruislied nu'rit, was b. near Cupir, in Fifi-shire, in 178'>, his fatlier beintr a minister of the Scotch church. In 1805 he went to London, and soon attracted notice by the excellence of his earliest efforts, his career of fnne connnencintr with his "Villiigo Politicians," " Blind Fiddler," " Rent Day," &c. His repu- tation w,;s now established, and in ISll he was ma le a royal academician, from which period lie re^J-ularly pnjiluced, and Hi regul u'ly sf>ld at increasing' jirices, his most celebrated pictnres, of which we shall nici'ely mention a few, as " I)is- traininir for Kent," "Tlie Fennv Wed- ding," " Blind Man's Buff," "Tlie Vil- lasre Festival," "The Heading of the Will," and "Chelsea Pensioners Read- ing the Gazette of the Buttle af Watir- loo." D. 1841. WILKINS, John, a prelate ai.d niaih- ematician, was b. in 1614. at Fawsley, in Northami)tonshii-e, and was educated a-t New Inn hall, and Magdalen hall, 0.\- ford. Having esyioused the popular cause, and being married to Croniweira sister, he was made warden of Wadhain college, and, by Richard t-'romwell, was appointed master of Trinity college. Tile restoration deprived liiin of these preferments, but he soon obtained oth- ers, and, in 16(58, was raised to the bish- Ofiric of Chester. He d. in 1672. IIo was the founder of that association which afterwards became the Royal So- ciety. Besides his matheniatie:il works, reprinted in two volumes, he wrote an " Essay towards a real Character and Philosophical Language," and various theolo;rl(.Ml pieces. AVILKINSOX, Jemima, a bold and artful rcliirious impostor, was b. in Cnm- berlan 1, R. I., about the year 1753. Re- covering suddenly from an apparent suspension of life, in 1773, she gave out that she had been raised from the dead, and laid claim to supernatural power and authority. Making a few pioselytes, sho I'cmovcd with them to the neighborhood of Crooked Lake, N. Y., wliere she d. in 1811). WILTjAKD, Samukl, an eminent di- vine, was b. in Massachusetts, and ro- eeivc.l his ednc ition at Ilirvar.l college, I where he was frraduatc 1 in 1650. He was settled over the old south chnreh in Boston, and became the most cele- brated among his coteinporaries in the ministry. In 17i)l he was made vire- presideiit of Harvard colle^'C, and eon- tinned in this otticc till his death, in 17o7. He |>ublishcd a large number of seiinons, and a folio volume of tlivinity. WILLIAMS, JoMN, a divine and statesman, was b. in 1582, at Abercon- way, in Wales, and was educate 1 at St. .Fol!n"s colleire, Cambridire. After hav- inir hell several minor but valuable )irefcrnieiits, he was made bishop of Lincoln, and keeper of the srre-it seal, in 1621. Of the office of lord keeper ha was deprived by Charles I., on his ac- cession. He was subsequently prosecu- ted in the star-chandicr, and sentenced to a fine of £10,0 lO, and imprisc nment; in the Tower. The piocecdiii'is were, however, rescinded in /64o, and in the foUowinir year he was translated to the see of York. During the eivi! war lie made an ineffectual attempt to hold oat Conway castle against the parliainout. wil] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 807 D. 1G50. "Willinms was a strenuous op- ponent to Laiul. — Sir CiiAiais IIan- BUUY, a poet iind di]>lriniatist, was b. in IVOH; was eJucated at Eton; was for a considuraliie period one oftlie iiiouibcrs for the eoiinty of Moninoutii ; held tiie payniastership of the marines ; was eni- joloyod as ambassador to DresdcMi and St. I'etershursr; and d. insane, in 17'i9. His poems arc spirited and witty, l)Ut licentious. — Daviu, a misfellaneous wri- ter, was b. in 1738, in Canliiransliire ; was educated at a disscntins academy ; nnd became a dissentipsr minister. Ciiaiia'inijr to a deist, he opened a chapel to diffuse his newly adopted opinions, aiid fur some time his hearers were nu- niprous. Tiie subsequent part of his life was dedicated to literary pursuits and to private teachinir. The Literary Fund was founded by iVnn. Anionir his cliicf works are, "Lectures on the Prin- ciples and Duties ofKcli^'ion and Moral- ity,'' "Lectures on Kro III. to sanity, and was amply lewarded by a parliamentary grant. I). lSii7. WILLUGIIBY, Francis, an eminent naturalist, was b. 1635, in Lincolnshire, and was educated at Trinity college, Cambridge. Ray was liis tutor, and ■was subsequently his fellow-traveller on the Continent, his frequent guest, and his oxeeutor. In 16(i2 he became a member of the Royal Society. lie d. in 1674. lie wrote a Latin treatise on or- nithology, another on ichtliyology, and some papers in the " riiilosophical Transactions." The treatises were edit- ed, after Willughby's death, by Ray, WILSON, Alexandeu, tlie celebrated ornithologist, was b. at Paisley, Scot- land, and eaine to Delaware in 1794. Eemoving to Philadelphia he became acquainted witli Mr. Bartram. the nat- uralist, and tlevoted himself to the cul- tivation of natural history. His great work is the " American Ornithology," splendidly executed, and very accurate and comprehensive. He possessed con- siderable taste for literature, and pub- lished several small poems of much beauty. I). 1S1.3.— .Jamks, a signer of the decl ii-ation of independence, was b. in Seotlaud, about 1742. He was well educated, and after completinir his stud- ies emi'jrated to America. Settling at Philadelphii, he received an offer to enter the oflice of Mr. John Dickinson and pursue the study of the law. He soon distinguislied himself, and was appointed a dcleirate to tlie continental congress, where lie continued from 1775 to 1777. He was a member of the con- ventions whicli framed the constitution of Peinisylvania and that of the United States, and in 1789 was appointed one of the judges of the supreme court of the United States. In 1797 he was made professor of law in the university of Peniisylvanii, and in this capacity de- livered a course of lectures, afterwards published. D. 179S.— Thomas, a prelate eminent for piety, was b. 16'io, at Bir- ton, in Chc-'hire." He was educated at Trinity eollege, Dublin. The earl of Derby, to wlioin he was chaplain, and whose son he accompanied to the Con- Uncnt as tutor, nominated him in 1697, bishop of the Isle of Man. He held the see diirinar fifty-eight years, and thougli liis annual iucoiuc was only three hundred pounds, he refused to accept an English bishopric. Scanty as were his means, he was benevolent to the poor, built a new chapel at Castle- ton, founded parochial libraries, and introduced important improvements ia the agriculture of the island. D. 1755. — RioHAnn, a celebrated painter, was b. 1714, at Pcncgos, in Montgomeryshire. He received a liberal education, and, having manifested a genius for painting he was placed under an obscure por- trait painter named Wright. He him- self began his career in the same branch of art. On his visiting Italy, however, he was advised by Ziiccarelli to devote himself to .. ndscape, and fortun'.itely, ho followed that advice. His picture of " Niobe" was exhibited in 1760. IIo attained great reputation, but neverthe- less, the latter part of his life was cloud- ed by poverty. He d. in 1782. Fiiseli declares that " Wilson's taste was so exquisite, and his eye so chaste, that whatever came from his easel bore the stamp of eIoLr:ince and truth." WINCHESTER, Elii\na\, an Amer- ican divine, who visited England about 1783, attempted to found a Philadcl- phian society, and disseminated his peculiar tenets by means of preachiniir, and of a Piiiladelphian magazine. He sr.eeeeded in establishing a sect called Winchestarians, or Universalists, wliieh is still in existence. His distinirnished tenet was the ultiin ite redemption of all mankind, and even of the devils. IIo returned in 1792 to his native country. Among his works are, " Lectures ou the Prophecies," "The Universal Res- storation," and an heroic poetn ou Christ. WINCKELMAN, John JoACurM.a celebrated German antiquary, was b. in 1717, at StQindall, in Bradenburgh. After having been professor of the belles lettres" at Scehausen, and libra- rian to Count Bunau, he became a Cath- olic, and went to Rome, where the pope appointed him president of antiquities, and librarian of the Vatican. He was murdered in 176S, at Trieste, while on his return froT. Germany to Italy. His principal works are, " A History of Art amonu' the Ancients," " Ancient ined- ite 1 Monuments," '• Reflections on the Imitation of the Productions of tho Greeks in Paintinor and Sculpture." On " Alle, EnwAun, a lawyer and mathematician, was b. in 1593, in Yorli- Bliire, studied at Queen's college, Ox- ford, and at Gray's Inn ; was sent to France to instruct Henrietta ^laria in the English lamriiage; took the popular side in the civil war, and d. in 1G56. Among his works arc, " Natural and Artificial Arithmetic," "The Exact Surveyor," " Lad us Matliematiciis," " Maxims of Reason," and " an Abridg- ment of the Statutes." WINSLOW, Edward, was b. in Worcestershire, in 1594. Ho was among the first settlers of New England, in 1620, and was repeatedly elected govern- or of the colony they founded at Ply- mouth, lie went several times as au agent to England, and in 1655 was ap- pointed a commissioner to superintend the expedition against the Spaniards in the West Indies. D. near Jamaica in the May of that year. — James Bentgnus, a celebrated Danish anatomist, was b. in 1669, at (Xlcnsec ; settled in France, and in 1699 became a Catholic. In 1743 he succeeded Mr. Ilunald as professor of anatomy and phvsioloLry at the Royal Botanic Garden. He d. in 1760. Win- slow was a member of several learned bodies. His principal work, which still preserves its reputation undiminislied, IS "An Aniitomical Exposition of the Structure of the Human Body." WINSOR, Frp;deuio Albert, an en- terprising projector, to whom the pub- fie is indebted for tlie beautiful gas- aght which now illuminates the streets, 68* &c. ; made his first public experiments at tho Lyceum, in the Strand, in 1803. He afterwards lighted with gas the walls of Carlton palace gardens, on the king's birthday in 1807 ; and during 1809 and 1810^ he lighted one side of Pall Mall, from the house which he then occupied in that street. He followed up his object with great perseverance, and at length obtained a charter of in- corporation for a gas-light and coko company. In consc-juencc, however, of some misunderstanding with the parties with whom he was associated he did not obtain his expected remunera- tion. In 1815 he went to Paris, where he also erected gas-works, and estab- lished a companv. D. 1830. W^INSTAXLEY, William, a literary barber who wrote the " Lives of tho Poets," "Select Lives of England's Worthies," " Historical Rarities," &c. D. about 1690. WINTER, John William de, a Dutch admiral, was b. in 1750. Having been an active partisan in the revolution which broke out in 1787, he was obliged to take refuire in France, when the party of the stadtholder prevailed. In France he entered the army, served under Du- mouriez and Pichegru, and in a short time rose to the rank of areneral of briirade. In 1795, when PiclicLrni in- vaded Holland, De Winter returned to his country, where the states-general made him vice-admiral and commander of the naval forces at Texel. Here, with 29 vessels, of wliicli 16 wore ships of the line, he was completelv defeated by Duncan, Oct. 7, 1797. D. 1812.-- Peter von, an eminent German musi- cian, b. at Manlieiin, in 17.54. and at the age of 10 years was appointed a mem- ber of the orchestra of the elector. He composed a variety of operas, oratorios, and other pieces of vocal and instru- mental music, many of which posses.s verv considerable merit. D. 1825. » WINTHROP, JoHx, first governor of ^lassr-.riiusetts, was b. at Groton, Eneland, in 1587. He arrived with the colonists in Salem in 1630, having a commission as their governor, and held this office, with the exception of six or seven years, till his death in 164''. Ho kept a minute journal of the atfairs of the colony, which has been pulilislicd, and possesses much value. — John, son of tlie foreiroinar, was b. in Engrland, 1605, and received his education at Cambridge. lie came to Massachusetts in 1633, and subsequently visiting En- gland, returned and established a coIo- 810 CYCLOPJSDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [WOL ny at Saybt )olc, Conn. In 16">7 lie was chosen go\crnor of tluit colony, and rein:iinefl so till liis clcatli in IG.tJ. lie Wasdi.s'in,'jiiisliC(l for his love of natural philosophy, and was one of the found- ers of tlie koyal Society of Lon lon.^ James, a man of letters, was I), at Cani- brid. ir.5ii. — Cii-VKLEs, an Irish divine and poet, was h. 1791, at Dublin; was edu- cated at Trinity colle^'^e, l>ublin; ob- tainetl the curacy of Ballyelosf. which he exchanged for tluit of Castle Caulfield; and d. of consumption, in February, lt'23. He wrote the well-known " Ode o the Death of Sir John Moore," be- ginning' with, " Not a drum was heard ;" and the praise which, after his decease, was bestowed upon that piece, induced his fi'ieii'ls to publish a volume of his "Remains." WOLFIUS, CiinrsTTAjf. an eminent German mathematician and philosopher, who filled the professor's cliair in the SJiiversibj of Uallc, and was eventually created a baron of the empire. Hia principal works are, "Elemerita Mathe- seos iJniversic," "A System of Phiios- ophy," and a "Treatise on the Law of Nature and Nations." — John Christo- pher, a divine and philologist, b. in 11)83. He was author of many works on Hebrew and Greek literature, and bequeathed a vast collection of rabbini- cal and oriental books to the public library at Hamburgh, where he d. in 173'J. — Jerome, an eminent critic and classical scholar, who d. at Augsburg, in l.)80. — JouN, an historical and mis- cellaneous writer, who was employed as a diplomatist, and at his death, in 1600, was ffovernor of Mindelsheim. WOLLASTON, William, an ethical and theological writer, was b. 16,")9, at Cotton Clanford, in Staffordshire; was educated at Sidney college. Cambridge; took orders ; but obtained an indepen- dence which turned his views from church preferment; and <1. 1724. His principal work is, "The Keliyion of Na- ture Delineated." — Willia:m Hyde, a physician and experimental philosopher, the great-grandson of the foregoing, was b. 1766, and was educated at Cains col- lege, Cambridge. Fortunately for tho interests of science, his want of patron- aire as a physician, at Bury St. Edmunds and London, iuiluced him togi\e up tho medical profession in distrust, and de- vote himself to scientific pursuits. The result was that he became one of the most eminent chemists and experimen- talists of modern times. Among his discoveries arc the two metals, ])alladium and rhodium, and the method of render- insr |ilatina malleable, by the last of which he is said to have gained thirty thousand pounds. Among his inven- tions are, a sliding scale of chemical equivalents, a c'oniometer, anil the csan- era lucida. His papers in the " Philo- sophical Transactions" are numerous. D. 1828. WOLSEY, Thomas, Cardinal, an emi- nent prelate and statesman, the son of a butcher, was b. 1471, at Ipswich. Ho was educated at Magdalen colleire, Ox- ford. His first |ireferment of iinjiort- ance was that of cha]ilain to Henry VIL, who gave him the deanery of Lincoln, as a reward for his expeditious execution of some di))lomatie business. Being introduced to Henry VIIT. by Fox, V)ishop of Winchester, he made a rapicl proirress in the royal favor, till atlenjfth lie reached tiie highest pitch of power to which a subject can aspire. He lived in princely state ; and his train consisted 812 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [wo6 of eig:lit ]innflrcd persons, of whom imiuy woo kniu'litfi and peiitleinen. Cliiirlcs V. !iikI Francis I. were suitors for his iiiiliicnec with his master, and bought it l>y pensions and prot'ossioiis of respect. His great ambition was, to fill tlie papal eiiair, but in this he was disajipointed. At lenglli his capiicious sovereign became his enemj'. The con- duct of Wolsey relative to the divorce from Catliarine of Aragon wa-* the first cause of olfonce. In 15'29 lie was de- prived of the seals, a part of his property was seize 1, and he was impeached. A full pardon, however was granted to him, and in 1530 he retired to Cawwooil castle. There, in the autumn of that year, he was again arrested, on a charge of liigli treason, and he d. at Leicester. on his way to London, on the 28th of November. lie founded a collegiate school at Ipswich, and the college of Christ-church, and sevenii lecturesliips, at Oxford. W(JOD, Anthony, a biographer and antiquary, was b. 163-2 at O.vford, and was ed leatcd at Merton college. The perusal of souie works on heraldry, and of Uugdale's '• Warwickshire," inspired in him a taste for antiquarian lore. His "History and Antiquities of Oxford," which was translated into LaMn by Dr. Fell. ap|iearcd in 1774, and his " Athe- nas Oxonieiises" was published in 1691. An attack upon Lord Clarendon, in the last of these works, subjected him to a sentence of expulsion, and his Jaeoblli- cal prejutlices rendered him an object of hatr'ctl to the Whig party. D. Ifi'.to. — KoBEUT, a scholar and a man of taste, was b. in 171(5, at Kiverstown, in the Irish county of Meath ; made the tour of Greece, Egypt, and Palestine, in 1751 ; was appointed under-secretary of state in 1759 ; and d. 1771. He wrote a " Description of the Kuins of Balbec," "The Kuins of Palmyra," and an " Es- say on the Life and Writings of Ho- mer." WOODBURY, Levi, was b. at Fran- cestown, N. IL, about the year 1790, was graduated at Dartmouth college in 1809, and was admitted to the bar in 1812. In 181(i he was appointed secre- tary of state, and at the commencement of the next year a judge of the superior court. In 1819 he removed to Ports- mouth ; he was elected governor in 18;V2. He was elected to the United States senate, in which bodv he served from 1824 to 1S31. In the spring of 1831 he was appointed secretary of the navy by General Jackson. After hold- ing that office for several years, he was nou\inated to the post of secretary of the treasury, by General Jackson, afte! the rejecti(jn of Mr. Taney, by the sen- ate, lie left the cabinet at the end of Mr. Van Burcn's administration, in 1841, after having belonged to it about 10 years. He was immediately elected to the United States senate, by the e- gislature of New Hampshire, and re- mained there until he was appointed one of the justices of the supreme court, by President Polk, who had pre- viously otiered him the office of niiois- ter to Enu-land. D. 1851. WOODDESON, KicHARU, an eminent civilian, was b. in 1745, at Kingston, in Surrey ; was educated at Kingston griim- niar school, and at Pembroke and Mag- dalen collciies, Oxford ; was chosen Vinerian professor, on the resignation of Sir Robert ClKunbers; and d. 1822. He wrote " Elements of Jurisprudence," " A Systematic View of the Laws of En- rors in Navigation," and " The Haven finding Art." D. 1615.— Joseph, an eminent painter, commonly known as Wright of Derby, was b. in that town, in 1734, and was a pupil of Hudson, after which he studied in Italy, WYX] CYCLOP,«DIA OF BIOGRAPHT. 815 On retnrnin? to England lie resided for two yeurs at Bath, and tlien settled at Derby, where he d. 1797. He displayed no common talents in portrait, land- scape, and liistorical paintinir. Among his principal works are, " Tlie Eruption of\ esnvins," "The Head of Ulleswatcr Lake," "The Dead Soldier,'- "The De- struction of the Floating Batteries at Gibraltar," "Belshazzar's Feast," "Hero and Leander," and "-The Lady in Co- raus."^SiLAs, was b. at Amherst, Mass., on the 24th of May, 1795, was graduated at Middlebnry college, ISl-i, and u few Years afterwards was admitted to the bar in the state of New York. In lS2o he was elected to the senate of the state, where he soon distinguished himself for sagacity and talent. The next year he was chosen a member of congress. Li 1829 lie was made comptroller of the state ; and, in 1^^3-3, a senator of the United States. His position there was early .assumed, and long maintained with tho utmost integrity and power. D. 1S47. WYAT, Sir THoir.vs, a statesman and poet, was b. in 1-503, at AHinsrton, in Kent; was educated at St. .John's col- lege, Cambridge, and at Oxford ; was a favorite of Henry VIIL ; was employed on various diplomatic missions ; and d. in 1.541. His poems have very consid- erable merit, and were printed with those of his friend, the accomplished earl of Surrey. W Y ATT, .James, an eminent .architect, was b. about 1743, at Burton, in Stafford- shire ; studied architecture and painting at Rome ; succeeded Sir William Cluim- bers as surveyor of the board of works ; was for a while president of the Royal Academy ; and was killed, September 5, 1813, by the overturning of a carriage. Amonsr his works are, the Pantheon, Kew palace, Fonthill abbey, various improvements at Windsor, Westmin- ster, and Salisbury, and the winsrs to the duke of Devonshire's villa at Ciiiswick. — R. J., an accomplished sculptor, was b. in 1795, in Oxford- street, London, where his father, Ed- ward Wyatt, was then settled. At an early a?c he was articled to Charles Rossi, for the term of seven years ; and during that term his services at the Royal Academy were so successfully prosecuted, as to entitle him to the award of two medals upon ditferent oc- casion-^. At the time Wyatt was under the tuition of Rossi, he executed a mon- ument in the eharch of Eslier, in mem- ory of Mrs. Hughes, and another in the chapel at St. John's Wood. When Canova visited Eiiirland, he became so far interested in Wyatt, as at once to promise him his protection and the per- mission to work HI his studio at Rome. Thither he proceeded in the early part of the year 1821, after havincr spent some time in Paris under the celebrated Italian sculptor Bozio; and so devotedly did he prosecute the labors of his pro- fession, that only once in this lengthened term of nearly 30 years did he revisit his native country, and that occasion was in the year 1841, when he wa? honored by the queen with a commis- sion for his statue of Penelope, which in Rome was considered the best of his r works. His group of " hio and the In- fant Bacchus," a statue of " Glycera," " Musidora," a statue;' two statues of Nymphs, and "Penelope," a charming statue, the property of her majestj", are all works of hicrh inerit. D. 1850." WYCHERLEY, William, a wit and dramatist, was b. about lti40, at Cleve in Shropshire. lie studied at Queen's college, Oxford, and the Middle Temple, but paid little attention to law. His " Love in a Wood," which was acted in 1672, gave him popularity, and he became a f ivorite of Ciiarles 11. and the duke of Buckingham. His marriage with the countess of Drogheda, how- ever, deprived him of the smiles of the sovereign, and her jealousy iinbittered his existence. After her death, the suc- cession to her property involved him in lawsuits, and he spent several years in prison, till he was released by James II. He d. in 1715. lie wrote, besides tho comedy already mentioned, "The Gen- tleman Dancincr Master," " The Country Wife," " The Plain Dealer," " Poems," and some pieces which were published after his decease. W^YNDHAM, Sir William, a cele- brated statesman, was a native of Somer- setshire, and b. in 1687. Havinir been elected M. P. for the county, he soon became conspicuous as one of the ablest senators in the house. He was appointed secretary of war, and afterwards chan- cellor of the exchequer : but beinir dis- placed on the death of Queen Anne, he took a leading part in opposition, and siarnalized himself by his defence of the duke of Ormond and the earls of Ox- ford and Stratford, when impeached by the commons. He was committed to the Tower in 1713, on the eharrotcs:sor of pliilosopliy ; was raiseil to the see of LMonfcrt by Marquis Coinwallis, and d. in 1800. He wrote " An Essay on Sounds," •' An Analysis of the Principles of Natural Phi!o^iophy," and "The Method of priiiio ar.il ultimate Ratios." — Sir Wil- liam, a miscellaneous writer, was b. in 1750, at Ciiarlton-house, near Canter- bury, was educated at Eton, Clare-hall, Cambridge, and University collci^e, Ox- ford ; was M. P. for St. Mawes, in 178-5, and d. 1815, trovernor of Tobago. His principal works are, "The History of Athens," and " The West India Com- mon Place Book." — Tuomas, an eminent philosopher and physician, a nephew of Dr. Brocklesby, was b. 1774, was edu- cated at Gotl'.itgen and Elinburgh, and was physician to St. George's hospital, and foreign secretary to tiie Ruyal So- ciety. Besides contributing a great number of valuable papers to tlic sup- plement to the " Encyclopajilia Britr.n- nica," and to many seicntitic periodicals, he wrote several works, of which the chief are, " A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy," "An Introduc- tion to Medical Literature," a " Practical and Historical Treatise on Consuuiptive Disease," and " Elementary Illustration of the Celestial Mechanics of La Plact." To Dr. Young belong.s the merit, which has been claimed for M. Champolliou, of having discovered tiie means of de- ciphering the Egyptian hieroglyphics. D. 18-. Yl'SILANTI, Prince Alexander, son of Demetrius, liospodar of Wallachi'a, in 1802, accompanied his father wlien ho took refuge in Russia. He entered into the Russian army, attained tlie rank of nuij or- general, and was matle aid-de- camp to the emperor. When the Greek revolution broke out he was chosen to hoist the standard of freedom in Walla- chia and Moldavia. He was, however, routed by the Turks, and was forced to fly into Austria, where he was long hold captive in the fortress of Mongatz. D. at Vienna, 1821. YlvlARTE, Don Tuomas de, an emi- nent Spanish poet, was b. about 1760, at Teneritfe ; studied at Madrid ; held office iMider government, and was made edi- tor of the " Madrid Mercury." Of his works, which form eight volumes, tho principal are, "Comedies," " Mu:BI A, Septima, queen of Palmy- ra, was descended from the Ptolemies, and her mind was cultivated by tlie les- sons of Longinus. After the death of Odenatus. in whose labors of war and government she had participated, she assumed the title of Queen of the East, pu>ihcd her conquests in various direc- tions, and rendered Palmyra one Df the most splendid of oriental cities. Aiire lian made war against !;cr, and, after having gained two battles, laid siege to Palmyra. She. was taken while attemi)t- ing to escape ; was carried to Rome to grace his triumph ; and d. there, in pri- vate life, about 300. ZPX'XI.S, a cele\>rated painter of an- tiquity, is believed to have been b. about 4h7 B.C., and to have d. about 400 b. c. He was a native of Heraciea, but of wiiich of the cities bearing tlnit n;ime is not known, tl'ough it is supposed to 1)6 the Heraciea of Magna GriBcia. He brought to perfection the management of light and shade. Of his own merit he had a sutliciuntly lofty idea ; for, having become rich, h« gave away his j)icturcs, on the ground that no price was equal to their worth. ZIMMERMAN, .John George, a phy- sician and miscellaneous writer, vvas b. 1728, at Brugtr, in the canton of Berne ; studied medicine under llaller in Got- timjeii ; practised for some years at his native place ; was appointed, in 1768, chief pliysician to the kincj of England at Hanover; attended Frederic of Prus- sia on his death-bed ; was a violent lit- erary opponent of the llluminati anil the French revolutionists; and d., in 1795, a victim to hypochondriac disease. Amonij: his works are, " A Treatise on Solitude," (once hitfhly popular ;) "An Essay on National P'ride :" and " A Treatise on the Experience of Medicine." — Ebeishakd Augustus William von, a German naturalist, was b. at Weltzcn, 1743 ; studieil at Gottingen and Leyden ; and obtained the professorship of natu- ral philosophy at the Caroline college at Brunswick. His first work was a trea- tise on the " Analysis of Curves ;" and in 1777 he pnljlished "Specimen Zoo- lo<,'ia;," the outline of his "Geographi- cal History of Man and Quadrupeds." He visited England three times, and printed there, in 1787, his " Political Sur- vey of the Present State of P^urope ;" and he subsequently employed his pen in opposing the revolutionary statesmen of France ; for which he was ennobled by the Emperor Leopold II. A^tet this he publisiied several eeoirraplr.cal works, one of the best of v/hicli was a "General Survey of France and of the United States of America." D, lu 1815. ZINCKE, Christian FnEnERic, a Ger- man painter, was b. about 1684, at Dres- den ; studied under Boit ; settled lu England in his 22d year; became jtwtij 820 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, [zuo celebrated for the beauty of his enamel portniits; and d. in 1767. ZINZENDORF, Nicholas Louis, Count, the restorer of the Moravian Bcct, was b. in 1700, at Dresden ; was a son of the elector of Saxony's ehaniber- liihi; and studied at Ilalle and Witten- berir. He early manifested an enthusi- astic turn of mind with respect to religions concerns. In 1721, having given an asylum on his estate to some of ti)e persecuted Moravian brethi-en, he espoused tiieir doctrines, and became the head of their church. To spread those doctrines, and procure toleration for the professors of them, he travelled over a large part of Europe, visited En- gland, and even made two vojages to America. lie d. in 1760. Tlie Moravi- ans, and their head, were long the sub- ject of many gross cal tunnies, from whieli, however, their meritorious con- duet has amply vindicated them. Z1S('A, .Ii-ing voyage around Cape Horn to San Francisco, — an expedition that added to his collections thousands of fishes, reptiles, and mollusks, before un- described. His life, after his return, was devoted to the museum, and to the establishment of the school of natural history for the instruction of teachers from living specimens, which he was enabled to effect by the munificent gift of Penikese Island, and a large endow- ment fund by Mr. J Anderson, of New York. It was whilst actively engaged in maturing his plans for perfecting this institution, that his constitution yielded to the over-demand that had been made upon it by his various and exhausting labors, and he d. in Cam- bridge, December 14, 1873. AGUIL.\K, Gkack, an English au- thoress, b. 1816, the daughter of Jewish parents, wrote many works with the view of raising the character of the Jewish people in the eyes of the Chris- tian world. Among these are "The Spirit of Judaism," "The Women of Israel," and the "History of the Eng- lish Jews." D. 1847. AIKIN, Artiiui!, an English writer and scientific man, b. 1773 ; d. 1854. He was the author of the " iNIanual of Mineralogy" and "A Dictionary of Chetnistry and Mineralogy." — Lucy, his sister,' one of the most accomplished alf] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. literary women of her day, is well re- membered by her historical memoirs of Elizabeth, James I., and Charles I.; and her biographical memoirs of Addi- son, Mrs. burbauld, and of her father, Dr. Aikiti. AINMtJLLER, Maximilian Eman- uel, a German painter, b. in Munich, 1807, distinguished himself by reviving the art of painting on glass. His tirst finished work was the restoration of the window of the Cathedral of Katisbon, 1826-1833. His labors soon attracted attention throughout Europe, and his works are to be found in the Vatican, the Cathedral of Cologne, Westminster Abbey, the Chapel of St. George at Windsor, and on an enormous scale in the Cathedral of Glasgow. He also painted on porcelain, and in oil. D. 1870. AIRD, Thomas, a Scottish poet, b. 1802, educated at Edinburgh, edited the " Dumfries Herald " some thirtj' years, published in 1848 a collection of his poems, and wrote several prose works of merit. He edited with an admirable memoir the poems of Moir, the Delta of Blackwood's Magazine, to which work he was himself a contributor. D. 1876. AKEKMAN, John Young, b. in Surrey, England, 1806, published nu- merous valuable works in numismatics, and for his " Coins of the Romans rel- ative to Britain" received the gold medal of the French Institute. D. 1873. AKERS, Benjamin Paul, an Amer- ican sculptor, b. near Portland, Me., 1825, was attracted by the sight of Chantrey's statue of Washington to the study of his art. He opened a studio in Portland, in 1849, and amongst those whose busts he modelled was Henry W. Longfellow. He visited Italy in 1851- 52, and on his return executed a statue of " Benjamin in Egypt." During the next three years he was employed upon busts of public men, including Edward Everett, Gen. Houston, and Judge Mc- Lean. In 1855, he again visited Europe, and during a three years' resi- dence in Rome, executed a model of " Una and the Lion," a statue of St. Elizabeth of Hungary, the "Dead Pearl-diver," and an ideal head of Mil- ton. He returned to the United States, but was induced by impaired health to revisit Rome in 1850, where he made a Bmall clav model of a statue of Commo- dore M. C. Perry. D. 1862. ALAMAN, LircAS, a Mexican states- man, a member of Santa Anna's cabi- net, and the autlior of many of his most despotic measures. He proposed the abolition of the liberty of the press, the restoration of the power and the contis- cated property of the Jesuits, the impo- sition of heavy taxes upon a people al- ready impoverished, and the adoption of a foreign policy inimical to the United States. He was the author of a " His- tory of Mexico," in four volumes. Born towards the close of the 18th centurv, d. 1855. ALBERT, Francis Augustus Charles Emanuel, Duke of Saxony, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and prince consort of the Queen of Great Britain, was born at Rosenau in 1819. He was educated under the Consistorial Councillor Florsc4iutz and at the Uni- versity of Bonn. In 18-38, he visited F^ngland with his father, and two years afterwards was married to Queen Vic- toria at St. James's I'alace. As prince consort, he plaj'ed with rare discretion the difficult and elevated part assigned to him. He avoided all connection with politics, but took a warm interest in social questions, and devoted himself to various pursuits which gave him a high character amongst all parties. He was a man of retined taste, and an ac- complished musician and draughtsman. He paid great attention to agriculture and had a model farm near Windsor, in the management of which he availed himself of every scientitic appliance and improvement. As head of tlie tine arts commission and chairman of the council of the Great F^xhibition of 1851, his services were invaluable. He held a large number of otlicial positions, and was a patron of art and literature. I). 1861. A lull collection of his public addresses was published in 1862. The story of his "Early Years," by the Hon. C. Grey, appeared 1867-08." See also Queen Victoria's " Leaves from the Journal of our Life in the Highlands, from 1848 to 1861," edited by Sir Ar- thur Helps (1868). ALDRIDGE, Ira, styled the Afri- can Roscius, b. near Baltimore, in 1810, became a body servant of Ednnnul Kean in 1826, and accompanied him to Eng- land. Some 3'ears later he began a dramatic career in London, and per- formed with Kean in Ireland, and after- wards with great applause in Germany and France in Othello and other Shake- spearean characters. D. 1867. ALFORD, Henry, an linglish cler- gyman and author, b in l.ondon in 1810. Curate, vicar, fellow of his col- lege (Trinity, Cambridge), examiner of CYCLOPiKDIA OF BIOGUAPHY. [all logic and moral philosophy in the uni- versity' of Loiiddii, ponietinie Hiilsean lecturer at Cambridge, an esteemed di- dactic and religious poet, and distin- guished for his eloquence in the ])\dpit of Quebec Street chapel, he became Dean of Canterbury in 1857. Ills most important works are an edition of the Greek Testament, with notes and com- mentary, 5 vols., and " The New Tes- tament for English Readers," 4 vols. For several years he was editor of the "Contemporary Review," and was one of the leading promoters of the scheme for the revision of the authorized ver- sion of the IIolv Scriptures. D. 1871. ALEXAXDI'R, Auchibai.i), U. D., an eminent Presbyterian divine, b. in Virginia, 1772, was licensed as a preach- er in 1791, and spent some years in itin- erant missionary service in his native state. In 1798 he accepted the presi- dency of Hampden Sidney college, which he left about nine years afterwards to become pastor of a cliurch in I'liiladel- phia. Tiie theological seminary at Princeton was established in 1811, and Dr. Alexander was elected as its first professor, having in his sole charge the various branches of theological educa- tion ; but the department of polemic and pastoral theology was finally as- signed as his special charge. He was a voluminous writer, and published nu- merous works on theological subjects. D. 18.51.— .JAME.S W.VUDKI.L, D. D., eldest son of the preceding, distin- guished as a clergvman and scholar, b. 1804; d. 1859. He held a professorship for some time in the theological semi- uarj' at Princeton, and afterwards be- came pastor of the Fiftii Avenue church in New York. His published works are numerous and popular. — losKi'ii Ad- dison, 1). I)., third son of Dr. Archi- bald Alexander, was b. 1809, and grad- uated at the college of New .Jersey in 1826 In 1830 he was appointed adjunct professor of ancient languages in that institution, which post he resiy:ned in 183.3; and in 1838 he was elected to a professorship in the Princeton theologi- cal seminary. He was an excellent lin- guist, and published several commen- taries ui)on portions of the .'^criptm-es. D. 1860. — CoLONKL of the Royal En- gineers. He constructed the English field works before Sehastopol. D. of apople.xy in his tent, 1854. ALEXANDRE, A., a famous writer on chess, born in Germany about 1773; d. in Paris in 1851. ALIGNY, Felix Claude Tiieo- DORK Carvel, a distinguished French landscape painter and etcher, b. 1798, went to Paris at an early age, exhibited at the salon in 1822, and in the next twenty years attained considerable rep- utation. In 184G he published a vol- ume of etchings. In 1861 he was ap- pointed director of the Fine .\rts School at Lyons, and held tiie place at the time of his death, in 1871. ALISON, Archibald, jurist and his- torian, b. 1792, studied at Edinburgh, and was admitted to the bar in 1814. In 1828 he was appointed a meiuber of the ro3-al council, and sheriff of Lan- arkshire. In 1832-42 he published the '• History of luirope, from the Com- menceniHut of the French Revolution t, and min- ister to Russia under Mr. Buchanan. D. 1864. — Nathan, an American manu- facturer and political economist, b. in New Ipswich, 1779, was interested in tlie establishment at Waltham, near Boston, iu 1813, of the first cotton mill arc] CYCLOl'.EDIA OF BIOGRAPnY. in wliich a power loom was used in the United States. He wns an eai'iiest and consistent advocate of the American system, and in this |ioliey was elected a re|iiesentalive in c"nf;'ress from Bos- ton in 18-iO, and ajAJiin in 18-12. lie pnblislied a small treatise on currency and bankinfj. that was mnch esteemed. D. IStil. — Samuki., brother of the pre- cedinfj, also became a wealihy manu- facturer, and was noted for his benevo- lence and jihilaiithropliy lie founded a prol'es.'-orship of natural )ihili)sophy at Dartmouth college, with a gift of $10,000; and placed $200,000 in the bands of his executors to be applied to " scientitic, literary, religious, and char- itable purposes." U. 1776; d. 185-J. API'UNYI. Count Antoine Fio- Doi.rii, an Austrian diplomat, b. 1782, was sent when very young to one of the several German courts as plenipoten- tiar\', then to Florence, and succeeded Lebzeltern as ambassador at liome. In 1824 he went as ambassador to London and soon after to I'aris, where he re- mained 20 rears. D. at Venice, June, 187li. AR.\GO, Francois, one of the most illustrious men of science of the age, was b. at Estagel in the south of France, in 1780. At an early age he was placed at a public school at Toulouse, from which he removed to the polvtechnic school of Paris, in 1803. He" left ihe polyteciinic to join Ihe staff of the ob servatorv at I'aris, and shortly after he proceeded with Al. IJiot to Spain, there to measure an arc of the meridian. While engaged in this undertaking, war broke out between France and Spain, and, under pretence that the fires which he made on the moimtain fops as signals to his associates, were intended to enlighten the march of the French ti'oops, he was seized and put into prison ; but escaping after a brief continement, he reached the port of Al- giers, and after enduring many hard- ships, and encountering man}' dangers, was safely landed in France, in 180i). On reaching Pari-', as a reward for Ids zeal, he was elected, at the age of 23, a member of the Academy of Sciences, in the place of Lalande. He was ap- pointed al)out the same time a professor of the Kcole Polytechnique; and now commenced that eminent scientitic ca- reer which he pur>ued with undimin- ished vigor to within a few daj's of his death. In 1830 he was nominated di- rector of the observatorv of the bureau des longitudes ; and he succeeded Fou- rier, whose eloge he pronounced, as per- petual secretary of the Academy of Sciences. The "Annuaire des Longi- tudes " was under his direction ; and he founded, in conjunction with (Jay- Lussac, the " Heeueil des Annales de Physique et de C'himie." As a politi- cian, often occupying a conspicuous position, Arago was earnest, simple- minded, and consistent. After the revtilution of 1830, he occupied a dis- tinguished place in the cliaml)er of dep- uties. In 1848, he was named a mem- ber of the provisional government, as minister of war and marine ; but after the social outbreak of June, 1848, which ended in the temporary dictatorship of General Cavaigiiac, he finished his po- litical career. He was ready to re- nounce his hardly earned position at the observatorj' rather than take the new oath to Louis Bonaparte, after the coiip-d\tnt of December, 1851 ; but the government consented to forego ilie ex- action. I). 18.53. — Jacquks IvniiNNE VicroR, brother of the preceding, a draiuatic writer and journalist, was b. at Estagel in 1790, and d. at Paris, 1855. AKBUCKLF, Matthkw, an Ameri- can general, b. in Virginia, 1776, served in the Mexican war, and thirty years on the western frontier. D. in 1851. AHCHER, John Wykeham, an Engli^h engraver and painter, b. 1806; d. 186-i. His first work was a series of large etchings of Fountain Abbey. He made numerous drawings from the old buildings and streets of London, and of the antiquities of Northumberland, and engraved several monuments ia brass from his own designs. His anti- ((uarian tastes and knowledge were dis- played in his work entitled " Vestiges of Old London," and in numerous con- tributions to the periodicals. — Bkanch T., b. in Virginia, 1790, removed to Texas in 1831, and l>ecame one of the prominent actors in events that pre- ceded and followed her revolution. He presided over the assembly known as the consultation of Texas, in Novem- ber, 1835, and was elected by that body one of the commissioners to proceed to the United States, and present the cause of Texas to the people of the Union, and solicit aid from them in the strug- gle for independence. Upon his return, he was elected a member of the first congress, and was speaker of the house of representatives. He was secretary of war from 1839 to 1842, when he re- tired to private life. D. 1856. — Wiu- 10 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [arn tiAM S., a Virfjinia legislator; repre- sentative in coiii;ress from 1820 to 1835, and senator f roiii 1841 to 18-17. B. 178U; d. 1855. AKGEr.ANDER, Fkiedricti Wil- HEi.M August, a distinguished astron- omer, b. at Memel, 1799; completed his education at Ki.nij^rsberg, and in 1821 became assi>tnnt to liessel at the observ- atory there. In 1823 lie was appointed director of the new observatory at Abo, in Finland, and when it was transferred from Abo to Helsingfors a new observ- atory was built at tlie latter place under Argelander's superintendence. In 1837 he was called to the ciiair of astronomy at Bonn, where he reniained till his death. The results of his observations were published in several important works. U. 1874. AKISTA, Mariano, b. of Spanish parents in Mexico, 1802, entered the army as a cadet at the age of 11, and figured prominently during the strug- gles, turmoil, and revolutions of his native country. Espousing the cause of Mexican independence, he served with distinction in the war wiih Spain. After the overthrow of the Mexican empire and the establishment of the fed- eral system, he became an active leader of the Yorkinos, a body of political freemasons, organized to counteract the intrigues of other lodges. Santa Anna, on obtaining the presidency, placed him second in command of the army, but revolutionary complications arose iii't long after, and Arista was driven into exile. He sought refuge in the United States, and remained here about a year and a half, but in 183G he again entered the service of the Mexican gov- ernment. In the war with the United States, Arista commanded at the battles of Palo Alto and llesaca de la Palma. In 1848, I'resident Herrera appointed him minister of war, and in the fall of 1850 he was elected president of tiie re- pidilic, but va<'ated his position in Jan. 1853, delivering the government into the hands of the presiding judge of tiie supreme court. .Arista retired to his farm, but, being formally banished, he proceeded to Europe, and d. in Spain, J 8.55. ARLINCOURT, Victor, Viscount d', a French poet and novelist, in his writings flattered Naptdeon I. and Louis XVIII. ; he wrote political satires apro- pos to the revolution of 1830, and was convicted of libelling the leaders of the Tevoliition of 1848. B 178U : d. 18.56. AKMANSi'EKGr, Joseph Louis, Count von, b. in Lower Bavaria, 1787. He occupied various positions of trust and influence in Bavaria, participating in the (.'ongress of Vienna, and in 1825 presiding over the chamber of deputies. On the accession of King Louis he was made secretary of the treasury and of foreign affairs, and in this position as- sisted in organizing the German Zoll- verein. His hostility to the Catholics brought him into collision with the king, and he retired into private life. He was restored to favor, however, and was made president of the regency in- stituteil over Greece during the minor- ity of King Otho, ruling almost abso- liJtely from 1833 to 1837. Becoming unpopular, he was dismissed, and re- tired to his estates in Bavaria, where he d. 1853. AKMELLINI, Carlo, an Italian pa- triot, b. 177G. After the flight of the pope to Gaeta in 1848, Armellini was chosen a member of the triumvirate by whom the affairs of the Roman republic Were administered during its brief ex- istence. On its subversion he retired to Brussels, where he d. 1863. ARMENGAIJI), Jkan Germain De- siiiE, a writer on art, b. at Castres in 1797, abandoned commercial pursuits for the study of the tine arts, and visit- ing the i)rincipal galleries of Europe described their treasures and chefs-d'- ceticre in a series of splendidly illustrat- ed works published at Rome and Paris. D. ISfiO ARMISTEAD, Lewis A., a briga- dier-general in the Confederate service, b. in Virginia, killed at Gettysburg, 1853. He was educated at West Poiiit, and made an honorable record in the battles of Contreras, Cliin'ubusco, Moli- no del Rev, and ('hapultepec. ARNDT, Imjxst Mohitz, a German poet, historian, journalist, patriot, and statesman, b. ITGIJ; d. in Bonn, 18G0. ARNOLD, Lkmuei, A., governor of Rhode Island in 1831 and 1832, and representative in congress from 1845 to 1847. B. at St. Johnsbuiy. Vermont, 1792; d. 1852. — Thomas Kerchevkr, author of numerous text-books for the study of ancient and modern languages, which have been extensively used in English and American schools, was b. 1800. He was a clergyman of the Eng- lish church, and an occasional writer on religious questions. D. 1853. ARNOTT, Archibald, a Scotch physician, b. 1771, entered the British army as a surgeon, took part in the ex- peditions to Egypt, Calabria, aud Hoi- ash] CYCLOPyEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 11 land, and in the Peninsular campaign, and relirt-d from active service in 1820. He was attached to the 20lii regiment of foot, stationed at St. Helena, wiiere his professional services were called in aid of Napoleon, on whom he became a regular medical attendant. He stood by the bedside of the emperor in his last moments, and held his right hand when he died. One of the emperor's last acts was to present a gold snuff-box to Dr. Arnott, on which with his dying hand he had inscribe9, d. at West- minster, 18(59. A SPIN WALL, AVii.LiAM H., an en- terprisinjj merchant, b. in New York, 1807, is rememberfd as the orifjinator of the railway connectinsj the Atlaniic and Pacific oceans by the isthnms of I)arieM. With Henry Chaiincey, also a merchant, and John L. Stephens, the distiiii;ui>hed traveller, he obtained in 1848 a contract from New Granada for the construction of the Panama rail- way, which was opened in 1855. The name of Aspinwall was given to the town on the Atlantic terminns in 1852. Jlr. Aspinwall was also tlie founder, the director, and for eight years president of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company. D. 1875. ASTKR, Eknest Ludwig, b. in Dresden, 1778, served in the Saxon and also in tiie Ifiissian army. Joining the Prussian service in 1815, his skill as a mathematician and tactician, and his familiarity M-ith the military systems of Europe, soon led to promotion, and he became major-general and inspector- general of the Prussian fortifications. The fortification of Coblentz and Ehren- breitstein was effected under his guid- ance, and he was appointed command- ant of these fortresses. Was made general in 1842, and d. at Berlin in IS.ju. — Kakl Hiinisicii, brother of the pre- ceding, b. 1782, d. 1855, earned fame as a writer on military subjects. ASTOK, Wiij.iAiM Uackhousf., b. in New York, 1792, the eldest son of the celebrated John Jacob Astor, was edu- cated in Germany, and for some six j'ears was pupil of the scholar after- ward known as the Chevalier Hunsen. He devoted his life to the management of the immense estate left bv his father, and gave $450,000 to the Astor Library. D. 1875. ATHERSTONE, Enwix, b. 1788, published his first poem, "Tlie Last T)ay» of Hercidaneum," in 1821, and his last. "Israel in Egypt," in 27 books in 18(il. "The Fall" of Nineveh" was published in instalments, reaching final- ly to 30 books complete in 1847- He wrote also "The Sea Kings of Eng- land," an historical romance, and "The Handwriting on the Wall," a tale. D. 1872. ATHERTON, Chari.ks Humphrey, b. at Amherst, N. H., 1773, was a rep- resentative in congress from 1815 to 1817, and long stood at the head of the bar in Hillsborough county. D. 1853. — Chaim.ks G., son of the preceding, b. 1804, was many years a member of the New Hampshire legislature, and for some time speaker of the liouse. In 1837 he took his seat at Washington as a member of the house of rejiresenta- tives, aid in the following year intro- duced a series of resolutions attirming the sovereignty of states in the matter of slavery, condemning the abolition agitation as miconstitutional, and de- claring liiat no action should be taken on any petition designed to further abo- lition views, or to promote interference with slavery by federal authority in any shape. The resolutions were carried, and formed the basis of the 21st rule of the next congress, by which anti-slav- ery petitions were laid on the table as a matter of course. The rule remained in force until 1845, two years previous to which Mr. Atherton had been elected to the senate. He acted uniformly with the Democratic party, and d. 1853. ATKINSON, Thomas Witi.am, dis- tinguished as a traveller among the Siberian tribes and the dependencies of China, was b. in Yorkshire, England, 1799. In 184G. with the approval and nnder the pi-otectinn of the Russian au- thorities, he commenced his jotirney- ings in regions until then unknown to European travellers. He afterwards pul)li>-he.A.(JH1MAN, .JoiTN, an American nat- uralist, b. 1790, in the state of New BAl] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGKAPIIY. 15 York, was apsociated wilh Audubon in tlie jirt'iiavation of liis great works on Orniiliolofiv, and the Quadrupeds of North America. He was nearly fifty j'eais pastor of tlie German Lutheran Church in Cliarleston, S. C, and pid)- lished a work in defence of tiie morals and character of Martin Luther. D. 1874. H.ADGER, Gkorge Edward, an American lawyer and statesman, b. in North Carolina, 1795, fjraduated at Yale collef::e, and was admitted to tiie bar at Kaleinh. He was a member of the lej^- islatu're of his state from 1816 to 1820, and for four years judge of I lie superior court. In 1840 he advocated the elec- tion of General Harrison to the I'resi- dency, and was appointed on his ac- cession secretary of the navy. lie resigned this appointment when Presi- dent Tyler vetoed the second bank bill, and in 1846 was elected to till a vacancy in the senate of the United States. He was reelected in 1848, and at the expi- ration of his term retired fiom puhlic life, and devoted himself to his profes- sion. He was a precise and logical speaker, and an able jurist. He was opposed to the secession movement, and in politics a conservative. D. 18GG. 15AGBY, AisTiiUH P., b. in Virginia, 1794, removed to Alahatna in 1818, where he was successively member of the legislature, speaker of the house, governor, and senator in congress. He was minister to Russia, 184y-5;J, and d. in IMnliile, 18.58. B.\GEHO'r, Walter, an Engli>h financier and economist, distinguished for his essays on tinatice, banking, econ- omy, and politics, b. 1826, in Somerset- shire, was educated at the London Uni- versity. His most important work was on " I he English Constitution." Be- fore this he had pulili>lieda reniarkal)le volume entitled "Ivtimates of some Engli,-hmen and Scotchmen." He wrote also " LomI)ard Street," and " Phj-sics and Politics." He was many years editor of the London "Econo- mist." 1). 1877. I5.AGO T, HiciiAitn, b. 1782, was con- secr.ited bishop of Oxford in 1829, and in 184.5 succeeded Bishop Law in the see of Bath iind AVells. His bishopric is memorable for the cessation of "Tracts for the Times," in obedience to his mandate as bishoji of Oxford. Din'ing the latter years of his life he was sub- ject to mental aberration. D. 18.54. B.^ILEY, Gamaukl, an American journalist, b. in New Jersey, 1807, stud- ied medicine in Philadelphia, and took his degree in 1828. He began his ca- reer in journalism, as editor of the "Methodist Pr<.testant," in Baltimore. In 1831 he ren:oved to Cincinnati, ami ill 18;j0 joined ■lames G. Biriiey in con- ducting the "(,'incinnati Philanthro- pist," the first anti-slavery newspaper published in the West, of which lie af- terwards became sole editor. 'J'his pa- per, in 1847, was merged in the "Na- tional Era," published at Wa^hillgton, which was owned and edited by Dr. Bai- ley for many years. Both in L inciimati and in Washington repeated attempts were made to destroy his paper by mob violence, but he was never intimidated or driven from his post. D. 18.59, on board the steamer Arago, on his pas- sage to Havre. — Gi'ii.Kui d, 1)., colonel United States service, b. in New York, 1834, killed at the battle of the Seven Pines, 1802. He graduated at West Point in 1820, and being in Texas dur- ing the early stages of the secession movement, he refused to be included in Gen. Twiggs's surrender in 1801. He raised a volunteer regiment in New Jer- sey, and at the time of his death was chief of artillery in Gen. Casey's divis- ion. — Jacoi! Whitjian, an eminent microscopist and algologist, b. in Mas- sachusetts, 180(), was educated at West Point, where in 1839 he was appointed professor of chemistry, botany, and mineralogy, which office he filled until his death. His claim for scientific dis- tinction rests upon his investigations with the microscope. His observations, illustrated by his own pencil, with com- plete collections of specimens, and all his scientific books and piipers, he be- queathed to the 15oston Society of Nat- ural History. 1). 1857. — Tukhdouus, an American naval oilicer, b. in Platts- burg, N. Y.. in 1805, entered the naw as a midshipman at the age of thirteen years, having been fixed in his jirefer- ence for this vocation by witnessing the memorable conflict on Lake Cham- plain in which Commodore M'Donough gained a decisive victory for the Amer- ican flag. Passing through the several grades of the service, at the outbreak of the rebellion he was placed in command of the steam-frigate Colorado, and as- signed to the Western Gulf blockading squadron. His first ser\ice was in the bombardment of the Confederate forti- fication near Pensacola. He was second in command to Larragiit in the attack on New Orleans, and it was to him that the city was surrendered. For his brav- 16 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGUAPIIT. [bal ery and skill in these enffjigenients he was made toninioilorein 18G2, and in the fall of llie >anie year was assij^neil lO tiie conmiaiKl of the Eastern Gulf blockad- ing squadron, where he rendered most efficient service. In ISG!) he was com- missioned a rear-admiral. U. 1877. B.VII.Y, Ki)\v.\i!i) HoDtiKs. an Enjj- lish sculptor, b. 1788, commenced self- education for his art hy modelling in wax, entered the studio of Fla.xnian, and besides many ideal works executed the colossal statue of Nelson in Trafal- gar square, and well-known statues of Earl (irev, Peel, aud Sir Astley (.hooper. D. ]8(i7.' li.\IN, Alkxander, a Scottish teach- er and iH-ofes^or, b. 1818, tauglit in moral and natural philosophy antl logic, in different colleges, aud was many years examiner in moral science at the India Civil Service examination. He wrote numerous text-books for the school series of Messrs. Chambers, and the article^ on logic and mental philoso- ph\' for their Cyclopaedia. Among his later works are "Mental aud Moral Science," 1833; "Logic, Deductive aud Inductive," 1870; and "A Companion to the Higher English Grammar," 1874. D. 1877. BAINE, A. C, a hiwyer by profes- sion, but kuowji as the author of a work entitled '"Divine Faith and Natural Reason," written and i)ublished after his change from I'resbvtenanism to Catholicism. B. at Raleigh, N. C, 1810; d. in Nevada, 181)3. BAllfD, l{i>iiEKT, I). D., a Presby- terian minister and author, b. in Fayette countv, I'a., 17!)8: d. 18lj;5. He" pur- sued his theological studies at Princeton, and was licensed as a preacher in 1822. In 1827 he connected himself with the American Itible society, and subse- quently with the missionary society of New Jcsey; and in 1823 became agent of the Anu-ricau Sundav-school Union. He vi>ited Europe in 18'i5, and for eight years devoted himself to the promotion of Protestantism in southern F'urope, and of tem|)erance reform in Great Brit- ain and elsewhere. He visited Europe twice subse(iuently : and when there in ]8f52, he upheld the cause of the Union with great effect in I^ondon and other cities. His most widely known publi- cation is "A View of Keligion in America." issued in Scotland in 1842. Among his works are a " History of the Temperance Societies," " Protestanti.-m in Italy," a "History of the Albigen- scs, AValdenses. and Vaud'is," and a " Visit to Northern Europe." BAKEK', Edwaki) 1)., b. in England; d. at Eeesburg. Va., Oct. 21, 1801. Having been brought to the United States when \ery young, he was left au orphan in I'hiladelpliia. In his nine- teenth year he removed to Illinois, where hestiulied law, and soon ac(|uired a good |)osition at the bai'. After serv- ing in the Illinois legislature for two years, he resigned, au, when lie became a Universalist from readinff Professor Stuart's let- ters to Dr. Chaiininf^. He wrote and preached zealously in behalf of the opinions he had espoused. Some of the stMiidard works of the denomination are from his pen. 1). 1852. liAMv, S.sMUKt,, for many years a member of the KaKt India Conipany'.s estahlishnieiit at Canton; published n 1848 an able work on the Chinese mode of culture and manufacture of tea. D. 1874, in bis ninefv-fourtb vear. BALLOLI, Ilo.^KA, a (listinguished Universalist clergyman, b. in Kich- niond, N. H., 1771." He began to preach at the ai^e of 21; was first settled in Dana, Mas.s , and after other cluinges removed to Boston in 1817. He est.at> lished the " Universalist Magazine" and the "Universalist Kxposilor," and was a volmniniuis writer He united more persons in marriage than any other Uiinister in the countrv, and preached over 10,000 sermons. D. ]8.")2. — l!ev. H(..SK.A, 1). 1)., a relative of the precediui;', and himself for several years editor of the "Universalist (Jnarterlv Review," b. in Jfass. ; d. 1801. He was eminent as a preacher and writer, and was president of 'I'ufts college, Medford, Afass., the chief collegiate | institution of his denomination. — SuL- M\'AX, ni.'ijor of the 2d IJhode Island regiment of voUmteers, b. 182!); killed at the battle of Hull Run, 18(il. BALTAHl), Vin-oH, b. 1805, .some- time architect to the French govern- ment and to the city of Paris. To him was commifled the charge of restoring a number of the old cluircbes. He illu.strated a woi'k on the monuments of the history of the Nornuius, and a monograph of the Villa Medieis. D. 1874. B.\LUFI. Gaetano, an Italian priest, b. 1788, was sometime nuncio in South America, and afterwards bishop of Imola, cardinal and archbi>hop. His "lieligious History of America" was published in Konie in 1848. D. 1800. BAMFOUD, Samuel, b. in England 1788, was successively a weaver, ware- houseman, sailor, public secretary, bookseller, newspaper correspondent, government clerk, and several times a political prisoner. He was a writer of great vigor, and bis two chief works, " Passages in the Life of a Radical," and " Farly Days,'' narrate the polit- ical events in Lancashire that brought him into notorietv. D. 1872. BANGS, Natiian, D. D., author of a "History of the Methodist Episcopal Church," and an eminent minister of that church in the United Slates, b. 1788; d. 1802. He comnu^nced his min- isterial career in 1801, and, besides his labors as a preacher, served the body with which he was comiected in vari- ous capacities. He edited the "Chris- tian Advocate and Journal," and the "Methodist Quarterly Review." B.WKS, Tii(>.-\iAs Cma.sropirKU, a writer on the genealogv of the British peerage. B. 1700; d. 1854. B.\NTING, WiLi,i.\ji, a London merchant, b. 1707, wrote in 1803 a let- ter in the newspapers on corpulence, in which he set forth a dietetic system for its t-nre. lJei)rinted in a pamphlet form, it passed 'hrongh several editions in London and in a German translation in Leip'^ic. D. 1871. B.VR.VNTF, Amarle Guilt.aume Piiosriii:, a l-'rench statesman and his- torian, b. 1782, educated at the Poly- technic School, tilled many oflices under the empire and the restoration, and in 1810 was made peer of France. His great work is the " History of the Dukes of Hurgnndy," in twelve volumes, which passed through several editions. After the revolution of .July he was ambassa- dor to Sardinia, and in 1835 to liussia. His historical publications were numer- ous and valuable. 1). 1800. B.\RUK'r, AuGUSTK, a French econo- mist with strong democratic opinions, was the author of "Political Peform," and other works, and after the revolu- tion of 1848 look part in founding and contributing to M. Lamennais' journal, the " Peupie I onstituant." D.' 1875. BARBOUR, .loH.N S., an influential member of the Virginia legislature, and member of congress from that state from 18 >3 to 1833. B. 1790; d. 1855. B.Ali'IN(}, Tho.mas, an enjinent mer- chant, b. 1800, nephew of the first Lord Ashbiirton, entered parliament in 1835. In 1843 ho unsuccessfully contested London. In 1844 he was first elected for Huntingdon, a borough which he sat for as a conservative during the rest of his life. He tilled some important commercial posts, as chairman for forty years of Lloyd's and director of the Bank of England. At the time of his decease he was leading partner hi the 18 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bar great mevc-aiitile firm of Baring, Broth- ers, & Co. U. 187;i. BAIlKl^lt, . I Arms, an American finan- cier, b. in .Maine, 1779. At an early age lie enibarketl in commerce in New York. During liie war of 181-2 he was an im- portant financial support to the Demo- cratic ailniinistratioii. He was after- wards seualoi- of the state of Is'ew York. In the famous conspiracy cases growing out of tiie failure of the Life and Fire Insurance Co., lie figured as a defend- ant making his own defence. After a third trial he succeeded in quashing the indictment. In 1834 he removed to New Orleans and practiced law. Here he accumidated a fortinie, lost in the civil war. I). 1871. — .Jajiks N., a ver- satile writer, 1>. in Philadelphia; d. in AVashingti.n. 18o8. He gained the rank of major in the war of 1812; tind for a nimiher of years was a contributor to dramatic and poetical literature. BA1;K81>ALE, \Vii.i.iam, brigadier- general in the Confederate service, b. in Kutherford county, Tenn., 1821 ; killed at Gettysburg, 1803. He was a success- ful lawyer, a prominent Democratic pol- itician in .Mi>sis>ippi, and a representa- tive in congress from 1853 to 1800. He resigned his seat to join the secessionist movement, and served in the Confeder- ate army from the commencement of the conflict. BAWl.OW, Hic.NiiY Clai:k, an Eng- lish scholar, b. 18()G, travelled many years on the continent, engaged in the study of art and literature. In 1850 he published his first article on Dante, and is ^aid to h.Tve seemingly passed the remainder of his life in the study of the great poet, collating manuscripts of his works, and writing annotations. In 18GG he published " Critical, Historical, and I'hilosopliical Contributions to the Study of the Divina Comniedia; " and subsequently "The Sixth Centenary Festivals of Dante .\llighieri in Flor- ence and at Havenna." He wrote many pamphlets relating to Dante, and a vast number of articles in the London " AtlieuiBuni " and other periodicals. D. 1870. — Pktkr, mathematical pro- fessor at the Woolwich military acad- emy, and author of an " Flssay on Magneti>in," and of a treatise on the "'iheory of Number;" b. 1777 ; d. 1852. His discovery of the means of correct- ing the local attractions on the com- passes of ships secured for him great distinction. B.MJNES, Ai.iiF.iiT, theologian, b. 171)8, educated at I'rinceton seminary, was licensed to preach in 1823, and of- ficiated in various churches, till in 1833 he Avas called to the first Presbvterian church of Philadelphia, where he re- mained till 1807. He was an elo(pient preacher, and acquired great distinction as a commentator by his " Notes on the New Testament," which have enjo\-ed the widest circidation in this country and in Great Britain. A revised edi- tion of this work in six volumes was published in 1872. He took a moderate part in the anti-slavery movement. He published and edited manj' volumes. D. 1870. BARl.'ETT, George Hortox, b. in England, 1794, was for many years a leading genteel comedian in the prin- cipal iheatres of the United States. His line of characters included the Cop- per Captain, Corinthian Tom, Goldfinch, Charles Surface, and similar parts, though he played with great spirit and success in the broadest farce. He was a great favorite wiih the public, who gave him the sobriquet of '" Gentleman George.-' D. 1800. BAKRINGEK, Daxtel M., an Amer- ican politician, h. in North Carolina, 1807, was bred to the bar, served sev- eral years in the legislature of his state, was member of congress from 1843 to 1849, and in the latter year was ap- pointed minister to Spain, where he remained four years. He was a dele- gate to the Peace Congress of 1861, and to the Philadelpliia National Union Convention in 1800. D. 1873. B.MMiON. Jajiks, commodore in the United States navy, d. at Norfolk, Va., April 21, 1851, aged 82. He commenced his naval career as a youth under his father, who held the rank of "Commo- dore of all the armed vessels of the Commonwealth of Virginia " during ihe Kevoluiionary war, and until the disbanding of the slate navy. He was afterwards in private service until the formation of the Federal navy in 1798, when he received the commission of lieutenant, anil served with credit under Commodore Bany in the brief war with F'rance. In 1799 he was promoted to the liighest grade in the navy, and ordered to the Mediterranean, wliere he distinguished himself as a scientific seaman and efficient officer. He was in active service afloat, with short res- pite, until 1807, when he commanded the Chesapeake at the time of her en- counter Avitli the British frigate Leop- ard, since which time he had not been on sea duty. lu 1820 he fought a duel bat] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 19 with Commodore Decatur, in which the latter was mortally wounded. BAKKOT, Camille - HvArixxiiE Oi>iLi.<)N, a French barrister and states- man, h. 1791, entered tiie Cliamher of Deputies in the rei;rn of I.ouis XVIII., and soon acquired the reputation of tlie leading,' orator of tlie opposition. He ■was active and ])er,si.stent in urj^inR on the movements that led to tiie revolu- tion of 1831), and accompanied the king to Cherhourg on his embarkation, lie was appointed prefect of the Seine, re- sisted the reactionary policy of l.ouis Pliili]ipe, and attended the provincial ban(iuets which led to his downfall. Not prepared for extreme measures, however, he accepted the task of form- ing a cabinet with !M. Thiers, and sup- ported the right of the Cointe de Paris to the throne. He was some time a minister under the Presidency of Louis Napoleon, and in 18.51 retired from ac- tive political life. D. 1874. BAHRUNDIA, Jose, minister to the United States from Honduras, made himself favorably known by his en- lightened efforts to advance the civili- zation and welfare of Central America. B. 1784: d. in New York, 18.34. BARKY, Siu CiiAitLES, an eminent architect, b. 17U5, was articled at an early age to a firm in Lambeth. On completing his term, he travelled in Italy, Greece, and other countries, studying carefully the architecture of each, and returning to England with an evident bias in favor of Italian In his subsequent works he employed some- times Grecian and Italian forms, but gradually acquired a preference for Gothic. Among the numerous build- ings of wliich he was the architect, the new palace of Westminster is that by which his name will bs most wideiv known. D. 1800. B.ARTH, Hkixijich. a German trav- eller, b. 1821, in Hamburg: com- menced in 1845 explorations in Africa, which he afterwards prosecuted in ihe employment of the British government. The results were embodied in a valua- ble work cTitilled "Travels and Dis- coveries in North and Central Africa, " published in 5 vols, in English and German in 1855-58. He published ac- counts of various other journevs. D. 1865. BARTLETT, William Frank, b. 1840, was a junior in Harvard college when the civil war broke out, and en- listed as a private in the militia, but in July was made captaiu iu the 20th Massachusetts, and went into active service. He fought at Ball's IJluff in October, and as senior surviving cap- tain becanie acting lieutenant-colonel. In April, 1802, he lost his left leg in the lines before Yorktown, and >oon after, at the head of the 49th Massachusetts, joined the Banks expedition to Louisi- ana. Again severely wounded in the assault on Port Hudson, in his riizlit leg and wrist, he again, early in 1804, led a regiment to the field in Virginia. Wounded in the head at the battle of the Wilderness, he was made brigadier- general, and joined Burnside's corps. In the assault on Petersburg he was taken prisoner and carried to Rich- mond. Exchanged in September, he served during the last days of the war, and in 1865 was breveted major-gen- eral. At the close of hostilities he re- turned to private life. D. 1876. — William Henhv. an English artist and author, b. 1809: d. at' sea, 1854. He furnished the drawings and a jior- tion of the letterpress of 19 large 4to voltmies, containing about 1,000 plates, illustrating the scenery of England, Ire- land, Switzerland, Ameiica. Egvpt. etc. BARTONV, Fhaxcis S., brigadier- general in the Confederate armv; killed at Bull Run, 1861. B.\KYE, AxroixE Louis, a French engraver and sculptor, b. 1795; d. 1875. BATES, Bakxauas, b. in England, 1789, came to America at an early age, became a Baptist preacher, and in 1825 established the "'Christian Inquirer" in New York. Many years of his life were devoted to the introduction of cheap postage. D. in Boston, 1853. — Edward, lawyer and statesman, b. in Virginia, 1793, emigrated to Missouri in 1814, and began the practice of the law. He was many years a member of the legislature of the territory and state, of the convention that framed her constitution, and represented the state in the 20th congress. He subse- quently declined all invitations to en- gage in political life, but accepted the othce of attorney-general in the cabinet of President Lincoln. D. in St. Louis, 1869. — Joshua, b. in Massachusetts in 1788, engaged in commercial pursuits, and became a partner in the famous house of Baring Brothers of London. In 1854 he was made umpire of the commission appointed by the govern- ments of Gupat Britain, and the United States to adjudicate claims of the citi- zens of either country against the gov- ernment of the other. He was a liberal 20 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bea donor to tlie Boston Public Library. D. 1804. BAITHYANYI, Kasimir, Count, b. 1807, was one of the prominent cham- pions of Hungarian independence Af- ter having officiated as i^overnor of va- rious provinces, he became minister of foreign affairs under tlie administration of Kossuth, and subsequently shared his exile in Turkey. In 18.')1 he re- paired to Paris, from which place lie addressed a series of letters to the "London Times," reflecting rather se- verely' upon Kossuth's character as a statesman and patriot. D. in Paris, 18.54. BAUMGARTEN, Andreas Von, Baron, an Austrian scientist and states- man, b. 1793, was professor of physical science at Olmiitz, and at Vienna, tilled many offices under the state, and wrote many works designed to popularize science. D. 1865. BAU.MGARTNER, Gaixus Jakob, a Swiss politician and historian. B. 1797; d. ]8o9. B.\UR, Fei;dinand Christian, a German scholar and theologian, b. at Tubingen, 1792; d. 1861. He became professor of evangelic;d theology in 1826, and is considered the founder of the 'J 'Ul)ingen school, which has been described as a "modified rationalism.'' He was a voluminous writer, but the work l)y which he is most widely known is the " Historical Manual of Oluistian Dogmas." BALIT.MN, Lons, theologian and philosopher, b. 1796, professor at Stras- bourg at the age of 20, wrote many works, and became vicar-general of Paris and professor of the theological facultv. D. 1867. BAYARD, George D., b. in New York, was killed in the attack on Fred- ericksburg, Va., Dec. 1-3, 18(i2. He graduated at \Vest Point in 1856, en- tered the 1st cavalry as 2d lieutenant, and in 1861 became captain in the 4tli cavalry. He took command of the 1st Pennsylvania volunteer cavalry, and in April, 1862, was commissioned briga- dier general of volunteers. He served in the army corps of Gen. McDowell, was under Gen. Pope in Virginia, and fell whilst attached to the command of Gen. Franklin. — RiciiAitn Bassett, lawyer and statesman, b. 1796, was U. S. senator from Delaware, 1836-39, and again 1841-45. D. 1868. BAXTER, Robert Dudley, b.l827, an English statistician, was the author of " Railway Extension and its Re- sults;" "Taxation of the L"niteiEN RoDERic, b. in Leipsic 181 \, a German comedian, vocal- ist, journalist, poet, historian, lecturer, and theatrical manager. He won his chief fame as a writer of comic dramas, of which he produced more than thirty, that were performed in most of the theatres of Germany, Austria, Holland, and Belgium, and were translated for the Parisian theatres. D. 1873. BI'^NJAMIN, Park, a prolific con- tributor to American periodical litera- ture, was b. in British Guiana in 1809, but was sent to this country a' an early age by his father, a New England mer- chant. After studying at Harvard, and graduating at Trinity college, Hartford, he applied himself to law, and com- menced its practice in Boston in 18 i2. But his inclinations attracted hnn to literature, and he was editorially con- nected, in succession, with the " New England Magazine," the "American Monthly Magazine," the " New York- er," and the "New World.'' He was a frequent contributor in prose and verse, to other journals, and later in life appeared as a public lecturer. D. 18G4. 15ENNETT, James GciiinoN, journal- ist, b. in Scotland, 1795, came to the -24 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ber United States in 1820, was success! s-ely proof reader, correspondent, and assist- ant editor of sundry newspapers, till in the vear 1835 he founded the " New York Herald," with a capital of .«500. With wonderful activity and enterprise in collectinfi; news, marvelous tact, a c^'nical wit, biting satire, and a reciiless rollicking way of dealing with men and things, lie estal)lished a journal whose protits exceeded half a million of dollars a year at the time of his death in 1872. — Sir Wii^liam SrEHN- DAi^E, the greatest of English compo- sers and one of the few who have gained a European reputation, b. at Sheffield, 1816, was the son of an organist. His published works include overtures, con- certos, sonatas, and studies for the piano- forte, songs, duets and other vocal pieces. He set to music Tennyson's ode, " Uplift a Thousand voices," writ- ten expressly for the International Ex- hibition in 1802. He was appointed Principal of the Koyal Academy of iMu- sic in 1868, and knighted by the Queeii at Windsor in 1871. D. in London, 1875. His remains were interred in Westminster Alibey. BENTLEY. Richard, a London publisher, founder of " Bentley's Mis cellany," issued works by Dickens, Bulwer, Man-yat, C'oper, Haliburton, Prescott, and other eminent writers. D. 1871, in his 77lh year. BENTON, Thomas Hart, an Amer- ican statesman, was b. in North t'aro- lina, 1782, studied law, and in 1811 connnenced the practice of his profes- sion at Nashville, Tenn. During the war of 1812 he raised a regiment of volunteers, and in 1815 he was ap pointed lieutenant colonel in the reg- ular army. At the close of the war he removed to St. Louis, where he edited a newspaper and took an active part in politics; and on the admission of JMissouri into the Union he was elected one of the first senators from the new state. He took his seat in the senate in 1821, and served continuously in that position for 30 years. He had great readiness antl skill as a del)ater, and wielded a commanding influence. He was a firm supporter of the admin- istrations of .lackson and Van Buren. Throughout the long controversy relat- ing to the United States Bank, he was the main-stay of his party in the senate. He addressed himself to a consideration of the whole question of finance, and did much to consolidate public senti- ment in favor of the sub-treasury s}s- tem, which was eventually adopted. It was from the financial policy which he thus enimciated that he derived the sobri'/uit of " Old Bullion." Upon the question relating to the <_)regon bound- ary, the annexation of Texas, the Mex- ican war, and other important matters, he took a leading and influential part. He was a bitter personal enemy of Mr. Calhoun, and a life long opjionent of the nullilicatiou dcctrinesof that state.s- nian. Alihoiigh from a slave state, he opposed the slavery extremists in the controversies excited by the "' Wilmot proviso" and when instructions were sent to him by the legislature of Mis- souri, based upon certain resolutions in- troduced in the senate by Mr. Calhoun, Mr. Benton denoiniced the instructions as not being expressive of tiie sense of the people, and as designed to pi'oduce a separation of the states. Through the opposition excited by this bold course, be failed of a reelection, and his senatorial career ended in 1850. De- termined to appeal directly to the peo- ple, he announced himself as a candi- date for the house of representatives, and in 1852, after a thorough canvass, was elected over all competitors. In the session that followed, he opposed the Kansas-Nebraska bill in a memora- ble speech, and pursued a course so dis- tasteful to his old opponents, who had acquired ascendency in Missouri, that, at the election in 1854, they again stic- ceeded in defeating him. In 1856 he consented to become a candidate for governor, and once more canvassed (he state wiili his accustomed energy; and though he fa led of his election by a few votes, he produced a gratifying re- action in the disunion sentiment that was then making headway in the state. In 1856 he voted for Buchanan, in oppo- sition to his own son-in-law, Fremont, believing that the former would restore the principles of .Jackson's administra- tion, — an expectation in which he was bitterlv disappointed. After his defeat in 1856 he ceased to take an active part in p(ditics, and devoted himself with wonderful industry to literary ])ursuits. He completed his "Thirty Years' View," a connected narrative of the working of the government during the period of his senatorial career, and then entered upon the laborious task of con- densing the debates of congress, ia which work he was occupied upon hia dealh-bed. D. in Washington, 1858. BERANGEIt, Jkan Piki!HK dk, a great lyric poet, b. at Paris in 1780 ; d. ber] CYCLOPAEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY. 25 1857. When ten years of a^e lie went to ivsidi; at I'erunue, in I'icarJy, and here lie led for some time an indolent and unsetiled iifj, trying' several occupa- tions, till lie was at last ap rentice.l to a print' r and from this period gave liijn- self np to literary pursuits. In 17;)5 liis fatlier took liim to Paris, wliere he wantetl his assistance in certain bank- ing operations in which he was engaged ; but in 17U8 the bank failed, aiid IJe- ranger bade adieu to tinaneial operations forever. During the ])eriod that fol- loweil he pioduced his best songs, which he collected and sent to Lucien 15 ina- parte, the brother of the lirst consul, who was known to be a lilieral patron of literature, and in tiiis instance did not belie his reputation. In 18,)o-18JJ he assisted in editing Landon's " An- nates de Musee," and in IS03 he was attaclied to the university with the sal- ary of 12!)J francs. In 181.5 he first came before (he wm-ld as an author, and the sensation produced by this tirst publication was immense. His second series of songs, published in 1821, cost him his place and three months' im- prisonment iu St. Felagie; and for his third series, published in 1823, he was conilemned to nine months' imprison- ment in La Force, and a fine of ll),l)0;i 'rancs. But the line was paid by the loet's admirers, while Ut-ranger kept up so deadly a fire on the government that he ciMitributed more effectually to de- stroy it than all the blows of the heroes of the " Three Glorious D.iys." After the election of Louis Philippe to the throne, he declined to accept of any reward for his services, and retired tirst to Passy, next to Fontainebleau, and finally to Tours, where he completed what he called his " Memoires ('han- tants," l)y the publication of his fourth series of son^s. At the revolution of February, 1848, Beranger was elected to the cimstituent assembly, but he soon resigned, and finally retired from polit- ical life. His last years were solaced by the kindness of friends, who ad- mired ill him the straightforward hono- rable man as well as the national poet. BLRKSFOUD. John Gk iblislied an account of the doings of a vi'^ilance committee. In 18.")!j he settled in Kng- land. and was empliyed bv the .Master of the Rolls to search for document* bearing on the rel itious between Fng- land and Spain in the archives of Si- maucas and elsewhere. Tlie results of his research appe n- in the " CAleudar of the State Papers," 1870-71. D. iu Madrid, 183-}. liF.RLlDS, Hkctok, a celebrate^ Freiich musical composer, b. 1S)l. stud- ied medicine, but his passion for music determined his vocation. His works were very numerous. He was author of " Traite d' Instrumentation," a mas- terly work, and was wid dy known as the musical critic of the '"Journ^d des Debats." D. IS)-}. BFHXARD, William Baylk, dram- atist, b. at Boston, Mass , 1838, edited his father's "Recollections of the Stage," and wrote " I'he Nervous .Man and the .Man of Nerve," and other popular plavs. D. 1875. liERNLRS, Hkxry William Wil- SON, Lord, b. 17J7, known as one of the most scientiiic farmers in Great Britain, and an extensive breeiler of cattle and farming stock. He was in ISoD presi- dent of the Roval .Vgricultural Societv. D. 1871. BERNSTORF, Authur. Count, di- plomatist, b. in Berlin, 18)3, early en- tered the diplomatic service, and in due course represented Prussia at all the more important European courts. la 1854 he was appointed Prussian minis- ter at St. .I.-imes's; in 1802, ambassador ; and in 1871, ambassador of the Gerinaa entpire. D. 187-"{. BERRIK.V, ,JonN JIacpiikkson, an American lawyer and statesman, was b. in New .Tersev-, 1781. He was admitted to the bar in Georgia, and soon attained eminence; and in 1810 he was ap- pointed to a seat on the bench. He officiated in this capacity untd 1822, when he became a member of the Geor- gia senate, from which he was transt'er- red, in 1824, to the senate of the United States. He was appointed United States attorney-general by President .Jackson in 1823, and held that office until 18.31, when he resumed the prac- tice of his profession in Savannah. In 1840 he was again elected to the national 26 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bet senate, where he continued to represent his state for the ensiiinj^ twelve years, (akiufi a prominent part in all the excit- jn;^ (lel)ales wliich arose ihiring that period. He ranked high as an orator, and left a reputation for eminent ability as a public man. D. at Savannah, 1850. BKiiRY, HiuAM Geouge, major-gen- eral of volunteers in the United States .service, b. in Maine, 1824. He shared the most arduous duties in the battles of WillianisbMrg, Fair Oaks, Centreville, Manassas, and Fredericksburg. He was killed while leading his brigade in one ()f the many desperate bayonet charges which marked tiie struggle at Chancel- lorsville, 185.3. 15KKRY, Caroline Ferdinasde Loui.sK i)U liouitiioN, daughter of the king of the Two .Sicilies, Ferdinand 1., and of Maria Clementina, archduchess of Austria, b. at Naples, 1798, married in 1810 the duke of Berry, second son of count d'Artois, afterwards Charles X. 'I'he duke was assassinated in 1820. Seven months and fifteen days after his death she gave birth to a son, Henri, who received the title of duke of Bor- deaux, afterwards duke of Cliambord. During the three days of the revolution of 18-JO, she courageously advised resist- ance to the insurgents, and would have presented her son to the l^iri>ians ex- cept for the opposition of the deposed king, whom she accompanied into exile. In 1852 she retm-ned to France and landed near Marseilles, where an unsuc- cessful rising in her favor compelled her to seek refuge in La Vendee. She was betrayed by a converted Jew who had been recommended to her by the Pope, and was arrested at Nantes where she had reuKiined five months concealed. Shortly after a letter was published in the " Monitetn- " under her signature, in which she wrote that the grave circum- stances in which she was ])laced com- pelled her to disclose the fact of her second marriage. Her husband was the prince of Lucchesi-Palli. In the spring of 18:]3 she gave birth to a daughter, and sub-equently lived in re- tirement in Venice and at her chateau near Gratz, where she d. 1804. BERKYER, PiiiRUK Antoine, states- man and advocate, b. at Paris, 17!)0, was educated by the Oratorians of Ju- illy, and read for the bar. At twenty- one he married a young lady of si.xteen years, Mile Gautier. In 1815 he es- poused the royal cause and remained true to it throughout his life But his loyalty did not prevent him from de- fending the generals who forgetting their first oath to the Bourbons had followed Napoleon to Waterloo. And ihough a devoted royalist, he was one of those who sought to reconcile the rights of the monarchy with the prin- ciples of the revolution. He was a par- tisan always in behalf of the liberty of the press. In 1830 he was elected to the Chamber, and his parliamentary eloquence soon won for him the title of the second Mirabeau. In 1840 he was one of the counsel of Louis Napo- leon, in the matter of the Boulogne expedition. In 1851 he protested pub- licly and ardently against the coup d\'tat. During our civil war he was friendly to the F'ederal government, and condemned the construction of cruisers for the Confederates on French soil as an offence punishable with tine and imprisonment. With great aptitude for affairs, he was a consummate advo- cate, a consistent politician, and the most versatile and powerfid orator of his day in France. D. 1838. BEKTHOLD. .\h\old ADot.ni, a German naturalist, professor at Giittin- gen, and author of several works on natural historv. B. 1803; d. 1831. BETHAM,Siu William, b. 1770; d. 1853; was remarkable for his labors in genealogy, heraldry, and other subjects of antiquarian research. He published many works, and devoted much atten- tion to the antiquities of Ireland and the Celtic tongue. BKTHUNE, George W., a distin- guished clergyman, was b. 1805, in New Vork, and in 182 J entered the Presby- terian ministry, but shortly afterwards transferred his relations to that of the Dutch Reformed church. He was first settled in Khinebeck, whence, in a few years, he removed to Utica, and in 1834 accepted a pastorate in Philailelpliia. In 1840 he became the minister of a church in Brooklyn, where he remained about ten years, resigning his oliice on account of ill health, and making a visit to Europe for the fourth time. On his return he became associate pastor of the church in 2lst street, New York; but his health again failing, he sailed for Europe, and had reached Florence a short time before his death. Dr. Beth- une attained considerable distinction as an author, both in prose and verse. D. at Florence, Italv, 1832. BEl'lT, Wii^LLVM Henry West, known as " The Young Roscius," b. 17U1, appeared at the age of 12 ia the big] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 27 character of Osnian at the Belfast thea- tre. He also played Young Nerval, Romeo, and Hamlet, creating an excite- ment, unparalleled in theatrical annals. In December, 1804, he appeared at Co- vent Garden as Selini in " Barbarossa." The rush to see and hear him was so great that strong men were lifted from the pit to the boxes Cainting from the intense heat. Mr. I'itt on one occasion moved the adjournment of the house of commons to give the members an op- portunity of seeing him for the tirst time in a particular character. He re- ceived fift}' guineas a night when John Kemble's salary was thirty-six guineas a week. When he fell ill, the pid)lic manifested as much interest in the bul- letins, as in those whicli related to the king's health, or the movements of Na- poleon. This enthusiasm lasted through the season of 1805. Three years long- er Master Betty plaj'ed to large audi- ences in the country, but in 1808 he en- tered Christ college, Cambridge. In 1812 he returned to Covent Garden, but the charm had vanished. Twelve years later, having meanwhile attracted large audiences in the country, he retired finally from the stage, and lived at Southampton on the handsome fortune he had amassed. D. 187-1. BEUL6, Chaulks Eknest, a French archiBologist and author, b. 1826, was sent to the French school at Athens, and gained an early reputation by his archieological discoveries. In 1854 he was appointed professor of arch;eology in the Bibliotheque Imperiale. He caused important excavations to be made on the site of Carthage. His published works are numerous, and the latest of them, " -\uguste, sa Famille et ses Amis" (1867), and " Tibere et I'Heritage d' Anguste," were political in their character. U. 1874. BKWICK, William, an English painter, b. 1796, became a pupil of Haydon, and one of his early studies of a donkey was transferred by his master into his picture of "Christ en- tering into Jerusalem." He painted life-size portrait-* of Lord Eldon, Sir D. Brewster, and Mr. Jeffrey, and made valuable copies of the old masters. D. 186(). Thomas Landseer edited his " Life and Letters." BEXKIELU, William Richaud, an English doctor in music, composer of "Israel Restored;" b. 1824; d. 18.53. BIBB, Gkokok M., b. in Virginia, 1772, graduated at Princeton college. Having settled in Kentucky, he served in the legislature of that state, and was for three successive terms its chief jus- tice; was chancellor of the chancery court of Ijouisville, senator in congress from 1811 to 1814, and again from 1829 to 18-i5, and in 1844 was a[)pointed sec- retary of the treasurv bj' President Ty- ler. U. 1859. BIBBY, Thosias, a classical scholar and book collector, noted for his eccen- tricities; b. in Kilkennv, Ireland, 1799; d. there, 1863. He published " Gerald of Kildare" and "Silken Thomas," two dramatic poems. BICKERSTETH, Ed\vai;d, an Eng- lish clergyman, b. 1786. After practis- ing for some years as a solicitor in Nor- wich, he became interested in religious movements, and in 1815 was ordained a deacon in the Anglican church. In 1830 he became rector of Walton, in Hertfordshire, where he .-^pent the re- mainder of his life. His publications are numerous, consisting chiefly of de- votional treatises and sermons. D. 1851. — Hkmiy, Lohd Languale, brother of the preceding, b. 1783, grad- uated at Cambridge in 1805, was ad- mitted to the bar in 1811, rose to emi- nence in the equity courts, and in 1836 was elevated to the peerage as Lord Langdale, and created privy councillor. U. 1851. BIDULE, CiiARLKS John, b. in Phil- adelphia, 1819, was a son of Nicholas Biddle, studied law, served as a captain of voltigeurs in the U. S. army in the war with iVIexico, and was breveted major for gallant services. On the close of the war he resumed the prac- tice of his profession in his native city, and on the breaking out of the rebellion was tendered a commi-sion as brigadier general. This he declined, to take his his seat m congress to which he had been elected in October, 1861. After the war he became editor of the "Phila- delphia Age." 1). 1873. BlDWliLL, Mausiiall, S., an emi- nent lawyer and politician, b. in New England, emigrated to Canada, where he rose to distii;c;ion as a member of the Canadian parliament, and became leader of the liberal party during the re- bellion of 1837. I'lanished from Canada for his part in this business he removed to the city of New York, where he prac- tised his profession with success till he died in 1872, aged 74 years. BIGSBY, RoBKKT, an English writer and antiquarian, b. 1806, educated to the law, turned his attention to litera- ture, published poems and a dramatic S8 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGKAPIIY. [bib romance in twelve acts entiMed '"Cm'xi," a liistiirv (if " Keptoii," and a liirjiv number of miscellaneous histor- ical treatises, i-'or his literary merits lie recii\e(t a pension in 18j0. U. 1873. BII.LaULT, AuciirsTK Adoi.imie M.AiiiK, a l'"reiicli advticate and senator, b. at Vannes in 18(15. .-\fter studying law at Weiines, he settled at Nantes, and rose rapidly to reputation and prac- tice as an advocate. In 1837 he was elected to the chamber of deputies by three constituencies, of which he chose that of .\nccnis. When Louis Napo- leon seized the dictatorship of France, M. Rilhiult became his president of the corps kgislatif, and in 18.j-i accepted the appointment of minister of the in- terior. I). 1863. BILLINGS, 1 1, \iiii.\TT. architect and designer, b. in ^lilnm, .Mass., 1819. de- signed many public buildings in various parts of New England. On the com- pletion of the Ho.ston custom house, tor which he prepared many of the draw- ings, he devoted himself for several years with great success to wo"d en- graving, and to paintiniT both in oil and water colors. His works in lineoretch- ing drawing were much admired. He designed and partially erected the Pil- grim monument at Plymouth; having previously designed and erected a can- opy over the landing-rock of the Pil- grims. I). 1874. BINGHAM, KiNfiSLF.Y S., b. in Onondaga county. New York, 1808; d. in Michigan, 1861. He was long a promiiipnt member of the Michigan legislature ; served that state in both branches of congress, and was elected governor of the state in 1854 and 1856. BINNKV, HoH.vCK. an eminent law- yer and jurist, b. in Philadelphia ]78(», was for more than half a century at the head of the bar in his native city. He published six volumes of Ke[)oris. and a number of pamphlets on legal and pidit- ical sid)jects. He was elected to the Louse of representatives of the U. S. as an opponent of President Jacksim's ad- tninistration, and served with distinction. D. 1874. — Ki:v. Thomas, b. 1798. was muny years minister of the king's Weighhouse Chapel in London. His published addresses, discourses, and ■works bearing on the moral culture "f the voung. were very numerous. D. 1874; BIOT, Je.\n Baitiste, an eminent French mathematician, b. 1774, in 1800 was called to the professorship of natu- ral philosophy in the college of France. It was during a visit to England in 1817, where he had been sent by the board of Inngitiule to make observations along the English arc of the meridian^ that he met Humboldt and .\rago at the Gi'cenwich Observatory. He was the author of several astronomical and mathematic il works of value, and of au immense nmnber of scientific memoirs and articles, for his pen was active to the clo.se of his loni,' life. D.. 1832. BIKCH-PFEIFIEH, CiiAi!u>nE, b. in Stuttgart, 18J0, actress, di-amatist, novelist, was twenty years on the Ger- man stage and wrote 70 plays. D. ISJS. BIRD, K>>i5Ei:T .M., author of "Cala- var," the "Infidel, " Xick of th& Woods," and other successful bonks; was a physician by profession, and practised in Philadelphia. He is best known by his tragedy of " The Gladi- ator," written for .Mr. Edwin Forrest. He was for some time editor of the " N(n-th American Gazette." B. in Del- aware, 1803: d. at Philadelpliia, 1854. — Key. Cu.\hi.es Sjiith, a minister of the English church, and author of nu- merous controver.-ial works. B. 1795; d. 1882. BIKXEY, James G., an Americaa politician, wa- b. in Kentucky, 1792, and in early life established himself as a lawyer in Alabama. Becoming inter- ested in the question of slavery, he at first advocated the colonization scheme; but in 1834, having returned to Ken- tucky, he came out in favor of imme- diate emancijiation, at the same time emancipating all his own slaves. Find- ing it impossible to disseminate his views through the press in his native state, he removed to Cincinnati, and there published a paper called "The Philanthropist," which, after encounter- ing violent opjiosition, became a power- ful instrument in forming public opin- ion. In 1836 he went to New Vork as secretary of the .Anifrican anti-slavery society, to the obj''cts of which he con- tinued to devote himself for many years. Through his exertions a polit- ical organization, called the Liberty party, based upon the single idea of op- erating against slavery luider the con- stitution, was formed in the northern states; and in the elections of 1840 and 1844 he was the candidate of this party for the presidency. D. at Perth Am- boy, New.Iersey, 1857. — D.wid Bei>i^ son of the precet, Amer- ican i)liysiciaii and chemist, b. in Dela- ware, 1820, received lii.s medical educa- tion at the nniversity of Pennsylvania. He removed to Chicago about 1844 and was one of the founders of tlie Hush medical college, of which he was after- wards president, and professor of ana- lytical chemistry. He also established and for some time edited the Chicago "Medical Journal." During the civil war he was medical director in connec- ti(m with sevend departments of the Union army in Virginia, ami occupied this position on General Sheridan's slaff at the battle of Winchester. D. 1874. BL.\NQUI, Jekomk Adolpiie, a dis- tinguished writer on political economv, b. at Nice, 1805; d. 1854. His most important work, a " History of Politi- cal Economy in Europe, from the An- cients to our own Times," was pub- lished in 18:!7. BLO.M FIELD, Ciiarlks James, b. 178R, was made bishop of London in 1828, and occupied that position for 28 years He was author and editor of various works on classical and theolog- ical subjects. In parliament he took a leading part in the maintenance of high church principles. D. 1857. B' 0M.MAI';1; T, Phimp b. in Ghent, 181)9, published an edition of the early Flemish poets with glossaries and notes, a translation of the " Nibelungenlied," and a valuable history of Belgium. D. 1871. Br>00:\IFIELD, Samupzl Thomas. an eminent Greek scholar and Biblical commentator, b. 1790, piil)lislied a val- uable edition of the Greek Testament, more largely used than any other both in England and the United States. U. 1869. BLUDOFF, DjtiTni Nikoi-ayvitcit, Count, a celebrated Bussian diploma- tist and statesman, b. 178;!; d. 1864. BLUNT, Edmund, hvdrographer, b. 1799. appointed 1833 ti'rst assistant of the U. S. coast survev. 1). 1866. BOCHSA, l.'oiiEHT Nicholas Chahles, a distinguished musician and composer, b. in France, 1789. At the age of si.xteen he began to study the harp, and soon acquired a preeminence which gave him great celebritj'. D. 185G. BOCKH, August, a German philolo- gist and arclueologist, b. 1785, was for ufjwards of forty years professor of rhet- oric and ancient literature in the uni- versity of Berlin. His most important work was translated under the title of '■ The Public Economy of Athens." D. 1867. BOCKING, Edduaisd, b. 1802, d. 1870, forty years teacher of Konian law at the university of Bonn, pul)lislied many valuable annotated editions of the authorities on ancient law. BODISCO, Alexander, a Russian diplomatist, b. 1779, early entered the civil service of his country, and after till- ingseveral sidjordinate public situations, was appointed minister to the United States, and remained in that capacity for seventeen vears. D. in Washing- ton, 1854. BOGLF-, Ja:mes, an American portrait painter, h. in Georgetown, S. C, 1817, studied his art in New York under Prof. S. V. B. Morse, and became distin- guished as a painter of portraits, among which were those of Calhoun, Clay, Webster, De Witt Clinton, and other celebrities. He was elected an associ- ate of the national academy, and in 1861 an academician. D. 1873. BOKJICSSON, JoHAN, a Swedi-h cler- gyman and dramatist, b. 1790, d. 1866. HOI'TGEli, Adolf, a German poet, b. in Leipsic 1815, translated the works of several Fjiglisli and French jioets, and wrote original works poetical and dramatic, collected in 8 vols. D. 1870. BOITKiER, Cmai!Les Wiixtam, b. 1790; from 1821 professor of history in Fj-langen, attained eminence as a his- torian' 1). 1862. B()G.\KDUS, James, mechanician and inventor, b. at ('atskill, N. Y., 1800, was a|)]irenticed to a watchmaker, and soon distinguished himself by his skill and ingenuity. He invented the '■ King F'lyer," for cotton spinning; the eccentric circle; an engraving ma- chine: a machine for transfeiring bank- note plates, and a dry gas meter. Being in England in 1836, he accepted a chal- lenge to produce an engraving from a medallion heail of Ariadne in high re- lief, and constructed a machine which not only made a perfect fac-simile of the head, but from the same nudal en- graved comic distortions of the face This machine engraved a portrait of the Queen, dedicated to herself at her own request. His inventions for a series of years in different departments of indus- try were numerous and successful. He bon] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGISAPHY. 31 built the first cast-iron l)uil(liiielgiiiin, and for the tliird time took refnjj;e in Kni;-- land. There he resided till the revolu- tion of 1818, when live departments proclaimed him their representative, and the prince took his place in the Constit- uent Assemily on the 2Gtli of Septem- ber, as a inembL'r from Paris. On the 10th of December he was elected presi- dent by five and a half millions of votes, against less than two millions cast for all the other candidates. The exact figures, as given by the "Moiii- teur," were: liOuis Napideon, .5, .Ma, 83-1; General Cavaignac, 1.4(!;),1«6; M Le- drn-Kollin. -377,230 ; M. de La Marline, 21,000. His oath, on assuming the presidency, was in the following words: " In the presence of God, and before the Frencli people, I swear to remain faithful to the Democratic Kepublic, and to fulfil all the duties imposed on me by the Constitution." It is not pos- sible in the space at our disposal to recapitulate the circumstances that es- talilished such relations between the Na- tional .Assembly and the president as resulted in the coup d'etat. Snfiice it to say that on the morning of the 2d of December, 1851, a ))roclaination was posted on the walls of I'aiis, by which, in the name of the French jieople, the president of the Republic decreed that the National Assembly was dissolved; universal suffrage reestablished; the French people called together in their cornices h-o\\\ the Utii to the 21st of the current numth; the first military divis- imi declared in a state of siege; the. council of state dissolved; ami the min- ister of the interior charged with cany- ing the decree into execution. This proclamation, issuing from the palace of Elysees, was signed " Louis Napoleou Bonaparte, " and countersigned "the ministei' of the interior, De .Mornv." The principal leaders of the Right and the extreme Left in the assembly were arrested at an early hour in the morn- ing, and with other men of iiiHiience o|)posed to the Bonaparte regime trans- ported beyond the frontiers. The pal- ace of the assembly was guarded by a strong detachment of troops, with or- ders to allow nobody to enter. Some attempts were made to organize resist- ance, but without success. The troops, under the command of Generals Mag- nan and St. Arnaud, acting under the laconic order, "Let the g-ood be con- fident, and let the wicked tremble," swept the boulevards and the adjacent streets, and shot down somewhat indis- criminately the defenders of barricades and the merely curious spectattu's. It was soon seen that opposition to the de- cree was useless. The same day the president issued a manifesto, in which he submitted his conduct to the judg- ment of the Avhole nation ; and after giving his view ,of the situation, told the people if they desired its continu- ance to choose some one else in his place, as he did not wish to wield an autli(M-ity that was powerless for good, which rendered him responsible for acts he could not prevent, and chained him to the helm when he saw the ship plun- ging into the abyss. If, on the contrary, they had confidence in him, he called on them to elect him president for ie.\\ years, and to adopt such provisicms for a constitution as he suggested, which were in accordance with the system of 32 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGKAPHY. [bon the First Consul. On the measures then submitted ihe people were called upon to vote by a simple Uui or A'ore. To this appeal, on IJecember 20 and 21, the nation responded by 7,481,2^1 af- firmative votes out of 8,1(j5,G30 cast. Thus conlirmed in his usurped power, Louis Napoleon promulf;ated on tiie 14th Janmiry, 1852, a constitution de- veloped from the proclamation and the plebisciti- of the mouth precediuj;. He proceeded to or<;auize the new ifovern- ment, and resigned his dictatorship in the presence of the senate and corps hyisLatif. Two months after the close of the session, he luade a tour in the south of France, and was received in all the departments he visited with shouts of t'/yi- I'empire. There is little reason to doubt that public sentiment was suHicieutly represented in the seii- atus-cousultum calling' for the recstab- lishment of the empire, and its ratifica- tion by Ihe Freucli people by nearly eight millions of votes. The empire was solemnly proclaimed on Deceud>er 1, 18.52, and the president took the title of Napfactory as they had been. The war with Austria followed, with the emperor's victories at Magenta and Solferiuo, and the abrupt peace made at Villa-Franca. The innnediate ad- vantage that France derived f'om this treaty was the annexation of Nice and Savoy. Lombardy was ceded to France, ami by France to Sardinia, and Venice with "the qiuidrilateral was left in the possession of Austria. In 1800, Napo- leon declared hnnself a convert to free trade, and with the per.-oinil aid and advice of Mr. Cobden framed a treaty of commerce between France and Great Hritain based on this principle. (Jon- jointly with Spain and Great Britain he organized an expedition against Mex- ico with the view of redressing the pe- cuniary injuries that had been inflicted on subjects of the respective countrie.s. Tliis expedition his allies abandoned in .April, 18tj2, and the emperor prosecuted the war, and placed the archduke Jlax- imilian of Austria on the throne of Mexico. He looked with complacency on the civil war in the United .Slates as favoring his designs for the extension of French power on this continent, but on its termination he received notice to (|uit, and was not ^low in a\ailing him- self of an oppm-tmiity. The last French detachment left the Mexican shores in 1807. The disastrous residts i>f this ex- pedition materially impaired Ihe pies- liijt of the emperor, and wilh oiher well bruited causes of popular discontent as- sisted the attacks of tlie republican party in the chambers and led to im- I portaut concessions in favor of consti- tnlinnal government in France. The senate adopted almost nmmimously a decree nu>difying the constitution of the empire, and an imy)erial edict conlirmed this decree September 8, 180;). In De- 1 combt-r M. I'^inile Ollivier was autho- j rized to construct a cabinet faithfully 1 representing the majoritv of the legis- ' lative body. On ,Iuly"]5, 1870, war was declared by France against Prus- sia, ostensibly lor reastuis growing out of the consent of the king to the can- didacy of Leopold, the prince of Hohen- zoUern, for Ihe Spanish throne. Two days later the emperor ainionnced in a proclamation that lie was going to place liimself wilh his son at the head of the army. He made his rpiarters at IMetz, ansar," of which only two vols, were published. His mis- cellaneous wrilings are publislied in "Oi,uvres de Napoleon n[.," 5 vols.; "Qiuvres Militaires," 3 vols.; and "O^^nvres Posthumes." BONArAKTE, Jkiiome, the v'oung- est brother of Napoleon I., was b. at Ajaccio, 1784. On Niip(det mathemalicians of the day. The pulilicaticm of his essay " On the Malhemaiical Analysis of Logic," procured i'a wlierever fighting was going forward. He was wounded in the capture of the Malalabella at Bayonne. D. 1874. — Nicholas, a Mexican statesman and general, b. 1792, served in the struggle of his coun- try for independence, and took a prom- inent part in her subsequent internal revolutions. F'or short periods he held at interx'als the supreme power in Mex- ico. He served in the war with the tfnited States, and was in the battle of Cerro Ghed in 1803. D. 1870. BKOMME, Kai;i. Rudolf, b. 1804, a naval engineer: in 1848 was appointed rear admiral of the German navy, and subsequently engineer in chief of the Austrian navy. He wrote several nau- tical works, and memoirs of his life. D. 1800. — Trauoott, a brother of the precedh>g, German tiavellei- and book- seller, b. 1802, wrote a number of books on his travels in the new world, nota- blv a hand book for travellers. D. 1865. BRONNER. JoHANN Phillipp, b. in Germany, 1792, travelled largely in the wine countries of Europe, and published numerous treatises on vine-growing and wine-jnaking. D. 1805. BRONSON, Gheene C, a prominent lawver and politician, h. in Oneida County, N. Y., 1789; d. 1803. He was elected to the stale assemblv in 1822, and from 1829 to 1830 filled the office of at- torney-general. He was then, success- ively, puisne judge of the supreme court of judicature, chief justice of the supreme coui-t, and one of the judges of 40 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bro the court of appeals. Froni 1859 until (lis death he was counsel for tiie corpo- ration of New York city. He was an influential member of the Democratic partv, and was the " Hard Shell " can- didate for jjovernor in 185-5. BRONTE, (^HAKLoTi-E, an English novelist, b. 1816. Shu was a daughter of Kev. Patrick Bronte, who, in 18-2rt, became vicar of Haworth. In 1840, with her sisters Anne and Kmily, she published a volume of poems under the names of "Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell." It met little favor. Making a new effort to gain the public ear, they each wrote a prose tale. These were •' The Professor," by Charlotte ; " Wuth- ering Heights," by 'Emily ; and " Agnes Grev," by Anne': the names assumed in the volume of poems being still re- tained. The two latter found a pub- lisher ; the first was everywhere re- fused. Under the weight of all this discouragement, Charlotte composed her novel of "Jane Eyre," which was pub- lished in 1847. "Its success was tri- umphant, and the reputation of the au- thor, whose real name was yet unknown, was established at once on a firm foot- ing. But this great success was fol- lowed by as great afflictions. Char- lotte's sister Emily died in December, 1848; and in less than si.x months, Anne, the youngest of this remarkable trio, was also laid in the grave. On the publication of "Shirley," Charlotte Bronte's seccind novel, in 1849, the se- cret of the authorship transpired, and Charlotte took her place among the lit- erarv stars of the time. In 1854 she be- came the wife of Kev. Mr. Nicholls, her father's curate. She d. at Haworth, 1855. BROOKE, Francis .T., an American jurist, b. in Virginia, 1703, was an offi- cer of the revolution, and eiijo3'ed the confidence of Washington. He was admitted to the bar in 1788, served frequently in the state legislature, aiul held judicial offices for forty-seven years, thirty of which were in the court of appeals. " D. 1851. — Ciiaki.ks Mkr- CEK, brother of the preceding, an Amer- ican officer, entered the army from Virginia in 1808. was promoted lieu- tenant-colonel for his gallant conduct in the defence of Fort ICrie (1814), and served with distinction in the Mexican war. He was four times breveted for meritorious services. I), at San Antonio, Texas, in command of the eighth mili- larv department, 1851. — Sir Jamks. b. "near Bath, 1803, chose the Indian army for his profession, accidentally forfeited his appointment, and went as an adventurer to the eastern seas in 1838 in a yaclit he had y)urchased from the royal squadron, which was entitled in foreign ports to the same privileges as a man of war. He took an active part in the suppression of the Malay pirates, and the Sultan of Borneo ceded to him the territory of Sarawak with the dignity of Rajah. In 1846-47, Rajah Brooke visited England and was feted with enthusiasm by all the corporations in the country from the queen down. His rule in Sarawak was beneficial to the people, but he was violently assailed in parliament and his health suffered from the censures to which he was sub- jected. His later days were spent in Devonshire, where he d. 1868. His "Private Letters " were published in 1853, in three volumes. BROOKS, .Jamks, editor and politi- cian, b. in Portland, 1810, studied law awhile in ihe office of .lohn Neal. and be- came a correspondent of the " Portland Advertiser." A Washington correspon- dence was then a novelty in journalism, and this feature introduced by Mr. Brooks in the "Advertiser " was liighly successful. His letters were extensively copied, and obtained for him a wide reputation as a lively and effective writer, which was increased by his let- ters fnun Europe in the same paper. In 183(; he established the " New York Express." In 1H48 he was etected a Whig member of congress, from New York city, and reelected till 1853, affili- ating with that portion of his party which adhered to Mr. Clay on his comprouiise measures. In 1864 he was returned to congress by the Democratic partv, and l>y repeated reelections con- tinued a member during his life. In 1871-72 he made a voyage round tlie worlil, and liis observation*, first com- municated in letters to the "ICxpress," were published in a volume with the title, "A Seven Months Run, Up and Down and Around the World." As a government director of the Union Pa- cilic railway, he was implicated in some transactions in the credit mo- bilier on account of his son-in law, for which he was censured by congress. This censure he believed unmerited, and it aggravated the illness under which he was suffering and which re- sulted in his death, April .30, 1873.— CnAni.K.s Shiri.ky, b. 1815, was a pop- ular novelist, dramatist, and contribu- tor to the " Illusirated News," and to BUO] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGHAPHY. 41 "Piiiieli," ill wliicli lie succeeded JIark Leiiio I as eilitdi'. He was aUo a pop- ular ciiriX'sixiiulHiit and lecturer, and nuich estetineil as il f;eiiial companion. t). 1874. — I'liK.sToN S., b. ill South Carolina, ISIU, was elected to tile le.^is- latuie in 1844; commanded a company in the I'almetio rcf^iment in tlie Mexican war ; and in ISo'i was sent to congress. In iMay, 18.36. he made an assault upon Senator Sumner, of JIassacluisetts, while that gentleman was writing at his desk in the senate chamber. A majority of the linuse of representatives ha\ing voted for his exptil.-ioii, on ac- count of this affair, .Mr. IJrooks resigned his seat; but liis constituents having approved his conduct, he was reelected to c8. On leaving the uni- versity he tra\elled some time on the continent, and on his return settled in Edinburgh as an advocate. Here lie was associated with Sydney Smith, Horner, Thomas lirowii, .Murray, and Jeffrey, and was one of the founders and fiu' a hmg time one of the largest C(nitributors to the "Edinburgh Ke- view."' In 1803 he pulilisiied his "In- quiry i!ifo the Colonial Policy of the Euriipean Powers,"' in two volumes. He rLinoved to I.,ondon in 18 )6, and in 1807 was called to tlie English bar. His practice soon became important. The nierchants of Lmidon, Liverpool, and i\Iancliester employed him in 18 )8 to enforce at the bar of the house of commons their application for the re- peal of the orders in council which had been issued in cousei|nence of the Ber- lin and Jlilai) decrees of N'apoleon. He entered parliament in 18L0 as the rep- resen;ative of the rotten borough of Camelford; and in 1811 he carried the bill making the slave trade a felony. Erinn this time he was con.-picnous in all the struggles with Toryism tliat dis tingiiished the next twenty years of Whig history ia England. Defeated at Liverpool by Canning in 1812. Mr. P>rougliam did not reenter parliament till 1815, when he was returned for the dose liorough of Winclielsea. .Mean- while he was charged with the defence in several prosecutions that were set on foot again.-t the press. But his most celebrated forensic efforts were those in the case of t^ueen Caroline, who returneil to England against his advice, to claim her rights as wife of (Jeorge lY , and was put on trial before the house of lords for adultery, 182 1-21. The bill of pains and penalties against her pas.sed by the feeble niai(n'ity of nine votes to a third reading in the lords, and the ministry did not venture to present it to the commons. The friends of the queen triumphed, and Bronghain became the id(d of the peo- ple. When parliament was dissolved on the death of George IV., Bronghain was elected by a large and entliusiastic majority in the West Riding of Yarents to Tennessee, where he devoted fiimself to the law. In 1839 he was itected a member of congress, and re- elected in 1841 and 1843. On his re- tirement, in 1845, he was elected gov- ernor of Tennessee. His last otlicial position was that of postm.ister-general in the cabinet of President Buchanan. His principal political speeches were published in a collected form in 1854. He took an active part in the southern convention helil ;it Nashville in 1850, and was the author of the '• Tennessee Platform." — David PAur^, an A'mer- ican lawyer and writer, b. in Philadel- phia, 1795, studied for the b;ir, and be- came a distinguished advocate in crim- inal cases. He wrote "Sartorius," a tragedy, and other successful dramas, and a work entitled ''The Forum, or Forty Years' Pi-actice at tlie Philadelphia Bar," in four vols., 1850-59. His ora- tions and speeches were published in four vols, in 1859. D. 187-2 — Slit Geouge, a British general, b. 1790, entered the army as ensign in 181)5, and distin- guished himself in the Peninsular war. In 1814 he accompanied Sir Hugh Ross in the expedition to the United States, and was present at the battle of Bla- densburgh, and the capture of Wash- ington. He was not again in service in the iield till the outbreak of the Cri- mean war. He displayed great gal- lantry at the battle of' Alma, and at Inkennann, and at the siege of Sebas- topol led the unsuccessful attack on the liedan. He was made general in 1855, and from 1800 to 1805 commanded the forces in Ireland. D. 18G5. — GmiLD, an .American grammarian, b. in Rhode Island, 1791, was a teacher by profes- sion, and published his "Institutes of Grammar" to sup|ily a deliciency in the text-books used by his pujjils. The success of this work led him to prepare "The Grammar of English Grammars," published in 1851, a comprehensive and masterly treatise, by which its author will long be remembered. D. 1857. — .John, a celebrated American abolition- ist, b. in TorringtOM, Conn., 1800. On the settlement of Kansas, Brown re- moved thither, and, having settled at Ossawattomie, became an active and fearless partisan leader of the free state forces during the bloody and desolating struggle in 1856-57. In 1858 he con- ceived a plan for carrying war into the slave-holding states, and with this view met a number of confederates in secret convention at Chatham, Canada, where a plan for inaugurating an emancipa- tion war was resolved upon, and a constitution formed for the provisional government of the states in which the BKO] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 43 contemplated insurrection might gain hold. Brown was named commander- in-cliief, and in tills capacity' issued several military commissions to his fol- lowers. Ou the night of Sunday, Oct. 10, 1859, Brown and 21 followers sud- denly' entered Harper's Ferry, seized and occupied the armor}' buildings, and captured several government otti- cers and workmen, with some of the principal inhabitants of the place. On the ne.Kt day several coridicts occurred, Brown losing some of his adherents, and they, ou the other hand, killing some of the residents, including the mayor. Eventuallv, Brown and those who remained with him, together with his prisoners and a few slaves who had joined him, retreated into the tire-eugiue house, within the armorv enclosure, and there resisted several attacks, with loss of life on both sides. Meanwhile, a body of United States troops arrived, with two pieces of artillery, under com- mand of Colonel Lee; and on Tuestlay morning. Brown having refused to sur- render, the door of the building was battered down, and a hand-to-hand fight ensued. Brown was cut down by a sabre-stroke, after being wounded several times with bayonets, and all of his companions were kdled or wounded except two, who were taken without injury. He was indicted, and tried be- fore the countv court for treason and murder, and, being found guilty, was hanged, Dec. 2, 1359. —John Nkwtcj.n, an American clergyman and author, b. ISDJ, was some time professor in the New Hampton theological seminary, N. H., afterwards editorial secretary of the American Baptist Publication So- cietv. and wrote an '' Encvclopjieilia of Ueligious'lvnowledge." l). 18tj8. — John Pokteu, an American diplo- matist and orientalist, b. in Ohio, 1814, went to Turkey in 1832 with his uncle, Commodore Porter, first Amer- ican minister to the Porte, and by his rare linguistic ability was able in twelve nuMiths to discharge the duty of dragoman to the embassy, and con- tinued in this capacitv till 1858, when he was made secretary of legation. This post he retained till he d. in 1872. He was the author of a "'His- tory of the Dervishes," and translated Patriarch (^onstantius's "Ancient and Modern Constantinople." — Ucjiucht, a distinguished English botanist, b. 1773. He acciMupiinied an expedition to Aus- tralia in 1831, and returned to Eiig laud in 18 J5 with nearly 4,000 species of plants, most of which were new to science. He was appointed conservator of the library and botanical collections of Sir Joseph Banks, which were event ually deposited in the British Museum; and in 1827 keeper of the botanical de- partment of that institution, which posi- tion he held until his death. In 1819 he was elected president of the Linnieaii society. Vegetable physiology is in- debted to him for several important discoveries. U. 1858. BROWNE, Chakles Faiusak, b. IS-'U, worked at the printer's ti'ade in Maine, and as reporter of a weekly (laper in Cincinnati wrote a letter uiuler the pseudonym of Artemus Ward, which was his tirst step in his career as a hu- morist. He made the name famous, lectured, and wrote books uniler it, and in 18G6 went to England, and was an acceptable contributor to " Punch." D. 18G7. — John Ross, an American trav- eller and author ; published in 1810 his " Etchings of a Whaling Cruise, and Notes of a Sojourn on the Island of Zanzibar." This was followed by nu- merous volumes of travel in many ])arts of the world, written in a hu- morous and popular style. He wrote aa elaborate report for the United States government upon the new mining re- gions of the Pacilic coast. In 1808 he was appointed minister to China, but was superseded in 18i'0. B. 1817 ; d. 1875. BROWNELL, Henry Howard, b. 1820, studied law, became a teacher and writer, and in 18B-5 entered the navy and served on the staff of Farra- gut, whom he afterwards accompanied on his European excursion. He pub- lished two volumes of "War Lyrics anil other Poems." D. 1872. — Thomas Ciiuticri, right reverend, presiding bish- op of the Protestant Episcopal cliurch in the United States, b. in Westport, Mass., 1779; d. at Hartford, 18;io. He graduated at Union college in 1894. He remained several j-ears connected with this institution, as tutor in Latin and Greek, as professor of belles-lettres and moral philosophy, and as professor of chemistry and mineralogy. In 1813 he exchanged the Congregational for the Episcopal church, and in 1816 was ordained by bishop Hobart. He be- came assistant minister of Trinity Church, N. Y., in 1818. and in the fol- lowing year was elected bishop of ('on- necticut He was the fcumder of Trin- ity college, Hartford, and was for some years its president. He contributed 44 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bro lartrely to the current theological litera- ture iif the time JUJOWXINHi, Mrs. Iu.izabeth B\r- KKTT, an Kiig ish poetess, was b. ISOJ, a\u\ whilst still Ml her teens became a coii(ril>iitor to periodicals. In 182(> she publisheii '"An Essay on Mind, with other Poems." Her translation of the "I'romHthens Vinctns,' of /Eschyhis. which ajjpeared oriifinally in 1S:{3, was superseded by a new version from her more mature pen. About ]8'58 she fell into ill healtli, and haviuii; broken a blood-vessel in the rei^ion of the lungs, was ordered to winter at Toripuiy, •where her health received so painful a shock from her brother's deatii, caused by the ujisetting of a boat, that she be- came, and remained ever afterwards, a confirmed invalid. In the seclusion of a sick room, however, she studied the classics most carefully, and in 1814 produced the first collected edition of iier ])oems. In 184(! ^liss B.irrelt mar- ried Mr. Itobert lirowning, the poet. In, addition to the works above re- ferred to, she was author of " Casa Guidi ^\'indows," a poem; "Aurora Leigh;" "Times of Cyprus;" and "Poems before Congress." D. at Flor- ence, 18ijl. Two \olume.s of lier ''Me- moirs, Essays, and Letters" were re- published in New York, edited bv K. H. Stoddard, in 1877. I5K0VVNL0VV, countess dowager, b. 1791. is known by a gossiping volume of " Reminiscences," covering nearly half a century. D. 1872. — William Gaxnawav, i). in Wythe county, Va., 180.5 ;_ lived on a farm and as appren- tice to a hou-e-carpenter, till he was twenty-one, when he had turiied his meagre opportunities of self education to such good account, that he was able to enter on the Methodist ministry. The next ten years he passed as an itiuerant i)reacher. In 18J2 he was set- tled in Tennessee, and travelled a cir- cuit in South Carolina, with appoint- ments to preach in several counties. The nullification fever was then at its height, and he denounced the heresy from the pulpit, and on every occasion asserted the doctrine of national sov- ereignty in the strongest terms. About the same time he was engaged in a con- troversy with a clergyman of another denomination on the position of the Methodist church in regard to slavery ; and in a pamphlet then written he pre- dicted that slavery would shake the government to its very fomidation, and added, "I shall, if lam living when the baffle comes, stand by my govern- ment, and the Union formed by our fa- thers." In 1828 he <)iposed the election of General Jackson, in ]8;i7 he became the editor of the " Kno.wille Whig," and by his intrepid manner of handling public (pie-^tions accpiired the title of the " Eighting I'arson." IJeside.s his editorial labors he found time to write two or three books, notably — ''The I'-on Wheel Exnniined and the False .S|)okes Extracted," and, " Ought Amer- ican Slavery to Ije Perpetuated V " a (iuesti(m that he answered in the affirm- ative. In the H:irrisi)n campaign he distinguished himself by the frequency and fervor of his political exercises in his circuit. He remained true to the Whig faith in the presidt-ntial contests that followed, and in 1800 cried aloud and spared not in the cause of the Union against the promoters of the then impending secession. The bold- ness of his invective aroused active re- sentments, and in October, 18GJ, he was obliged to discontinue tlie "Whig," and was threatened with personal vio- lence. He sought refuge in tlie moun- tains, was arrested and lodged in jail, and was finally sent to the Union lines in charge of a guard. He then visited the iii>rtliern cities, delivering addresses to numerous audiences, and published "Sketches of the Kise, Progress, and Decline of Secession, with a Narrative of Personal Adventure among the Ueb- els." When Knoxville was captured by the Federal forces, he again issued his paper as " Browniow's Knoxville Whig and Rebel Ventilator." He sup- ported the congressional i)lan of recon- struction, and in 1885 was elected gov- ernor of Tennessee. In 1818 he was elected to the United States senate, and after the exniiation of his term re- sided in Knoxville. D. April 2), 1877. I5R0WNS0N, OnESTKS Augustus, an American theologian, metajihy-ician, and publicist, b. in Vermont, 1803, was in a great measure self-educated. He studied divinity, and commencing Pres- bvterian, ran through various phases of faith, being by turns Uiiiversalist, Uni- tarian, deist, and Roman Catholic. In 1836 he published his " New Views of Christian Union and Progress," and in 18:18 he established the " Boston (Quar- terly Review," and for five years filled it will) articles almost entirely from his own pen. In 1840 he published "•Charles Ellwood, or the Infidel Con- verted," a romance in which he gave a history of his own religious experi- BUC] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 45 ence. In 18-14 he entered tlie Roman Catliolic comnuniion ; ami fioni tliat time, in " limwnson's Quaiterlv Ke- view," advocated and defended tlie ddctrinesof his ciuireh with i^reat \ig(ir. boldness, and aljiltt}'. This lleview was suspended from I8ti4 to 1873, wlien it was resumed. Amoni; his hiter pid)- licatious were " 'J'he Spirit Happer." "The Convert," and " J he American Ilepiil)!ic."' I). 1876. BKUAT, Au.MAXi) JcsKPii, a Frencli admiral, b. 17!H!. He was second in command of the, Uhick Sea squadron in 1854, and took an active part in the first bombardment of Sebastopol. D. 18.>5. BRUCE, John, antiquary and mis- cellaneous writer, h. in London, 1802, studied law and practised it till 1840, when he devoted himself exclusively to his literarv lahfirs. He edited thirteen volumes of historical interest for the Camden Society, and others for the Par- ker Society. He was for some years editor of the "Gentleman's Magazine '' and a fietinent contributor to that and other journals. L). 1809. liRUCK, Bakon 1)E, an Austrian financier, b. 1791* ; d. 18G0. He was minister of tinaiice at Vienna from 1S5.J until the day before his death. Sus- pected of complicity in extensive frauds connected w.tli his odice, he was re- moved and committed suicide. BRUNK[>, I.sAiMi!Ai;i) KiN(;i)ost, son of Sir .Marc. Mr. Hriincl was one of the most eminent engiireers of his a<;'e. Hh constructed the Thames Tunnel (under his father) : the Great Western Railway, with its numerous branches, bridnes, viaducts, and tunnels ; the South Devon anil Cornwall Railway, with its stupeinlous Albert Bridge over the Tamar; the Great Western, the Great Britain, and the Great Eastern steamships; the Hungerford suspension bridge ; and niinii-rous other stupendous works of engineering and constructive skill. B. 1806; d. 1859. liRUNET. .Taqi'ks Chakles, a French bibliographer, b. in Paris, 1780, the son of a bookseller, passed a long life in the studv and making of cata- logues of books. His "JNlanuel du Libraire et de I'-Aniateur des Livres " grew from three volumes in 1810 to seven volumes 8vo, in 1807, forming, in the latter shape, perhaps the tnost extensive and complete work on bibliograpliy ex- tant. He published several other works relating to his favorite study. 1). 1807. BRUNNOW, Eknkst Philipf de, baron, b. in Dresden, 1797, was received into the diplomatic service of Russia at the congress of Ai.x laChapelle, in 1818. For more than half a century he was intrusted with important international negotiat ons and was minister |)lenipo- tentiarv in London from 1840 to 18.')4, and a-'ain from 1858 to 1874. D. 1875. BRUNSWICK, Kai:i,, ex-dnke of, b. 181)4, was expelled frmn his (hich\- l)y an insurrection in 1830, and l)y a family council declared incapacitated from reigning. He led subsequently an eccentric and frivolous career in London and Paris, sometimes making ineffectual efforts to recover his duchy. D. 1873. BUCH, Lkopoi.d von, a German geologist, pronounced b^' Humboldt "the greatest geologist of the age," was b. at Stolpe in Ih-andenburg, 1774. His life was one continued rouiKl of ob- servation, travel, and investigation, lie publi>hed the results of his re- searches in mimerous learned works. L». in Berlin, 1853. BL'CH.VNAN, Fhanklin, sometime oflicer in the U. S. navy, b. in Balti- more, 181)0, entered as midshipman in 1815. was actively eniploj-ed at sea, and was selected in 1845 to organize the naval school at Annapolis. In 1847 he relinquished this post for the coniniand of the Germantown, in which lie took part in the siege of Vera Cruz and other eiigagemeiits during the Mexican war. He commanded the flagship of Perry's e.xpediti(ui to .Japan. He was dismissed in April, 1801, and in September en- tered the Confederate service as captain. He commanded the Virginia in the at- tack on the Feder.il fleet in Hampton Roads when the Cumberland was sunk and the Congress blown u|>. In this action he was severely wound( d, and as a reward was promoted to the rank of fidl admiral. In 18 i4 he commaniled the Tennessee in the action in Mobile Bay and was taken prisoner. D. in Maryland, 1874. — .Iamks, fifteenth presidsnt of the U. S., b. in Franklin Co.. Penn., 1791, graduated at Dickin- son college, and in 1812 was admitted to the bar. He entered public life as a Federalist, in 1814 was elected to the legislature of Pennsylvania, and in 1821 to congress, where he served I en years. He was one of the maintgers on the part of the house in the impeach- ment of .Judge l^eck. In 1831 he was sent minister to Russia, and in 1833 was elected to the senate of the United States, where he supported the adminis- 46 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [buc trations of Gen Jackson and Mr. Van Kiirfu. During the administration of Mr. I'olk he was secretary of state, a period which covered the Oregon con- troversy and the Mexican war. Ketir- ing to ])rivate life he remained an in- terested observer of public affairs, urged the extension of the Missouri compro- mise line to the Pacific, and committed himself fully to the compromise meas- ures of Mr. Clay. On the accession of Mr. I'ierce to the presidency, Mr. Bu- chanan was at once nominated as min- ister to England. His residence there was made notable by the part he took in the issue of what was known as the Ostend manifesto, relating to the ac- quisition of Cuba by the United States. In June, IS.jtl, he was unanimously nominated for the presidency by the Democratic conveniion, and was chosen by 174 electoral votes, against 114 re- ceived by Fremont and 8 by I'illmore. He soon announced his intention to make it his special study to i-epress the slavery agitation, and to restore the har- mony between the states that had been disturbed by sectional violence. His Well-intentioned efforts in this direction were not successfid. It was clear long before the close of his administration that a severer struggle than the country had yet gone through was fast becom- ing inevitable. How far it was invited or encouraged by the political paralysis that crept ovfr the executive adminis- tr;ition is still a matter of discussion. In his annuid message of 18(30, af;er the election of Mr. Lincoln, President Hu- chanan continued to deprecate the anti- slaxery agitation, admitted that he could not see his way clear to ex'Cute the laws faithfully in South Carnlina, and stonily maintained that there was no constitutional power in congress or in the executive to coerce any state con- templating to withdraw, or having act- ually withdrawn, from the Union. If he could have seen with the eyes of President Jackson, the conspiracy for the overthrow of the government might have been crushed before it had assumed formidable pro|)ortions. Hut he was ca- joled or alarmed by the disimionists he had taken into his contidence. and made his constitutional advisers. 'I'lie cabinet with one or two excejitions was a cabi- net of con^pirato|■s, and the executive arm was palsied, while the insurgents in the southern states took possession of forts, arsenals, and custom houses. Ou the inauguratimi of his successor he returned to private life at Wheatland, and occupied himself with the compo- sition of a work entitled, •' Mr. Buchan- an's Administration." D. 1SG8. BUCHI'^Z, Philip Joskph Bkn.ja- MiN, a French scientist and publicist, was b. IT'JG. Opposed to the govern- ment of the Restorati(ni, he joined in secret societies, and clished his observations in ten 8vo vols. He afterwanls resumed his occupation as a lecturer and writer, and continued to be an earnest advocate of temperance and other social reforms. D. in London, 18.J5. — Joskimi Tixkkh, an AmericaTi jonrjialist, b. in Connecti- cut, 17"!), was brouyht up in the craft of a printer, and in 18'JU removed to Bos- ton. He pursued his trade till 1817, having meanwhile started without suc- cess two maga/ines, the "Polyanthus" and the "Oi'deal." In the year last named he established the "New Eng- land Galaxy," a weekly journal, iu connection with Samuel E. Knapp. It was a well- spiced paper for the times, and involved the editor in sundry difti- BUI.] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 47 ciilties, anionr^ others in an indictment for a libel on the sensational preacher, J. N. JMaftit. It was tried hefore Jo^iali Qiiincy, then jiidi;e of the ninnicipal court ti collefi;e, Oxford, in 1801. From an early au,e he had shown a aji'sat predi- lection for natural science, and in 1813 was appointed to the readership of minera'oj;y, and in 1818 to the reader- ship of iieoloiry in Oxford university. His pi-incipal works are "Vindiciaj Geolo.L;ic;v, or the Connection of Kelij;"- ion wiih Geoloijy Explained" (1820), " I>eli(|ui;e l)iluviana% or Observations on the Organic liema ns attcstiuij the Acticni of an Llniversal Ueluffe " (1823), and "(ieolouy and MineralojiV consid- ered with Heference to Natural Theol- ony," one of the I{ridi;ewater Treatises (183(j). He was also a frequent con- tributor to the Proceidin^s ot the Geo- logical Society. His name will ever be assAMs, an American jurist and politician, b. in Massachusetts, 1788, commenced the practice of the law in Natchitoches. He filled several judicial oltices, and was in 1847 professor of civil law in the law school of Louisiana. In 1831 he was elected to congress from the west- ern district of that state, and reelected the following session, and again in 1850. 1). 1851. BULOZ, Fkaxcis, b. near Geneva, 1803, commenced his literary career in Paris by translating books from the English, and writing in the journals. In 1831 he became proprietor and editor of the " Revue des Deux Mondes," l)uj'- ing it when it was a little monthly bro- cliiire of no value, and leaving it with a circulation of 20.000 copies, at the head of the periodical literature of France. He gathered around him the most bril- liant writers of the romantic era, and adapted their works to his purposes with the most despotic censorship. For the first work of any author in-erted in his magazine he made a principle GEauGK EaulI'; Lyttox, b. in May, 18'J.i, after a course of private instruc- tion, entered Trinity college, Cam- bridge, where he received his degrees, and where he took the chancellor's prize iii'dal for an English poem on "Sculpture." He entered parliament ill 1831 as a Idieral, verging on rad- icalism, for the small borough of .St. Ives, and in that year introduced and carried the ''Dramatic Authors' Co|iy- riglit Law." In ilie parliament of 18S2 he was returned from the city of Lin- coln, which he represented for ten con- secutive years. It was due mainly to Lis efforts that the newspaper stamp duty was reduced from four pence to one penny, and that it is now repealed. From July, 18")2, to his elevation to the peerage, in 18(10. he represented Hert- fordshire. In Lord Derby's cabinet of 1858 he was appointed secretary of state for the colonies, and created a jirivy councillor, remaining in ollice till June, 18.59. In parliament he was regarded as one of the most finished orators of his time : and old members of the house of commons were wont to say that Bul- wer's speech on Lord Derljy's reform bill of 18.j!J equalled anything they had ever heard at Westiii nster. But Lord Lyt ton's fame as a statesman was sub- ordinate to his fame as a novelist, dram- atist, and man of letters. He was par I'xccHtnre an author. At the age of 15 he rushed into juint with a volume en- titled •'Jsmael, an Oriental Tale; with other Poems." At the age of 21 he printed for private circuhiti(ni " Weeds and Wild Flowers;" and at about the same time published "O'Neil. or the Pebel; " and " Falkland." a highly col- ored tale fif passi(ui. 'I liese were mere boyish refle.xes of Byrouisin. In 1828 he i>roduced "Pelhain; " and from this day he was recognized as a writer of genius. In the next two years he gave to the world '• Uevereux," and "Paul Cliffurd." "The Siame.se Twins," a satire of 1831, was a fi.ilure. " Eugene .Aram " and '•Godolphin " redeemed his reputation. He now succeeded Camp- bell as editor of the " New Monthly Magazine," and published in its pages a variety of essays, which were col- lected in a volume. "The Stiuleiit," " England and the English," "The Pil- grims of the Rhine," "The Last Days of Pompeii,'' and "Kieiizi," followed in rapid succession. In 1834, when the kinu' had abruptly dismissed the Whig ministry, Mr. Buiwer aiinoniiced his pamphlet on "The Crisis," the first edition of »hich was exhausted the first day. and an edition a day for the next fortnight. "The Duchess de la Valliere." his first |ilay, was brought out in 183G; but in spiie of the acting of Macready in Bragelore, it was coldly received. "Athens," a historical frag- ment, " ICruHst Maltravers,'" and "Alice, or the Mysteries." were the productions of 1837-38, followed by -'Calden'ii the Courtier," and "Leila, or the Siege of Granada." On the evening when the "Lady of Lyons" was first perfi rmed, Bnlwer, M. P., had made a biilbantly successful speech on the ballot, and ar- rived at the theatre just in time to hear a stirring outcry f(n' the author of the new play. He did not respond to the call till a fortnight afterwards. "Rich- elieu " appeared successfully in 1839. "The- Sea Captain" was damned, at least with faint praise, but suiceeded somewhat better when it was brought out manv rears afterwards with the ti- tle of "the Rightful Heir." "Money," a comeily, was his success of 184f). He tried periodical literature a second time, Bun] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 49 in a scientific publication, the "Montii- \y Chronicle," in wliich lie was associ- ated witii Sir 1). IJrewstei- ami Di'. I.ard- nnr, but it met with no encoin-a'^ement, and was discontinued. Then came "Nighr and Moniinif." and "Zauo- iii.'' When he wa.s (b^feated for par- liament at l-incojn, in 1841, lie travelled in Germany, where he took to German literaiiire, and translated the minor poems of Scliiiler. Fonr yeai's later he went to tireat Malvern, in Worcester- shire, an invalid; and his experiences were embndit-d in a pleasant volinne — " The ( 'oiifi'ssioiis of a \\'ater Patient." In 1847 he published "The New Ti- mon," a poem of London life, which alone of iiis poems nchieved popidarity, and ran ihninj^h thi'ee editii'ns in a year. In Jiiis poem tiiere were smne marked portraits. Anionp others Ten- nyson was satirized as "school-miss Alfred," the poet retorted by desci'ib- intf liiilwer as a "dandy-lion" who shook a mane en />a/nU(ite, and as the " pa(bled man who wears the stays." " Hai'old " was one of the amnsements of this period; the more serious works were "■ Arthur," an epic poem for which the poet entertained an intense partiali- ty not shared In' the public, and the two ffreatt-st of his romances, " The Cax- tons," and " M v Novel." In 1853 ap- peared in " lilackwood " "What will He do with ItV"; in 18G2 " A Strange Story," wliich showed a g'entle leanini^ toward spiritnali-m ; in ISO',), another poein, "The Lost Tales of Jliletus ; " in 18 J;t, a iranslation of the Odes and Epodes of Horace in iinrhymed metre ; and ■' Walpole, or Eviry .Man has his Price," in rhymed Alexandrines. A play entitled •• Not so Bad as we Seem," was also written foi- a I'rilliant band of amateur actors, incliidinj^ ALirk Lemon, John Forster, Dickens, and l^on.u'las .ler- rold, who sntfi^ested that it shotild be re-christened " Not so fjood as we Ex- pected." His latest productions were, " The Ceveral of the continental powers. D. at St. Pe- tersburu-. I8r0. BUR.MEISIER, TIi;rm.\xn, a Ger- man naturalisr, b. at Stralsiind, 1807. In 1842 he became professor of zoclogy in the university of Halle. His pub- lished works are numerous and impor- tant. U. 1859. BURN .A 1', George Washington, a unitarian clergyman, b. in Merrimac, N. H , 1802, graduated at Harvard college ill 1S24, was pastor of the first iiule- pendent church in B,iltimore from 1828, until his death in 185SJ. He was a volu- minous writer on theological and doc- trinal subjects. BURNET, Jacob, one of the founders of the city of Cincinnati, was b. at Newark, N. J., 1770. He was admitted to the bar, 179(j, gained high rank as a law\'er, was a member of the territorial government of Ohio for four years, and after its admission into the Union was several times elected to the stale assem- bly. In 1821 he was appointed judge of' the supreme court of Ohio, and in 1828 he was elected United States .sena- tor. He published in 1847 an instruc- tive volume of "Notes on the North- western Territory." I). 1853. — John, engraver and painter, b. near Edinburgh, 1781, was a fellow pupil with Wilkie, and fcdlowed him to London, where he was first occupied with engraving the small plates for Mrs Inchbald's "The- atre" and Cook's "Novelists." His first large engraving was " The Jew's Harp " after Wilkie, and in the style of Le Bas, It was f(dlowed by the " Blind Fiddler" in Cornelius Vischer's man- ner, and then by the famous succession of prints from the master-pieces of his fiieiid Wilkie. He was a good writer on art subjects. D. 18'J8. BURRITT, ALK.KANDiiu M., a legal writer, authm- of a work on " Practice " of a law dictionary, and treatises on "Voluntary Assignments," and " Cir- cumstamiai Evidence." B. 1807, d. in New York, 1839. BURl'ON, Wii.LTAM EvAN-s, an English comedian, b. in London, 1804. Intended for the church, he received a clas-ical education, but his success in amateur theatricals led him to become a profes>ional actor. He gained also quite a reputation as a dramatic author. In 1834 he came to the United States, where he resided until his death, and was widely and favorrtbly known as a mana- ger, a'ctor. and author. In Philadelphia he erected the National theatre, and in 1837 started the " Gentleman's Maga- zine.'' He was proprietor of the opera house in New York, whicli was burned in 1841. In 1847 he opened a theatre in Palmo's opera house, which he man- aged for nearly ten years. In 1851! he purchased the 'Metro'politaa, afterwards cab] CYCLOPAEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY. 51 known as Burton's Tlieatre, in Broad- way. He had j^reat ability as an actor, exceliini;- especially in low cuniedy. He had a very full Sliakspearean library. Of his literary works the best known is his "Cvclopicdiu of Wit and Humor." D. in New York, 1800. BURY, Lady Chaki-otte, daughter of the duke of Arfjfvle, authoress of "Marriage in High Life," "Memoirs of a Pi-eress," "The Divorced," and other novels, h. 1775; d. 18G1. BUSH, GKOi{r;K, an American theo- logian, was b. in Norwich, Vt., 1796, graduated at Dartmouth college, 1818, and was ordained in the Presbyterian church. In 1831 he was elected pro- fessor of Hebrew and Oiiental litera- ture in the university of New York. Within the ne.xt four years he published a "Liie of Mohammed," a "'J'reatise on the INIillenniinn," and a volume of "Scriptural Illustrations;" and in 1840 he began the issue of a series of commentaries on the Old Testament. In 1845 he connected himself with the Swedenborgian church, translated from the Latin the diary of Swedenborg, and afterwards labored to develop and main- tain the principles of that philosopher. In 1847 he published a work on the higher philosophy of mesmerism. D. 185U. BUSHNELL, Horace, D. D., b. 1802, graduated at Yale college, was a few mouths assistant editor of the "New York Journal of Commerce," studied law, afterwards theology, and in 1833 accepted a call to the pastorate. of the North church of Hartford, with which he was connected a quarter of a century. He was already well known by many essays and addresses when in 1847 he published his " Christian Nurture " and in 1848, "God in Christ." For the opinions avowed in these works he was accused of heresy, and tried on the charge before an ecclesiastical council, but was acquitted. He replied to his accusers in 1851 with a volume entitled "Christ in Theology." This was fol- lowed by other theological works, and in 18G9 by " Woman's Suffrage, the Beform against Nature " D. 1870. BUSTAMLNTE, Anastasio, a Mex- ican soldier and statesman, was b. in Guadalajara, 1780. He began life as a physician, but when the revolution of 1810 broke out he entered on a military career in the service of the- S|ianish government. Disgusted at lengtii with the cruellies of the Spaniards, he joined the patriots and fought in the republi- can ranks. He sustained the plan of independence proposed by Iturbide in 1821, and was ])romoted l)y him to the rank of general of division, and made commandant-general of the interior provinces. He was twice an e.xile, and twice president of Mexico. D. 185.3. BUTLEU, .Anuhew Pickens, b. in Edgefield District, S. C, 1796, attained distinction as a lawyer and politician. In 1840, he was elected to the United States senate, where he was continued by reelection until his death. He was made chairman of the judiciary commit- tee, and took a conspicuous part in the debates, especially upon all subjects affecting the peculiar interests f f the South. His last speech was in reply to Mr Sumner and in defence of South Carolina. D. 1857. — Ben.jaimin F., b. in Kinderhook, N. Y., studied law with Martin Van Bui-en, and commenced practice as his partner. He served in the state assembly, and was one of the revisers of the New York statutes. Dur- ing part of .lackson's administration he was attornev-general. D. 1858. BUXTON', e'HAHi.ES, b. 1823, son of the eminent philanthropist Thomas Fowell Buxton, wrote a life of his father and a work on "National Education in Ireland." He was a liberal member of the house of commons from 1857 till his death in 1871. BYRON, Lady Noel, Baroness Wentworth, the widow of I.,ord Byron, b. 1793; d. in London, 1860. OABET, Etiexne, leader of the French communists, or Icariens, was b. at Dijon, 1788. He adopted the profession of the law, and removing to Paris, engaged actively in politics, and became a member of the chamber of deputies. He established a democratic newspaper, and in 1834 was condemned to two years' imprisonment for publish- ing a libel on Louis Philippe. He es- caped to England and remained there till the amnesty of 1839 permitted his return to Paris. In 1842 he entmciated his comminiistic opinions, his "Voyage en Icarie," published in that year, at- tracting great attention among the Paris- 52 CYCI.Or.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [cam ian workmen. Having procured a tract of land ill 'IVxiis, a purtioii of liis fol lowers left Kraiice to found a cominu- nitv, and Cabet sub'^efiuently ]")iued tlie'ni. On the expul^^ioIl of the Mor- mh Museum, I). 17!)2, was con- nected with his father as a publisher of works of art, but afterwards applied himself to literature, and prepared a new edition of "Spence's Anecdotes," and his -'Pictorial Notices of Vandyke and Rubens." In 1845 he received his appoinlment at the museum, where for 20 years he rendered most important s'-rvice in rendering its print room the most complete exjsting illustration of the historv of engraving. 1). 1800. CAURERA, Rai-akl, b. 1814. of mixed Indian and negro blood, was elected president of Guatemala, and in 1851 president for life. D. 1805. CARROLL, Sir Wiluam Fake- brother, a distinguished officer of the British navy, b. 1785; d. 1802. During his naval career he was 67 times in action upon sea and land. CARSON, Christophei!, b. 1801), in Kentucky, better known as Kit, trap- per, hunter, guide to Fremont, lieuten- aat ill the ritie corps iu 1347, Indian agent in New IMexico, and for his im- ])oilant services hetl the first series of '" Clovernook Paners " — and the second in 1853. They met with great success. A complete edition of her poems appeared in 1855. She wrote "Married not Mated" and other novels, and several volumes for children. D. l-'eb 12, 1871. — Phcebe, her sister, b. 1824, was also a poetess, and besides her contributions to "The Poems of Alice and Pha-be Cary," issued in Philadelphia in 1840, wrote lai-gely for the periodicals and published her col- lected poems in 1854 and 1858. She wrote a large portion of the hymns in Dr. Deems's collection. D. Julv 31, 187L CASS, Lewis, an American states- man, b. in Exeter, N. H., 1782; d. in Detroit, Michigan, 1806. His father was a major in the army, and removed to Ohio, where Lewis studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1802, com- mencing practice at Zanesville. After serving in the legislature and as state* 56 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [CAS marshal, he entered tlie military service in the war of 1812, was a colonel of vol- unteers at tlie time of the surrender of General Hall, and with the rank of brigadier-genera! was in command of iMichij^an at the close of the campaign. In 18i;J he was appointed governor of the territory, and remained for eighteen years governor and ex-officio superin- tendent of Indian affairs. During this period he negotiated many important treaties, resulting in cessions of vast tracts of territory. In 1820 he explored with Schoolcraft and others the upper lakes and the headwaters of the Missis- sippi. He contributed several articles on subjects connected with these explo- rations to the "North American Re- view.'' In 18-31, President Jackson called him to the war department, and in 1836 sent hiin as minister to France. Here he was on intimate relations with Louis Philippe, and wrote a work on the "King, Court, and Government of France," that was esteemed somewhat eulogistic. His attack on the quintuple treaty for the suppression of the slave trade led to his resignation in 1842. In 184.5 he was elected U. S. senator from Michigan, and resigned this office in 1848, when he became the unsuccess- ful Democratic candidate for the presi- dency against General Taylor. In 184iJ be was reelected to the U. S. senate for the remainder of his original term. He opposed the Wilmot proviso, in spite of instructions, and in 18-50 supported .Mr. Clay's compromise measures, I hough not voting for the fugitive slave bill. He was reiilected to the U. S. serate and was again a candidate for the Democrat- ic nomination to the presidency in 1852, but failed to receive it. In 1854 he votecl for Douglas's Kansas-Xebraska bill, re- pealing the Missouri compromise. On Mr. liuchanan's election to the presi- dency in 1857, Mr. Cass was made secretary of state. When Mr. Buchanan declined to take the necessary steps to resist impending secession, Mr. Cass promptly resigneil his office, and dur- ing the war that followed sympathized heartily with the cause of the Union and lived to rejoice in its triumph. He was a writer and speaker of much abil- ity but was charged as a public man with an infirmity of purpo-e that ren- dered his public acts somewhat incon- sistent. — Thomas, b. in Framley, Iie- land, 1821 distinguished himself as the colonel of the Massachusetts Olh regi- ment, a gallant body of Irish citizens who were among the first to respond to the call of the government for volun- teers in the suppression of the great rebellion. He d in July, 18G2, from a wound received while bravely leadings his men in one of the battles before Kichmond. C.ASSIDY, WiLi-t.AM, a distinguished Democratic editor. I), in .\lbaiiy, N. Y., 1814, studied law and in 1841 became editor of the Albany " .Atlas," then es- tablished as the organ of the Barn liurn- ers. The struggle between this wing of the Democrats and the Hunkers cul- minated in 1848, when Van Buren and Cass were the presidential candidates of the res])ective parties. In 185!J the warfare ceased and the " ,\tlas " was united with the " Argus," the Hunker organ, from which Edwin ("reswell had retired some time previously. For more than thirty years Mr. Cas.-iidy waa a power in the politics of New York a* an editor with no aspirations for office, and with an ability which placed him at the head of the Democratic press. D. 1873. CASSIN, John, b. in Philade'phia in 1813, published important works on the oruithologv of North America, and oa the oruithologv of the exploring expe- dition under Lieut. Wilkes. D. 18(>9. CASTANOS, Gkni-i:al, duke of Baylen, a S|ianish soldier, one of the most conspicuoiis of the commanders who acted ^vith Wellin^^ton during the peninsular war. B. 17-57; d. 1852. C.A.STKLLI, Ig>a/ Fhikdhich, a dra- matic author, b. at Vienna, 1781, com- menced his career by adapting French pieces to the Austrian stage. This he did with an increasing reputatii>n, when in 1800 he ol)tained wide celebi-ity by his war songs, which were distributed broadcast by the government in the army. His travels gave him opportuni- ties for studving life and manners, and he translated or adapted a hundred plays, attaining the niyne and fame of a German Scribe. D. 1Sj2. CASTILLA, Don Ramon, a Pe- ruvian soldier, b. 1795, fought in the war of his country's independence, and in 1845 was elected president of Peru, and witii the exception of an interval of four years, held the office bv ek'Ction or usurpation till 1862. D. 18G7. CASTRO, Hexi;y, b. in France. 178G, was naturalized in the United States, and afterwMrds became consid general of the republic of Texas in Paris. Hav- ing received a grant of land in Texas, he sent out numerous colonists, chiefly Alsatians, who settled what was after- CAV] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOOnAPIIY. 57 wnrds Medina couiitv. D. in Mexico, 18(il. CASWALL. IJk.v. IIicnky, 1.. in Eng- land, 181', todk iiis (IciiTecs at Kenvdn colli'ife, Oiii", and after li.ivin,<;- lieen on- jxaucd as eifri:ynian and ]ii(itess<)r in liie Unittd Stat«s, returned to I'"nj;lan(l and became preliendary of Sjili-I>nrv calliedral. He wrote " Anieriea and the American Cluirch," " 'I'lie City of tiie Mormons," '-The Western World I!e- visiitd," " Tiie Aniericai\ (.'luircii and the American Union,'" and other works. D. 1871. CAFHCART, Siu Gkoicck, a British trenerai, I). 1794. He served as aid to Wellington at Waterloo. In 18:J7 he was placed in connnand of the British forces sontli of the St Lawrence, in Can ida, and snt)se(|nenll\' assmned the governorship at the Cape of Good Hope. He fell at the battle of Inkerman, 1854. CATLIX, Gkokgk, b. 170G in I'eini- sylvania, studied and practised law in Connecticut, and afterwards devoted himself to paintins;-. He spent eij^dit jears in visiting the Indian tribes, and painliuj;' portraits and Indian scenes, and in 1840 took them to Knrope. In London lie published a work in two volumi's with 301) steel engravinjfs il- lustrative of Indian Customs and Man- ners ; a portfolio of 20 hmitinij scenes; and in 1848 notes of his travels in Kn- rope with his Indian Gallery. D. in New Jersev, 1872. CA I RON, .It>Hx, h. in Vir<.'inia, 1778, was admitted to the bar in Tennessee, served under .Jackson at New Orleans, and was by him, in I8;J7, made associ- ate justice of the United States supreme court. He was loyal to the Union dur- in, removed at an early age to Kv., and commenced the practice of law in Mason county. He was a vol- unteer aid to Gen. Harrison at the bat- tle of the Thames in 1813. On the ele- vation of the latter to the presidency in 1840, he was appointed governor of Iowa. He was also a member of con- gress, first in 1823, and afterwards from 1836 to 1840. D. near Paris, Kv., 1852. — Rop.KKT, b. at Peebles in 1802, at the age of 16 opened a book- stall in Edinburgh, in 1823 wrote "Il- lustrations of the .Author of Waverlev," in 1825 his "Traditions of Edinburgh." and in rapid succession other works illustrative of the history and topogra- phv of Scotland. With his elder brother William, he established in 1832 the "Edinburgh .Journal," which imme- diately attained a circulation of 50,000 copies, and led to the formation of the publishing lirm of the two brothers, which has become one of the n)ost ex- tensive and important publishin'i houses in the world. In 1834 they began the publication of "Information for the People," which reached an average sale of 100,000 copies a nnml)er. They were pioneers in cheap literature. Besides the many works i)ublished under his name, L'obert is said to have been the, author of "Vestiges of the Natural His- torv of Creation." D. 1871. CH.\MIER, Capt. Fkicdkhtck, b. in London, 1790, entered the English navy in ISOO, and served in the war with the United States. The success of Marry- att's sea-novels induced him to try his hand at a similar style of composition, and he produced a series of novels that were well received at home, and in the German translations were very popular on the continent. Among his tales are " Ben Brace," "The Life of a Sailor," "The Arethusa," and "Passion and Principle." He was in Paris during the revolution of 1848, and published an account of it. D. 1870. CHAMPLIN, SrKPiii;N, coinmodore in the U. S. navy, b. 1789, was ap- pointed a sailing'master in 1812, and commanded the Scorpion in the baUle of Lake Erio, where he fired the first and last shot on the American side. He was made commodore in 1802. D. 1870. CH AMPOLLION - FiGEAC, Ji;.\x Jacquk.s, a French arclueologist, b. 1778, became keeper of the MSS. in the royal library at Paris, and in 1849 librarian at Foiitainebleau. He eilited scores of volimies on the antiquities and historv of France, and after the death of his brother, the celebrated Egyptologist, assisted in the publica- tion of tlie materials of his "Travels," in four vols, folio, of his " Hieroglyph- ical Dictionary," and other works. D. 1867. CHANG AND ENG, the Siamese twins, b. at Bangesau, Siam, April 15, 1811; d. near Mount Airy, N. C, Jan- narv 17, 1874. They were connected bv a fleshy and partly cartilaginous band extending from the ensiform car- tilages of the breast bones down to a point below the navel of each. They came to the United States in 182^, and were publicly exhibited here and in Europe for 25 years. Having accumu- cha] CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 59 lafed a fortune of some $80,000, they settled as fanners in North Carolina, and at the ay'e of about 44 married two sisters, hy whom tliey iiad a numljer of children, eij^ht of wlioni, witli tiie two widows, survived lliem. They lost a part of their property duriiifr tlie civil war. and anaiu resorted to public exiii- bitiou to retrain it, but without much success. Chang died tirst, probably from congestion of the lungs, and Eng in about two hours and a half after- wards. The bodies were taken to Phil- adelphia and carefully examined bv a corps of eminent phxsicians. The num- I)er of these double monsters on record does not e.xceed six, and n' lie of them were united in the same manner or at- tained s'lcii an aire. CH.WGARNiER, Nicholas Anxe Theoiil'lk, a celebrated French gen- eral, b. at Aufim, 1793, graduated at the military school of St. Cyr in 1815. In 1830 he was sent to Africa, where by a series of brilliant actions he ob- tained rapid promotions; in 1843 was made general of division. In 1847 he was put in connnand of the division of Algiers, liy the Due d'Aumale, and in 1848 returned to Paris, where he as- sumed the sole miliiaiy command, in aid of the provisional government. W'hen Louis Napoleon became presi- dent, Changarnler was appointed com- mander of the regular troops known as the army of Paris, but was deprived of his command in 1851, and on the even- ing of the ciiup d't'tit was arrested and conveyed to Mazas. Afterwards he was formally banished from France, and resided some years in retirement in Bi'lgium. After the general amiie~t3- of 185 J he i-eturned. On the out break of the war with Germany, he offered his services to ]\Iarshal Leboenf, but they were declined. After Sedan, lie was shut up in Metz with Bazaine, and was employed in the negotiations with Prince Frederick Charles that resulted in the capiiulation. For some time he remained prisoner of war in Germany, but on the conc'usion of the armistice lie returned to Paris. In 1871 he was elected to the National Assembly, and greatly assisted M. Tliiers in the re- organization of the armv. I). 1877. CHANNING, EnwAKn TvKKfrx, b. in Newport, K. I., 1790, commenced the practice of ihe law in Boston, and was an earlv and a frequent contributor to the "North American Review"' In 1819 he was appointed Boylston pro- fessor of rhetoric and oratory in Har- vard Colleire, which office he held 32 vears. D. 1856. CHARLES III., Duke of Pahma, b. 1823, succeeded to the throne in 1849; on the 2Gth March, 1854, was slabbed in the streets of Turin, and d- on the following day. CHARLES XV. (Ciiahles Lmia EuGioxE), king of Sweden and Nor- wav, b. 182G, succeeded his father, Os- car I., 18)9. D. 1872. CHARLON, .John James, a dis- tinguished English painter, chieHy of landscapes and marine pictures. 1). at an advanced age, 1854 CHARRAS, Jean Baptiste XuoLviiK, b. 1810, a French officer and political writer, gave umbrage to the government of Louis Philippe by his articles in the "National,"' and wa's afterwards one of the victims of I he coup d'etat. From the prison of Ham, he was sent to Belgium, and expelled from Belgium at the instance of Na- poleon III., took up his residence finally in Switzerland. His most remarkable work is a history of the campaign of 1815, containing some strictures on the military operations of Napoleon I. D. 18(i5. CHASE, Philander, D. D., a Prot- estant bishop, b. in Cornish, N. H., 1775, graduated at Dartmouth college, studied theology in Albany, and was ordained in New York in 1798. In 1817 he went to Ohio in behalf of the F^piscopal church, and in 1819 was con- secrated as bishop of the diocese em- bracing that state. In 1823 he visited England to solicit donations with which lie founded Keiiyon college. In 1835 he was chosen bishop of the new dio- cese of Illinois. He visited iMigland again in behalf of Christian education ; and founded Jubilee college, in Peoria countv, 111., where he spent the remain- der of his life. 1). 1852. — Salmo.v PoRiLAXi), an American lawyer and statesman, b. in Cornish, N. IL, Janu- ary 13, 18;)8, received his early instruc- tion from his uncle, then bishop of Ohio, and was graduated at Dartmouth college in 182(J. He was admitted to the bar iit the district of Columbia, and in 1830 es- tablished himself at Cincinnati. His tirst book of importance was an edition of the statutes of Ohio, with a preliinin.^iy history of Ihe state. His practice in- creased rapidly. In 1837 he commenced his labors m defence of fugitive slaves. In 1846 he was associated with W. H. Seward as defendant's counsel in the Van Zaudt case, iu which he elaborated 60 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGnAPIIY. [cue tlie dnctrinc he had previously main- taiiieil that the tlaiise of llie constitu- tion relative to peroiis lield to service was one of mere eonipaet hetweeii tiie states, and conferred no power to iej4- is hire on ilic siif)jeel. lie took an active part in the anti— l.iverv conventions at Colunibns in 1841. at IJiift'alo in 1843, at Cincinnati in 1845 ; and presided over the national convention held at Uul^'alo in Anj^iisr, 1848, that noni.naletl I'lvesoil candidates f;islaliire wiili the Freesoil members. On the nomination of Mr. Pierce in IS-i'i hv the Balliiiiore Democratic convention, on a platfoini de])recalin^ the anti-slavery aj;itation and ap|)ro\ini;- tiie compro- mise n;easiires of 1^50, Mr. Chase se- ceded, and advocated tiie formation of an indepen(U'nt Democratic party. He had previously opposed the compromise nieasin-es when tliey were luider dis- cussion in the senate, and moved an amendment without success. In 18.54 lie ojiposed with j^reat hut ineffeclu.ii ability the repeal of the Missouri com- promise. In 1855 he was elected {gov- ernor of Ohio, and reelected by an imnien-e majority. lie received 4!) votes out of 405 in tiie K-pubiican pres- idential convention of 18(51). From IS'il to 1834 he was in President Lincoln's cal)inet as secreiary of the trea-ury, and devised the linancial measures which enabled the {,'overnnient to crush the rebellion. In 18(54 he succeeded Mr. Tan(^y as chief justice of the United States supreme court, and in that ca- pacity presided with distiini:iii>hed fair iiess and dignity at the trial of President Joiin-on on the articles of impeachment. Witliouf dislinctiy secediny; from the Iteiiubliean i)arty, he became a candi- date for the presidential nomination of the Democracy in 18j8, an I received in convention 4 votes out of t;(53. In 1872 lie wrote a congratulatory letter to .Mr. Greeley on his nomination to the presi- dency, but took no active part in the canvass. D. in New York, Mav 7, 1873 CHASLE8, VicToii EuriiE.MioN Phii^ahetk, b. 17'jy, a French author, as a lad entered a printinj^ office ami was involved with his master in a po- litical conspiracy in 1815. Sent to prison, he was released at the interven- tion of Chateaubriand. Findinj; his ■way to England, he was employed by Valpv on his edition of the classics. He lived there seveu years, and went thence to Germany, and has done niiich to make the literature of those nations known to his countrymen. There are few I'rench journals to which he has not been a contributor, and his work on the ".Journal des Debats," and the " Hevue des l)eux Mondes," led to his appointment to a professorship in the college of France, and the i)lace of director in the Mazarine library. His liter.irv correspondence extended to the journals of the United States and of Russia, as well as of F.iiylaml. He published at intervals some twenty vol- umes of Etudes, and edited numerous works. D. 1873. CHASSEI.UUP-LOUU.AT, Justin- X.\iN)i.K<>x-.SA.-vifi;L, count de, b. 1805, a French statesman ; became deputy, councillor of state, minister of marine, president of file colonial board, and in 18(!J ])resided over the council of state till the accession of Ollivier. In 1871 returned anain to the assembly, he wrote an important report on the orgaii- izaton of the armv. D. 1873. CHAUVi;Xi:T,\V!i.t.TAM, an .Amer- ican astronomer, b. 1823, uradiiated at Yale college, was associated with Pro- fessor Bache at the Girard college, was professor of mathematics in the naval sclnud of .\niiapolis, and afterwards at the Washington university of S . Louis, where he was made chancellor. He wrote a treatise on "Pntctical and Spherical 'rrigonometry," and m:ide many valuable contributions to practi- cal scientific knowledge. D. 1870. CIIESEIJIUJ', CAiioUNK, b. 1825; an American authoress, contributed sto- ries and sket, a British admiral, distinguished by his services at Genoa. Toulon, Daiit- zig, and Algiers. B. 1775 ; d. 1882. chr] CYCLOPEDIA OF RIOGRAPIIY. 61 CHEVES, Lanodon, an American Btatfcsiuaii. 1). at Rocky River, S. C, 1776; |)ractisecl law, and at an early aj;e served in tiie jxenurnl assembly of his state. From 1811 to 1816 lie was a representative in conj^ress, where he held the position of speaker of the honse durin;;' the second session of the 13tli congress. Decliniiifir a reiilection, he was ciiosen one of the jndg'esof the sn perior courts of Soutli Carolina. In 1811) he was made president of the bank of tliii United States. On his resigna- tion of this olfice he became chief com- missioner under the treaty of Ghent, and after e.Keenting his duties in that capacity, he declined to accept any further public trust, but devoted him- self to the care of his plantation. As earK- as ISjO he declared himself in favor of a southern confederacy. He was a delegate to the Nashville conven- tion in 18y(), and a member of the South Carolina convention of 1832. D. at Co- lumbia, S. ( ;., 1857. CHlCIvERINi;, Jkssk, b. 1798, an American statistician. He studiej.<;le for independence, and was made tceneralissiino of their land fcn'ces, an ollice which he resigned at the end of the war. On the assassination of Capo d'Istrias, in 18-31, lie was af,^ain placed at the head of the armv. He was made coum illor by kint; Otho, and was sul)se(iuently a member of tiie sen- ate, takiiii;- part in their deliberations down to the time of his death, in 1873. CIlU:Aia(), Lvuii. b. 1802 in Tu rin, ac(|uired earl\' distinction by iiis writings, and was employed on several diplomatic missions. In 1848 he was member of the senate, and on the abdi- cation of ('harles Albert was sent by his colleagues to Oporto to induce him to return to his throne, of which mis- sion he published a most interesting narrative. He was several times in the cabinet of Victor Emanuel, in 1800 as minister of stiite. He wrote many lit- erary and hisiorical works, and edited with valuable notes and comments many of the ol.l Italian authors. L). 1870. , CICOGNA, Emmamkl Antomo, b. 178J in Venice, published manv vol- umes in illustration of her historv, and d. there, ISIIH. CLAl'AKKDE, Eoouakd, b. 1802 in Switzerland, was sometime jii-ofessor of comiiarative anatomy at Geneva, and publislied manv works on natural sci- ence. 1). 1871". CLAFISSON, Louis, b. 18:]8 at Na pies, (if French parents, went to Paris in 1819, beuan with the study of the violin, but soon made his debut as a composer of fugitive pieces and ro- mances which gave Inin reputation. His first comic opera, in live acts, "'La Figurante," was a great success, and from this time his productions were numerous. I). ]8I5(). CLAIM', TiiKODoiiK, 1). in ^^Fassachn- setts. 1T'.)2, graduated at Yale college, studied theology, ami was settled as a Presbyterian ciergynian in New Or- leans." He became Unitarian, and car- ried most of his congregation with him to his new ehnrch. In 18.')8 he pub- lished an autobiography. 1). 18HG. CLAUE, John, the poet peasant of Northamptonshire, b. no.l, was the son of a (lay laborer, and by work at extra iionrs earned money enongh to pay for such schooling as would enable him to read "Kobinson Crusoe." Thirteen years he composed verses for his own gratification, when he was induced to print by subscription his " Poems de- scriptive of Hnral Life and Scenery." Soon after he went to London, where he was lionized extensively, and intro- duced to the brilliant club of writers that edited the •' Loiido'n Magazine." His poems were praised by (Jifford, set to music by Ilossini, and recitel by Madam Vestris. A fund was raised for him suliicient to produce an annual income of £4.5. In 1821 ''The Village Minstrel and other Poems" appeared. After- wards he contributed short pieces to the periodicals, and in 1827 jJuMished "The Shepherd's Calemlar, with Vil- lage Stories and other Poems." His last work, entitled "The Rural Muse," appeared in 1835. Clare at one time engaged in farming, with ill success, and, amidst accmnulating difficulties, he sank into nervous despondency and despair. D. in a lunatic asylum in 1864. CLARENDON, Gkorgf, William Fkeukhic Vili,ii;i;.s, an English states- man, b. 1800. studied at Cambridge, and entered the diplomatic service. He was minister at Madrid, 1833- 39. On his accession to the earldom he retin-ned to iMigland. and in 1840 was appointed lord privy seal. In 1847 he became lord lieutenant of Ireland, and continued so till 1852. He was secretarv of f' reign affairs in 1853, and held t"he office after the fall of the Aberdeen ministry, till the re- tirement of Palmerstou in 1858. In 1805 he again became foreign secre- tary, and continued so till the forina- tioii ottlie Derby ministry in 18(j(i. He held the same position in the (iUdstone ministry from I8!i8 till his death. In 18):) he concluded the .lohnson-Clar- endon treaty witii the United States, which was rejected bv the senate. D. 1870. CLARK, Davis Wa.sgatt, b. 1812, was some time president (d' Amenia seminary, and from 18.5iiion. He began his political career abotit the same time, by taking an active [lart in the election of delegates to frame a new state constitution, contending, though unsuccessfidly, for the gradual abolition of slavery. In 18!)^! he was elected to the legislature, and in 180G he was appointed to till an unexpired term in the U. S. senate. In 18U7 he was again elected to the legislature, of which he was chosen s])caker. His Cfuirso here brought him into collision with Mr. Hmnplirey Marshall, whom he was ))rovoked to chalUnge, and with whom he fought a duel. At the session ii the house of rejjresenta- tives, Mr. Clay, as speaker, gave the casting vote in favor of .Jolm Quiiicy Adams, during whose administi-atiou he held the oliice of secretary of state. For the acceptance of this ■ dice he was subjected to nuich reproach from the Democratic party, on the assnmption that it was the consideration of a bar- gain made by Mr. Adams to secure his vote. This slander was thoroughly' re fiited, and i- now admitted to have been wholly unwarranted. It served, liowevtr, as a continual text for abuse by .Mr. Clay's o|)ponents: and the at- tacks mad'j upon him by Mr. John Kandiiliih led to a ho-tile nieelini;- with that perso , which liappilv terminated ■without bluod>hed. In 183L Mr. Clay was again sent to the senate, and i 18-32 was ii candidate for the jiresi- | dency, but was defeated by General JackVon. During the sessiun of ]8;j-3, when the tariff question was aiiitatiug the whole nation to an alarming ex- tent, he l)ronglU forward his celebrated compnnnise bill, which, after a hard struggle, was passed. Soon after its passage he made a t father, until 1843, when President Taylor app lioted him charge d'liff.iires to Lisbon. He was elected to congress in 18.J7, serving one term, and I'U the committee of for<-ign rela- tite by Gen. Tavlor. Whilst in tliis oliice, he nego- tiated the irea|y with Sir Henry Balwev, comnionlv known as the Clay ton-Bulwer ci-e] CYCI.OPyKDIA OF BIOGHAI'IIY. Go treaty. TJesi^riiinff on the dealli of Tay- lor, lie was for a third time elected to the senate, and tooiv. liis scat in JMarcli, 1851, where lie vindieateiitly n.oviiig north with Hood, jiiid investing Dalton. He was killed in the cuntliet at i'raiiklin. CI.FMICNS, .1i;i!i;mi.\ii, an American poliiieiaij and author, b. in .Alabama, 1S14, was eilncated to the profession of the law, served several years in the, state legislature, raised a company of volunteers fin- Texas in 1842. was made li( uteiiaiitc'idonel, and on his return chosen presidential elector, and ree!ectefiil nov- els, " Barnard Lj'le," '• Mustang ilray," and "A Story of the Times (jf IJurr and Hamilton." He left an unlinished history of the rebellion. D. 18U5. CI,FMI''.Nr, K.NtT .h!N<;i'.<>ii.\, a Danish liiijui-t .Tiid histmiaii, I). 1803, in the island of .Amroiii, published sev- eral work- in German relating t.i ))hi- lology, and his traveis in the north of Fiirope. In the last year of his life he completed in I'.nglish. his " History of Ireland,'' 3 \ols. D. in Bergen, N. J., 1873. CFICRC, Laimsext, a deaf mute, b. in France, 178:), became a favorite pupil of the abbe Sicard. and a teacher 'n his institution. In 1811) he came to the United States with Dr. (;allaudet, and joined him in the deaf and dumb jisyliim at Hartford. For more than half a century he was engaged in the instruction of deaf mutes. 1). 18GI). GI.KVFL.AND, (Jiiaiilks, wi.lely known as Father Cleveland, b. 1772; d. in Boston, iNlass., 1872. F:arly in life he was ennaged in commereial pur- suits; but for tifty-tive years thereafter he acted as a missionary to the ])oor in Boston and its neighborhood. His labors in this capacity were disinter- ested, persistent, and imp(ntaut, and he pas-ed awa\' in his hundredth year, universally lovi'd ;iiid resfiected. — Chahlks'Dicxtki!, b. 1832, in Salem, JIass., graduated at Dartmouth college, was engaged afterwards in teaching, and produced numerous educational works anil coinpondiums. D. 183J. — Hkxhy liiissi;!,!.,, ail .American author, b. 1809, wrote the '' Life of Henry Hudson," in Sparks'.s ''American Bi- ogra)>hy." A c(dleclion of his miscel- laneous writings was published in IS-l-l^ 66 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGKAPnY. [cob .edilocl, willi a memoir, bv George S. Hillanl. 1). 184;j. (LINTON, 11^M;Y Fynks, an em- inent .-clidlar, and the learned aiitlnirof the "I"'avti Hellenici," and (he "Fasti Honiani," was b. in Lon(h)n, 1781, and d. 1852. lie was also tiie author of '"An Fpitome of the Civil and Literary Chroiioiojiv of Greece, " fr(ini the earli- est account to the death of Augustus. CLIVE, Cai!. LINK. Mi!S..b. Wigley, 1801, an Kngii>h authoress, published in 1840 " IX Poems by V.," which were very hij;hly commended by the critics. In 18-t;; apiiearcd her novel of '' Paul Ferrol," a work of exiraordinary power, which reached a larye circulation. She published other poems and prose fic- tions, and was an occasional contributor to " I'razer's Magazine." She was burnt to death in her librarv, Julv 11, 1873. CLONCUllKY, VAi.KNTr.NK BnowxE Lawi.k.ss, L(jrd, of Cloncuny, in Ire- laud, b. 1773. and educated for the bar. A member of the society of United Irish- men, he was arrested in 17!j8, on a charge of treason, but liberated on ex- amination. In 1821 he became recon- ciled to George IV., and after a time took his seat as a sworn member of the pri\y coinicil. He published (1797) "Thoughts on the Projected Union between Gt. Uritaiu and Ireland." D. 1853. CLOT, AxToiXE, b. 1790, in Mar seilles. studied medicine, and in 1823 was engaged by the viceroy of Egypt in the ciipacity of surgeon in chief. He fcuiiuled the medical school of Ab- ouzabel, in connection with schoiied a " General View of F'gvpt," and a work on Meheniet Ali. I)."l8i;8. CI-OUGH, Amnui! IkiaT, an Eng- lish pi.et, b. at Liverpool, 1819, studied at O.xford and became fellow of Oriel college in 1842. His theological opin- ions, l;owe\er, were not those that |ne- vailed at Oxford, and in 18-18 be with- drew from his fellowshi|). In 1852 he came to the Lfuited States and remained awhile at Cambridge engaged in lit- erary jiursuits. He revised Dryden's edition of Plutarch's Lives, and pub- lished his revision in 1859. 1). 18G1. His poems were collected by Mr. I'\ T. Falgrave, in 1862, and uubli»hed with a memon-. An .American edition was also issued, with a menmir by C. Iv Norton. C0BI5, HowKi.L, an American poli- tician, b. in Georgia, 1815, was ad- mitted to the bar, and served in con- gress frni;land, Ireland, and America," and another on "Itussia," drew atten- tion to his literary qualifications. He entered boldly into the question of free trade, and was one of the originators and most unfiling speakers of the anti- corn law league. He was returned to the house of commons, in 1841, iis mem- ber for Stockport, and at once took an influential po>iiion among-t debaters. Sir P. Pe( I acknowledged that his meas- ure of 1840. was in no small degree attributable to the "unadorned elo- ipience" of the cotton-printer. 'Ihe corn laws repealed, Mr. Cobden was presented with a testimonial of $350,- 000 for his services to free trade. He was elected member for the West IJiding of Yorkshire in 1847, and represented cog] CYCLOPEDIA OF BrOGUAPIIY. G7 that cnnsfituency for some years. In 1859, iienijaiii visited the United States; and, diiriiif; iiis absence, Lord Derby's ministry iuiving been overthrown. Lord Palnierston proposed that he siioiiht ac- cept olHee, but lie refused. In ]8()0 lie visited Paris, at tiie request of Louis Napoleon, to discuss infornialiy changes in the conmurcial legislation of !•' ranee; and subsequently acted as British com- missioner in arranging the details of the treaty of couniierce. On questions of foreign policy, lie maintained the doctrine of non-intervention, and braved the displeasure of his countrymen by the peisisleut advocacy of peace prin- ciples and measures. Lroni the tirst moment of civil war in this countrv, he pronounced in lavor of the Lfnion, and was ever foremost in vindicating the cause and policy of the north, and in pointing out the perils of the course ■which Britain was pursuing under the puise of " neutrality." His health had been broken for several years, and he d. in Lrndon, 18(i5. COt^CIA, C.VKLO, an Italian musical composer, b. at Naples, 1780, produced between 1808 and 1816 some sixty op- eras, of which "Maria Stuart," brought out at the Theatre Koyal in London, was the most successful. D. 1873. COCHET, Jean Bknoit Di^sihi?., Abb('', a French archiToiogist and anti- quarian, b. 1812 ; d. 1875. By his ex- plorations near Dieppe he brought to light a number of remarkable antiqui- ties. His '' La Normandie Sonterraine," 1851, was crowned by tiie Institute. He published several works illustrating Norman arclueologv. COL'KBUUN, Hkxry Thomas, a Scotch jurist, b. 177U, distinguished as an advocate, in 18-54 was raised to the bench as one of the lords of session, when he tO'k the title of Lord Cock- burn. He was a contributor to the "Edinburgh Heview," and published a life of his friend. Lord Jeffrey, and an interesting volmne of "Memorials." D. 1851. — Sir Gkohgk, a British ad- miral, b. in London, 1771, entered the navy in 1783, and distinguished him- self on several occasions, and after ten years' cruising off the Spanish coast was second in command in the expedi- tion against the United States. Of his exploits in this ex|)edition a contem- porary French biography says: "Fu- ture generations will not hear without horror that, in the 14th year of the lOlli century, this English admiral burned the chief edifices of the city of Wash- ington, and notably the library of con- gress." But it adds that Sir George has a more honorable title to celebrity in having conimamled the vessel that carried Napoleon to St. Helena, with- out exaggerating, like Sir H. Lowe, the odious and cruel rule of jailer. Of this vo^'age he published a narrative. He subsequently turned his attention to politics, ami sat as M. V. for Ports- mouth, and afterwards for Kipou. D. 18.53. COCKE, Piiiup St. George, a general in the confederate armv, b. in Virginia, 1808; d. 1801. He" shot himself at his residence in Powhatan county, but whether by accident or de- sig 1, is not known. CO.CKICHELL, Charles Roni;i;T, a distinguished architect, b. in London, 1788. Early in life he spent several years of study among the remains of classic architecture in Asia Minor, Sicily, Athens, Rome, Pompeii, and elsewhere. In 1811-I2 he aiul others excavated the ruins of the temple of -lupiter at jEgina, and of Apollo at Phygaleia. He re- mained an adherent of classic archi- tecture as the style to be imitated in the nineteenth centurv. D. 1803. COCKTOX, Henhy, an English writer, author of "Valentine Vox," and other contributions to light litera- ture. B. 1808; d. 1853. CODRINGTOX, Sir Edwai'.d, ad- miral in the British service, b. 1770; d. 1851. He served in the Peninsular war, and in the war with the United States, assisting in the unsuccessful at- tack on New Orleans; but he is most widely known as chief commander in the action of Navarino, where the naval forces ot the pacha of ]'".gypt were an- nihilated by the combined squadrons of Great Britain, France, and Russia. COFFIN, James Hexry, mathema- tician, b. 1800, graduated at Amherst college, was professor at Williams col- lege, and fi'om 1846 in Lafayette col- lege, Penn. He published treatises on eclipses, meteoric tire-balls, and winds of the northern hemishere. D. 1873. COGNIAPvD, Theodore, b. 1806, was long manager of the theatre Porte St. Martin, in Paris, and, in conjunction with his brother Ilippolyte, furnished it with vaudevilles, tableau.x, fairy bal- lets, cperas, and dramas, by which it flourislied. D. 1872. COGSWELL, Joseph Grkex, a dis- tinguished scholar, b. at Ipswich, Mass., 1786, graduated at Harvard college, studied law with Fisher Ames, travelled GS CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGUAPHY. [col in Europe and studied at the German universities "illi TieUnor and Kverett, foiiniled llie l;AMER, .Jacob, b. at Troy, N. Y , 1792, studied law, was several times member of the legislature of Ver- mont, and from 1844 to 1848 was a member of congress. He was postmas- ter-general under President Taylor, from 1850 to 1854 judge of tlie supreme court of Vermont, and senator of the U. S. from 1854 till he d. in 1865. COLLINS, ClIAILKS Al-LSTON, b. 1828, an English painter and littcniteury ^vrote a "Cruise upon Wheels," and other works, and d. 1873 — Mdhtimkk, English poet and novelist, b. 1827, en- tered earl\' into a career of journalism and authorship. He published "Sum- mer Songs," I8.')0, and " Inn of Strange Jleetiiijis, and other Poems," 1871. He wroie al>o "Who is the IleirV " 1865, "The Vivian Konnince," "Transmigra- tion," " Frances," and other noveU. U. 1876. — Napolko^, rear admiral U. S. navv, b. in Peiiiisvlvania, 1814, entered the service in 1843. In active command during the civil war, be was sent in 1863 ill the steam-sloop Wachusctt in pursuit of confederate privateers. While thus engaged he arrived off Habia, a Brazilian jiort, which the Florida had just entered and was anchored in the midst of the Brazilian Heet and under the guns of the fort. In this position commander Collins captured her and carried her a prize into Hampton Roads. On complaint of the Brazilian govern- ment, the act was disavowed by Secre- tary Seward, and the commander or- dered to be tried by court-martial. In 1874 he was made' rear adinira', and placed at the head of the Soiilh Pacific squadron. 0. at Callao, Peru, 1875. COLQUHOUN, Jamks, b. 1780, son of the celebrated writer. Patrick Colqn- houn, was distinguished as a diploma- tist and writer on the civil law. D. 18.55. COLQUITT, WALTEii T., b. in Vir- ginia, 17'.l9, studied law in Georgia, and practised with great success in the courts of that state. He was elected judge in 182G. In 18o8 he was sent to congress as a member of the liou e, and in 1842 was elected U. S. senator, lie supported the Polk administration, op- posed the Wilmot proviso, and took an active part in the Nashville convention. D. in Macon, Ga., 1855. COLT, Sajiukl, the inventor of the revolver now universallv known, b. at Hartford, C.mii., 1814; d. 1862. When 21 years of age he took out his first patent for revolving firearm*, first in England and France, and afterward in the United States. All efforts to in- duce the adoption of the invention by the government were for a time unsuc- cessful. It first came into favor with officers of the army during the Florida war, but the demand for it ceased at the conclusion of Indian hostilities. A com] CYCLOP/KDIA OF niOGnAPIIY. GO compaiiy tliat had been established for its niaiiufiutiire at Palorson, N..I., siis- peiided in 1842, and it was not resnnu'd until afk-r the coninieneenient e and entereil into larg'e contracts with several Euro- pean governments, more particularly those of Great Britain and Russia. COLTON, Rev. C.m.vin, author of the "Life and Times of Henry Clay," of a work on political economy, and of several jiolitical pamphlets. He was b. at Longnieadow, Mass., 1812, and was for some years pastor of a Congrega- tional church, afterwards becoming an Episcopalian minister. In 1852 he was appointed a professor in Trinity college, Hartford, Conn. At the time of his deaih — wliirh occurred in Savannah, (ia., 1857 — he was eit to Edinburgh, and in the course of thn^e years had so familiarized himself with the subject that he piiblislieil " I'.ssays on I'hrenology," which aftel'wards e.x- piinded into his "System id' I'lii-ciud- og\' ; " and in 182i he foiiudid the "Phrenological .Journal," as tlieni'ans of proniidgaiing Ids views. In 1828 he gave to ihe world his ablest work, " 1 he Constitution of Man." In 18-37 lie gave up his prol'es.iional ])ursuits and visited the United Slates and (ierniiiny, devot- ing his whole time to the ]iri'iuulgalion of his nuiral, social, and yihilosopliical view's, by means of' lectures and the press. IJesides publishing his "Notes on America," in 1841, his "Notes on the Keformaiieceded states. Kxcliaiii^ed .\nnust, 18')2, he was iininediatf ly a|)poiiite(l a l)rii;adier-:;eneral of volunteers. He then oi-jnanized an Irish !e},''ioii, wiiich took part in the battles of the Naiise- luond river, and Snft'olk, in April, ISj^i, ami eheeked the advance of the enemy upon Norfolk. Killed hv a fall from his hoiNe, Deeeniher, ISji. COU.MKNIX, Louis Mahie he la Havj:, Viseonnt de, h. at I'.iris. 1788 ; as jurist, statesman, pamphleteer, and nKM'alist, exereised f;reat intltieiice ' conscientious study of the most celel)rated p.-iiliamentarv ora- tors of France. It has pa-sed thronijh iiKM'e than twenty editions, and has been translated into all the laiis^iiages. His niost important bs^al work is the "Questions de Droit Administratif," 2 vols, in 8vo. ]). 18r.8. CORNELIUS, I'KTEi{ Vox, the most distimiuished modern painter of Ger- many, b. at Uiisselilorf, 1787, where his father was inspectm- of the p etiire fjal- lery. He devoted himself' from an early ai^e to the study of art, and the first ffreat work which he undertook at 1!) was painting the cupola of the <>\d church of Neass, near Dusseldorf. Th'S work, composed of colossal tigures in chiaroscuro, bears obvious marks of the genius that was afterwards to e.xercise so much inrtnence upon Germ.in art. He began at Kraiikfm-t, in 1810, his ad- mirable illustrations of "Faiist," wliicU he completed at Home in the lolloaing year. His creations are the types of the Faust, Margaret, and Mephistophe- les of painting. At Rome lie became intimate with Overbeck, and they lived together in an old cmivent in such close union that King Louis of liavaria used to style them St. I'aul and St. John. Here he composed the designs illns- traiiiig the '" Xibeluiigeu Lied," which were engraved by Amsler and Lips. He was now employed by Hartholdy, con- sul general of Prussia, to paint the w.ills. of his country house in fresco, and exe- cuted two Scrijiture scenes from the life of ./oseph. He may be considered the restorer of the art of fresco painting, which had been neglected for a century. His designs, illustrative of the Divine Ccmiedy, were engraved by Sclu fer. He left Kome in 18 lU to execute the frescoes of the Glyptotliek in .Miiniel^ where he was joined by several of his scholars, and decorated two grand halls^ one of •' Heroes," the other of the '"Gods." At the same time he deco- rated the corridors of the I'inakotliek. In the church of St. Louis he executed a iiainting of the " I^ast .Judgment," oa canvas, surpassing in dimensions that on which Michael .\ngelo depicted the same subject. In 1841 he was invited to IJerlin by the King of Prussia, where he was charged with the paintings fur the Cam|io Santo, a royal mauscdeum. This Work is well known by the en- graved cartoons, among which the "Four Horsemen of the .Apocalypse'"* is remarkable for its b(ddness and m-ig- iiiality. 1). at Berlin, 18;j7. Soon af- terwards Hermann liiegel published gi valuable Life of the great master, the sectnid edition of which, with a cata- logue of his works, appear^-il in 1870. CtJKNLLL, EzicA, b. in Westchester county, New York, 18)7, accumulated from his bu.siiiess conneclion with the magnetic telegraph a large fortune, from which he endowed a public libiarv at Ithaca with $50,000; and established at the same place, in 1808, the CorneU University, for which he set apart .'S7()0,- 003, and itrocured the congressionad grant of college lands, amounting to !i95,O00 acres. " D. 1875. CGROT, .Jkan BAi'rrsTE Camille;, an eminent French landscape painter, b. in Paris, 1796, at the age of 2G years left trade for art, and eutered the atdUu' 74 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPnY. [con of Michallnn. He stiidipfl afterwards peveral years in Italy, and exliil)ited his first two ])ii-tiirt>s at the Paris salon of 1827. He was an entluisiastiu student of natnre, and in iiis later years his ■works were very nineh son<;"lit after. A few months before his death the princi- pal artists of France cave him a superb ovation at the School of the Fine Arts. Two of his best works, "Dante" and " Haj^ar in the Wilderness," he refused to part with, and liis stiulio was full of unfinished works laiielled with tlie names of the dealers and amateurs who had purchased theoi vears before. D. 187.5. COKIJ, Eiii.N, a Belijian enccfaver, b. 180-3, was the son of an expatriated Irishman ; attained a very hin-h dis- tinction in his art. His last work was an euf^ravinfj on copper of Rubens' "Descent from the Cross," on whidi lie spent ten vears of labor. D. at Paris, 18^2. CORSSEN, Wii,nF.LM P . a German philolonist, b. in Bremen, 1820, was the author of an exhaustive work on the pronunciation of I^atin, and other works on its construction. He wa; enija'^ed at the time of his death in researches on the laujjuafje of the I'^truscans, but had published only his first volume on the subject, in lOlfi paf^es. The cor- rectness of his tiieory on the subject has been much discussed and disputed by pbiloloirjsts. D. 1875. CfJUWlN, TircjMAS, an American statesman and orator, b. in 1704, was rearereferred conipromise measures to the alternative of civil war. D. in Washington, where he engaged in the practice of his profession after his re- turn Crom Mexico, Dec. 18, ]8).5. COSrELLO. Duni.KY, author and journalist, b. in Ireland. 1833, entered the arn>y, which he left, and resided some time in Paris as draughtsman and amanuensis to Cuvier. R.-moving to London in 1833, he contributed to the journals, and for thirty years to the " Exan)iner."' He wrote several works of fiction and a book of travel in tt.-dy. D. 1805. — Louisa Stitaht, sister of the preceding, b. 1815, v.'as an authoress of note in several departments of literature. She wrote romances, travels, poems, and memoirs, and all with success. Among her best works are her ''Lives of Eminent I'nglish- women," "IMemoir of Mary Duehess of Burgundy," and "Memoir of Anne of Bri'anny." She published in 1843 "Specimens of the Early Poetry of France," and in 1845 "The Rose Gar- den of Persia," containing translations from the most famous Persian poets with biographical sketches. 1). 1870. COTPEXHAM, Chahi.ks Chuisto- rmcii Pepys, Earl of, lord high chan- cellor of England from 1833 'to 1841, and again appointed in 184f5. 15.1781; d. 1851. He was of the family of the author of the celebrated Diary of the Times of Charles II." COTFLE, .Joseph, a bookseller whf> Quillar, an F'nglish surgeon and sivnnt, b. in Coru- w.dl, 181G;' d. 18(33. He cultivated a taste for marine zoJ logy, and con- ducted elaborate observations on ob- scure points of natur.il history, and contributed papers on these subjects to scientific societies. He was also a geol- ogist. COUSIN, Victor, a celebrated French philosopher and man of let- ters, b. in Paris, 1792, was educated at the Ecole Normale, where at the age of 20 he became a tutor in ancient litera- ture, and afterwards master of the con- ferences in philosophv. In 1815 he suc- ceeded Royer-Collard at the Sorbonne. The talent, research, fervor, and, above all, the generous, liberal, and bold ideas of his lectures, gave them very great interest. In consequence of the reac- tion in the government which removed Royer-Collard from the roval council of the university, the course of the cra] CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGUAPIIY. 75 young professor was suspended, at the Siime lime as that of his colleague, M. Guizot. He f)rofited by the leisure thus afforded to undertake the translation of I'lato, and to travel in Germany. Sus- peeted of liberalism, he was arrested liy the police and thrown into prison at Berlin, where he was visited by Hegel, with whom he afterwards kept up a correspondence. Liberated alter a short but unjustitiable detention, he returned to Krance, and to liis chair at the Sor- bonne, under the favor of a more liberal ministry, with tiuizot and Villemain for his colleagues. (Jn the accession of Louis I'liiliiipe he was made a coimcil- lor of state, and a member of the coun- cil of public instruction. In 1831 he visited German)' as a commissioner to examine and report on the state of pub- lic education, and published a report on tlie Prussian system, which gave popu- lar instruction an impulse throughout Europe. In the following year he was admitted to the Academy of Sciences, and created a jieer of France. After the revolution of 1848 he retired from pub- lic life. His works are very numerous, and are characterized by a style which entitles liim to the very first place among modern French philosophical authors. Among them are a "Translation of the W(n-ksof Plato," in 13 vols. (1825-40), an edition of "Descartes' Works," in 11 vols., a "Course of Lectures on ftforal Philosophy, on the Foundation Ideas of the Absolute, the True, the Beautiful, and the Good " (1830), " Lec- tures oil the Historv of IModern Pliilos ophy, delivered in 1810-17" (1841), "Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophv in the Eighteenth Centurv," in .5 vols." (1840-41), "Lessons on "the Philosophy of Kant" (1842), "A Dis- sertation on the Pensees de Pascal " (I8f2), and a series of studies on the distinguished women of the seventeenth century. M. Cousin was a leading contributor to the " Revue des Deux Monde-," the "Memoirs of the Acad- emy of Moral and ]\ilitical Sciences," and the "Journal des Savans." His collected works were published in 1840- 47 in 22 vols. 18uio. D. 1807. COX, 1)avii>, one of the greatest of the English water-color landscape paint- ers, b. 1783, tirst practised as a scenic painter in Birmingham, and afterwards in London. During the last years of his life he painted chieflv in oil. D. 18.59. COVODE, Joiix, an American poli- tician, b. ill Westnuirelaud county, Penn., 18^8, of Dutch descent, farmer and manufacturer, largely engaged in the coal business; was a member of the lower house of congress from 185.5 to 1803, and again from 1807 to 180J. [ix the 30th congress he was chairman of a special committee appointed to investi- gate certain charges against President Buchanan; and in the 40th he intro- duced a resolution for the impeachment of President Johnson During the ci\il war he sent three sons to the Union army, the youngest of wlxnn was only 15 years of age. He was an active member of the "joint committee on the conduct of the war." 1). 1871. COYNl'], JosKi'H SriitLiNc;, b. in Ire- land, 1805, studied law, but abandoned it for dramatic writini;. He went to London in 1837. and produced " The Woman in Red," " How to Settle Ac- counts with your Laundress," and many other plays that were well re- ceived. He was one of the projectora of " Punch." From 1850 he was secre- tary to the Dramatic Authors" Society. D. 1808. COZZENS, Frederick Swart- wouT, b. in New York, 1818, a wine merchant, edited for some time "The Wine Press," and wrote for the literary periodicals. His best work is the " Sparrowgrass Papers," 1850. He wrote other works of humor, and " Fil25 Greene Halleck, a Jlemorial " D. 18j9. CR.A.BI{, GKoii<;K, an linglish bar- rister and philohigist, b. 1778, was a teacher in his youth, and studied in Germany. He graduated at O.xford at the age of 43, and was 51 years old when he was admitted to the bar. He wrote a "History of English Law." He is most generally known by his treatise on "English Svnonvms." D. 1854. CRAIK, Gkorge Lillif:, b. 1799, in Scotland, went to London in 1824, and was employed in several of their popu- lar publications by the Society for the Diffusion of Usefid Knowledge, and by Mr. Cliarles Knight. In 1849 he lie- came professor of history and English literature in Queen's college, B^-lfast. He afterwards published " Romance of the Peerage," in four vols.; and a "Compendious History of Engli>h Lit- erature and the English Language." D. 1800. CR.\NCH, AVii.LiAM, an American jurist, b. in Weymouth, Mass., 1709, graduated at Harvard college, 1787^ and was admitted to the bar in 1790. After practising for three years in tha '6 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. CRI foiirtsof Massncliiisetts and New Hamp- shire, he removed t"> tlie Uistvict of Co- himbia, where he passed tlie remainder of his lite. Ill 18J1 he was appointed, by President Adam-', one of tlie assistant judifes of the circuit court for the Dis- trict, of which court, in 18)5, he was ai)|)i>iiited chief justice. He published Bine volumes of reports of the decisions of the United States supreme court, and six volumes of the decisimis of his own Court. He ranked vt-rv high as a jurist and as a mm. I). 1855. CKVXU'OltrH, KoltKKT MoUNSEY Ri>i.FK, baron, h. ll'M, bred to the l)ar, was lord chancellor of Eiiirland. 1852-r)8, aiirl aLcaiii under Pahnerston, 18i5-Gt>. 1). 1818. CKAVF-N, Tuxi.s .\uou.'*rus M.vr- t>()Ni>t'(JH, commander United States Kavy, b. in New Hamp-hire, entered the Service as midshipuian in 182,), and was ♦or many years actively employed in llie coa-t survey. In Sey>tember, 18!1, he was sent to Europe, in command of the screw-sloop Tuscarora, to cruise for confederate privateers, and continued in this service iint 1 the summer of 18.')3. Early in the followini; year he was placed ill command oT the Ericsson nioniior Tecumseli, in which he serveil in the .James river. He was iie.xt or- dered to join Admiral Farrajjiit, and ■was killed by the explosion of the tor- pedo which destroyed the 'recuniseh ■while attemptinij the passage of the Mobile forts, Auirnst, 1834. CU.A.\VFOItD, TiiDMAs, an .Americnr. sculptor, was b. in New York, 181-1. He e.xliibited at an early age a remarkable taste for art. in which he was encournged by his father, who caused him to be thoroughly instructed in drawing and c.-irving, and in modelling in clay. In 38i4 he went to Italy, and was at Komc as a stitdent, where he fortun^tely jrained admittance to the stiulio of ThorwaKUeu, and enjoyed his instruc- tion and frieiKlship. In 18J1), having previously executeil numerous busts ainl a few original pii'ces, he designed hi-i ''Orpheus," now in the Uoston Athe- nsuin, the work which first established his reputation. His studio in Home Soon became a favorite resort of stran- pjers. He was very felicitous in model- ling from lif'j. One of the most char- acteristic of his works of this class is the bust of Josiah Quincy, executed for the library of Harvard university. Of Ills ideal busts, the "Sappho" and "Vesta" are good examples. His Scriptural compositions are remarkable for the spirit and dignity of their treat- ment. .\moiig the noblest of his works are his bronze statue of Beethoven, in the Boston Music Ilall, and the bronza ef)uestriaii statue of Washiiit^ton, at the cai itol in Itichmond, Va- D. 1857. CUAWFUKl), .loiTX, a Hriti h au- thor and diploniJitist, b. in Kdinburgh, 1733; at the age ot twenty sailed for India. He was a while Briti-h ivsident at the court of the Sultan of -lava, and wrote a •' History of the Indian .Archi- pelago." He was siib^ernieiilly envoy to Siain, Burinali, I'egn. and (Jochin (Jhina. lie wrote interesting and valu- able accounts of these countries; and published in 1852 a "(Irammar and Diclionarv of the Malav Jangnage," two vols.Svo. 1). IS^iS. CKEsWKMv. Thomas. 1). 1811, stud- ied art in Birmingham and in London, and became known by his Welsh and English landscapes, which were much commended for their exfjiiisite combi- nations of stream, rock, and foliaije. He was much employed in illustrative designs for several publications. D. 18,'i'.j. CK£TINEAU-J0LY, Jacquks. a French historian, b ISl?, studied at St. Siilpice, published poein<, was a pro- fessor of p'lilosophy, and wrote histories and edited journals in the interests of the legitimate dynas'v. His moi;Rir, a Oermaii philoloLrist and anti(|uarv, b. 1771; (1. in Hei(ielberg, 1858. His liter- ary tame rests chietly on his " Svinbolic* and Mythologv of the Ancient Nations," publisiied in 1840. He was the author of several other works of great learning ami research. CRKIHTOX, Rev. Andrew, a .Scot- tish divine, nianv years editor of the " Edinburi,'h Advertwer." 1). 18.55. CUrrrKN'DEN. .Tohx .J., .\merican statesman, b. in Wooilford county, ivv., 178 i: d. at Louisville, -July 2.5, 1833. During the war of 1812 he served as major under (ieneral Hopkins in his ex- peditiAn, and was aid to Governor Sliel- l>y at the battle of the '['hames. Adopt- ing the profession of law, he served in the state li'gi-lati.re, and was chosen speaker of the house: he entered con- gress as a member of the senate, from Kv., in 1817, serving then but two years. Irom 181!) to 1835 he practised ills profession, residing at Frankfort, and occasionally representing his comity cum] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. in the stnte le^islatuve. In 1835 he was anaiii ek'cted to tlie U. S. senate, wlierc he sei veil niitil March, 18-tI, when he was appdiiitcil attorney-yeiieial by Pres- ident Harrison. In Sept., 1841, he re- signed, and retired to private life, from Avhiei), however, he was soon called \>y the lef;isiatnre, to resnnie his seat in tlie U. S. senate, in 1842. He was elected a senator for another term, fnnn March, 184;J, hut, in 1848, having received the Whin' noniiiialion for novernor of Ky., he retired from the senate, and was elected to that oHice, which he held nn- til his appointment as attorney-ijeneral by President FillLnore. He was a lifth time elected to the U. S. senate in 1855, for the term endinj;' in 1861, and was, when he retired, the oldest member of that body. In the 2d session of the 3(ith conii:ress, he introduced the meas- ure Ivnown as the Cr ttenden coinpro- nii>e, but the opinion of the senate was that the time for compromise had passed. He also sat as a reiu'esentative in the 37th congress, and wms a determined opponent of the rebellion and supporter of the government. CliOKKii, .John Wu.sox, a British statesman and author, b. in Ireland, 1780, was educated at Trinity ccdiege, Dublin, and called to the Irish bar in 1802. In 1808 lie entered parliament, where lie held a seat, \\iih little inter- mission, till i8-J2, and gained the repu- tation of an eloquent and accomplihee. In 184.J she went to London and made her lirst ajipearance al the Princess theatre as Ihanca in the trai;-- edy of Fazio, a dariiii;- effoit in a char- acter that Faiiiiv Kemlde had made her own. Her recepli(m was brilliant, and for eighty-four nights sIih a|)peared in the whole rmind of the Kf'iii'ile reper- toire, fiilia in "The Hunchback." Mrs. Haller, Beatrice, IJosalind, Lady Teazle, and .Juliana in "The lloney- mooii." In 18-t:) she returned to liie United Slates, and in addition to her former parts assumed that of Mei;- Mer- rilies ill the melodrama of "(inyJLiii- nerin.n, " one of lier most peculiar and picturesque personations, and to a great extent one of her own creation. She afterwards made another tour in V.w^- land, and retnrniiiL;' home played a round of farewell en.i,'ai;enieiits, which were repeated at intervals till 1857-.58. so dillicult wa"! it for lier to witbdraw permaneiiily from the scene of her tri- umphs. l''(u- a number of years she had resided in Home, but in 1871 she a^ain appeared on I he stage in New York, and also ill the character of a reader. Her final leave of the staL-e was taken iu New York, Nov. 8, 1874, when a laurel crown was presented her with an address by the venerable poet Bryant, and a slrikinf; ode was recited, written by K. H. Stoddard. She appeared af- terwards in otlier cities on t'.t? stage and as a reader. \). Feb. 18, 187G. CUS IKK, Gkoi;gk A., an American officer, b. in Utiio, 18JU, graduateil at West Point in ISlil, was ajipoiuted 2d lieutenant of cavalrv, and was jiresent at the battle of Bull Run. and after- wards engaged iu the defeine of Wash- ington. He served during the civil war, and took part in more than sixty engagements. As lienteiiant-coloiiel in the 7ih cavalry regiment he was, in •lulv, ]8;;(!, ordered to fro'dier dnty in the nm-thwest. In 1872 the Indians in this region became troublesome, and Custer was engaged in man;; encoun- ters with them, with aluio-t uniform success. In 1874 he conducted a mili- tary and fcientilic expedition into a re- gion among the Blue .Mountains before unexplored, and published nuinenuis papers descriptive of his adventures and observations. He ivas killed, with his wlnde command, in a sangninarv coiitlict with the Inilians, on the 25th of June, 1870. CUSl'lS, Gkoi!ge Washington Paiskk, the adopted son of George Washington, b. in Maryland. 1781, was brought up .-it Mount Vernon, and remained a member of Wasbingiou's family niilil 181(2, when he went to re- side at Arlington, his patriiiiiuiial estate near Wa>liiiiglon. aiul devoted himself to agricultural and literary jtursnits. In his younger d;iys he was an effective speaker, and delivered several charac- teristic oratiims. He wrote plays, and painted representations of s(Miie of the rev(diiti(inary battles. His " liemiiiis- ceiices of Washington," with a memoir of the author by his daughter, w.is pnb- li>lied with notes by B. J. Lossing in 18G0. The Arlington estate descended to his daughter who married (ieneral Robert E. Lee, was coiiti>cated during the civil war, and is now a Uiiimi sol- diers' ceme'ery. U. 1857. — His father, .John I'aukicCustis, was the son of .Mrs. Washington by her first husband, and an aide-de-camp of the general at the siege of Y(u-ktr>wn. D. 1781. CZARTORYSKI, Phinch Aham •Ikh/.v, a Polish jiatriot, b. at War- saw, 1770. He passed several of his early years in I'^iglaiid, and on his re- turn to Poland in 17;i3 he joiiieil the forces of Kosciusko against the Rus- sians, and oil his failure was sent as a 80 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGUAPnY. [daii hostage in(o Russia. There be bocaiiie intimate with the arnud duke Alexan- der, afterwards emperor, and tlinui^h his infiuenee was employed in ihe dipln- nialic service. He left the scrviie of Kussia ill 1807, on the creation of the dnehy of Warsaw, and in \SV-i was ap- pointed 1)V Alexander senat(n- palatine of the new kint,'dom of roland. When the revolution of 18-3() iiroke out he en- tered into it witli all his eueri;y. As president of the provisional government he summoned tlie diet to meet in De- cember, 18'i0, and in the followinj;- month was placed at the bead of the nation.-d ■;overnnicnt. He resij^ned his p -St after the terrible days of Auu,iist. and st-rved as a private soldier in the patriot ranks. He was excluded from the amnesty, but retained his estates in the Austrian-Polish provinces, which enabled him for the rest of his life to kee|) up his hotel in Paris in m.ifinifi- cent stvle as a refuge for his co-exiles. D. ISflb. CZEU^BIAK, JoiiANN Nioi'oiiiTK, a dislingidshed (ierman physiologist, b. 1828, was the inventor of the laryngo- scope, and a man of ample means, which he expended liberally in the cau-^e of science. I). 1873. CZUCZOb', fiKi:GKi,v, a Hungarian p.'itriot ami author, b. 1800, became a. Uenedictine mouk, joined in the revo- luti(Hi of 1848, was sentenced to im- pri>onment, and pardoned in 1850. He wrote epic poems, and translated Sparks's " Life of Washington," and Tacitus, into the Hungarian tongue. D. 188G. D. D.VCPES, .Tajif-s RiciiAisn, a vice- admiral of the l!riiiro fession in bis adopted state. In 182:i he was made judge of the supreme court, and in 1832 chief justice, retiiing, by limitaliou of age, in 1834. He was an accomplished lawyer, and a man of great al)ilitv. 1). 1851. D'AGOUT, Maiiik i>k Flavioxy. countess, a French authoress, b. 18)5, was edncaied in the convent of the .Sa- cred Heart, in Paris, and married, in 1827, tlie Count d'Agout. She wrote linder Ihe pseudonym of Daniel .Stern. Her first novel, " Heroc." appeared in 1811, and her best, "Nelida," in 184.5. She wrote " I'>(]uisses Morales et I'oli- tiiiues" (1841)), and •' Histoire de la Kevolution de 1848," in two vols. D. 1870. DAGURRHF, Louis .1. M., inventm- of the d.-igueireotype, h. at Cormeilles. France, 178 ), commenced his career as a scene-[)ainler iu Paris, and, while en- gaged in painting panoramas, conceived the iilea of brightening the effect of such \iews by tlirowing colored lights ami shadows upon iheni, so as to repre- sent the various changes of the day and season. This invention, called the dio- rama, was perfected in 1822, and for many \ ears Dagiierre was em])loyed in preparing pctures for exhibition. In 1838 be succeeded in fixing upon me- tallic plates distinct im])ressions of the. images thrown upon them by the lens of the camera, a process on wiicb, in con- nection with Niej)ce, he had been ex- perimeniing for many years. This invention, now known as the dagnerreo- tvpe, was announced in 183 i, and ex- cited a profound interest. To tilt; end of his life he cmitinued to labor iu the improvement of bis invention, and left two works on the subject. He d. in 1851. D.VHL, .ToiiA.N CiinisTiAN Ci.auskn, a celebrated Norwegian landscape- painter, b. 1788; d in Dresden, 1857. — Vi,.\i>iMii: IvANovircii, a l.'nssian an- tbi>r, b. at St. I'etersburg, 18)2, distin- guished himself by bis rese iiches and (•(jllectious in the folk-lore of iiis native land. His great work is an iuv.-iluable '• Dictionary of the Living;- Russian T(nii;ue," in vols., comjjleted IStiU. D. 1872. DAHLGREN, .Tohx Adolk, b. 18J1), entered the U. .S. naval service, was employed some years on the coast survey, and from 1847 to 1857 iu the dan] CYCLOIVKDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 81 ordnance de|^artmcnt. He invontcil a new paticrn of shell j;'uiis known as the Dahli;Ten, and a riHed faiinon. Mu was apjioinfed ehicf of the onluanL-e bnvcaii in I8!i2, and in 18(13 i-cai-adniiial, in conmniiul of tiie South Allantie squad- ron. He attenipied to storm I'ort Sum- ter in a nifi'ht attack without success. D. 1870.— III. Hic, s(ni of the |n-eced- iii'j;. an officer in the U. S. volunteer service, li. 1842, was vcrv tlioidi.fjhly trained by his father in the sciei ce of piMuicrv, and entered tlie navy as mid- shi|)nian. In the civil war he greatly distin;;iiished himself in the artillery ser\ ice, and was killt-d in a skirnii--li at Kim;' and (Queen's Court House, Virgin- ia, i8fi4. 1)AHI,MANX, FniKniiicii Cnitis Tofii, b. in Wismar, 1785, professor of history at Kiel in 1812, opposed the Danish policy in respect to the dnciiies of Schlcswin-Holstein, and icnioved to G(iltin;;en in 1829. Dismissed from his profcssoiship there for political reasons, in 1842 he was made jirofe-sor of his- tory at Bonn. In 1818 he was sent to the (iermanic diet by the kini; of Prus- sia, and al'terwai-ds as a nu'niberof the l'"rankfort parliament faxoreil the es- tablishment of a German empire under the kin;;- of Prussia. He wrote several W(nks on (Jerman history, ami liistm'ies of the Krigli.sh and French I'cvolulions. D. 1830. D.^LK, TinniAS, b. in London, 1797, vas educated at ('ambridj;", and or- daini-d priest in 1823, ami lielil \arions a|)pointments as professor and curate. He published several volinnes of pir^nis and sermons, and a translation of Soph- ocles, and edited Cuw|)cr's works. D. 1870. D.M.HOUSrE, Jami:s Am)i;f.\v I5i;owN IiA.MSAV, iMar(itds of, b. 1812. He wasgovernor-j^eneral of Imlia during- the last Sikh war, and to his policy IJritain owes the annexation of the Punjanb, of Pegu, Bezar, Xagpore, and Oude. He returned to 1-jigland in shat- tered health in 18JC, and d. 18110. D.VLL.VS, (iKMKcr. Mii-|.i.i.n. Amer- ican politician and diplomatist, b. 1792, studied law, and commenced practice in Philadelphia. Elected senator of the United States in 1831, he retired after two years of service to resume his pro- fession. In 1844 he was elected vice- presidi-nt of the United States on the Denn)cratic ticket. From 18.5G to IStiO lie was our niini-ter at St. .James's. 1). 18G4. His "Letters from London" Were published in 18G9. G DALL'OXGARO. Fit.vxcrsro, b. in Venetia, I8'-8, took ordei-s, anwit/.erland, lectured on Dante in lielginni, wrote for the jour- nals in Pari-', and was afterwards pro- fessor of literature in Milan, and in Naples, where he d. 187.3. DA I. TON, Kdwaud P>ai:i!v, b. in Lowell. Mass., 1834, educa ed at llar- vai-d college, studied medicine, entered the U. S. "service in ]8(jl, and had cliarge of 109,000 patients in the army of the Potomac in 18(i4-(i.5, and was subsequently medical director of the 9tli army corps till the close of the -H-ar, when he was bieveted c-olonel of vol- unteers. From 1800 to 18G9 he was san- ilaiy superintendent of the New York board of lieallh, and wrote their nqiorts for three yeais. D. in California, 1872. D'ALTON, .N'li.N, Irish auiiipiary, topogiaphic il historian, and gcnealo- i;i>t, b. 1792: d 18G7. DAMIsoX. ,1i:a.n Pi?iLinKi:r, a French piofessor and historian of plii- loMijihy, b. 1794, lectured in .'■everal colleges, and publi^hcd many volumes of essays and nuinoirs ani-.lyzing the systems and .-ketching the lives of the l-'rench philosophers. " D. 1802. DAN.A, Sa:mi:i;i. Lithki!, a distin- gnislied chenii.-t, b. 1795, graduated at Harard college, entered the army and served during the war of 1812, when he eonnnenced the study of medicine. .After ]iraetising >ome years at ^Valtham he turned his attenticni to i)i-aclical chemistry, and in 18!4 became resi- dent chemist to the ISIerrinnick .Manu- facturing Cmupany at Lowell and re- mained in this position till his death. He made a rep(n-i to the city of Lowell, and wrote several |>ampblets, on the danger arising from the use of lead water pipes In agricultural chemistry lie pullli^hed " The Muck Manual " and an *' Essay on Manures." D. 18S8. D.\NHY, FitANCis, an eminent Eng- lish painter, particularly disiingui-hed for his historical and poetic himlscapes. B. 1793; d. 1891. DANIEL, Pki i-.i! Vaif,, b. in Stafford county, Va., 1785, studied law at Itich- mond, and was admitted to the bar in 1808. In 183G he was appointed judge 82 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGUAPIIY. [dav of the fcileral district court, and in 1841 was made a jiidf;e «f the snpivuie court of the United States. U. 1800. DANIKl-.S, John M., a native of Vir- ginia, iiroprietor and editor of the " liiiliniond Kxaniiner," and one of the most ]iini;^ent and vijjorous writers in the south. He was minister to Sar- dinia under ['residents Pierce and Bu- clian:in |). IS'io. DAKLU^V. Gi:i>i:gks, a French pre- late, b. 1813, ordained 1836. went to Paris, became first chaphiin of the col- lege of IliMiry IV^., and iield otlier ecclesiastical appointments, and in 18IVJ was made Uy the emperor arch- bisho|) of Paris. When the Prussian war hr(die mit, he was active in organ- izing relief corps fm- tlie wounded, and in the siegi- liin;i-ton, 1854." DARLIXG rO.N, Wiij.iam, a learned American botanist, b. in Pennsylvania 1782; d. ISlli. He wrote largely on botany and kindred subjects. DA>1I, CoiiNrKss OK, the noin (Je plume of a French novelist, b. 1805 in Paris, daughter of M. KN Y, (iiARt.Es GiLKS BKini>K, b. 17i)5, studied medicine, and became professor of chemi>try, and of botany. at O.x.ford. He vi-ited the United States and wrote on our mineral springs and the geidogy of North America in the " Transactions " of the Ashmolean Society and the British Association in 18^8. He published works on " Vol canoes," the "Atomic Theorv," and "dim ite." D. 1807. DAUMAS, Mklchiou Joskpii Eu- GENK, a l-'rench general, b. 1803, emi- nently di.-tiuiruished himself as a sol- dier, administrator, and author, in connection with the affairs of Algeria. D. 1871. DAU.\ri'".R, Gf.ougk FiiiKDiiicir, a Gornutn writer ami poet, b. at Nurem- berg, 18 JO, studied theology, but de- voted himself to literary pursuits. Early in life he was a teacher, and Kas- par Hauser was educated in his house. His works in regard to this mysterious tomidling, the first of which appeared in 1832, attracted great attention. Pub- lic interest in the subject was revived in 1872, when .Julius M /yer, a IJavarian jurist, attempted to pr^ve by oliicial docmnents that Kaspar Hauser was an imposter. Daumer defended his foster son in an e.xliaustive volume, entitled, " Kaspar Hauser, sein Wesi-n, seine Unscheld, seine Frduldungen, und sein Uisprung," 1873, in which he revised and defended his original them'v, iden- tifying Hauser with an lieir-ai)parent of the grand ducal house of Baden. This theory is considered exploded by the articles of Dr. Mittelstadt published in 1875, in the " .\ugsburger Zeitung." Daumer published several theological and other works. D. 1875. D.WID, Fki.icikn Cksar, a French musical composer, b. 181(1, for some years set liymns for tt>e St. Sinionians, but first ac(|uired dislijiction by his choral svmp'onv of the "Desert," pub- lished in 1841. D. 1776. — Fkhoixand, a German violinist and composer, b. 1810 ; d. 1873. — PiEiiiiK.IiOA.v, a French sculptor, commonly called David d' An- gers, b. in ,\ngers, 1780, was a pupil, tliough not a relative of the famous painter of the same mime. His works are very nmnerous and widely distrib- uted, including medals, busts, and stat- ues of celebrities of all coinitries. The mausoleum of Bozzaris. at Missolonghi, presented l>y him as a token of his sym- pathy with the (Jrecian struggles for in- dependence, is one of his best produc- tions. He was an ardent republican, and represented the people of his native deparliaent in the constituent assembly of 1848. After the coup iViial he was proscribed, and spent three years in e.x- ile. D. 1856. DAVIS, CiiARLKS Hi:n1!Y, an Amer- ican n.-ival oHicer, b. in Hosion, 18)7, entered the navv as midshipman in 182 i. From 1842 to 1819 he was an assistant in the coast siirvev service, in the course of which he discovered the " new smith shoal " and several smaller shoals lying diructly in the track of vessels sailing from New York to Eu- rope. During this period ami after- wards he served on several commis- sions appointed to examine the harbors L'(iiti()ii to Port l!o>-!il he bore an iniiHtrtaiit part. In 1802 lie war* appiiinti'(l tlajj; oltit-er of the .Missis- sip|>i s(|iia(lron, and on the 11th JMay repulsed an attack of the Confeder- ate tlotilla. He attacked, June 8, the rebel fleet of eifj;ht !,nmboats and rams opposite Memphis, and captured or de- stroyed all of them e.xeept the Van liorn. The surrender of the city im- mediately fidlowed. .Joininji Farragut, he was then eui^ai^ed in various opera- lions near Vieksbury and in the Yazoo river. In 1802 he was made commo- dore and appointed chief of the bureau of na\ ij;ation. Commissioned as rear admiral iu 180-3, in 180-i-07 he was su- perintendent of the iiitval observatory at Washington, and in 1807-09 com- mander of the .South Atlantic squadron. Keiurniui^ to Washin^'ton, he was made a member of the lij;ht-house board, and placed in his old charge in the Ob- .servatorv. He published in Boston in 18r)8 a translation of Gauss's "Tlieoria Motus Corporum Ccelestium." D. 1877. — (iAiiUKrr, statesman and senator, b. in Kentucky, 18'J1, studied law, and became engaged in polities as an active AVIiig, ami great admirer of Mr. Clay. He entered the lower house of congress in 183.'), and served several sessions. In 1801 he was elected to the. U. S. senate as an old line Whig, opposed to seces- sion, and was reelected in 1807. He was a sincere and loyal man, but, from ill-health, waspish in his disposition, and Ijiiter in his speech. U. 1872. — Henhv Wixnci:, an American states- man, b. 1817, studied law and com- menced practice in Virginia, but in 1850 removed to Baltimore. He was elected to congress in 1855, and sei'ved three terms. He did much to prevent the secession of Maryland, and iu 1803 was Mgaiu elected to congress, and acted a conspicuous p.irt in the advocacy of emancipation of the blacks. He wrote "The War of Ormnzd and Ahriman in the Nineteenth Century." D. 1805. — John W., commissioner to China under President Polk, and governor of Oregon under President Pierce, b. 1799. He was member of the house of representa- tives of the U. S. several terms between 1835 and 1817. and in the last term was speaker. D. 1859. — .John, b. in North- borough, Mass., 1787, and gradiuited at Yale college in 1812. He entered the profession of law, and established him- self in its practice at Worcester, Mass. Upon the breaking up of old party lines he became a member of the Na- tional Republican party. By this party he was elected a representative to con- gress in 1825, and, by successive re- elections, held the office until 1831. Here he distinguished himself by his familiarily with tinancial and commer- cial questions, and took [)art in the tariff debate of 1828. In 1833 he was the candidate of his parly for goxeruor of Massachusetts, and was elected by the legislature, J. Q. Adams and Mar- cus Morton being the opposing candi- dates. In 1831 he wa.s elected governor by a majority of about 17,000. In 1835 he succeeded' Nathaiiifil Silsbee as U. S. senator. In 1840 he was again elected governor by a large majority, and was reelected the following year. In 1845 he was elected by the legislature to till the vacancy made in the U. S. senate by the death of Isaac C. Bates, and re- mained in that body until 18.J3, when he declined a reelection. D. 1854. — Matthew L., b. 1700, was educated in commercial pursuits, and was for more than half a century an active politician in New York. He was a contidential friend of Aaron Burr. For many years his letters under the signature of the "Spy in Washington," published in the " N. Y. Courier and Enquirer," were much quoted by other journals. He was the pioneer in this correspondence. His "Memoirs of A. Burr," in 2 vols., in 1830, was followed by the "Private .Journal of A. Burr, with Selections from his Correspondence," in 1838. D. 1850. UAWES, RuFUS, b. 1803, in Boston, bred to the bar, turned his aUenliou to literature. He published "TheVallej' of the Nashua, and other Poems," 1830, another volinne of poems in 1839, and "Nix's Alale," a historical novel, in 1840. n. 1859. DAWISON, BoGUMiT,, b. in AVar- saw, 1818, was one of the most remark- able actors of his time. He played on the principal stages of Europe and the United States, in the characters of Hamlet, Richard HI., Macbeth. Othello, WaHenstein, Alba, Mephistopheles, and other parts. I). 1872. D.\Y, Gi:<)i!OK Edward, an English physician, b. 1815, was an indefatigable and voluminous writer on medical sub- jects. D. 1872. — Jei'.emiaii, b. 1773, was educated at Y'ale college, and after a useful career as tutor, preacher, and professor, succeeded Dr. Dwight in 1817 as president of that institution. This oifice he resigned iu 1840. His matha- 84 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOCnAPHY. [deg niatiial works passed tliroiigh man}' editions, and lie i)iibii>lied two volumes on the '• Fieedoin of tlie Will," ocea- sionai sermons, and contribniions to jie- riodieal journals. D. 18G7. — Thomas, son of tile preceding-, studied law and was admitted to jiraetice in Hartford, and for many years reported the deei- sioii^ of the supreme court of Connec- ticut. I). 18.J5. D.-VYTON, Wii.nAM L., b. in Som- er>et county, N. J., 1807, f;'radiiated at Princeton colieije ni 1825, was admitted to the bar in 1830, and, after serving,' a term in the state .senate, was appointed a justice of the superior court of the stale. He sat in the senate of the U. S from 184-2 to 1851; and fi-om 1857 to 18s 1 he was attorney -general of New Jei-sey. President Lincoln appointed him minister to France, and he d. in Paris, 1804. DEAK, FuAxcis, a distinguished Hungarian statesman, b. 1803, was seirt in 18o2 as deputy to a diet held at Pres- buiv, anil soon became the recognized leader of the opposition. After years of agitation, he succeeded in efTectiiig, in 1840, a reconciliation between the king and the people, and i-etired from public life. After the con-titution of 1800 was gi-anted, Deak once nifne took part ill |)ublic affairs and when after the disastrous campaign of 1830, Austria granted a separate ministry fe Bow's Commercial lie- view.'' In 1853 he published his " In- dustrial liesources of the South and West." D. 1807. DFCAMPS, Ai.kxandi:e Gabiiiel,, one of the most celebrated painters of the modern French school, b. 18ii3; d. in Paris, 1800. He painted historical subjects, landscapes, and animals, and aiiKuig animals his monkeys were a specially. DECAZES, t\.iK, a French states- man, 1). 1780, studied for the bar, en- tered the service of Louis Napoleon, king of Holland, and continued in it after his abdication. Louis XVHI. called him in 1815 to the post of pre- fect of police, and in 181"J made him his prime minister. Unjustly charged by the ultra royalists Avitli responsibility for the assassination of the duke de Herri, he resigned in 1820; and the king raised him to the rank of duke and made him anibassad' r to London. On the fall f>f his ancient colleagues in 1821 he left the embassy. He refrained from systematic opposition during the reign of Charles X., and in view nf ac- complished facts gave in his adherence to Louis Philipjie, under whom he ac- cepted the position of grand referen- dary of the chamber of peers. After 1848 he remained in retirement. He founded the exten-ive ii-on works of Decazev He. 1). 1800. DE CMAItMS, i;iciiAi?n, b. 1790, graduated at Yale college, and became a Swedenborgian clerg\niaii. He pub- lished sermons and lectures in develop- ment of his religious views, and estab- lished in Boston the "New Jerusalem Magazine." His chief work is " The New Churchman I'^xtra," a volume of pcdemics and church hi.-tory. D. 1804. DECKEN, Kaki, Ki,ai"s von i>kk, b. in Prussia, 1833, distinguished him- self as an explorer of Eastern Africa. The results of his travels in that country were published in f(uir vols, in 1859-05. He was killed by the natives, in ascend- ing the river juboo, at Berderah, in October, 1805. DEGUF:KRY, the Abb£ Gaspaed, del] CYCLOP.KDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 85 a French scholar and pulpit orator, b. at i Lyons, 17i)7, possessed rare powers as a professor of eloquence and a preacher. After tilling various charges with dis- tinction, lie became ])riest tood by the party of whom Rroushani was the recofiiiized header. D. 1854. DKNNISTt)!;?^, Jamks, a histor- ical writer and amateur of art, distin- guished by his acquaintance witii the historv and literature of Scotland. D. 1855. ' DEPPING, George Bernard, an eminent French scholar and writer, of German orii^Mn, h. 1784, went to Paris on a visit in 1803, and attracted by its facilities of literary culture, became a permanent resident. For half a century he devoted himself with indefatigable industry to the production of education- al, geonraphical, and historical works, from his eveninpj entertainments for the j-ounfT, to elaborate histories, praised by the critics, and crowned b_v the acad- emy. His most important works were a " History of the Maritime Expedi- tion of the Normans ; " " History of the Commerce between the Levant and Eu- rope;" and a "Historical Essay on the Jews in the Middle Ages." He published at Leipzic, in 1832, "Remi- niscences of a German in Paris." D. 1853. DE QUINCEY, Thomas, an English author, b. near JNIanchester in 1785. was educated at the university of Ox- ford. From straitened circumstances he bep;an, when about forty years of age, to contribute to the " London Mai^azine" his ''Confessions of an Opium-eater," a work remarkable fin- exuberant although iil-re_£?ulated im- agination, and still more so for an ex- cessive self-contemplation and minute analysis of his own mentjil condition and feelings — characteristics clearly traceable to the habit in which he in- dulged. He continued thenceforth to work at a great variety of subjects. In 1832 he went to Scotland, where he resided till his death in 18.59. The mo*t complete edition of his works was published in this country, where they enjoy a greater popularity than they have attained in Great Britain. DERBY, Edwai'.d Geoffi!EY Ssfith Stanley, I'.arl of, b. at Knowsley, 1799, educated at Eton and Oxford, was a good classical scholar, and his talent for declamatiou was cultivated by his grandfather's second wife, who had been a professional actres.s. He took his seat in the house of commons as a member for Stockbridgc, in 1820, and sat silent for three or four years. In May, 1824, he made his second speech, on the Irish church question, and thenceforth his great ability as a debater was univer- sally admitted. About this time he made a tour in the United States. In 182() he was returned from the borough of Preston, and soon after made his speech against the Liverpool and Man- chester railway, and denounced it as a "mad and extravagant speculation." It traversed the Knowsley estates. In 1830 Preston returned the radical idol Henry limit, and Mr. Stanley lost his seat, though the Earl of Derbj' owned nearly every house in the borough. He sat then two years for Windsor, and in 1832 for North Lancashire, which he continued to represent till called to the Lords in 1845, under the title of Baron Stanley of Bickerstaffe. In the Whig ministry of 1830, he was a member of the cabinet as cliief secretary for Ire- land. He was an earnest advocate of the reform bill. In introducing the measures called for by the state of Ire- land at that time, he was frequently embroiled with O'Connell, who was his bitter opponent. In 1833-34, he was secretary of slate for the colonies, and again in 1841-45. He succeeded to the earldom in 1851. In the f, a British rear-admiral, author of "Travels in the United States," b. 1804; d. 1861. 88 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [dig DESPRETZ, Cesar ArANsu^rn:, a Freiicli scieiitilic author, b. at lycssines, 178J ; d. at Paris, 1883. He published a "Treatise on Cheniistrv,'' and a "Treatise on Elenientarv Physics," in addition to many contributions to sci- entific journals. DESCHAMP.S, Emii.e, a French poet and niiscellaneons writer, b. 17!) 1, is remembered specially as a leader in the romaniic movement, in aid of which he founded and edited ''La Muse Fran- ^aise." 1). 1871. DEUTSOir. Emanuel Oscat? JIen- jMIEm, b. at Neisse in Prussian Silesia, 182). of Jewish parents, was educated chiefly by liis uncle, a rabbi of j^-eat learninir, who had made a special study of the Talmud. Haviufjf thorolighly mastered the Enfjlish lan;,rii;ii;e, he was enfjas^ed by the British jSIuseuni as an assistant librar an in 1855. " For ni;;h twenty years," to use his own Ian- guajre, "it was my privile<;'e to dwell in the very midst of that Pantheon called the British Museum, the treasures whereof, be they I'.Lfyptian, Homeric, palimpsest, or l>abyli)uian cuneiforms, the mutilated glories of the Parthenon, or the Etruscan mysterious grotesque- ness, were all at my beck and call at all days, all hours, Alexandria, Rome, Carthage, Jerusalem, Sidon, Tyre, Ath- ens." .... As the work of his life, he contemplated a treatise on the Tal- mud, to be followed by other exposi- tions of ancient Jewish literature. In October, 18G7, he printed an article in the "Quarterly Review" on the Tal- mud, which excited universal interest in the world of letters, and gave great reputation to the author. He wrote 190 articles for "Chambers' l''ncyclop;B- dia," several for " Smith's dictionary of the Bible" and " Kitto's Oyclopiedia of Biblical Liter:iture," and numerous contributions to the "Times" and the "Saturday Review." To the "(.Quar- terly Review" he contributed a learned and important article, entitled " Islam," in ]8(i!). In the same year he visited the East on a ten weeks' leave of ab- sence, the fruit of which was a valuable report of his journey for the trustees of the Museum, and a course of lectures on Phoenicia delivered in various parts of England. His heajth failing, a six months' leave of absence was granted him, and he d. at Cairo 12th of Mav, 1873. DEVRIENT, the name of a familv of distinguished German actors of French origin, of whom Eoi'is, b. 1784, ap- peared on the stage under the name of Hersberg, but resumed his own on at- taining immediate aiul brilliant success. He was styled the German (Jarrick, and was the first to introduce the characters of Shakspeare on the German stage. He lived without a ri^al and d. 18^2. His nephews, Eniil, Charles, and Ed- ward, all became distinguished in the same profession. — Emil, b. in 18li3, played successfully many parts in com- edy and tragedy, retired with a fortune ill 1887, and wrote a history of the Ger- man stage, and an autobiography in- tended for posthumous nublicalion. I). 1872. — W'lijiKt.MiNA SciiRoi>ER, wife of Charles Devrient, was one of the most distinguished vocalists of Germany. B. 1823 ;' d. 1880. UEWEY, Chester, b. in Sheffield, ;\Iass., 1781, graduated at Williams college, aiul was known as preach- er, teacher, professor, mathematician, chemist, and botanist. He became principal of the co'legiate institute, Rochester, N. Y., in 1838. Devoted to the cause of education, he was some- time president of the teachers' institute. As a botanist, he made a special study of the grasses, and wrote a valuable historv of the herbaceous plants of Mas- sachusetts His papers on the cirices in the "American Journal of Science" ran through a term of forty-two years with but few interruptions. Besides Ihese varied occupations, industriously pursued, though he was never a settled clergyman, he preached seventy ser- mons a vear. D. 1887. DICK", Thomas, I). D., a Scottish theologinn, author of the "Christian Philosopher," and other works, b. 1773; d. 1857. DICKENS, CiiAiiLTis, the novelist, was b. in Landport, Hants, in February, 1812. His fattier, who had a situation in the navy pay ollice, removed soon after to ( hatham, and in 1821. to Lon- don, and became connected with the press as reporter. The son was placed in an attcuiiey's office, but he was at- tracted by his father's vocation and be- gan to write and report for the newspa- pers. Obtaining an engagement first upon the ".Mirror of Parlianvnt," and subsequently upon the "^lorning Chronicle," his abilities as a parliamen- tary reporter soon excited attention. It was in the latter journal that many of those sketches of life and character ap- peared which were published in 1836 as "Sketches by Boz." The success of this first effort was so decided, and did] CYCLOP/KDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 89 sliowcd tlie po rich a vein of liiiiiiordiis and h novelist.s. Shortly after the pnMication of the first niiinber of " Pickwick,'' Jlr. Dickens married a daiiyliter of Mr. (leortre Hogarth, mii- pic writer and critic. When ■'Penlley'.s Wisiellaiiy '' was started in 183G, he became its editor : and in that periodi- cal oriijinally appeared his novel of "O iverTwi-t." afterwards republished in three volumes, which was rapidly followed by " The IJfe and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby" and '"Master Humphrey s Clock." Mr. Dickens now visited America, "American Notes for General Circulation " was the product of that tour. In 1843 he bei?an his se- ries of "Christmas Stoiies," which proved peculiarly attractive. In 184G Mr. Dickens became editor of the " Daily News" — originated as a lib- eral morning paper, and in its columns ap])eared "Pictures from Italy." Po- litical di-qiiisiti(ni was not the forte of tiie novelist, and he wisely abandoned it after a trial of four months. '• Deal- ins^s with the Firm -hy, an American physician, b. 1798, fi led med- ical professorships in Charleston. Nevy York, and Philadelphia; cotitributed larirely to medical journals, and pub- lished collections of essays on medical subjects. He wrote a pamphlet to dem- onstrate the essential inferiority of the negro race. D. 1872. DIDOT, AMiiiioisK FinsiiN. b 1790, printer and pid)lislier, maintained for many years, with his brother Hyacinthe, the high reputation of the family and of the publishing firm, which was es- tablished in 17i3 by Francois Didot. Their popular publications are distin- giiishe(l by accuracy, and the moderate prices at which they are offered; while many of their grandest and richest works could only have been produced with the aid of the government. Among the latter mav be named "Les Monu- 90 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [don merits do I'Egypte et de la Nubie," in 4 vols, fdl., with 40t) plates; and "Les Q^uvros completes de Piranesi," 29 vols, fol., with 2,000 plates. IJesides tlieir valiial)le libraries of the Greek, Latin, and French classics, we can only alliide to their "Nouvelle Biof^rapiiie 0('n('raie," 40 vols. ; " Encvclop('die Moderne," 29 vols., with three of plates; and "L'Univers Pittoresque," 65 vols., with more than 3,000 engravings. Am- broise was known also as an antlior, having written a number of pamphlets on questions of litemry propertv, and tiie rights of authors and publishers, and a translation of Tluicydides into French, accompanied with the te.xt and commentaries. At all the Industrial Exhibitions the gold medal has been awarded to the Uidots from father to son. To the last week of bis life, in his eighty-sixth year, Ambroise was ac- tivelv engaged in attending to the de- tails of his business. D. 1876. He left a verv vahiable collection of engrav- ings and etchings, among wbicii his Kembrandts were the most valuable ever offered for sale, numbering more than 400, many of them impressions of great beauty. His collection of portraits was very extensive and important. DIDUON, ADoM'HK-NAroi.KON, a French archaeologist and litterateur, b. 1806, was associated witli several jour- nals devoted to art and archaeology, and published important works on Cliristian iconograpliv. D. ISOT. DIESTEPtWEG, Fukdf.kic Adol- PHUS William, b. at Siegen, 1790, de- voted most of his life to teaching in various capacities, and published a large number of educational works. D. 1800. DH'^TZ, Fkdku, a German painter, famous for his battle pieces. B. at Baden, 1813: d. at Dijon, 1870. DH.KE, CiiAHLES Wkntwoktii, an English journalist, b. 1789, began life in the navy pay office, and was an ex- tensive contributor to the leading re- views and magazines. In 1814 he edited a collection of old English plays. In 1830 he purchased the '•Aiheneum," then unsuccessful, and built it up into a popular and important literary jour- nal. In 1846 he tried the same experi- ment with the " Daily News," but not ■with the same success. D. 1804. His son, of the same name, b. 1810, was one of the earliest promoters of the Great Exhibition of 1851; and was a commissioner to the New York Crystal Palace Exhibition. Again, in 1802, he was one of the five royal commissioners of the second great London Exhibition, and was knighted. From 1805 to 1803 he was M. P. for Wallingford. D. 1809. DILLWYN, L. W., a Weljh natural- ist, and the reputed father of English botanv. b. 1778; d. 1855. DIXON, James, an English Method- ist clergyman, b. 1788, long an itinerant preacher, was in 1848 a delegate to the general conference of the United States. He wrote "Notes on America," and several volumes on Jletliodism, and the relations of Protestants to Poperv. D. 1871. DJl^MIL, EsSEID MOUIIAMMED, Pasha, son of the celebrated lU'chid I'asha, b. at Constantinople, 1827: in 1856 took part as second plenipoteniiary in the deliberations of the congress of Paris. He held high offices, and re- ceived distinguished orders from his na- tive country, and from abroad. In 1866 he was for the third time ambassador to Paris, and in 1869 Ottoman plenipoten- tiary at the conferences there in relation to the differences between Turkey and Greece. D. 1872. DOBELL, Sydney, an English poet, b. 1824, is the author of "England in Time of War," and other poems. D. 1874. DOD, Charles Rogeh, a London journalist, and the originator of the " Parliamentary Companion," and works relating to the peerage, baronet- age, and knightage of Great Britain. 15. 1793 ; d. 1855. DONALDSON, John William, D. D.. b. 1812, was educated in the London university, and graduated at Cam- bridge. Within live years after tak- ing his degree he published his "New Cratylus," the first of a series of works which raised him to high eminence in the science of philology. As a gram- marian and linguist his reputation is unquestioned; his theological worlds, es- pecially " Jasliar," written in Latin, in- curred severe condemnation from many who appreciated his great learning, l). 1801. DONATI,' Giovanni Battista, an Italian astronomer, b. 1826, in Pisa, was the first discoverer of several comets, and gave his name to the comet which he discovered on the second of June, 1858. He became director of the observatorv of Florence in 1864. D. 1873. DONELSON, Andrew Jackson, an American politician and editor, b. near Nashville, 1800, graduated at West Point, entered and left the array, and DOW] CYCLOPiEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY. 91 was admitted to the bar in 182-3. He was the friend and private secretary- of President Jaclvson diirini; his whole ad- ministration. In 1844 lie was sent by President Tyler as charf/e d'affaires to the republic of Texas, and the result of his mission was the auuexatioii of Texas to the Union. President Polk appointed him minister plenipotenliary to Berlin, and in 1848 to the federal government of Germany. On his return he took part in the effort to secure the settle- ment of the slavery ai^itation in the south, and was a delegate to the south- ern convention of May, 1850, in which body he took a determined stand against nullification and secession. In 18.51 he assumed the editorsiiip of the "Wash- ington Union," but his Union principles were repugnant to the views of the strongest Democratic leaders, and he relinquished this charge in the follow- ing year. In 1853 he abandoned the Democratic party, and in 185(j was nom- inated for the vice presidency by the American party on the ticket with Mr. Fillmore. Retiring from public life, he d. June, 1871. DONNER, JoirANN Jakob Chris- tian, a German translator of the classic poets, 1). in Orefeld, 17U9; d. in Stutt- gart, 1875. D'ORS.A.Y, Count, a leader of Eu- ropean fashion, and also an accomp- lished painter and sculptor, b. 1798; d. in Paris, 1852. DOST AlOHAMMED, Khan, emir of Cabul, b. 1785; d. 1815-3. DOTY, Jamks Duaxe, governor of Utah, b. in New York, 1799; d. at Salt Lake city, 18G5. He removed to the West in early life, and was appointed district judge of the then Northwest territory. Subsequently, he represented Wisconsin as a delegate in congress, and also tilled the gubernatorial chair of that territory prior to its admission as a state. He went to Utah in 1801, as superintendent of Indian affairs, and two years later was a|)pointed to the ofiice he held at the time of his death. DOUGL.\S, Stephkn Arnold, an American statesman, b. at Br.indon,Vt., 1813. He lost his father while an infant, and his mother being left in destitute circumstances, he entered a cabinet shop at Middlebury, in his native state, tor the purpose of learning the trade. After remaining there for several months, he returned to Brandon, where he continued for a \ear at the same calling, but his health obliged him to abanilon it, and he became a student in the academy. His mother having married a second time, he followed her to Canandaigua, in the state of New York. Here he pursued the study of the law until his removal to Cleveland, O., in 1831. From Cleve- land he went still farther west, and finally settled in Jacksonville, III. He was at first employed as clerk to an auctioneer, and afterwards kept school, devoting all the time he could spare to the study of the law. In 1834 he was admitted to the bar, soon obtained a lucrative practice, and was elected at- torney-general of the state. In 1837 he was a])pointed by President Van Hnren register of the land-office, at Spring- field, III. He afterwards practised his prof'essicm, and, in 1840, was elected secretary of state, and the following year judge of the supreme court. This office he resigned, after sitting upon the bench for two years, in consequence of ill health. In 1843 he was elected to congress, and continued a member of the lower house for four years. In 1847 he was elected to the senate of the United States, where he distinguished himself as a debater. He was chairman of the committee on territories, and having adopted the doctrine of "squat- ter sovereignty,"' took a prominent part in the angry contests respecting slavery in the territories, which preceded the secession movement. In 1860 he was noi7iinated to the presidency by a sec- tion of the Democratic partv, but was defeated. He d. June 3, 1861. — Sir Howard, a general in the British ser- vice, author of an essay "On the Con- struction of Military Bridges," and " A Treatise on Naval Gunnerv," b. in Hampshire, 1776; d. 18GI. From 1823 to 1829 he was governor of New Bruns- wick, and was equally eminent as a soldier, a politician, and a man of sci- ence. DOWNES. John, commodore United States navy, b. in Canton, Mass., 1785, entered the navy in 1802, and was in active service din-ing the war of 1812. He was a lieutenant on board the Essex, with Commodore Porter, in his conflict at Valparaiso, in 1814, with two British vessels, the frigate Phcebe and the sloop- of-war Cherub. In 1817-18 he com- manded the Jlacedonian and other ships in the Pacific, when Lord Cochran com- manded the Chilian fleet. In 1831 he commanded the frigate Potomac, and bombarded the town of Qiuillah Battoo, on the coast of Sumatra, in reprisal for injiM-ies done to American seamen by Malay pirates. His sea service covered 92 CYCLOP-EDIA OF BIOGI5APHY. [dud a period exceeding twentv-foiir years. D. 1854. DOVLE, .loirx, a distinijinshed polit- ieal cjirii'aturist, 1). in Ireland, 1797, studied art in l)ul)lin, benan to publish his li ii(ii;i-a])!iic sli7 he was dis- charged at his own rofinest, and received the thanks uf the nation. D. 1875. 94 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [dux DUGGAN, Peter Paul, an Ameri- can artist, b. in New York, and for some vears a resident of London. D. in Pariis, 18G1. DUMAS, At.exandue, a celebi-ated Frencli dramatist and novelist, b. 1803, was tlie son of tlie repnblican general Alexandre Davy Dnmas, himself the son of the Marquis de la Pailleterie and an African jjiri by the name of Tien- nette Dumas. The neijro traits were very perceptible in the grandson. Ed- ncated by his mother, who was left a widow in 1806, he acquired great ad- dress and force in all physical accom- plishments, but when he went to Paris at the age of twenty, the only talent that he could exhibit to his friend Gen- eral Koy as a means of livelihood was a fair handwriting. This was utilized by procuring him a place as clerk in the bu- reaux of the Duke of Orleans, at the an- nual salary of 1-200 francs. His first pub- lication was a volume of " Nouvelles " in 1821!. In the following year the repre- f entations given l)y the English company in Paris turned his attention to Sliak- speare and the theatre, and the result was a number of e.xperimental dramatic pieces, neither played nor published, till he brought out at the Theatre Fran- (;ais the historical drama in five acts en- titled " Henri III. et sa Cour." This drama, written in detiance of all the tra- ditions of the French stage, was received with a fury of applause, and supple- mented on the boards the poetical tri- umph (if romanticism. For the next fifteen years his comedies, tragedies, dramas, in a variety of styles and sub- jects, drew appreciating audiences to the principal theatres of Paris. And while these seemed sufficient to tax the utmost powers of the most prolilic au- thor, he entered on a series of chronicles and romances that seemed to leave lit- tle time for any other production. A list of his works alone would till two or three pages of our compendium. Most of these prose works appeared as feu- illetous in the pages of the daily jour- nals or other periodicals, in which he kept three or four in progress at the same time, amounting to fifty or sixty volumes a year. Three of these books are worthy of especial mention, to wit, " Les Trois Mousquetaires," with its continuations; " Le Comte de Monte Gristo," and " I.a Reiiie Margot." It was these which popularized the name of the author, and carried his annual revenues to the sum of 200,000 francs, that were all swallowed up in the fabu- lous expenses of his palace of Monte Cristo. This fecundity in romances only served to open on the stage a nevr opportunity for his dramatic skill. Many of his novels were dramatized; calling for three acts and eight tableaux, or five acts and twelve tableaux, and one of them at least, Monte Cristo, in- tended to be represented in two even- ings. Put besides these enterprises, which, in his famous hiwsuits with the " Presse " and the " Constitutionel," brought out the fact that he was bound to furnish these journals annually with more volinnes than the swiftest penman could have copied, he established at different times a number of journals — "La Liberie," — " Le Mois," — " Le Mousquetaire," — and the "Monte Cristo" — political and literary, all of which failed to achieve any marked success. He also translaied numerous works, and published many voUmies of his "Causeries" and thirty volumes of "Jlemoires." In the preparation of. these works he employed a number of subordinates who were charged with the minor details, and sometimes with a more important share. D. 1870. DUMEHIL, AnukiS Maiue Con- srANT, a Frcncii naturalist, and author of works on natural histor}'. B. 1774; d. in Paris, 1800. DUNCAN, Johnson K., brigadier- general in tlie confederate service, d. 180-3. He entered West Point from Pennsylvania in 1845, and served in the U. S. artillery until 1855, when he resigned. In 1801 he joined the con- federate cause with a colonel's commis- sion, but rose to a brigadier-generalship, and was in command at forts Jackson and St. Philip when they were bom- barded by U. S. vessels. — PuiIjIp IiUitY, an English miscellaneous writer, and for many years keeper of the .\sh- molean JMuseimi at Oxford, in which position he labored successfully, and with rare unselfishness, to promote the study of natural science. B. 1772; d. 183:/. DUNDAS, Sir James W. Dkans, admiral in the British service, and in 1852 commander-in-chief of the Medi- terranean and Black Sea fleet. B. 1786; d. 1862. — Sir IttciiARD Sauxdkhs, a British vice-admiral, b. 1802; d. 1881. In 1855 he was commander-in-chief of the Bidtic fleet, and in that capacity at- tacked and captured Sweaborg. DUNDONALl), Thomas Cochrane, earl of, was b. 1775, and entered the British navy at an early age. Ability dur] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 95 and coiivnf;e, displayed on m:inv occa- sions, eanietl for liiin brilliant iionors; bnt of tiicse he was summarily stripped by the admiralty, on a false charge i.f having, in ]8U, spread a report that Napoleon had fallen, in order to intlu- ence the funds. It was not until 18+7 that he was reinstated in his rank in the British service. D. 1800. DUNGLISON, Koni.KY, I). 1798 in KeswicU, England, commenced medi- cal practice in London, and in 1824, at the re(|Mest of ex-Fresident Jefferson came to the United States to accept the professorship of nietliciiie in the uni- versity of Virginia, in ]83-'5 he became professor of materia medica in the uni- versity of JSIarvland, and in 18:ii3 of medicine in -Jefferson college, riiiladel- phia. In his latter years he took great interest in the instruction of the blind. His professional works are numerous and much esteemed as text-books. D. 1868. DUPERRY, Loots Isidoric, a French naval ollicer, b. 178(i, entered the serv- ice at the age of sixteen, and in 1817- 20 accompanied Captain Freyciiiet in a scientilic voyage nnind the world. In 1822-25 he commanded a similar expe- dition to make researches in Oceanica and on the coasts of South America. This voyage, in its results, ranks among the most brilliant and successfid of sci- entific expeditions. It was especially important for its observations in terres- trial magnetism, hydrography, and meteorology, which were published in nmneroiis memoirs and volumes. D. 18G5. DUPIN, Bahon Fkancois-Piekre- Chahlks, a French naval' engineer, b. 1784, made baron by Louis XVIII., peer of France by Louis I'liilippc. and .senator by Louis Napideon, wrote manv works in the line of his profession, "Travels iu Great IJi-itain," "System of British Administration in 1822," in the interest of constitutional govern- ment, and other works, industrial and social. I). 1873. DUPONT (Dre i/EintK), Jacques Chari>ks, chief of the provisional gov- ernment of France in 1848. was h. in the department of Eure. 1707. He was called to Paris on the occurrence of the revolution of 1830, when he became minister of justice. The reaction under Louis Philippe deprived him of this po- sition, and he then identified himself with the opposition in the chamber of reiu-esentatives. After the revtdntinn of February, 1848, he was proposed by Lamartine as head of the government, and was universally approved in that capacity. D. 18."J5! — Samukl I-'ran- (is. rear admiral U. S. navv, was b. at Hergeii, N. J., 1803. In 1815 !)e was commissioned midshipman, and two years afterwards made his first cruise in the Franklin, under Commodore Stew- art. In 1830, having attained to the grade of lieutenant, he was jihiced in command of the ^V'arren, which was at the lime attached to the squadron iu the West Indies. When ihe Mexican war broke out, he was commander of the frigate Congress, in which capacity, and as commander of the sloop uf war Cyane, he distinguished liimseU' on sev- eral occasions off the California coast. He was promoted to a captaincy in 18.56, and in 1857-58 he coinmaiided the steam-frigate Minnesota in the China waters. Early in 18l>I he was placed in command of the Philadelphia navy yard, buk was soon after sum- moned to more active duties. As com- mander of the South Atlantic block- ading squadron, he conducted the naval attack upon Port Royal, defeat- ing the rebel fleet under Tatnall, secur- ing possession of Fort Walker, and re- establishing national aiithoiity at that important point. The brilliancy and success of his attack upon rortiticafions of great strength aroused the world to a sense of the naval power of the re- pul)lic, and called forth the formal thanks of congress. In March, 1862, he uinlertook an expedition against Kernandiiia, Fla., which he captured with the assistance of a land force. In August he was made rear admiral. He made an unsuccessful attack on Charles- ton, Api-il. 1803, and then arrived at the conclusion, sustained by subsequent experience, of the insufticienc}' of a purely naval attack on that city. Two months later he was relieved from duty. I). 18:i5. His reput.ation was that of a brave and chivalrous sailor. DURAND, Sir Hkxry Marion, a British officer, b. 1812, distinguished himself in the service in India, and be- came lieutenant governor of the Pun- jab. He was killed by a fall from an elephant in 1871. DURANDO, Giacomo, an Italian of- ficer and statesman, minister of war at Turin. 1854-55, commanded a division at Solferino, and was minister of for- eign affairs in the cabinet of Rattazzi, 1801. L). 1809. DURANT, Charles S., aeronaut, made his first balloon ascension in 1833, 96 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [eas from tlie Bnftery in New York. He made ai'lerwiiids foiirteeii aerial voy- ai;es, in one of \\liicii he (le.-ceiided in the Atlantic. He wrote a '•'I'liatise on Shells and Sea Weeds," and other books of a seientilic character. D. 1873, a.ned 08 years. Dl'.SSAlID," HirpoLYTE, a French economist, b. llDii; d. 187G. He was chari;i(l Ijy the rreiich government with a mis.^iiiii to England, to sindy her char- itahle institutions; and piililished an in- teresting account of the universal ex- position of London, of 1851. DUVEYKIKH. AysK IIonohiS Jo- sici'ii, a {'"rencli dramatic author, b. 17.^7. was admitted to the liar, which lie left to devote himself to writing for the stage. He is known in the theatri- cal world under the pseudonym of Milesville. He wrote alone, or in conjunction with Scrihe and others, more than 3;)0 pieces, many of which enjo3'ed great (lopnlaril*. D. ISliO. — CliAl!l,l.s, brother of the preceding. was al>o an advocate, ami wrote and suffered in p opagandizing for St. Simon, on the breaking up of whose school he devoted himself to writing for the stage and the public journals. D. 180 i. DUVCKIXCK, Gkohck Long, a New York liUdrateiir, b. 1822: d. 1833. He was one of the editors of '•The Lit- erary World" from 1848 to 18.>i ; ami of the " (Jyclopicdia of American Liter- ature." I 'is se|iarate publicali"ns in- clude biograp!iies of tieorge Herbert, 15i.-.hop Ken, Laliincr, and Jereniv Tav- lor. DiVAURFS. SiiiFoKTUx.VTLs, known to lawyers by his treatise on '•Statutes, their liule.i of CNmstrictinn, and the Proper Komidaries of Legislation and Judicial Interpretation." 15. 1787; d. 183:). DWIGHT, Ukv. Hai:i;ison GiiAV Oris, an .American missionary fm- near- ly 3 1 years at Constantinople, h. 1803; (i. 18 '>'•>. He was the anilKn- of ' Chris- tiaLiity brought Home from the i^ast." — TuiotiiJoiu-:, an American lawyer and politician, b. 17G4, was a representative in congress fi'om Connecticut in 180G- 1807, and editor during the war of 1812-14. of the "Ihullord Mirror," the leading Federal orgati of that state. He was secretary of the Hartlord con- vention, ami in 1833 published it.s his- tory. In 1817 he removed to New York, where he established the "Daily Ad- vertiser," and edited it till 1836. In 183J he imblished his " Character of Thomas .lefferson as exhibited in his own AVritings " He was tlie anixa- of a " Dictiimary of lioots and l^eriva- tions." D. 184G. — Tiieudoi;!:, son of the preceding, b. HUG, gradi.aled at Yale cidlegein 1814. He assisted his father in the "Advertiser," and was for a time editor and |)nblisher of the •'New York Tresbyterian." Highly cultivated, he converged freely in sev- eral European laegnages. He was the author of •• A Tour in Italy," "History of Connecticut," a " Life of Garibaldi,' ami other works. D. 18GG. DYCE, .\i.i-..\AM)i;i!, an F.nglish au- thor and irilic, b. in lulinb. rgh 17'J8, was ordaiied as an Epi>c(!paliau clergy- man, and in 1827 commenced a literaiy eai(.er in London. He edited the works of several of the old English drama- tists wi;h biographical notices pietixed. Toe great lalior of his life was his edi- tion of Shak.-peare, the te.\.t ( f which has been pronounced by the "tju:irterly Keview" far the best yet given to the world. He pidilished ' liemarks on C.illier"s ami Knight's cditimi of Shak- speaie," and "Strictures on Collier's New Edili(m of Shakspeare," and ed- ited several volumes for the Percy and Camden societies. His " Table I'alk of Samuel lingers " has passed through several editions. 1). 18 iJ. — Wii.i.iAM, a l!i-itisli ]iainler. cousin of the pi'eced- ing. I>. 18J.J, studied at the academy of Edinburgh, ami afterwards at Lome. He was'iMie of the artists selected to dec(n-ate the ))alace of We^tmillsler and the house of lords, and executed several frescoes at Osborne house. D. 18U4. E. E.VSTP.URX, l\L\NTnN, an .American bishop, b. 18)1, in Leeds, l'",nuland. came to this country when a child, was edncat-d at Columl)ia college. New York, ordained priest in 182 !, and for many years rector of the charch of the Ascension in that city. In 1843 he be- came bishop of the diocese of iNIass. He pul)lishei50 i)resident of I lie l.'oyal Academy. His earlier worjjs were ■ os- tume-groiips illiislralive of Italian life; but he afterwards ])ainted a nunil)er of pictures on relii;'ious siibj'.'cts. Amonj;- tlie more reniarkalile of these were "Christ Blessing the Little Children," "Christ Weeping over Jerusalem," " Hagar anil Islimael." He translated Goethe's "Theory of Color," and an- notated Kiigler's '' llandhook of I'aint- ing." He was author of " Afaterials for a History of Oil Painting." D. 18.1.5. ICCKFF.LDT, Jacob R.. many years chief assayer of the U. S. ilinr, was the son of Adam ICckfeldt who long iilled the oihce of chief coiner in that establishment. Under hi-* administra- tion the coins of the United States at- tained a uniformity more jjcrfect than those of any otherconntry ; and he was kept in olhce through all chaiii^es of party from the time of his appointment by President Jackson. D. J872, aged 70 vears. K( 'KSTEIX, FintniNAND, Bakon i>k, b. 171)0 in Copenhagen, a French i>ubli- cist and pliilosopher, edited the''Dra- peaii Blanc," and the " Cathoiique," and published works on Krencli pliilos- ophv, Spain, the Jesuits, in the spirit of l')e Maistre. D. 1831. EDMONDS, John WiuiTii, politician and jurist, I). 17i)D, in Hudson, removed to the city of New York in 18 J !, and was successively circuit judge, judge of the supreme court, and of the court of ap- peals of the state. Retiring fi-om the bench in 1853 he engaged in the prac- tice of his profession. His attention for the latter years of his life was very iimch occupied with Spiritualism, in which he professed his belief and pub- lished a work upmi it. He piibli>hed also "Reports of Select Cases." D. 187;5. I^DWARDE*^, Sir Hfi!Bi:i;t Bkx.ta- JiiN% an Engli.-h major-general and lien- teuaiit-governor of the Piinjanb, wrote "A Year on the Pnnjaub Frontier," and a "Life of Sir Henrv Lawrence," B. 1819; d. ISr.S. l'".G(j, AucJUSTUs Leopold, a painter, b. in London in 1810, was an adniiral)le illustrator of Shaksppare and Le Saije, to S(uiie of whose lighter fancies he has given a charm beyond the reach of written description. 1). 1833. EtiLINTON, AuctiiiiALD Willlvm iSroNTOoMKHiE, eavl of, known in con- nection with the revival on his estate ill >c(>tland. on a scale of great mag- nilirence, of the tournament of the mid- dle ages. He was a patrmi of the turf. Under Lord Derby's administration he was viceroy of Ireland, where, by his agreeable manners and splendiil ho-pi- talitv he attained great ])opularitv. B. 181-i; d. 1801. ELOIN ami KINCARDINE, the earl of, b. 1"<11, was the representative in the male line of the Scotti-h Invu^^e of Bruce, and the son of the iiobK-man who enriched the art treasures of England hv his collection of sculptiu'e. generally known as the "Elgin Marbles.'' In 1842 he was aiipointed governor of Ja- maica, where he remained until 1846, when he was iranslerred to Canada as governor-general. In 1857 he went to China as ambassador extraordinary, and after arranging s(!rioiis dilhculties between the iMiropean and na ive popu- lation, procured a treaty which give Britain freer access to China than had been enjoyed before. Violations of the trcatv led to his return to tlie East, where bed. 18 i3. EI>IE DK BEAUMONT, Jean Bap- TISTI-; AliMANU Loui.s LeoN( E, b. at Canon, France, ]7!)8, studied at the college of Henrv IV., and entered the School of .Minesin 1819. His reseaivhes in metal nr;;y secured him numerous honors. His scientilic labors were highly appreciated, and the "Carte (Jt'ogra- pliique de France," in the preparation of which he was engaLred for some years in connection with MJI. Brochant de Villiers and Dufrenoy, is a most val- uable work. While collecting materials for the "Carte," in 18J3, lie and his co-laborers visited England and made observations there on the irreat nietil- lurgical works. Of his writings, the next in importance, perhap-', to the "Carte" is his " Recherches sur (}uel- qnes-nnes des Revolutions de la Sur- face dn Globe,'' a memoir m which he developed his theory of the upheaving and the direction of mountain ranges. D. 1874. ELLENBOROUGH, Eowaki) Law, first earl of, D. 1790, shortly af er grad- uating at Cambridge entered parlia- ment, and in 1814 received from his father, the chief justice, the sinecure appointment of clerk of the court of king s l)ench, at .£7,0)0 a year. This salary he drew for 57 year<, receiving some two millions of dollars for doing nothing. In 1834— j5 he was made pres- 98 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ell ident of the board of control, and from 1841 to ]8-t4 was i;overnor-Keneral of India. Heappdiiited president of tlie board of control in Kebru:irv, 1858, in conseqnence of the jiiililieaiiiin of a secret despatch to Lord Canniiif!;, in which he se\erely censnred his policy in Oiide. lie was compelled to resign in the Jlay following. D. 1871. A ''His- tory (if ihe Indian Administration of Lord ]';ilcnbnron!ih, his Correspondence with the Duke of Wellington, with his Letters to the Queen," was published in 1874. ELLESMERE, Francis Egerton, earl of, b. 1800, graduated at Oxford in 1822, and in tlie following year en- tered parliament as Lord Francis Lev- eson Gower, a liberal conservative and supporter of Jlr. Canning. In 1824 he published a translation of "Faust," with versions of several popular Ger- man lyrics. He was for a few months secretary of war under Wellington, and sat in parliament from 182G to 1846, when he was raised to the peerage. In 183-3 he came into possession of the im- mense estates of the Duke of Bridge- water, with the splendid gallery of paintings valued at ^150,000. He published " Jlediterranean Sketches" (1843), and "Life and Character of Wellington" (1852), with other works, and printed a number of plays and poems for private circulation only. In 1853 he visited ;he United States. D. 1857. ELLET, Charles, an American engineer, author of a pamphlet on "Coast and Harbor Defences," b. at Penn's Manor, on the Delaware, 1810. Amongst the works constructed under his direction are the suspension bridge across the Sclmylkill at Fairmmtnt, the first suspension bridge across the Niag- ara, anket-ball above the knee, and d. at (.'airo, .June 21. — CiiAULLS liiVEUs, son of the preceding, b. in Philadelphia, 1841 ; d. 1863. When the civil war commenced he was studying for the medical pro- fession, but accompanied his father to the west in the spring of 18ti2, and com- manded one of the rams at the action off Memphis. After his father's death, he was placed in command of the Mis- sissippi marine brigade, and distin- guislied himself by many dashing ex- ploits with the ram Queen of the West, rendering essential service to General Grant during and after the siege of Yicksbuig. — Ei.izABKTH Fuies Lum- Mis, an American author, b. at Sodus Point, N. Y., 1818, published a volume of poems in 1835, and afterwards de- voteil herself almost entirely to histori- cal and biographical researches with the view of exliibiting the part that great women have played in the world's history. In pursuance of this design she published " The Women of the Revolution," 3 vols., 1848; and the "Domestic History of the American .Revolution," 1850." Among her other works may be mentioned " Pioneer Women of the West," "Women Ar- tists in all Ages and Countries," ''Queens of American Society," and " Court Circles of the Republic." She also edited " The Practical Housekeep- er," and was a constant contributor to periodical literature. D. 1877. — Wil- liam Heni'.v, husband of the preced- ing, b. in New York, 1804, was a dis- tinguished chemist, was sometime professor of chemistry in Columbia col- lege. N. Y., and in the college of South Carolina. While there the legislature presented him with a service of silver plate for the discovery of a new and cheap method of preparing gun cotton. D. 1859. ELLIOT, WiLLLVM. a South Carolina poet, author of "Fiesco," a tragedy, b. 178;); d. 18f)3. He was senator in the state legislature in 1832, but resigned when instructed by his constituents to vote for the nullification of the tariff law. When the movement for secession began, he opposed it unflinchingly in a series of letters over the signature " Ag- ricola." He was a frequent contribu- tor to the southern press on agricultu- ral and sporting topics. — Sir. Hknky Miles, author of a "Bibliographical Index to the Historians of Mohammedan India, and a Glossary." B. 1800; d. 1854. ELLIOT.SON, John, an English phy- sician, b. 1790, studied in the universi- ties of Edinburgh and Cambridge, and ELP] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 99 in 1831 was appointed pi-ofe?sor of med- icine in the London University. His lectures were veiy nttinctive and suc- cessful. In 18-37 lie became a convert to mesmerism, as a curative and an- aesthetic agent. Tliis did not suit tiie autliorities of the university, and he resigned. He estahlislied the "Zoist," a journal devoted to mesmerism and phrenology, and wrote many profes- sional and mesmeric memoirs. He trans- lated "Blumenbach's Physiology," with copious notes, and wrote " Surgical Operations without Pain," and other woi-ks. 1). 1808. ELLIOTT, CiTAHLics Lorino, b. 1812, in Scipio, N. Y., studied drawing with the view of becoming an architect, and became a pupil of Trumbull, and afterwards of Quidor, a painter of fancy pieces. He finally devoted himself to portrait painting and after practising his art ten years in the country, he re- moved in 1845 to New York, where he soon rose to eminence, and executed numerous portraits with great s[)irit and lidelity. He was, perhaps, without a rival in his art when he d. at Albany in 1808. — CnAi!LK.s, b. in Ireland, 1792, studied for the ministry, and in 1815 emigrated to the United States, settling in Ohio. He edited the " Wes- tern Ciiristian Advocate" at Cincinnati, and the "Central Christian Advocate" at St. Louis, from 1850 to the close of the civil war. He published volumes against slavery, and Itomanism, a ''Life of liisliop Koberts," and other works. D. 18(JU. — Stei'iikn, b. 18115, gradu- ated at Harvard college, studied and practised law, was ordained priest in 1836, became professor of sacred litera- ture in the South Carolina college, and in 1840 bishop of Georgia. D. 18UG. ELLIS, John Willis, governor of North Carolina, and one of the most active promoters of secession in that state, b. 1820 ; d. 1861. On the 2d Jan- uar)', 1861, he took possession of Fort Macim at Beaufort, of the U. S. works at Wilmington, and of the U. S. arsenal at Fayetteville ; and on the 20tli April the U. S. mint at Charlotte was seized under his orders. — Siu Hknky, Eng- lish author and antiquary, b. in London, 1777, graduated at Oxford, and in 1806 entered the British museum as keeper of the department of printed books, and held the post of principal librarian from 1827 to 18.5(>. He published from autographs in that institution three series of "Original Letters Illustrative of English History." He also prepared a new edition of Brand's " Popular Antiquities," an elaborate introduction to the " Domesday Book," and several volumes for the Camden Society, and for the Society of Antiquaries. L>. 1869. — WiLLiAJi, missionary to the Sand- wich and South Sea islands, b. in Lon- don, 1795, published a reniarkal)ly in- teresting account of his labors and adventures in a book entitled "Poly- nesian IJesearches." D. 1871. Sarah Stickney, whom he married for his second wife, was an English authoress, who wrote many volumes designed to aid in the mental and moral education of her sex. B. 1812 ; d. 1872, a few days after the loss of her husband. ELLSWOKTH, Hknky L., son of Hon. Oliver Ellsworth, of Windsor, Conn., b. 1791 ; d. in New Haven, 1858. Ured a lawyer, he was appointed by General Jackson commissioner among the Indian tribes south and west of Ar- kansas. About two years later he was appointed commissioner of patents of the United States. While in this office he gave special attention to the agricul- tural interests of the country, and pub- lished valuable reports on these sub- jects. After about ten years he resigned and established himself at Lafayette, Ind., in the cultivation of extensive tracts of land, — contributing materi- ally to the improvement of the agricul- ture of the state. — EriiiiAiM Elmeh, b. in Saratoga county, N. Y., 1837, was killed at Alexandria, Va., 1861. He organized the first Zouave corps of the United States at Chicago, where he was studying law, and after the installation of President Lincoln received a lieuten- ant's commission- On the outbreak of civil war he proceeded to New York and organized a Zouave regiment from the members of the tire department, and within five weeks inarched at the head of his regiment to Alexandria. Here he tore down a secession flag flying over a hotel, and was shot by the proprietor. The murderer was killed immediatel}' afterward by Francis E. Brownell, one of Ellsworth's companions. ELINH'^S, Jamk.s, an English architect and author, b. 1783; d. 1862. He was largely employed on the periodical press of London, and among bis sepa- rate publications are " Memoirs of the Life and Works of Sir Christopher Wren," " Horro Vaciva?," and "Thom- as Clarkson, a Monograph." ELPHINSTONE,MouNT.STUAirr, au- thor of a "History of India," a work of great research and value; and dis- 100 CYCt.OP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [kut finsiiishcd for liis civil services in Brit- isli liidiii, b. 1779; d. IS.Jt). ELTON, Mil ClIAKLKS AURATIAM, an Kn{;lisli poet of some distiiietion, I). 1779; d lay-i. His " Titiiislation of Hes^iod." his "Specimens of Classic Poets," in three volumes, and "History of the Roman Kniperors," display varied learniiii;' and sound taste. He was also the author of " Boyhood ami other Po- ems " IJiit of original poeiry his best known piece is "'The lirothers," suij- gested liy the melancholy loss of his two eldest sons, vho were di owned. EMUURY, Mrs. E.mma C, a daugh- ter of I>r J. li. Manley, of Kew York, and authoress of "Guido, and other Poems," •' Glimpses of Home Life," and other works. ]i. 180G; d. 1833. E.MLUSO.N-TENNENT, Siit Jamks, Bart., an Eni;lisli statesman and author, was b. at Belfast, 1804. His family name was Emerson, but on his mar- riage he also assumed the name of his wife's family. Educated at Trinity coilei;e, Dublin, he was called to the bar, but never practised. In early life he travelled in the south of Europe and was in Greece at the time of her strug- gle for independence. In 18.'i2 he en- tered parliament as member for Belfast, and sat there many years. In 18f], he was appnjnted secretary to the Indian Board, and four years later went to Ceylon as secretary and colonial gov- ernor. He was joint secretary to the Board of Trade from 18.^2 till 18.'i7, when he was createil a baronet and retired. His literary works are numercuis : anionu them are, " A Picture of Greece in 1825," 2 vols.; "Letters from the ./Egean." 2 vols.; " History of IModern Greece," 2 vols., 1831); ami "Ceylon, an Account of the Island," an elabo- rate work in two vols., ]8j0. which went through three editions in that j'ear. His '"Story of the Guns," 1831, and "The Wild Elephant," I81J7, were his latest productions. D. 18o0. EMMONS. Ebenkzkk, a distin pni>hed geologist, b. in Middlelield, Mass., 171J8, studied and practised med- icine, and in 1833 was chosen professor of natural history in Williams college, Massachusetts, — a position which led him to assi-t in the survey, and to pre- pare a report on the quadrupeds of that state. He was subsefpiently employed upon the geological survey of New York, — his reports fcu'ining st-veral volmnes of the series of the " Natm'al History " of that slate. From facts developed during the progress of this survey, he formed and promulgated a new theory ill regard to the older fossiliferous rocks of the continent, known as the Taconic. I), in North Carolina, 1833. IvMPSON, Wii.lia:\i. professor of Uw at the Last India college, and frmn 18V7 to the time of his deatli edit(n- of the "Edinburgh Review," to which he is said to have contributed some ^i.xty. articles, literary and political. D. 1S.")2. ENCKE, JoiiANN Kica.n;',, b. at Ham- burgh, 17'Jl, entered the Prussian mili- tary service, but after the peai-e of 1815 obtained the sitinition of assistant in the observa'ory of Seeburg. In 1823 he was called to the direction of the observatorv at Berlin jointly with the celebrated astronomer Bode. I'.ncke proved that the comet observed by I'ons, November 20, 1818, had a very short period of revolution ami was the comet of 1783, 17!»5, and 1835. This comet, since known as Eucke's, was the subject of two treatises, in which he called attention to some pheno neiui in the nmvement of these bodies which had not been previously observed. From 1830 he conducted the "Astronomical Yearbook." He published regularly accounts of the astronomical observa- tions made at ISerlin. and was the author of several important works. 1). 18 ij. ENFANTIN, liAitriiKi-KMisv Pnos- TKit (styled le IVre), b. in Paris, I7JG, was in early life a banker's clerk, but having been carried by his fi lend, Olinde Rodriguez, to attend the dying bed of St. Sinnm, accepleci|iles before the lril)unals on the charge of innnm'al- ity and inilawfiLl association. He was condemned to a year's imprisDument and a line of a timnsand fi'ancs. His term ended, he went to Egypt, where he remained three years. Returning to I'aris in 1811, he found that some of his (dd disciples bad become persons of importance, and were able to assist him in procuring desirable employment. He wrote several works and edited jour- nals in the interest of the St. Simo^- nians. D. 1834. EOTVOS,.)«)SEF, b. at Ofen, in Hun- gary, 1813, studied law ami commenced its practice, but abandt, and pro- fessor at the university. He wrote on "Nickel," a manual of chemistry, on the "Principles of the Knowledge of Drugs, ' and founded and edited the "Journal of Technical and Economical Chemistrv." I). 18-!1. ERNEST AUGUSTUS, king of Han- over, duke of Cumberland, etc., the fifth son of George III., was h. in 1771. As duke of Cumberland he was one of the most illiberal of the English tories. He succeeded to the throne nf Hanover in 1827, and at once signalized his reign by abolishing the constitution, which, four years before, had been granted by his predecessor, and bv the adoption of other measures equally harsh and despotic. Hut public feeling changed greatly in his favor, and he became the most popular of the German sovereigns. D. 18o2. EII.VST, HF;ixuictr 'Wii.TiEt.M, a German musician, celel)rateil through- out Europe for his performances on the violin. H. 1814; d. 18l).5. EUSKIXi:, D.win Mdntagie, eld- est son of the celebrated Lord Krskine, b. 1777. In 1800 he married a daugh- ter of the late Gen. .John Cadwallader, of Philadelphia, and in 1806 was ap- pointed envoy and minister to the United States. He succeeded to the peerage in 1823, and d. 18-55. ESPINASSE, EspniT Ciiahi^es Ma- niic, a French general, b. 1815, gained his lirst promotion in Algeria, and served in the campaign of Rome. He distin- guished himself in the Crimean war. In 1858 he was made minister of the in- terior, on the occasion of the attempt of Orsini on the life of the emperor. D. 1859. ESPY, .Iamfs p., author of a theory of storms, ami for some lime in the em- plov of the U. 8. government as a nie- leon.lo-ist. H. 1785; d. 18;;0. ESI'COURT, Ma,J()H-<;i:n-. James Buc'KNAi.i,, d. of cholera before Sebas- topol, 1855. He accompanic-d the ex.- peditiiili ti) the JMiphrates in 18'}5. ESIERHAZY DE GALAXTHA, Pai:i, A.Nro.N, Prince of, b. 178:), of the wealthy llmigarian family of that name, represented the Austrian gov- ermnent at London from 1815 to 1818, and again from 1830 to 1838 as ambas- sador. He jnin-d the IJattliyanyi min- istry in 1848, but soon resigned and took no further part in public affairs. D. 18fifi. ETHERIDGE, John Wesley, an English Methodist clergyman, b. 1804, resided many years in 1- ranee pursuing his (uieutal studies. He published "The Svrian Cli n'che~," and several works illustrative of (n-iental history and lit- erature. D. 18')6. EVANS, Ahthur Bexom, a pro- foinul classical scholar and author, was b. in Berkshire, England, 1781. He was at once a lingui^t, naturalist, nu- mismatist, musician, mechanic, antito- mist, artist, and divine. U. 1855. — Siu De Lacy, a distingnished general, b. in Ireland, 1787, entered the l{riti>h army at the age of 21, and served in India and in the Peninsular war. In 1814 he wa.s lieutenant-colonel in the war with the United States, and was present at the taking of Washington and at the attacks on Baltimore and New Orleans. His horse was siiot nn- i der him at Waterloo. He was several times elected to parliament between 1831 and 1847. Made lieutenant-gen- eral, he fougitt in the Crimean war, at the Alma and at Inkermann, and re- ceived the thanks of both houses of parliament. 1). 1870. — David Mohiek, b. 1810, w.is many years a coiTespondent of the leading London journals, more particidarly the commercial newsjiapers. He wrote "The Commercial Crisis of 1847-48," "History of the Commercial Crisis of 1857-58," and other works of tinau'ial interest. D. 1874. EVERETT, EowAun, an .\merican scholar, orator, and statesman, was b. in Dorchester, JIass., 1704. He en- tered Harvard college in 1807, in 1811 graduated with the highest honors, and in 1813 succeeded the Ilev. J. S. Buck- minster in the pastorate of the Brattle- street church in IJoston. He soim ac- quired celebrity in the pulpit, and in 102 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRArHY. [ewi 1814 published his "Defence of Chris- tianilv," in reply to a worli of George B. Eilgiish. Ill 1814 he was invited to accei)t the new piofessorship of Greek literature in Harvard college, with per- mission to visit Europe. He accepted the oftice. and, before entering on its du- ties, procV-eiled to England, and tlience to Gittingen, in order to stud}' the German language and literature, and methods of instruction. Having visited Paris, Rome, Greece, and Turkey, he returned to the United States, after an absence of tive years, and entered forthwith upon the duties of his pro- fessorsiiip. In 1820 he became editor of "The North American Review," ami continued its editorship until 18-24, in which year he delivered the annual ora- tion before the Phi Beta Kappa Society at Cambridge, Mass., in the presence of an immense audience, including Gen. Lafayette, then on a visit to this coun- try. " This was the first of a series of orations and addresses delivered by Mr. Everett on ])ublic occasions of almost every kind during a quarter of a cen- turyj and afterwards republished in a collected form. In 1824 he was elected to congress by the constituency of Mid- dlesex, Mass. He served ten years in the house of representatives, being all the time a member of the committee on foreign affairs, and for a period its chairman. He retired from congress in 1835, and was for four successive years chosen governor of Massachusetts, being defeated bj' the Democratic candidate, in 18-39, by a single vote. In 1841 he ■was appointed by President Harrison to represent the United States at the English court, a position which he filled for five years. On returning to this country, in 1855, he was chosen presi- dent of Harvard college, and retained the office until 1849, when ill health compelled him to resign. On the death of Mr. ^Vebster, in 1852, he was ap- pointed secretary of state by President Eillmore, and held the office until the advent of the Pierce administration. In 1853 he took his seat in the U. S. sen- ate, but resigned in the following 3'ear, under the advice of his physician. He subsequently varied the quiet life of a scholar by the delivery of various ora- tions, and by efforts for the collection of a fund for the purchase of Jlount Vernon, for which purpose he realized upwards of $100,000. He also wrote a memoir of Daniel Webster, whose col- lected writings he edited. In 1860 he was nominated a candidate for the vice- presidency of the United States, with John Bell for the presidency, but was defeated. At the outset of the civil war he pronounced decidedly for the Union, an(l so continued to the end. He d. of apoplexy, in Boston, Jan. 15, 18G5. — HoitACK, lawyer and statesman, b. in Vermont, represented a congressional district of that state from 182J to 1843 with an ability which gave him high reputation, lie was a successful jury advocate. D. 1851, aged 71. EWALD, Hexky Gkdiige Augus- tus, b. at Gottingen, 1803, devoted himself to the study of the oriental languages, and occupied professional chairs in his native town and in Tubin- gen. After the suppression of the king- dom of Hanover by Prussia in 1886, he was tried by the new dynasty on a charge of treason. He was acquitted and elected to the North German par- liament. In June, 1874, he was sen- tenced to three months' imprisonment for libel on Prince Bismarck. He is the author of numerous important works in illustration of the Hebrew language, literature and historv. D. 1874. EWART, Wii-i.iAM, b. 1798, was educated at Oxford, and entered par- liament as a free-trader and liberal in 1828, and represented different constit- uencies therefrom that time for the rest of his life. In 1850 he succeeded in passing an act for establishing free libraries in towns, and of schnols of design, and labored for the abolition of capital punishment. D. 1869. EWBANK, Thomas, a writer on me- chanics, b. in England, 1792, came to New York about 1820, and was in 1849- 52 commissioner of jiatents. His most important work is entitled " A Descrip- tive and Historical Account of Hydrau- lic and other JIaehincs, Ancient and Modern," which wimt through fifteen editions. He also published " Lite in Brazil," and '-Reminiscences in the Patent Office." D. 1870. EWELL, Richaud Stoddarh, a confederate general, b. 1820, grad- uated at West Point, served in the Mexican war, and in May, 1801, joined the confederates and commanded a brigade at Bull Run. Promoted major- general, he commanded a division un- der Jackson, succeeding to the command ot his corps with ihe rank of lieutenant general, and was present at Gettys- burg, the Wilderness, and Spottsylva- nia court house. After the close of the war he engaged in agricultural pursuits in Tennessee. D. 1872. far] CYCLOP^CDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 103 F.WING, Thomas, an American law- yer and slatesinaii, b. in Virj^iiiia, 178i), was removed, when a child, to Ohio, wiiere he worked his way to an educa- tion, and was admitted to the bar in 181G. He was U. S. senator from his adopted state 18-J1-37, and on the elec- tion of President Harrison became a member of his cabinet as secretary of the treasmy. He retained this o'tHce under President Tvler till he resiijned with his colleagues, except Mr. Web- ster, on the veto of tlie bank bills. Under President Taylor he was secretary of the interior. When Mr. Corvvin was ap- pointed secretary of the treasury by i'resident Killmore, Mr. Ewinj;: tilled his vacancy in tlie U. S. senate, where he opposed the compromise measures of Mr. Clay. On retiring from the senate in 1851, he resumed the practice of the law in Ohio. D. 1871. F. FABER, Frkdehick William, b. 1815, educated at ( )xford, became rector of the established church, and iu 1847 was ordained liomaii Catholic priest, and joined Ur. Newman as a member of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri. His religious and poetical publications were very mmierous. I). 1803. — Geoi'.gk Stanlkv, an English theologian, b. 1773, was educated at Oxford, received various preferments in the church, and wrote many works which relate to the interpretation of prophecy. I). 1854. FAGNANI, JoSKi'H, b. in Naples, 1819, settled in the city of New York, and iiainted the portraits of very many distinguished persons in this countrv and in Europe. D. 1873. , FAILLON, Muma, Etiennk, b. 1799, a Sulpician of Paris, wrote biogra- phies of several ladies who founded re- ligious houses in Canada, and a history of the French in Canada, of which he completed three quarto volumes. D, 1870. FAIRBAIRN, Sir William, civil engineer, b. at Kelso, 178J, was one of the first to make attempts in iron ship- building, and to utilize iron for mills and houses. He aided Robert Stephen- son in the design ami construction of the iron tubular bridge over the Menai Strait. He was member of various scientific societies, and published sev- eral works on engineering subjects. D. 1874. FAIRHOLT, Fukderick William, draughtsman, anticjuary, and miscel- laneous writer, b. in London, 1814, was first employed in illustrating the publi- cations of Charles Knight, and for more than thirty years was engai,'ed in simi- lar labors for other publishers. He wrote a " History of Costume in Eng- land," 1840; edited several volumes of old English dramas and poems, contrib- uted to the "Art Journal," and from 1845 to 1852 was draughtsman to the liritish Arclneological Association. D. 1800. F.A.NE, JuLiAx, English poet and diplomatist, b. 1827, was attached when a boy to his father's mission at Berlin, and tilled several diplomatic posts. H^ pul)lished a volume of poems in 1852. D. 1870, in which year appeared a me- moir of his life by Robert Lytton, with additional poems. FAN I'f, Maxfredo, an Italian gen- eral, b. about 1808, received a military education, and in 1831 served against the Austrians, was taken prisoner, and on being leleased took service in the French, and afterwards in the Spanish army, distinguishing himself in the Car- li-t war. In 1848 he be'-ame major-gen- eral of the insurgent army in Lomljardy, and saved the life of the king, Charles Albert, when it was threatened by pop- ular violence. He served iu the Cri- mean war as brigadier-general, was a deputy afterwards to the Sardinian par- liament, and served with distinction in the war against Austiia in 1859, espe- cially contributing to the victory of Ma- genta, in Octoljer of that year be was made connnander of the united forces of Central Italy. In ISOU he held for a few months the post of minister of the marine and the army, but resigned it to take part in the expedition to the Ho- magna He took Perugia, and a few days later captured the papal army under General Lamoriciere at Castelli- dardo. D. at Florence, 18G5. FARADAY. Mkiiakl, an English chemist and electrician, b. 1794. His father was a smith, and he himself was apprenticed to a bookbinder. He was, however, already inspired with the love of natiH'al science. His leisure was spent in tiie conduct of such chemical 104 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [fab experiments as were within his means; and he ventured on the constniction of an electrifying machine. He was eager to quit trade, and a gentleman wiio lived in his master's neighboriiood ob- tained for him admission to tlie ciiemi- cal lectures of Sir Humphry Davy, at tlie Koyai Institution. This was in 1812. Faraday not only attended the lectures, but tool\ copious notes of them, which he carefully re-wrote and bold!}' sent to Sir Humphry, begging his as- sistance in his desire "to escape from trade and to enter into the service of science." Early in 1813 the oppiu'tun- ity came. The post of assistant in the laboratory in Albemarle Street became vacant, and Sir Humphry offered it to Faradav ; and thus commenced, in March, 181-3, the connection between Faraday and the Royal Institution, which terminated with his life. In 1821, while assisting Uavy in pursuing the investigation of the relations be- tween electricity and magnetism, first started by Oersted, he made the bril- liant discovery of the convertible rota- tion of a magnetic pole and an electric current, which was the prelude to his woriderful series of experimental re- searches in electricity. In 1827 he pub- lished his first work, a volume on "Chemical Manipulation;" and in 1829 he was appointed chemical lectiir<-r at the Royal military academy at Wool- wich. In 1831 his first papir appeared in the " Philosophical Trausactiotis," on the subject of electricity, and from that time for many years the •' Transac- tions " annually contained papers by Faraday, giving the method and results of his investigations. These papers, with some others on the same subject, were collected, at different intervals, in three volumes, under the title of " Ex- perimental Researches in Electricity." It is not too much to say that by the experiments thus described Faraday formed the science of electricity. While he was still pursuing this successful brilliant career of investigation, the chair of chemistry was founded at the Royal Institution in 1833, and Faraday was appointed the first professor. In 183.T he was reconnnended by Lord Melbourne for a pension of ^300 a year. From that time his career was one of increasing honor. In 18.58 Queen Vic- toria allotted to him a residence at Hampton Court, where he died, August 2.5, 18(57. FAKINI, Charles Louis, an Italian writer and politician, b. 1812, at Russi, studied medicine, and acquired reputa- tion by his memoirs in the medical and scientific journals. Im])licated in the political movements of 1841-43, he be- came suspected by the police, and was obliged to go abroad. Returning, when the amnesty of Pio IX. opened the way, he engaged in pobtics, became member of the constitutional chamber, and un- der secretary of the interior. Again exiled, he found a cordial welcome in Piedmont, where he edited " II Pie- moiite," and was appointed minister of public instruction. In the last cabinet of Cavour he was minister of com- merce. His principal literary work, "The Roman States, from 1815 to 1850." enjoyed the honor of a transla- tion by Mr. Gladstone, and was severely criticised in the "Quarterly Review" for January, 1852. He wrote also a continuation of Botta's "History of Italy," and " Letters on the Italian Question to Lord Russell and Mr. Glad- stone." D. 18!;(;. FARNHAM, Ei^iz.v Woodsox, a philanthropist and author, b. 1815, in Albany county, N. Y., devoted several years to visiting prisons and lecturing to women, and for four years was matron of the female department at Sing Sing. While there she published " Life in Prairie Land " and edited Sampson's "Criminal Jurisprudence." In 1859 she organized a society to aid destitute women in emigrating to the west. She ])ublishe(l "California In Doors and Out," "My Early Days," and " Woman and her Era." D. 18G4. — TiroMAs jKKFKUsifN, liusbaud of the preceding, b. 18!)4, travelled early in Oregon and California, and wrote sev- eral books of travels on the Pacific Coast. I). 1848. FARNSWOUTH, Elon J., briga- dier-genera! in the Uuiteil States vol- unteer service, b. in Livingston couiitv, Jlich., 18.35; killed at Gettvsburg, 1863. FARRAGUT, David Glascoe, a celebrated American admiral, b. in Tennessee, 1801, of Spanish descent, entered the U. S. navy at an early age, and though he distinguished himself as a mere boy on board the Esse.'c, the breaking out of the civil war found him a captain in the service waitiiig onlers. Jlr. Secretary Toucey had sent all the ships where they could not be reached, and Farragut was employed for a while as member of the naval retiring board. In January, 18(52, he was appointed com- mander of the expedition that was fitted fel] CYCLOl'.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 105 out for tlie capture of New Orleans. I'hst arraiigiuj^- for tlie blm-kade of tlie whole coast, lie sailed to the mouth of the ,AIi,ssis>i|i|i ; and after rnuuiM;;; the gauntlet of the foruiidable forts, Ijattir- ies, ffuii-hoats, lire-rafts, and iron -clad steaui-r.iuis that contested his passa^^o, moored his fleet on the eighth day, with the city under his gnus. He rau past the forts during the night under such a (ire as he thought the \\(U'ld had never before seen. From New Orleans he went up the river to Vicksbnrg, but failed in reducing the city from the lack of a land force. lie was now placed in command of the Gulf block- ading s(|uadron, and in .luly, 18;i2, was promoted to the rank of rear-admiral. In Maich, 18:(3, he coi perated with Gen- eral Grant, in another attack np(ni Vicksbnrg, but only the flagship Hart- ford, and the .Vlbatross that was lashed to il, succeeded in |ia, Thkophilk Chahlks, b. about 1845, by education a merchant's clerk, by nature an insurrectionist, agi- tator, and terrorist, distinguished him- self as one of the most savage of the Paris communists during the sieixe, by burnings and massacres, and was exe- cuteo a volume of the dispatches of Hernando Cortez, which be trans- lated into English, and a small volume on '''Ibe political < ondition of Mex- ico." In 18-14 he was elected a mem- ber of the senate of New York, and from 1850 to 1854 was U. S. chm-t/e d'afiines at the Hague. In 1858 iie published "Documents relating to the Earlv llistorv of Maine." D. in Rome, Italv, 1S()9. " F'ONBLANQUE, Albany, b. 1797, tlie son of an eminent equity lawver, was intended for the bar, but exhibit- ing great ability as a political writer he was induced to take charge of the " E.xaminer." His editorials for many years were distinguished for | oint, bril- liancy, and finish of stylo. The only work that bears his name is " I'jtgland under Seven Admini^trations," a selec- tiiui of his leading articles published during that ))eriod. His services were recognized by his appointment as sta- tistical secretary to the board of trade. D. 1872. — John S.\mui:l Maistin, brother of the preceding, b. 1787, edu- cated at the Charterhouse and at Caius college, Cambridge, obtained a com- mission in the 21st Fusiliers. With this regiment he served in America, was present at the taking of Washington, at the battle of Ualtimore, and ulti- mately at the fatal repulse beloie New Orleans, when he was made pri.soner. His last military service was with the army of occupation in France. He left Valenciennes in Nov. 1810, and was almost immediately afterwards called to the bar. In 182ij Mr. Fonblanque and others started " Tlie .lurist," a quarterly journal of jurisprudence and legi>lation, which advocated the amend- ment of the law. Having attracted the notice of Lord Brougham as a law re- former, he was appointed on£ of the original commissioners of the new court of bankruptcy. In 1823 appeared his "Treatise on Medical Jurisprudence." D. 1865. FONTAINE, PiKHinc pRANrois L^oNAitn, a French architect, b. 1762, studied in Rome, during the stormy days of the revolution sought refuge in England, and on his return to Paris WMS employed with his friend Charles Pereier to restore the palace of Mal- maison. Architect to Napoleon I., he held the same oiiice under Louis XVIII., Charles X., and Louis Philippe till 1848. Among his works are the arch of the Carrousel, the wing couiit-cting the Louvre and the Tiiileries, and the re- stored Palais Royal. He was joint author with Pereier of a " Heciieil de Pccorations Interienres,'' and other architectural works. D. 1853. FOOTE, Am)i;kw Hui.i.. Rear-ad- miral, b. in New Haven, 180!!, entered the U. S. navy as acting midshipman in 1822, and made bis first cruise in the squadron which in the following year operated against pirates in the West Indies. In 1838 he accomitanied Com- modore Read in his voyage of circum- 112 CYCLOP/EDIA OF CIOGUAPHY. [for navigation, as first lieutenant of the sloop John Atlains, and was eiiti;aj;ed in the attack upon the jjirates of Suma- tra. IVoni 184!) to 1852 he was at- tacliod to the African squadron, and as comniaiider of the briy^ Perry was vigi- lant ill his efforts to suppress the slave- trade. He was promoted to be a com- mander ill 1852, and in 1850 sailed in the sloop Portsmouth for the Cliiiia sta- tion. One of his boats having been tired upon liy the forts at Caiiton, he attaclved the largest, and having effected a breach in its walls, carried ilie work by assault. He then attacked and car- ried in succession three other fort<, all being granite structures, and mounting in the aggregate 176 guns. In LSfil he was commissioned a captain, and ap- pointed tlag-otficer of the flotilla fitting out against the conlederates in the "western waters In February, 1802, he attacked, with seven gunboats, Fort Henry, on the Tennessee river, and compelled an unconditional surrender. A few days afterwards he attacked Fort Donelson, but was obliged to haul off the fleet in consequence of injuries ex- perienced by the Louisville and the flagship .St. Louis. In this engMgemeiit F'oote was wounded in the ankle. He nevertheless operated at various points on the ^Mississippi, and in the siege of Island No. 10. His wound, still un- healed, necessitated temporary absence. On recovering his health he was placed in charge of the bureau of e(|uipmeiit and recruiting, under the new organ- ization of the na\y, with the rank of rear-admiral. 1). June 2(j, 18i53. FOKUFS, Ki)WAi;n, professor of natural history in the university of Kdinbiirgh, b. "in the Isle of .Man, 1815: d. 1854. I'lie British government, in 18-tl, appointed him naturali.-t to the Beacon DU its surveying expedition to the Mediterranean, and operaMmis con- ducted while thus engaged gave rise to his tlieories on the nature and distribu- tion of submarine life in reference to geological changes. He subsequently became professor of botany in King's college. London, then secretary and curator to the geological society, then paleontidogist to the government school of mines, tiiially succeeding Prof. Jame- son in the chair which he occupied at the period of his death. His lectures and works placed him in the front rank as one of the most pliiloso|iliic natural- ists of the time. — Jamis David, a Scottish naturalist, b. 1800, educated at luliuburgh, was called to the bar, but abandoned it for scienMfic pursuits. At the age of 2-t he became professor of natural philosophv in tlie imiversitv of iMlinburgh. His summers were devoted to travel and observation. In 1811 he was among the Aljis with Agassiz, and made a special study of glaciers, and claimed to have been tlie first to ex- plain their leading )ihenomena, — a claim that was disputed. He published several volumes of travel, and very numerous scientific papers. He suc- ceeded Sir D. Brewster as principal of the St. .\ndrews college. I). 1858. — Sir Jniix, a distinguished physician, one of the editors of the London '• Cyclo- p;eilia of Practical Medicine," and of the '"British and Foreij;n .Medical lie- view," b. 1787 ; d. 18(51. He intro- duced to English practitioners the dis- covery of auscultation, havinu: trans- lated Laennec's treatise in 1821, and three years afterwards piibli>lied a work fi'om his own pen on the subject. I'\)i;('.Vl)I"., Eu<.EM';, a French au- thor, b. in .Marseilles 1820, became the |)olitical editnrof the " IJeviie des Deux Moiules," and pul>lislKd "'Etudes His- toriques,'' and "' Hi>toi;e des Causes de la Gnerre d'Orient." 1). 183). EOUCE, I'KTKi!, b. 1790, in New Jer- sey, worked awhile as a printer in New York, and in 1820 commenced in Wash- ington the "National (Calendar," an aniuial vnlume of statistics that was published for sixteen years. Ht- edited, from 182;J to 1830, the "National Jour- nal," the ollicial paper during John Qniiicy Adams' administration. He published, niider a coiitr.ict with Con- gress, nine folio volumes of ".American Archives." He also edited four vol- umes of historical tracts, a d other works. The valuable American liljrary that he had collected in the course of his labors, he sold to congress for SlOO,- 000. He was four vears mavor of Wa>hin';ton. D. 18G8. FOUOHHA:MMEI;, Johaxx Geokg, cheniist and geologist, b. at Schleswig, 1704: d. at Cupenbagen, 1805. FOKD, KiciiAHi), author and con- noisseur, was 1). in London, ]7Ufi, grad- uated at O.xford, was called to the bar, and after ^everal years si)ent in foreign travel devoted himself to liteiature. He was a contributor to the '" Quarterly lieview." and was the author ,if a valu- able "Handbook of Spain." D. 1858. FOliEV, I'^i.iu Fi:ki>ei:ic, a I'rench general, b. 1804, was educ.ited in the military sclnxd of St. Cyr, took jiart in the first expedition to Algeria, where he for] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGUAPHY. 113 subserniently distinguished liimself, and in 18+4 was made colonel. A general in 1848, lie took an active part in tiie coup (Vitnt, and in ]8')2 was made a general of division and commander of the legion of liono!'. In the war with Kiissia, he for a time held command of the siege force at Sebastopol. In the Italian war he gained new distinc- tion, and was woimded at Solferino. He served under IJazaine in Mexico, hnt afterwards as minister plenipotentiary took charge of the civil and inilitarv administration there. He was .senator 185;i, and marshal in 1803. D. 1872. FOllItiC.sr, El) WIN', an eminent Anurican actor, b. in I'hiladelpliia, in 180f!, exhihiled an early taste for the stage, and made his tirst appearance on the ])uldic boards in the character of "Douglas" in 1820. From the start, he look a high rank in his profession, playing "Uichanl III." and '-Othello" in (Jincinnati in 1822, and '•Othello" at the Park theatre in New York with great snccess at the age of twenty. In 182^) he brought out at this theatre Stone's In- dian trairedv of "Meta\nora," and in 18 U Dr. IJird's tragedy of " Ihe Glad- iator." Both these plays were written to order, with the express purpose of exhibiting Forrest's peculiar physical and menial powers, and were played in every jiart of the Union with general a[)plause. In 1835 he made the tour of Europe, and in 183G appeared at Drury Lane in the character of S|>ariacns. He received much attention, and INIac- ready was especially inclined to do him honor. In 18 i7, he married Catharine N. Sinclair, daughter of the vocalist, and (ni his retin-n to the United States was welcomed by the fidlest and most enthusiastic audiences throughout the country. In 18-11 he appeared in Con- rad's tragedy of "Jack Cade," written with the same view as " IMetamora " and " S[)arlacus," and perhaps with greater effect. In 184.5 he made a second visit to Europe with his wife, when the quarrel with Macready origi- nated that led to the disgraceful riot at Ihe Opera House in Astor Place, New York, May 10, 1849. Soon after he separated from his wife, and the suits and counter-suits, with the passages at arms between their respective comtsel Van lUn'en and O'Conor, occupied the attention of the com-ts and the public at intervals for several years. l''orrcst's conduct at this period ami the revela- tions on the trials impaired to some con- siderable extent his popularity, aud 8 lost him the esteem of some of his best friends, Intt he continiuid to play to less enthusiastic houses till he retired from the stage in 1858. His restless passion for applause, or his eager passion forac- cumidation, or both combined, induced him to reappear in 18!!3 and also in ISjT, so that his final engagement was played only in 1871. It was interrupted by illness, and Forrest took to the desk as a reader of "Hamlet" and "Othello'' but three weeks before his death. Besides the characters we have mentioned, Forrest plaved Falconl)ridge, King i.ear, Claude Meluotte, and Kicli- elieii, with acknowledged ability, and imsurpassed popularity. He loiinded by his will and liberally endowed an in- stitution for aued and destitute actors. D. Dec. 12, 1872. Hi^ t^ne lil)i-ary, and his unrivalled collection of Sliakspear- ian literature, were almost entirely de- sti'oved bv fire in his Pliiladelpliia man- sion, Jan'. 15, 1873. His "Life," by Rev. "\V. R. Alger, in two volumes, was published in 1877. F'ORRES'r, FiiUNCir, a naval officer, b. 17'J(). in Maryland, midshipman 1811, distiiignished himself in the battle oil Lake Erie, and in the action between the Hornet and Peacock, in the war of 1812. In the Mexican war he was ad- jutant-general of the land and naval forces. In the civil war he joined the Confederates, and was placed at the head of the navy of Virginia, and was acting assistant-secretary of the Con- federate iiii\\- department. D. 18G6. FORRESTER, Aukuep Hknky, bet- ter known under his sobriquet of .\lfred Crowqnill, was b about the year 1805; on quitting school became a notary at the Royal Exchange, but retired in 1839 to devote himself exclusively to letters, the pencil, and the graver. He wrote and illustrated a large number of hu- morous Works, among which may be named the " Comic English Grammar," and the "Comic Arithmetic." D. 1872. FORSTER, Fi;.\.\ct)is. a distin- guished French engraver, b. in 1790 in Switzerland; at an early agt- entered the iMvile des Beaux-.Arts, in Paris, and studied painting and engraving, in the end deciding to follow the latter art. In 1815 he received the tirst Grand Prix de CJravure. He proceeded to Rome, and devoted his attention for the most part to the woi'ks of Raphael, his tran- scripts of which are masterpieces. D. 1872. —John, an English journalist and biographer, b. 1812, studied at the London university, and tirst made a 114 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [fou name as lifevary and dramatic editor of the '• Kxaiiiiiicr," to the sole charge of wliicli he succeeded on tlie retirement of Mr. J'"(iiililan(|ue. He ]iarliciilarly dis- ting;iii>-lied iiimself by iiis biograpiiical works, " Lives of the Statesmen of tlie English C'ommoMweaUii," "Life of Oli- ver Goldsmith," "Biographical and Historical Kssays," "Sir John Eliot," " Walter Savage Landor," and a " )>ife of Charles Dickens," in 3 vols , 8vo, 1871-74. He left an unfinished "Life of Swift," of which only the first vol- ume was pnblished. D. 187G. He mu- nilicenlly bequeathed to tlie department of science and art of the South Ken- sington mnsemn his valuable library, his extraoi'ilinary collection of manu- scripts and autographs, and upvvartls of fifty valuable oil paintings. Among the MSS. were those of all the novels of Dickens, with one exce)ition. FOKSTER, FiiiKiniicii, a German historian, b 17!i2, studied theology, Imt applied himself afterward to arcluBol- ogv, and the history of the military art. With his friend Ki rner he joined the corps of Lut/.ow, and wrote patri- otic songs. He became yirofessor of the school of artillery, and engineer at Ber- lin, but lost the appointment, in 1817, in consequence of being suspected of democratic sentiments. His works, mil- jtarv and biographical, were numerous. D. i8ii8. FOHTUNY, M.\r:TAxo, a Spanish painter, b. 1839, began his art educa- tion at the academy of Barcelona, but at the age of sixteen years went to Rome, wliere he studied the interesting types of lower Roman life in the streets, and in the Campagna. In 1850-GO he accompanied the S|ianish expedition lo Morocco, and made studies of the in- habitants and their picturesque cos- tume~. Before returning to Rome he tarried awhile at ^Ladrid, where he profited bv the instruction of Goyji; and at Paris, where he became a fi'iend and great admirer of Meissonier. He left Paris for the eternal city with im- portant orders from (Jonpil for paintings from his Spanish and ^lorocco studies, nine of which were in the Paris Exhibi- tion of 18!J9. Among these was a re- markable work, "A Marriage in the Vicaria, Madrid;" and equally cele- brated was his picture of the " Snake Charmers," now owned in the United States. The oil paintings he left were only between forty and fifty, but he produced a large number of water-color drawings, and his etchings aud pen-and- ink sketches were verj' numerous. The prices of his ))ictures are said to have exceeded those paid to anv other artist of his (lav. D. at Rome, 1874. FORWARD, WALriii!, secretary of the treasury of the United States under President 'lyler, and author of an able report which cont'ibuted to the enact- ment of the tariff of 1842, was b. in Connecticut, and removed in 1803 to Pittsburg, Penn., where he studied and practised law for twentv years, when he went into political life, and was sent to congress. He was appointed by President Tavlor minister to Denmark. D. 1852. FOSTER, John G., an American officer, b. 1824, in New Hampshire, was educated at West Point, entered the army, served in the Mexican war, and at the outbreak of the rebellion was statii)ed all the refoi-ms tiiat had been conceded. After the Italian war of 1859 the duchy was incorporated with the kin<;doni of Sardinia, and tlic dnke took np his residence in Vienna. He was immensely wealthy, and expended his wealth mnnificently in npholding the cause of legitimacy in Italy. France, and Spain. He was a bitter enemy of Louis Napoleon. D. November 21, 187.5. FRANKEL. Zacit.xkias, b. at Prague, 1801, studied philosophy and theology at the college of I'esth, and in 18-36 was called to Dresden to exercise there the functions of Grand Kabhi. In this position he made successful efforts for the recognition by the state c)f the civil rights of the .Jews. He wrote nu- merous books, and from 1851 published a monthly journal devoted to Hebrew science and history. I^. 1875. FRANKLIN, SrR .Toiix, b. in Lin- colnshire, luigland, 178f5, entered the British navy in 1800, and served in the action of Trafalgar. He served after- ward on various stations, the last of which was the coast of the United States during the war of 1812-15. He com- manded the boats of the ISedford in a fight with the American gunl)oats at New Orleans, one of which he boarded and captured. He was wounded in the action, and for his gallantry was made a lieutenant. His lirst voyage to the Arctic ocean was in 1818; his second extended from 1819 to 1822; the third from 182-3 to 1827. He then served his government in other capacities, the most notable of which was the governorship of Tasmania, wdiere he continued until 1843. On his return to England he was appointed to the command of another expedition to discover the northwest passage. It consisted of the ships Ere- bus and Terror, which sailed from the Thames in Ma v. 1845. The ships were seen by a whaler in the month of .July, but from that time nothing was heard of them. Numerous expeditions were sent out to discover the fate of Frank- lin, but without success. Mct'lintock's expedition, however, wdiich sailed from England in 1857, and returned in 1859, brought records which were found in a cairn on King "William's Land. From these it is known that the Erebus and Terror were ice-bound off Cape Felix in September, 1840; that they there passed the winter of 1840-47; tliat Sir .John Franklin died on the lltli of Jmie, 1847; and that the officers and crews abandoneil the ships in the following sjJiiMg. They started for the Great Fish river, and perished on their jour- ney. Sir John Franklin was twice nnirried : in 1823 to Eleanor Ann, daughter of William Poden, the archi- tect, to whom he was introduced by her poem of " The .\rctic I'.xpedition," pub- lished 1818. Lady .Jane, his second wife, distinguished herself by the per- severance with which she labored for the rescue of her husband, and the ilis- covery of his fate. In 18G0 p:irliament voted\£2, 003 for a statue to his honor, which was executed in bronze by No- ble, and stands in Waterloo Place, Lon- don. See the narratives of McClin- tock, Brown, Sir .lohn Richard-^on, and Captain Sherard Osb(M-n"s " The Career, Last Voyage, and Fate of Sir John Franklin." London, IS'JO. FRAZER, Chahlks. b. 1782, in Charleston, S. C, studied law, and practised it for eleven years success- fully, and then devoted himself to art, and distinguished himself as a minia- ture painter. His works are chiefly owned in his native state. He wrote "Reminiscences of Charleston," D. 1830 — Jajii-:s Baii.i.ik, traveller and novelist, was b. in lnverness--hire in 1783. In 1823 he published "A Tour through the Snowy Range of the llim- alava ^fountains;" and, in 182f>, "Tiavels and Adventures in the Per- sian Provinces." In 1828 he described the life and manners of the Persians in a fictitious narrative, "The Kuzzilhash, a Tale of Khorassan." In 1838 ap- peared his work, "A Winter .Journey from Constantinople to Teheran, with Travels through various Parts of Per- sia." D. 185(1. FREDERICK VHL, king of Den- mark, the son of Christian VIII. and the Princess Charlotte F'rederike of Mecklenburii-Schweriu, b. in Copen- hairen in 1808. ascended the throne in 1848, and d. at his palace in South .Jut- land, i-t public institution of the kind in this country. In consequence of im- paired health, he resigned his place as principal of the asylum in the year 1830. He employed himself subsequently in the prep:iratio]i of various educational works. Ill June, 1838, he became chap- lain of the Uetreat for tlie Insane, at Hartford ; and so continued till his last illness. I). 18.J1. GAXNpyrr, Ezha Sth.es, an Amer- ican clergyman, b. 1801, graduated at Harvard college, studied at its divinity school, was ordained as the colleague of Dr. Channing in the Kediral Street Unitarian church, in 182+, and re- mained in pastoral charge of that con- gregation till his death by a railroad accident in 1871. He published several sermons, and was at one time an editor of the " Ciiristian Kxaniiiier." GARDINEK, Wii.i.tAM, an English writer on music and the tine arts. LJ. 17G4; d. 18.34. He was a friend of the poet Moore, and bis literary laboi-s began with the publication of the " Sa- cred Melodies," in 1812. He wrote "Lives of Haydn and Mozart," "Music and Friends," and "Sights in Italv." GAEESCHE, Julius P., colonel United States service, and chief of Major-general Kosecraiis's staff, b. in Ciiiia, of American |)aieiifs, 1821; killed while on diitv, Dec. 31, 18.;2. GXKNEVU, FitA.Nrois X.wiki'., b. 180.) in t^ucbcc, wrote a " History of Canada" in three vols., and a volume of "Travels in France and England." D. ISdfi. GAUXETT, KouKUT Ski-dkn, b. in Essex county, Va , 1822, was gradu- ated at West Point, served honorably in the war with Mexico, being breveted ca[)tain at Monterey, and major at Hiiena Vista, In 18oG-r)7-.58 he served on the Pacific coast, and in operations against the Indians in Washington ter- ritory. Oil the outbreak of the civil war he joined the confederates, and was appointed adjutant-general of the army of V'irginia, and coinmander of their forces ill the western part of that state. His troops were defeated at Rich Moun- tain, and whilst attempting to escape he was killed at Carrick's Ford, Jiilv 14, 1861. — RiciiAiii) K., b. in Vir- ginia, mill from 1841 to 1801 an officer ill the U. S. army. He resigned at the commencement of the civil war, and joined the confederates with the rank of colonel. He was afterward made brigadier-general, and was killed at (ieltvsbiirg, 1863. GARNIEK, ADoi.rriE, b. in Paris, 1801, assisted in translating the works of Thomas Reid, became professor of philosophy at the Sorbonne, and pub- lished several treatises on .social morals, and a " (.'ompaiiit American alcade there, and the first mayor. In July, 1856,- he was appointed ijovernor of Kansas, and re- sii^ned the following JIarch. In 18!)l he raised the 23th regiment of Pennsyl- vania V(diniteers, and served through the war with great distinction, being severely wniindt'd at Bolivar Heights and at Cedar INIonntain. He acted a conspicuous part at Chancellorsville and at Gettysburg, at Lookout ISIonntain, where he lost his son, and at Mission Kidge. In Sherman's campaigns, his command was the first to enter Savan- nah, of which city he was made mili- tary governor. He was governor of his native state, 1837-1873. D. Februarv 8, 187:3. GLKFS, GuirxAUME, a Belgian sculptor, b. in Antwerp, 18lK5, was the son of a baker, and began tlie practice of his art in forming a mould for statu- ettes of gingerbread. His talents became known, the government gave him a pension of 400 francs, and he went to I'aris and entered the studio ofUamey. He afterwards established him~elf at Brussels and executed in the Place of Martyrs the miMnnnent to the victims of the revolution of 18:!0. He also exe- ciiteil the monument to Kid)ens at Ant- werp, that to Malibran in the cemetery of Laeken, and numerous statues in marble, among others one of Leoiiold I. He also excelled in the scidptnre of wood. I). 18(10. (JI-^IGI'Ii, .ViiKAHAM, a German rabbi and reformer, b. 1810, at Frankfort-on- the-Main, comple'ed his edncaliou at Heidelberg and Bonn. While at the latter university he obtained the prize for an essav on the Hebrew somves of the Koran, published with the title, '•What is it that Mahomet has bor- rowed fnnu the Jewish religion?" His efforts to reform the r- ligious usages of Judaism drew upon him the severe ani- madversions of the party attached to the ancient cu-tom>;. 1). 187i. GKlSIN'GKi:, Davii>, U. S. naval odicer, b. 1790, saw much active service in the war of 1812. and was in the Wasp during her brilliant cruise on the English coast in 1814. Being sent iiome ill the prize brig .\talauta, he escaped the fate of his comrades, for the Wasp was never heard of afterwards. U. i8;;o. GRNELLT, BoNAVENTiiitF:, a Ger- man designer of Italian origin, b. 180-3, studied art in the schools of Berlin, and afterwards profited by the influence of Cornelius at Rome. At Leipsie he dec- orated the " Maison Homaiue'' wit4i episodes from the mythology of Bac- chus, and at Munich executed designs that gave him a European reputatiou. D. at 'Weimar. 183S. G E ORG l'> S, Marouerite Justf- riiixE, iif'e Wkymeu, 1787, a French actress, of majestic beauty, and a spe- cial representative of the queens of the French stage — Merope, (jlyteinnestre, Agrippina, etc. She was not esteemerl an actress of creative power. In 1812 she played at Dresden before the sov- ereigns who united to pay homage to Napoleon before his fatal expedition to Russia. She was a favorite of this em- peror, and also of .\le.xander I. In the latter jiart of her life she played at the Forte St. Martin, where her belle tenue always won the rapturous applause of the parterre. D. 18!)7. GER.\R1), Jut.Ks, a French officer, the hero of the well-known work " Le Tueur de Lions," was drowned in the river Jong, in Africa, Dec. 1864. He was b. at Pignans in 1817, anatises on ancient works of art. D. 1887. GKRST.XCKRR, Fkikdricu, a Ger- man traveller and novelist, made nu- merous journeys in the coin'se of an adveiilurous life over most of the conn- tries of the globe, and wrote numerous volumes of narrative and fiction illus- trative of the scenes through which he had passed. He lived six years in the United States. 15. in Hamburgh, 181G; d. Iti Vienna, 1872. GEKVINUS, G7';oRGE GoxTFniEn, a German historian and politician, abandoned commercial pursuits for the studv of the languages and history. In 18'3f! he became professor at (Jottiu- pen. From t.his post he was discharged for signing, with Dahlmann, the broth- ers Grimm, and the other principal pro- fessors, a protest against the abolition of the constitution of Hanover. He ■was an industrious writer in the jour- nals on the politics of his time, and was a member of the Germanic diet and afterward of the parliament at Frank- fort. His great works are the "His- tory of German Poetry," in five vols., and tlie "History of the Nineteenth rVuturv," in eight vols. B. 1805; d. 1871. GKSNF.R, Dit. Abrahaji, an Amer- ican geologist, b. in Coruwallis, Nova Scotia, 1797, was employed bv tlie legislatures of the British Provinces to report on their geological resources. His chief work is "On the Mineralogy and Geology of Nova Scotia.'' He was also a chemist, and ])atentcd a process for extracting kerosene oil from a spe- cies of bituminous asphaltum. D. 1804. GFRORKR, Al'gu.st FniKnnicH, a German historian, b. 1803, published a "Universal Church History," in 4 vols., in writing which he became converted to Roman Catholicism. He wrote, also, " Pope Gregory VH. and liis Times," 7 vols., and a " History of the Eighteenth Century." D. 1861. GHJBS, Gkohgk, an American au- thor, b. 1817. published in 184G "Me- moirs of the Administrations of Wash- ington and John Adams, edited from the papers of Oliver Wolcott." D. 1873. — JosiAii AVii.r,ABD, LL.D., pro- fessor of sacred literature in the Yale theological seminary, and distinguished as a ])liilologist, b. in Salem, Mass., 1790; (1. 18 ;i. Besides contributi:ig to scientific and critical periodicals, he translated Storr's "Historical Sense of the New Testament," and Gesenius's "Hebrew Lexicon of the Old Testa- ment," and published "Philolo'^ical Studies," " Latin Analyst," and other works. GIBBES, Robert Wit.sox, scientist, b. in Charleston, S. C, 1839, studied medicine, and settled in Colmnbia, where for many years he devoted him- self to literarj' pursuits, coniributing largely to the scieulitic journals. He was author of a " Documentary Hi-toiy of the Uniteil States," in three volumes. For some years he edited llie " Colum- bia South Carolinian." D. 18G3. GIBSON, John, an English sculptor, b. 1791, was apprenticed to a. marble cutter in Liverpool, where he attracted the notice of Roscoe, the hisloi-ian, through whose influence the funds were raised to send him to Rome, where he studied five years with Canova, and afterwards with Thorwakl-en. At Rome he continued to reside all hia life, with occasional visits to England. His ideal figures and groups were more highly regarded than his statues fiom real life. In his later years Blr. Gibson tinted his works, a notable instance of which was his Venus, at the London Exhibition of lSVr2. D. IS'ifi. — John B., son of colonel George Gibson, a dis- tinguished officer of the revolutionary war, who fell in a conflict with the In- dians in 1791. B. in Carlisle, Pa., 1780, he was admitted to the bar in 1803; was sent twice to the state legis- lature; in 1312 was appointed judge of the eleventh district; and in 1810 was elevated to the supreme bench. He became chief justice in 1327, and held the office until 1851, when the elective principle was applied to the jud ciarv. He was tiien elected to the supreme bench i)y the Democratic party for nine years, but d. 1853. GIDDINGS, Joshua Reicd, b. in Bradford count}', Pciin., 1795; d. in Montreal, 1834. His parents were among the first settlers in the Western Reserve, Ohio, and his education was very limited. He served for a short time as a soldier in the war of 1812, and in 1817 commenced the study of the law. He was admitted to the bar in 1820, and eight years aftenvard was elected to congress. From the outset he made himself conspicuous by a con- GIL] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGKAPIIY. 123 stant and unyieldinp; opposition to slav- ery, iieglectiny whom he was immediately' re- elected. In party polities he acted wilh the Whigs until 1848, when he refused to support General Taylor, and acted wilh the I-'ree-soil party, wilh whom he remained allied, lie retired from con- gress in 185!), having served twenty-one years. President Lincoln appointed him consul-genera! to Canada, and he occn pied that position at the period of his death, which occurred suddenly while playing at billiards. In 18-13 he pub- lished a series of political essa\s, and in 1858, " The E.Kiles of Florida." GILI5ART, James William, an emi- nent authority on banking, b. in Lon- don in 17U4, was for several years clerk in London and provincial banks. Ab ut 1828 he became manager of a branch of the Provincial bank of Ireland, from which position he withdrew to assume (he management of the London and Westminster Bank, a joint-stock institu- tion, which, under his direction, rose to great prosperity and influence. He pub- lished "A Practical Treatise on Hank- ing," "The History and Principles of Banking," "Banking and the Curren- cy," "The Logic of Hanking," an^s , 17!Jl ; d. 1858. He contrihiiteii hir^i-ly to periodicals on a wide rani^e of subject-, some of which were repiihlislied inider the title, ''Con- tril)Miioiis to American I iteratiire." GIL.MKU, (Jeohgk U., lawyer and politician, was b. in Georj^ia, 17'JO, served in the s!ate legislature and was governor 1829-31, an(i apiin in 1837-31), when the Cherokees were removed from the stale. He was at three different times elected to congress. He wrote in 1855a book entitled "Georgians." 1). 185!). — .loii.N A., ]K)litician, b. 1805, in North Carolina, was admitted to the bar, served ten years in the state senate, mid W!is elected to the 35th congress. In 185G he wa.s defeated as llie Whig- candidate for governor. Heelected to the 3Cth congress he withdrew when his ptate was forced into secessinu, and took no part in affairs, till in 18lU he was sent to the Confederate congress. D. 18'J8. GILPIX, HKNnv D., author and ju- rist, in 18-K) attorney-gener:il of the United States, was b. in rhi!ade!])hia, in 1801. He compiled " Opinions of the Attorneys-G'neral," edited the "Madi- son I'apeiv," anil piibli>iied avohinie of reports, besides engaging in other liter- arv labors, as essavist, biographer, and translator. I). 1830. GIOBKRTI, ViNCKNZO, an Italian patriot, statesman, and writer, was b. at Turin in 1801. In 1825 he wasordaini d priest, and soon afterwards was ap- pointed court chapl.nn at Turin. l?au- ished in 1833, witiiout ;iny formal jiro- cess, on accoiMit of his liberal tendencies, tiie remaining nineteen or twenty years of Ills life were s])eiit chiefly in exile. He resided more than ten years in Ihiis- sels, where he wrote Irs *' Theory of the Supernatural," 1837 ; " Introduc- tion to the Study of Philo.-ophy," 1840, three volumes; " I'liilosophical Errors of Antonio Iiosmini," 1812; the treatise on "The Beautifid and the Good," — and in 1813 "The (^'ivil aiid Moral Su- premacy of the Italians." In 1848 Giobei'ti was recalled to his native coun- try amid pfipnlar acclamation. On the proclamation of the Saidinian constitu- tion he was elected deputy for Turin, took an active part in all the great po- litical questions then agitating Europe, and finally became prime minister of Sardinia. In 184!) he returned into voluntary exile, and spent his last years in Paris in writing his " Rinnovaniento Civile," — the final manifesto (jf the great statesman and iihiiosopher. D. is52. (ilRARDlN, St. Maiic, a French journalist and politician, was a ))oliti- cal contributor to the "Journal dcs De- bats," from 1827 to 185!), and afterward of the ".Journal de Paris." He jnib- lished "Notices of his travels iti North- ern and Southern Gerniany." He suc- ceeded Guizot as professor of history in the Faculty of Fetters, and was the last mini-ter of public instruction under Louis Philippe. In 1871 he was sent to the national assembly from the depart- ment of llaute-Vienne. V>. 1801: d. 1873. — jMad.vjik dk, formerly Mdlle. Helphine Ciay, celfhrated among the literati of France for her poems and other popular works. B. 1804: d. 1855. >he was the wife of Enn'Ie de Girardin, ami fre{|uenilv wiote for the " Presse." GIUDICI, Paolo Emii.iam, an Ital- ian historian, b. in Sicily, 1812, was Sometime professor of a'sthetics at I-lor- ence, and was a deputy in the Italian parliament, 18'i7. He is the author of a " History if Italian Literature," 2 volumes ; " History of the Italian Com- mune," 3 volumes; and a " Hist(u-y of the Italian Stage." Hj also translated into Italian l.m-d Macaulav's " History of England " D. 1872. GLADDEN, Adi.ky H., a confeder- ate brigadier-general, b. in South Caro- lina, was morlallv wounded at the bat- tle of Shiloh, A'prd G, 1802, and died soon afterward. He served with dis- tinction as m.ijorof tlie Palmetto regi- ment of South Carolina volunteers in the Mexican war. GLIIiD()N, GKonnr. R., b. in Eng- land, 180!), succeeded his father as U. S. consul in Egypt, and ex)>lored its arclueologieal remains with a diligence that enabled him to make valuable con- tributions to learning, both by lectures and writings. .An essay on the produc- tinn of cotton in the \ailev of the Nile, directed attention to the fitness of tliat region for it.s cultivation. The most notable of his works, however, was one entitled "Types of Jlankind," pre- pared in conjiniction with Dr. .T. {]. Nott, of j\[obile. D. at Panama, 18.57. GOICOURIA, Gknkkal Dominoo DK, tevolulionist, b. in Cuba, 17!)'.', early formed measures for freeing the island from the Spanish yoke, was cOmi)elled to fly and took up his residence in Mis- sissippi. For nearly forty years he la- goo] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 125 bored in the cause, cocperating with Lopez and Qiiitniaii in their projects of invasion, but without going in person to Cuba. Wlien tlie late revoluiion broke out, lie took an active |)art in organizing expeditions from this coun- try, but being induced to \ isit tiie camp of the insurgents was taken ])iisoner and garroted at Principe Fort, Havana, Mav 7, 1870. GOLDSBOROUGH, Lewis M., rear- admiral of the U. S. Navy, b. 1805, lieulenant 1825, served in tlie Seminole and jMexican wars, in 18GI took com- mand of tlie North Atlantic blockading squadron, and coipeiated with ]}inn- side in the capture of Koanoke Lland, for which he received the thanks of congress. He dispersed and destroyed the Confederate tieet in the North Caro- lina waters. Rear-admiral, 18U2. D. 1877. GOLDSCHMIDT, Hei-.man.n, artist and astronomer, b. at Frankfort-ou- tlie-Main, 18U2, studied painting under Cornelius at Munich. Settling at Paris, he contributed to the salons pictures that were much commended. But he won most distimtioii as an observing astronomer of the lifst order. With a small spy-glass, from his garret studio in the latin quarter, he discovered on November 15, 1852, the planet baptized by Arago with the name of Liitetia, and with indefatigable patience contin- ued his labors till he had added fourteen to the known asteroids between Mars and Jupiter. He pointed out more than 10,000 stars not found on the celestial map of the academy of Berlin. D. 186(1. GOLDSTiJCKER, Tiikodoi!, a Ger- man philologist, b. 1822, studied in Bonn and Paris, and in 1841) became professor of Sanskrit in London uni- versity. He contributed to the period icals, and left an unpublished Sanskrit- Kuirlish dictionary and grammar. D. 1872. GOMir, Sin Wii-i,iAM Maynaiso, a distinguisiied British general, b. 178-f, entered the army May 24, 1794, as en- sign, and was sent to Holland with the commission of lieutenant, 1798. F"roin that time for more than half a centurv he was almost always in active employ- ment, distinguished himself by his skill and intrepidity in many severe battles and assaults, and became general in 1854. He was at one time civil gov- ernor and commander in the Mauritius, commander-in-chief in Lidia, and was created field marshal, 18G8, and con- stable of the tower, 1872. D. March 15, 1875. GtJODALL, Edward, an eminent English engraver, b. 1795; d. 18G8; b<'st known by his illustrations, after Tinner, of Kogers' "Italy," ami three siqierb larger line engravings of Tur- ner's ''Cologne," " Caligula's Bridge," and "Tivoli," early impressions of which bring very large prices. (jIOODF., Wii.i.iAM, an English the- ologian, b. 18U1, graduated at Cam- bridge, ordained 1825, was distinguished by his labors in sustaining wiiat are known as evangelical principles in the Church of F^ngland. He was some years editor of the "Christian Ob- server," wrote a memoir of his father, Kev. \V. Goode, and many tracts and pamphlets in the Tractarian contro- versy. Among his larger works is one on "The Nature of (Uirist's Presence in the Eucharist " He was made dean of Ripon ill 18:;0. D. 18j8. GOODRICH, CiiAUNCKY Ai.LKN, ed- itor of "Select British EkKiueiice," and compiler of Greek and Latin educa- tional work.-., b. in New Haven. Conn., 1790. He was a professor in Yale col- lege during the greater part of his life, and a lexicojirapher of recognized abil- ity. In 18-47 his revised edition of " Webster's Dictionary" appeared, and in 1859 he published a supplement, en- riched wiih a copious collection of syn- oiivuis. D. 1809. — Samuki. Ghiswold, b. Ml Ri.lgvlield, Conn., 1793. In 1824 he e>talili>lied himself in business in Hartford, Conn., but soon removed to Boston. From 1828 to 1842 he edited "The Token." From 1827 to 18.57 he published (ales under the name of "Peter Parley." He was the author of many volumes and historical and geographical school-books. In 1838 he published a voliune of poems, and another in 1851. In 1857 he publkshed his "Recollections of a Lifetime, or Men and I hings that I have seen." in which he says of himself, "I stand be- fore the public as the autlior and editor of about 170 volumes, of wiiich 116 bear the name of ' Peter Pailey.' Of these about 7,000,000 of volumes have. been sold, and now (1857) about 300,000 are sold annually." He was at one time a member of the senate of Massa- chusetts, and was consul at Paris during Mr. Fillmore's administration. D. 1864. — Rkv. Chai;lks A., a Congregational minister, author of a " Bible History of Prayer," "Great F>;ents of American History," "Universal Traveller," and 126 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [gou Other works !">■ 1790; d. ]8G2. He was a bnitiier of S. G. Goodricli, and \yas associated Avitii liim in tlie preparation of part of the " Peter Parley " series. GOODYKAK, Ghaim ks, tlie inventor of the art of vulcanizini; iiidia-ruhber, b. in New Haven, Gonn., 1800 ; d. 1800. GORDON, SiK Jamks Alkxandkh, a British admiral, b. 178-2, entered the navv at an carlv aae, was in the battles of St. Vincent" and the Nile, lost iiis \eff in action, 1811, and commanded the expedition to the Potomac which cap- tured Alexandria, and was enyai;ed in the attack upon New Orleans. He was made j;civernor of Greenwich hospital, 1853. D. 1809. — SiH John Watson, 1). at Edinburch, 1790, was a fellow- student of W'illue, and attained a hij;li excellence in realistic piitrnit )iaintin,ii. Many of the most distin.uuished Scotch- men of his time sat to him. 1) ISlU. GOPK, Mks. Gatitkuink Fhaxoe.s, a writer of liction, b. in London, 1800; d. ]8f)l. She succeeded in dt]iict- iufi scenes from daily life, as in her " \Vomen as 'lliev are," " ^loihers and l)aui;hters," and! many similar works. In '•Hungarian Tales" she portrayed the habits and customs of Hungary. As gentle satires, her " Cecil," "The Woman of the "World," and "I lie Sketch-Book of Fashion," may be named. lu 1823 she was nntrried to an officer of the life guards, and became a widow ill 1840. GORrcll.\KOFF, Prince Micii.xEi., a Kussiiin general, b. in 1795, came into notice as an ofHcer of artillery in the war tietween Russia and Turkey in 1828-2D. In the subsequent cnniiiaign against Poland he commanded the ar- tillery, and had seventy guns nnder his orders in the battle of Ostrolenka. In 184fi he was named militaiy governor of Warsaw, and in 1852 he visited Lon- don ti> represent the Russian army at the funeral of the Duke of Wellington. In the following year lie was a]iiioiiited to command the armv for the vas entrusted afterwards with del- icate negotiations with Prussia, and in 18G9 became minister of war in the Lanza cabinet. D. 1873. GOZL.W, Lkon, a French novelist and dramatist, b. at Marseille-;, ISOG, went to I'aris in 1828 with a volume of verses to sell. While waiting for a publisher, he became a clerk in a book- store, and a ch siatesnian, with g eat ad- ministrative talents, b. 171)2 He en- tered jiublic life an iilti-a-liberal, and soon made himself fell liy his powers of sarcasm, and his industry as a pamphleteer. In 1834 he left" the re- form jiart}', and joined the Tories in the battle respecting the established church in Irehuul; in more recent years jidlier- ing to Sir Robert Peel's free-trade measure, but retiring from ottiee on the defeat of the Irish coercion bill. His official career was disgraced by an abuse of power as postmaster-general. The tragic fate of the brothers Bandiera induced Mazziiii to suspL-ct that his letters had been opened in the London post-office, and their secrets betrayed. By adroit stratagem, suspicion was con- verted into conviction ; and the fidiiim of espionage was lixed upon .Sir James Graham. D. 18.il. — Thumas, a Scot- tish chemist, b. 1805, was a successful lecturer in Glasgow, and from 1837 to 1855 in the L(mdon university. In llie latter year he became masier of the mint and held the office for bis life. His numerous valuable discoveries are recorded in his "Elements of Chem- istry," which has been republi>hed, witli the notes and additions of Dr. Bridges, in the United States, and translated into German. D. 1801). GKAN'GEll, FitANCis, a distin- guished politician, b. in Suflield, Conn., 1787, soil of Gideon Granger, sometime postmaster-general of the U. S., opened a law office at Caiiaiubiigua, N. Y., in 1814, and soon made himself known in local politics as a partisan of De Witt Clinton. He took part wi;h ^Veed, Seward, Fillmore, and otiier rising pulilic men in ilie auti-ma<).\, an .Ameiicaii general, b. in New York, 182.5, graduated at West I'oint, captain in the regular army 1801, served at Chickamauga as major- general of volunteers in ISeptemljer, 186-3. lie commanded the land forces at the capture of Fort Morgan, 18(i4. D. at Santa Fe, 1S7G. GRANT, CiiAisLKS, Lord Glenelg. a British statesman, b. in Bengal, 1778, studied at .Magilalene college, was called to the liar, 1^07, and the same year en- tered parliament, .\fier tilling various offices he became secretary of state for the colonies under Lord Melbourne, 1834-;ii). D. at Cannes, 18!JG. — Siu Jamics Hon:, a British general, b. 1808, entered the army, distinguished himself in India, and was entrusted with the chief counnand of the Briiish force sent from India to China in 18 10, with the rank of lieutenant-general. He con- ducted the war in alliance with the French, and brought it to a close by the march on I'ekin, the burning of the siunmer jialace of the empei-or, and a formal treaty of peace. His services were recognized bv the nxnk of G. C. B., and the thanks of both houses of parliament. 1). 1875. GRANVILLK, Augustu.s Bozzi, b. at Milan, 1783, studied medicine after various travels ami adventures, settled in Lomlon as a practising physician. l'"or thirty years he passed the sunnner months at Kissingeii, and wrote wcn-ks on the spas of Germany, and the spas and watering iilaces of England. He wrote ;in autobiographv, that was pub- lished by his daughter.' D. 187-2. GHATKY, .\iGUsrE ,Ji)si;imi .\i.- riioNsi:, a French priest, founder of the "Orat(n-y of the Immaculate Concep- tion," aiid the vehement opponent of Renan and his school, interested himself specially in the education of the Parisian youth, and wrote several moral and theological works. B. 18:)5; d. 1872. GKATI.VN, Thomas Coi.i.i^y, a popular novelist, was b. in Dublin, 17U6. He was the author of "High- ways and By-ways," " The Heiress of Bruges," and other tales and romances. In 183!) he was appointed British con- sul ;it Boston, where he remained until 1853. A pamphlet from his pen in support of the British pretensions on the northeastern boundary question at- tracted attention. D. 18(34. GR.WF.S, RoiiKkT, an English en- graver, was b. 17U8. His latest works were some very pleasing interpretations of (Jaiusboroiigh and Reynolds, and Friths portrait cif Dickens." D. 1872. GR.A.Y, Fkancis Cali.ky, an early and frequent contributor to the ''North American Review," and author of a pamphlet entitled "Prison Discipline in America," being a strong argument and appeal against the system of soli- tary imprisonment. B. in Salem, Mass., 1790, he was the son of a well-known merchant, William Gray ; and having inherited am]ile wealth, he devoted his aequii'enieuts and leisure to various lit- erary and scientific societies. He rep- resented Boston in the state legislature, was six years state senator, and, in 183,'), a memlier of the executive coun- cil. D. 185G. — Davii>, a Scottish poet, son of a weaver, bred for the min- istry, went to London with a sovereign in ills pocket, and some MS. poems which found no publisher. After Ids di'ath, " The Lug^ie and Other Poems " was published, with a memoir by his friend Hedderwick and a notice by R. M. Millies, M. P. In 18!)5, a nKmu- ment was erected over his grave by public sub-{i;y, an Engl sh surgeon, the associate of Sir Astley Cooper in the lectureship on anatomy and physiology at St. Thomas's Hospi- tal, published lectures entitled, respec- tively, " Vital Dynamics " anil " .Men- tal Dynamics." He was the literary executor of Coleridge, and retiring from practice in 183G, he devoted the res due of his life to studies of the widest and most diversified character, bearing up- on his great work entitled "Spiritual I'hiiofophy; foinided on the Teaching of the late .Samuel Taylor (.'oleridge." This work he completed, but it wa^ not published till after his death; when it was edited with a memoir bv his friend Mr. Simon. B. 17'.Jl; d. 1883. GREEN HOW, Robkut, scholar and writer, b. in Richmond, Va., 1800, stud- ied medicine, travelled in l-.ui'ope, re- ceived an appointment as translator in U. S. state department in 18J8, pre- 130 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGUAPnY. [grb pared bv order of congress a report on tlie disioverv of tlie northwest coast of Americ.i, and wrote a " History of Ore- gon ami C.ilifoniia," and a "History of Tripoli."' I). 1854. His widow, Rosa 0. H. Greeidiow, was a rebel sjiy dur- ing tlie civil war, and lost her life in laiuliiig from a blockade runner, Sep- tenilier -2), 18 i4. GUIll-NK, Albert Gonnox, lawyer and man of letters, b. in I'roviileiice. U. 1. ]8j2, gr;id.iated at ISrown University, where at the age of sixteen he wrote the well-known ballad of "Old Grimes." He was the author of several poems of great merit, and jiresident if the K. I. Historical Society from 1854. His pri- vate llbrar\- mimLered over 20,000 vol- umes D/lSGS. GKKKNI.HAF, Simon, LL. D., was b. in Newbiiryport, Mass., 1783. Ad- mitted to the "bar in 18J(j, he practised at (irav for twelve years, removing in 1818 to Portland. On the separation of Maine from ^lassachiisetts, and the es- tablishment of the supreme court, he was appointed its reporter until 1832. In 1833 he was appointed Koyall pro- fessor of law in the Dane law school, which office he held until 1846, when he was transferred to the Dane profes- sorship, then vacant by the death of Judge Story. In 1848 he resigned, be- fore removing to Cauibridge, 51r. Greenleaf wa< an author of law books. Besides his Reports, nine vcdiimes in number, he published, in 1821, a volume of Ovirruled Cases; in 1842. the tirr-t volinne of his work on " Evidence;" in 1840, the second vohnne; and in 18-53, the third and concluding volume. In 1840 he published an annotated edi- tion of Cruise's " Digest of Real Law." He also published "An Examinati(m of the 'I'estimouy of the Four Evangelists by the Rules of Evidence administered ill the Courts of Justice, with an Ac- count of the I'rial of Jesus;" and other works. D. 1855. GREEXOE'GH, Ge<>i:gkBella.=5, the first president of the Geological Society of Loiulon, b 1777; d. 1854. The in- heritor of an ample fortune, he ein- ployed his time, money, and talents to promote the study of geology and phys- ical geography. —HiJKATiu, an .Amer- ican ^cll^ptor. b. in Boston in 1805, grad- uated at Harvard college in 1825. and soon after left for Italy. He rapidly rose to eminence by the excellence of his portrait busts, his group of sleeping cherubs, executed for Cooper the novel- ist iu 182J, his '"Medora," the angel "Abdiel,"and other ideal works. In 1833 he commenced his colossal " Wash- ington," which occupied him for ten years. He returned home iu 1851, and d. at Bost.ui in 1853. GliEGG, Jonx. confederate br'gadier- general, b. iu Alabama, 1828: killed in battle in Virginia, October, 1834. GRECiOKY, Fn.\NCi.s H., rear-admi- ral U. S. navy, b. at Norwalk. Conn., 178.1. became "midshipman in 1830. first distinguished himself off the Balize in pm-suit of slavers, pirates, and priva- teers. Captured on Lake Erie in the war of 1812, he was eighteen mouths a prisoner in England- He commanded ihe Raritan in the Jlexican war, and af- terwards the African squadron. Diir- iny; the civil war he superintended the building of monitors. D. ISGU. — Wil- i.iAii, Di!., an accomplished chemist, the author of several treatises, and pro- fessor of chemistrv in the nniversitv of Edinbm-gh. B. about 1803; d. 1858. He translated Von Reichenback's "Re- searches on Magnetism," and edited several of Liebig's works. GRELLET, Stephen, b. in France, 1773, was at 17 one of the body-guard of Louis XVF., on whose execution he fled to -America. In 1795 he joined the Society of Friends in Philadelphia, and became a missionary. In this vocation he travelled at intervals over the United States and Canada, and a great part of Em-ope. D. 1855. His " Memoirs," by Benjamin Seebohm, were published in two \ols., 18G0. GUESWELL, EinvAnn, b. at Man- chester, 1797, graduated at Oxford, and becanie fellow and vice-president of Corpus Christi college. Here he elab- orated numerous learned theological and chronological works, all of which were printed at the University Press. In 1802 he puMished "The Three Wit- nesses and the Threefold Cord,' being the testimony of the primitive civil cal- endar and of ante-diluviau and post- diluvian tradition to the rpiestions of fact in sacred or profane antiquity. He published Greek trauslations of the "Coinus" and "Samson Agonistes" of Milton. D. 18G3. GRETCH, NiiCDLAi, a Russian teach- er, journalist, and privy councillor, b. 1787, wrote a "History of Rus-ian Lit- erature" and a grammar. D. 1807. GREVILLE, Roi.EKT Kaye, a Scot- tish botanist, b. 1794, was author of "Flora Edinensis" and "Algw Brit- anniciB," and was a popular lecturer oa natural history. D. 1806. GRi] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGIJAPHY. 131 GRIKR, RoRERT CoorER, an Amer- ican jurist, Ij. in Pennsylvania, 1794, was educated to the bar, practised liis profession witli distinction, and in 1840 was appointed associate justice of the supreme court of the United States. This position he filled with ability and intefjrity for twenty-lhiee years. Orij;- inaily a Federalist in his political views, with niany of the stronj^est men of his party he became a Democrat in Jack- .'on's time and remained so to the out- break of the civil war, when he pave a firm and loval adherence to the Union party. I). 1870. GKFFriX, Charles, an American ofTior, b. in Ohio, 1826, graduated at West I'liint, was sent as second lieu- tenant of artillery to Mexico, and served several years in New Jlexico, in the Navajo campaigns. When the civil war broke out lie «as at \\'est Point, and was ordered to bring his battery to Washington. With this battery he fought at the first Bull Run, and in June, 18G2, was connnissioned brig- adier general, and took an honorable part in the Peninsula campaign. At the battle of Five Forks he so distinguished himself that he was assigned to the command of the 5th army corps, and in this capacity was directed by Grant, after the surrender at Apponiatox Court House, to receive the arms and colors of the Northern army of Virginia. He was br?vetted brigadier and major gen- eral in the regular army in 13U5. D. at Galveston, 1867. — George, an em- inent member of the New York bar, and author of two theological works. "The Sufferings of our Saviour" and "The I'.vidences of Christianity. " B. 1778; d. 18;iO. GltlLLPAKZER, FitAxz, a German dramatic aiitlnn-, wrote lyrics, comedies, tragedies, and dramatic poems, which were collected in ten volmnes. B. in Vienna, 1791; d. there. 1872. GKIMKE, Frederick, author of " Considei'ations upon the Nature and Tendency of Free Institutions," b. at Charleston, S. C, 1791 ; d. in Chilli- cothe, Ohio, 1863. He filled positions upon the Ohio bench; first as presiding judge of a circuit court of common pleas; afterwards as judge of the su- preme court. — Sarah Mhoke, sister of the preceding, b. in Charleston, S. C, 1792, emancipated the slaves she had inherited, joined the Friends, delivered anti-slavery lectures, and wrote a vol- ume on the "Equality of the Sexes." D. in Massachusetts, 1873. GRIMir, Jacob Ludavic,, liistoriog- rapher and philologist, the elder of the " IJrothcrs Grimm," whose names are associated with the popular literature of Germany, was b. at Hanau, 178'). After studying for fome time for the legal profession, he turned his attention to literary pursuits, and eventnally became librarian at Wilhelmshohe in Westpha- lia. His next appointment was at Cas- sel, whence he went to Gi ttiuiren, where he became first librarian and was elected one of the professors of the university. On account of his protest against the abrogation of the fundamental law in Hanover, upon the accession of the late king, he was deprived of his office and banished from the kingdom. He re- turned to Cassel, and in 1841 went to Berlin, where he became active as a member of the Academy of Sciences, and in connection with the iniiversity. Among the principal works of this great scholar are the "German Grammar," "German Jlythology," and "History of the German Tongue." The great "German Dictionary," the joint pro- duction of the two brothers, was left unHnished. but is in course of com- pletion. D. in September, 1363. — WiLiiEt.M Kar(., brother of the pre- ceding, b. 1786, studied at Marburg, was employed with Jacob at Casst-l and at G( ttingen, and accompanied him to Berlin. Besides the works published jointly with his brother, he edited sev- eral collections of German mediaeval poetry, a work on German Runic in- scriptions, and other works. D. 1859. LuDwiG Ejiil, a brother of the pre- ceding, professor of painting in the academy at Cassel, and an engraver of great m'erit, b. 1790; d. 188i. GKISCOM, Joiix, an American in- structor, began to teach at the age of 17, aiul devoted his life to the cause of education. He projected the New York high school, and reorganized the school system of his native state. B. in New Jersey, 1774; d. 1852. —John Hos- Kixs, his son, studied medicine, and was professor of chemistry in the New York college of pharmacy, lSo6-40, and phy- sician to the New York hospital, 1843- 67. He wrote several treatises on iiy- giene and ventilation. His last work was on the evils resulting from the use of tobacco. B. in New York, 1803 ; d. 1874. GRISI, Gil'LiA, a celebrated Italian singer and actress, was the daughter of an officer of engineers under Napoleon, and b. at Milan on the day of the fete 132 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [cno of St. Giiilia, 1812. She wa'; a iiioce of the faiiimis .losfphine Grassiiii, and sister of Giiiditta Grisi. for whom Bel- lini coiiipo-eil the part of liomeo in his opera <)f the "CapiiKts and Monta- gues." She appeared at 17 at IJologna as Emma in IJossini's "Zelmua," and the gi-eat master, struck with her voice, beaut V, and stage talent, at once pre- dicted for her a futaro brilimte. Italy did not keep iier long. She es- caped from a six years' engagement with a Florentine manager, and made her (Ivbiit before the Parisi.ins in the Italian opera then under tiie superin- tendence of Rossini in his " Semira- mis." From this time for a quarter of a century she achieved marvclkms his- trionic tViuuipiis in Paris, London, and the United States in tlie characters of Ninetta, Anna I'olena, Desdemona, Elvira, Elena, Amina, Semiramide, Norma, Donna Anna, and Lucrezia Borgia, being equally admirable in Ivric tragedy, comedy, and melodramn. She held her own against Sontag and Persiani; she dividetl the honors with Malibran as Amina; she fairly contested London with Jenny Lind when the Swedish s(Migster was a novelty; and though in Norma and Anna Bolena she was said to have presented but a reflex of Pasta, it was universally ad- milted that she was Pasta's only suc- cessor. Siie was somewhat eccentric in her private adventures, and had the habit of appearing and re-appearing for the last time too frequently; but though she sometimes broke wiih man- agers, she never disappointed the pub- lic. She was divorced from her tirst husband, M. de Melc\', and afterwards married Signor Mario, of wdiom site made a better actor than herself. D. at Berlin, 18:i9. GPtlSWOLD, RuFUS Wii-mot, an American author and editor, was orig- inally a printer, but became a preacher in the Baptist church. Literafiu-e, how- ever, attracted him from ihe pulpit, and he was associated with the editorship of literary periodicals in Boston, New- York, and Philadelphia. He edited sev- eral separate works, the principal of which are, "Poets and Poetry of .-\iner- ica," " Prose Writers of America," "Female Poets of America." "Sacred Poets of England and America," and "The Poets and Poetry of England in the Nineieenth Century." lie also pub- lisiied " Curiosities of American Liter- ature," as an appendix to Disraeli's work, and "The Republican Court, or American Society in the Days of Wash- ington." B. in' Vermont, 1815; d. in New York, 1857. GUONUW, Rees HowEi.r,, a British officer, b. HlJl, educated at Eton, en- tered the army, served in the Peninsula and at \Vaterlon, and for a siioit time was M. P. lor Stafford. He wrote sev- eral amusing volumes of "Reminis- cences." D. at Paris, 1805. GROTE, Gkokgk, the Eugl'sh his- torian of Greece, b. 1794, in Kent, was descended from a German family estab- lished in London early in the last cen- tury. Educated at llie Charterhouse fcliool, he entered at an early age the banking house of his father as a clerk. In 18;i2 he entered parliament as a member for the ciiy of London, and retired in 1811. The feature of his public career was an unsuccessful but persevering advocacy of the ballot, on which he made an annual motion. The first two volumes of his " History of Greece" appeared in 1830; the Iwellth and last volume, lermiuating with the death of Alexander, in 18-10. _ 'I'his work, which coml)ine(l the erudition of a German professor with the ))ractical knowledge of n man of the world and a working statesman, is recognized as one of the grandest historical works of the niueteeuih century. It has been trans- lated into the Freiich and German. In 1805 he published his " Plato and the other Companions of Socratesf." He was one of ihe earliest contributors to the " Westminster Review," and in his latter davs wrote frequently for the " (Jnarterly." D. 1871. His minor works, with au introduction by X. Bain, were published in 187-3 ; and in the same year a sketch of his personal life bv his widow, the biographer of Ary Scheffer. — John, younger brother of the preceding, b. "1813, took his de- gree of M. A., in Trinity college, Cam- bridge, in 1838, and was somi after elected fellow of his college, and held the fellowship for life, lie was called to the chair of moral philosophy hx Cambridge in 18.55. Under the title of " Exploratio Philosophica " he pub- lished in 1835 a masterly review^ of modern philosophical theories. D. 1806. GROTEFENl), Dk. Gi;<)i:c;k I-kki)- EHICK, distinguished as an antiquary and a scholar, Avas a native of Hanover, and d. there in 18.53. He was the author of many profound treatises on various branches of philology ; but his chief title to fame rests on \\\< being the first to decipher the Persepolitan cu- GUI] CYCLOT/KDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 133 neiform inscriptions, wliicli Iiave proved so fertile in tlieir results in liie iiaiiils of Botta, Iliiicks, I.ayanl, Kawliiisoii, and Otiier eminent scholars. GlIUNl), FnANCis J. a \vcll-lncvclop;pdia of Architec- ture." B. 1784; d. 1863. GWIN, Wii.i.tAM, commander U. S. navy, b. in C(dumbus, Ind.. 1831, en- tered the service, as a midshipman, in 1847. In 1861, he was on duty as lieu- tenant in the IMediterranean squadron, but was ordered home, and assigned to the Camltridge on blockading duty on the Atlantic coast. In January, 1832, he was placed in command of the gun- boat Tyler, of the Western Hotilhi, and took part in the battles of Fort Henrv, Fort Douelson, and Shiloh. In July, 1802, lie was made a lieutenant-com- mander. He added to his already bril- liant reputation iu the expedition up the Yazoo river, to meet the confeder- ate ram Arkansas; and was mortally wounded in the attack of the Benton upon Haines's Bluff, January 3, 1803. H. HACKETT, HonATio Bai.ch, a dis- tinguished American Biblical scholar, b. 1808, studied theolog}' at Andover, and afterwards at Halle and Berlin. He was professor of Biblical literature in Newton Theological Institution, Mass., from 1831) to 1839, when he became professor of New Testament Greek in the Rochester Theological Seminary. His contributions to the literature of the Scriptures as author, editor, and translator, were various and numerous. 186 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGUAPIIY, [lIAL Anridiis Iiis labors, in conjunction witli Dr. Ezra Abbot, be L'ditcd llie cnlar^'ed and corrected American edition of "Sinitli's Dictionary of tbe Bible." He made three tours in Palestine, and resided several months in Athens, in order to study modern Greek. D. 1875. : — James IIknhy, an American actor, b. in New York, ISOO, was broiif;lit up to commercial pursuits, hut failed in business, and went upon the staj;e. He ran a successful career as actor and manaj^er, making? many professional visits to Englantl, and piayini; star en- gajicments at intervals througiiout tiie United Stales. His ran;;e of ciiaracters was limited, but he exhibited in all of (hem great artistic skill, and played them to ireneral acceptation. His most successful roles perhaps were Hip ^'an Winkle and Ealstaff, and in his youn;;er days Sylvester Dafjfjjterwood was one of his favoi'ite parts. 1). 1871. HACKLKMAN, I'lkasant A., law- yer and editor, b. in Indiana, 1817; in 180 1 entered the U. S. service as colonel of the loth Indiana volunteers, and served until the e.Kpiration of their twelve months' term. He was then ap- pointed a brij^adier-general of volun- teers, and assigned to the command of General Grant in the sou hwest. Killed at the battle of Corin:h, Oct 4, 18!j2. IIAULKY, .Iamks. an American phi- •lologist, b. 1821, distinguished himself by his general scholastic ability, and his familiarity with ancient and modern languages. He was from 1851 profe-sor of Greek in Yale college; a member, and two years president of the Ameri- can Oriental Society. His treatises on philological topics were numerous, and his "Lectures on Roman Law," and "Essays," edited by Professor Whit- ney, were published after his death. D. 18'72. HAGENBACH, KAi?r. PtLDor.rir, a Swiss theologian and historian, b. 1831, wrote and published voluminousl}' on ■ecclesiastical history. D. 1874. HAIIN, August, a German orien- talist and theologian, b. 17!)2, was some time professor at Leipsic, and in 1844 became the ecclesiastical superintendent of Silesia, where, as a Protestant, he exercised a great intiuence over the clergy of that province. He wrote against the rationalists. Among his published works is one " on llie present state of Christianity and the relations between Theology and Science." D. 1863. HALDANE, James Alexander, b. at Dundee, Scotland, 17G8, was a cap- tain in the ]''ast India Com[)any's ser- vice, when he experienced a religious change, and retiring with a moderate fortune, became a zealous evangelical la- borer, making successive tours tlirough- oiit Scotland, opening Siinday-sciiools, and with the aid of Ills brother Mobert erecting places of worship. I'^veiitually he became pastor in the tahHrnacle, I'^dinburgli : and in that capacity con- tinued without emolument for 50 years. D. 1851.— His elder brother, Robert, after ))ursuing a similar career of Chris- tian usefulness, d. in 1842 in his 71)th year. The hrotlieis were authors of several theological works. A memoir of their lives was published in 1852. HALE, Bi;N.jA>n>-, an .\nierican edu- cator, b. in Newbury, JIass , 17!)7, stud- ied theology, but became tutor in Boiv- doin, professor in Partmouth, and in ]8i(j jiresident of Hohart college, Ge- neva, and so continued tuenty years. He published "Scriptural Illustrations of the Liturgy," 1835. 1). 18(53.— John Pakkek, an American senator, b. ]83(!, educated to the bar, and was appointed by President Jackson U. S. attorney for the district of New Hamp- shire, and held the olKce till 1841. Two years afterwards he was elected to con- gress. He opposed the anne.xation of Texas, and was defeated as a candidate of the "independent Democrats" for reijlection. In 184f; he was speaker of tAie legislature of New Hamp>hiie. He was elected U. S. senator for six years from 1847, and soon made himself known for a consistent hostility to slav- ery. He received ui»WHrds of 150,000 votes as the liberty candidate for the presidency in 1852. In 18)5 he was sent again to the U. S. senate from New Hampshire to till the unexpired term of Jlr. Atherton, deceased, and was reelected in 1858. His support of a doubtful claim by a post-otiice con- tractor, that passed congress, and was vetoed by President Buclianan, led to some mifrieiidly newspaper strictures that were the subject of a libel suit brought by Hale against the proprietors of the "Boston Courier." It was set- tled without a trial. To President Lin- coln's administration he gave a uni- form suppnrt, and in March, 1805, he was appoinicd minister to .Spain. In conseciuence of a quarrel with his sec- retary of legation, Mr. Perry, growing out of a charge of an evasion of the revenue laws of Spain, both were re- called by President Grant. D. 1873. — HAL] CYCI.OP.EDIA OF lilOGUAriiy. 137 Natuan, an American jnnrnalift, b. at Wcstli;mi|itiiii, Mass., 1781, was ai>i-;n, b. at Windsor, Nova Scotia, 17'Jli, and bred to the bar became chief justice of the supreme court. His ear- liest literary work — " i'lie Lnciibra- tions of Sam Slick, the Clockuniker," attracted much attention. In 1842, he crossed the Atlantic, and published "The Attache; or, Sam Slick in Kni;- land." Ill ISJJ, he was elected M. 1'. for Lanncestoii, on c(uiser\ative princi- ples. Besides the works already men- tioned, he wrote — '' Historical and Statisiical .\ccouut of Nova Scotia;" " Letters to Lord Durham ; " " IJubbles of Canada;" "The Letter-Haj,' of the Great Western ; " " liiile and Misrule of the Fnglish in America," and others. D. ISO"). II ALL, CiiAiir.ES F., an American arc- tic explorer, b. 1821, was blacksmith and journalist, before he volunteered to "in search of the bones of Franklin," and started from New London on the exjiedition in May, ISO!). Two years afterwards he returned to the United States and published his " Arctic Re- searches and Life among the Esqiii- niau.K." Fr, an American jurist, b. at Westfmtl, Mass., 1781), graduated at Harvard college, 17!K), removed to Del- aware, in ]8()i, was elected a member of congress in 181G and 1818, and in ]8i2;3 was ap|)oiiited by President Mon- roe judge of the U. S. district court of Delaware, and discharged the duties of this oHice forty-eight years. He re- signed in 1871, and d. 1875. HALLAM, IlKN'itv, an English his- torian, b. at Windsor, 1777. His lather was dean of Hristol. I'".diicated at Eton and 0.xf(n-d, he pursued the study of the law. but never engaged to an}' e.xtent in its practice. He was the per- sonal and political friend of the distin- guished liberal statesmen of his time, and was among the earlv contributors to the •'EdinbnVgh Review." In 1818, he published the " View of the State of Europe during the Middle .^ges," 2 vols. 4to; in 1827, " The Constitutional His- torv of England from the Accession of Henry VIL to the Death of George II." 138 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [HAL 2 vols. 4to; in 1837-39, the "Introduc- tion to the Liienitiiie of Europe in the Fifteeiitli, Sixteenth, and Seventeentli Centuries," appeared in 4 vols. 8vo. D. at IVnsiiurst, Kent, 1859. He wrote, in 1834, a memoir of iiis son, Arliiur Hen- ry, wiiicli was pretixed to a coileetioii t)f tiie poems and essays of tiie latter, printed for private circulation. Tiie son was betrothed to the sister of Tenny- 8on, and was the subject of his " In Me- rnoriaui." HALLECK, Fnz Greene, an Amer- ican i)()et, b. 17U0, d. Nov. 7, 18ii7, at Guilford, Conn. He was in Iiis youth a clerk of Jacob Barker, the well known financier, and afterwards for many j-ears confidential clerk of John Jacob Astor, who designated him as one of tiie trustees of tlie Astor Library. Tlie sparkling Croaker poems, ])ublislied at intervals in the " New York Evening Post" in 1819-21), written by Halleck in conjunction with his friend John Rodman Drake, excited great attention at the time of tlieir appearance, and have been frequently re|)rinted in a col- lected form; notably in the exquisite volume published by the Bradford Club with portraits of the poets. In 182n. he gave to the world "Eanny," liis longest though not his best poeiii ; a pleasant satire on fashionable life, full of hits, and allusions well under- stood at the time and too good- natured to give offence. "Alnwick Castle," "Marco Bozzaris," '"Burns," "The Field of the Grounded Anns," "Magdalen." and a score of miuor poems followed, sustaining the popu- larity and adding to the fame acquired by his earlier productions. Mr. Halleck was at all times very much courted and flattered socially, and was a most charm- ing conversalionist and dinner-table companion. His "Poems" complete have been edited with notes by J. G. Wil- son, who has also published Iiis "Life and Letters." — He.niiy Wageh, an American general, b. 1814, educated at West I'oiiit, entered the engineer corps, and was employed 1841 to J844, on the fortifications in New York harbor. In the Mexican war he served on the Pa- cific coast, and after the peace filled several civil offices in California, and for several years was at the head of a prominent law firm in San Francisco. In 1861, he was appointed major gen- eral in the U. S. army, and in Novem- ber of that year took command of the department of iMissouri, and of the de- partment of the Mississippi in the March following. He comninnded at the siege and capture of Corinth. In Jidy he was appointed general-in-chief, and so continued till March, 1804, when lie was superseded by General Grant, and appointed chief of staff, U. S. army. In April, 18G5, he took command of tiie military division of the James, and in August following was transferred to that of the Pacific, and in March, 18GD, to that of file south with his headquar- ters at Louisville, Kv., where he d. 1872. He published ""Elements of Mil- itary Art and Science," and a transla- tion of Jomini's "Life of Napoleon" and several other works on military and scientific subjects. HALLE TT, Bkxjamin F., b. at Barn- stable, Mass., 1798, graduated at Brown university in 18l(), and was admitted to the practice of the law. His energies and talents were, however, directed to politics, and for many years he was one of the most prominent and influen- tial partisans in the state, — first as a member of the anti-masonic party, af- terwards of the Democratic party. He was the author of the Cincinnati dem- ocratic platform of 185IJ. D. 1802. HALLOCK, Gekai!1), an American editor, b. in Connecticut, 180t), gradu- ated at Amherst, and began his career as a journalist b}' establishing a weekly paper in Boston. In 1828 he associated liini-elf witii David Hale in publishing the " New York Journal of Commerce," which, under their management, was distinguished for its enterprise and suc- cess in ob:ainiiig the earliest commer- cial news. In his political views, Mr. Hallock leaned to the Democratic party, but his journal was independent and conservative. He was very pronounced in his opinions on the rights of the south on the slavery question, regarding the constitution with Garrison and Pliillips as a pro-slavery instrument, but advo- cating always its strict maintenance. D. 1800. HALPINE, Charles G., b. in Ire- land, 1829, educated at Trinity college, Dublin, came to this country in 1852, and was a journalist in New York and Boston, till he enlisted in the volunteers in April, 1801, and rose to be brigadier- general. He published " Poems by the letter H," war songs "by Miles O'Reilly," and a volume of humorous writings under the same name, and another volume of poems, in 1804. Soon afterward he became proprietor of the "Citizen" newspaper in New York, and d. 1868. ham] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 139 HAMEf/, Dr. Joseph, a learned Riis- fiiaii, b. 1788; d. in London, 1802. He wrote a history of the stcain-eni^ine and of tlic electric teles;raph, and was a member of tiie Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. HAMKLIN, I'Kuni.NAND Alpiionsk, French admiral, senator, and minister of the marine, b. 17i)G; d. 18(ji. H.A.MlLTOiSr, Anuuew Jack-son, an American politician, b. in Alabama, 18U5, studied law and commenced prac- tice, but in 18-l:j emigrated to Texas and eventuallx' settled in the city of Austin. After serving in local otKces he was elected in ISoO to the house of repre- sentatives of the U. S. During the civil war he was a Union man. In 1802. he was appointed military governor of Texas, and provisional governor in 1805. D. 187.5. — Jajiks, b. in South Caro- lina, 1792, served with honor in the war of 1812 ; practised law in Charleston: sat in the state legislature; and from 1822 to 182:j was a representative in congress, where he was the champion of free trade and southern rigiits. On the passage of the tariff bill of 1828, he urged upon his state an armed le- sistance thereto. In 1823 he was elected governor, and recommended to the leg- islature the passing of the nullification act. His successor, Governor Hayne, appointed him commander-in-chief of the troops raised for the defence of the state. He afterwards took an active in- terest in the affairs of Texas, was her representative to England and France, and her advocate when the question of admission into the Union came up for action. He lost his life by a collision between the steamboats Galveston and Opelousas, off Texas, Oct. 15, 1857. — Siii William, Bart., b. at Glasgow, 178S, was called to the Scottisli bar in 18i:i. In 1821 he was appointed pro- fessor of history in the univei'sity of luliuburgii, and in 18J0, professor of logic and metaphysics. In 1852 he published a volume of essay< under the title of "Discussions in Fhiiosophy, Literature, Education, and University Reform." He edited an edition of Du- gald Stewart's works, in nine volumes, 1854-50. D. 1850. —William I'.icn- AKi), diplomatist and arcliiBologist, b. in London, 1777, was a secretary of the English embassy at Constantinople, as- si>ted in tlie removal of the Elgin mar- bles, and procured the famous Rosetta stone for the British Museum. On his return to England he [)iiblislied ''^gyp- tiaca," an account of ancient and mod- ern Egypt. D. 185!). — Sir William KoWAN, a celebrated Irish mathemati- cian, b. in Dublin. 1805; d. 1805. He was educated at Trinity college, where he graduated with high niathematical honors. At the early age of twenty- two he was appointed Andrews' profes- sor of astronomy and superintendent of the observatory near Dublin; and soon after Astronomer Royal of Ireland. His chief works are his "Lectures" and his "Elements of Quaternions." He was the author of many important treatises published in the "Transac- tions " of scientific and philosophical societies. HAMMER-PURGSTALL, Joseph, Baron von, b. at (iriitz, in Styri.i, 1774; d. 1850. His life was devoted to ori- ental literature, and besides contribut- ing papers, phihdogical and historical, to many literary joui-nals, he publishecl numerous independent works, of whicli his "History of the Assassins" and " History of the Ottoman Empire," may be considered the chief. HAMMOND, JA15K7, D., author and poliiician, b. in New Bedford, Mass., 1778, d. in Cherry Valley, N. Y., 1855. He served in congress, 1815-1817; and in the state senate of New York until 1821. He was the author of the "Life and Times of Silas Wright," the "Political Hir-tory of New York," 2 volumes, Svo, and other works. — James Hamili\(X, b. in South Carolina, 1807, adopted the profession of law, edited the " Southern Times." and from 1835 to 18-j7wasa representative in congress. In 1842 he was elected governor of South Carolina, and on the expiration of bis term of oHice retired to his plan- tation on the Savannah river, where for several years he . 17!) I, at llor' iiciwes, eiicoiiraired l).v his vaiiciiis piihlicariiiiis the study of the ancient Hi)iu'niian lan;:;iia,i;e and litera- ture. Ilis nlle;;ed disc overv of the MS. of the " 1\< niiiinhi f " (Court of the Queen), coiitaininu' old I'olieinian |)oenis of great Ixaiity, i> ranked hy some with the discoveries of ('hatterluii and Ire- land. The poems have heen translated into most of the European languages. D. ]8;!1. HAXN'AY, .Tamks, journ.-ilist .nnd novelist, b. 1827, in Scotlaiul, edited for a few \ ears the " Kdinl)iirgh (Joiirant," and wrote a nunii)i'r of novels, among ■which may he specially noted "Single- ton I'ontenoy." He was IJridsh consul from 18j8, at l)arceli>na, where he d. 1873. HAXSEN, PioricK ANninc.v.s, a Ger- man astronomer, director of the See- bnrg observatory near Gotha, wr.'te many important treatises in mathe- matics and astronomy. B. in Schles- wig, 17U5 ; d. in Gotlia, l!S74. H.VN.S TEKN, Ciii;isTniiii:i!, a Nor- wegian astronomer, b. at Christiania, 1784, abandoned law for mathematics, and distingni-hed himself i)y his re- searches in terrestrial magnetism. In pursuing his investigations he travelled extensively, and wrote an account of Ilis travels in Siberia which was trans- lated into the French l.inguage. He superintended the construction of the observatorv at Christiania and became its director in 18:5:}. D. 18::j. H.-VUlJAUtjllf. HivNiiY, an American theologian, b. 1817, in Pennsylvania, studied and preached there, and became professor in the theological seminary ".f Alercersburg, and an e.xpouuder of the tenets of the JIercersl)urg school. He edited the •* (juardian " and " Unview," and piil)lislied many volumes of a re- ligious character which were very jioji- ular, among them "The Heavenly Hmne" and " Christological Theol- ogy." He also published poems in the Pennsylvania German dialect. D. 1807. HAKDEE, Wii,i,i.\M .1., an American peiu'ral, b. in Georgia, 1818, graduated at West Point, and was breve'.ted lieut.- ci'louel in the war with Mexico. In 18">1, ho entered the confederate service, took part in several important battles, and commanded at Savannah and at Cbarlestfui when they were occupied hy the Union forces, afterward surrender- ing with the remainder of .Tobn^ton's army. He assisted I.ieut. IJeuet in com- piliiig a work on "Tactics.'" I). 187-3. H.VKDII'"., ,Iami:s .\., an American soldier, graduated at West Point, 184-3, served in the Mexican war, ami was brcveitcd brigadier and m.ajor general in 1805, for his ser\ ices in the civil war. He d. at AVa-liingtou inspector general U. S. A., 1870. H.VPDIXG, CnKSTKi!, an American jiortrait painter, b. 1792, passed his youth in variou's humble vocations, and was working- as a chair painter when accident bd him to attempt a (lortrait of bis wife. Ilis success in this crude attempt induced him to venture on the art as a means of livelihood, and he lived to achieve gre.-it success in it. For many years he made his headi|uarter3 in liosion, where his portraits were al- ways looked for with interest in the an- niuil exhibitions of ilie .Athemcuni Gal- lery. He made several vi-its to I'Jig- laud, where bis social finalities and his fondness for Held sports made him pop- ular, and advanced his artistic intere.'^ts. There he painted portraits of Rogers the ]ioct, Uicardo the econonnsi, and Alison the hi-t(ii-ian, besides those of several of the niiliilitv. In this country. Clay, \\eb>ter, Calhoun, Aladison, Marshall, Wirt, and numv other eminent men in all profes.sions sat to him. D. 1850. — GK'iiuiii PkiM'KCT, an I'nglish artist, was engaged most of his life in copying in water-cidors ancient portraits that he found in the mansions of the nobility, the public galleries, and the halls of the universities. Many of these por- traits were engraved, and among oth- ers for the works of Lodge, and of Jesse. D. 185-3. — Jami;s l)i;i'i-ii:i,n, a distiniruisbed landscape painter, b. in Kent, 171)8; first worked in water-col- (U's, afterwards in oil, but produced re- markable effects with a piece of chalk or charcoal, am! was an able draughts- man upon stone. He was the author of several works upon art, chiefly elemen- tary, with numerous illustrations, such as " Lessons on Trees," " Lessons on .\rt," " Principlesand Practice of Art," and several others, which are highly es- teemed. I). 1803. HAKDIXOE. Sii! Hkxisy, a British general, b. 1785, entered the army at an early age, and served with gi'e YoltKK. luirl of, a lirilish admiral, b. 1800, educated at the lioyal naval col- lege, saw nuicli active service in the navy, sat in the house of commons from IS^il till he succeeded his nnclc as fotnth earl, in 18-J4. He .attained the rank of admiral, was iiostnia.ster- general dining Lord Dcrbj-'s first ad- ministration, and lord privy seal in his second. I). 1873. HAliE, Julius CiiAiii.FS. archdeacon, b. 1795, educated at Cainbrid'je, was appointed rector of Hiirstinonceanx, 1832 ; archdeacon of Lewes, 1840 ; chaplain to the qneen, 185o; d Jan. 23, 1855. Jlr. Hare, who was regarded as the leader of the " broad " section of the Anglican Chnrch, wrote a great number of pieces on the controversies ot his day. He also published '• Guess- es at Truth," conjointly with his broth- er ; a translation, undertaken with Thirlwall, liiiig house of Har- )ier Rrothcrs. He was elected mayor of New York, in 1844, and declined to run as a candidate for the office of governor when a nomination was tendered to him. — Joiix, b. 1797, went to New York in I81G. to learn the art of print- ing, and in 1817 with his brother James formed a partnership under the iirm of J. & J. Har]ier as printers and pub- lishers. ^Vllell the house in lf^2!J took the style of Harper Brothers, he was made financial manager. I). 1875. — JosKi-ii Wkslky, b. 1801; d. 1870, a junior partner, had charge for many years of the literary department of the firm. — Ei.KTCiiKi!, the youngest of the brothers, b. January 31, 180(1, was for many years the most important member of the firm, being possessed of an nn- cominon creative power, and devoting himself to that department which coii- tein|)lated the extension of the business. He was the founder and for many years the managing editor of "Harper's 142 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPny. [har Maf^azino,'' iintH "Harper's Weekly" assumed ;i p ilitical diameter when he made it his exehisive charfje, and so conducted it tliat its influence in i)iiblic affairs was such as no other weekly journal has ever attained in this coun- try, lie was a man of siiifcular fjeuile- ness and tact in his personal intercourse, combined with yrcat firmness and en- Cfj:v. 1). i\[av,']877. harking; IIahko Paul, a German htteraleur, b. at llensdorf 1798, studied paintin;;-, travelled in the old world and the new, served in Greece in 1828 and in Poland in the cause of liberty, was expelled at different times from Bava- ria, Saxony, and Norway, as a political agitator and conspirator, and wrote many plavs, novels, and miscellaneous works. His best novel is " Dolores," written in ICnglish, and published in New York in 1844. His " Memoirs of Poland under Russian Uominaiion " was traMsl;ited into French. U. by his own hand in .Jersev, 1870. HARRIS, John, D. D., principal of New college, London, and author of "Mammon,"' "The Great Teacher," and other relii^ious works. B. 1802; d. 185(5. — TuADDKi's William, an Amer- ican entomolof^ist, b. 17S}5, was libra- rian of Harvard college from 1831 to his death, in 1850. His " Systeuiatic Cata- logue of the Insects of ^lassachusetts " includes 2,350 species. His "Treatise oil some of the Insects of New England whic'h are injurious to Vegetation" is recognized as a permanent contribution to science. He was, moreover, an anti- quarian, thouiTh known only by the fruits of occasional investif;ations. D. 1858. — Th<):«as L., b. in Connecticut, 181G, studied law, and removed to Illi- nois ill 1842. He raised a company for the Mexican war, was elected major of his rei^iment, and was honorably men- tioned in fiovernment despatches, for placin;^ a 24-poimder cannon on the heii;;hts of Cerro Gordo, the niirht pre- cediiijJT the battle. In 1848. he was elected to the lower house of compress, and was reelected to the 35th conjiress. I). 1858. — Sm William Snow, b. at Plymouth, Enijland, 1792, was edu- cated for the medical profession, but devoted himself to scientific pursuits. He discovered, in 1820, a new mode of coiiductiii<^ lii^htniug, which was adopted twenty-three years later in her Majesty's navy, and invenied a new mariner's compass, and a method of liichtniui,' conductors for iron ships. He was author of several treatises on Elec- tricity, Thunder-storms, and Electro- MaLcnetism. For his scientilic services he was knitflited and received a pen- sion of .£.300. D. 1807. HARRISON, AViLLiAM, an English vocalist and manager, b. 1813, made his dibiU at Covent Garden in 1839, and played Macbeth in the " Betrgar's Opera " for upwards of sixty nights. He was the orii:inal Thaddeus in Balfe's opera of "The Piohemian Girl," and from the edit he gave to the song of "You'll remember me," 80,000 copies of it were sold the first year. In 18.54 he visited the United States with Miss Louisa Pyiie and other artists, and gave a liundred concerts and more than live himdred operatic perform- ances. On his return be resolved to establish the English opera, and in 1857 commenced his work at the Lyceum with promising success, passing thence to Drury Lane, and finally to Covent Garden, where for the first two years his undertaking prospered; but, in spite of immense expenditures on musical copyrights, libretti, and artists' salaries, and the production of numerous novel- ties, original and translated, the attempt to make an iMiglish institution of the opera was an utter failure, and resulted in Mr. Harrison's pecuniarv ruin. D. 1800. H.\RT, Joel T., an American sculp- tor, b. in Kentucky about 1810. at 20 entered a stone-cutter's shop at Lexing- ton. He soon began to model busts in clay, and his first commission in mar- ble was a bust of Gen. Jack-on. Re- ceiving an order for a marble statue of Henry Clay, he went to Florence in 1849 to execute it, but it was not till ten years afterwards that the statue was shipped to the United Stales. It is placed in the Capitol square at Rich- mond, Va. He made also a colossal bronze statue of Mr. Clay, which stands in New (Jrleans. Many busts of em- inent men were made by Mr. Hart, and a number of ideal statues, amimg which are "Angelina." " 11 Penseroso," and "Woman Triumphant." D. in Flor- ence, 1877. — JosKi'ii C., author of " Marian Coiiin " and " Romance of Yachting," American consul at Santa- Cruz, Canarv Islands; d. there, 1855. HART.MANN, Moiurz. a German poet and politician, b. 1821, in Bohe- mia, studied at Prague and Vienna, and travelled in Italy, France, and Bel- gium. On his return ro Vienna, in 1847, he W.1S arrested for the expres- sion of liberal opinions, and incarcer- HAV] CYCLOP.KDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 143 ated. Set free by the rovtiliitioii of 18i8, he became chief of the (jei'inaii party in Bohemia, and memlier of the I'raiikfoft |iarliauieiit, where lie voted with the extreme left. He ac- coni|)anit(l ISliim and Frochel to Vi- enna, in 1849, to excite revohition, hut escaped the fate of liis comrades. Af- ter residing several years in Finance, he went to the Crimea as correspomlcni of the "Colo;;ne (iazette." IJesides other works, he published at I^eipsic "Clip and .Swonl," a collection of |ioems. ]8to: " New Poems, " in 1847 ; " I'iie lihynu'd Chnniicle of the Clerk Mauritius," a piquant satire on the politicians of Gei- manv, which had verv ^n-eat success. D. 18r2. UARTSHORNR, Chaki.ics Hi:xi!Y, an English archicoiogist, b. 18!)2, was educated at Cambridge, ordained priest, and became rector in Northanipton- sliire, in the illustration of whose his- tory and antiquities he piil)lishe. H.V.SI'INtiS, TiKiJiAS, comyiosev of sacred inehidies, b. in Coiinecticnt, 1784; from his twi'iity-(ir-t year devoted liiinsef ti> the cultivation and leaching of vocal music. In 1^22, he publi>lied a " Disserlalion on Musical Taste," and in 1832, established himself in New York city, where for forty years he wa.s engaged in ])reparilig collections of church iniisic, the conipositi(Mi of tunes, and ill varied labors for the improve- iiieiit of church music. His published works w> re numerous. D. in New Y(M-k, 1872. HAUCII, Johannes Car.sticn von, b. in Nnrway, 171)1, was poet, drama- tist, zo( lo^iist, chemist, novelist, pro- fessor of natural sciences, and profes- sor of ii'sthetics and belles-lettres at the iinivei^ity of Cnpeiihagen. During a year's residence in Paris he divided his lime between the theatres and the Jar- diii (les Plantes. His productions were numerous. One of his romanees is en- titled "Robert Fulton." D. 1872. HAUl'T, MoKirz, a German philol- ogist and classical editor, and lecturer on classical literature in the tiniversitv of Berlin, was b 1808; d. 1874. He took an active part on the liberal side in the revolutionarv movements of 1848-49. H.AUPi'MANN, MoiuTZ, a German composer, b. at Dresden, 1792, was a pupil of the celebrated violinist, Spohr. His compositions were distinguished for piiritv of furm and richness of melody. D. 1808. HAUSSEN, Ludwio, a German liis- toriaii, b. 1818, studied at Heidelberg, where he became acquainted with Schlosser, who induced him to engage in historical studies. He mingled ac- lively in politics in the liberal interest, and in 1848 edited, with Gerviiiii<, the " Deutsche Zeitiing." His works on the history of Germany are much es- teemed. D. at Heidelberg, where he was a professor, 1807. HAVFLOCK, SiJt HrNHY, major- general in the British army, rendered eminent by his services in the held in India, was b. at Bishopwearmoiith in 1795, and received his tirst appoint- ment a month after the battle of Water- loo. D. 18.17, leaving the r?pnfation of an earnest (Christian as well as that of a val'roiis soldier. HAVKN, .\i.trK TJRAnr.KY, an .Amer- ican authoress, b. 1828, wrote as a school gill a luiniberof pleasant sketches which she sent to the Philadelphia " Saturday 144 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [lIAW Gazette." This led to an acquaintance ■with its editor, Mr. .loseph C. Neal, wiio married her. On his dciitii .she edited the "Gazette" for a niinil)er of rears, and wrote numerous popular stories for the voun.i,'', and ''Tlie Gossips of Hiver- town " with essays in prose and verse. She married, in 1853, Mr. Samuel Haven. 1). 18G3. — Josicrii, an Amer- ican clergyman, b. 1810, became pro- fes.sor of philosophy in the university of Chic.n^^o, and wrote "ilental I'hilos- ophy " and " Moral I'hilosophy," which are exteiisivelv used in schools. D. 1874. HAVILAXD, John, architect, b. in En';iand, 17!)'2, studied witii Elmes, and commenced his career in Russia, lie came to this country warmly recom- mendi (1 by John Quiney Adam'', then minister at St. I'etersburi;-, and con- structed, from his own designs, many pul)lic worlss, notably, the United .States Mint at I'iiiladelphia. He paid partic- ular attention to the construction of jails and prisons, especially those on the .-ep- arate system. 1). 1852. IIAVIN, Leonoi: JosKrii. French publici>t, b. in Normandv, 17i)9, shared with his father, from 18i(j to 1820, the exile to which he had been condemned as a )ii-oscribed re^'icide. lie wli nii- mi-^mati-t Jtud arclueologist, b. 178 1, was friun 1824 to 1810 keeper of aii- tiipiities in the I'ritish Jlnseinn. He possessed the largest collcetioti ever made of Knglish caricatures, from the time of Heurv YIH. I). 1817. HAWKS, FitAxcis LiSTiiit, an Amer- ican clergyman, b. 1798. in North Car- olina, studied and practised law, but entered the ministry of the I'"|iiscopaI church and was ordained in 1827. Four \'ears afterward he became rector of St. Thomas Church in New York, where he oiiiciated till 1843. As historiographer of the Protectant Episcopal church he went to England, in 18')5, and obtained many important jiajiers illastrative of its earlv history. With Dr. ('. S. Henry he established, in 1837, " The New York Review" to which he contributed numerous brilliant articles. From 1844, he was live years rector of a church in New Orleans, and in 1849 he became rector of Calvary church in New Y'ork, where he remained till the breaking out of the civil war, when In- resigned and went to Baltimore. In September, 18GG, he assisted in laying the corner stone of the chapel of the H(dy Saviour, in New York, and d. on the STtli of the same month. While a lawyer, he pub- li>hed four volumes of " Cases adjudged by the Supreme (.'ouit of North Caro- liini," and a complete " Digest" of the state reports. He also wrote a history of his native state. His vob meson the Episcopal cliurch of the United States were valuable contributions to ecclesias- tical history. He edited from (jmimo- dore Perry's notes the history of his " Expedition." His woiks tor the young were numerous. As a i)ulpit orator, Dr. Hawks left but few equals. — Cic- laio Stam^I'IY, brother of the preced- ing, b. 1812, ordained priest in the Prot- estant Episcopal church, Avas settled over a church in liitffalo, 18)0-43. and in the latter vear accepted a call from Christ Church, St. Louis. In 1844, he became bishop of the diocefe of Mis- souri. D. 1SG8. HAWTHORNE, Natiianiki., a pop- ular American author, b. at Salem, Mass., 1804. He was left fatherless at an early age, anil his educalioti suffered from feeble liealth. His studies were completed at Bowdoin ci>v, his wife, b. 1810, il. 1871. She edited the '' Note Books " of her husband, and publi>he(l her own " Notes in Ivigland and Italv." HAW'l'HRY, F.DWAnn Ckavkx, pro- vost of I'^on college, I'"ni;lanil, an ac- complished scholar, and renuirkable as a translator. His "II Trifoglio " con- tains translaticnis of pf)ems iu Greek, Italian, and German. B. 1783 ; d. 1802. HAYDN, JosKi'ir, author of " Dic- tionary of Date<," "The Book of Dii;-- rilies," and other works. D. in Lon- don, 1850. H.\Y1CS, CATHicniNr., a popular vo- calist, was b. ill Limerick, 1820. She 10 was celebrated for rendering with sen- sibility, pathos, and e.xpres-ion, the melodie.s of her native countrv. D. 1801. II AYN.au, Iumus J. VON, an Aus- trian j;eneral, noted for his crueltv to the llun-arians in 1849. B. 1780; d. at ^'ienna, 185-"5. II.\YS, Ar,r.x.\NnEi!, bri.gailier-j^en- eral U. S. volunteers, b. at Bittsburfj, 1^*23. He fi;radiiated at West I'oint in 1844, and received a commissimi in the U. S. infantry ; foufiht in the Mexican war, and on his return applied himself lo bu-iness pursuits. In 1801 he raised a reyiment of volunteers, .-uid was com- missioned colonel of the (i-'3d Pennsyl- vania infantrv. He fon,nht at Seven Fines and Fair Oaks, and in Mac, 1802, was nmninated for a brevet of major in the U. S. army. He disiinuid-hed him- self in subsequent enj^ajiemeuts, and in September, 1802, was promoted to the rank beheld at his death. He sliared in the battle of Frcderii-ksburff, was woinuled at Chancelloisville, served at Gettysbui\i;-, and eomnianiled the second brigade in Grant's battles of the Wil- derness. In one of the-e he was killed, .May, 1804. — Wii.i-iaji, an .Vmerican soldier, b. in Yirj^iuia, was educated at West Point, entered the ariillery, and dm- ni;; the disturl)ances in Canada was stationed on the frontier. I- e was sta- tioned in I'exas at the ojienin;;- of the Mexican war, when he went into active service, and was present at most of the battles (Ml Scott's line betwicn Vera Cruz and Mexico, receivin,^ repeated brevets for meritorious conduct. He sei'ved in the Seminole war, and was on frontier dutv till Ihe breaking' out of the rebf lli5. he was brevetled bripidier-.^eiieral of ilie U. S. army for fjahant conduct in the field. D. at Fort Iude])endence, Boston harbor, where he was in charj^e of the coast de- fences of Massachuseits, 1875.— Wil- liam J., an -American iiaiuter, b. in New York, ISiO, began liis artistic studies in early life, exhil)itin,i;- his tirst ]>ictnre, " Dogs in a Field," at the Na- tional .Academy of Design in 1850. In 1800 he visited" Colorado and ihe l.'ocky Mountains, and one of the fruits of this excursion was •' The Wmmded linffalo." Though he devoted himself chiefly to the jiainting of animals, he was suc- cessful in his occasional tiower and fruit ))ieces. D. 1875. HAY ri'dt, Sii! GKoiiOic, an Knglish artist, attained a high rank as a histor- 146 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [lIEL ioal and portrait painter. lie was the auilinr iif several works on art. D. 1871, aged 78. HI'^.\D, SiK Edjiuxd Walker, an Engli-li jiutlKir, 1). near Maidstone, Keiit, 180.3, .*tii(lienu'' bis other woiks are "The Conquerors of the New World and their Bondsmen;" "The her] CYCLOP^-DIA OF BIOGnAPIIY. 147 Spanish Conquest of America ; " "The Life of I'izarro ; " "The Life of Her- nando Cortes iind the Con(iuest of Mex- ico." In 1859 he was appointed clerk of tlie privy council. This otiice brouj;ht him in rehttions wiih the Queen, and he was intrnsted with (lie cliar{;e of edit- ing the " Speeciics " of tiie prince con- sort, and her majesty's " Leaves from the Journal of our Life in tiie High- lands." He was knigiited iu 1872. D. 1875. HKFNE, IlniNiiioii, an author, dis- tinguished both ill German and Frencli literature, was b. at Diisseldorf, of Is- I'ueiite parents, 1797, and d. at Paris, 1856. He abjured the .lewish religion for J^utheraiiisni, and after residing at Hamburg, Berlin, and Munich, settled in tlie French capital, IS^IO. His tirst literary attempt was a volume of lyric poetry, and lie next brought out in Ger- many two iragedies, " Almunzor,'' and " Radcliff," with but slight success. Li 182(5 he published his " Reisehilder " (Sketches of Travel), which commenced his reputation, and in 1827 his " iJe- der," or " Songs," which were received with entluisiasm by the youth of Ger- many. In 1830, and the following years, he contributed to the " Kevuedes Deux Mondes " a series of interesting articles on the fine arts, and also pub- lished in the French language several works — viz., " Atta-Troll," "'Lazare," "Liitece," — so admirably composed that no one would suspect iluun to be from a foreigner's pen. Though tor- mented with a painful spinal comiilaiiit for eight years ;ireceding his death, he preserved his equanimity and his dis- position to amuse himself at his own expense or that of his friends. He never sp,\red foe or friend fur his jest. Writer and poet of the first rank, Heine has been stvled the Voltaire of Ger- many, and said to have had many ad- mirers, but few or no friends. His complete works were published by M. Lew, 1856-57. HKNDFKSON, James Pinckney, b. in North Carolina, 1808, emigrated to Texas in 1836, was made attorney- general of the republic, secretary of state, and minister plenipotentiary to France and England. In 184-1 he was special minister to the United States, and in 1845 member of the convention that formed the constitnticm of the state. I'-lected governor the same year, in 1846 he took command in person of tlie volunteers called for by General Taylor, and distinguishing himself at the battle of ]Montprey, received the thanks of congress and a sword. In 1857 he was elected U. S. senator, and d. in Washington, 1868. HENGSTKNBEUG, Erkst Wil- IIELM, a German Protestant theologian, b. 1802, became professor at IJerlin, and as editor of the evangelical "Church Gazette " exercised great in- fluence. His chief works are commen- taries on the Scriptures. The most celebrated of his writings is "The Christnlogy of the Old Testament," which has been translated into English. D. 1869. HENSHAW, David, an American politician, appointed secretary of the navy of the United States by President Tyler, but rejected by the senate, b. in INIassachusetts, was a political writer of much force and spirit. He was a fre- quent contributor to the "Boston Statesman." D. 1852, aged 62. — Josir- iiA Sidney, a native of Boston, was for some time professor of mathematics in the U. S. nav}', after which he was admitted to the practice of the law. and settled ill Utica. He published a " Man- ual of Consuls," "Around the World," "Life of Father Matliew," and other works B. 1811; d. 18.59. HENTZ, Cauoline Lee, an Ameri- can novelist, b. ISM), at Lancaster, i\Iass., was the daughter of General John '\^'lliting of the revolutionary army, anil married in 1825 Professor Hentz. At Covington, Ky., where they then resided, Mrs. Hentz produced her successful tragedy of " De Lara, or the Moorish Bride," which won a prize of $500. She wrote other plays, and some poems, but her reputation rests on a series of tales and novels, beginning with "Aunt Patty's Scrap Bag,'' in 1846; and terminating with " lu-nest Liiiwood," 1855. D. at Marianna, F'la., 1856. HERBERT, Henhy Wiluam, a pop- ular writer, b. in -London, 1807, was educated at l",fon and Cambridge. In 1830 a pecuniary reverse suddenly re- duced him from affluence to poverty, and he sought to retrieve his fortune in the United States. On his arrival in this country, and for eight years after- ward, he officiated as Greek teacher in a classical school. During thi> period, in addition to his classical studies, he turned his attention to authorship, edit- ing the "American Monthly i\Jaga- ziiie," from 1833 to 1836, besides writ- ing for other periodicals. In 1335 he published "The Brothers;" in 1837, 148 CVCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [her "Oliver Ci-nmwell ;" in ]8-t2, a tliird historiiMJ novel, " IMarnmilnke Wv- vill;" !Mul, in 1840, "I'lie Romnii Traitdr." a romance founded on t'ati- line's conspiracy. In 1848 lie pul)- lisiicd a poetical translation of tlie " PronietluMis " and " Ayanieninon " of yE^cliylus. He is most widely known as "Frank Foresier," under wliiili nnm (!e jdume he was the author of many sporting sketciies, in addition to two text-books of sportinjjf and nat- ural history, the " Field Sports," ami flie "Fish and Fishinj^" of Nortii America, both of which were cniinentlv successful. He publisiiod, also, a series of historical voliuues, iuclMiliui; "The Cavaliers of Eidaud," " The Captains of the Old World." and others. A "Treatise on the Horse" is hi> most elaborate production. He committed suicde in New York, 1858. HKUFPATII, Wii.i.iAM, an F.n-lish chemist, b. 179G, was the son of a brewer, and succeeded to his business, which he abandoned to devote himself to chemistry. Me became professor in the medical school at Hristol, a d was much consulted as an expert in sus- pected cases of death by poison. He wrote several chemical memoirs. D. 18IJ8. HKRXDOX, WiLMAM Lf.wis, an American naval officer, b. 18l;J, en- tered the navy in 1828, served in the Mexican war, and in 1851, under the anspicHs of the <;c"vernnieut, made his celebrated exploration of the river Am- azon. Of his narrative of this expe- dition 40,000 copies were printed by con;;Tess. In 1857 he sailed from Ha- vana for New York in commaiul of the steamer Centr.il America, which was lost in a violent gale off the coast of Georgia. He caused the women and children to be put in the boats with a few men, and they were saved. Hern- don and 423 of the passengers and crew perished. HI'^KIHCIC, Et>\vai?d Cr-AirnnTs, many years officially connected with Yale colleii^e, ami author of valuable contributions to the "American .Journal of Science," b. in New Haven, 181 1 ; d. 18n2. Amongst the most noticeable of his writings were papers on nn-teoric showers, and on the "Hessian Fly and its I'arasites." His attainments in en- tomology, meteorology, and astnnioniv were consideraI)le, and as a bibliog- rapher and local historian he enjoyed a high reputation. HElUtlES, John Ciiaiu.es, an Eng- lish financier, and member of various Torv administrations, b. about 1780 ; d. 185.5. HERUING, John FiiEnKiucK, an English painter of animal subjects and stable life, b. 1795, educate(i himself for his art as a sign-painter and coach- driver. He attained so much skill as an animal portrait-painter that he was fre(piently employed ly Queen Victoria to jjaint her favorite horses. His works are well known by the engravings, and one of them, " I'iie Frugal Meal," is in the National Gallery. L). 18 5. HERStJlll'^L, Siu John Fhkdekiciv William, an English astronouier, b. 1702, was the s(m of Sir William Her- schel, and devoted himself to the pur- suits of his father t'r un his earliest age. His first contribution to jihysical sci- ence was his discovery of the hypo- sulphurous acid and i:s salts, and their application to photographic purposes. In 18J5 he began an independent series of sidereal investigations, in which he spent eight years, the results of which were published at different times. He received the gold medal of the Royal Astroiiomic.'d Society in 1824; and again in 18 i(i, for his catalogue of the nebula;, arranged in the order of their riglit as- cension. In 1834 he arranged at his own expense an ex|iedition to the Cape of Good Hope, where he remained four years. The fruit of this was the work lie published in 1.S47 as the completion of a telescopic survey of the wholy s;:r- face of the visible heavens. This is one of the most important and valuable works of ihe ag,'. On his return to Eng- land he received distinguished recog- nition of his illustrious services in med- als ad honorary degrees from learned societi 's, and on the ciuTination of Queen Victoria was made a baronet. In 1850 he was appoiited master of the mint, but resigned the office in 1855 on ac- count of ill health. His contributions to the reviews, his articles in the " tn- eyclop;edia Hritaunica," and his " Fa- miliar Lectures," form three interesting vidnmes, with the publication of which lie occupied his retirement from active life. His "O.itlines of Astronomy" has passed through several edition.5. To his scientific la'mrs of the highest order he has added the merit, no less great and more rare, of having popular- ized science. D. 1871. HERI'ZEN, Alkkaxdei!, a Russian publicist and novelist, b. at JIoscow, 1812, was educated in his native city, and, as he tells us in his memoirs, con- hil] CYCLOl'.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 149 ceived in pood pcason a vinlent liatiod towards tliL" f^ovei'iinicTit of liis country. He \tas exiled to Siberia, but was par- doned, and on coming into possession of a moderate pro|)erty obtaimd leave to ()idt Itnssia, and lived afterwiirds in Italy, France, and Kn,i!.laud. In Lou- don" lie founded a liussian priming es- tablishment where he could rejjroduce the Russian works that were interdicted in the dominion of the Czar, and nota- bly translations of Lonis Bhmc, Maz- ziiii, and kindred authors. In IS'A) he founded there the "Kolokol" (The Bell), which was clandestinely circu- lated in Russia. His own works, be- sides a number of novels, were political and autobiographical. Among these we ma}' mention his " Letters fr^mi France and Italy " and " Jly ICxile," memoirs of the author. D. in' Paris, 1870. IlERVEY, Thomas KinuLi;, an Eng- lish poet and editor, b 1799, studied at Cambridge, and settled in London in 1824 with the view of entering on a lit- erary life. His first pul)lication was "Australia," a poem written for the University prize. He was for many years a contributor of graceful verses to the annuals, and wrote largely for the "Athena?um," which he edited eight years. Li 1843 he married Eleo- nora Louisa Sloutague, who was also known as a poet. D. ]8.j9. 11 is c(d- lected poems, with a memoir by his widow, were published in Boston in 186G. HERWEGII, Gkokge, a German poet, b. in Stuttgart, 1817, made his literary debut in journalism. A quar- rel with an otllcer lost him the favor of the king of Wurtemberg, and caused his flight to Switzerland. Here he pub- lished a volume of poems that jjroved a great success, and on a subsequent visit to Germany he was receiveil with an enthusiasm that quite turned his head, and induced him to quit poetrv for pol- itics. Given an audience bv King I'red- eric William IV. in 1842, lie afterwards addressed a letter to his majesty that caused bis expulsion frcnn Prussia. In 1844 he went to Paris and leagued him- self with the radical leaders, and in the revolution of 1848 formed a legion of French and German workmen with which he invaded the dnchy of Baden, intending to revolutionize the stales of Southern Germany. The attempt failed completely. The legion was dispersed, and Herwegh owed his escape to the courage and coolness of his wife, who had followed him to the field of battle. He lived afterwards in retirement in Switzerland. I). 1875. HESS, IlKiMuni Hkkmann Jo- SKiii, Baron von, an Austrian general, b. in Vienna. 1788, entered the army in 1895, aiul (irst distinguished himself in the battles of .-Vsperii and Wagrain. Ill 1814 he was charged with a special mission to Piedmont, and was fre quenlly em])!oyeil in im|iortant mili- tary and diplomatic negotiations. Ap- pointed lieutenant tield-mar-hal in 1842, lie remained attMc'.ied to the army of Italy, and in 1848-4;) contributed largely to the success of the Austrian arms. After the battle of Magenta he super- seded Gen. Giiilay, and arranged with the emjieror Francis Joseph the plan of Solferiiio. He was then created lield- marslial, and called to the upper house of the Reichsrath. I), at Vienna, 1870. — Pi-.TKi: Vox, b. at Diisseldorf, 1792, was known as a successful jiainter of battles, from the results of his personal observation as a soldier. He went with King Oiho to Greece to paint his entry and e(n-oiiation. L>. 1871. HFSSE, Nicholas AirousTK, a French painter, b. 1795, was a pupil of Baron Gros, and receiving the first grand prize for historical painting in the.scliool of tine arts in 1818, went to pursue his studies at Rome. His early pamtings were from classical and his later eliieflv from Scriptural subjects. D. 1899. HEUGLTX. TnKi>noi!E \oy\ a Ger- man traveller, b. 1824, published the results of his explorations in Egvpt, Abvssiiiia, the regions of the \Vhite Nile, and in Spi.zbergeii and Nova Zeinbla. D. 1871!. HICKS, Thomas Hoi.i-yday, b. in ^larylaud, 1798, worked on his father's farm, was member of the constitutional convention of 1849, served in the state legislature, and was governor of his na- tive state from 1858 ito 1802. _ His lirm- ness and patriotism aided in keeping the state from the Confederate ranks. Elected U. S. senator on the death of J. \. Pearce. he d. in Washington, 1885. IIIGGINS, JLvTTHKW "Jamks, b. about 1810, educated at Eaton and Ox- ford, was some v-ears in the army, and for more than twenty year< a constant contributor to the "Times" newspaper. He was a severe -atirist. Me is better kin)wii under his pseudonvm of "Jacob Omnium." D. 18(18. HILDRETH, Samuel Prkscott, a writer on geology, palieontology, and meteorology iu " SilHinan's Journal of 150 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [hit Science." and autlior of works relating to tlie early settlement of tiie northwest territory, i). in Metiiuen, jMass., 1783; d. 18G3^ He was educated a piiysician, and removed to Ohio in 180ii, settling at Marietta in 1808. He formed a val- ual)le cabinet of natural history, and an extensive scientific library, which he gave to Marietta college. — Rk hakd, an American journalist and author, b. in Deertield, Mass., 1807. graduated at Harvard in 1826. and was admitted to the practice of tlie law in IS-iO. In 1832 he became a political writer for the Bos- ton "Atlas," with wliich he remained connected until 1834. Impaired healtii led him to seek a southern climate, and in Florida he wrote an anti-slavery novel entitled "Archv Moore," after- wards enlarged and re[)ublished as " The AV'liite Slave." On his return to Boston he translated from the French of Dumont Bentham's "Theory of Leg- islation," to which succeeded a "His- tory of Banks." In 1840 he published "Despotism in America," a work dis- cussing the slavery question in its vari- ous aspects. He resided three years in British Guiana, where he wrote his "Theorvof Morals," published at Bos- ton in 1844. In 1853 his "Theory of Politics" appeared. His most impor- tant work, however, is a " History of the United States" from the earliest colonial settlements to the end of Alon- roe's iirst presidential term. In 1853 he wrote a volume entitled "Japan as it was and is." For several years he was editorially attached to the New York "Tribune." Appointed by President Lincoln consul at Trieste, his imp:iired health compelled him to resign in 1864. D. in Florence, July 11, 18sJ5. HILL, Isaac, b". in Massachusetts, 1788, on the expiration of his appren- ticeship to a printer, in 1819, went to Concord, New Hampshire, and on the 18tli of April, 1809, issued the first num- ber of the "New Hampshire Patriot," which attained nnder his management a large circulation and great influence as a Democratic organ. In 18'29, Pres- ident Jackson appointed Mr. Hill sec- ond comptroller of the treasury; and he held the office until April, 1830, when his nomination was rejected by the sen- ate. He returned to New Hampshire, and at the ne.xt session of the legisla- ture was elected to the United States senate for si.x years. He resigned his seat in 1836, to enter on the office of governor of his state, to which he had been elected by a large majority, and served, by reelections, fol839. In 1840 he was appointed by President Van Buren sub-treasurer at Boston. For the last lif :een years of his life he pub- lished the "Farmers" Monthly Visiior." D. in Washington, 1851. — Nicholas, a distinguished lawyer of New York, state reporter from 1840 to 1845, and one of the authors of "Notes to I'hil- lips's F:vidence." B. 1806; d. 1859. — Amrho.sk Powki.i., niajor-gencial in the confederate service, b. in Culpepper county. Va., 1826. graduated at Vv'est Pointj 1847, and joined the iirst artil- lery. In JMarch, 1861, he resigiieord Erskine, entitled " The Trifling Mis- take," fraught with important conse- q-uences to the author. In this jiam- phlet language occurred which might be lieard in the peers now-a-ilays without exciting much emotion, but which at that time alarmed the house of coni- moiis. His words were read at the table 1&2 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGKArilY. [nOL of the liouse, and the speaker's warrant issued fur coniniittinnj him to Newgate, on tlie 13tli December, 1819. It was thouulit at first he woiihl iiave to share the cell of a convicted felon, hut it was finally arrangcil that he should lodge in tlie keeper's house. To Neivgale he went, and the house left him there when they adjourned for the holidays. He spent his Christmas and New Year's d;iy in prison ; but when, in a few weeks, the doors were opened, he was sent to parliament bj' the electors of AVestminster, as the colleague of Sir Francis Burdett. In parliament he Avas a radical reformer. He spoke strongly against the interference of peers in elec- tions, censured the presence in the liouse of "placemen" and pensioners, and the mode of carrying on tiie gov- ernment by disguised bribery. In 18?>2 he was apjioinied secretary for war. in 18-33 chief secretary for Ireland, and in 1835 president of the board of con- trol. In 1851 he was raised to the peer- age as Lord Hroughtoii, and subse- quently mingled little in public affairs. In 1859 he recast his "Notes on the Fourth Canto of Childe Haro'd," and published them with large additions in the shape of a work on " Italv," in two vols. D. 1808. He left his MSS. to the trustees of the British Museum, to be kept without examinali n till the year 1900, and such as relate to state affairs not to be published without the consent of the then reigning sovereign. HODGSON, Fkaxcis, a scholar and man of letters, and an intimate friend of Lord Byron. D. 1852, aged 72. He was the author of a successful transla- tion of Juvenal. HOFF.MAN, Ogdex, b. in New York city, 1795, in early life entered the U. S. navy, and served as midshipman through the war of 1812. AVIien peace was declared he resigned, and entered upon the study of the law. On being admitted to the bar he pra<'tised in Goshen, Orange county, until 1826, when he removed to the city of New York. In 1828 he was a representative in the state legislature, anil a member of the U. S. house of representatives, 18.37-41. He held the office of district attorney for the city, and also U. S. district attorney for the southern dis- trict of New York. In 1853 he was elected attorney general of the state. He was an orator of a high order, and as a jurv advocate deservedly distin- guished. " D. 1856. HOFFMANN, von Fallersleben, AuousT Hein'ricit, German philolo- gist and poet, h. 1798, studied at Gi.t- tingen, and at Bonn, under the direction of Grimm, who inspired him with a love of the ancient literature, and in 1830 he became professor of the (Jerman l.mguage and literature at Breslau. A collection of poems that he published in 18-10, Uni>(iliiisr)ie J.itfi/er, were more political than their title indicated, and in a spirit that cost him his professor- ship. He wandered afterwards several years in Germany, Switzerland, and France, but in 1848 jiermission was granted him to reside again in I'russia. Besides numerous books on the lan- guage and literature of Germany, he published several volumes of ])oems, which made him popular throughout Germany. He also wrote an autobiog- raphy, in six vols. D. 1874. H<)G.\N, .IiiiiN, an eminent Irish sculptor, b. 1801: d. 1858. HOGARTH, Geohgk, an English critic and author, b. 1797, published several works on music, and musical biogra|)hy and histoi'v, and was for many years musical and dramatic edi- tor of the "■Morning Chronicle" and " Dailv News." His daughter was the wife of Charles Dickens. D. 1870. HOLBUOOK, .loiiN Edwai;i)s, an American naturalist, b. 1795, in Beau- fort, S. C. ; after a thorough education- al course in medicine at home and in Europe, fixed himself in Charleston, and became professor of anatomj' in the college of South Carolina. His great work is "American Herpetol- Oii'v." in five vols. I). 1871. HOLLAND, Sii: Hkxkv, an eminent -English physician, b. 1788, graduated at the university of Edinburgh as M. D., in 1811, and after three or four years of Eurojiean travel established himself in London, where he rose to the highest eminence as a practitioner, and was appointed physician in ordinary to Queen Victoria in 1852. Early in life he published his travels in Albania, Thessaly, and Greece ; and afterwards "Medical Notes and Reflections" (1839); " Recollections of a I'ast Life " (1871); and a number of essays and memoirs on professional subjects. His second wife was a daughter of Rev. Sydney Smith, whom he survived some years, and d. in London, 1873. HOLM AX, .Jamks. the " blind travel- ler," b. about 1787. d. in London, 1857. Entering the navy, he became a lieu- tenant;' but in 1812 he lost his sight, whereupon he was appointed a naval HORj CYCI-OPyKniA OF BIOGIiAPUY. 153 knight of Windsor. Ruhseqnonlly lie vi>iicil various parts of tlie world, and ])iili!i>ln''i ;iei-oiint< of Ills travels, wiiicli Were very favoraMv ivi-fiveil. !IOOI>, 'riioMAfs, llie yoiMifier, son of ilKM'cleliratcd liimionst of tinit name, b. in ICssex. Knuland; I8;35, ediiealcd at Oxford, pnlilisliL'd liis lirst work, " IVn and I'lMK-il I 'it-lures," in 18r)4-.")5. He wrote several novels, among wliieli are "A l)is|iiilcd Inliei ilanee," ".Money's '\^'orth.'' iind "I.ove and V.-ilor." He pul)lished many amusing litlle liooUs for the young, pnblislieil a comic al- iiuiiiae, and was sometime ediKn- of "t'lm." He edited the works of his father, and > is journals and correspond- en<-e. 1). ]874' HOOK, Ki:v. Wai.tf.k FAitQUir.VK, dean of tiie ehnrch of Kngland, li. 17i>8. was educated at Oxford, and in 1827 was appointed chap'ain in ordinary to George IV., and ctmtinued in oliiee un- der his succes-ors. On the accession of Queen Victoria he |jrcaclied a sermon entiiled 'Hear the Ciun-eh," of wiiich more than 100,000 copies were pu!)lisiii-d, which gave offence m high quarters. His great work is a biographical history of the Kngli^h Church, under the title of '■ Lives of the Archhisho|)s of Can- terhm-y," of which nine volumes hail appeared at the time of his death, in 1875. HOOKER, SiH WlI.I-IAM .lACKSON, an eminent Ijiglish botanist, b. 1785, visited Iceland in ]809 to study its nat- ural hi>lorv, and pnblislied his " Tour." He was sometime jirofessor at Glasgow. and afterwards director of the royal gardens at Kew, in which office he was succeeded by bis son. His botanical works are numerous and valuable. I). IS")'}. — AVtates at an early au;e, was a merchant's c!eilc in Philadi l|.hia, an iron manufacturer, a lawyer, and finally a clergynnin. and in 18.J1 assistant niiui-^tcr of Trinity cbureli, Huston. He was consecrated in New York in 1832, as the first bishop of Vermont. His writings were volu- minous and diverse, cfunjirising many contr()versial pamphlets and treati-es, and among other the words and music of " Twi Ive (.'anzonets; " and a vindi- cation of slavery, from a Scriptural, ec- elesiastical, and historical point of view. His last work was "t amlid E.xasnina- tion whether the I'ope is the Great Anti- christ of Scripture." He was a high churchman, and was a prominent figure in the l'an-An£rlicaii scnod of ISGT at Lambeth. I). 'l8!;8. — '.I.'SIAIi, D. I)., a Presbyterian clergyman, author of a theological te.xt-book. entitled " The Christian Institute," b. in Pittsford, Vt., 178(>; d. 1802. HOKNE, Thomas Haktwell, author 154 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [now of " An Iiitrndiiction to the Critical Study iiiul Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures," was lor many years a barrister's clerk in London, pursuing knowledge under dillieulties, and eking Out ii scanty living by literary labor in his leisure hours. In his youth he strug- gled with skepticism, and in his twen- tieth year published "A Brief View of the Necessity and Truth of the Chris- tian Keligion," the result of his own inquiries into the authenticity and in- spiration of the Scriptures. This early effoi't was the foundation of the great work by which he became as widely known in the United States as in Eng- land, and which has been translated into most of the languages of Europe and several of those of India. When thirty-nine years of age he was ordained a chrgymau of the Church of England, and at a later date received the degree of U. D. from the uni\ersitv of reiin- svlvania. 15. 1780; d. 1832: 'HOIHO, He.m.i Gi'sTAV, b. at Ber- lin, 1892, was one of the principal reji- resentatives of the philosophical school of Hegel, and a historian of German and Elemisii art. D. 1873. HOUDIN, KoBEiiT, a French mech- anician and conjurer, b. 1805, was the son of a watchmaker and appren- ticed to a notary, but with a special pas- sion for jugglery he went to Paris to study the profession. Pursuing his me- chanical ait at the same time, he pro- duced some marvellous automata that obtained medals at the industrial exhi- bitions. He began to exhibit his tricks of prestlli wrntp otlipr Wdiks iMMueniiiin' < 'liri-tiiniit» in Ciiiiui, and the peculiarities ol ilii> Chinese pedjile. 1;. in I oiihmse, 1814; d. in I'a- ris. I8fi0 UrnsON, Gkokok, known as the "Kailwav Kii>g." h at York in 1801. •was one of ih« earliest operators in Eniilish railways, and made a lari^e for- tune in the s|i( ef.lative mania of 1845- ]84(i. He .-at in pailianient for Si:nder- laod from 1845 to IS-VJ; and h> j^reat ■was his populaiity and liic .■ dmiralion of hi- skill in manipiilatiiii;;' railroad pi(i| eriy in the share market, that there Mas a larye si;m siihserihi d for erecliij;- a slatiie in his honor. Iiit the co lapse of his >elieiiies and the imptilation of frauds inipoverishi'd him in his later da\s wliiih were spent in obseinitv. D. 1871. iii:Gi:L. Cai;i, Ai.KNAXDKi! .Anski.m, a (ieiinan traulh^r and naturalist, 1>. ITTG, uas a eaplain in the Austrian ser- viee, and after I830. visited (Jreece, Kiryit, Hindostan, and penetrated even lo Tliihet. He hronjiht lunie a va'iia- l)le colleetion illustrative of the natural hi.'-toiy and elhnot;raphy < f these com - tries, liiat was purehasi d hv the Jln- seiim of Vienr.a. I). 1870. IlU(;Hf'.S, .IdiiN, an Ameiiran arcli- Li.-hop, 1). in Inland in 17i)8, came to the L). S. in 1^17, and for a brief term served with a florist. He next entered a caiholic seminary at iMiunittshnru', Md , and lia\'in,n- heeii (n-daimd a ]iriesl in 182.D, settled in I'liiladelphia. In ]8-i8, lie Avas appointed coadiiitor l)isho|i of New York, and in the fillowiiif,^ year ■was made adininisirator of the diocese. On the death of liisliop Dubois, in 1842, lie succeeded to the full difjnity of bishop, and he forthwilh applieil iiim- seif to a reform in the tenure of church property aiul the adjustment of church debis in his diocese. To obtain |iecni)i- ary aid in the same connection, he vi-- ited iiance, Austria, and Italy, in 18 9. On his return he to(jk np the \vi rk of catholic education, organizing St. John's college at fordham, N. Y., and directing a |>owerful agitation for the modilicatinii (jf tl-.e common school sys- tem. He held the lirst diocesan svnod of New Y.irk, in 184-2. In J847', ilie sees (if Albany and Hiiffalo were erected, and ill 1850, N(\v' York was laised to the dignity of an archiepiscopal see, the archbishop proceeding to Home to re- ceive the pallium at the hands of the pope. The first provinciid council of ^iew Y'ork was held ill 1854. In 1858, he laid the comer stone of a cathedral ill the city of New York, and to the last labored persistently in the interest of his chiirih. He was fond of contro- versy and an able paiephVieer. He had two public discnssioii.s with the h'ev. .John lireckenridge on theol gical questions, and a correspondence with .Mr. Krastiis lirooks on the ((notion of church |)ioperty. In November. 18(il, he Went to Paris as a spi cial agent of the state del artineiit, and had an inter- view with Napoleon III. D. 18G4. Mis sister Ki.i.i N, b 1800, came to this country, lhl8, joined the sisterhood oi ciiariiy, a->nming the name of Angela, and became a proinineiit member of the order. During the civil war she ren- dered effU'ieiit service to the ^aIlitary Commission. 1). ISGO — Roi'.urr I5.\i.i., a sculptor, b. in London, 1804, studied ■with K. H. Bailey, came to New V(nk in 18211, and resided subsequenlly in the United Slates. He made a moniiinental alto-relief of life size of Hi- hop Ilnbart, I10W in Trini'v church, New Y(;rk. and the bronze statue of Nathaniel 15ow- ditcli at iM'iMit .Ai.hnrn. His ca-ts of "little N( 11 " and the groii)i "Uncle Tol V and the \\ idow W adman'" are in the Boston Albemeum. 1). ISOS H V LS 1:J[ A N N, John Cviwav:, Chevalier de. .Austrian ministerat AVash- ingtoii, was b. at Stade in Hanover, educated at (ili ttiiig'eii. and for several years editor of a journal at Vienna. He came to the United Stales in 1841 as charge d'afiaiies, and afterward Ixcame resi(ieii' minister, and remained so until 18(i:!. D. 18fi4. HU.MHOLDT, VitiiDKiacK ITenky Vi.KXANDKit V()\, Baron, the celebrated (ierm 11 naturalist, b. at Berlin, in 17t)!l. was educated for emphu ineut in the direetimi of the government mines. He was appointed asses>or to ihf* min- iiii boar il in 17!!'2, ^nhseqiienlly ex changing the post for that of a director of the works at Bayreuth These duties he abandoned in 17!)5. to devote himself to those pursuits inwliich he " on so much renown. Having acquired con- siderable ac(]naintai!ce with the differ- ent countries of l'"iiiope, he sailed in 1799, ill company with Ainu' Ponpland, for Soiilli America. Having explored nearly all that was interesting in South America, Humboldt returned to I'Jiro|)e, in 1804, and comineiiced a seri« s of co- lossal publications in nearly every de- liartnient of science. In 1829, he ex- plored Siberia and the Caspian Sea. The •work hv which Humboldt is most nuN] CYCLOryiCDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 157 widely known in the United States is his "Cosmos," tiie basis of the hook beins a series of lectures delivered in Paris ami Berlin. " Cosmos " was de- 8ij;ned to he an edneational niedinin to develop in the fieople an appreciation of nature. D. 18.')!). IIU.MI"^, .Jo.sici'H, economist, financier, and reformer, b at Montrose, Scotland, in 1777, was left fatherless at an early aj;e. His mother, the mistress of a little shop, api)renticed him to a snr- geon-apotliecary. In \TM, he was ad- mitted to the colleije of snry:eons at Ediiiburi;h; and having obained a pro- fe>sionai appointment in the service of the East India Compan3', he left for the East at the commencement of the Mah- ratta war. In India he mastered the native laniriiajres, ami acted as inter- preter of Persian to the army, beinii at the same time |)ostmaster, paymaster, and c(Mnmissariat olHcer. Tliese midti- farious occupations enabled him to re- turn to E]ij;land, in 1808, with a well- earned fortune. In 1812, he bouj^ht a seat in parliament, which he lost almost immediately by a dissolution. Six years afterward he was nn)re fairlv elected, and — with a biief intermission — he continued a member of the house of comuKuis, until his deaih in 185'). His public services aa an economist are well known, liis (l; d. 18:U. HUNT, Ei>wAt;D P>., b. in Living- ston county, N. Y., civil and military engineer and inventor, was some years in the coast survey bureau, anil f(u- five years employed in the construction of defences at Ke}' West. In 18 i2, while engaged in experimenting with a sub marine battery of his own invention he was injured by the premature discharge of a shell from the effects of which he d. 181)3. — FiiEKMAN, fouiuler of the " Merchants' Magazine," and author of *•' Lives of American Merchants," b. in Quiucy, Ma:>s., iSOi, d. iu New York, 18.j8. His early literary labors were in connection with Boston periodicals, and with "The Traveller," a mi>cellany which he established in New York, in 1831. — Jamics IIknicy Lki<;h, an Kng- lish essavi-.t, jouriiali>t, and Jioet, was b. in Middlesex, 1781. At the age of fifteen he entered the office of (me of his brothers, an attorney, removing thence to a situation in the war-ollice. While thus employed he contributed to vai'ious periodicals, writing more especia'ly the- atrical criticisms. In 18Q8, he became, wiih his brother John, joint editor and pro[)rietor of the "Examiner" news- |)aper. Under their management, the " Examiner " was thrice subjected to government prosecution ; twice was the journal acquitted; but (Ui the third oc- casion, having been guilty of describings the prince regent as "an Adonis of fifty," — the brothers Hunt were amerced in a penalty of ,£50J, and two years imprisonment. One of the fruits of ilie imprisonment was the well- known story of " Uimini." In 1822, Leigh Hunt joined Shelley and Byron in the mauagemeiit of the * Liberal," but Shelley's death and a rnptui-e with Bynui soon led to the abanilonunnt of the venture. Tlienceforward Hunt es- chewed politics, and in 1817, leceived a pension of .£200 from the queen. His writings a'e numenuis, among them are " Wit and Hmnor," "The Old Court .Sul)url)," "Men, Women, and liooks," and his "Autobiography," publi-hed 18.5 1. D. 18J!). — TiiolcNTox, eldest Sim of the preceding, b. 1810, was edu- cateil as a painter, but abandoned the brush for the pen, anil became art- critic and join-na'ist. He edited his father's autobiograpliy aiul correspond- ence. D. 18r3. — WiM.iAM, painter in water-colors, was b. in London, 1790. He first i)ractised landscap ■ painting, sometimes in oil, but finally aiiplied himself to the jiainting of rustic ligure- subjects, pea-ant boys and i;irl>, flower and fruit i)ieces. From 1827. to the time of his death, he was an indefatiga- ble contributor to the exhibition of the Society of Painters in Water Colors, producing an innumerable series of small master-pieces. U. 18.i-l. — W ASH- i.NiiTox, an American politician, I), ai; Windham, New York, 1811. admitted to the bar, 18)4, entered early into po- litical life, and was three times eli^cted representative to congress bv the Whigs, 1843-40. He was comptroller of the state of New York, 1840 ; and governor, 1851-53. Ill ISiJO, he presided over the 158 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ma Baltimore convention that nominated Bfil and Everett. 1). 18t)7. IIUN ri'd;, CiiAiiT.ics, eaptain, b. at Newpm-t, U. I., entered the U. S. navy in 1831, retired in 1855 at his own re- quest. In 1861 lie offered his services to the fTovernment and was assitfned as conimniider to the steamer Mont- gomery, of tlie (iiilf l)lockading scjnad roll. Wiiile ill this coiiimand he lired on a British lilocUade-ruiiner that he had chased into Cuban waters. For this lie was retired, and l)y act of con- gress niaile captain on tlie retired list. Lo'-t iu the Yille du Havre, November, 187;i a:;ed about CO years. —.Toskpii, an Knglish anti(niarian, b. at Sheffield, 1783, was a I'resbyteiian clernyman 24 years at Bath, and from 1833 to the time of his death in the Kecord service in Loudon. His antiquarian labors re- sulted in the pulilication of numerous works, among wliich are a volimie of memorials of liis Puritan ancestors, and "Collections concerning the Early His- tory of the Founders ol' Nt-w Plymoiilh, the First Colonists of New I'jiglaud"' (1850). He also edited several volumes of the Camden and Sliakes|)eare soci- eties, and left a number of valuable maiuiscrij)ts in the British Museum. D. 1801. HUPiLSTONE. FitEOKTUciv Yeates, b. in Lcnulon, 18 )0, stmlied undi'r Law- rence and Haydon, and in 1822 re- ceived the Academy's gidd medal for historical painting. He e.xceiled in por- traits, especially of children, and pro- duced a succession of works of historical or poetical interest. 'rravelliug fre- quently, he affected Italian and S|.aiiish subjects, and in 1854 vi-ited Morocco, where he painted several pictures. D. 18(J!). HUSSOX, Jean Honouk AinsrinK, a French sculptor, b. in Paris, 1803, a pupil of David (d'.Angers), was a skill- ful artist, received many )iri/.e medals, ani'lig others the great gold medal for a marble group now in the I^nxenilmnrg, "The Guardian Angel offering to (Jod a Uepentant Sinner." He executed "Spring" and "Autumn," colossal figures, for one of the fountains of the Place de la Concorde, and stone statues for the Louvre, Hotel du Yille, and the garden of the Luxembourg, and several marble busts for the chamber of peers. D. 1834. HUYSHE, Geoiige Lightfoot, a British officer, served in Ceniral India during the mutiny, but exchanging into the liifle brigade, went with his regi- ment to Canada in 18i0, and in 1870 accompanied the Ueil liiver expedition, of which he published an interesting narrative. In 1872 he joined the staff of Sir (iarnet \Yolsey on the exp-dition to the West Coast, and was engaged in the bush fighting wliicli resided in the retreat of the enemy beyond the Prah, and in missions to the native chefs. He surveyed and mapped the country between the coast and the Prali, and d. of a fever at Prah-su, iu January, 1874, in his 35tli vear. I. ILBF.RY, JosTATi James, b. in Lon- don, Sept. 10, 1709 ; d. at Douglas, in the Isle of Man, April 11, 1800. He was engaged in 1823 as superintendent of the Liverpool and Manchester rail- way, and continued in the active dis- charge of its onerous duties till 111*' age of 8'!, the most surprising instance of endurance recorded in tlie history of railroad eni|dovcs. INGEMANN, BEKNirAP.n Sevehix, a Daiiish poet and novidist, b. 178J, was one of the most prolific writers of Denmark. His historical novels, wdiicll illustrate Danish manners in the middle ages. Mre much read. D. 18"2. INtiEKSOLL. CiiAiiLKs Jaued, an American lawyer and statesman, b. in Philadelphia, 1782, studied law, and uiade a tuur iu Europe, devoting him- self, on his return, to law, literature, and politics. He published a poem, called "Chiomara," in the "Portfolio," a tragedy, " Edwy and Elgi\a," which was |)eifornied in Phihidel|)hia; and in 1810 a polilical and literary satire under the title ot " liicliiciuin's Letters." In 1813 he was elected to cmigress, aiitl from 1815 to 182J held the office of U. S. district attorney, lie served a second time in congress, from 1841 to 1847. He wrote a history of the war of 1812, in 4 vols., and puljlishcd nu- merous Democratic speeches and ora- tions and political |iainphlels. 1). 1832. — JoSEi-ii pEKi), a brother of the pre- ceding, b. 1786, was also a lawyer, a member of cmigress, in 183.5-37, and again in 184L for eight years. Presi- dent Fillmore appointed him minister IRV] CYCLOP.KOIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 159 to EiiKland. D. 18fi8. — Ralph Isaacs. lawyer jiiul iiolitici.-in, 1). in New Ha- ven, Cdiiii., 1788, '^tiidifid law, and todk part early in public affairs. He repru- se4ite(l his nalive town seven years in the state lef;islatiire, where he was re- garded as llie most pmniinent 1)(mm()- cratic debater. In 182a lie was elected to the Idwer house of coni;ress, and reelected three times. Jlost of the time he served on the committee of \v;iy.s ami me.-nis, with V'erplanek, M'Dnliie. and I'olk. He received from Mr. I'olU, in 18-Ki, the inisolieited appointment of minister plenipotentiary to Uii-sia, •where he remained only two years. The remainder of his life was s|)ent in the ))raelice of his profession. D. in 187-2. INGHAM. CiiAia.ivs C, an Amer- ican ]KM'trait painter, b. in Dnblin, 1797, came to the United States in 1817, was one of the fonnders of the National Academy, and, besides his "Death of Cleopatra" and some fancy pieces, painted the jiortraits of many nf the reii^niiif;; beanlies of New York in his dav. i). 18li3. iNGUAHAJI, Duncan Natiianiki., captain II. S. naw, b. in ( lliarleslon, S. C 180-2, midsl'iipnnin in 1812, 's well known by his seiznre of Martin Koszta. an American citizen, from an Austrian brij;' of war at Smyrna. For this act confi'ress reqnested the presi- dent to present him a medal. Kesiyned in i8)\, ami was nunie chief of (mcI- nance. construction, and repair in the confederate naw. D. at Ciiarleston, 1,SG;j._.Jiisitii"II., b. 1803, was mer- chant, teacher, novelist, and linally minister of the Protestant ICpiscopal Chnrcli in i\lississippi. "The Soiilh- West, by a Yinikee," brnngiit him lirst into notice in 183(>, ami he produced a number of romances that were popu- lar at the time and lary;ely circulateil. Anioui^ these were " Itarton, or the Siejics," and "("ajitain Kyd." His late works were ou Scriptural subjects. D. 18()H. INGHAM, HKuni^isT, founder and proprietor of the "Illustrated London News,'' and member of the British par- liamenr, b. 1811, was drowned in Lake Michi,n-.in, 18U0. INGRKS, JKAX-.\L'f;usrK Domi- KIQI:k, a ci lebrated French painter, b. 1780, was a pupil of David, ami nnide his clbnf, like most of his contempo- raries, in the con\eutional reproduction of bas-relief and statue. But such was his progress that he carried away the second prize of 1799, and the >^\\'i\t prize of Kome. in 1802, by two classical pictures, which Fla.\nuin pronmuiced the best which he had seen of I'rench art. A lon^ residence in Italy nuKlilied and improved his style, anh Review;" wrote several orij;inal works on Scottish his- tory and law, and edited many vcdumes for the Spaldiii^-, M;iitland, and ISanna- (yne clubs. D.' 1874. ION, Jacoi! ISiiM), a South Carolina statesman, b. 1782, entered the U. S. army, in 1811, as captain of the lirst re^iiinent of artillery, ami served uiitil 1815. He was afiei-wards apjiointed to the command of the fortilieations at Charleston and Savannah. He was an iutlueiitial member of the South (Caro- lina senate, and for some \ear.> its ])res- ideiit, and took an important part in the convention of 1832, by which the ordi- niinee of nullilication was pa.-sed. D. 18.J9. IRVING, J. BicxuKUAiN, an Ameri- can painter, b. at the south, joined the confederates in the civil war, and was stripped of his property. He removed to New York with the view of turning to account his knowledge of painting, acquired as an amateur. His style was farmed on Jleissonier's, and he ac- quired reputation and pecuniary success in his art, but d in the ke.ght ol hia promise. May, 1877. IRVING, "Wasiii.nc;tox, h. in New York, 178;3, was the youngest son of William Irving, a descendant of an Orkney family, his mother being an Englishwom.iii. An ordiiui'V school education terminated in Irving's lOtli year, and he then commenced the study IGO CYCLOP>i;DrA OF BIOGRAPHY. [iST of tlic law. In 1802 ho contributed to the '• Miiiiiini,' Cliroiiiclc " iiewspaiiL-r a gerifs ii the theatres, iiiaii- uers, and liaal events of the town, over tile si;;-natiire of Jonathan OJdstxIe. He went to l'",iiro[)e for liis health in 18J4, and was absent nearly two years, resnniini; his law studies in 18 )G. Soon after, i\i eoiijnnelion with James Iv. Paulilinj; and his elder brother William, he |)ioj cted " Salniaf^nndi," a serial pnblieali(ni, which was continued dnr- in;; a year, and was hi^'hly popular. " Ivniikerb.icker's Histiu-y of New York " followed about two years after- ward. In 1810 ho wiote a bionra|>hical sketch of Thomas Campbell, prelixed to an American edition of his works. Meanwhile Irvin^c had joined two of his brothers as a silent partner in mercan- tile pursuits. 15nt he continued his lit- erary lab.)rs, and in 181-i-l4 edited the '• Analeclie .Ma;;a7,ine '" in I'iiiladelphia In 18li he became aid-de-camp and military secretary on the staff of (iov- ernor 'i'ondiins. On the termination of the w.ir he jiroeeeded ajiaiii to Kurope, and remained thtre seventeen \ears. The (ir-t year or two of his slay in Eiiulaud pa-sed in ti'avel, rural wander- iriirs, an(l pleasant social intercourse, amonust others, with U'alter Scott. The failure of the New York (irni of which he was a member deprived Irvinj^ of his property, and threw him upon lii.- liter.irv re-oarci-s for support. The " Sketi-li-l'>o labor, and brouf^lit him pr 'tit and distinction. " IJracebridue Hall'' appeared in 1821, Murray havinir paid lOJO niiiueas for the copyrii^ht witlunit f' empi'ror .\l-xaiider. He jiainted a "Coiif'-reiice of the (Jouijiess of Vienna, ' and pnr- tr.iits of most of the sovereigns of his time. D. 1855. ISMAIL Pas'i,\, pee Kmeti/, Gi-nri/e. IS TL'UIZ. Fu.v.NCois Xaviki: nii, a Spanish minister and stare^m.in, h. 17it:), was the son of a Iia>(|ue mer- chant who had settled at Cad /,. He was deputy to the Cortes in 1822. At Madrid he actively engaijed in political intrigues, and so far compromised nini- self with the government that he was JAC] CYCLor^:niA of luoGitAriiY. 161 olilij,a'(l to fly to I'.ni^liind, wluive he j(iiiii'(l a ciiiiiiiieiv'iil liiiusu. L'lidir the jiiuiK-sty jifiordfil hy the queen re- {;eiir, in 18:i4, he returned ti» Spiiin, iiiid was a^aiii sent hy his native eily tii the ciirtes.' When his tri. nd .Mend'iza- Lai was chief i>( the cahiiiet, Islnriz lie- canie jyresident of t\\i>. /iroC'ii-n/ui-is. hut the friends quarrelled, and fonyht a hh.cdiess duel. After th- fall of ' Men- (lizalial, Islnriz was apiminted minister of foivii;!! affairs, and president of the conneil. Tronhled time- followed, till the people of Madrid in insin reelicni de- manded his head, and, escaping- in the f;arl) of a eonrier, he fled to I.islioii, and there einharked for Kn^land. Uelurn- inj^ once innre to Spain, he was aiiain sent hy Cadi/, lo the eorles, and heeanie jiresident in 1S;JJ. After tin? return of Maria (Jhristina, and the expid.-ion of Kspartero, lie l)eeanie president of the coiuieil of ministers, and scna;m-. He lie.ijotialed the marriai;es of the qii- en with her eoiisin, and of iier sisler wilh the Didve of Jlontpensier. His minis- try f(dl soon a'terward. He was sue- fessively minister phoiipotentiary to Itnssia, to England, and to France. D. 1871. ITUUHiOK, :\[,\i>.\Mi.: Hu.\tk dk. C\ empress of IMe.xieo, h. ahont 171)1); d. at I'hiladeiphia, ISil. Her luishand, Anunstin de Ilnrliide, the first emperor of Mexico of European descent, was executed hy llic Jlexican govcrnnifnt in 18:24, from whieli time his widow re- sided in the United .Slates. I\'1;K8()N', Ai,|-|(|;i), politician, I), in Georjjia, 17.J8, pracliseii law, went to the slate le.;i-lalnre, sat one term Ml the lower house nf con;;ress, and was meiu- her of U. S. senate ISJVtil, an ailvo- cate of secession ami disnnionist. He left the senate in January, 18il, and was aftirwards a confederate brigadier- j,^eneral. D. 1873. IVIIS, Ki.i, ;in eminent American ])h\sieian, professor of m i/eri i iin-il'irii, ami afterward professor of the theory and practice of medicine in Vale cidlege, b. in New Haven, 177!); d. 1831.— Licvi Sii>i.i.M.\.\, b. in Connecticut, 17i)7, received deacon's orders in the I'rotestant Kpiscopal chinch in l!<22. He ofliciated in the ministry in different churches in I'hiladelphia and New York in 18-31, when he was consecrated bishop of .North Carolina. In his diocese he promoted the cause of education, ami ])ivpared a calechisin for sla,ves, which was introduced (ui several |)laiitalions. In 1852 he went to Itnme and joined the Konian (;alion iield conunaud of tiie rigiit wing- of the confederate army .'-tationed near r'n(lericlv>biirg, haviiij;: meanwhile been promoted to a iieiilenant-;;eiieral- shiji. On ilie 2il May, ISi^i, he made all impitnoiis charj;e upon the lltii fed- eral corps under Gineral Howard, rout- ing tiuin completely and forcing- them toward C'hancellorsville. Darkness ar- rested the coute>t, and Jackson, who had been ill llie foremost jiositioii, turned witii bis staff toward his own lines. A South Carolina rei;iiiieiit, misiakiiiL;' the caval- cade for Union cavalry, tired a sudden volley, and Jackson fell from his horse, ■wounded in both arms. He d. on the lOtli May, and was lumored with a pub- lic funeral in lii'.limoiid. — CllAi.l-i:s, justice of ihe supreme court of Massa- chusetts from 181-J to 18:2-'J, was b. in Newburyport, 1775, and admitted to practice in Essex county in 17'J6. In 1832 lie was placed at the head of the conimi sion to revise the statutes of the comnicuiwial.il. D. 185-';. — J.\.mi:s, an eminent pli\-ic'an, b-,o her of the pre- ceding, b. ir77, in New iiuryport. grad- iiateil at Harvard college, studied with Dr. HolyoUe, and afterward in London. On his return he settleil in Boston and practiseil there through life. He wa-^ one of th>' foiniders of the M.is>acliii- setts General H(is| ital and its lir>t pliy- siciaii. He was many years professor of the theory and jiractice of medicine ill Harvard college, and several times elected president of the ^Lis>achuhall. — Sii; Gk<)i;(;k. an Kngiish di))loiiiaii>t, b. 178.5, entered early in the diplomatic service, and was employed on \arious missions till in 1823 he went to Wash- ington and was occupied four years as commissioner undeVthe trea'v of Ghent. He was siibseriuently engaged on com- missions for the sup]iression of the slave trade. Petiring in 1850 he il. at Kcm- logne, ISOl. Portions of his diaries and letters were published by Lady .lacksoii in 1872 and 1873. — SA^MUKt,, b. 1787 ill Pliiladel|)liia, was distin- guished ill the medical profession, as phvsiciaii, surgeon, writer, and lecturer. His chief work is "Ihe Princi])les of Medicine." 1). 1872. — Thomas, an Fnglisli Methodist clergyman, b. 1783, died 1873; entered the ilinerant niinis- iry in 1804, and twenty years later was cho.sen by the Piitish conference '' con- nectional editor" of the Wesleyan Church. His publications, biograjiliical and liistirical, in the interests of his church were numerous. JACOlil. M«.i:rr/. Hkhma.nn, a Ger- man physici-t, b. at Pot>dam, 17l'0, was at 28 w'itliont a profession, and armed with a letter from M. von Humboldt, went to St. I'etersburg to seek his for- tunes. He soon distinguished him^elf by his researches in physics. Li 1830 he constructed a short electric ti legraph, and two years later a telegraph eighteen miles long lietween the winter jialace and the summer palace of the emper(;r. In 18-tO he made his imiKutant discovery i.f galvanoplastv, and was made coun- cillor of the court. At this time he pro- posed to the emperor the fcu-matii'ii of a regiment of galvanic sappers, which was jam] CYCLOl'.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 1G3 carried out, anrt Jacobi appointed col- onel ; hence tlie construction of the most famous battery in the worhl. lie publislied numerous memoirs on sub- jects connected with his discoveries. t). 187 t. JAFFE, Piiii.ipp, a German histori- cal sciiolar and editor, b. near I'osen, 1819. Educated for the medical profes- sion, he devoted liimself to researches into the history of the middle aijcs. His important works are the " Uegesta I'on- tilicum l!(imanorum," and tlie "Fontes Rerum Germanicorum," both immense collections of materials for history, chronoiotfically arranged and anno- tated. Overtasked by liis labors, he died hv his own hand, 1870. JAliX, Fi:i;di:hiciv Ludwig, the in- ventor of the modern system of Rym- nastics, was b. in I'omerania, 1778, and went to Berlin in 1803. The French were tlien masters of Germany, and Jalin, wlio was a teacher in a private institution, estabiisiied his first trym- nasiiim iu 1811, as a covert means of nourishinat patriotic feelinj^s amongst his countrymen. To liini the nlKliated societies of "Turners" owe their pater- nity. D. 185-2. — Orro, b. at Kiel, 1813, finished his studies at Berlin, made a long stay in France and Italy, and on his return to Kiel opened a course of lectures on philology and archfedogy. In 1847 he. occupied a chair of philology at Leipsic, but having taken part in the national movements of 1848-49, he was deprived of his appointments, and re- tired into private life. He published numerous philological and archicologi- cal works, and a valuable biography of Mozart. D. 18G9. JAL, AuciusTK, b. at Lyons, 1791, entered upon a career in the navy, but left it after some years and went to Paris, and commenced writing in the journals. In 1834 he was charged by the minister of marine with a mission to Italy to collect materials for the his- tory (if the navy. He wrote many volumes of art criticism, and was an assistant in many literarv journals. His chief work is on" "Naval Archieology," which obtained the Gobert prize of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles- lettres, and was i)ublished by order of Louis Philippe. His " Dictionnaire Cri- tique de Biographie et Histoire " (18G4) is a work of great labor and research. D. 1873. JALEY, Jean Louis Nicholas, a Frencli sculptor, b. 1802, a pupil of Car- tellier, exhibited several busts in 1824, and some years later, statues, much admired, of " l.a Pri('re " and "La Pu- deur," which in 1855 were re])roduced at the Iiulustrial Exhibition and pur- chased l)v the emperor. D. 18;i(i. JAMES, G. P. li, one of the most priilitic of nmdern novelists, was b. in Loudon. Some of his earliest literary efforts were seen by Washington Irving, who advised him to aim at something higher. The novel of "Kichelii-u" was the result of this encouragement. Pub- lished in 1828, it met at once with signal success. During the succeeding twenty years his pen was constantly at work in this division of the literary field, all his novels belonging too ob\-iuusly to one class — and that a mediocre ime — to call for enumeration. In 1852 he be- came British consul at Norfolk, Va., where he remained some years. In 1858 he was appointed consul at Venice, and d. there, 18(j0. — John .'Xngkix, au- thor of many popidar religious works, and pastor of a Congregational church at Birniingham, iMigland, l>. 1784; d. 1859.— ciiAiii.KS T., b. in West (Jreen- wich, R. I., 1800 ; d. 18;)2. Having turned his attention to mechanics as connected with the cotton interest, he wrote a series of papers on the culture and manufacture of cotton in tiie south. He was U. S. senator from 1851 to 1857 from Rhode Island. He suliseqiieutly invented a rifle-cannon, ami met his death from the explosion of a shell of his own invention. JAMESON, RIks. Annv, an emi- nent art critic, b. in Dublin, 179G; d. in iMigland, 1800. Her "Loves of the Poets," "Lives of Celebrated Female Sovereigns," "Characteristics of Wo- men," "Sacred and Legemlary Art," arul " Common-place Book of Thoughts, Memories, and Fancies," are amongst the most im|)orlautof her labors. Her maiden nanie was Murphy. — Rohekt, mineralogist and geologist, b. at Leith, 1773 ; d. 1854. He was fur many years editor of the "Edinijurgh Journal," a periodical devoted to natural history and science, and was a fellow of several of the learned societies of the United States. — (Jhahlks Davis, lirigadier- general of volunteers in the U. S. armv, b. in Gqrham, Me., 1827; d. in 1832 of camp-fever, contracted on tlie peninsula of Virginia. He joined the service as ccdonel of the 2d ISIaine voliniteers in May, 1861, and was promoted to the rank he held at the time of his death as a recognition of his gallantry at Bull Run. In 1861 and 18U2 he was the can- 164 CYCLOr.EDIA OF BIOGHAPIIY. [jAn didnte of the "War Demncrnfs" of Miiiiie lor tlie otlice of governor of that staff. JANKS. EDMiTynSroitRK, b. at Shof- fiehl, Mass., 1807, siiidieil law. iiiedi- ciiii', and divinity, and in 1844 was elettt'd l)i~hop (if ihe Melliodist Episco- pal fliiircli, rt'siding for inan\' veai's in the i-ity of New York. D. 1870'. — Ed- win L., a twin brotherof tlii' preceding, a dislingiii-hfd elergyni.in of tiie .Metli- odisi cluneii, was the antiioi- of " Wes- ley liis own Biogra|)iier," and otiier works. D. 187.5. ■JANET-LANGE, Loui-s, a French painter, I). 1818, was a pupil of Ingres, and afterwards of Horace Vernet, in whose large and brilliant style he jiro- diiced several works. Me" fiirnislied iiianv designs to the illustrated jour- nals." 1). 1872. J .VN I N, .1 u i.ks-Gabktel, a celebrated Frencii critic, b. nt St. Etii-nne, ]8;)4, stndied law, went to I'aris, ami in 182-5 became one of the editors of *• I-igaid." a journal on whicii, acctn-ding t(i his account, the writers were all wicked witlnmt wickedness, and cruel wiihout knowing it. He atiracted the attention of IJerlin the eUler, editor in chief of ilie "Jom-nal des Dt'liats," and a permanent coinieciion whs made with that journal. Here he commenced the J'i:iiilk-t(.ns which were tlie great wtorical Sketch of the Christian Ciiiirch," "Life of George Fo.\," a "History of the EriemN," in four vol- umes. In 18f)0 President Grant ap- pointed Mr. Janney one of the super- intendents of Indian affairs, and he held the oilice about two j-ears. D. 1877. .TASMIX. Jacqijks, the peai^ant poet of the s, '• Mi cat mmiri," "I must die.'' Afti-rw.iril he published a series if poems whicli gave liim celebrity throughout I'Uirope, ami brought him presents from all the sonlli- ern cities, and pi'izes fi-(nu the acade- mies ' f rmdouse and lloiirileaiix. Louis Pliilippe invited hiju to a pri\ate inter- view, aufl he left Paris with a pension of 1,000 francs, soon followed by the cross of the b-gicm of honor. St. r>euve places him in the school of the poets, like Theocritus, HcM'aee, and (iray, who aim at ]ierfec;iiin. Among bis wniks are "Lou Chalibari " (The Charivari), a comic poem, 1825; "Lou Tit's t\& Mai " (The Tnird of Mav), 18 ;0; " L'- AI)U-lo de Castel-Cuillc" (The Blind Girl of Castel-Cuilte). 18W, translated bv Loiigfillow ; and " Las Papillo;o> de .lasinin " (liismiMs Curl Papers), 1835 ami 184;i. 1). 18 14. .IAUi)lXL, Sii; Wii.i.iAji. Scottish naturalist, b. 1800, was educated at Eiliii- l)urgh, and did much useful scieirilic Work as.edi:or anil contrilnitor to the >cieiititic journals. He edited the " Nat- nrali-ts' Lilirary,'' and wrote ftuirleeil of its forty volumes. I). 1874. JAkX.UJ, Piiii.ii'i'K Ekhdix.vxd Al'uustI'; I)!-; 1!<>ii.\n Cirxiinr, Count of, h. 1818, was a son of tin- viscount Cliabo', who expatriated himself during the lirsi rev. lution, married in En.;land, and distinguished liiinself in Ihe British army. The sou was educated at Har- row, and under Louis Pliili|ipe he was made chief secretary of the L"'rench lega- tion at St. .James's. The revol.itimi soon came, and he retired to his e-tate in KilUeniiy, and led the life of an Iri-h landlord. ".Vfter the fall of the second empire he returned to Paris, and in 1874 was appointed by President MacMalioii ambassador to JMigland. D. 1875. He was a man of literary culture and wrote well in luiglish as well as French. JAIIVIS, Kkv. S. F,\i:m k, I). I)., h. at Middletown. 1787. an l'"piscopaliaii minister, shop Aliraham .lar- vis, rector of St. Michaels in 1811, and of St. Jainess in ISl-'i, in the diocese of New Y(u-k; he resigned in ISIO and be- came professor of Biblical learning in jer] CYCLOP.KDIA OF BIOGUAI'HY. IGo the tlieoloffical seminary. He was after- wards seven yeais lecior of St. I'aiil's ill Hostoii, and in 18-2(J went to Kiinipe where lie renniined tiii ]8y5. On his return he was two years jirofessor of ori.nlal literature in U'a^iiinglun (nnw Trinity) eoilejie, Harltord, and then reetur' of Christ Chuieli, iMidillitdwn. Wiiiie there he was apiioiutcd liy the general eonveiitioii of 18J8 hislorioy- raplier (jf the ehiireh. He puhlished a " Chronolonical Inirodnelioii to the History of the Clinivh," IS'iJ, and the first vi.lnine of the "(JIuireh of the Ke- deenied," 1850. D. 1851. J.\Y, Wii.LiA.^i, the second son of John Jay, h. in New York, ITSi); d. in 15edlord", Westchester eoinity, 1858. Edneated at Yale eollege, he studied law at Albany, and soon after 1812 was aiipointed lirst jud,:;-e in Westehestfr coiiniy, whieh ohiie he la-Id niiiil 18-fy. He was an early and etlieieiit advocate of the Ainerieaii Hiljle Society, and was one of its vice-presidents. He was also a waini advocate of Miinhiy-scliools, of the peace inovenieiit, temiieiaiicc, and African colonization, and wrote and published much on all these subjects He was also in correspomieiiee with anti-slavery leaders, and sympathized generally wiih every |ihilanlhropic movement E, Edwahd, a naturalist, b. 1780, .spent the greater part of his life ill the neighborhood of Windsor, Hamil- ton Court, and Uiciimond, and by his diligent observations added considera- bly to our knowledge of the animal creation. He wrote " Gleanings in Natural History" in three vols.; "An- ecdotes of IJogs," and numerous similar volumes, and edited Walton's ''An- gler" and White's "Selborne." D. 181)8. — .John Heneagk, his son, b. 1808, began his career as author at the age of .sixteen, but earned his reputa- tion by his "Memoirs" on interesting periods of English history. His la^t and most important work was "Me- moirs of the Life and Reign of King George IH." Among his other works are " George Selwyn and his Contem- poraries " and " London, its Celebrated Characters and Places." U. 1874. JESUP, Thomas S., brevet major- general United States army, b. in Vir- ginia, 171)0, entered the army in 1808, and served with distinction in the war of 1812. He succeeded General Call in command of the army in Elorida, in 183G, and was wounded in an action M-ith the Seminoles, Jan. 24, 1838. Uin-- ing the Mexican war he was quarter- master general. D. 18G0. JEUNE, Fkaxcis, an English pre- late, b 1806, more remarkable for his efficient business talents than as a di- vine, d. bisho[) of Peterborough, ]8j8. JI'^WETT, Chaim.esCokki.n, bibliog- rapher, b. in Blaine, 1816, was some- time librarian of the theological semi- nary at .Andover, catalogued the library of Brown university, where he was libra- rian and professor, was librarian of Smithsonian Institution, where he made a valuable report on the public libraries of the U. S , and was superintendent of the Boston Public Library from 1858 till his death in 1868. — Isaac Applktox, lawyer and author, b. in Vermont, 1808, wrote "Passages in Eoreiga Travel," 2 vols. Boston, 1818 ; and the "Appleton Memorial,'' 18.50. 1). 1853. .lOlIN, Nktom.mv Mahia Jo.ski'H, King of Sa.Koiiy, b. December 12, 181)1, youngest son of JIaximilian and his tir>t wife, a piincess of i'arma. He was carefully educated, and showed an early passion for literature. A visit to Italy in 1821, produced its fruits in a transla- tion of the first ten cantos of Dante's " Inferno," |iri\ately piinted in 1825. His metrical version of the whole of the "Diviiia Comniedia " with notes and illustrations, was published lietween 1839 and 1840. He was an accomplished arch.tologist, and was twice president of the German Historical and Antiqua- rian .Society. On his accession to the throne in 1854, he promoted many im- portant public measures. In the con- test between Prussia and Austria he leaned to the side of the latter; and when Saxony was invaded by the Prus- sians in 18.jU, he withdrew to Bohemia. He afterwards concluded a treaty with Prussia and returned to his kingdom. He afterwards entered the North Ger- man Confederation and took pai't iii the war against Prance. D. at Dresden, 1873. JOHNS, Charles Alexander, an English clergyman, b. 18L1, was an ac- complished botanist, and published a number of popular works on natural liisttny. I). 1874. JOHNSON, Andrew, seventeenth President of the Lfiiited States, b. at Raleigh, N. C, 1808, was brought up by his widowed mother, and was never a day at school. Bound apprentice to a tailor, he learned to read, and in 1826, removed with his mother to Ten- nessee, where he obtained work, and finally married and settled in Green- \ille. His wife taught him to write and cipher. His first otHce was that of aldi-rman, he was then niavor of Green- ville, afterwards member of the state house of represHiitatives, and of the state senate, and in 1843, was elected to the lower hou-e of congress, where he served ten years. In the house he ad- vocated the annexation of Texas, the tariff of 1846, and was a powerful sup- porter of the measures of President Polk during the Mexican war. In 1853, he was elected governor of Tennessee, reelected in 1855, and in 1857, sent to the senate of the United States. Though a southern man and a Democrat, the opening of the civil war found him an inflexible foe to secession and a firm supporter of the Union. In December, Jo-^i] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGUAniY, 1G7 1800, lie made a speech of two days in the senate, in vindication of tlie Union and the (Jonstitution, and ai,oiiiist the heresy of nuililication and secession. In Febi'nary, 1801, lie made another two days' speecii with tlie view of meet- ing; the attacics that iiad been made on him in and out of the senate; and lie met them with viijor, energy, and sne- cess Other speeciies of the same tenor made him exceedinif popular in the norlUern states; lie was burned in etfi- cy at Memphis, and on bis return to Tennessee, at the close of the session in April, 18ijl, he was assailed and men- aced with lynchiiiii; at variims ])laces along' bis route, and repeatedly insulted by infuriated mobs. He was driven from the slate, but before his senatorial term expired President Liiiccdu ap- pointed liim provisional governor of Tennessee wiih the rank of brlpidier- j^eneral of volunteers. His ride was such as the condition of the state required. To conciliate the war Democrats, and in rcco,i;iiition of his eminent services, Mr. .lohiison was elected Vice l'resi(kMit on the Hepublicaii ticket with Mr. Lin- coln, and on his assassination was sworn in as President, April 1.5, 18lio. On his accession, he expressed himself with {^reat severity against the men who had taken part in the insurrection; but his subsequent polic}' in regard to the re- constructii'ii of the southern states led to a quarrel with the liepublicau leaders in congi'ess wdiich resulted in his im- peachment, in February, 1808. His trial on tlie impeachment terminated on the 'iOtli of May; thirty-live senators voting for his conviction, and nineteen for his ac(]uiltal, which was secured by the lack of the two-lhirds vote required by tile Constitution. His presidential term exjiired March 4, 1869. Return- ing to lennessec, he was defeated in 1870, as a candidate for the U. .S. sen- ate, but was elected in 1875, and took his seat at the e.xtra session of March. D. July 31, 1875.— Ai.exandeii Hhy- AN, an American author, b. in England, 178li, caine to this country in 1801, was admitted to the bar, but pursued the business of a banker for several j'ears at Utica. He wrote a number of vol- umes on the philosophy of human knowledge, or the relations which words bear to things, and on financial, politi- cal, and religious topics. D. 1807. — Cavk, an American lawyer and states- man, b. in Tennessee 1793, member of congress, 182^-37, and again in 1839- 45, wheu he was made postmaster-gen- eral by President Polk. He was a Union man during the secession war. 1). 1800. — Ki:vKi:i>v. an eminent jurist and statesman, b. 1790, in Annapidis, .Md., graduated at .St. John's college at the age of 17, and commenced the stiuly of law in the ollice of his father, John Johnson, sometime chancellor of the state. Admitted to the bar in 1815, in 1817 he removed to lialtiinore, where he ever after resided. He reported with Mr. Harris the decisions of the court of appt'als in seven vlu'd reputation. His "' Koy- al Atlas of Modern Geoiri-aphv " ap- peared in ]8jI. D. 1871. —'David Clavpole, caricaturist, b. in I'hiladel- phia, 1797, author of "Comic Scraps," published in many annual numbers, illustrated Fanny Kemble's "Journal," and published " l*hren(rlogy Exemiili- lied and illustrated,'' with more than 40 etchings. U. 18S.5. — Gk'h:ge, a fihysician at Berwick-on-Tweed. a vo- uniini>us writer on zoology, conclmlogy, and botany. D. 18.j5. — James T. \V., a noted agricultural chemist and a pop- ular writer on chemistry and some of the allied subjects, b. at Paisley, Scot- land, 1788; d. 185.5. The best known of his works is the " Chemistry of Com- mon Life." JO-MAKD, Edmi5 Fuancois, a French writer on geography, arclioeology, and education, b. 1777; "d. 18tJ-2. He intro- duced the Lancasterian system of edu- cation into Fiance, and was director of the Instilul des J-Ji/yptU-ns, formed for the education of young Egyptians sent bv Meliemet All to studv in I'aris. 'JO.MINI, Henim, Baron, soldier, his- torian, and a distinguished writer on military science, b. in Switzerland, 177'J, served in one of the S,wiss regi- ments ill the service of F'raiice ; but on the corps being disbanded, turned his attention to commercial ])ursuits. He began his career as author by the pub- lication, ill 1803, of his '• Traite des (jrandes Operations Militaires," a work which contains a critical and comjiara- tive account of the campaigns of Fred- eric H. and Bonaparte. He was chief of Ney's staff in the cami)aigns of 180G-07, and fur his admirable conduct was made baron. In 1811 he was made general of brigade, and historiographer of F'rance. Ueceiving some indignity from Napoleon, he left the French ser- vice and entered that of Russia, becom- ing aide to .Alexander I., and tutor to the graud duke, afterwards the emperor Nicholas, to whom he rendered great service in the war with Turkey in 18-J8. Russia was also indebted to him for the organization of her niilit;iry aiadi-iny in 1830. Eater, he retired to Brus.-ils, but returned to St. Petersburg when hostilities broke out between Itussia and the western |iowers in relation to the Ottoman Enifiire. In 18.5.5 he obtained leave from the emperor to retire again to Brussels. His works enjoy the high- est reputation. To the uncontested merit of an excellent tactician and con- scientious historian he juins that of an attractive writer, and is perhaps the first military author who is read with interest by persons outside of the pro- fession. The catalogue of his works would till a page. Translations of some of them were made, and published in the United States during the civil war. D. at Passy, ]8(;a. JONES, AxsuN, a physician and Texan statesman, b. in Berkshire coun- ty, Mass., 17U8, emigrated to Texas in 1833, advocated measures for its inde- pendence, fought in the battle of Sail .lacinto, member of the Texan congress in 1837, minister to the United States 1838-39, and president of Texas in 1845- 4(i, till its annexation. In 1859 his au- toliiograpliy was published for jirivate circulation. D. by his own hand at Houston, Texas, 1858. — Ei;nkst, b. 1819, at Berlin, was the son of Major Charles Jones, who bought an estate in Holstein, and remained there with his family till 1838, when he removed to England, and in 1841 young Ernest was presented to the Queen by the Duke of Beaufort. In this year ap- peared the tirst of his larger works, a romance, entitled "The Wood Spirit,"- published anonymously. In 1844 he was called to the bar at the Middle Temple, and commenced his pmfes- sional career on the northern circuit, but joined the Chartists (18455, aiid rajiidiy became their leader. To advo- cate their cause, he not only gave up his practice at the bar, but spent large sums in supporting it. He surrendered a fortune of nearly .£2,000 a year, left to him on condition that he would aban- don the Chartist cause. From time to time he issued the " Laborer." " Notes of the People," and other periodicals; and he established also the " Pcojile'.s Paper," which remained the organ of the Chartists for eight years. In 1847 he unsuccessfully contested Halifax, and in the following j'ear the alarm produced by his seditious harangues at JOS] CVCLOP.KDIA OF IJIOGnAPIIY. Ud Jlaiiclic'ster led to Ills apprciicnsimi. Ho was coiivic'teil, ami si'iiti'iR-cd t" two years" solilary (.oiiliiK'niuiit. l\>v nineteen iiKiiitlis lie was deprived of the u-e (if pens, ink, and paper, anil eiin- fiiled in a eel! I-'J feet Uy ti : luit he re- fused to petition tor a eonnnntaiion of the seiitenee. While in pi-is(ni he einii- nosed an epie, piililished after his re- lease in 1851, entitled " Tlie lievolt of Hindost:,,!." [ii ]8.yj and ISoT Mr. Jones uusnecessfiilly coiitcste-1. — (JwK.v, an Imi^N-Ii architect, "b. 18.)), in Wales, devoted himsflf more p.-irticniarly to oruanien- tal architecture. He decorateil ilie in- teri, Mexican general and statesman, b. 1807 in Oajaca, a de- scendant of the Indian race, studied jurisprudence, and became an advocate in 18'iU. He was jrovernor of Oajaca, 1848-52; exiled by Santa Anna in 18.53; two years later returned to Mexico, was minister of justice under Alvarez, min- ister of the interior under Comonfort, leader of the insurrectionarv forces of the constitutional party against Zuloaga and against President JMiramon, and was elected president of the republic, June 11, 1861. His first acts were to decree the dissolution of the relii^ioiis orders, and the secularization of the church property. A third measure sus- pending all payments of the foreign debt broni^ht him into difficidty with France, Spain, and Fuf^land, and gave a pretext to Napoleon III. for invadinif Mexico. Juarez was driven out of his capital by the French troops in 1803, and the seat of j;overnment was removed to San Luis de Potosi. Ferdinaiul Max- imilian of Austria was induced to accept the crown, and in October, 1835, de- clared the republic extinct anil sen- tenced to death all Juarist leaders taken in arms. Juarez defeated the imperial forces, and Maximilian was betrayed into his hands at Queretaro and exe- cuted by his order June 16, 1867. Jua- rez reentered the capital in July, and was reelected president in October. Af- ter five years of disturbed rule, a sea- son of tranquillity had opened when Juarez d. of apoplexy, 1872. JUDD, Sylvkstku, Kev., author of " Margaret, a New England Tale," and other works, was b. at Westhampton, .Mass., 1813, graduated at Yale, studied theology at Cambridge, and settled as pastor of a Unitarian church at Au- gusta. Me., where he d., 1853. JUDSON, Mi:s. Emiia- (Emily Chub- buck), widow of Adoniiaui Jud^on, the well-known Baptist missionary to Bur- niah. As " Fanny Foi'rester " she had C(Uisiderable celebritv as a writer. D. 1854. JUKES, .JosKrn Beete, b. 1811, was educated at St. John's college, Cam- bridge. In 1839, he was appointed geological surveyor of the c(jlouy of Newfoundland, and returned to Eng- land in 1810. He afteiwards held sev- eral public appointments, as naturalist and geologist. He publislied many use- ful geological works, among which may be "mentioned "Sketch of the Phys- ical Structure of Australia,'" and nu- merous papers on geological subjects in the journals of geological societies and in periodicals. D. 1869. JULIEX, Stasisla-s, a French phi- lologist, b. 1799, became eminently versed in the Chinese language, from which he translated numerous works in every department of literature into the French tongue. He was engaged on a most extensive work for which he bad made exhaustive preparation, intended to be a complete treasury of the Chinese language, when he d. 1873. JULLIEN, M., a popular musical composer and conductor, b. in France, 1812, performed on the violin in con- certs at the age of five, and after direct- ing concerts in Paris, in 1839 went to London, where for fifteen years he was a celebrity. He visited this country ia 1856, ami gave a series of monster con- certs in the principal cities Subse- quently he experienced pecuniary re- -^-erses, and d. in a lunatic asylum near London. IS'JO. JUNGHUHN, Franz Wilhelm, a German traveller and naturalist, b. 1312, became a surgeon in the Prussian army, and for fighting a duel was imprisoned in the castle of Ehrenbreitstein, whence he escaped after twenty months. Af- terwards he was engaged several years in exploring the islands of Sumatra and Java, and his most important work was a "Topographical, Geological, and I3otanical View of Java." D. 1864. kea] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGlJAPnY. 171 K. KALEHfilS, DEMF.Tiiius, a Greek soldier and pdlitieian, b. in the island of Crete, ISt):?, fought in the war against the Turks!, and afterwards, in the interests of Russia, raised an insurrection aj^ainst Kins Otiio. Pardoned for the offence, he entered the army, and hecanie gov- ernor of Alliens. Driven IVuui Greece, he resided awhile in England, and on his return was some time minister of war, and in 1801 ambassador to Paris. D. iu Athens, 1807. KAI,lSt;H, David, a German liu- morist and playwright, b. 1820, wrote several dramatic pieces that met with great success on the stage, and estab- lished in Kerliu, in 1848,"the "Kladde- radatsch," tlie German "Punch." D. 1872. KANE, Eltsha Kfnt, honorably known in connection with Arctic ex- plorations, was a son of Judge Kane, and was b. in Philadelphia in 1822, giaduated at the iniiversity of Virginia, studied medicine in the universiiy of Pennsylvania, where he graduated in 18i3 ; was soon appointed surgeon to the American mission to China, and travelled extensively in the East and in Egypt, and traversed (ireece on foot; served next on the western coast of Af- rica, was in the jVIexican war, and was Iheii in the coast survey; went as i-enicu' surgeon to the first American expedi- ti(Mi in search of Sir .John Franklin, and pidjlished on his return a narrative of the expedition, and soon started in coni- niand of the second expedition, which ■will ever be the noldest monument to liis niemory. His con-^titntiou yiehied to the exposure and hardshiiis he had encountered, and he d. in Havana, Cuba, Feb. 16, 1857. Hs death elicited expressions of sympathetic mourning from all part-", and many cities in the United States pas^ed resolutions honor- ing his memorv. KA HAJ ITCH, VuK Steptiaxovich (Wolf, son of Stephen), b. in a village of Turkish Servia, 1787, being imlitted b}- personal feebleness and (k'f(M-mily for manual labors, applied himself to literary studies, and in the bloody in- surrection of the Servians against the Turks acted as secretary to several of the chiefs, and afterwards to tiie senate of Belgrade, and to the Prince Kara- George till his defeat in 1813. Then compelled to seek refuge ia Austria, he collected the materials for a Servian ajilhology. He resided afterwards much of his time in Germany. His '"Popular Songs of Servia" wt;s partially traiis- latetl into F^liigli.-h by Sir J. bowring. His "Popular 'I'ales of Servia" were translated into Geiman by his daugh- ter. He published a grannnar and a dictionary of the Servian timgue, a' d transliited into it the New Te.-tament. D. 18II4. KAULBACH, Wiij.iam, a German painter, b. 18U4, manilei-ted but little predilection for art, but was induced by his father to enter the academy at Diis- seldorf. His first work on tlie frescoes for the University hall at Bonn, from the cartoons of Cornelius, was so little satisfactory to himself that he thought of giving up jiainting, and of giving lessons ill design. He followed Cor- nelius, however, to Jlunich, in 1825, and there executed many frescoes for the new public buildings, and ".Apollo and the JNIuses" in the'Odecm. In 1829 he executed his great painting of "The Madhouse," the engravnigs from which by Merz carried his name and fame over Europe. He was employed in the decoration of the new palace in fresco with subjects from Goetlie and Klop- stock. In 1837 he completed his cele- brated painting of " 1 he Spectre Bat- tle," which created an eniiuisiasm in his behalf in Germany, and was known throngh Europe by ihe engra\ ings. He now produced iu Hogarth's style illus- tratiirns of Schiller's "Criminal from Lost Honor," and Gcethe's "Faust," and "Keynard the Fox," in which he showed much skill as a t ainter of ani- mals. He has also illustrated an edi- tion of the Gospels, a-'d the works of Sliakspeare. He was many years oc- cujiied iu decorating the new iiiuseuin at Berlin with designs illustrative of the liist(M-y of mankind, that were ex- ecuted in fresco by his pupils. Besides niniieron-; portraits, he executed many other paintings, some of which are in private galleries in the United States. D. 1874. K1'^\N, CiiAKLES John, a distin- guished tra;;edian, h. 1811, son of the celebrated Edmund Kean, studied a* I'jon, and adopting the stage as a pro- fession, made his first appearance at Drury I>ane theatre as Yoimg Norval, iu the autumn of 1827. His earlv efforts 172 CYCLOIVKDIA OK lUOGKAPHY. [kkb Avcre not siirressful, and lie witlulrew to llic |)ri>\ iiK-ial >la.ne. In 18:;() lie vis- ited Anieriia, where he was warmly IV-eeived ; I) .t llis siircess when, in ISj'-i, he a|i|ie.ire(l as Sir Kdward Mcprtinu-r. at (Jovo.iit (iardeil, was not snliu-ient to induce h'lii to remain hni;,' ii: l.oiidoii. It was (liirinu- this eiijiau'enu'iit that he aeted wi.h his father tor tile tiist and lust lime in Ilie Kritish cajiiial, lieiiiLC tlie F i;;-o to iMhiuind's Otiieilo. Anotlier ])ni\ ineial tonr was folhiwed hy liis ap- iiearau e at Drnry F^aii-, as Hamlet, on Jan. 8, 1-^38. Pr.ntieally, tiiis may he )-ei;ar8 that l.y hs Hamlet, his Sir (iiies O.erivaeh, and llis Hiehard, he fairly look his jiositimi as a tragedian of the lii<;he>t rank. In 1812 he married Miss Ellen 'five. In ISOO he undertook, in conjnuetioii with Mr. Keeley, the iiiaii- agement of the Princess's theatre; hut it was iKit till aft r the dissoln ion of jiartnersliip that Mr. Kean eomin need that ;;ory,tiuis series of .Shakspea iaii '"revivals" which make an epoch in the history of the staue, and which tor several years rendereil the theatre in C)xford Street as fashioiiahle as an Italia 1 opera house. He retired from the. iiiaiiaj;ement of the Princess's in 1853 Fiir some time he was director of the royal theatricals at Windsor. Between 18j3 and 18;)ti he made a tonr ar id the world with a theatrical com- pany, hi'f^inniiiL; with a visit to .Austra- lia, and coniiirisin;;' a series of |)erfnrin- aiu-es in the United States. D. 18J8. KlvVRNKY, La\vi!K.\' K, an .Anier- jcan commodore, b. in Perth .Vmhoy, N. .1 , 178 I, entered the navy as a niid- shipnian, and after the war of 1812 dis- tiiinuished liim-elf in cleariiii;- the (jnlf Coast ami the West Indies from jiirates. lie afterwards broke up the nest of Greek pirates in the Mediterranean. In 18 1 1 he took command of the Ivist In- dia squadron. In 18(i") he was iiiaile coniinodorc, and d. 18j3. Kl'-.VUXY, I'muf, inajor-fceneral of vol.niteers in the U. S. army, b. in New Ym-k, 181.'), and educated for the law; ill 18!7 joined the lirst draiifoons with a commission as second lieutenant. Be- intc f*ent to France to study and repoi't li|>oii the French cavalry taeiics, he en- tered the polytechnic schoid, fou;;lit in Aliceria as a vohniteer in the ranks of the clia.iseurs cV Afrique, and returned to this comitty with the cross of the lef^ioii of honor. He served with the rank of captain under General Scott in Me.\.ico, distinguishing liimself at Con- treras and (Jhurnbiisco. and losint; his left arm in the attack upon ti.e capital. His iie.\t service was in ('alifiouia, where he conimaiided an e.\))iililiim a;;ainst the Indians of the (Jolnnibia Hiver. He resigned hi- commis.-ioii in 1801, any ou a railroad, sirolliui,^ min- strel, student at St. Vincent's collej^e, and at Kenyon, clerk in a post otKce, cattle drover, pteerajre passen^'er to Lon- don, traveller in ICurope on liis little ^avinf;s in his various eniploynieuts, newspaper correspondent, teacher, proof reader, and artist ; editor of " Kvery Sat- nrday " He was the author of " Glov- ersoil and his Silent Tartner,'' 18f)8; " Va^-aliond Adventin-es " (autobio- prapliical), 187-2, and translator of Georf,a' Sand's "Aranpiis de Villenier," ]87:J. lie contriluited to the "Atlantic Monthly " '• Three Years of a Ne.uro Minstrel," and a "Tour of luirope for $181." The " N. Y. Tribune" had employed him as a special correspond- ent in Cuba, and he was lost from a steamer plyiuj^ between Santijii^o de Cuba and Butabano, on the nijiht of December 10, 187;3. It was susi)ected that he was thrown overboard. KKELKY, lioBKitT. an I'.nnlish cnniic actor, b. 1793, was lirst brou^^ht into notice by his Jemmy (Jreen in "Tom and Jerrv," and was admirable in such parts as" li(d) Acres, Natty Larkspur, Towv Lumpkin, and Hillv IMack in the farce of "The .Clll'J Noie." With his wife he made a successful tour of the United States. She afterwards a( quired preat reputation in .Smike. and other characters from the sta,;;e adaptation of Dickens's novels. Mr. Keeley d. IS^iiJ. Kl'^KNK, Lauua, an actress, b. in Kn;;hind, 1820, came to this country in 1852, and |)layed in lij^ht comedy with success. She niana;;ed, for a few years, a theatre known by her own name, in New Ycu'k, where she l)rou:j;ht out the "American Cousin," in which Sotliern achieved his trium()h as Dundreary. For ten years she mana<;ed a iravelliuL; comnauv, a"d d. 187-'i, in New Jersey. KKKilil'I.KY, Thomas, a. British author, u. 178.) wrote a number of pop- idar compends of history and bioi;ra- phv, and ediied several of the Latin cla'sM.'s. I). 1S72. KLfM. Wii.i.iAM H., a briL'adier- peneral in the United States service, b. ]81-'J: d. 18f!2. He entered service in the civil war with the positimi of major- general conferred by Governor Curtin of I'ennsylvania, and at the outset was in General Patterson's division on the Upper Potomac. He joined McClellan's division, as a brifjadier-^-eneral. in the fall of 1801, and commanded a brigade composed principally of Pennsylvania regiments. KHI TT, Lawkknck M., h. in South Carolina, 1821 ; d. in battle in Virginia, 18(3-1. I'rom 18.'3'i to 18(t0 he was a rei>- resentative in ci>nj,M-ess, resifj:iin^^ in December of the latter year to take part in the secession movement then at work in his native state. He was an active promoter of (he ordinance of secession, and was afterwards elected to the con- federate! couf^'-ess. KKLLLU, Josiinr, a distins"i>^hed German en^'raver, b. at Linz, 1811. Dissatislied with the mezzotint method tauijht at an art school he attended in Honn, he taui;ht himself to enyrave in line, and afterwards studied at Diissel- dorf under Hiibi\er. His };reat work is the plate of ItMphael's "Dispute on the Sacrament." lie was three years in Rome for preparing the drawinj;, and the plate, au inches by 21, occupied him twelve years. Anionj;- hi< other works are prints of Raohitel's "Trin- itv;" Overbeck's '• Evanjjelisis; " and .Vry Scheffer's " Entombment." He was elected a correspondent of the French Institute, 18.59. D. 1873. KICMULK, CirAHi.KS, the List snrviv- inir brother of a distiuf^uished family of actors, b. in South Wales, 1775 ; d. 1854. He possessed remarkalile powers as a comedian, and acted the subsidiary char- acteri of the drama with i;reat effect. Miss Fannv Kemble, afterwards Mrs. Butler, is his elder dau'jhter. — John Ml rcni:i.i., an eminent Aiif;lse(|Ueiitly in professional labors at \Vashhigt(U), more particularly in tiie interests id' Professor Moi-se in connec- tion with the ( lectric teleiirafiii. In 18(i(j-(ir he vi-ited Europe and travelled in Kgypt and Palestine. He published a small portion of a "Life of (jeneial Jackson," which he left unfinished. His " Autobiographv," edited by his Bon-in-law, was |iublished in 1872. D. 188;.t. ~Gk<)I!(;k Wii.kins, an Ameri- can editor, b. 1807, was a )>riiiter by trade, and in 18!5 estal>li--hfd in con- nection with Mr. Lumsden the "Pica- yune " newspaper, with which Mr. A. C ISiillitt was afterward associated, and which became under their joint management the leading journal of the southwest. He was of an ad\entiirous character, and in 1811 joined the Santa i"6 expedition, which led to his cap- ture and imprisonment by the Mexi- cans, ami a " Narrative " in two vol- umes, fnun his jien. He accompanied the American forces in the Mexican war, as correspondent of his own jour- nal, and on its termination spent two years in Europe engaged in bringing out a ciislly folio with colored jjlates, i lustrating the principal battles, by Carl Nebel. D. in Texas, where he had established a large grazing farm, in 1807. KICNNEDY, John Pendi.ktox, an American autlior and politician, b. in Baltimore, 17'J.5, was educated, ad- mitted to the bar, and practised for twenty years in that city. He was a member of the Marvlaiid house of del- egates in 1820-23. " In 1837 lie was elected to the lower hou.'-e of congress, and rei.lected in 1811 and 1843. He was a prominent Whig, a strenuous ad- vocate of the protective system, and prepared the manifesto by whiL-h the Whig members of congress publicly separated themselves from President Tyler. In 1818 he made his ihbtit in letters bv his cinitribiilions to the "Bed Book" published in connection with his f rieiul Jlr. Peter H(d'finann. He is known as a novelist by his " Swallow Barn," " Horse Slme Bobinson," and "Bob of the Bowl." His other jiublications were "Defence of the Whigs," ".Mr. Am- brose's Letters on the Bebcllion," and a "Life of \Mlliam Wirt." In 18.52 he was appointed secretary of the navy by President l'illm(;re. D. at Newport, B. I.. 1870. KLNBK'K, FitANCis P.\ti:ihop ("onwell, of Philadelphia, whom he succeeded in 1842. In 18.j1 he was transferred to the arcliiepisco|ial see of Ballinmre, and in 18.51) received from the po])e "the primacy of honor," conferring upon him and his successors precedence over other catholic prelates in the United States. He was the author of many controver- sial works, remaikable for learning and power; ami also (if two treatises on dogmatic theo'ogy, " Theologia Dog- inatica," and "Theologia Moralis," ex- kil] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 175 tensively used as toxt-bonks. At the tiiiu', of his death he wa.s eii,i;ai;'ed upon a revised English version of tlie .Seri|)- tures, a hirge jiart of w hieh has been pnbli.-hed. ' 1). in Halliniore, 18t!:J. KK.NSKri', John 1m;i-.1)|;i kk, an Ameriean hnidscape i)ainier, I), in Con- lieetient 181ti, was originally an en- graver of vignettes for bank notes, and oeeasionallyattenioted pauiting as an anuisenieiil. In 1840 he went to Kng- land, and in 18 15 exhibited bis (h-st pietnre, "A Ui.-tant View of Windsor t.'astle," in the royal aeadeniy at l^on- don. He rtniained abroad seven years, and spent two of them in Konie, send- ing home )iietiires from time to lime whieh es.alili died his reputatifm before he reuirned to New Yorl<. His works now followed each, other in rap d suc- cession, and were spread widt-ly over thecouniry ; and yet so great was his indu^tr\- that he left in Ids studio more than live hundred of his skelehes and finished works when he died in 18i'2. 'Without naming the subjeeis of any of his painiings, a bmthir artist gives a failbfii! idea il. She was nnirried twice: fii-st to llie Prince (d' Leiniiigen, who d. in 1814, and in 1818 to Ivlward, Duke of Kent, fourth son of (ieoi'ga HI. — AVii.LiAM, an American jurist, son of Ohaneellor Kent, b. 18!)2 ; d. 18:11. — EuwAiii), an American jurist and poli- tician, b. in Concord, N. H., 181)2, prac- tised law in liangor. Me., fmni ISio. He was governor id JMaine, I8J8 and 18-tJ. In 184:i, he was appointed one of the commissioners for seitling the N. E. Ixuindary line under the .\-hbur- ton treaty. He was appointed consul to liio Janeiro, under Tavhu-'s administra- tion. Ilfturning to liangor, he w.is ap- pointed associate justice nf the supreme court of the state. D. 1877. KEliXElt, A.NDHK.AS Jusrrxfs, a Gern\an poet, b. 17."m anil animal nuigiietism, several volumes of poems, and a ])rose novel, " Keiseschatleii " which l)ears comparison with the best productions of Jean Paul. D. 18;i2. KETTELL, Sa.mukf., b. in Newburj-- pori, iMass.. J8 )0. early engaged in lit- erary pursuits, and was employed by S. G. (ioodricb, then a considerable pub- lisher in Boston, in editing '•Specimens of American Poetry, '" 3 \oluuies, 1823, a [)opul;ir geogra|ihy, and other works. He also eiiited " .\ Persmial Narrative of the First Voyage of Columbus." and " Hecords of the Spanish Inquisition." A self-educated man, he bccanu; an ac- complished lingui~t, and translated one of the Parley volumes into moilern Greek, lie was for some time a con- tributor to the •' IJoston ( 'ouricr," and on tiie retirement of Mr. Buckiugliam, in 1848, he assumed the edi'.orsldp of that journal. He "as rejiresentative from liostoii ill the slate legislature in 1851- 1852. and d. in .Maiden, .Mass , 18.5.">. KIDl), JmiN, iiroiessor at Oxford, I'jiglaiid, author of one of the " ISridge- water Treatises," and of works mi med- icine, mineralogv, and yeologv. U. 17:.5; d. 1837. lvH>NEl>, Thomas, actor, h. in Lau- ca-hire. En-land, 1777, first app'.ired at the Pai'k ihealre, N. V. in 18I.'), and in 1821 became a lessee id' the Federal Street theatre, in Boston, where he was a great favorite in characters of the Sir Anthony .\bsolute style. His acting was very rich in bnmor. Itetiiiiig from the stage in 18il he d. on his farm in Indiana. 18r.2. KILVEIIT, l\i;v. EiiAxcis, an Eng- lish clergyman, author of '' .Meinoiis of the Life and Writings of Bishop Hurd." B. 171):^: d. 18li:i. KING, CiiAKLK.s. an Anio'icaii jour- nalist, b. in New York, 178;), was the 176 CYCUOPiKDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [kin son of Riifiis Kiiijr, and was odiicated at Harrow scluxil. while liii father was U. S. minister in lMij;laiid. On retnrn- iufj til New Yiirii he emliarked in coin- mercial pursuits uiisuceesstiiliy. and in ]823 l)e(anic connected witli .lohnson Verplancli in piihlisliintc 'I'C " N. Y. Anurican," a ihiily evening;' journal of Jii<;li character, which Mr. Verplanck left in 1821, and whicli in 1847 was united with the "Courier and En- quirer.'' Mr. Kiiiff continued associate editor of the united journals till 18-t'J, wiien he was chosen president of Colum- bia colleii'e, a post lor wliicli, by his cl.-is^ical attaiiimeuts, he was iiniuently qualitied. This place he resigiud in ]8j4. when lie visited Eurojie. and d. at I'fescati, near Kome, in 1807. He was autluu- of a memoir on the Croton aqueduct, a history of the N Y. Cliam- lier of C^•, (lolitician, b. in Og- (leii-biirg, N. Y., 1800, studied and prac- tised law, and in 1830 became editor and ]iroprietor of the ".St. Lawrence Ke])ublican," a journal which he con- ducted in the interests of the Demo- cratic party. In H34 he was elected to the as-embly, and three times re- elected. In 1845 lie lirst occupied a scat in the lower house of eonnress, re- taining it till 1851. Ill 1848 he had acted with the IJariiburiier wing of the New Y'ork Democracy, and on its or- ganization he joined the l!e|)ublican party In 1857 he was elecied as a Hepublican to the U. S. senate, and served ley, and retained this | a's(iiiai;-e till h\> death. That year he iMibli^hed " Villa.ue Ser- mons,'' remarkable for their bold hand- liiii;' tiii Kl- liolt," "heigliioii Court," and other novels, lor eighteen months he edited the "Daily l!e\iew," a journal which representi'il the Free ('hurcli jiarty in Koinbiirgh. During this time he pas.«ed some weiks in France, a.s his own war coi ri>|i(nident, and was present at Ihc battle of S('daii. Ouit'ing the " Ke- \ iew," he resnmed novel- writing, and ]iriiduced. amiiiig others, "Yalenlin, a Inncli Boy's Slory of Sedan." D. 1870. — 1aJii:s Lick, b. in Windham, Conn , 1778. He graduated at Yale col- lege in 171)9, and was connected with it as tutor, pl■ofes^(n•, and librarian for half a century. He was a scholar of exli'iisive, \aiied, and exact leaining, and as a writer dislil!glli^lled for accu- racy, terseness, and force. IMaiiy im- portant papers on subjects of literary and classical criticism were |iubli.-hed by him in the " N. A. lievicw." the '■.American .lourual (d' Sciences," and other jieriodicals. He published "Notes on ihe jlislory of New Haven," a his- tory of Yale co'lege, and a life of Pres- ident Stiles for Sparks's "American l!iogia)>hy. ' D. 18.V2. KIl.K, Fdwaim) Noni;i.'!, a Congre- gaiioiial di\ine, b. in New York, 1802, studied theology at Princeton, and was pastor of a church in Albany, and after- wards in liosloii, lsi44-71. He |iub- lished numerous srrnioiis and addresses, "Lectures on Christ's Parables." and trail latifins of "(iaussen fni insjiira- ti-'ii," and of Attics' " Lectures on the Literature of the Times of Louis XIV." 1). at lioslon, 1874. — Kdwaiid N., brigadier-general U. S. service, b. in Ohio, wouiide(i in the battle of Stone river, d. 18i-'i. He commanded a brig- ade at Shiloh and Corinth. KISS, .\iu;i N'i'i .s, a Prussian sculp- tor, Avas born at Pless in Upper Silesia, 1802. He was educated in the sclioid of (ileiwitz, and afterwards proceedid to IVrlin, where he placed himself under liaiicli and Tieek, and jiroduced \arioiis works for a fountain at Charlnltenhof, near Potsdam. He afterwards finished "The Mounted Amazon attacked by a Tiger," which was much admired and eventually cast in bronze, lie exe- cuted three cidossiil erpiestriaii statues of F'rederick Ihe Great, and two of Frederick William HI., which were cast in bronze, ai.d the statins of four heroes of the seven years' war, viz.: 178 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. the prince of Anhnlt-Dessaii, the gen- erals Scliwerin, Winlerfeld, and Sevd- litz, al?o cast in l)ronze, for the square called Uilliclms-Platz, at lieriin. D. 180.-) KIPTLITZ, F. H. VON, Baron, a German iiatnrali.st, b. 17!)8, an otticer in the Prussian arnw, painter and en- graver, circumnavigated the KJube, and wiote tun vulmnes of travels in lius- sian America. D. 1874. KITrO, JoHx, D. D., a writer on Biblical s«il)jects, b. at IMyinouth, ICng- land, 18)1, was the son of a jobbing mason, and in his boyhood was inmate of a workhouse, and a|)preiitice to a slioeniakcr. A fall from a housetop, in 1817, deprived him of his hearing, and a long conlinement in consequence of his accident developed a taste for read- ing. In 182-3 lie was enabled by the knidness of friends to go abroad, and he spent ten years in travel in the north \ ox, a German ar- chitect, b. 1781, was the first to intro- duce till'. I'loivntine style into Germany. His career may be said to have com- menced in 182.J, when, inider King Louis L, he erected the public buildings which are now the |irincipal ornameuts of Munich. He was the arcliitect, also, of the Walhalla. He built in St. Pe- tersbuigli a superb palace to contain the art cart in the struggle, and two days after the surrender of Gii, celebrated as a revivalist, was I), in Otsego county, N Y., ITM. His p.-irents were Episcopalians, but when lie reached his 20th year he joined the Baptist church, and became a minister. About eight years he jireached as an establi-hed clergyman, but he resigned his charge, and started as an indepud- ent itinerant preacher, in which voca- tion he became widely known. Thirty years before his death he gave nj) count- •KOC] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPUY. 179 inij tlie persons converted under liis ininistrntioii — thev had tlieii reached tlie iHiinljur of 100,000. He publislK-d an aiitdbiof^rapliy, hi which he f^ave tlie stati>tics of his conversions and labors. D. 187.5. » KXIGHT, Cii.vni.ES, author and pub- lisher, b. 17'JI, at Windsor, apprenticed to his father, a bookseller; started with him, ill ]811, the '' Windsor and Eton Express," and edited it for fourteen years. In 1820 he published the tirst number of "The I'huii Eiijjlihhman," a monthly magazine, which he editeil for three yi^ars; and "The ICtonian," of whicli W. M. I'raed was editor, and some clever Etonians contributors. '" Kniithl's Quarterlv Maijazine " was started in 1822, when the publisher had established himself in I'all Mall, Lon don; and it was singular that it should have died in its si.Kth number, when it was sustained by Praed, Moultri>', Henry N. Coleridge, Derwent Coleridge, and Macaulay. In 1827 he became ilie editor and publisher of many of the works of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, the "British Al- manac," the "Companion to Alma- nac," and the " Library of Entertaining Knowledge." In 1832 he commenced the " I'enny Magazine," which he con- tinued for eleven years; and in 18-38 the " Peniiv Cvclopsdia," for contribu- tions to which he paid $200,000. He edited the "Pictorial Shakespeare," and wrote the life of the poet preti.Ked to this admirable edition of his works. His "English Cyclopa'dia," in 22 vol- umes; his "Popular History of I'-ng- land," completed in 1802, are honorable monuments of his enterprise no less than of his indefatigable diligence as an editor. His "Passages of a Work- ing Life during half a Century," in three vchimes, is an interesting account of his various enterprises, and of the men with whom he had been bronght in contact in carrying them out. He was a man much loved, and highlv esti- mated. 1). 1873. KNOWLES, James Sheripax, the most distinguished of modern English dramatists, b. at Cork, 1784, was edu- cated by liis father, and in 1792 went to London, where he manifested an earh' passion for the stage. His popu- lar ballad of the " Welsh Harper " was writ I en when he was only fourteen. In London he became acquainted with William Hazlitt. whom lie styles his intellectual father, and was guided in his dramatic tastes by Charles Lamb and Coleridge. On returning to Ire- land he determined to try the stage, and, making a failure at Dublin, in 180J he joined a strolling coitipany, which nmnbered Edmund Keaii among its members. Eor him he wrote the drama of "Leo, the (iipsy," which was successfully brought out at Waterford. llie next year he published a volume of " Fugitive Pieces," when he retired to Belfast, and there opened a school for teaching grammar and declamation. It was here he composed ••Brian Bo- roihme," and the tragedy of "Caius Gracchus," tiist represented at Belfast i I 1815, and reproduced at Covent Gar- den in 1823. His first great dramatic tri- umph was in " Virginius," written orig- inally for Edmund Keaii, but destined to make the reputation of both author and actor in the hands of Mr. Ma- cready. It was first brought out at Covent Garden on the ITtli of ^lay, 182J, when the curtain fell "amidst the most deafening applause of a high- ly excited auditory." " William Tell " followed after a long interval; "The Beggar of Bethnal Green," "The Hunchback," and "The Wife," in the last two playing himself a leading char- acter. In 1835 he visited the United States, where he was warmly received, and played his limited round of charac- ters in his own plays witli success. On his return to England he wrote "The Love Chase," produced at the Hayniar- ket; " Woman's Wit," for Covent Gar- den; " The Maid of Mariendorpt," and "Love." His last dramatic )iroduction was "The Secretary." A\'heii over sixty he essayed novel- writing, without much success; " Gi-orge Lovell " and " Henry Fortescne " did not add to his reputation. Under vSir Robert Peel's ministry, a pension of .£200 a year was bestowed upon him. In his old age he abandoned fiction and occupied himself with theology, becoming a Baptist preacher, and making speeches at Exe- ter llall. He entertained a strong an- tpathy to the Roman Catholic church, and published " The Rock of Rome," and "The khd demolished by its own Priest," the latter being in reply to a book by Cardinal Wiseman. D. at Torquay, 1862. A posthumous play by Knowles, eniitled "Alexina, or True unto Death," was produced in May, 1866. KOCK. Charles Pail he, a French novelist, b. at Passy, 1704, received an imperfect education, and was in- tended for a commercial life, but em- 180 CYCI.OP/KDIA OF BIOGBAPIIY. [kux braced the profession of letters. At :in early :ii;e he liiiislicd liis first iiovi-l "L'ljifaiit de ma I'Viiime." Tiie ef- fort was Mot siieeessfiil, and lie turned his HtteiilioM towritinj; for the tlieatres, laboriiiir dilif^ently in tliat department of literature, until 18:20, when lie re- sumed niivel writing. " Les f>nfants de Maiti-e I'icrre " (1825). and ''I.c Camp (111 Drap d'Or'" (182S), placed him in lhetir>t rank, ami a long cata- logue of popular anil succes>ful novels manilained his repiitaticni. In a moral sense some of his productions are very cxceptionalile, but his inventive genius and skill in the depictinii of character are unquestionable. His col- lected works mimber 5Ci vols. D. in Paris, 1871. KOl'.N'IG, IIi.iMiicii .TosF.PK, a Ger- man dramatist and novelist, b. 17i>0; d. 18:.!». K 1. W R A T- L 1 1: B S T E X S K 1^ Fhanz Anion, Dike of, b. iii I'lagiie, 1778: d. 18fil. He held an intiuential position in Hoheniia, and iii 18-25, was called to the counsels of the Austrian empire. He founded the Ijohein an national museum at Tragiie, and be- queathed to it a large and valuable li- brar\-, with an endowment. K()LTi:S, .ToiiN A., i). ill Rhenisli rru>siii, in \S-2i, came to this country in 184(1, ami served in the ]Me.\icaii war. In 18) I, he raised a German regiment and took the field in support of the Uii- i(Mi. He was killed at the battle of Gainesville, Va.. I8!2. b-ingat the time an acting brigadier-general in General Steinwehi-'s division. KOXI'.WKA, 1'aui., an artist re- markable for his skill and expression in sMoiielte designs, was a I'ole tiy birth, studied both sculpture ami painting. II s chief works are the illiistralions (if "l'"aust," and of the ".Midsummer's Ni^lit Dream." D. in his 31st vear at Berlin. 1871. KUl'l.StJH, August, a German poet and painter, b. ITM ; d. 18.').3. He translated Dante, and a collection of Italian songs. His name is connected with th(! blue grotto in the island of Caiiri, as its discoverer. KOPP, JosKi'H EuTYCir, cdled the Niebulir of Switzerland, b. 17!)3; d. ISOfi. Of his most important work, the "History of the Swiss Omfedera- tioMs," 5 vols., had appeared at the time of his death. The story of Wil- liam Tell he showed to be fabulous. KOZ.MIAN, G.VKTAN, a Polish states- man and poet, b. 1771, after the fall of his country in 179.j, devofed himself to agriculture aiul letlers. He tran-lated Hiir.ice and Tibidlus, jind wrote odes which placed him in ihe first rank of the national jioets. He wrote "The (ieorgics of l'iilaud,"vind left his '• Me- moirs " and an epic poem t n iiUd " Stephen Czarniecki." D. 18.3IJ. Kli.AlTSIli", CiiAiii.KS, a Hungarian pliiloloiiist, 1). 1804, was eduea ed in the university of I'etli ; and having taken part in the Polish revohnio i, was exiled, and came lo the. United .States in 18-j3. He became ])rofessor of inod- erii languages in the universiiy of \'ir- giuia, and published ^ome treatises on philology. 1). 18;;0. KKASIXSKl, Count Vat.kkiav, a P(ili>li diploinalist and historical writer, b. in White Russia, about 1780, e.xiled from his country. Amoiif;- his works is "Montenegro and the Slavonians in Turkey," Ivlinburgh, 18.j.-). D. 18r)8. — Zv(i.Mt:NT Nai'(ii,i;. iN, a Polish au- thor, b. in Paris, 181-2, wrote " I'lie I'n- divine Ccniedy " in thi'ee part^, 18'i7- 48, on which Owen Meredith's "Fool of lime " is founded. It was trans- lated into French, (iernian, and l''.ng. li^h. His collected work.s were pub- lished in ISli:!. D. 18.?J KRUM.MACHKR, FniKDinrii Wit^ IIKI.M. a German tiieologian, b. 170G, was distinguished for his rigorous Lu- theran orthodoxy, and was esteemed oikj of the most eloquent preachers of Ids (lav. He published volumes of sermons, and is widely known by his " Flias der Thisbiter," which has pa-'sed through many editions in (ierman and iJig- lish. In 1853, he was appointed court preacher at Potsda.ii, where he d. I8fi8 KUGLER, Fi;ANzTni:oi>('i:i:, a Ger- man art-criiic and histunan, b. at Stet- tin, 1808, pur-iied a wide raiue nf stud- ies at the universities, and in 18j.j was named professor of the history of art in the academy of fine arts at Berlin. In the same year he made a journey to Italy, and in 1843. visited Eng'and and P)elgium. His great work is the " Hand- book of the Hi-t(irv of P.iinting frmn the .Age of Coustantine to the ]ireseiit Time." That porti(ni of the hand- l)Ook which rela'es to Italy was trans- lated by Sir Charles Ea-^llake, with notes and illustrations. 'I'he portinna which treat of the Dnfih, Flemish, German, Spanish, and French schnols were tr.mslated bv Sir Edmund Head. D. 18.^6. KUNTH, Kaul Sic^ismuni), a Ger- lam] CYCI.OP.tniA OK BIOGRAPHY. 181 man botanist, b. 1783, was entrusted by Alfxandfi- lIiinibdMt witb tlie dassili- catiuii of thu plants he liad colluctud in liis American voyage. His botanical ))ublicu;iiins were imnierou:^ and valua- ble. D. 13d0. L. LABTACHK, Louts, a lyric actor, b. 37fl2. He made iiis d^bat in Kniiiand in 18:J(), and tor many years reigned su- preme on tlic staj;e ot" the Italian opera in Paris durinj:; the winter, and in the spring' in London. His voice was of woiiderfid sweetness and strenj^th, and he was ec^nallv successful in comedy and tragedy. 'D. 18o8. LABOUDK. Li£i>N Emma.nue(. Simon Jo.sKi'ir, (joMTK Die, a French arclneol- ogist and traveller, b. at I'aris, 181)7, was many years conservator of the museum cif aotir|nitics in the Louvre, and in 185G was appointed director-gen- eral of the arcliives of the empire. D. 18(5). His works were numerous, amonij; which we may mention " Histoire de la Grav ire en Mauiere Noire," ant- ing that this representative of the Keds sJKiuld he a member of the executive commission instituted on the 9th Jlay, by the assembly. The insurrection of June followed, and here eniled the po- litical career of Lamartine. In the election of president he received only 7, 910 votes, and in the general electicnis of April, 18-19, he was not even elected a member of the assembly. During the Republic he lent his name and his ability to " Le Pays," but after the coup d'etat he abandoned the direction of this journal, and held himself entirely aloof from public affairs. For several years, going bade as far as the princely vovage to the East, his circumstances had been endianassed. The brilliant success of the " Girondins " had not re- paired the breach in his fortunes, and the active and various employment of his pen for a series of years could not keep him abreast with the world. His friends in 1858 made a direct appeal to the public for a subscription in his be- half which was not favorably received ; and vari'Uis attempts subsequently made by lotteries, new editions of his complete works, ami oilier efforts, from which the poet did not withhold his personal intervention, were equally inetticient to extricate him from his embarrassments. Some two years before his death an an- nuity of 25,000 francs was voted to him by the legislative chamber. His works are numerous. Besides those already alluded to we, may mention " Trois Mois au Pouvoir," " Les Contidences," and histories of the Restoration, of the Con- stituent Assemblv, of Russia and of Turk e v. 1). 18=i9". LAMF.NXAIS, Hugues Fi^.r.iciTK RoBKKT DK, a French pnlitical and religious writer, was b. at St. Malo, in 1782. He entered the catholic prie-t- hood with extreme ultramontane views. Soon after Napoleon had concluded the "Concordat" with the pope, he pub- lished his "Reflections on the State of the (Jhurch," which gave great offence to the imperial government, and was supi)ressed. He hailed the restoration of the I'ourbons with satisfaction, in 1814, and during the huiulred days he escaped to England. After the fall of Napoleon, in 1815, he returned to France; and in 1817, he published the tirst volume of his " Essai sur I'lndif- f('rence en matiere de lleligion." Soon afterwards he became connected with the '■ Conscrvateiir,"' a royalist journal, founded by Chateaubriand and others, and after his return from a journey to Home, he published, in 1825, his "Re- ligion consideree dans ses Rapports avec rOrdre Civil et Catholique," in which he contended that the pope should be ]ilaced, as in the middle ages, at the head of all temporal and spiritual mat- ters. For proclaiming these doctrines he was brought to trial, and condemned to pay a small tine. A change now came over him. Without al)andoniiig his ultramontane views, he became a strenuous advocate for the separation of church and state. These opiniims were set forth wiih great power in his "Progresdela Revolution," published in 182:), which foretold the revolution that placed Louis Philippe on the throne in 1830 ; and in coiijuMction with M. ^lontalembert and the Ablie Lacordaire, he then started the '' Avenir," with the view of effecting a holy alliance be- tween the catholic church and democ- racy. But these sentiments found no echo at Rome ; and after a short period passed in negotiating, and in a visit to the pope, tJie " Avenir " was discontin- ueil. M. Lamennais then quitted Paris for some time ; and in 18)4 he sent forth the "Paroles d'nn Croyant," in which he threw off his allegiance to the pope, who, in return, issued an encycli- cal letter, in which it was formally con- demned. Varif, b. ill Paliiiyia, N. Y., iBll. beniim- a civil fiiiiiiirer, and removing; I" Wis- consin ill 18)5. devoted himself to the studies whieli residted in various p;d)li- catioiis intended t>i illustrate the u'eo^- rajiliy. j;-eoloj;y, and aiitinnities of his adopted state. Ho framed ihe law of the I'niteil States of 1870 establi.-hing- the >iuiial nffice. D. 1875. l.AK'DNKii. DiuNYMis. nu., was h. in I'ldilin, 1793, and in 1817 graduated at Trini y eollei^e. lie remaineil at tlif university ten years, and piihlished treatises on inatheinaties, and on the Steain-eiijriii'>, and wmte various sci- ciiiilic articles. In 1827 he was elected professor of natural ]ihilosopli\ and as- trononiv in the London university. He held liie oftice only a short period, and tlien di voted himself to the pulilicMtinn of tlie "Cabiiief Cyclopedia." In 1840 he visited the United States, where he lectured with jrreat success. He re- turned to luncipe in 1845. His lust imiiortant work was the " Museinu of Science and Art." 1). 18-59. LAUOtnn:, ni:xj.\MiN, publicist, poet, and transI;itor, b. 1797, was a professor of modern lanyiia;res, and publislied a liltle work, for whicli he was coiidenined by del'aiilt to six years' imprisonment and (i.O iO francs line. He souirht refuiKi:i!i:, French lU- ternttur and publisher, b. 1817. wrote many ediicdional books, but is best known bv his "(irand Universid l)ic- ti(mar\- of the XlXth (Jentury." which was liejrun in 1804, and had reached the iiinili (]Marfo volume at the time of liis death. I). 1874. LAURENT IK. Pii:i!i!K Seiiastikx. a French publicist, b. at Houfra, 179:J, was for inanv years editor of the "(Juotidienne," and o'her Leiritimist journals. He wrote a history of France, and a liistorv of Ihe Ilomau enipire. D. 1870. LAVALETTE, Euk A. F, rear- admii-al U. S. navy, b. in Virginia, 178J. served under Macdonouiih on Lake Champlain, and under Sliubrick in the Oulf of California. I). 1802. LAWRENCE, AnnoiT, b. in (Pro- ton. .Ala-s., 17U2, eilucated in the school and acadiniy tlure. went to Ho^ton, and ill I8;)8 entered his brother Anms's s'ore as clerk, and became a jiartner in 1814. l.'pon the establishment of the tariff, i\lr Lawrence and his as-ociates ti.rned iheir enerj^ies to the buildinp; up of .American manufactures. He was one of the seven delegates from his state to the Hairisburf:; convention of 1827, and until his death he aided, by his money, advice, and experience, ihis creat, department of American labor. The city of Lawrence, (iroj cted by him, perpetuates ^dike his name and the memory of his deeds. In 18:J4 he was elected lo connress, and served the term, and aii'aiii to till a vacancy in 1830. In 1812 he was aiipointed a com- missioner on the part of Massachusetts to arran-ie the northeastern boundary question, and rendered erticient service. In 1849 he accepted the apiiointmeni of minister to Gre^t Uritain. He eminwed the scientilic school of Harvard col- le^-e with SIOO.OOO. D. 1855. — Amos, brother of Abbott Lawrence, ami for many years his partner in business, was a (irosperoiis merchant, and ac- quired a lai-f^e fortune, which he dis- tribute;eons. As a lec- turer he was terse and perspicuous ; as 186 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [lee an operator he was distinrjnished for neatness, dispatch, and safety. His leetuies, piil)li>heil under the title of " I'lij-siology, Zoi lofry, and Natural History of Man," were severely criti- cised, and he was denounced by Aber- nethy as a materialist. The governors of the Koyal hospitals called upon him to resign or retract, and he retracted, wiiii expressions of penitence. He re- ceived all the honors that can be as- pireferring the tlieatrc of war to the north of the Putomac. In August Lee routed Pope's army, and drove it back on Washington. In Sep- tember he invaded Maryland, but met with a disastrous repulse at Antietam, September IG, 17. He recrossed the Potomac into Virginia, and finally took up a strong position near Cnlpeper court-house. McClelan fodowed him with considerable delay, and was about giving him battle, when he was super- seded, November 7, by General Hiirn- side. Lee posted himself at Fredericks- burg; and in altempting to dislodge him, December 13, Burnside was repulsed with fearful slaughter. He defeated Hi'oker at C'hancellorsville May 2d and 3d, 1803, and moving northward invad- ed Pennsylvania, but at Gettysburg was signally defeated by General Meade, 2d and 3d of July. Withdrawing his troops during the night, he retreated to the Potomac, which he crossed on the 13lli, and fell back to the Kapiilan. During the fall and winter of 1863 there were no decisive or important movements in Virginia. In 1864, Gen- eral Grant, as commander-in-chief of the Union forces, took the field in per- son, and then ensued the series of san- guinary battles, in which Lee contested with hopeless valor and skill the ap- proach to Petersburg and liichmond. Oil the 2d of April, 1805, his army was utterly discomtiteil and broken up, and on the 9th he formally capitulated for the army in Virginia. In October of the same year he became president of Washington college, at Lexington, Va., where he d. Sept. 28, 1870. He had three S(nis and a nephew in the confed- erate army. His wife survived him about three years. His "Life" was written by John Kstes Cooke, 1872; and the Kev. J. \V. Jones published person- al reminiscences of the general, 187-1. LEI-;, Hannah F. (Sawvkk), an -American authoress, b. in Newbnry- port. Mass, 1780, was the daughter of an eminent physician, married Mr. G. G. Lee, and resided many years in Bos- ton. Her first known publication was the appendix to Hannah Adams's me- moir of herself, which was followed by "(irace Seymour," a novel, and "Three Kxperiinetits of Living." Among her other works are " The Old Painters," "Luther and his Times," "Cranmer and his Times," "Memoir of I'ierre Toussaint," and " Kosanna, or Scenes in Boston." D. 1865. — HAKi;ii;r, the sister of Sophia, b. in London, 175G, is well known in literature as one of the authors of the "Canterbury Tales," a series of novelettes that were very pop- ular in the early part of the century, and are still reprinted in the standard 188 CYCI.OPyfZniA OF niOGKAPIlY. [l.KO colli-clioiif!. It IS to one of tliesp, " KniitztitT," tli.it Lonl Hyroii was in- dcl)ti'il for I lie plot, tiiid to a rt'iiiarkn- blt! t'Mi'iit for llie laii>jii;i^f of his Iraj^- eily of '■ Wfriicr." .Slu- was the author, aI-"o, of Iwo (Iraiiias. I), at Cliltoii, 18"jl.— S\.MiKi,, a icrcat master of liili- liial ami oiiciilal lite ratinr, and renins pidtVsMir of Huhrcw in tin- iiniver.-ilyof t.'anihri(l;;i', was orij^inally a car[)entcr. A record of his studies and advani-e- niiMit I'xhihits rtniark.tl)le pei-sev eraiu-i- in self t (hu-ation iindrr end)anas>inn' circiinis aiiccs, riMvank-d al la>t> liy the liijilu'vt siicce s in llie career marked out for himi-elf. He edited the iSerip- tiires in the Arahie, I'ersian. aMassed his life in his efforts to unite the two pliiloso]ihical schools of Kraiise ami Kroebel, in whiidi he succeeded by me.ins of the jreneral educational union in 1871. 1) 1875. LKOPOLI) I., kinj; of the 15el-ians, b. 17U0. In early life he was known as LES] CYCLOPyEDIA OF BIOGIIAPIIY. 189 Prince Leopold of Saxe-Colmrfr-Saa]- ffld. Ainoiif,' his cider brothers and sisters were, I'rince Kniest of S»xe- Coliurf,', the father of I'rince Albert, consort of Queen Victoria ; and the Princess Victoria, afterwards dnchess of Kent, and mother of Qneen Victoria. After exiteriencin.i;- many vicissitudes of fortune, he married in ]81t! tlie Princess Charlotte, and received the title of Dtike of Kendal in the KnJ,Mi^h peeraf^e. 'I'lie princess d. in 1817, but the prince liad soideiitiiied himself with the nati(ni. that he continued to be re- garded as one of themselves. lie re- sided in retirement at Cbiremont initil 1HW, when he was offered the kini,'dc.in of (jr^eie, wliich he declined. In .lune, 1831, the l>elLi,ian people elected him their kiui;, ami in the followin;: inonth he swore to observe the constitution, and to preserve the independence and intei^rity of the country, lie had lirst, lioweveV, to tijjht fm- his crown, for llie Dutch had not yet consented to the sev- erance of l>eli;ium. He was beaten at l.ouvain, but an army of 50.0!)0 men havinji been sent from France to his re- lief, tiie kioj,' of the Netherlands with- drew his troops. I he renniinder of his life was chiefly occupied in developini; the internal resources of his kinj;(lom. lA-op. Ill's otbcial position, hnwever. pank into insijrniticance when compared with the part he jdayed in the state affairs of Knrope. With sinvernmeiits were submitted to him ; and the secrets of most royal houses were in his keepini;. M. de Latrui'ronniere, styled him "le Jiiire ter, and with Pythagorean and U' uddbist theories. He imparted his views and imj^r, ss-d t'lem i n(i orgit Sand, ami together they eslaldi~hed " La Kevne Inilependante," in which they in- culcated the humanitarian dociiiiies that the great novelist about the same time pofudari/.ed in " (Joiisuelo," ami other works. In 1840, he settled as a printer at Houssac, and organiz.ed a -ocialist as- sociation, publishing two journals and a succession of jiamphlets in adxocacy of bis social theories. In 18-18 lie was elected nniycn- of his town ami a mem- ber of the constituent as-cmbly, where he spoke without p.iuch eflect on the or- ganization of labor, and the coloniza- tion of Alireria : and laljored to induce the assembly to insert the iirii ciple of the triad ni the preamble of the consti- tution. He was reelected to the hgisla- tive assembly, and on the covp d'Uat left France and sy the U. S. government profess(n- of drawing at We-t Point, but he soon returned to Fngland, where he secured a high posi- tion as the most poetic of painters, and the one most truly progres>ive in liia excelleiue. He illustrated Shakspeare with great success, and his sniijecta from Cervantes, Sterne, Fielding, and Smollett, were treated with a congenial appreciation of the authors. His Sir " Kogerde Coverley," ".\nne Pai;eand Slender." and *' May-day in the Time of Queen Fllizabeth," were among bis best early pictures. These are well known 190 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [lew by the engraving'!. Among his more iinportaiii jxirtrait-pieces are " Sir Wal- ter Scott," "Coronation of the Queen," and tlie •' Cliristeuing of the Princess Koyal." lu 1844 he executed one of the" frescoes from "Conius," for I'rince Albert, ill the liiickinghani Palace suni- nier-honse. l>eslie Avas a lover of lit- erature, and in 1845 lie produced a "l^ife" of his friend Constal)le. lie was ])rofe.ssor of painting at tlie acad- emy from 1848 to 1851; and his lec- tures jiave been published, witli addi- tions, as a "Hand Book foi- Young Painters." D. 1851). — Eliz.\, an Amer- ican authoress, sister of the preceding, b. Ill Philadelphia, 1787, tirsi ap|)eared in print in her fortieth year, with " Sev- •enty-tive Receipts for Pastry, Cakes, and Sweetmeats," whicli was followed by a series of cook bo(dis. She was a contributor for many years of popular tales and sketches to the periodicals. Among her productions are " Mrs. AVasliington Potts;" three volumes of "Pencil Sketches;" and "Amelia, or a Young Ladv's Vicissitudes," a novel. 1). 1858. LEUTZE, Emanuel, iiistorical paint- er, b. in Wurtemburg, 1810, was brought at a tender age to the United Stales, and his youth was jiassed be- tween Philadelphia and Fredericksburg, Va. About 1840 he produced his lir>t iniportant picture, which led to a pat- ronage that enabled him to go to Eu- rope for the study of his art. He at once proceeded to Diisseldurf and be- came a pupil of the celebrated Lessing. Devoting himself to the iiainting of subjects drawn from American history, he tinished at Munich in 1843 his " Co- lunibiis and the Queen," under the in- spiration of the wtu'ks of Cornelius and Kaulbach. After a visit to Venice and litune, he returned to Diisseldorf and remained there sixteen years, when in ISoSl he returned to the United States and established himself in a studio in New York. Prom this he was called in 1800 to execute a fresco in the capi- tol at Washiiigton. The subject wiis " Westward the Star of Empire takes its way," and the painting is said to be by far the tinest fresco in the country. Leutze executed a series of important paintings illiistratingeventsin the Amer- ican revolution. One of these, " Wash- ington crossing the Delaware," is well known by the engravings. He was ex- ecuting furl her commissions for the gov- ernment when he d. in Washingtmi, July 10, 1808. LEVER, CHARi.rs .Tames, an English novelist, b. in Dublin, 1808, practised soine:ime as a physician, but relin- quished this profession for that of novel writing, in wiiich he acquired great and deserved celebrity. His Hrst work, " Harry Lorrequer," was a brilliant success, and it was followed bv Charles O'Mal ey, ' "The Dodd " Family Abroad," and a score of others that enjoyed eciually great pnpularity. In the latter years of his life he resided at Florence, and published his writings ia the first instance in "Blackwood's Magazine." D. 1872. LEVI, Ur.iAii P., an officer of the U. S. navv, b. in Pennsylvania, entered the service in 1812, and in the brig Argus, which took out Mr. Crawfortl as miiiisier to F'rance, was captured and kept prisoner for two years. In 1858 he was Hag officer of the Mediter- ranean S(iuadron. He was the mover in the eftort to abolish fiogging in the navy. He bi'came the owner of "Mon- ticillo," the famous residence of Mr. Jefferson, which was confiscated by the confederates in the civil war on account of his devotion to the Union. D. in New York city, 1832 LFVY, MicHKi., an eminent French publisher, b. 1821, having made an un- successful attempt on the stage, opened an old book-stall in one of the passages of Paris, and from this beginning grew rajiidly into one of the most proininent publishers in l-lurope. His list soon embraced the works of tiie most dis- tinguished F'rench writers of the cen- tury. D. suddenly, 1875, leaving a for- tune of several millions. Ll'^WIS, Tavlok, an American schiilar and author, b. in Saratf>ga county, N. Y., 1802, graduated at Union college, studied law and abandoneil the profession in 18-33, and devoted himself to education. From 1838 to 1859 he was professor of Greek in the university of New York, and from the I.Uter pe- riod ill Union college until his death. He lectured thereon ancient pliiloso])hy and poetry, and gave instruction in the Orieiiial languages. He was an emi- nent philologist. Of his publicalioiis we may mention "The Six Days of Crea- tion," 1855; "The Bible and Science," 1850; " The Divine Human in the Scrip- tures," ISiiO; "State Riinhts, a Photo- graph from the Ruins of Ancient Greece;" "Heroic Periods of a Na- tion's History:" ''A Defence of Cap- ital Putiishment," 1844. F'rom 1851 to 1850, he wrote most of the Editor's lie] Table in Hnrppr's Map^zine. In con- junction wiili 1'".. W. riivnc;ii Coicnkwali,, an Eufilisli statesman and author, b. ]800; (1. 180-i. lie was cdu.ated at Eton and Oxford, and in 18:J1 was called to the bar. In 1847 he entered the house of c.s »re a philosnphieal essay "On the InHueuee of Authority in ]\iatters of Opinion;" an ''Ess.iyou the Oriuin and Kornia- tion of the L'omance Lannuatces; " an "In(]uiry into the Credil)ility of E.irly Roman Hisiory;" a valuable treatise on "The Astronomy of the .\ncients; " and a translation of IJi.ckh's '"Public Economy of Athens " Sir George mar- ried, 1814, Maria Theresa, sister of the Earl of Clareiulon, and widow of Mi'. T. H. Lister, of Armilaf;-e Park. York- shire. Lady Lewis published "The Lives of Lord Clarendon's Friends and Contemporaries," and the "Extracts of the Journals and Correspondence of Afiss Berry," 3 vols. I). ISfid. — John Fukd- Ei'.iCK, an l",njr|isli painter, in oil and wa- ter colors, 1). in Li)ndon, 1805, first at- tracted attenti(ni by a series of studies of wild animals, en.nraved by himself. He travelled extensively, and made many paintirii;s of Spanish. Italian, and Ori- ental scenes. Li 185:{, his sixty four copies in water-colors of the most famous pictures, chieHy of the Venetian and Spanish schools, were purchased by the Scottish Academy. He published two volumes of sketches from Spanish sub- jects. 1). 187(J. — U'iNsL')\v, an emi- nent .American siirf,^eon, b. in IJoston, 17!)9. till<'. He selected usually me- diajval subjects, and treated them with feelinij and effectiveness. His "Jlary of ]{ur^'undy fjivintf Alms to the Poor," boiij.dit fori, 1)01) fiuiiieas at the sale of Mr. U/,elli's collection in 1801. At the time of his death he was employed in the decoration of the Hotel de Ville of -Antwerp, with muial paiutinji;s illus- trative of the history of the Nether- lands. LIBRI-CARRUCCr, Gufu.iia.MO Bkutis Iciius Ti.moi,K().\, an Italian mathematician, b. at Florence, 18l)-!, devoted at a very early ane to scientific studies, was appointed in iS'2'-i pro- fessor of mathematical physics at the nnivei'sity of Pisa. At the same time he was known by valuable memoirs contributed to the procecdinj;s of sci- entilic academies. Implicated in the |K)lilical nioveineiits in Italy in 1831, lie tied to Paris, where he obtained the friendship of .Arat^o, and a seat in the Academy of Sciences. Soon after he was made iiis)iector-f;eiieral of |>idjlic instruction and of public libraries. He had formed a vast collection of books and J1S.S. which he offered for sale to the Flench j^overnment on terms that were not accepted. He was accused in the latter days of Louis Philippe's rei.nn of luiviiij;- i>illaj;ed the libraries under his eliarf;e, and after the revolution of 1848 the ])rocess was tried in the courts and he was condemned as in contu- macy, deprived of his appoinlnients, and sentenced to ten years' iin]>risoii- ment. This sentence was the cause of loii.u' controversy, Libri indif^nanlly re- piiiliatin^; the charj^e, which was dis- credited entirely by his Enii'lish friends. His ureat work is the "History of the Mathematical Sciences in Italy from the lieiiaissance up to the I'Jid of the Se\enteeiitli Century," 4 vols, 1838-41. LIEBEIJ, 1'I;an<"is. an einineiii pub- licist, b. at P.erlin, 181)0, bei,'aii to study medicine, but in 1815 volunteered in the army, foui;ht at AVaterloo, and was W(uinded at the siej,''e of Namur. Four years afterwards he was accused of propai^atiiii^ revolutionary doctrines, and imprisoned, but was soon after re- leased, and proceeded to Jena to com- plete his education. He took part in tiie lirst Greek war of independence, and on the conclusion of that striijjgle made his way to Koine, wdiere he was befrieiuled by the historian Niebiihr. In 1823 he published his "Journal in 192 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGKAPIIY. [l,IN Grcpco," niid aftcrwanls rc-tiirniiip to rnis.-ia was iiiifiiisiiiied llie si'voiid time, Imt fveiilually di^cliar^ed tliroiij;li the iiiducnc*' of IS'icbiilir, and fled to Kti-laiid. Ill 1827 he iJi-ocecdrd to Txis- toii, wht'i-c lie e>tal)lislied a swiimniiii;- scliocd, and coinnieiiccil the pnblicaiioii of the. " l".iK\ elc'piedia Ainerieana." a •work wliicli occiipied him for iieafly five years. He also piililished sevefal translations into Kn,i,^lisli, and anmnj^ them the work of l)e I5eamnoiit and Ue 'l'oc(|iie\ille on the Penitentiary Sys- tem. In 18-"i-j he was invited to a pro- fessor-hip nf hi>tory and polirieal eeon- omy in South Carolina eollet;e. an ottice which lie tilled for npwanls nf twenty years. In 18i4 he revisited Europe, and in 1S57 retnrned to New York, a new eliair in Colninliia college havinj; heen e.xpressly createhed in Paris under the title of a "Treatise on Orgjinic Chemistry," 3 vols. He fre(|neiitly vis- ited England, anil was recei\ed with great iiltention at the agricultural fairs. He received all the honors frmn the sci- entific and learned societies of Europe. D 187.!. LIl'.V'lvX, DoKoiiiKA, nie Vox I>kn- KK.NDoui'i', a Hussiaii princess, b. in liiga alxuit 178.'), was eilucated at St. Pi't' r>burg, and married at 10 tlie Count de Lieveii, a diplomatist, and followed liiiii as minister to lierlin and L(Uid(Mi. She aecpiireil great reputation at court and in the diplomatic .sa/uJi.s by her .-ip itude and Intel iijence in public affairs, troni 1812 to IS^i-l >lie was one of the (pieeiis of >ociety in London, and the mo>t distinguished political iiieii of all ]iarlies met in her house on neutral ground. On her return to St. Peters- burg in the latter year, she met with a most distiiigui>hed reception at court, but the loss of two of her children ren- dered a residence in Russia insiijiport- able, and she removed to Paris. After the death of her husband, which oc- curred in Rome, 18'i!J, she continued to reside in Paris, at the Hotel Talleyrand, where her snlim was frequented by the most di>tiiiguished societv. D. in I'aris, 1857. LIGIEK, Pii;i:i!K, a French actor, b. in Bourdeaiix. 1797, was a glazier by- trade, ami made his dcOut at the The- atre rran(,ais in 181!!, under the aus- pices of Talma. He di>-tinunislied him- self ill "Marino Paliero," "Richard HI.," and "TartuftV." Pity and ter- ror were the two great emoiions he re- lied iipoon afterwards killed by Indians. Thomas Lincoln, .Abraham's father, migrated with his fiimily, in ISK!, to Spencer county. Iiid., where Abraham labcn-ed on a farm for ten vi ars, his schooling being confined tu intervals so mn] CYCI.OIMCDIA OF RIOGKAPHY. 193 brief that in (lie iif;fjre,u:;ite it did not I exi-eed Iwi'lve nioiulis. At ID he was a hired huiid (Ml a Mis^is.vipiii Hai-hoat, tradliij^' hetweeii St. Lmiis and New Or- leans. Ill 18-JU he aeei>ted in buililiii;;' a loj;--iiiiiise and ill sjiliitinn' rail' to lenee the lir-t held. In 18U he eii^a.i;ed in the conslnielion of a tlat-lmat and in its iiavi,4'atioii to New Orleans, working- so iiincli to the satisfaction of his em- ployer that on his return he was placed in 'eliarj;e of a mill and store at New Sili'iii, Aleiiaril cmintx, 111. in the 15laek iJawk war he joined a company of volunleiTs, was eleeled their captain, and served through tin- c.inipainii. At its dose 111- wasnominaied liy the \\'liii;s ()f his district a candidate ftate leijislature, hut wi.hoiit, success. He next kept a c.iuiilrv store, aiiil then he- came |)ostniaster of New Salem. Here lie coiiiinenced the study of law, for a time also doiny,' the work if an a^-istant surveyor. In 18;4 lii^ Wliij;- frieiiils elected liiiii a memlier id' the le;;isla- ture. In ISJJ a d 1841) he was re- elected, and hy his course acipiiied pop- iilaritv and iiiHiieiice. He was chair- man of the liiiaiice commitiee, ami, in coiiiieition Willi his coll*aj;iie from Saiij;amon county, wrote a noiable pro- test a:;ainst the passage (d' re-olnlions ])roreclMiii; slaverx' in llliiiois, allirniin.n' the iiiji. slice ami inexpediency of the instituiioii, hnt declaring;' that coiinress had no power to interfere wiih it. Meanwhile he had lieeii licensed to practise law, and li;id reiiiovet a slave coii^ti ntiou Some of his utter- ances, read in the Ii^ht of siihscqneiit events, soiinil pr.pheiic. "Ilulime," he .said, '■this jiovernmeiit cannot en- dure p-rmaiiently half slave and half free. I do not e.xpect the Union to be dissolved: I do not ex|iect the house to fall; but I do expect it will cea>e to be divided." Alihou-li .Mr. Lincoln had a majority over his opponent on the popula»vote, he was defeated in the le;;'islature. In May, ISJO, he was nom- inated for the proideiicy by the Repub- lican iiati nil convention assembled at (Jliicai;i, and was clecie "f the militia and coineninj; an extra si'ssion of cniiLcress. By other proclamations he declared the blockade of all the i)orts of the United States soiiili of the Cliesapeake, increased ihe refcular army and navy, and called for 50U,0j0 vidiiiiteers to serve durinj^- three years. These measures were promptly ratitied hy coiif^ress. His desire still was to restore peace and unity, with- out iiiterfcrinK with the institution of slaverw Hence his modilication of the order Iif Gen. Fremont for the emanci- pation of the slaves of rebels in Mis- souri, and his rei'iidiation of the similar order of (jen. Hunter in reijard to Smith Carolina, Gfor^ia, and Florida, with the reservation to himself of the li.ght to take such a step, as c(nnniander-in- cliief, when it shouhl become a military necessity. He held, fur her, thai cmii- pensation should atteml enianci|iation. Events did not allow Mr. Lincoln loni^ to halt upon the subject. On Sept. 21, 18IJ2, he is>ued a preliminary proclama- tion, settiiiii forth his pnrpose to eman- cipate all slaves in states, or |larts of states, which should remain in insur- rection on the first of the eiisuin;; -laii- uarv. This ladical chan,i;e id' policy he justitied as a military measure. With regard to Kentucky, JNLuyland, Mis- souri, and such portiims of 'I'eUMessee, Louisiana, and \Vest Virginia, as were loyal or under the control of the Union forces, it had been Mr. Lincoln's desire that tli<-y should adopt some plan of gradual iinaiciparicm ; and accoi'dingly, on the (Jtli of March, ]8ti'2, he recerved to prepare Ihe pub- lic mind for the emanciiiation procla- mation of Jan. 1, 1833. la letters pub- lished during this vear he defended the conscription law, the [.'riuciple of mili- tary arrests in time of civil war, and the employment of colored regiments tlien being raised. In the summer of 1804 attempts were ineffectually made to induce him to modify his policy on thf. slavery question, but he persisted in holding' "the integrity of the whole Union and the abandonment of slavery " an essential condition of any negotiation looking toward peace. How geiierallv the p-ople of the loyal states shared this determination was proved by the ma- jority with which 5Ir. Lincoln was re- elected to the presidency in November, 18G4. In his message to congress in December he renewed his recommenda- tiassage of a constitutional amendment forever prohibiting slavery witliin the United States, and the pop- ulai- will found a reflex in the decision of congress in favor of the measure. In January, 186.5, overtures for ]>eace were received, and JMr. Seward, secre- tary of state, was ordered to Fortress Monroe to meet commissioners ap- pointed by Jlr. Jefferson Davis. On that occa-ion the instructions dictated by Mr. Lincoln embodied three condi- tions as ini^-pensable to peace; 1. The feiritorial integrity of the Uiiicm; 2. No abandonment ()•• moditication of execu- tive or congressional action on the sub- ject of slavery ; 3. No armistice. Sub- ject to these terms, Mr. Lincoln was so earnestly desirous of jieace that he fol- lowed Mr. Seward on the mission, and was present with him at a conference with the Iiichmond commissioners in Hampton K'oads. The effort, though bootless, and undertaken at the risk <.f displeasing a section of his own party, vindicated Mr. Ijiicolii's position, and greatly increased his moral intlueiicc in the north. The effect was heightened bv the tone and style of the brief ad- dress delivered by "Mr. Lincoln on his second inaugural ion, March, 1835. A few weeks later, when the strategy of Gen. Grant had restored Riclnnond to I the Union, and I'residei.t Lincoln tein- j )iorarilv occupied the mansion wdiich ] .\lr Jefferson Davis had hastilv aban- 1 doiied, the same tirmness, mingled with i the same cimiiliatory spirit, was exliib- I ited. The terms on which Gen. Lee sur- renderete himself to the work of a mediial missii'nary. Having passed thiouuh the clas-ical. medicil, and theological courses, Mr. Livingstone was admitted a Licentiate of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons, Glasgow, and was ac- cepted by the Lonilon iMi~sion:iry So- ciety a« one of its agents. (Jliiiia had been his contemplated sphere of labor, but the opium war closed that field of beni'volcnf enterprise. Mr. Moffatt was then in l''ngland nruiiig the claims of Africa, and in 1810 Dr. Livings.'one em- barked for that continent, reaching; Cape Town after a voyage of three nionlhs. During sixteen years he la- boreil there Avilh surpassing zeal and devotion. The story of these years is told with unadorned eloquence in that well-known work, his ''iMis-ionary Travels and Iiesearcbes in South .Af- rica." I'or eight years he lived far in the interior with a Hcchiiana tribe, guiding ihem in the paths of industry, virtue, and L'hristi;iiiity. He discovered the in.igiiilicent lake Ngami, traced the course of the i;reat river Zanilie-i, in Kastern .Africa, .ind penelr.-ited lb' inte- rior of that coll tilieiit lo theeigbih degree of soutiiern latitude, twent\-six degrees norlh of the Cape of (jooirilope. Hav- ing su|)erinteu(U'd the publicaiion of his '" I'ravels," and received the most sat- isfactory testimonials of the estieiii of his eoiiiilrymcii of all classes, from his old comrades in Ulautyre milN, t.i the most acroinpli-hed stvint.'f of liritain, the intrepid traveller, providt-d by gov- ernment with the necessary oiitrtf, went forth on a fresh voyage of discovery. rhi> expedition sailed In .January, 1858, and its work occupied three years, dur- ing which they explored the iiver Shirt*, vered the .Mu'chi-oii Fall-, Lake Sliirwa, and Lake .Nyassa, a-ceiided the Zambesi, and discovered the great Victo- ria Falls. Ill ]8;i;{ Dr. Livingstone was recalled, and published hisseciuid work, a nanalive of this e.xpediliiui. Anoiher exfiedifioii was oigaiii/'.ed at Hoiiibay in the winter of 18 15-00. It occupied seven years of adventures and di-cov- eries and disasters, terminal iiig in the death of its heroic leader. Hi- men de- serted him and spread in I'aiglaud the report of his death. Ye.irs elapsed during which the truth of the report could not be ascer:ai ed, and -earch ex- peditions sent out tor h ni wi h supplies in sevd-al cases failed to r.acli him. At length in l''. LOCKILVRT, John (Jusson, the son of a Glasgow minister, and the son-in- law and biographer of Sir Walter Scott, b 1794. Educated at Glasgow and Ox ford, he went to (Jerinany to study its literature, and soon became a jn'ofes- sional author. He was one of the ear- liest, most active, and most s irca-tic of the writers in "Blackwood's Maga- zine,'' and was considered responsible for much of the unscrupulous bitterness which characterized its ]):diny days. Ill 1819 he published anonynionsly "Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk." He next collected his spirited versions of Spanish ballads, and then produced, in succession, his novels, "Valerius," "Keginald Daltoii," "Adam Blair," and "Matthew W'ald." He a-^~umed the editorship of the "Quarterly Re- view" in 182G, and retained it nntil 1853, when ill health compelled his re- tirement. His "Life of Scott" ap- peared in the interim. A visit to Italy failed to restore his health, and he d. at Abhotsford in 1854. LONDOXDLHKV, Ciiaim.ks Wil- liam Vane, third marquis of, b.at Dub- lin, 1798, entered the army, and jiassing through the various grades of the ser- vice, joined Sir John Moore in the pen- insula as brigadier-general, and distin- guished himself in the lield. From 18;).T to 1813, lie was adjiitant-general under Sir Arthur Wellesley. In the latter year lu went as ambassador to Berlin, and was charged with the duty of hxdv- ing after Bernadotte, king of Sweden, wiio was suspected by the allies. He was raised to the peerage as Baron Stewart, and was one of the plenipoten- tiaries at the congress of Vienna, 1814- 15. He was known as an author by " A Steam Voyage to Constantinople," " Story of the reninsular War," wh ch has gone through several editions, and bv eiliting the correspondence of his brother, the second marquis of London- derry^ K. G. D. 1854. LONG, Steptien HAnuntAN, ofTicer of the Vi. S. armv, b. in Hopkinton, X. IL, 1781, graduated at Dartmouth colk'ge, entered the engineer corps, in 1814, and distingui-'hed hinisulf by his we-iterii and nortli western exjilorations, 1818-24. See the narrative of his lirs't expedition to the lloekv Mountains by Edwin Jame<, 1823 ; and " Long's Ex- pedition to the Sources of St. Peter's River, lake of the Woods, etc.," bv W. H. Keating, 2 vols., Phil. 18^4. He was made colonel, in ]8r.3, and retired soon afterwards. D. 18i4. LOXGACRE, Jamks Bai;t<)X, en- graver, b. ill Pennsylvania, 1794, was apprenticed, as historical and pm-trait enuraver, to JIurrav of Philaclelphia, and from 1819 to 1831 was employed in illiisiratiiig the best class of works. In 1834-39, with .lames Herring- of Xew York, he published the "National PS. supreme court in the case of McCulloeh V. jNIaryland. He was an ardent s'ate rights man in politics. D. at Oxford. ]Miss.. 1870. LONGWOUTH, Niciioi,as, an Ohio vine-grower, b. iii New Jersey, 178'2. Having studied law, he removed to Ohio, in 1803, and settled at Cincinnati, then a little village. The practice of his profession enabled him to acquire real estate, which the growth of Cincin- nati invested with enormous value. In 1828, he withdrew from law and applied himself to the culture of the grape, and gradually became a wine manufacturer on a large scale, and secured for his wines the tirst place in the list of Amer- ican products. ]). 186-3. LOPEZ, CA1U.OS Antonio, president of Paragua}', b. 1790, elected president, 1844, and serving by reelection till his death, was in fact absolute dictator, and advanced ihe material interests of his native state in a remarkable degree. D. 18!!2. — Don Fkancisco Soi.ano, son of the preceding, b. 1827, educated in Europe, was sent in 1853, as minis- ter to ratify the treaties of commerce made with England, Erance, and Sar- dinia. He succeeded his father as pres- ident, in 1832, and at once adopted measures to encourage the culture of cotton, and to push forward railroads and other public works. But the grow- ing prosperity of the country was ar- rested by a war with Brazil, in which Lopez commanded in person, with courage and vigor, but without success. Paraguav was ruined, and Lopez was killed in" battle, March 1, 1870. — Nah- ciso, a Cuban revolutionist, b. in Ven- ezuela, 1799, left there after its evacua- tion by the Spanish, and went to Cul)a where he made himself conspicuous by his liberal principles. Li 1849 he came to the United States, and organized an expedition for the invasion of Cuba, which failed. In 18.51, he again landed tliere, but was captured and garotted, Sept. 20, 1851. LORD, Eleazar, author and philan- thropist, b. in Connecticut, 1788, studied at Andover, entered the ministry and left it, engaged in various philanthropic societies, visited Europe, and on his re- turn, in 1818, engaged in banking, and interested himself in important public enterprises. He was president of the Erie railroad from its commencement till 1845. In 1829, he [vublished his " Pi'inciples of Currency and Hanking," recommending the free banking system. He published, in 1843, " Geology and Scripture (Cosmogony," " The Epoch of Creation;" and several other tlieolog- ical works. In 18131, he addressed a letter to the secretary of the treasury on Ihe "National Currency." He edited " r,empriere's Biographical Diction- ary," 2 vols. 8vo, 1825. D. 1871. —J. K., an English naturalist, was at one time in the British army, and was in the famous Balaclava charge. He left the army and was appointed naturalist to the British North American Boundary Commission. His observations in this capacity he published in " A Home in the \\'ilderness " and "The Naturalist in Vancouver's Island." D. 1872. — Nathan, a clergyman, b. in Maine, 1793, distinguished as a pulpit orator, and president of Dartmouth college, from J 828 to 1803. He published nu- merous sermons and theologicid essays, and two " Letters to Ministers of the Gos|)el of all Denominations on Slav- ery," in which he attempted to prove from the Bible the lawfulness of slavery. D. 1870. LOKTZING, Albert Gustav, a German composer, actor, and singer, b. in Berlin, 1803; d. 1851. LOUDON, Jane Wei$r, the author- ess of many works on botany and flori- culture, b. near Birmingham, in 1800; d. 1858. Obliged to depend on her own exertions for support, in ]82f! she went to London and wrote " The Mum- my," a work of fiction which not only secured the young authoress a name, but by various scieutilic improvements mentioned in it as having taken place in the year 21215 (the period in which the story was laid), attracted the atten- tion of the well-known botanist, iNIr. I>oiidon, and led to an acquaintance which ended in their marriage. Her works were chiefly on botanical sub- jects, the principal being "The Ladies' Flower Garden," in six quarto volumes; "The Ladies' Country Companion," "Botany for Ladies," "British Wild Flowers," and "The Ladies' Compan- ion to the Flower Garden." LOUIS I., CiiAitLES AITGU.STUS, king of Bavaria, b. 1780, at Strasburg, was educated at Gi'ittingen, showed an early fondness for the tine arts, travelled in Italv, served in the French campaigns of 1806, 1807, 1808, accompanied the allied sovereigns to London in 1814, LUS] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 199 and succeeded his father on the thvone in 1825. He iinmediately iiitrodiued important liberal reforms, and occii pied himself with tiie einbeliishment of his capital, with the view of niakiiij^ of Munich a modern Atliens. He erected in the cit}- a number of noble edifice.s, that were decorated by great works of sculpture and painting, by Schwanthaler, Cornelius, and their pu- pils. At the same time he introduced railroads in Bavaria, launched the tirst steamboat on Lake Constance, and dug a canal that bears his name, and unites the Main with the Danube. After the events of July, 1830, king Louts became the champion of reactionar}' ideas, but the ultramontane intiuenee was sudden- ly destroyed by the ascendency acquired over him bv the celebrated dancer Lola Monti'z, who was an advanced liberal in politics. The insolence of this wom- an, who had been created Countess of Laiisfeldt by her ro\al lover, excited an emcute at Munich, which compelled her to quit Bavaria. The king's abdica- tion in favor of his eldest son followed. From that time he lived in retirement. 1). at Nice, 18U8. King Louis pub- lished two volumes of poems in 1829, and a third ten years afterwards. LOUIS, Pikkhe Chaklks Ale.xan- DiiE, a French physician, b. 1787, dis- tinguished himself by his researches and publications in palhologv. D. 1872. LOVE.JOY, 0\vEN,b. in Maine, 1811, exchanged preaching for politics, and acquired celebrity by the vehemence with which he denounced slavery as a representative of Illinois at Washing- ton, where he served from the 35tli to the 38th congress. D. 1864. LOVELACE, Ada Augusta, Coun- tess of, only child of Lord Byron, — " sole daughter of mv house and heart," — b. 1815; d. 1852. " She inherited nei- ther poetical genius nor poetical taste, mathematics and metaphysics being her favorite studies. She married the Earl of Lovelace (originally Lord King) in 1835; and in their issue the lineage of Locke and Byron is united. LOVEK, Samuel, an Irish novelist and song writer, b. at Dublin, 1797, began life as a painter, but soon relin- quished art for literature. He wrote a volume of popular songs, and the nov- els of " Kory O'More," "Treasure Trove," and "Handy Andy." His en- tertainment, called " Iri.sh Evenings," was successful in England and the United States. D. 1868. LUC.VS, Frederick, a Roman cath- olic polemical writer of masterly abil- ity; founder and editor of the London " Tablet; " and repn^sentative of Meaih in the house of commons, died in his 43d vear, 1855. — Samuel, brother of the preceding, b. 1811; d. 1865. He was managing proprietor and editor of the " Star," a London daily journal, radical in its h ime politics, which sus- tained the northern states and the union from the inception of the civil war. — John, a well-known English painter, b. 1807, commenced his career as an engra- ver, but soon turned his attention e.\- clusively to portrait painting, in which he pursued a successful career, painting portraits of the most distinguished men of his time, — the Duke of Wellington, Prince Albert, Metternich, Palmer.ston, Joseph Hume, Gladstone, and others. One of his most elaborate pictures was a group representing the consultation of Robert Stephenson, Brunei, Ridder, Locke, and other eminent engineers, previous to the tinating of the last tube of the bridge over the Menai straits. Upwards of sixty of his works have been engraved. D. 1874. LUDERS, Ale.kander Nikolaye- VITCH, a Russian general, in 1861 lieu- tenant general of Poland, b. 1790: d. 1874. LUMLEY, Benjamin, an English lawyer, b. about 1812, became director of her majesty's theatre, in London, in 1845, and continued to manage it till 18()3, when he resumed the practice of the law. He published "Reminiscences of the Opera" in 1864. D. 1875. LUMPKIN, Wilson, an American statesman, b. in 'N'irginia, 1783. was re- moved when an infant to Georgia, where he was educated to the law, and entered early into politics. He was several tmies elected to the state legislature, was twice governor, and served in the U. S. hou-e of representatives from 1815 to 1817, and from 1827 to 1831, and in the senate from 1838 to 1841. D. 1871.— Joseph HExitv, brother of the preceding, b. in Georgia, 1799, was distinguished as a jurist, and as a pro- fessor of rhetoric and oratory in the universitv of Georgia. D. 1867. LUSHINGTON, Stephen, an Eng- lish jurist and judge, b. 1782, educated at Oxford, admitted as an advocate in Doctors' Commons, 1808; was appoint- ed, in 1828, judge of the consistory court, and ten years afterwards judge of the high court of admiralty. His decisions in the cases that came before 200 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [lyo the ecclesiastical courts in his time, em- braced many difficult questions relating to doctrine, discipline, and ritual, and were marked with learning and ability. He sat in parliament in the liberal in- terest from 1820 till 18-11, when he was disqualilied bj' a special law forbidding the judge of the admiralty court to hold a seat in the lower house. At the age of 85 he retired from the bench. He was the counsel ^of Lady Byron, and advised the separation from her husband, but on what grounds it was never known. D. 1873. LUTTKELL, Henuy, a famous wit and epigrammatist, many years distin- guished in London literary society, and the author of a "Letter to Julia," and other light verses. D. 18.51, aged 86. LUYNES, Honors TiuSodokic Paul Joseph d' Albert, Duke de, a French savant, b. in Paris, 1802, displayed an early taste for archajology and the study of languages. Succeeding to an im- mense estate, he was able to indulge in magnificent publications at his own ex- pense, and in adorning his chateau of Dampierre with the works of the most distinguished artists. In all the arts and sciences he was interested, and made important contributions to nu- mismatics and archaBology. D. 1867. LYELL, Sir Charles, a British ge- ologist, b. at Kinnordy, Scotland, 1797, graduated at Oxford, practised law a while, but abandoned the profession to devote himself to the stud}' of geologv. In 182-4 he travelled for scientific pur- poses in Switzerland, France, Germany, and Italy; and in 1830 g.ive to the world the tirst volume of his famous work on "The Principles of (jJeology," followed by the second and third in the two years succeeding. In opposition to the then prevailing theory that the inner and external construction of the earth is to be explained only by old convul- sions and catastrophes, he maintained the doctrine that causes now in opera- tion are sufficient to explain it, provided they repeated themselves often enough in an unmeasured space of time. Sir Charles twice visited the United States, and published the results of his obser- vations in " Travels in North Anieiica," 1841, and " A Second Visit to the United States," 184.5. His work on "The An- tiquity of Man," is intended to furnish proofs of human existence on earth much earlier than is supposed, and in some aspects sustain the views promulgated in Mr. Darwin's book on the "Oriuin of Species." D. February 22. 1875. His remains were interred in Westmin- ster Abbey. LYNCH, William F., an American naval officer, b. in Virginia, 1801, en- tered the service as midshipman in 1819. He planned an expedition in 1847, which the government approved, and the results of which were piiblj-ilied in 1849 under the title of a " Narrative of the U. S. Expedition to the Kiver Jor- dan and the Dead Sea," which passed through numerous editions. He wrote also " Naval Life, orObservations Afloat and Ashore," 1851. He resigned his commission, 1861, and entered the con- federate service, in which he was em- ploved chieflv on the coast of North Carolina. D." 1865. LYNDHURST, John Singleton Copley, Lord, b. at Boston, 1772; d. in London, 1863. When a child he was taken to England by his father, the cele- brated painter. After preliminary stud- ies, he went to Cambridge, where he obtained high honors. In 1804 he was admitted to the English bar, and for some time travelled the midland circuit without any special success. Some po- litical trials brought him into notice, and he entered the house of commons, under Tory auspices, in 1818. As solic- itor-general he was engaged in the trial of Queen Caroline, was subsequently attorney-general, and in 1827 became lord chancellor during the administra- tion of Lord Canning. On the retire- ment of his party from government, he was appointed chief baron of the ex- chequer by its successors. He again became lord chancellor under Sir K. Peel, but after the break-up of the Peel government in 1846, he diil not hold of- fice. As a politician. Lord Lyndhurst adhered to Toryism to the last, and was among the most unrelenting of its ex- ponents. As a chancery judge he was highly spoken of by all parties, and as an orator he had few to equal him among the peers. His last appearance of any note as an orator was in 1860, when, al- though eighty-eight years of age, he spoke with great clearness and force of argument. LYON, Nathaniel, brigadier-gen- eral of volunteers in the U. S. army, b. at Ashford, Onin., 1819, graduated at West Point, and served with honor in the Florida war, throughout the Mexi- can campaign, and at various posts on the we-'tern frontier. After the out break of hostilities in 1861, he was ])hKed in command of the arsenal of St. Louis, Mil., and played a conspicu mac] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 201 ous part in the early troubles of that state. To his energy and judgment ma}' be attributed the frustration of the plans of Gov. Jackson, who, with Gen. Sterling Price, the commander of the state militia, resisted the acts per- formed b\' Capt. Lyon under national authority^ and called for a large body of militia to "repel the invasion of tlie state." Captain Lyon — then brigadier- general of volunteers — took possession of Jefferson city with the state archives and followed Jackson and Price with the militia, to Booneville, where he de- feated them on the 17th June, 1861. On August 1, he met and defeated a body of confederates under command of 6en. McCulloch. The latter, how- ever, was soon afterward reinforced by Price, and their conibined forces threat- ened the position then held by General L^-on in S. W. Missouri. A battle en- sued at Wilson's Creek, on the 10th August, in which he was killed. He be- queathed nearly the whole of his prop- erty to the government to aid in putting down the rebellion. A memoir, prefac- ing a collection of his political writings, was published in 1862. LYONS, LoHD Edmund, an English diplomatist and commander of the Brit- ish fleet during the Crimean war, b. 1790: d. 1858. LYTLE, William Haixes, b. at Cin- cinnati, 1826, served with distinction in the IMexican war, at the conclusion of which he applied liimself to the practice of law in his native city. In 1861 he accepted the colonelcy of the 10th Ohio volunteers, and took part in the battle of Rich Jlountain. He commanded a brigade at Carnifax Ferry, where he was wounded. After bis recovery he assumed the command of the Bards- town camp of instruction. He next commanded the 17th brigade under Gen. Mitchell, and was again wounded at Perrvviile, where he was taken pris- oner. Early in 1863 he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, and served under Gen. Rosecrans until killed at Chickamauga, Sept. 1863. M. McALESTER, Miles D., an Ameri- can officer, b. in New York, 1834, grad- uated at West Point, entered the civil war as lieutenant of the engineer corps. May 2, 1861, and for his meritorious and gallant services was brevetted brig- adier general in April, 186.5. D. 1869. MACAULAY', Thomas Babixgpox, Lord Macaulay, b. Oct. 2.5, 1800, at Rothley Temple, in Leicestershire, was the son of Zachary Macaulay, the phi- lanthropist, distinguished specially for his labors in the abolition of the slave trade. He graduated at Cambridge with great distinction, and became fel- low of Trinity college in 1822. Called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1826, he ■was two years afterwards appointed commissioner in bankruptcy, and in 1830 returned to parliament as mem- ber for Calne. He subsequently became secretary to the board of control, and aided the Grey ministry by zealously advocating their policy in the debates on the reform bill. In 1832 he was re- turned to the reformed parliament for the borough of Leeds, and resigned his seat in 183-1 to go to India as member of the supreme council of Calcutta. Here he remained two years and a half, prin- cipally employed in preparing a code of penal laws for India, published in 1838, but never put in execution. In 1839 he became secretary of war, and was elected M. P. for Edinburgh in 1840. In 1841 he resigned his secretaryship on the accession of Sir Robert Peel. In 1846, on the return to office of the Whigs, he was made secretary of war, with a seat in the cabinet; but lost his seat for Edinburgh, in 1847, for his course on the Maynooth grant question.. His former constituents made an honor- able amende by reelecting him, in 1852, at their own charge, and he continued to represent Edinburgh till January, 1856, when he resigned. In September, 1857, he was raised to the peerage with the title of Baron Macaulay, of Roth- lev, in the county of Leicester. But it was as an essayist, historian, and poet, that Mr. Macaiday was even more dis- tinguished than as a statesman and orator, and it was to his eminence in literature that he owes his prominent place in the history of his times. His first published productions in verse were the poems of " Pompeii," and " Evening," which, in 1819 and 1821, gained the chancellor's medal in his university. His writings in "Knight's Quarterly Magazine," in prose and 202 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [mac verse, attracted attention, and led to the overtures on the part of the editor of the " Edinburgh Review," which re- sulted in the essay on Milton, in August, 1825, and in a series of papers for the next twenty j'ears, wiiich placed him without a peer at the head of that branch of English literature. The fame acquired by the essa}' on Milton culmi- nated with the essays on Clive and Hastings, and the series terminated with ills second article on Lord Chat- ham, in 1844. His "Lays of Ancient Rome" were published in 1842, and fully sustained the poetical reputation he had acquired by the nuble ballads of his 3'outh. It was in 1849 that he pub- lished the iirst and second volumes of ''The History of England, from the Ac- cession of Ki;ig James H. down to the Time which is within the Memory of Men still living." The third and fourth volumes were promised by the publish- ers on Dec. 17, 18.35; no doubt the most memorable publication day in literary history. An edition of 25,000 copies was printed, no less than 56 tons of books; but the demand for the day over- ran the sup[)ly, and eleven thousand applicants were disappoin^d. The pub- lishers made one payment to the author on account in a check of .£20,000. Four volumes only appeared during the life of the author; a fifth, which had not received his final revision, was pub- lished as a fragment after his death, preceded by a biographical sketch from the pen of Dean Mihnan. Lord Macau- lay was never married. He died sud- denly, Dec. 28, 1859, at Holly Lodge, his residence in Kensington. He was buried, .January 9, 18611. in the Poet's Corner, in Westminster Abbey, between the statues of Addison and Campbell. A uniform edition of his works, by his si.ster, Lady Trevelyan, appeared in London in 1866; reproduced in this country, with some important additions, at the Riverside Press. A marble statue of Lord ]Macaulay has been executed by Mr. Woolner for Trinity college, Cambridge. " The Life and Letters of Lord Macaula)'," by his nephew, G. Otto Trevelyan, M. P., was published in two vols., 1876. MAC.AULEY, Charles Stewart, commodore U. S. navy, b. in Pennsyl- vania, 179-3, commanded at the Norfolk navy yard at the breaking out of the rebellion, and destroyed the property there, to prevent its falling into the hands of the rebels. D. 1869. McCALL, George Archibald, an American general, b. in Philadelphia, 1802, graduated at West Point, was a captain in the Florida war, conmiaiuled with great distinction in the Mexican war, resigned in 1853. When the civil war broke out he organized the Penn- sylvania reserve corps of 15,000 men, and became brigadier-general of volun- teers. He was engaged at Drainsville, IMechanicsville, Gaines's Mill, and was victorious at Charles City Cross Roads ; but on the same evening, while recon- noitering, was taken prisoner, and con- fined nearly seven weeks in the Libby prison. When released, his impaired health prevented him from engaging in active service, and he resigned, 1863. D. 1868. He was author of " Letters from the Frontier, written during 30 Years' Service in the U. S. Army," a posthumous volume. McCLIXTOCK, John, an American Methodist clergyman, b. in Philadel- phia, 1814, translated, with Dr. Blumen- thal, Xeander's " Life of Christ," and with Prof. Crooks edited a series of Greek and Latin text books. From 1848 to 1856 he was editor of the "Methodist Quarterly Review." In 1860 he was called to be preacher at the American chapel in Paris, France, and remained there till 18Q4. From 1867 till his death he was president of the Drew Thecilogical seminary, Madison, N. J. He was a distinguished pulpit orator, and he wrote " Sketches of Emi- nent Meiliodist Ministers," and a trans- lation of Bungener's " History of the Council of Trent." For several years he was engaged with Dr. Strong in pre- paring the " Cyclopiiedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Litera- ture," of which only three volumes were published at the time of his death, in 1870. McCLUNEY, William J., commo- dore U. S. navv, entered the service in 1812, and was an acting lieutenant on the Wasp during tiie engagement between that vessel and the British ship Frolic. Li 1853 he was appointed to the com- mand of the Powhatan, attached to the East India squadron under Commodore Perry, and returned in 18-')6 with a rep- utation for gallantry and tact. From 1858 to 1860 he commanded the home squadron. D. in Brooklyn, 1864. McCOOK, Robert Latimek, b. in Ohio, 1827, adopted the law as a profes- sion, but entered the LT. S. service in 1861 as colonel of the 9th Ohio volun- teers. He served in Western Virginia and in S. E. Kentucky, and in March, mac] CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 203 1861, was made brigadier-general of volunteers. He commanded a division in Thomas's corps of Buell's arm}^, and was murdered by guerillas, while lying sick in an ambulance, near Salem, Ala., Aug. 5, 186-2. His brother Danikl, brigadier-general of volunteers, was killed at Kenesaw Mountain, 18G-4. McCORD, David J., a South Caro- lina lawyer of considerable repute, one of the authors of Nott and JVIcCord's reports, and the successor of Dr. Cooper as editor of the statute*; at large of that state. B. 1797; d. 1855. His wife, Louisa S., a daughter of Langdon Cheves, published, in 1848, " My Dreams," and a translation of Bastiat's "Sophisms of the Protective Policy." In 1851 she pniduced her tragedy of "Caius Gracchus." Mcculloch, John Raxisay, a vo- luminous compiler of statistics and writ- er on political economy, was b. in Wig- tonshire in 178y, and was for several years a contributor to the Edinburgh press. In 1828 he left Scotland to be- come professor of political economy in the university of London. His best known works are a " Dictionary of Commerce and Commercial Naviga- tion," and a "Dictionarv of Geogra- phy." He edited " The Wealth of Na- tions," and his '" Principles of Political Economy" are held in high repute by the advocates of free trade, l). 1864. — Ben., b. in Rutherford county, Tenn., 1814, removed to Te.xas, and distin- guished himself on various occasions in the Mexican war. He was appointed marshal of Texas by President Pierce, and a commissioner to adjust the diffi- culties with the Mormons in Utah by President Buchanan. He threw himself zealously into the secession movement, and in June, 1861, was appointed a brigadier-general of the forces of Ar- kansas. He led a corps of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas troops into Mis- souri, and was killed in the battle of Pea Ridge, March 7, 1862. McDOUGALL, James A., an Amer- ican lawyer and politician, b in Beth- lehem, N. Y., studied law, settled in Illinois, and became attorney-general of the state, emigrated to California, and was there attorney-general, and sent to the lower house of congress, in 1853-55, and to the U. S. senate, in 1861-67. He was a war Democrat. D. at Albanv, N. Y., 1867. MACDOWELL, Patrick, a sculptor, was born at Belfast, in 1799. His first work of consequence was a successful model intended for a monument to Major Cartwright. Among the most prominent of his works are his '' Cu- pid," "Psyche," "A Girl going to Bathe." He executed two statues for the houses of parliament, namely, "The Earl of Chatham," and " William Pitt," and the group of " Europe " for the Albert Memorial in Hyde Park. D. 1870. McGEE, Thomas D'Arcy, a politi- cian and writer, b. in Ireland, 1825. In 1843, he emigrated to the United States, and was employed on the Bos- ton press. When the " Young Ireland " movement began, in 1848, he returned to his native country, and, on the staff of the "Nation," was very active in promoting the agitation. When the emeute\va.s quelled he escaped to Amer- ica, where he established " The Amer- ican Celt." During the " Know-Noth- ing " movement of 1854-56, however, he became an ardent royalist, and re- moved to Canada; and in 1857, the citizens of Montreal elected him to the Canadian parliament. In 1804, he was made president of the executive coun- cil, and retained that office till 1867, when he was reelected to the parlia- ment of the new Dominion of Canada, and appointed minister of agriculture in the new cabinet. He was assassi- nated at Ottawa, by a member of the Fenian secret society, April 7, 1868. His works are, " Historical Sketches of O'Connell and his Friends," "The Irish Writers of the Seventeenth Cen- tury," " History of the Irish Settlers in North America," " Canadian Bal- lads," " A Popular History of Ireland," 2 vols., 1863; "Speeches and Ad- dresses," 1865. MctilLLlVRAY, William, a Scot- tish naturalist, b. 1796, held a profes- sorship of natural history in the univer- sity of Edinburg. and from 1841 in the university of Aberdeen. He published several popular works and numerous articles on natural history, — among them " Lives of Eminent Zoiilogists," and "History of British Birds." At the time of his death in 1852 he was engaged on a work illustrating the nat- ural history of the environs of Balmo- ral Castle, the MS. of which was pur- chased bv the Queen and printed in 1856. MACGREGOR, John, a British econ- omist, b. 1797, was placed when young in a commercial house in Canada, and returning to England, became M. P. for Glasgow, in 1847. He wrote " The 204 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [mac Progress of America from the Discovery by Columbus to ISi'i," and "Commpr- cfal Statistics of All Nations," 5 vols. 1857. McGRIGOR, Sir James, b. 1772, a British surgeon, was with the army in Egypt during tlie outbreak of the plague, an "account of which he published, in 1804, entitled, "Medical Sketches of the Expedition to Egypt from India." He afterwards published a " Sketch of the Medical History of the British Ar- mies " during the Peninsular war. D. 18.58. McILVATNE, Charles Pettit, an American bishop, b. at Burlington, X. J., 1798, graduated at Princeton col- lege, was admitted to deacon's orders, 1820, and became in 182.5 professor of history and ethics at West Point. In 1831, he was made professor of the evi- dences of revealed religion and sacred antiquities in the university of the city of New York. In 1832, he was conse- crated bishop of Ohio, and from tiiat time exercised great intluence over the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States. During the civil war he was an active member of the Sanitary and Christian Commissions, and visited England to explain the position of the Federal Union on the question at issue. His published works were numerous. Of these his " Evidences of Ciiristian- ity," tirst published in 1832, has passed through more than thirtv editions. D. 1873. MACKAY, Chaki.es, an eminent Scotch actor, whose Bailie Nicol .Jarvie elicited from Sir Waiter Scott the praise that the part seemed made for him and he for the part. B. 1787 ; d. 1857. McKEAN, WiLLi\M W., commodore U. S. navy, b. in Pennsylvania, 1801, was the son of Judge McKean, and en- tered the service in 1814. He com- manded a schooner in Porrer's squadron in 1823-2-1, and was actively engaged in suppressing piracy on the coa^t of Cuba and among the islands of the bay. He was frequently employed upon special service, and commanded the screw steamer Niagara, which conveyed the Japanese ambassadors to their home. For a brief period he com- manded the West Gulf blockading squadron. His connection with the service extended over nearly half a century, and his active employment over more than thirtv vears. D. 1865. McKENNEY, Thomas Lokuaine, b. in Maryland, 1785, was appointed in 1816 superintendent of the t). S. trade with the Indian tribes, and subsequently of the bureau of Indian affairs in the war department. He was author of "Tour to the Lakes, and Treaty of Fond dn Lac," 1827, " Memoirs Offi- cial and Personal," 1846 ; and of a " His- torv of Indian Tribes," 3 vols. foi. 1838-44. I). 1858. MACKENZIE, Chahles Kesnetif, a London litterateuv, and in early life aid-de-camp and militarv secretary to the Uuke of Wellington". B. 1788; d. in New York, 18n2. — William Lyon, the leader of the tapper Canada rebel- lion in 1837, was b. in Dundee, Scot- laud, 17!(4, and was brought up to the trade of a weaver. About 1825, he em- igrated to Canada, and became an ac- tive politician, published and edited a newspaper in opposition to the Tory theory and practice of colonial admin- istration, and after a time was elected to the legislature of the sparsel^y peo- pled colony. His efforts, and those of his co-patriots, resulted in the insurrec- tion of Dec. 1837. A few days, how- ever, sufficed for the defeat and disper- sion of the insurgents, Mackenzie, after many narrow escapes, reaching the United States side of the Niagara. Here he was joined by sympathizers from both sides of the line, with whose aid he maintained a position of hostility on Navy Island, in the Niagara river. This camp was broken up through the exertions of General Scott, and Mac- kenzie was tried at Rochester for a breach of the neutr.ility laws, found guilty, and sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment. On regaining his lib- erty he became connected with the press, and in New York published sev- eral political pamphlets. On the proc- lamation of amnesty, in 1849, he re- turned to Canada, and regained a seat in the provincial legislature, entering afresh into political warfare. He re- tired from parliament about 1859, and d. in Toronto, 1861. McLANE, Louis, an American states- man, b. in Kent Co.. Del , 1785, served in the U. S. navy as midshipman under Decatur; was admitted to the bar; rep- resented Delaware in congress; was for two years minister to England under President Jackson; and, successively, secretary of the treasury and secretary of state. While the Oregon negotia- tions were pending, he again accepted the mission to England. On retiring from active political life, he became president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Co. D. in Baltimore, 1857. mac] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 205 McLEAN, John, a distinguished American lawyer and statesman, b. in Morris county, N. J., 1785; d. in Cin- cinnati, 1861. Durinarnest Student," and " Home Education." D. 1872. JVIcLEOD, Xavier Donalo, b. in New York, 1821, graduated at Colum- bia college, and in 1845 entered the min- istry of the Episcopal Church. He vis- ited Europe, 1850-52, and whilst there became a Roman Catholic. On his re- turn he wrote for various periodicals ; some of his poems exhibiting much tal- ent. He published a " Life of Sir Wal- ter Scott," and several works of fiction. Removing to the west, he was for a time connected with the press of St. Louis, and afterwards professor of rhet- oric and bttlles-Iettres at the catholic college near Cincinnati. Eventually he was admitted to the priesthood, and was killed by a railroad accident whilst on an errand of mercy. 1). 18G5. MACLISE, Danikl, a distinguished painter, b. at Cork, 1811, practised for a time portrait-drawing in pencil, and in 1828 went to London and entered the Royal Academy, and here soon ob- tained leading "prizes for his drawings from life, and for the best copy of a picture. He sketched for " Fitiser's," a remarkable series of character-por- traits, under the pseudonym of Alfred Croquis, and then devoted his talents to oil painting, in which he met with extraordinary success. He was elected a member of the Royal Academy in 1840. His productions were very nu- merous, and some of the following are specially admired; ''The Vow of the Ladies and the Peacock," "Henry the Eighth's Interview with Anne Boleyn," " Gil Bias and the Parasite," " The Sleeping Beauty," and •' Caxton in his Printing Otiice." He made many de- signs for illustrated works, was a first- rate draughtsman, and painted two large frescoes in the royal gallery of the pal- ace at Westminster, viz., "The Death of Nelson," and the "Meeting of Wel- lington and Bliicher after Waterloo." Two of his best pictures are in the na- tional collection at the Kensington Mu- seum, his "Plav Scene in Hamlet," and " Malvolio and-the Countess." D. 1870. MACLUKE, Sir Robkut John Le Mesukikk, an arctic discoverer and traveller, was b. at Wexford, 1807. His first arctic voyage was under Sir George Back. In' 1848 he went in search of Franklin, who had been ab- sent for three years, unheard of since he re-victualed at Greenland, shortly after his departure from England. This voy- age, however, was unsuccessful. An- otber expedition was fitted out in 1850, in which Captain Maclure commanded the Enterprise ; and in this voyage he obtained a result which had been long sought, — the discovery of the Northwest passage. Instead of pro- ceeding nortiiwards to Greenland, which is the usual course. Captain Maclure sailed round to Behring's Straits, and then pursued an eastern course. He travelled by sledge and on foot from the Pacific" to the Atlantic; and al- though finding no trace of the F'ranklin expedition, he succeeded in that which had hitherto baffled every other navi- 206 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [mac pator. On his return home, he was knighted b}' her Majestv,^nd received a portion of tlie reward of .£10,000 whicii had been offered for the discov- ery of a passatje to India by proceed- ing in a northwesterly direction, in- stead of the usual route bv the Cape of Good Hope. He afterwards rendered important service in the Chinese war. D. 1873. McNAB, Sir Allan Napier, Bart., a Canadian politician, who earned knighthood by the seizure and destruc- tion of the "Caroline, an American steamer used by the Mackenzie insur- gents in 1837. He was several times a member of the provincial cabinet, and in 18.58 had a baronetcv conferred upon him. B. 1798; d. 1862. McNEIL. John, an American soldier, 1). in New Hampshire, 1784, ccunmis- sioned as captain in the 11th regiment of infantry in 1812, distinguished him- self in leading the bayoni-t charge of that regiment which secured the victory to the Americans in the battle of Chip- pewa. Promoted for his services in this battle and in the battle of Bridge- water he attained the rank of brevet brigadier general, and resigned his com- mission in 1830. D. 18.j0. MACO.MB, William H., an Ameri- can naval oihcer, b. 1818, entered the service 1834 ; in the Portsmouth, E. I. squadron, engaged and captured the barrier forts in Canton, China, 18-56. He was in frequent actions with the confederate batteries in 1803; com- manded the naval force in the capture of Plymouth, N. C, in October, 1864, and was promoted for his services on Roanoke River. D. in PhiladelpSiia, 1872. MoPHERSON, James Bikdseye, major-general U. S. volunteers and brigadier-general of tiie regular army, b. in Sandusky, Ohio, 1828. graduated at West Point and entered tiie army with a brevet rank of second lieutenant of engineers. He became an assistant in- structor of practical engineering at the military academy, and in the autumn of 18-54 was appointed assistant engi- neer on the defences of New York har- bor. He was engaged as chief of engi- neers on the Pacific coast when tlie civil war broke out. In August, 1861, he was placed in charge of the fortifi- cations of B ston harbor, and in the following Novemlier became aide to Oen. Halleck in the department of the west, with the rank of lieut. -colonel. He was chief engineer of the expedi- tions against Forts Henry and Donel- son, and remained with Gen. Grant after the reduction of these works. For services at Shiioh he was nomi- nated lieutenant-colonel of engineers. The engineering works during the siege of Corinth were under his direction. In May, 1862, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers, and the various military railroads in the department of West Tennessee were placed under his management. He again distinguished himself at the bat- tle of Corinth, and promoted major- general of volunteers, was assigned to the command of the Union forces at Bolivar, Tenn. When Gen. Grant was placed in conmiand of the U. S. armies, GeiL McPherson took the command of the army and department of the Ten- nessee. He was killed in battle before Atlanta, July 22, 1864. In his report of the engagement General Grant speaks of him as the brave, accomplished, and noble-hearted McPherson. McHAE, John J-, an American poli- tician, b. in Mississippi, 1810, bred to the bar, served in the state letrislature, was in the U. S. senate in 18-51, gov- ernor of his state 1854-58, and mem- ber of congress 1858-61. He joined the confederates but took no noiable part in the war. D. at Honduras, 1868. M.-VCRFADY, William Charles, an eminent English tragedian, was b. in London in 1793. His early educa- tion was received at Rugby, but owing to his father's failure as manager of the Manchester theatre, he was compelled to go upon the stage. He made his debut at Birmingham in 1810, in "Ro- meo," and after perfdrming in many of the leading provincial theatres, appeared before a London audience, in Covent Garden, in 1816, as "Orestes," in the " Distressed Mhed for his admirable portraits, among which are those of Jenny Lind, Countess Rossi, the Queen of Prussia, Mendelssohn, etc. D. 1872. — IIeinrich GubTav, a distinguished German chem- ist and physicist, b. at Berlin, 1802; d. 1870. MAGRUDER, John Bankheah, an. American general, b. in Virginia, 1811, graduated at West Point, di^tingLlished himself at Cerro Gordo and Chapulte- pec, resigned in 1861, and joined the confederates. He was made a colonel in the armv of Virginia, and commanded at Yorktown, until its evacuation, re- ceiving the rank of major-general. He was in the Chickaliominy campaign, and Oct. 16, 1862, was put in command of the forces in Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico, and compelled the national forces t^ evacuate Galveston. D. 1871. M.\GLTIRE, John Francis, an Irish politician, b. 1815, was called to the bar in 1843, and in 1865 was elected M. P. for the city of Cork. He was for many years editor of the " Cork Exam- iner," a Roman Catholic journal of con- siderable influence. He jiublished in 1857, the first edition of " Rome and its Ruler," which reached a third edition much enlarged with the title of "The Pontificate of Pius the Ninth." He published " Fathew Mathew, a Biogra- phy," in 1863; "The Irish in Amer- ica," 1868; and "The Next (genera- tion," a prophetic political novel, in 1864. He advocated self-government for Ireland. D. 1872. 208 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [han MAIIAN, Dennis Hart, engineer, b. in New York city, 1802, graduated at West Point, 1824, was professor there of mathematics, and of military and civil engineering till his death. He pursued his studies in Europe four years under the orders of the war de- partment. His professional works were numerous, and are used as text-books in the Military' Academy and at some of our colleges. Drowned near Stonv Point, on the Hudson, Sept. 16, 1871. — MiLO, brother of the preceding, b. 1819, was an Episcopal clergyman, for 12 j'ears professor of ecclesiastical his- tor)' in the general seminary of the Episcopal Church; wrote among other works a " Reply to Colenso," 18fj3; and " Comedv of Canonization," 1868. D. in Raltiniore, 1870. MAHUNY, FitANCis, a journalist and litterateur, b. at Cork, 1805. He was educated at a Jesuit college at Paris, and at Rome. After some years he look holy orders, but his taste for litera- ture led him to settle in London, and accept an appointment on the staff of "Eraser's Magazine." His essays in that journal, under the nom de plume of "Father Prout," were published in a collected form. He was afterward cor- respondent of the "Daily News" in •Rome, and many years the Paris cor- respondent of the "" Globe." In 186-1 he retired to a monastery in Paris, where lie d. 1866. M.\I, ANGhLO, Cardinal, chief libra- rian of the Vatican, and memorable for his discoveries of lost portions of the classics. He made the discoveries when • he was keeper of the Ambrosian librarv at Milan, in 1814, and they were pub- lished in a collected form in the years 1825 to 1838. B. 1782; d. 1854. MAINZER, Dit. Joseph, originator of the sj'stem for popularizing instruc- tion in music, was b. at Treves, 1801. In 1830 he went to Paris, where he soon found a field for his plan of teaching music; but the police became jealous of his ascendency, and invited him to close his singing-school in the Place de I'Estrapade. During his residence in Paris, he was a regular contributor to the " Revue des Deux Mondes," and for si.x years he was the musitral rediic- teur of the "National." In 1844 he went to England, where he found an ample field for his scheme of teaching singinu: to the masses. D. 1851. MAITLAND, Samuel Roffey, b. 1792, was called to the bar, but took orders in 1821, and was many years li- brarian and keeper of the MSS. of Lam- beth Palace. He was a very volumi- nous writer on religious subjects. D. 1866. , MAL:\ISTR0M, Eus, a Swecflsh poet and writer, b. 1816; d. 1865. He pub- lished "Angelica," a collection of ele- gies, and "Ariadne," an epic poem. MALONEY, Mauiuce, an American officer, b. in Ireland, came to this coun- try young, and enlisted in the army as a private in 1834. He served in the Florida, Cherokee, and Mexican wars, was promoted repeatedly for meritori- ous services, and in the civil war was breveted lieutenai;t-colonel during the siege of Vicksburg, and afterward colo- nel. In 1867 he was commissioned lieu- tenant-colonel, and was placed on the retired list after thirty-five years of honorable service. D. 1872. M.ALTI rZ, Ap; d. 1862. JME.4GHER, Thomas FRA^CIS, an Irish agitator, b. in Waterford, 1823, was early a favorite orator of " Young Ireland," and was sent as a delegate to mer] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 215 conacratulate the French republicans, in 18-18. On his return he was chart;ed with treason, arrested, tried, and cun- victed. The death sentence was coni- nuited for banishment to Van Uienian's Land, whence lie escaped and came to Kew York, in 1852. He lectured with success, studied law, and in 185tj edited the "Irish News.'' During the ci\il war he served in the Union army, be- came brigadier-general of volunteers, and in 18t!5 was appointed secretary of Montana Territorv. Drowned at t'ort Benton, 1867. MEDAKY, S.\MUEL, an American journalist and politician, b. 1801, was brought up a printer, and edited for many years the "Oliio Statesman" and the "Columbus Crisis," wielding great influence in his party. He was governor of Minnesota Territorv in .1857-58, and of Kansas, in 1859-60. During the rebellion he was a peace Democrat. D. 1865. MEKK, Alexander Beaufort, au- thor and lawyer, b. in South Carolina, 181-t, removed with his father to Ala- bama, where he became known as an edi- tor, and held several legal and judicial offices. He published volumes of poems and of miscellaneous essays and ora- tions, and wrote a " History of Ala- bama." D. 1865. MEIGS, Chahles Delucena, b. 1792, ph^'sician, enjoyed a lucrative practice in obstetrics and diseases of women and children, in Philadelphia, for many years, and published several works in his specialty of recognized merit. D. 18S9. MELINE, James F., an American soldier and author, b. in Sackett's Har- bor about 181-3, was admitted to the bar, engaged in banking, served on General P( pe's staff, in the civil war. In 1865-66, he made the Kocky Jloun- tain trip, and published a volume, " Two Thousand Miles on Horseback." Sub- sequently he wrote nnich for the " Cath- olic World," in which his review of Mr. Fronde's treatment of Mary Queen of Scots appeared in numbers, after- wards collected in a volume. He wrote also a "Life of Si.xtus V.," and many smaller works. D. 1873. MELLONl, Macedonio, a celebrated natural philosopher, director of the me- teorological observatory on Mount Ve- suvius." D. 1854, aged "53. MELVILLE, VistouxT, first lord of the British admiralty, from 1812 to 1827, and again under the administra- tion of Wellington. B. in 1771 ; d. 1851. MEN TCHIKOFF, ALE.tANDEU Ser- GEiviTCH, a Hussian general and diplo- matist, b. 1789. His fame as a soldier mainly rests on the stubborn defence he made during the war with Turkey, France, and England, when he was in- vested with the chief command in the Crimea. In the battle of the Alma he met with a disastrous defeat ; but he exhibited great resolution and readiness of resource in preventing, at that criti- cal moment, the fall of Sebastopol. D. 1869. MENZEL, Karl Adolf, a German historian, b. 1784, was the author of a "History of Germany," 8 vols. ; and a modern " History of Germany from the Reformation to the Act of Confedera- tion," 14 vols., both much esteemed. D. 1855. — AA'(JLFGANG, a German critic and historian, b. in Silesia, 1798, served as a volunteer in the campaign of 1815, then pursued his studies at Jena, whence in 1820 political reasons induced him to fly to Switzerland. In 1824 he re- turned to Germany, and Jinally estab- lished himself at Stuttgart, where for many years he edited the " Litera- blatt," a journal which violently at- tacked Goethe and the old German school. His "German Literature," which provoked much comment and censure, has appeared in two English translations. He published many hi.-- torical works, and among them a " His- tory of the Last Forty Years," " Prussia and Austria, in the Year 1866," and a " History of the French War of 1870." He was also a poet and novelist, wit- ness his " Songs of the People," 1851 ; and his "Furore," a historical ro- mance of the Thirty Years' War. D. 1873. MERCER, Charles Fentox, b. in Fredericksburg, Va., 1778; d. 1858. In his 20th year, when an invasion by the F'rench was deemed imminent, he offered his ser\ices to General Wash- ington, and received from him a com- mission as fiist lieutenant of cavalry. In 1803, after spending a year in Eu- rope, he returned and practised law. From 1810 to 1817, he was a member of the general assembly of Virginia. In 1811, he was again called to military duty by the federal government ; and in 1813, was appointed aid to the gov- ernor, and rose to the rank of brigadier- general of militia, having command of the forces at Norfolk. In 1816, as chairman of the committee on finance, in the legislature, he devoted his time to the promotion of internal improve- 216 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [mes merits, and was chief supporter of the Dlan for tlie construction of tiie Chesa- peake and Ohio Canal. He was a mem- ber of congress from 1817 to 1840. In 1853, he visited Europe from philan- thropic motives, at his own expense, and used his eiTorts for the entire aboli- tion of the African slave-trade, confer- ring with the chief executive otiicers of most of the kingdoms of Europe on the subject. MEREDITH, William Morkis, secretary of the treasurv under Presi- dent Taj'lor, b. in Philadelpliia, 1799, was admitted to the bar at a very early age, and became one of the most emi- nent jurists and counsellors of the state. In the last year of his life he presided over the constitutional convention of Pennsvlvania. D. 1873. Mi:klMEE, Prosper, a French ar- chfeologist and senator, b. at Paris, 1803, was son of INk'rimee the artist. He studied law, and became an advo- cate. In 1831 he was appointed in- spector of the historical and antiquarian monuments of France. In connection with this office he travelled extensively. He was chosen by the provisional gov- ernment, in 1848, one of the commis- sioners to decide upon the e.xtent and value of the property of the house of Orleans; and some time after, when M. Libri was condemned l)y the tribu- nals for contumacy, Mi'rinu'e inserted two letters in the "Revue des Deux Mondes," impugning the judgment, for which act he was sentencrecimens. His works, '"La Venus d'llle,"' '"[.a Peste de Toledo," "La Partie de Trictrac," "La Double Meprise." and, above all. "Colomba," are charming novels, full of life and character. His first two lit- erary efforts were published under the nom de plume of "Hyaeintbe Maglano- wieh." A posthumous work, " Lettres a LTne Inconnue," comprising a series of letters from 1842 to 1870, was pub- lished in 1873. D. 1870. MKRIVALE, Hkkman, an English lawyer and political economist, b. 1806, was called to the bar in 1831, and a few j'ears afterward was appointed pro- fessor of political economy at Oxford. Here he delivered a series of lectures on "Colonization and Colonies," after- wards published. The reputation thus ac(|uired led to his appointment as under-secretary for the colonies in 1847, and in 1800 as permanent under-secre- tary at the India office. He edited and completed Mr. Parkes's "Life of .^ir Philip Francis," and published in 1808 a volume of "Historical Studies," made up from his contributions to the "Edinburgh Review." D. 1874. MEKLE D'AIJP.IGNT^:, Jean-Henri, D. D., divine and historian, b. at Geneva, preached some years at Hamburg and at Brussels. His great work is the " His- tory of the Reformat ion in the XVIth Century," which in the translation has been very largely circulated in English- speaking countries. He is the author also of a "History of the Revolution in Europe in the Time of Calvin," five volumes of which left the work incom- plete. D. 187-2. ^lERRIt K, James Lyman, author and pastor, b. in Monson, Mass., 1803, studied theology, and became a mis- sionary to Persia, where he labored from 1835 to 1845. He was afterwards pastor at Amherst. Among iiis works were a volume of poems (1847), "Life and Religion of Mohammed" (1850), a Persian translation of "Keith on Prophecy" (1840). and a "Treatise on English 'Orthography." D. 1806. Mf^RY, Jo.sEi'H,' b. at Marseilles, 1799, began his literary career by a satire in verse on a priest who had offended him, but the priest got the better of him, and had him imprisoned fifteen months for a libel. Emerging from priscm, he turned jnurnalist, and went to Paris. Here he became asso- ciated with Victor Hugo, Armand Car- rel, the poet Barthelemy, and other noted writers. After an active career as a journalist, Mery paid a visit to Italy, and on his return to Paris pub- lished a dozen rojuances or novels in the course of seven years. In 1840 he visited England, and recorded his im- pressions de voyage in a work entitled "Les Nuits de Londres." He subse- quently produced a large number of romances, and several successful drar mas. D. 1800. MESSAKOS, Lazarus, a Hunga- rian general and patriot, b. 1790, was Hungarian minisler of war in 1848. He was confined in Kutaia from Au- gust, 1849, to iMay, 1851, and on his release went to England, remaining there two years, and then visited the Mlc] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 217 United States. In 1858 he returned to England, and d. there in tlie same vear. " iMETCALF, Theron, a distinguished jurist, b. in Franklin, Mass., 1784, was reporter of the supreme court of Massa- chusetts from 1839 to 1848, and judge from 1848 to 18G5. He edited " Starkie on Evidence," "Russell on Crimes," and other works, witli great accuracy and ability. D. 1871. METCALFE, Thomas, b. in Vir- ginia, 1780, served in the war of 1812, and in 1813 commanded with distin- guished gallantry a company of in- fantry at the battle of Fort Meigs. He was a member of the Kentucky legis- lature for many years, representative in congress from that state, 1819-29, and then governor till 1836. In 1848 he was appointed to till Mr. Critten- den's unexpired term in the U. S. sen- ate. D. 1855. METTERNICH, Clemens We.vzel Nepomuk Lotiiar, Prince, an Aus- trian statesman, b. at Coblentz, May 15, 1773, adopted the profession of diplomacy, and married the grand- daughter of the diplomatist Kaunitz, whose large domains he inherited. He repi'eseuted the Westphalian nobilitv at the congress of Rastadt (1797-99), and afterward ofHciated as ambassador at Dresden, Berlin, and Paris {1806). He managed affairs at the French court with so much ability that when the war broke out in 1809, and he had to return to the Austrian court, he was ap- pointed to the miuistrv of foreign affairs as successor to Comit Sladion. It was during this tenure of office that he sug- gested a marriage of Napoleon to an Austrian archduchess, as a means of purchasing a respite for the empire. He conducted the negotiations with (3hanipagny. Napoleon was divorced from Josephine, and Metternich es- corted Marie Louise to Paris. This set- tlement was not a permanent one, and in 1813, after the great French catas- trophe in Russia, war was again de- clared by Austria against France. In the autumn of that year the grand al- liance was signed at Ti'plitz, and on the field of Leipsic Metternich was made a prince of the empire. In the subsequent conferences and treaties he took a very prominent part, and he signed the treaty of Paris on behalf of Austria. He afterwards paid a visit to England, and received an honorary de- gree from the university of Oxford. Prince Jletternich was unanimously chosen to preside over the congress of Vienna, and from that time till the rev- olution of 1848 he wielded great influ- ence over the i^airs of Europe. In 1848 he was driven from Vienna, and went to England, but in 1851 he ven- tured to return to Austria. He was afterwards consulted often on stale affairs, but never held his otiice, nor regained the immense influence he once possessed. His death took place at Vienna, June 11, 1859. MEYERBEER, Giacomo, a German composer, b. at Berlin, 1794, studied at Darmstadt under Vogler. Ilis earliest dramatic piece, "Jephthah's Daugh- ter," was not successful on its first per- formance; nor did " The Two Caliphs," brought out at Vienna, receive more encouragement. Mej^erbeer now dis- covered that he was working upon a mistaken principle, and repaired to Ital}' to study melody. His first suc- cessful work, "Romilda e Costanza," was performed at Padua in 1818, and after that time his reputation steadil}'' increased. "Les Huguenots." " Le Prophete." "L'fitoile du Nord," " Le Pardon de Ploermel," and " Robert le Diable," are the operas bv which he is best known. D. 1864. MEZZOFANTF, Giuseppe Gaspar- Do, the most remarkable linguist ever known, was b. at Bologna, Sept. 17, 1774. He was ordained priest 1797, and appointed, the same year, professor of Arabic in his native city, and after- ward to the chair of oriental languages. In 1815 he was made head-librarian of the university of Bologna. Pope Greg- ory XVI., hearing of Mezzofanti's mar- vellous linguistic attainments, invited him to Rome, and gave him a prebend in the church of St. John Lateran, and a canoury of St. Peter's. In 1833 he succeeded the famous Angelo Mai as chief keeper of the Vatican libran', which office he held till 1838, when he was created a cardinal. At the time of his death he is. said to have been ac- quainted with one hundred and fourteen languages and dialects, most of which he spoke with astonishing accuracy and fluency. Mezzofanti's only published work is a panegyrical memoir of Father Emanuel da Ponte. His "Life," by Dr. Charies William Russell, president of Mavnooth college, was published in 1858, and reprinted 1863. D. 1849. MICHELET, Jules, an eminent French historian, b. 1798, was the son of a printer, and worked at the trade whilst pursuing his studies at the 1}'- 218 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAniY. [mil ceum Charlemagne. His first employ- ment was ill fjiviiig lessons in the lan- fi'uages, in philosophy and history. On the accession of Louis, Philippe he was named head of the historical section of the arcliives of France, and succeeded Guizot in the chair of history- at the Sorbonne. In 1838 he obtained the chair of history at the college of France, and held it thirteen years. After the coup d'etat he was deprived of his chair. His works are very numerous. There is his " Histoire de F"rance,"' IG vols., 1837- 67; " Histoire de la Revolution Fran- (.•aise," 7 vols., 1847-53; and three vol- umes, in which he discussed the Jesuits — " Des Jesuites," 1843, " Du Pretre, de la Femme, et de la Famille," 1844, and "Du Feuple," 1846. In his later years he wrote in an original and poet- ical style some works of natural his- tory; such as " L'Oiseau," and "L'ln- secte." His historical style is entirely his own — vivid, highly colored, and bold, and has been called "rashly el- liptic." Among his last works are, ''L' Amour," "ha Femme," "La Sor- cerie," and "La Montague," all of which passed through several editions. D. 1874. MILES, Dixon H., b. in Marvland, 1803, graduated at West Point in 1824, distinguished himself in the Mexican war, and in 1848 was appointed civil and military governor of Jalapa. He adhered to the Union cause in 1861, and had charge of the 5th division at the battle of Bull Knn. He was in com- mand of Harper's Ferry in September, 1862, and surrendered the post, with about 12,000 men and a large quantity of arms and military stores. He was mortally wounded by a shell after the surrender had taken place. — Pliny, b. at Watertown, X. Y., 1818; besides some miscellaneous works, wrote on " Postal Reform " in ]855, and devoted his later vears to the subject. D. in Malta, 1865. MILL, John Stuakt, an English phi- losopher and economist, b. 1806, was son of James Rlill, the historian of In- dia, and examiner of Indian correspond- ence in the F>ast India House. Here he obtained a clerkship, and gradually rose, until, in 1856, he succeeded to the post that had so long been tilled by his father. F'rom that service he retired in 1858. His first appearance as a man of letters was in 1827, when he edited with notes Bentham's "Rationale of Judicial Evidence." In the following year he contributed to the " Westmins- ter Review," of which, from 1837 to 1841, he was editor and proprietor. His first great work. " The System of Log- ic," appeared in 1853, and has passed through seven editions. In .1844 he published a volume of " Essays on some unsettled Questions of Political F>on- omy." This was followed, in 1848, by his now standard work, the "Princi- ples of Political Economy, with some of their Applications to Social Philoso- phy." Among his other works may be mentioned, '• Considerations on Repre- sentative Government," 1861; "Utili- tarianism," 1862; •' August Comte and Positivism," and " Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy," 1865; and " The Subjection of Women," 1869. He was elected M. P. for West- minster, 1865, and acted with the ad- vanced Liberals. He lost his seat in 1868. Most of his time, iifter the loss of his wife, he spent at Avignon, where she died, and there he himself died after a four days' illness, in 1873. He left ready for publication his " Autobi- ography," and three essays, on "Na- ture," "Theism," and "Religion." MILLER. Jamks, b. in Peterborough, N. H., entered the U. S. army in 1810, and distinguished himself in the battles of Chippewa, Hridgewater, and Lundy'a Lane. At the last-named battle he gave the answer, " I'll try, sir," when asked if he could take an important position held by the English troops. He was subsequently governor of Arkansas and collector of the port of Salem, 1825-49. 1). 1851. — Hugh, editor of the Edin- burgh "Witness." and celebrated as a geologist and fine descriptive writer, exemplified in his career the power of genius in overcoming the most formi- dable obstacles. Left fatherless in child- hood, the education he received was that of the peasantry of Scotland; and at an early age he was sent to earn his bread at the craft of a mason. Hard manual labor did not prevent him from pursuing the work of self-cultivation, and when in his 27th year he published a volume of poems, without, however, achieving much poetical reputation. " Scenes and Legends of the North of Scotland," formed his first prose work, and indicated the possession of the pe- culiar talent which he afterwards em- ployed with great success. An appoint- ment conferred upon him in a Cromarty bank removed him from the drudgery on which his sustenance had hitherto depended, and increased his facilities for literary culture. Entering zealously mit] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 219 into the conflict whicli resulted in the secession of what was known as the evangelical section of the church of Scotland, he was chosen to be intrusted with the Free-church organ, then about to be started in Edinburgh — the " Wit- ness," through the columns of which he for several years exerted a wide in- fluence on the ecclesiastical and educa- tional events of Scotland. Geological investigations now occupied his leisure, and in 18-iO his discoveries in the old red sandstone were first made known bv Sir Roderick, then Mr. Murciiison. The publication of the " Old Red Sand- stone " followed, and contirnied his ce- lebrity as a discoverer and writer. His subsequent works were, " First Impres- sions of England and its People," "Footprints of the Creator," "My Schools and School-masters," and " The Testimony of the Rocks." Over-exertion of the brain graduallj' impaired the strength of a frame orig- inally powerful ; his reason tottered, and in a paroxvsm of insanitv he com- mitted suicide!! B. 1802; d". 1850.— Samuel, Presbyterian clergj-man, b. in Dover, Delaware, 1769, acquired much reputation as a polemical writer, and was the author of a " Life of Jonathan Edwards," in Sparks's Biographies. D. 1850. — Thomas, an English poet and novelist, was b. 1808, in Lincolnshire. He was at first a farmer's boy, and af- terwards a basket-maker. He wrote some fift3' volumes of history, poetry, biography, and novels; his most at- tractive publications being those which relate to country life, — such as "A Daj' in the Woods," "Beauties of the Country," "Rural Sketches," " Coun- trv Scenes," "Our Old Town," etc. D". 1874. MILMAN, Henky Hart, D. D., b. 1791, being the youngest son of Sir Francis Milman, physician to George HI. He was educated at Dr. Burney's school at Eton, and entered at Bra- senose college, Oxford, where he took his B. A. degree in 181.3. He gained, in 1812, the Newdigate prize for an Eng- lish poem, " Apollo Belvidere." In 1816 he was ordained deacon, and in 1817 priest. In the folloiviiig year he was presented by Lord Chancellor El- don to the vicarage of St. Mary's, Read- ing. He had ah-eady published the tragedy of " Fazio," which was acted at Covent Garden Theatre, where Miss O'Neill sustained the character of the heroine. In 1821 he was elected to the professorship of poetry iu the univer- sity of Oxford, and he held it the full term of ten years. In 1835 he was nominated by the crown, to a canonry residentiary in Westminster Abbey, with the rectory of St. Margaret's an- nexed; and these he held until ISiO, when he w'as nominated to the deanery of St. Paul's. In addition to the works above enumerated, Dr. Milman wrote a " History of Latin Christianity," a "History of the Jews," Notes and Illustrations to Gilibon's "Decline and Fall," the "Martyr of Antioch," "Anne Bolevn," " Belshazzar," and other works. " D. 1868. MINER, CiiAi'.LEs, an American journalist, b. in Norwich, Conn., 1780, emigrated to the Wyoming Valley, Penn., in 1799, and was for many years a popular editor, and from 1825-2'J member of congress. He wrote a " Historv of Wvoming," 1845. D. 1865. MITCHEL, John, an Irish agitator, b. in county Deny, 1815, bred to the bar, edited the Dublin "Nation" in 1845, and in 1847 founded the " United Irishman," which was soon suppressed by the government and Mitchel ban- ished to Australia for fourteen years. He escaped from the colony in 1854 and came to New York. Removing to Ten- nessee he established the "Southern Citizen," in which he advocated the reopening of the slave trade. During the civil war he edited the " Examiner " at Richmond, a violent secession jour- nal, and afterwards returned to New York. In February, 1875, he was elected to parliament trom Tipperary, though disqualified. The election was declared b\'the house of commons to be null and void, and a new writ was issued. Mr. Mitchel stood again and was once more returned by a vote of 3,146, to 746 for his competitor, Mr. Moore. The seat was given to Mr. Moore b}' the court of common pleas to whom the question was referred. Mr. Mitchel d. a few days afterwards, 1876. He was the au- thor of '■ Hugh O'Neill," his own '• Jail Journal," and a continuation of Mac- Geoghean's " History of Ireland." — OHSiSBi' MACKNKiHT, eminent as an astronomer, and author of "Planetary and Stellar Worlds," and " Popular As- tronomy," b. in Union county, Ky., 1810. He was appointed in 1825 to a cadetship in West Point. He graduated in 1829, and for two j'ears thereafter was assistant professor of mathematics. He studied law, and entered upon its practice in Cincinnati. In 1834 he be- 220 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGUAPHY. [mit came professor of niatlicmatics, philos- ophy, and astronomy, in Cincinnati college, and in 1845 succeeded in estab- lishing an observatory in that city. Withont resigning his position in Ohio, in 1859, he accepted the directorship of the Dudley Observatory at Albany, N. Y., and succeeded in greatly improving its apparatus. In August, 1861, he abandoned his scientilic pursuits, and accepted a commission as brigadier- general of volunteers, serving in the department of the Ohio, under the com- mand of Major-general Buell. For his services in this connection he was ap- pointed a major-general. In Sept. 18H2, lie was appointed commander of the de- partment of the south, and in the fol- lowing month d. of yellow fever at Beaufort, S. (J. MITCHELL, Alexander, civil engi- neer, b. in Dublin, 1780, was a brick- maker and builder for thirty years, and in 1842 invented the screw pile and moor- ing as means of constructing durable light-houses in deep water or on mud banks or shifting sands. D. in I8118. — Elisha, D. D., professor of chemistrv, mineralogy, and geology, in the univer- sity of North Carolina, and a frequent contributor on scientific subjects to the American "Journal of Science.'' He ■was b. in Connecticut, and graduated at Yale college in 1813. He was killed in Yance3'Co., N. C, 1857, by falling over a precipice in the Black Mountains, while engaged in making scientitic observa- tions. — JoH.N Kearsley, an Ameri- can physician, born in Virginia, 1796, was the author of numerous professional and scientitic essays, and published a work " On the Cryptogamous Origin of Malarious and Epidemical Fevers." D. 1858. — Nahum, jurist, b. in Bridsie- water, Mass., 1769; d. suddenly, Aug. 1, 1853, while attending the first celebra- tion of the embarkation of the pilgrims at Delft Haven. He was, successively, a representative in the general court of the state, representative in congress, state senator, one of the governor's council, judge of the circuit court of common pleas, and chief justice. He published a " History of Bridgewater," and the "Bridgewater Collection" of sacred music. MIRAMON, MiGiTEL, a Mexican soldier, b. in the city of Mexico, 183-2, of French descent, became a brigadier- general at 25, and the most conspicuous leader of the church party. Defeating in impor:ant battles the liberal coalition under Juarez, he became president ad interim of the Republic in Februarv, 1859. Before the close of 1860 he was compelled to seek safety in flight. H« passed several years in I'aris, but re- turned in 180G, and joined Ma.xiniilian, with whom he was captured and shot at Queretaro, June 19, 1887. MIRES, Jules, speculator, of Jewish extraction, born at Bordeaux, 1809, was a small broker in Paris, converted into an extensive operator by the revolution of 1848. He acquired large interests in influential journals, obtained conces- sions of the great works of the port of Marseilles, anil for supplying Marseilles with gas; founded the railway bank, and the Credit Foncier, and negotiated a Turkish loan. His operations became so enormous that they excited no little scandal, and on charges of maladminis- tration he was arrested, tried, and con- victed, and after appeals and retrials, served out a term of imprisonment of five years. On regaining his liberty in 1866, he reappeared on the Bourse and was patronized by his old clientage. In 1870 he was sentenced to six months imprisonment and a fine of 3,000 francs for a printed attack on his old judges. D. 1871. MITFORD, Mary Russell, an Eng- lish author, b. at Alresford, in Hamp- shire, in 1783. Her father, Dr. Russell Mitford, was an impulsive and warni- hearti-d man, always in pecuniary diffi- culties, which his daughter shared and bore in the most nnrepining spirit. When she was about ten years of age, she gained a lottery prize of ;£20,000, which her father soon ran through. It was necessary that she should turn her literary talents to account, and in the "Annuals" she found at once a remu- nerative field for her labors; but it was not till the series of rural pictures which she had written for the " Lady's Maga- zine " were collected into the volume entitled "Our Village," in 18-32, that her fame was established. In 1823 she published the tragedy of "Julian," fol- lowed by "Foscari," "Charles I.," and " Rienzi," all of them highly intellect- ual compositions, though the last only has proved successful on the stage. After some years spent in seclusion, she again came before the world as an autlwr, her last productions being a collected edition of her works, " Ath- erton, a Tale," and "Recollections of a Literary Life." D. 1855. — Rev. John, a poet, and editor of the works of Grav, jNIilton, and Drvden, d. 18.59. MifZKIEVITCH, Adam, a Polish mon] poet and professor of the Sclavonic lan- giiai^e in ttio colleite of France. I). 1855. MITSCHEKLU'H. Eii,iiAiti>, a Ger- man chemist, was h. in tlie (Jrand Dnchy of Oidenburf:^, in 1794. He discovered the law of isomorpliisni, for which he received the medal of the Roval Society of l.ondon. lie wrote a " Treatise on Chemistry," whicii has been fret in September, 18til, and con- linement in I'ort Lafayette, New York harbor, and in Fort Warren, Boston harlior, where he was detained several months. Tlie intercession of friends, and the absence of any overt act of dis- loyalty, led ultimately to his discharge, and he went to Europe, and remained, till peace was restored, in London and Paris, lieturning to the United States, he undertook the |)ersonal charge of his plantation in Greenville, Miss., and re- sumed the practice of the law. But his health had suffered from his long con- finement and was never restored. 1). 1808. — jAJiiis T., a prominent lawyer in Kentucky; lieutenant-governor and governor of that state; and a member of the United States senate from 1841 to 1847. B. 179G; d. 1854. MOKGAN, John Mintkk, a philan- thropic co-laborer of Robert Owen, wrote " The Jievolt of the Bees," " The Christian Couunouwealth," and other works, and labored strenuously in be- half of projects which were never real- ized. He was b. and d. in London, 178;j-1854. — Lady Sydney, known in early life as Miss Owenk,— whose preco- cious intelligence led Talleyrand to say, "This little gentleman will be a minis- ter some day," — was b. in Paris, 1811, and was the son of Queen Hortense by Count Flahaut. He was therefore half- brother to Napoleon HI. In his 21st year he received a commission in a reg- iment of lancers. He served with dis- tinction in Africa, under the late Duke of Orleans, and under the command of Gen. Cliangarnier, took part in the cam- paign of Moscara and the tirst campaign of Constantine, in the latter of which he was wounded. Retiring from the army in 1838, and being jjossessed of independent means, he devoted himself to industrial and economical questions, buying a large manufactory for the pro- duction of sugar from beet root. In 1842 he was returned to the chamber of deputies by the electors of Puy-de-D6me. After the "revolution of 1848 he at tirst kept aloof from politics, but in 1849 he was again returned by his former con- stituency to the legislative assembly, when lie at once identified himself with the policy of Louis Napoleon. During the Coup d'ctal he was one of the few who were in the confidence of the em- peror. He was appointed on the same day (Dec. 2, 1851) minister of the in- terior, which position he resigned in January, 1852, on the question of the confiscation of the Orleans property. In 1854 he was appointed president of the airps leyidatif. He represented France at the court of Russia during the coronation of Alexander 11. , and married at the same time a Russian princess. In 1858 he was made mem- ber of the privy council. The Duke de Jlorny was as siiccessfid on the bourse as in politics. He was in the confidence of his imperial relative in all things, and the information he thus acquired he turned to profitable account. He has, indeed, been described as "a jobber of the first magnitude." From a man of very moderate means he rapidly rose to mor] CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGKAPHY. 225 be one of the richest men of Europe. His liberality, however, kept pace with his riches. And he was, withal, a graceful man, a great wit, the lion of Preiich society, the idol of ids fair coun- trywomen, and a devoted adherent of the empire. D. 1865. M O k R I S, CuAKLES, commodore United States navy, was b. in Wood- stock, Conn., in 1784, entered the navy as midshipman in 1799. In the war with tlie liarbary States, he showed in several instances the intrepidity, en- ergy, and judgment which characterized his after-life. He was a volunteer to aiion to settle the .Alabama claims in 1871. He retired from the bench in October, 1872, and d. at Cooperstown, Dec. 13, 1873. — Woi.KHKD, a leader of the Lower Canadian insurrection in 1837, was b. at Montreal toward the close of the last century. He served as surgeon during the war with the United States. In 1*^27 he entered the field of colonial politics, and in the partial and imperfectly organized re- bellion of 1837 he commanded the small armed force which encountered the government forces at St. Denis on the Richelieu river. He was compelled to 232 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [NIC Hy, and being captured, was taken to Montreal, and there tried, and banished to Bernuida. On his release he settled at Flattsbiiroh, N. Y., where he prac- tised his profession until permitted to return to Canada. D. 1863. N E S S li L li O D E , Cakl Roukht, Count von, a Russian diplomatist and statesman, was b. of German parents in Livonia, about 1770, was educated at the military college of St. Peters- burg, and received a commission in the guards from the empress Catherine. Wlien Paul ascended tlie throne lie ap- pointed Nesselrode one of his aids, but the latter preferred the diplomatic ser- vice. In 1807 he was connected with the embassy to Paris, and took part in the various events which transpired till the fall of Napoleon, in 1814, suiting his policy to the various changes with a dexterity which added to his influence at home and abroad. When the con- gress assembled at Vienna, Nesselrode appeared as Russian plenipotentiary, and exercised his diplomatic skill to procure the partition of Poland and the annexation of a great part of 8axony to Prussia. From that date to 185G he was the servant of successive czars as chancellor of the empire. After nearly sixty 3'ears of labor in the service of the state, he is said to have become an object of suspicion to his sovereign and to the heads of l)oth the great parties in Russia. He retired from public life on the accession of Alexander II., and d. in St. Petersburii:, 1862. NEWCASTLE, Hknuy Pei.ham Clinton, Duke of, b. 1811. lie was chief secretary for Ireland in 18-16, war minister during the earlier campaigns in the Crimea, and linallv secretary of state for the colonies. He visited the United States as director of the move- ments of the Prince of Wales. D. 1864. NEWCOMB, Hahvey, D. D., editor of various religious journals, and author of the " Cyclopaedia of Missiiuis," and of 177 smaller works, mostly for young persons, b. in Thetford, Vt., 1803; d. in IJrooklvn, 1863. NEWTON, Sir William .John, an eminent miniature painter, b. in Lon- don, 178-5, was much employed by the aristocracv in the time of the Regent. D. 1869. NEUMANN, Kakl Fhiedricii, a German orientalist, author of a " His- tory of ihe East India Company" and a "History of the United States,"' d. at Berlin, 1870, aged 72. He at one time held a professorship of history at Spire, but was compelled to resign it ill consequence of his liberal opinions. A translation of his '' Hoei-Schein, or the Discovery of America by Buddhist Monks in the Fifth Centuiy," appeared in London, 1874. NIEL, Adoli'he, a French soldier and statesman, I), at Muret, 1802, en- tered the army in 1823, and was rap- idly promoted for his .services in Alge- ria, and in the expedition of 1849 to Rome. In the Crimean war the cap- ture of Bomarsund added to his honors, and as commander-in-chief of engineers he conducted the siege operations which resulted in the assault and capture of the Malakoff. He was created marshal of France in the Austro-Italian war of 1859, and was minister of war from January, 1867, to July. 1869. He pub- lished an account of the " Siege of Se- bastopol." D. 1869. NIEPCE DE SAINT VICTOR, Claude M.vkie Fu.vncuis, a French chemist and photographer, born at St. Cyr, 1805. Having studied at Saumer, he entered the army, and became a cliej" d'escadron in 1854. He had mean- while devoted himself to scientific pur- suits, and made important discoveries in photography. He published several works, among which are his "Photog- raphy on Glass," "The Production of Colored Images by the Action of Light," and '»'Sun Engravings on Steel and Glass." His principal productions are collected in one work of eight volumes, entitled " Photographic Re- searches." D. 1870. NIOHOL, John Pkinglk, Scottish astronomer, b. 1804. In 1836 was pro- fessor of astronomy in the Glasgow university. His "Architecture of the Heavens" (1837), has passed through many editions. His most important work, a " Cycloptedia of the Physical Sciences," was published in its second edition in I860. D. 1859. NICHOLAS (Nicolai Pavlovitch), Emperor of Russia, b. 1796 ; d. sud- denly of paralysis of the lungs, 1855. Tiie death of his brother and prede- cessor, .\lexander, Dec. 1, 1825, proved the signal for a wide-spread revolt, at the Ijead of which were many officers of distinction, wlio, having served with the Russian army in Germany, had ac- quired idc-as of constitutional govern- ment. The conspiracy extended from St. Petersburg to Kief; and in the cap- ital the populace were supported by the guards, under pretence of supporting Prince Constaniiue, who had long be- nil] CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGUArHY. 233 fore resigned the crown in favor of Alexander. It was under these cir- cuni.stances that Nicholas ascended the til rone. His personal daring, and the terrible use he made of his cannon in the streets of St. Petersburg, overcame his rebellious subjects, and he was crowned with unusual pDuip in ]82<>. The affairs of Greece then occupied the attention of the Western powers, re- sulting in the treaty of London, 1827, between England, France, and Russia. Simultaneously war had proceeded be- tween Russia and Persia, and the vic- torious arms of Paskievitch extended the Russian frontier to the Arras. In 1828 Nicholas declared war against Turkey, for alleged violations of the treat}' of Bucharest, and in the follow- ing year obtained the treaty of Adrian- ople, surrendering to Russia the Cir- cassian coast of the Black Sea. The struggle of the Poles for libert}' next occupied the attention of the czar; it lasted from Nov., 1830, to Oct., 1831, when the wreck of the patriot army surrendered to Riidiger and Paskie- vitch. Scarcely had this cruel con- flict terminated when the revolt of the Pasha of Egypt against the Grand Sul- tan led Nicholas to send an expedition to the Bosphorus. The treatv of Unkinr Skelessi followed (.Tuly, 183-2), the effect of which was to close the Dardanelles, against the fleets of Europe. Although these events produced complications of no ordinary difliculty amongst the Western powers, bringing Britain and France to the verge of war, and causing the operations of Britain against Mehe- met Ali in Syria, the career of Nicholas presented no point demanding mention imtil the outbreak of the revolutionary flame which involved the greater part of Europe in 1848. The peril of the house of Hapsbin-g afforded a pietext for interference, ;Mid in July, 18-48, the Russian troops were marched into Ilun- garv, where Bcni and Dembinski at the"head of 20,000 Poles had joined the Magyars. The surrender of Gergey to the Russian General Riidiger, on the 11th of August, blasted the hopes of the Hungarians, and relieved the czar from the presence of a constitutional government in close proximity with his dominions. In 1852 Nicholas asserted the right of Russia to the protectorate of the Greek Church throughout Turke}', and in support of the claim part of the Russian army was ordered towaids Mol- davia. Two divisions crossed the Pruth in July, 1853, the interim having been occupied by the mission of Prince Men- schikoff to Constantinople, and the na- val demonstrations on the jiart of F>ng- land and France in Besika bay. The war in the Crimea followed, during the progress of which Nicholas breathed his last. The temper and policy of Nicholas were alike imperial; all his designs tending to tlie advancement of the glory of his countrj' and the im- provement of his people, so far as these are compatible with absolute govern- ment. NICHOLS, Rev. Ichabod, D. D., b. in Portsmouth, N. H., 1784, was a graduate of Harvard college, studied theology, settled in Portland, Me., in 1809, and continued there until 1855, when he removed to Cambridge. He was author of a work on "Natural Theology," and left " Hours with the F>vangelists," which was published after his death in 1859. — John Bowyek, the son of a well-known literary biog- rapher of the last century, and I'liniself for a long time publisher and editor of the " Gentleman's Magazine," b. in London, 1779 ; d. 18G3. He edited many works, and was an industrious writer of literary memoirs. — John GouGH, son of the preceding, b. in London. 1807, embarked early in liter- ary pursuits, was connected with the "Gentleman's Magazine" from 1824 to 1856, and edited a number of gene- alogical and topographical works. In 1838 he set on foot the Camden Society, for the publication of historical docu- ments, and edited several of its vol- umes. He also suggested the forma- tion of the Shakspeare, the Percy, the Parker, and the Sydenham societies, for similar objects. D. 1873. NICOL, William, a lecturer on nat- ural philosophy, d. in Edinburgh, 1851, aged 83. His name is associated with the invention of the single image prism of the calcareous spar known to the sei- entiflc world as Nicol's prism. NICOLLINI, Giovanni Battista, an eminent sculptor, b. near Pisa, 1782 ; d. 18G1. The most widely known of his statues are, "Arnold of Brescia," " Ludovicus the Moor," " Filippo Strozzi," and "Rosa Munda." NIEMANS, Bakon aon, a learned traveller, d. in Cairo, 1858. He was on the eve of a journey into the inte- rior of Africa, lo ascertain the fate of Dr. Vogel. NILES, John M., one of the found- ers, and long a principal editor of the "Hartford Times," senator iu congress 234 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [not from 1835 to 1839, postmaster-general in Mr. Van Buren's administration, and again senator from 1842 to 1848. B. 1788; d. 1856. NITZCH, Gregory Wilhelm, a German philologist, b. 1790 ; d. 1861. NOAH, MoKDECAi Manuei., for more than tliirty j'ears connected with the New York press, b. in Philadelpiiia in 1785. In his youtii he was appren- ticed to a meclianical business, which he soon abandoned to study law, and follow political and literary pursuits. In 1813 he was appointed United States consul to Morocco. The vessel in which he took passage to enter upon the duties of his office was taken by tlie British, and after several weeks' detention in England, he was permitted to proceed to the place of his appointment. On his return, in 1816, he settled in New York, and became a proprietor and ed- itor of the "National Advocate," a Democratic journal, which he left on his election as sheriff of the city and count}-. He subsequently established the ''Enquirer," which was merged in the "Courier." When that journal joined the Whigs, Noah established "The Evening Star," which he edited for many years with great success. It finally declined in circulation and was merged in other journals. D. 1851. NOEL, Baptist Wkiothksley, an eminent English divine, b. 1798, was educated and ordained in the Church of England, from which he withdrew in 1848 and joined the Baptists. He was a voluminous writer, and an impressive preacher. Among his publications was an "lilssav on American Freedom and Slavery."" D. 1873. NOEL-FEAKN, Rev. Henry, b. in London, 1811, graduated at Cambridge, tilled several curacies, edited at different times the "Cliurch of England Quar- terly Review," the " Churchman," "The British Churchman," and the "Literary Gazette." He was author of a large number of volumes on pro- fessional and other subjects, and trans- lated poems from the French, German, and Portuguese. His original name was Henry Christmas. D. 1868. NORMAN BY, ConsTantine Henry PHirrs, Marquis of, b. 1797; d. 1863. He was governor of Jamaica when the emancipation of the slaves was effected, was lord-lieutenant of Ireland from 183.5 to 1839, and successively secretary for the colonies and home secretary. In 1846 he was ambassador to Paris, and in that capacity recognized the provisional government of 1848. He remained in Paris until after the coup d'etat and the elevation of Louis Napoleon to the im- perial throne, officiall}' favoring both events. He wrote "A Year of Revolu- tion," being his Parisian experience of 1848-49 ; and several novels, now al- most forgotten. NOURIS, Edwin, an English Assyri- ologist, b. 1795, was for twenty-tive years secretary to the Asiatic Society, and was the author of the first at- tempted "Assyrian Dictionary," the third volume of wliich was published just before his death. Among the re- sults of his Celtic studies was an edi- tion and translation of the "Cornish Drama," 1859. D. in London, 1872. NORTHUMBERLAND, Algernon Percy, Duke of, b. 1792 ; d. 1865. He entered the British navj- in 1809, rose to the rank of captain in 1815, and was appointed admiral on the reserved list in 1862. In politics he adhered to the Torv part}-, but rarely acted in public life." NORTON, Andrews, a man of let- ters and biblical critic, b. in Hingham, Mass., in 1786, graduated in 1804 at Harvard college, Cambridge, where he was afterwards tutor, teacher of theol- ogy from 1813 to 1819, Dexter profes- sor of sacred literature from 1819 to 1830, and librarian from 1813 to 1821. Dr. Norton was a profound scholar, and for talent, acquirements, and influence, one of the most remarkable men in New England. He was the author of several theological works, the principal one be- ing " Evidences of the Genuineness of the Gospels." In his publications he supported the views of the Unitarians. He also wrote verses of a devotional cast and of great beautv and sweetness. D. 1853. NOTT, Eliphalet, educator and in- ventor, b. in Ashford, Conn., 1773, studied theology, and was called to the Presbyterian (Jhurch at Albany, where he remained till in 1804 he was chosen president of Union College, Schenec- tad}', with which the rest of his life was identified. He published a sermon on the death of Hamilton, " Counsels to Young Men," 1810, and "Lectures on Temperance," 1847. He obtained some thirty patents for improvements in the use of heat, among which was the stove known by his name, for burning an- thracite coal. D. 1866. — .Josiah Clark, an American physician and ethnologist, b. in South Carolina, 1804, after study- ing medicine at home and in Europe, o'co] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 235 settled in its practice at Mobile, Ala., where he subsequently founded a med- ical college. In 18G8 he removed to New York. He wrote "Two Lectures on the Connection between the Biblical and Physical History of Man," "Phys- ical History of the Jewish Pace," and in conjunction with George K. Glidden, "Types of Mankind," and "Indigen- ous Paces of the Earth." The object of the last two works is to disprove the unity of the human race. D. 1873. NOVELLO, ViscENT, a popular Eng- lish musical composer, b. 1781; d. 18t51. NOYES, Gkoi!gk Papall, PE^ ., an eminent Hebrew scholar, b. in New- buryport, Mass., 17!i8, studied at Har- vard college and its divinity school, and was appointed its professor of He- brew, and Dexter lecturer on Biblical literature, in 1840. His works included new translations of Job, the Psalms, the Prophets Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, the Canticles, and the New Testament. D. 186U. NUGENT, Marshal, a soldier in the Austrian service more than sixty years, and the recipient of honors from successive emperors. B. in Ireland, 1777; d. at Croatia, Austria, 18tj2. NUTTAL, Thomas, b. in England, 1786, was brought up a printer, and came to the United States in early life. Here he studied botany and geology, and published the "Genera of North American Plants," "The Birds of the United States," and other works. From 1822 to 183-1 he was professor of botany in Harvard college. He travelled in California, and published several papers on the shells and plants found there. He returned to England to enjoy an estate devised to him on condition that he should reside on it, and d. 1859. o. O'BRIEN, William Smith, an Irish patriot, descended from the ancient kings of Munster, was b. at Dromoland, 1803. He was educated at Harrow and Cambridge, and having inherited a for- tune from his mother, entered parlia- ment, in 1830, as member for Ennis, and afterwards for Limerick. Though connected with aristocratic families, he joined O'Connell in demanding a repeal of the union as the only remed}' for Irish grievances. The Young Ireland party, of which O'Brien was the leader, was gaining ground steadily when the French revolution of 1818, broke out. He proceeded to Paris; was received with sympathy by the provisional gov- ernment, and returned impressed with the conviction that Ireland would be supported by France in separating from ICngland. The Earl of Clarendon, then lord lieutenant, at once suspended the habeas corpus act, and placed the dis- affected districts under martial law. (J'Brien held on his waj- firmly, review- ing assemblages of peasantrv, and pro- nouncing insurrection inevitable. He led an attack upon a police station at Ballingarry, July 29, 1818, and in the following September, was arrested on a charge of high treason. He was found guilty and condemned to death, but the penalty was commuted to transportation for life, and that again was mitigated lu 1856. On his return to Ireland, O'Brien abstained from active partici- pation in political affairs, although he avowedly cherished his old opinions as to the wrongs of his native country' and their remedy. D. 1864. — Fitz James, a poet and brilliant writer, b. in Ire- land, 1829; came to the United States, about 1850 ; enlisted in the 7th regi- ment, N. Y. state militia, April, 1861; in Jan. 1862, was appointed upon the staff of Gen. Lander; and in the follow- ing month received a wound in a skir- mish in Virginia from the effects of which he died. O'CONNELL, Maurice, eldest son of Daniel O'Connell, called to the Irish bar, in 1827, entered parliament for Clare, in 1831, and d. 1853. —John, third son of Daniel O'Connell, and the editor of the "Life and Speeches" of his father. B. in 1810, he entered the house of commons, in 1832, and pub- lished two volumes of "Parliamentary Recollections and Experiences." D. 1858. O'CONNOR, Arthur, General, was a prominent actor in the Irish rebellion of 1798, and after that event went to France, where the first consul appointed him general of division. In 1809, he married the daughter of Condorcet, niece on her mother's side to Marshal Grouchy, and in 1834, purchased from the heirs of Mirabeau, the chateau of Bignou, where he d., 1852. — Feargus, 236 CYCLOP/EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [o'do nephew of the precedintr, b. in 179G, at Dargan Castle, eouiity Meath. He ob- tained a seat in the house of commons, in 1832, as a supporter of O'Connell, but subsequently addressed himself to the working classes of England, and became the leader of the chartist move- ment. In ISiT, he was elected to par- liament by the chartists of Nottingham, and as proprietor and editor of the "Northern Star" set afoot the move- ment which resulted in the famous pe- tition for the charter, and the formidable popular gathering in London, in 1848. He originated a- land scheme, with the view of facilitating the acquisition of small freehold allotments, but it totally failed, and involved him in unmerited disgrace. (Calumny and embarrassment overturned his reason, and he was fi- nally consigned to a private asylum at Chiswick where he d., 1855. ODILON-B.\RI:iOT, Camille Hya- crNTHE, a French statesman, b. at Villepot, 1791, at the age of 19 was called to the bar. At this time he man- ifested an attachment to the Bourbons. Di.-satistied with the policv of the gov- ernment, he passed over to the ranks of the liberals, headed by Dupont (de I'Kure) and La Fayette. He took an active part in the revolution of July, 1830. He was secretary to the muni- cipal commission, and is said to have had a powerful influence in placing the Orleans family on the throne. Under the patronage of Dupont and La Fay- ette, he stood, in 1831, as representative for the department of the Eure, and at the age of forty entered the chamber of deputies, in which he distinguished himself as a speaker until the fall of the parliamentary system in Prance. He was the hero of the "Banquets Kt'for- mistes," of 18-17. He failed, however, to understand the nature of the tem- pest he had raised; and the revolution of February was a bitter disappoint- ment to him. Under the new order of things he was returned representative of the Departement de I'Aisne Under the presidency of Louis Napoleon he took office as minister of justice, and president of the council, in the absence of the prince. The resignation of the ministry on the 31st October, 1849, was the signal of the ru])ture between the legislative assembly and the adherents of Louis Napoleon. On hearing of the dissolution of the assembly, he was one of the first to protest and proceed to the Mairie of his arrondissement to proclaim the fall of the president. He from that time ceased to hold office, and aban- doned public life. Emerging tempora- rily from his retirement, in 1864, he took part in the conferences held ia Paris in favor of Poland. After the overthrow of the empire in 1870, though 80 years of age he pleaded vigorously for a republican form of government. In 1872, President Thiers appointed him vice president of the council of state. D. 1873. O'DONNELL, Leopold, Duke of Tetuan, marshal and minister of Spain, b. in 1808, was descended from an old Irish family. He entered the army, and in the civil war incited by Don Carlos took part with the queen, and in 1838 was chief of the stan, and sub- sequently commander. Espartero was his patron and friend; but O'Donnell eventually adopted the cause of the queen-mother, and was obliged to tly to France for safety. In 1841 he returned to Spain, but immediately began to plot for the overthrow of Espartero, who at last fell through his intrigues. He af- terwards was Governor of Cuba, where he was said to have grown very rich by the slave trade. He returned to Spain, and was appointed director-general of infantry. Narvaez soon after gave way to Sartorius ; O'Donnell raised an in- surrection in Andalusia, but was de- feated at all points, and his property confiscated. He was, however, again restored to office, and made secretary of war, and again betrayed Espartero. O'Donnell was nominated president of the council, in place of Espartero ; but the change was unpopular. The streets of Madrid ran with the blood of citi- zens, and the minister was triumphant, but only for a season, for Narvaez plotted, and O'Donnell was forced to retire. He returned to power again, however, in 1858, and in 1859 held the double position of prime minister and commander-in-chief of the forces de- spatched to wage war against Morocco. On his return to Spain he was received with high honors, and created Duke of Tetuan.' He headed another ministry in .June, 18G5, but in July, 1866, Nar- vaez was called upon by the queen to displace him, and he retired to Paris, where he di'd in 1867. O' DONOVAN, John, LL.D., the greatest of Irish scholars, was b. in the county of Kilkenny, 1809. About 1830 he was employed in the historical de- partment of the ordnance survey of Ireland, to examine Irish manuscripts and to settle the orthography of places OLO] CYCLOP-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 237 on tlie (irdnance maps. Tie was a].so engaf;fcl with Professor O'Curry in the tiaiiscriptioii and translation of the Brelion hiws. In the course of tliese investiffations he acquired a tiioroufi'h knowled{;e of the hinf^uage and historic topof;rai)hy of Ireland. Me edited a number of curious works for tiie Irish Arel'.feohifrical and Celtic Society; pub- lished an admirable "Grammar of the Irish Lan^uaf,'e" (1845), and brought out a superb edition of " The Annals of the Four Masters." D. 1801. OERSTED, Hans Chkistian, the discoverer of electro-mai:iietisni, b. at Kudkjiibinr;. Denmark, 1777; d. 1851. When twelve years of aj^e he became assistant to his lather, who was an apothecary, but in 1794 he entered the university of Copenhagen, where he soon distinguished himself by the close- ness of his application to study, and his originality of thought. In 1801 he left Copenhagen on a tour through (ier- maiiy, I'rance, and Holland, and in 1806 he was appointed to the chair of natural philosoi)hy in Copenhagen, where he labored assiduously till his death. In 1820 his labors were crowned by his discovery of electro-magnetism. Renown and honorable testimonials were then showered upon hini from every side. Many learned societies elected him as their memlier; the Royal Society of England sent him the Copley niedal^ and the instftute of France, as an extraordinary acknowledgment, pre- sented him with" one of the mathemat- ical class prizes, worth 3,000 francs. In 18;JG he visited England, and at the meeting of the British Association, held at Southampton in that year. Sir John Herschel, in reference to his discovery, used these words: "'The electric tele- graph, and other wonders of modern science, were but mere effervescences from the surface of this deep recondite discovery, which Oersted had liberated, and which was yet to burst with all its mighty force upon the world. If I were to characterize by any figure the advantage of Oersted to science, I would regard him as a fertilizing shower de- scending from heaven, which brought forth a new crop, delightful to the eye, and pleasing to the heart." How this propiietic anticipation has been realized all the world kn'Z, an eminent German physiologist, successively professor of natural history at Jena, Munich, and Zurich. The work on which his reputa- tion mainly rests is his " Phj'sio-philos- ophy"(which has been translated by the Ray Society), and which is remark- able for proclaiming the law of unity that pervades the composition of all animal bodies, — a theorj' that in the hands of Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, in France, and of Owen, in England, has since been prolific in gigantic results. B. 1778; d. 18.51. OLIN, Rh.v. Stephen, D. D., LL. D., born in Vermont, graduated at Middle- bur}' college ; was an eloquent preacher connected with the Methodist F^piscopal Church, and a professor in Franklin col- lege, Georgia; in 1833 he was elected president of Randolph college, Macon, Ga., and subsequently president of the Wesleyan university at Middletown. He published " Travels in the East," and various lectures and discourses. D. 1851. OLIVER, George, D. D., a Catholic divine and antiquary, b. 1781. In 1806 he was admitted to holy orders, and the next year he was appointed to the mis- sion at Exeter, where he continued to discharge the duties of his office for forty-five years. D. 1861. Dr. Oliver published numerous works illustrative of Catholic Church history in Devon and Cornwall, and the biography of British Jesuits, and other orders in England. OLIVER, Geohge, D. D., an English writer and clergyman, b. about 1783, received his education at Trinitj' Col- lege, Cambridge, officiated as vii'ar and rector in Lincolnshire till he d. in 1867. He wrote several volumes at different times illustrative of the history, institu- tions, and spirit of F'reemasonr^-. OLOZAGA, Don Salustiano, a Spanish statesman, b. at Logrofio, about 1803, entered early into political in- trigues; conspirator; refugee; member of the Cortes and leader of the opposi- tion ; ambassador to Paris; recalled to form a short-lived ministry; again a refugee; returning on the strength of the amnestj-, but arrested and impris- oned; released and again banished; again returning and sitting in the Cor- 238 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ORT tes as the heail of the Progressist party; arrested after the troubles of 1848, ac- quitted, but going out of sight; reap- pearing in 1854, and again ambassador to Pari.s ; again elected to the Cortes; forced to tlie baclsground by the coun- ter-revohition of 1856; admitted to the ministry after the revolution of 1868, and in "November again ambassador to I'aris ; president of the constitutional committee appointed by tlie Cortes ; once more appointed ambassador to Paris, in February, 1871, and in April elected president of the chamber of deputies at Madrid; defeated in the autumn session, he found refuge in his old post at Paris, and remained there till his last illness sent him to Belgium for relief, where he d. Sept. 26, 1873. OMKK PASHA, Michael Lattas, commander-in-chief of the Turkish ar- my, was b. 1800 at Plaski, about 60 miles from Fiume, on the Adriatic. He entered the Austrian army, but not lik- ing the service he deserted and went to Turkey, where lie adopted the Mahom- etan religion, and obtained an appoint- ment in the army. He first distinguished himself in quelling an insurrecion in Syria and Albania, and in 18-18 he was made a pasha. When the Russian troops invaded the Danubian Principal- ities in 1853, Omer Pasha was appointed generalissimo of the Turkish army, and rendered important services in that ca- pacity during the Crimean war. His most eminent service after that time was the suppression of the insurrection in Cri'te, lSii7. Died 18th April, 1871. OXl)Ei;i)()NK, Wight Kkv. Bknj.\- MIN TitKADWEi.L, Protestant bishop of the diocese of Eastern New York, b. in New York, 1701; d. 1861. He was elected to the episcopate in 1830, but was suspended from the exercise of his episcopal functions, in 1845, in conse- quence of charges affecting his clerical character and reputation. 0'NEn.L, Eliza (afterwards Lady Becher), a celebrated actress, was b. in Ireland, and made her first appeai'ance <>n»the stage in a very humble way, but on her debut in London as Juliet, in 1814, at once rose to the top of her pro- fession, dividing the attention of play- goers with Edmund Kean. In her fa- mous characters of Mrs. Haller, Mrs. Beverley, and Belvidera, she is repre- sented by contemporary critics as unap- proachable. She d. in 1872 in her 81st year. OPIE, Amelia, an English authoress, b. 1771 , d. 1853. The daughter of Dr. Alderson, of Norwich, she was married to John Opie, an eminent historical painter, in 1784, and survived him nearly half a centurj'. Her works have been chiefly admired for their simplicity and genial feeling. ORKILA, Matthew Joseph Bona- VENTUiiA. a distinguished toxicologist, b. at Mahon, in Minorca, studied at Va- lencia and Barcelona, in 1807 repaired to Paris, where he remained until his death in 1853. His scientific reputation may hf said to have commenced with his "Treatise on Poisons; or, General Toxicology;" but there is scarcely a department of medical jurisprudence which he has not profoundly investi- gated, and the treatises which he has published on these and analogous sub- jects have given him a world-wide rep- utation. ORLOFF, Alexei Feopohewitch, Prince, a Russian general and states- man, an illegitimate son of Uuke Feo- dor Orloff, b. 1787; d. 1861. ORMERORD, Geokge, an English historian and archieologist, b. 1785, pub- lished many valuable topographical and archaeological works illustrating the his- tory of Cheshire, most of which were privately printed. D. 1873. ORR, James Lawuknce, an Ameri- can statesman and diplomatist, b. in South Carolina, 1822, educated at the university of Virginia, was admitted to the bar in his native state, and entered on its practice in Anderson, where he edited for several years a village paper. After serving in the state legislature he was elected to congress from the 2d district in 1848, and was reelected till March 4, 1859, serving the two last ses- sions as speaker. He contended for the right of secession, but opposed its e.xer- cise. In the civil war he went with the South, and in 1862 was elected to the confederate congress and served to its close. In 1865 he was appointed pro- visional governor of South Carolina, and served till 1868. In 1870 he was sent as minister plenipotentiary to St. Petersburg, where he d. May 5, 1873. ORSINI, Felice, an Italian revolu- tionist, b. 1819. His name is associated wilh an attempt to assassinate Napoleon HI., on 14th Jan. 1858, when, as the emperor and empress were approaching the Grand Opera at Paris, three bombs were thrown under their carriage. Ma- ny persons were killed or wounded, but the intended victims escaped. Orsini was guillotined 13th March. 1858. ORTON, Reginald, an English sur- out] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGKAPIIY. 239 geon and writer on nioflii'al fuhjects, and the author of experiments in induc- ing spontajieous ffeiieration hv means of eiectricitv. 15. 1810; d. 1802. OSBOKN, SfTKHAHi., of the British navy, was h. 18-22, entered the royal service in 18.37, was rapidh' promoted to a captaincy. He toolc an active and honorable part in the capture of the Talvu forts, and rendered nuicii impor- tant service in Chinese waters. In the search for Sir John Franklin, he was commander of the Pioneer. In later life Capt. Osborn made important ex- periments in the employment of heavy ordnance in naval warfare. He was the author of several interesting works of travel, including '• Stray Leaves from an Arctic .Journal ; " "A bruise in Ja- panese Waters," and " The Career, Last Vovage, and Fate of Sir John Franklin." D. 187.^. O S G O D, Fkances Sargent (Locke), an American jyietess, b. in Boston, 1811, was married in 1835, to S. S. Osgood, a portrait painter, with whom she shortly afterwards went to London, where he pursued his art stud- ies. She iiublished there a small vol- ume, called the "Casket of Fate," two dramas, and a collection of her poems under the title of " A Wreath of Wild Flowers from New England.''- Return- ing to Boston, in 1840, she published " The Poetry of Flowers and the Flowers of Poetry," and the " Floral Offering." An ilhisirated edition of her poems was published in Philadelphia, in 1849. D. 1850. A "Memorial," with a memoir by Dr. (iriswold, was piililished in New York, in 1851. — Hki.kn Louise (Gil- son), philanthropist, b. in Boston, about 1835, distinguished herself by her services to the sick and wounded soldiers of the Union army during the civil war. She was among the first to organize soldiers' aid societies, in her own city, and to collect supplies and arrange for their transportation. When the secretary of the Sanitary Connnis- sion in 18G2, called for volunteer nurses for the hos)iital transport service on the peninsula, she gladly tendered her ser- vices, and remained with the army and in the hospital at Kichmond and in its neighborhood, till July, 1805. In 1860, she married Mr. Osgood, a co-laborer in the sanitarv work of the army of the Potomac. D' 1868. OSSINGTON, Viscount, the Kt. Hon. John Evelyn Denison, b. 1800, educated at Eton and Oxford, in 1824, with the then Lord Stanley, made a tour through Canada and the United States. He entered parliament in 1830, and in 1857, was unanimously chosen speaker, and unanimouslv reelected, in 18.59, 1860, and 1808.' He retired from the chair, Feb. 8, 1872, and a few days afterwards was raised to the peerage with the title of Viscount Ossington. 1). 1873. ori;Y, Rioht Rev. James Hkvvey, bishop of the Protestant lipiscopal Church in Tennessee, and known throughout the southwest as "The Good Bishop." B. in Virginia, 1799; d. at Memphis, 1863. OTIS, Hakki.son Ghay, an Ameri- can statesman and orator, nephew of James Otis, the revolutionary patriot, was b. in Boston, Oct. 8, 1765, graduated at Harvard collnge, and entered on the practice of the law in his native city in 1780. He took a distinguished part in politics from an early age, was member of the Mass. legislature in 1796, and of congress 1797-1801, a prominent and influential leader of the Federal party. In 1801 he was U. S. district attorney, member of the state legislature and speaker 1803-05, and president of the senate 1805-11. He was a member of the U. S. senate from 1817 to 1822, and made an eloquent speech in opposition to the extension of slavery in reply to a speech of William Pinkney on the Missouri question. With a passion for public life, and admirable talents for success in it, his relations to the Hart- ford convention, of which he was a lead- ing member, rendered him unavailable for party purposes, and on leaving the senate his public career may be said to have closed. His election to the maj'- oralty of Boston from 18-29 to 1832 was a compliment to a distinguished citizen rather than a political triumph. His "Letters in Defence of the Hartford Convention " in 1824 created no reaction in his favor, and the most brilliant pub- lic man of his generation went into a forced retirement. Among his pub- lished addresses were a Fourth of July oration (1788), an Eulogy on Alexan- der Hamilton (1804), and his speech on the Missouri question (1820). In the latter portion of his life he voted with the Whig party, and in reference to the questions involved in the slavery agita- tion with the conservative branch of it. D. 1848. OUTRAM, Sir James, a British general, b. in Derbyshire, 1803, went to Bombay as a cadet, in 1819. He displayed executive ability and strict 240 CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [owe intepfrity in the various functions he discharged in tiie Indian empire, and in 1856, was named chief commissioner of Oudo, and military commander. For his services in the war with Persia, that broke out soon afterwards, he was made baronet and lieutenant-general. D. at Pan, 180;5. ()VEKIU<;CK, FiuEDHicii, founder of the modern German religions school of painting, b. at Liibeck, 1789, com- menced his artistic education at Vienna, 1806. In 1810. he went to Rome, with Schadow, Veit, and Cornelius, embraced the Catholic faith, and made that city his residence. A Madonna, exhibited in 1811, attracted much attention, but I the first considerable work executed by the artists of the new school were the frescoes froni the " History of .Joseph," •at the villa of the Prussian consul-gen- eral Bartholdy. Of these, Overbeck painted the "Selling of Joseph," and the "Seven Lean Years," in 1810, and the school won a still higher reputation by the frescoes at the villa of the Jlar- cfiese Massini, in 1817, of whicli Over- beck ftn-nished five large compositions from Tasso"s "Jerusalem Delivered." His best fresco is the " Miracle of Roses of St. Francis," in the church at Assisi. His oil-paintings are not numerous. The school to which Overbeck belonged is characterized by much of the simplicity of the early painters. His fundamental belief was that art exists only to sub- serve the cause of religion. Many of his productions have been engraved. He was made foreign associate of the French Institute, and published at Paris, in 1842-43, a splendid edition of the "Passion de N. S. Jesus-Christ." D. at Rome. Nov. 1809. OWEN, IloHERT, an English social reformer,!). 1771; d. 1858. He entered early upon commercial life, and at tlie age of 18 became partner in a cotton- mill. In 1801, he married the daugliter of David Dale, a Glasgow manufacturer, and the proprietor of a large cotton fac- tory in New Lanark, Scotland, of which Owen became the manager. Here he introduced various reforms, which, without lessening the protits of the en- terprise, improved the condition and added greatly to the prosperity of the wnrking people employed. After a time the factor^' ceased to be successful, and Owen's connection with it termi- nated. Possessed of a large fortune, mainly derived from his father-in-law, he entered upon his career as a social reformer, promulgating, in 1812, his " New Views of Society." In 1823 he came to the United States for the pur- pose of establishing, at his own cost, a society formed on his theory of modi- tied communism. He bought from Rapp the settlement of New Harmony, in Luliana, embracing 20,000 acres of land and dwellings for 1,000 persons; but the experiment proved a failure. In 1827 he returned to England, where other but smaller experiments of a similar nature ended in loss and disap- pointment. In 1828 be went to Mex- ico, on the invitation of the government, to carry out his experiment there, but effecte(i nothing. He returned to Eng- land with faith in his principles and plans unshaken by events, and for many years labored in various ways to promulgate his views and apply them in practice. In his old age, deism cul- minated in spiritualism, and he pub- lished several conversations purporting to have been held with Benjamin Frank- lin and other persons. — David Dale, geologist, son of the preceding, b. in Lanarkshire, Scotland, 1807. In 1837 he was employed by the legislature of Indiana to make a geological reconnois- sanoe of the state. Subsequently he examined the mineral lands of .Iowa; and in 1848 was employed by the U. S. governmeat to conduct a geological sur- vey of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minne- sota. The task occupied three j'ears, and its results are embodied in a quarto volume, published in 18.j2. From 1852 to 18.57 he was employed in conducting a survey of Kentucky, published in 4 vols, with an atlas. In 1857 he was appointed state geologist of Arkansas. I). 1860. — KoBEHT Dale, brother of the preceding, was b. in Glasgow, Scot- land, Nov. 1, 1801. He came to this country, in 1826, and was for a time associated with the well-known Fanny Wright, afterwards Madame Darus- mont, in the editcu-ial management of the " Free Enquirer " a weekly radical newspaper, publi^hed in New York. He assisted in the socialist experiment at New Harmony, Ind. He served three successive years in the Indiana legislature, and was active in passing measures for popular education and the giving of property rights to women. He was elected to congress, in 1843, and again in 1845. He introduced the bill organizing the Smithsonian Insti- tute, and was due of its tirst regents. In 1849, he was President of the Indi- ana Constitutional Convention, and in 1853, he was sent by President Pierce pal] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPnY. 241 as minister to Naples. He was a warm advocate of emancipation in tlie early years of the rebellion. He published a number of booi- LAUME, a French scholar and author, b. in Paris, 1793, and educated there, succeeded M. Villemain as professor at the Sorbonne, in 1830, and for many years occupied the chair of Latin poetry. lie was well versed in ancient literature, and his " fitudes " on the Greek tragic poets in three volumes enjoy a high reputation. " He had only one failing." says La Liberte, "and that was that although a member of the French Acad- emy he did not know French." But nobody disputed his knowledge of Greek and Latin. D. 1876. PATMORF, Peter George, a well- known contributor to the English peri- odical press, and the author of numer- ous works. Hazlitt's " Liber Amoris " is addressed to him, as are also some of Charles Lamb's epistles. B. 1787 ; d. 185.5. PATON, Andrew Archibald, an English traveller and author, b. 1809, published several volumes of travel and observations that were republished col- lectively in 18G2 under the title of " Re- searches on the Danube and Adriatic, or Contributions to the Modern History of Hungary, Transylvania, etc." Among his other works was a " History of the Egvptian Revolution." D. 1874. "PATTEHSON, Francis E., briga- dier-general of volunteers in the U. S. service, b. in Philadelphia, 1827; d. 18G2. PAULDING, James Kirke, an American politician and novelist, b. in Dutchess County, N. Y., 1779, removed to the city of New York in early man- hood and was associated with W. Irving in the production of " Salmagundi." In 1812 he pul)lished "John Bull and Brother Jonathan," which ran through several editions, and was followed by the " Lay of the Scottish Fiddle," a satiri- cal i)oem that called forth un angry re- view from ihe " London Quarterly." His pam|)lilet in reply to the review at- tracted the notice of President Madison, and led to his appointment as secretary of the board of navy commissioners. He was afterwards many years navy agent at New York, and" secretary of the navy inider Van Buren. His most popular novel was " The Dutchman s Fireside." His " Backwoodsman " was an unsuccessful poem. D. 18i)0. PAULUS, H. E. G., a distinguished German orientalist and critic, b. 1791 ; d. at Heidelberg, 1851. PAUTHIER, Jean Pierre Guil- laume, a French orientalist and Chi- nese scholar, b. at Besanvon in 1801, published a valuable edition of the "Travels of Marco Polo," with an in- troduction and illustrative notes brought from Chinese sources. D. 1873. PAXTON, Edward F., a confed- erate brigadier-general, b. in Virginia, and educated at the military academy of that state. He served under " Stone- wall " Jackson, and was killed at Chan- cellorsville, May, 1863. — Sir Joseph, the son of an English yeoman, was b. in 1802, was patronized by the Duke of Devonshire, and by the taste and skill which he di-splayed in the gardens of Chatsworth soon became known as a horticulturist and landscape gardener. His success with the Crystal Palace of 1857 earned him the honor of knight- hood, and led to his connection with many pidslic works. He superintended the palace, and designed tlie grounds at Sydenham. He edited works on horti- culture and botany, and was a member of many learned societies in Europe. He sat some years as member for Cov- entrv in the house of commons. D. 186.5. PAYEN, Anselme, a French chem- ist, b. 179.5, wrote a number of works on chemistry as applied to the industrial and agricultural arts, and a treatise on " Distillation." D 1871. PAYNE, John Howard, an Ameri- can actor and dramatist, was b. at New York in 1792. In his 13th year he was a writer for the press, and editor of the " Thespian Mirror." At sixteen he appeared as Norval in " Douglas," at the Park theatre. New Y'ork. At Bos- ton he appeared, among other charac- pkl] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRArllY. 245 ters, in those of IIastin<2:s, Rolla, Ed- gar, and Hamlet. In 181'2 lie went to Enj^land, and made his debut at Druiy Lane in liis '21st year. In 1820 he ed- ited a London dramatic paper called "The Opera Glass." Many dramas were prepared \^y him when on the London staye, ehietiy adaptations from the French. The now cosuKipolitan air of "Home, Sweet Home," first ap- peared in Payne's "Clari, the Maid of Milan." In his latter years he was U. S. consul at Tunis, where he d. 1852. I'EABODY, Gkokok, b. in Dauvers, JLi^s., February 18, 1795, was brought up from an early age in business pur- .suits, established himself in George- town. L). C, (hiring the war with Great liritaiii of 1812, and afterwards in Bal- timore as a partner of the house of Kiggs & Peabody. In 1843 he estab- lished a commercial house in London and accumulated a large property, which he dispensed with such miuiificence as to gain for himself the well deserved fame of "the great pliilaiithropist of the old and new worlds." He gave two millions and a half of dollars to the poor of London, for which (Jiiecn Vic- toria offered him a baronetcy, wliicli he declined, and gave him her miniature, wliich he deposited in the Institute that he had established and largely endowed in Danvers. He gave $2,000,000 for the education of blacks and whites at the South, «1,000,000 to found an In- stitute at Baltimore, and numerous other gifts to charitable and educational pur- poses in the United States. D. 4th of November, 18159. His statue, by Story, is erected near the Uoyal FLKchange in London. PKACOCK, TnoM.\s Love, a Brit- ish humorist and novelist, b. 178.5, au- thor of "Headlong Hall," " Nightmare Abbey," and " tVotchet Castle," was employed in the East India House from 1818 till 18-50, when he retired on a pen- sion. He published poems that were not received with much favor. His col- lected works were published in London in 1875 in three vols. U. 1860. PEALE, Kkmbuandt, painter, son of Charles Wilson, b. in Bucks county, Penn., 1778, evinced early talent as a draughtsman, and in September, 1795, was able to gratify a desire he had long entertained of painting a portrait of AVasliington. He for a while painted portraits in Charleston. S. C, and in 1801 went to London and studied with West, and afterwards pursued his pro- fession for some \ears in Paris. Return- ing to Philadelphia in 1809, he painted "The Roman Daughter," and the "Court of Death," the latter of which brought hiin large returns by its extii- bitioii in our principal cities. In 185!)- 00 he lectured on the portraits of Wash- ington. Ilepulilished " Notes on Italy," the " Portfolio of an Artist," and " iteni- iniscencesof Art and Artists." D. 18'iO. PEARC^E, .I.\MKs A., b. in Virginia, 1805 ; d. in Maryland, 1802. He was a member of the Maryland legislature in 1831; a representative in congress from that state from 1835 to 1839, and from 1841 to 1843; and a senator in congres.s from 1843 to 1802. He also held the post of professor of law in Washington college, Chestertown. PEASE, Cai.vin, D. D., professor of Greek and Latin in the university of Vermont, and afterward its president, contributed [lapers on classical and other subjects to the "Bibliotlieca Sacra," and published several discourses. B. ia Canaan, (.'oiin., 1813 ; d. 1803. I'EDRO v.. King of Portugal, b. at Lisbon, 1837; d. 1801. PEET, Edwaud, author of text-books for the use of deaf mutes, and professor in the New York institution for the deaf and dumb. B. in Hartford, Conn., 1820 ; d. 1802. PEGRAM, William Johnson, aeon- federate brigadier-general, b. at Peters- burg, Va., 1841, in 1861 volunteered as a private in the artillery, and, having distinguished himself in successive en- gagements, rose to the rank of colonel, after the battle of Gettysburg. He sub- sequently became brigadier-general, and was killed before Petersburg, April 2, 1805. PELISSIER, Amabf.e Jean Jac- QUK.s, Due de Malakoff, marshal in the French armv, was b. at Maronime, 1794. Educated at St. Cyr, he entered the French military service, and went to Spain in 1823, where he highly distin- guished himself. In 1829 he went to Greece, where his talents and bravery again became conspicuous, and were duly rewarded. His next campaign was in Africa, serving in Algiers, till from ill health he was obliged to return to France. In 1840 he was again sent to Africa, and for some years was occupied in reducing the wild tribes of the desert to submission. On one of these expe- ditions he destroyed about six hundred of the enemy in a cavern, into which they had retreated, by burning fagots at its mouth ; an act of barbarity which drew on Pclis>ier the indigiiaiion of the 246 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [per world. His services in the Crimea re- stored him to favor. He joined the French army before Sebastopol in 1855, and succeeding Canrobert in the chief command, was highly successful, and for his gallantry was created duke of Malakoff, marshal of P'rance, and G. C. B. of Great Britain. He succeeded M. Persigny as ambassador to London in 1858. from which office, however, he was recalled in 1859. 1). 1864. PELOUZE, THEOPHiLt: Jules, a French chemist, b. at Valognes, 1807, studied pharmacy, went to Paris in 18'27, and studied under Gay-Lussac and Lassaigne. He visited Germany, and cooperated with Liebig in various useful discoveries ; and subsequently filled professorial chairs in the college of France and the polytechnic school. His scientific writings were numerous, and in 1848 he became director of the Mint. 1). 1867. PEXUEK, William D., major-gen- eral in the confederate service, b. in North Carolina, 1833, graduated at West Point, 18.54, killed at Gettysburg, 1863. PENDERGAST, G.vruet J., commo- dore U. S. navy, b. in Kentucky, 1800; d. 1862. His term of service extended over more than half a centurv. PENNEFATHEK, Sir .John Ly- SAGHT, K. C. B., a British general, was b. in Tipperary, in 1800, and entered the army in 1818. He distinguished liimself in India in 1843, during the war in Scinde ; and was engaged in the (Crimea during the Russian war, and displayed great gallantry at the Alma, and in the battle of Inkermann. He was five years governor of Malta. D. 1872. PENNETHORNE, Sir .James, a I5ritish architect, b. 1801, went to Lon- don in 1820, studied with Pugin. trav- elled in Italy, and was subsequently for some years principal assistant to j\Ir. Nash. In 1843 he was appointed archi- tect to the Board of Works, and the de- partment of Woods and Forests, and had much to do with the public build- ings and reconstructed streets in mod- ern T^ondon. D. 1871. PENNINGTON, William, b. in Newark, N. J., 1797, was governor of that state from 18-37 to 1843, and as chancellor, ex offlcin, took a prominent part in the "Broad seal controversy." He was elected a representative to the 36th congress, and became speaker of the house. D. 1862. PEPE, GuLiELMo, an Italian patriot and general, b. in Calabria, 1783; d. 18.55. PERCIVAL, James Gates, physi- cian, poet, and geologist, was b. at Ber- lin, Conn., 1795, and received from Yale the degree of M. D. in 1820. In the same year he published his first volume of poems. In 1822-27 appeared the three numbers of " Clio." In 1824 he was for a short time professor of chem- istry in the military academy at West Point. In 1827 he was employed to re- vise the manuscript of Dr. Webster's large dictionary, and not long after this he prepared a translation of Malte- Brun's "Geography." In 1835 he was appointed, in conjunction with Professor C. U. Shepard, h> make a survey of the geology and mineralogy of Connecti- cut. L)r. Percival took charge of the geological part, and his remirt thereon was published in 1842. In 1843 he pub- lished at New Haven " The Dream of a Day, and Other Poems." In 1854 he was appointed state geologist of Wis- consin ; his first report being published in 1855. Exposure incident to his duty undermined his health, and he d. at Hazel Green, Wis., 1856. PEREIRA, Jonathan, a London physician, author of " Elements of Materia Medica," and distinguished for his knowledge of pharmacy and gen- eral science. B. 1804; d. 1853. PFHvEIRE, l-^MiLE, a French banker, of the second empire, b. 1800, was a Saint Simonian in his early manhood, and wrote for the " Globe " and " Na- tional " in conjunction with Armand Carrel. A contract for building the Saint Germain railway, undertaken with his brother Isaac, was the founda- tion of iheir fortune; and in 18.52 they established the "Credit Mobilier," with a capital of sixty millions of francs. He was a patron of art ; and a member of the corps lajislatif from 1863 to 1869. D. 1875. P]5RIF>R, Auguste Casimir Victor Laurent, a French statesman, b. in Paris, 1811, was early in the diplomatic service, but retired in 1846 to take his seat in the chamber of deputies, to which he had been elected from the first ar- rondissement of Paris. He retired to his estates on the coup d'etat, and re- mained in private life till the fall of the empire. He was minister of the inte- rior under Thiers from Oct. 12, 1871, to the following 5th February, and again for a week in May, 1873. D. 1876. PERRY, Matthew Calbkaith, commodore U. S. navy, b. in South phi] CYCLOr.KDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 247 Kingston, R. I., 1795, entered the navy in 1809, ami rose to a captaiiic}' in 1837. During a part uf the war with Mexico he commanded the gulf sqnad- ron, and in 1852 conniianded tlie .Ja- pan expedition, with wliich his name is inseparabh' connected. D. 1858. — Jamks H., b. 1811; d. while in com- mand of Fort Tidaski, Ga., 1862. Al- tlioiif!;!! educated at West Point, and schooled as a soldier in the Texan war of independence and in Mexico, the civil war founil him pastor of a church in Brooklyn. Leavings the pulpit, he raised the 48tli regiment New York state volunteers and served as its colo- nel. PER SI AN I, Fanny, an Italian singer, b. 1818, was the daughter of the distinguished tenor Tacchinardi, and married the composer. Joseph Persiani. She made her cUbiit at Leghorn, in 1832, Avith great success, and for about twelve years, from 1838, was an attrac- tion of the Italian opera in Paris. Her special part was " Lucia." D. 1867. PERSIGNY, .JKAN-Gir-BEKT- Victor FiALiN, UuKE PE, a French politician and diplomatist, was b. in 1808, entered the army, was originally a loyalist, but favored the revolution of ,Iuly. He went to Paris, in 1833, and became for a short period attached to the " Temps " journal. Though an active supporter of the Bourbons, in 1834, he was con- verted to the cause of the Bonapartes, and in the "Occident Fran^ais," which he founded, advocated the "Napoleon ideas " with great vigor. He was the ]>rincipal instigator of the Strasbourg attempt. More fortunate than Prince Louis Napoleon, he escaped to England and published an account of the enter- prise. In 1840 he shired in the Bou- logne affair, for wliich he was tried and sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment. Partisan of President Louis Napoleon in 1848, he afterwards carried out the coup d'etat, and was by some supposed to have been its contriver. He was afterwards twice minister of the inte- rior, and twice minister to England, un- der the empire. In 1 803 he was made a duke. D. in Nice, 1872. PETERMANN, .luLiu.s Heinrich, a German orientalist, b. 1801, published in 1840, a series of grammars entitled '• Portue Linguarum Arabicse, (Jhaldaicse, et Armenicae," which passed through several editions. Having obtained the Prussian consulate at Jerusalem in or- der to prosecute his Armenian and Sa- maritan studies, he published, in 1868, his "Attempt at a Doctrine of the He- brew Grammatical Forms according to the Pronunciation of the Present Samar- itans." I). 1876. PETIGRU, James Louis, a lawyer and statesman, b. in Abbeville district, S. C, 1780, and educated at the univer- sity of that state. From 1822 to 1830 he was attorney-general of the state. In the times of nullitication, and in the times of secession, he was an unflinch- ing, outspoken, and able advocate of the Union. D. 1863. PETIT, John Louis, an English draughtsman, etcher, and antiquar}', b. 1801, had a special taste for drawing old churches, and after a tour on the continent published, in 1841, his "Re- marks on Church Architecture." He was an accomplished artist, and left numerous valuable drawings. His'most important work was ''Architectural Studies in France." D. 1868. PETRI p, George, LL. D., an Irish artist and arclueologist, was the son of a portrait-painter in Dublin. He was acknowledged as the best draughtsman in water-colors in Ireland, and employed bv all the publishers of tours or topo- graphical works. His principal liter- ary work is " An Inquiry into the Ec- clesiastical Architecture of Ireland." B. 1789: d. 1866. PETTIGREW, Thomas Joseph, an eminent English surgeon and antiqua- rian, b. in London, 1791, was the au- thor of memoirs of Dr. Lettsom, Dr. Thomas Cogan, and Lord Nelson; " The Medical Pen-trait Galler}-," con- taining biographies of sixty eminent physicians and surgeons ; " On Super- stitions connected with Medicine and Surgerv;" and ''Chronicles of the Tombs"." I). 1865. PFEIFFER, Ida {«"'e Ryer), one of the most remarkable of modern travel- lers, b. in Vienna in 1795 ; d. 1858. Besides visiting all the countries of Eu- rope and great part of Asia, in 1846 she made her first voyage round the globe, returning in 1848; and again in 1851 she sailed from LLEIi, LuDwiG, an archaeologist and classical scholar, b. at Hamburg, 1809; d. at Weimar, 1861. PRENTICE, George Denison, poet and journalist, b. in Connecticut in 1802, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. but entered on his career as an editor in 1828 in the " N. E. Weekly Review," at Hartford. In 1830 he began to edit, in Louisville, Kentucky, the "Louisville .Journal," which soon became distinguished for its wit and sat- ire even more, perhaps, than its merely political ability. In 1831 lie published a "Life of Clav," and adhered to the fortunes of this eminent leader and his party to the close of his career. He published numerous fugitive poems, but they were never collected in a volume. During the civil war he maintained the Union side with great ardor and ability. D. 1870. PRENTISS, John Holmes, a prom- inent Democratic politician and editor in the state of New York, and sometime member of congress; b. 1784; d. 1861. — Samuel, jurist and senator, b. in Stonington, Conn., 1782, studied law, and commenced practice at Mohtpelier, Vt., in 1803. After some service in the legislature, and in the supreme court of the state, he was U. S. senator from 1831 to 1842. In the latter year he was ap- pointed judge of the federal district court, which office he held until his death, in 1857. PKKSCOTT, William Hickling, historian, b. at Salem, Mass., in 1796, was the son of an eminent jurist, and grandson of Prescott who commanded at Bunker Hill. In 1811 he entered Harvard college, and graduated in 1814 with an intention to devote himself to the legal profession. But the great mis- fortune of his life had befallen him. Before he had graduated, an accidental blow had deprived him of the sight of one eye ; and after a severe illness, dur- ing which he was entirely blind, he found the sight of his remaining eye so much impaired, that he was compelled to give up his professional studies. The two next years he spent in Europe, and sought the aid of the greatest oculists of London and Paris. He returned home with renewed health ; but for his great misfortune he found no relief. Still he was not disheartened, but resolved to become an historian, and freely gave himself ten years to prepare for the task. He next selected his subject, and, having done this, gave ten years more to his " Historv of Ferdinand and Isa- bella." With 'this, in 1838, at the age of 42, he appeared as an author. His work was received on both sides of the Atlantic with unhesitating applause. It has since passed through several edi- tions, and has been translated into Ger- man, Italian, French, and Spanish. His "Conquest of Mexico" was first pub- lished in 1843, and the "Conquest of Peru " in 1847. Two volumes of " Phil- ip the Second" appeared in 1855; and the third volume shortlv before his death, in 18.'')9. In 18.56 'he published an edition of Robertson's "Charles the Fifth," with a sequel that treated of the emperor's cloister life. Literary honors were heaped upon him from nearly all countries. He was made an honorary member of a large number of societies in this country and Europe. A "Life of Prescott," by George Ticknor, ap- peared in 1864. An edition of his com- plete works, edited by .John Foster Kirk, was published in 15 vols. 1874- 75. PRESSNITZ, VixcENS, the founder of hydropathy, b. 1799, at Grafenberg, Austrian Silesia ; d. 1851. PRESTON, William B., b. in Vir- ginia, d. 1862, was a representative in congress from that state from 1847 to 1849; and secretarv of the navv, under President Taylor, iii 1849 and 1850. He took part in the rebellion of 1861 as a member of the confederate congress. — William Ca.mpbell, LL. D., states- man and jurist, was b. in Philadelphia, 1794, his father being then a member of congress from Virginia. He graduated in South Carolina, was admitted to the bar in 1821, and settled in ( "olumbia, S C. From 1834 to 1843 he was a senator in congress, where he was a strenuous pro] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 255 advocate of states' rights and free trade, and was recognized as one of the most eloquent speakers and able debaters in an assembly which was then regarded as an arena of intellectual giants. He was afterwards president of the uni- versit}' of South Carolina, and estab- lished the Columbia Lyceum, which he endowed with his library of 3,000 vols. D- 1860. PRfiVOST-PARADOL, Lucien An- ATOLE, a French political writer, b. in Paris, 1829, and there educated, joined in 1856 the staff of the "Journal des D(?bats," and afterwards that of the " Courrier du Dinianche." For one of his articles in the latter journal it was suppressed by the imperial government. In 1860 he suffered tine and imprison- ment for his book entiiled " Anciens Partis." In the summer of 1870 he was sent ambassador to the United States, and soon after his arrival in Washing- ton committed suicide. Besioi'iiis, whicli were repriuti^d in one voliiiiie, in 18G5, with an introduction by Cliarles Dick- ens. 1). ]8tj4. PKOTKT, AticusTK Leopold, a French rear-admiral, ioiiK employed in attempts to su|)press tlie slave-trade, and to promote j,'eographical explora- tions in the interior of Africa, lie was b. in 1809, and was killed in action in China, 1802. PKOUDHON, PiKRUE Joseph, a vigorous French political writer, b. 1809, author of the dogma " La Propri- ^t^, c'est le vol." He originated in Paris several journals, and published works expounding his views of plnlo- Bophie socialism with a degree of power as a logician and writer wliich won the respect of his adversaries. He was im- prisoned more than once as the utterer of ideas at variance with the present order of society. D. 1865. PROUT, Samuel, an eminent water- color painter, b. at Plymouth, in 1794; d. 1852. His "Studies" were pub- lished in 1816; followed by " Progres- sive Fragments," in 1818; by " Rudi- ments of'Landscape Views," and other works. His illustrations of France, Italy, Flanders, and Germany are con- sidered the finest of his works. PKUTZ, Robekt Eune.s r, a German novelist, dramatist, and lyric poet, b. at Stettin, 1816 ; d. 1872. " His articles in the liberal journals excited no little attention, and led to his persecution by the police in the different countries of Germany where he resided successively. He wrote a history of German Journal- ism, and a "History of Ten Years — 1840-50." PRYME, George, an English polit- ical economist, b. in 1781, grailnated at Cambridge, and was called to the bar. From 1816 to 1863 he was unsalaried, and till 1828 an imtitled professor of political economy in his univei'sity. In 1863 he retired from the position, hav- ing procured the establishment of a chair of political economy at Cam- bridge, with a stipend for the profes- sor. His " Autobiographic Recollec- tions," edited bv his daughter, were published after his death. I). 1868. PUG[N, AutiusTus NoHTiniOKE Welbv, an English architect of French descent, b. 1810, inherited a taste for the Gothic style, aiid was extensiveh' em- ployed oil the Roman Catholic churches ami cathedrals in England. He was the chief promoter of the media^val taste in building and decoration. Among his architectural treatises may be men- tioned "(iothic Furniture," " The True Principles of Pointed or Christian Ar- chitecture," and " The Glossary of VjC- clesiastical Ornament." Prostrated by overwork he d. in a lunatic asylum, 1852.- His "Notes of Travel" on the continent, with i)hotograi)hic copies of 500 of his drawings, was published in 1865. His son, Euwaku Weluy, him- self an eminent architect, published a book to establish his father's claim as the actual architect of the new hou.ses of parliament. PURCHAS, Rev. John, an English ritualist, b. 1823, educated at Rugby and (,'ambridge, was known as curate and autlun-, when the case of Hebbert V. Purchas gave him wider notoriety. Oil appeal before the judicial committee of the privy council, the defendant waa admonished to discontinue the use of certain vestments in the communion ser- vice, and of certain ceremonies that he had practised, and of lighted candles and incense, and of mixing water with the communion wine, and of wafer bread. For disobeying these monitions Mr. Purchas wa^^, in 1872, suspended for a year, and his lay [iroperty was se- questered to pay the costs of the pro- ceedings. He publislieil, in 1858, the " Directorinm Anglicanuin," a text- book of Anglican Ritualism. His other published works were a comedy, a vol- ume of |)oems, two volumes of sermons, and "The Death of Ezekiel's Wife." D. 1872. PUTNAM, Geokge Palmer, pub- lisher and author, b. in Maine, 1814, established himself as a bookseller in New York, where he was sometime of the tirin of Wiley & Putnam, residing himself in London. He compiled, in 1845, "American Facts," and among other works, "The World's Progress, a Dictionary of Dates," that has passed through several editions. He estab- lishe(i "Putnam's Monthly Magazine," and the "Rebellion Record." He was the publisher of the collected works of Washington Irving, and between 1848 and 1870 issued more than three hun- dred volumes bv American authors. D. 1872. — John "N., an eminent Greek scholar, and professor of the Greek lan- guage and literature in Dartmouth col- lege. 1}. 1829; d. 1803. PYE, John, an eminent landscape engraver, b. at Birmingham, at the age of eighteen went to Loudon, and waa qui] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 257 apprenticed to James Heath, for about four years. During this time he began to develop those principles of chiuro- oscuro in which he became a master and an authority among engravers and painters. He also evinced a rare fac- ulty for interpreting atmospheric effects, which rendered him a most successful exponent of the works of Turner, with whom he was intimate. The engraving of "I'ope's Villa" led to the produc- tion of the important plate from " Tiie Temple of Jupiter in iEgina," with which Turner was so much pleased tliat he offered to paint a companion picture expressly for the engraving. Pye was virtually the founder of the " Artist's Fund."" He left behind him a mass of interesting notes on the artists of his time, particularly Turner. D. 1874, at the age of ninety-t-^o. PYNl';, James H., an English land- scape painter, was b. 1800, studied for the bar, but gave up the profession for art. He was successful as a teacher, and published several volumes of pic- turesque sketches: "Windsor with it.s Environs;" "English Lake District," and "Lake Scenery of England." D. 1870. Q. QUAIN, Jones, an eminent English anatomist, educated in Paris, was ap- pointed professor of anatomy and phys- iology in London university soon after its establishment. He was the author of the " Elements of Anatomy," astand- ard text-book, and published, in connec- tion with Mr. Erasmus Wilson, a very elaborate series of anatomical plates. D. 18ti5. QUEKETE, John Thomas, an Eng- lish microscopist, b. 1815, was professor of Histology in the Koyal College of Surgeons of England, and published a "Practical Treatise on the use of the Microscope," and "Lectures on His- tology." D. 1861. QUETELET, Jacques Adolphe Lambkkt, a Belgian statistician, b. at Ghent, in 1793, made his earlj- studies in the field of pure mathematics, and published his first scientific memoir in 1820. Quetelet was the originator of the International Statistical Congresses, the first of which was held in Brussels, in 1853. Ten years before his death his scientific memoirs numbered more than 200, and he was continually adding to them. D. at Brussels, 1874. QUINCY, Josiah, an American statesman and author, b. in Boston, 1772; d. 1864. After graduating at Har- vard, and practising the profession of the law in his native city, he was elected a representative in congress in 1804, and was for eight j'ears a prominent leader of the Federal party in the house. He was state senator for Suffolk from 1814 to 1820; representative from Bos- ton, and speaker of the house, in 1821; judge of the mmiicipal court in Boston iu i822, and mayor from 1823 to 1828. 17 In 1829 he was chosen president of Harvard university, and held that of- fice until his resignation, in 1845. His published works are "Speeches in Con- gress, and Orations on Various Occa- sions," "Memoirs of Josiah Quincy, Jr., of Massachusetts," " Centennial Address on the Two Hundredth Anni- versary of the Settlement of Boston," "A History of Harvard University, from 1630 to 183G," "Memoir of Major Samuel Shaw," "History of the Boston Athena>um," "A Municipal Histor}' of the Town and City of Boston, from 1630 to 1830." — Edmund, an Ameri- can publicist, son of the preceding, b. in Boston, Mass., 1808, graduated at Har- vard college, in 1827, studied law, but never practised. From the time of the murder of Lovejoy he devoted himself with single-hearted assiduity to the cause of Abolition. For many years he furnished the weekly editorial leader for the "Anti-Slavery Standard," be- sides contributing a Boston letter under the signature of D. Y. He was also an occasional correspondent of the " Tri- bune," and of the " Liberator." In 1867 he produced his valuable and in- teresting " Life of Josiah Quincy." In 1875 he edited fourteen speeches deliv- ered by his father while in congress. He published, in 1854, " Wensley, a story without a Moral." His last ap- pearance in public was when he deliv- ered before his townsmen a lecture on "Glimpses of Colonial Life," in aid of the fund for preserving the OUl South Church. D. 1877. QUINET, Eduar, a French author and politician, b. at Bourg, Ain, 1803, i studied at home and at Heidelberg. 258 CYCLOPEDIA or BIOGRAPHY. [raf On his return to France he published "Tablcttes ilu Juif Errant," in 1823; and in 1827. a translation of Herder's '•Ideas on the rhilosophy of History." A member of the government commis- sion sent to the Morea, he collected the materials for his "Modern Greece in relation to Ancient Greece" (1830). He was ajipointed, in 1842, professor of the literatures of Southern Europe in the College of France. In conjunction with Michelet, he published '• Les Jesuites," in 1843. His writings were too strongly liberal, and he was removed from his chair in 1846. Elected a deputy, in 1847, be became an active agitator, fought at the barriers in 1848, and was expelled from France in 1852. An exile during the whole term of the empire, he re- turned to Paris after Sedan, and was reinstated in his old chair at the College of France. Editions of his collected works were publislied in 18-56 and 18-59. Some particulars of his life are given in Madame Quinet's " Souvenirs d'Exile " (1874). D. 1875. M. Gambetla deliv- ered his funeral oration. QUINTANA, Maxuel Jos£, a dis- tinguished Spanish poet, b. in Madrid, 1772, was educated at Salamanca, prac- tised law, wrote two tragedies, a volume of lyric poems, and a volume of patri- otic odes. He took part on the popular side during the Peninsular war, and after the restoration of F'erdinand YII. was confined in the fortress of Pam- plona till he was released by the revolu- tion of 1820. He wrote "Lives of Cele- brated Spaniards," in 3 volumes, 8vo. ; and edited "Select Castilian Poetry," 3 volumes. He superintended the edu- cation of Isabella II., was created sena- tor, in 1835, and publicly crowned with laurel by the queen, in 1855. D. 1857. QL'ITMAX, John Axtiiont, lawyer, soldier, and politician, b. in Rhinebeck, N. Y., 1799, removed at an early age to Ohio, and thence to Mississippi. For a time he was chancellor of the superior court of chancery of that state. In 1846-47 he volunteered for the Mexican war, and was engaged in most of the important actions. Congress voted him a sword for his gallantry at Monterej'. On the surrender of the city of Mexico he was made its governor. He was elected governor of Mississippi in 1855, and a representative in congress in 1855 and 1857. He was an adherent of Mr. Calhoun and a supporter of his doctrines, and was the acknowledged leader of those favorable to the annexation of Cuba. D. 1858. A memoir of his life and a selection from his correspondence were published in two volumes by J. F. H. Claiborne. R. RADETZKY, Joseph Wexzel, a distinguished Austrian tield-marshal, b. in Bohemia, 176G, entered the army and di.-tinguished himself in the war with Turkey, in 1788. and in the war ■with France, contributing greatly to the defeat of Napoleon at Aspern, and at the battle of Leipsic, in 1813. In 1831 he was appointed general of the Aus- trian forces in Italy. Raised to the rank of field-marshaf, in 1846, he dis- played wonderful skill and energj' in checking the insurrectionary move- ments of 1848, and in bringing about the capitulation of Milan and the armis- tice between the Austrian* and Sar- dinians. In reward for his services on the field of Novara, and in the subse- quent reduction of Venice, he was ap- pointed governor-general of the Aus- trian provinces in Italy. In 1856, in his ninetieth year, he retired into pri- vate life, and d. Januarv 2. 1858. KADOWITZ, Joseph Maiua von, a Prussian statesman of Hungarian an- cestry, b. at Blankenburg, Brunswick, became an artiller\' officer of Westpha- lia, and was taken prisoner at Leipsic. He was afterwards in the Hessian ser- vice, but being dismissed, became math- ematical tutor to Prince Albert of Prus- sia and was a captain on the general staff. He was for many years the pri- vate adviser of Frederick William IV., King of Prussia, and was minister of foreign relations from Sept. 27 to Nov. 29, 18-50, when he retired from the cab- inet in consequence of the opposition to his plan for a rupture with Austria. D. 1853. His collected works were pub- lished in five volumes, 1852-53. RAFX, Cakl Chp.istian, an Icelan- dic scholar, b. in the island of Fiinen, in 1796. It is claimed that he estab- lished, by the evidence of passages in the Icelandic Sagas, the fact of the dis- covery of America (Vinland) by the Northmen in the 10th century. He was largely interested in founding the Society of Northern Antiquities, which ran] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 259 has published such a number of impor- tant worlis. D. 1864. RAGLAN, P'lTZKOY Somerskt, Loun, an English general, b. 1788, was the youngest son of the fifth Dulve of Beaufort. lie joined tlie 4th Liglit Dragoons as ensign at the age of six- teen, being then Ivnown as Lord Fitzroy Somerset. In 1807 he was attached to Sir Arthur Paget's embassy to Turkey ; and the same year served on the staff of the Duke of Wellington, on the ex- pedition to Copenhagen, and continued with him as aide and military secretary in the Peninsular war. At the siege of Badajos he was among the first to mount the breach at the storming of the fortress, and received the sword of the governor. He was slightl>' wounded at the battle of Busaco. At "Waterloo he lost his right arm. For these ser- vices he was made aide to the prince regent and knight-commander of the Bath. In August, 1814, he married a daughter of Lord Mornington, a niece of the Duke of Wellington. In 1819 he was appointed military secretary to the duke as master-general of ordnance ; and in 1827, military secretary to the commander-in-chief, and held this posi- tion till 1852. In the parliaments of 1818 and 1820 he held a seat, and acted with the Tories. After the death of the Duke of Wellington he was made mas- ter-general of tlie ordnance, and made a peer, with the title of Baron Raglan (1852). On the breaking out of the war with Russia, Lord Raglan was ap- pointed to command in chief the Brit- ish armv, and promoted to the rank of field marshal. In March. 1854, he left England, reached the Crimea in Septem- ber, and on the 20th of that month fought, in conjunction with Marshal St. Arnaud, the battle of the Alma. During the following winter the allied troops perished in large numbers in the trenches before Sebastopol ; and Lord Raglan's anxietj' in regard to the con- dition of the men and the attacks of the English newspapers upon his military movements weighed heavily upon his spirits. In this state of mind he was seized with the cholera, which carried him off 28 June, 1855, ten days after the unsuccessful attacks on the Mala- koff and the Ri'dan. RAINS, James E., confederate brig- adier-general, b. in North Carolina, and educated at "West Point, took part in the Seminole war, and was promoted for gallantry. He resigned his com- mission ill the U. S. service in 1861, and distinguished himself by skill and daring at the head of confederiite troops at Shiloh and Perryville. Killed at Stone River, 1802. liAMSAY, Edward Banneujian, a Sct)ttisli writer, b. 1793, is best known by his " Reminiscences of Scottish Life and Character," 1857, which has passed through over twenty editions. I). 1872. R.A.NDALL, Hknby Stephens, an American author, b. in Madison Co., N. Y., studied law, was secretary of state of New York, in 1851, wrote the "Life of Jefferson," in three volumes, and several works on Sheep Husbandry. D. 1876. ^ RANDON, Jacques Louis C^sar Alexandre, a French otKcer, b. 1795, was made general in Africa, became minister of war, governor of Algeria, marshal-general in the Italian cam- paign, and senator. D. 1871. RANKINE, William John Mac- QUOKN, a Scottish civil engineer, b. in Edinburgh, 1820, held several honorary offices in the line of his profession, and wrote manuals on Applied Mechanics, Prime Movers, Machinery and Mill- work, and other works. I). 1872. RANSOM, Thomas E. Greenfield, brigadier-general U. S. service, b. in Windsor county, Vt., 1834. He was a civil engineer by profession, and at the outbreak of the civil war raised a corn- pan v of volunteers, and served with honor in Missouri, Kentucky, and in the operations of General Grant on the Ten- nessee and Cumberland rivers. In the attack upon Fort Donelson he was wounded. He was again severely wounded at Shiloh, where, according to an otficial report, he performed "prodi- gies of valor." In Aug., 1862, he was assigned to the command of the district of Cairo, aiul in the following January was made brigadier-general. He took part in the operations against "Vicks- burg, commanded the post of Natchez, served with General Banks in the Red River expedition, and was for the third time wounded in the battle at Sabine Cross-roads. Shortly after the capitu- lation of Atlanta he d. at Rome, Ga., Oct.. 1864. RANTOUL, Robert, Jr., lawyer and politician, b. in Beverly, Mass., 1805, graduated at Harvard university, in 1826, studied law, and commenced practice in Gloucester, in his native county, in 1829. He was successively meiTiber of the state legislature, collector of the port of Boston, U. S. district at- torney for Massachusetts, and iu 1851, 260 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [rea U. S. senator to till the vacancy caused by Mr. Webster's resignation. In the same year he was elected to the house from the second district bj' the com- bined votes of the Democrats and Free- soilers. 1). 1852. He was a Demo- cratic doctrinaire, and a pronounced radical in his views. His report in favor of abolishing capital punishment, made in the Massachusetts legislature, is still cited as the ablest presentation of his side of the question. A selection from his writings, with a memoir, was published in 1854. RATTAZZI, Urbano, Italian states- man, b. in Piedmont, 1808, was admit- ted to the bar and became distinguished as an orator. He was an extreme lib- eral in the parliament of 1848. After having held office in other ministries he became minister of justice (1853), and afterwards minister of the interior (1855), in the cabinet of Cavour, whom he succeeded for a short time after the peace of Villa Franca. He was again prime minister a few months, in 1862, and once more from April to October, 1867, during which period he was ac- cused by the Garibaldians of subser- viency to Napoleon HI., and by the clerical party was charged with aiding the Garibaldians. D. at Frosinone, June 5, 1873. RAU, Karl Hkinrich, a German publicist, b. at Erlangen, 1792, was the author of the " Lehrbuch der Poiit. Okonomie," in three volumes; of " Mal- thus und Sav," and other works. D. at Heidelberg, 1870. RAUCH, Christian Daniel, a Ger- man sculptor, was b. at Arolsen, in Waldeck, 1777, received instructions from Canova and Thorwaldsen. Nu- merous busts of eminent men, produced in Berlin, and in Rome, and his statues of Bliicher, Goethe, and Frederick the Great, raised him to the highest rank in his art. D. 1857. RAUMEK, Friedricii Ludwig Georg von, a German historian, b. at Worlitz, May 14, 1781, completed his education at Giittingen, and was em- ployed in the civil service from 1801 to 1811. At different periods he travelled on the continent, and in England and the United States. He tilled various oiRcial positions, and was ambassador of the German provisional government to the French Republic. His most im- portant and successful historical work was a " Historv of the Hohenstaufen and their Time's," in 6 vols., 1823-25, a fourth edition of which was published the year before his death. His "The United States of North America" was translated and published in New York in 1846; and other of his works have been translated into French and English. At the time of his death at Berlin, .June 14, 1873, he was well styled the Nestor of European historians. — Karl Georg VON, a German geographer, brother of the preceding, b. 1783, became pro^ fessor of natural history and mineral- ogy at Erlangen. He wrote several works, and hi.s "Autobiography." D. 1875. RAWLE, William, author of "A View of the Constitution of the United States," and for many years reporter of the decisions of the "supreme court of Pennsylvania. B. 1781; d. 1858. RAif, Joseph, a mathematician, au- thor of three treatises on arithmetic, and two on algebra. B. in Virginia, 1807; d. in Ohio, 1855. RAYMOND, Henry Jarvis, an American journalist, b. in Livingston county, N. Y., 1820, graduated at the univeisity of Vermont in 1840, and be- gan his journalistic career in the " New Y'orker," and "Tribune," in the city of New York. He was a very rapid and accurate reporter, an excellent cor- respondent, and a clear and interesting editorial writer. In 1843 he became assistant editor of the "Courier and Enquirer," and in 1851 founded the " New York Times," and conducted it till his death in 1869. In 1854 he was elected lieutenant-governor of New York. He was early and active in or- ganizing the republican party, and wrote the address issued bj' its conven- tion at Pittsburg in February, 1856. He supported the government with ability during the civil war, and in 1864 was elected to congress. He pub- lished " Life and Public Services of President Lincoln," 1865. READ, Thomas Buchanan, an American poet and painter, b. in Ches- ter county, Penn., 1822, entered at sev- enteen the studio of a sculptor in Cin- cinnati, but removed to Boston and began his career as a painter in 1841. His best paintings were portraits. He published his collected poetical works in three volumes, in Philadelphia, 1866. From 1850 he resided chiefly in Flor- ence, with occasional visits to his na- tive land, on one of which he d. at Philadelphia, 1872. — George Camp- bell, Rear-Admiral of the U. S. navv, b. in Ireland ; d. 1862. He was third lieutenant on the Constitution in her REG] CYCLOP-KDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 2G1 engagement with the British frigate Guerriere, in 1812, and for his conspic- uous gaUantry was selected to receive the sword of Captain Dacres. He was for some years commander of the Afri- can squadron. — Aunek, commander in the U. S. navy, distinguished by the ex- ploits of his gunboat, the New London, in the Mississippi Sound and at Sabine Pass in 1862. In 18G3 he commanded the steam sloop-of-war Monongahela, and was mortally wounded at the bat- teries above Donaldsonville, in July of that year. KEADE, JoHX Edmund, an Eng- lish dramatic poet, b. in Worcestershire early in the 19th century. D. 1870. — WiLLiAJi Wixwodi), an English trav- eller, b. 1839, distinguished by his ex- plorations in Africa, of which he pub- lished a narrative entitled " Savage Africa." He published also, " The Jlar- tyrdom of Man," and ''The African Sketch-Book. " In 1873-74, he accom- panied the Ashantee expedition as the special correspondent of the London '"Times." He was- a nephew of the celebrated novelist, Charles Keade, and was himself author of several novels. D. 1875. KEBOUL, Jf.ax, a French poet, was b. at Nismes, 1790. For some time he followed the trade of a baker, produc- ing meanwhile songs and satires for a circle of private friends. In 1836 he published a collection of poems, which ran through five editions. Visiting Paris in 1839, he was received with enthusiani in literary circles. He wrote some tragedies, and published, in 1857, a volume of poems under the title of " Les Traditioimelles." In 1818 he was returned to the constituent assembly, where he voted with the Legitimists. D. 1864. REDDING, Cyrus, b. 1785, came in early life to London, and devoted him- self to journalism. He edited "' Galig- nani's Messenger," 1815-18; and was assistant editor of Campbell in the " New Monthly Magazine." He pub- lished poems; several novels; " Histor\' of Wines;" "Fifty Years' Recollec- tions, Literary and Personal ; " " Liter- arj' Reminiscences and Jlemoirs of T. Campbell;" " Memoirs of Remarkable Misers ; " and " Past Celebrities whom I have known." D. 1870. REDFIELD, William C, b. at Mid- dletown, Coiin., 1789; d. in New York, 1857. Trained as a mechanic, and en- gaged in steamboat navigation, he be- came widely known as a meteorologist, and especially for his successful re- searches into the phenomena of violent storms and gales, which he showed to be large progressive whirlwinanada, and served on the Niagara frontier. He com- manded at the battle of Chippewa, where he was wounded, and at the bat- tle of Lundy's Lane, 24 Julv, 1814, He d. in Pans, 1851. KICARD, GusTAVE, a French por- trait painter, b. at Marseilles in 1824, attained a high reputation in his branch of art both in France and Germany. D. 1873. RICARDO, John Lewis, an English statesman, b. 1812, entered the house of commons in 1841, and was one of the most active promoters of the repeal of the Britisti navigation laws, of which he wrote a "History and Anatomy." D. 1862. RICE, James Clay, brigadier-gen- eral U. S. volunteers, b. in VVorthing- ton, Mass., 1830, educated at Yale, was for a time a teaclier in the south. At the outbreak of the civil war he was practising law in New York, but vol- unteered as a private in the Garibaldi guard, and was soon made first lieuten- ant. For his conduct in the Peninsular campaign, in 1862, he was made colo- nel. He served under Burnside at F'redericksburg ; and distinguishing himself at Chancellorsville and Get- tysburg was commissioned brigadier- general of volunteers. He was killed in battle at Spottsvlvania Court-house, 1864. RICHARDSON, Charles, an Eng- lish lexicograpiicr, was b. in 1775. In 1815 his "Illustrations of English Phi- lology " appeared; and in 183.5-37, his " Dictionary," as a separate work. The philological principles of Dr. Rich- ardson are substantially the same as those of Home Tooke in his " Diver- sions of Purley." D. 1835. —James, an Englisii traveller, b. 180a, published in 18-11) his ''Travels in the Great Des- ert of Sak'ara," 2 vols. Placed at the head of an expedition by the English government, he was the first European visitor of the stony desert of Hamme- dah, whence he proceeded to Borneo, and d. at Ungurutona, 1851. His "Nar- rative of a Mission to Central Africa," appeared in 1853. — Sik John, natural- ist and arctic explorer, b. at Dumfries, in Scotland, in 1787, studied medicine, and for some years served as medical officer in the British navy in which ca- pacity he served in the war with the United States. In 1819 he sailed with Sir John Franklin, as surgeon and nat- uralist, and again in 1825. On the lat- ter occasion Richardson commanded two boats, in which he discovered the passage between the mouths of the Mackenzie and Coppermine rivers. In 1829 he began the publication of the zoology of these northern regions. Years afterward he sailed for the arc- tic regions in search of Franklin. An account of the expedition was pub- lished in 1851. .\mong his works are the "Fauna Bnreali Americana," "Zo- ological Appendix ti' Sir Edward Par- ry's Second Voyage," and the "lethy- ology of the Voyage of the F.rebus, the Terror, and the Sulohur " D. 1865. RIETSCHEL, Eknst, a German sculptor, b. in Saxony, 1804, entered the Dresden academy of arts in 1820, and in 1826 studied" under Ranch at Berlin. A year in Italy completed his professional training. In 1828 he re- turned to Dresden, and during his pro- fessional career was liberally patronized by continental royalty. D. 1861. " R I GAU L T D E "G E N O U I L LY, Chaklks, admiral, b. in Rochefort, France, 1807, commanded the French fleet in the Chinese seas and coiiperated with the English in the occupation of Canton, 1857. He was minister of ma- rine in 1867, and retained that post in Ollivier's brief administration in 1870. D. 1873. 264 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPnY. [rob RIGOLLOT, Mark Jerome, a French physician and antiquary, b. 1796; d. 1854. He was the author of works upon natural history and French antiquities. KIO, Alexis Francois, a French critic and theologian, b. 1806, wrote many works artistic and historical, from a strictly Roman Catholic point of view. Amongthem are a series of religious' biographies, and a work on "Christian Art." Several of his works have been translated into English. I). 1874. HIPLEY, Henry Joxes, an Ameri- can clergyman, b. in Boston, 1798, graduated' at Harvard college, studied divinity at Andover, and was professor of Bibiical literature and kindred stud- ies in the Newton theological institution, Mass., from 1826 to 18G0. He pub- lished several works of scriptural com- ment and criticism. D. 1875. — Ros- WELL Sabine, author of a '-History of the War with Mexico," and distin- guished for gallantry at Cerro Gordo and Chapultepec, retired from the U. S. army in 1853. He was brigadier- general in the confederate service, and was engaged in the siege of Fort Sum- ter, and wounded at Antietam. B. 182.3 ; d. 1863. RITCHIE, Leitch, journalist and miscellaneous writer, was b. at Green- ock, Scotland, about 1800. He fur- nished the letter-press of many of the '-'Annuals," wrote in newspapers and reviews, and for several years con- ducted " Chambers's .Journal." lie pro- duced some thirty original volumes, and edited and partly wrote forty more. D. 1865. — Thomas, b. in Essex county, Va., 1779, for many years editor of the Richmond " Enquirer," in which posi- tion he wielded great intliience in the councils of the Democratic partv. For a time he conducted the Washington "Union." D. 1854. RITTER, Heinrich, a German ec- lectic philosopher, b. at Zeibst, 1791, wrote a Historj- of Philosophy in 10 vols., a portion of which has been translated into French and English. D. 1869. — Karl, a distinguished German geographer, author of the science of comparative geography, b. 1779 ; d. in Berlin, 1859. His most celebrated work is his '■ Geography in Relation to the Nature and History of Man," in 20 volumes. RIVES, William Cabell, an Amer- ican statesman, b. in Nelson county. Va., 1793, was collegiately educated and studied law. After tilling political po- sitions in his state, he was in 182-3-27 a representative in congress, and in 1829- 32 minister to France. He was U. S. senator, with a short interval, from 1832 to 1845. From 1849 to 1853 he was again minister to France. In 1861 he was a member of the peace conference, and after the secession of Virginia be- came a member of the confederate pro- visional congress at Montgomery, Ala. He published " Life and Times of James Madison." 3 vols. ; a treatise on "Agri- culture;" " Life of John Hampden;" "Christian Ethics;" and a "Discourse on the Uses and Importance of His- tory." D. 1868. ROBBINS, Royal, congregational minister, author of the "World Dis- plaved," and "Outlines of History," b. in Connecticut, 1788 ; d. 1861. ROBERTS, Benjamin Stone, an American soldier, b. in Vermont, 1811, graduated at West Point, entered the army but resigned and was subse- quently engineer and lawyer. He reen- tered the army during the war with Mexico, in which he served with dis- tinction. For his services in the civil war he was brevetted brigadier-general. D. in Washington, 1875. — David, an artist, b. near Edinburgh, 1796; d. 1864. He was a house-painter and afterwards a scene-painter, and first acquired an artistic reputation by a volume of lith- ographic copies of his " Picturesque Sketches in Spain," 1837. His best known labors perhaps are embraced in "Sketches in the Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia." The oil paintings and water color pieces left in his studio at iiis death were ex- hibited in 1865, and sold for .£16,000.— George Washington, Col., b. in (Ches- ter county, Penn., .1833, graduated at Yale college, studied law, and was prac- tising in Chicago when the civil war broke out. As colonel of 42d Illinois volunteers he distinguished himself by spiking a confederate battery at Island No. id; accomplishing this daring ex- ploit with a band of forty men in small boats. He was otherwise distinguished in the southwest. He was killed while heading a successful bayonet charge of the 42d in the battle of Stone River, Dec. 31, 1862. ROBERTSON, Frederick Wil- liam, a popular preacher, b. in London 1816, was placed at the New Academy in Edinburgh, and matriculated at Ox- ford. Having held several curacies, he became, in 1847, incumbent of Trinity Chapel, Brighton, and a most popular roc] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 265 preacher, being gifted with a ready elo- quence, for the support of which he usuall.v carried only a few notes into the pulpit. His opinions were free from the trammels of an\' particular section of the church; and his discourses were distinguished by liberality as well as b^' poetical beauty. Several volumes of his lectures and sermons have been pub- lished, and his "Life and Letters," edited by S. A. Brooke. D. 1853.— Thomas' WiLLiAJi, an English drama- tist, first attracted notice by his adap- tation of "David Garrick," from the French, the leading character in which was played by Sot hern. He estab- lished his reputation by the comedy " Society," brought out at the Prince of Wales's theatre in Nov., 1865. It was followed by "Ours," by " Shadow Tree Shaft," which proved a failure, by " Caste," another success, and bv "For Love," in 1867. B. 1829 ; d. in London, 1871. ROBINSON, Edward, an Ameri- can biblical scholar, b. in Southington, Conn., 1794, graduated at Hamilton college, N. Y., but completed his studies at Andover, where he assisted Professor Stuart in the translation of text-books from the German, and in the labors of the theological seminary. In 1830 he was appointed professor extraordinary of sacred literature and librarian at An- dover, and in 1837 professor of biblical literature in LTnion theological semi- nary. New York, which office he held until his death. He visited Palestine twice, in company with Dr. Eh Smith; and the published record of his observa- tions and inquiries obtained for him great favor amongst biblical scholars, here and in Europe. He edited the "Biblical Repositoly," and afterwards the "Bibliotheca Sacra." Amongst his other works are, "The Harmony of the Four Gospels," in Greek and English, and a Greek and English Lexicon of the New Testament. D. in New York, 1863. See his "Life, Character, and Writings," by Dr. Smith and Dr. Hitchcock, New York, 1864. — The- KESE AlBERTINE LoUISE VON JaCOB, wife of the preceding, b. in Halle, Ger- many, 1797, published in 1816 German translations of Scott's "Old Mortality " and "Black Dwarf," and subsequently original tales, and a number of poems translated from the Servian. In 1828 she married Professor Robinson, and in 1830 accompanied him to the United States. Here she wrote and translated; and afterwards in Germany wrote sev- eral novels that were translated into English bv her daughter, and published in New York. D. in Hamburgh, 1869. — Sir Frederick Philips, British gen- eral, entered the army as ensign, in 1777, and served five years in the war of the American Revolution. In 1814 he commanded a brigade in Canada, and forced the passage of the Saranac in command of the forces intended for the attack of Plattsburgh. D. 1852, in his 88th year. — Henry Crabb, an English barrister at law, b. 1775, was known in his lifetime as a good lawyer, an ad- mirable conversationist, and the friend of Goethe, Wordsworth, and many of the most distinguished personages of the 19th century. He obtained a large posthumous reputation as the author of his " Diary, Reminiscences, and Corre- spondence," in three volumes, (1869), selected and edited by Thomas Sadler, Ph. D., from an immense number of MSS. of which thev are said to form about the twenty-ti'fth part. ' D. 1867. — John Henry, an English line-en- graver, b. in Lancashire, 1796, was a pupil of James Heath, and acquired a distinguished position in his art. Be- sides many beautiful book-plates, he executed admirable copies of Wilkie's "Napoleon and Pope Pius VII.;" of Mulready's "Wolf and Lamb;" and of Lawre'nce's " Sir Walter Scott." Two of the choicest specimens of his .style are, "The Sisters," after Stephanoff; and the "Mother and Child," after Leslie. D. 1871. A collection of his engravings, in their different stages of completion, was purchased by the Brit- ish Museum. ROBSON, Frederick, a comedian with a style peculiarly his own, was b. at Margate, Kent, 1821, and for several years struggled in vain to obtain a po- sition on the stage. His first great success was achieved at the Queen's theatre, Dublin, and led to his engage- ment at the Olympic, London, where he remained a most popular actor until his death, in 1864. ROCHETTE, DiJsiR^fi Raoul, a French archieologist, b. about 1790, succeeded Guizot as professor of mod- ern history in 1815. and Quatremere de Quincy in the chair of archieology in 1826. " His works were numerous, and one of them, " Lectures on Ancient Art," was translated into English. D. 1854. ROCK, Daniel, D. D., Catholic ar- chteologist, b. in Liverpool, 1799, was educated at the English College, Rome, 26G CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [r08 and entered into holy orders. He wrote "Hierurgia; or, the Sacrifice of the JFass Expounded," London, 1833, in 2 vols. 8vo ; " Transubstantiation Vin- dicated ; " " The Mvstic Crown of Ma- ry, the Holy Maiden-Mother of God, born free from the Stain of Original Sin," in verse, 8vo, London, 1857, and other productions. He catalogued and described the ecclesiastical vestments, dresses, tissues and embroideries, in the South Kensington Museum. D. 1871. ROCKWELL, John Arnold, jurist, b. in Norwich, Conn., 1803, practised law there, and was member of con- gress, 1847-51. During this period he was chairman of committee on claims, and interested himself actively in the establishment of the court of claims. He published two volumes on the "Mexican Law of Mines and Real Es- tate." D. in Washington, 1861. RODMAN, Isaac Peace, b. in South Kingston, R. I., 1822, was a member of the state senate of Rhode Island in 1861. He raised a company of volun- teers, and was captain in the battle of Bull Run ; colonel at the taking of Roanoke Island ; and at the battle of Newbern carried the enem^^'s works at the point of the bayonet. As brigadier- general he was mortally wounded at Antietam, and d. September, 1862. ROEBLING, John Augustus, an American engineer, b. in Prussia, 1806, introduced in the L^nited States the manufacture of wire ropes, and their use in the construction of wire bridges and aqueducts. In 1867 he comi51eted the Cincinnati suspension bridge with a clear span of 1,057 feet. He de- signed the East River bridge that is to connect New York and Brooklvn. D. 1869. ROGERS, Samuel, an English poet, b. near London, 1763 ; d. 1855. His career embraced four generations in the history of English literature. Loving alike fashion, literature, and art, he passed his days as an amateur in let- tei-s, painting, and music, and as a friend or patron of literary men and artists. In 1792 he produced '• The Pleasures of Memory," the work with which his name is most generally asso- ciated. In 1822 he published his last work, " Italy," a collection of descrip- tive sketches in verse and prose. Dif- ferent editions of his works were illus- trated bj' designs of Stolhard, and of Turner, exf4uisitelv engraved. See "Table Talk," by Mr. Dyce, and " Recollections," by the late Samuel Rogers. — Henry Darw^in, an Ameri- can geologist, b. in Philadelphia. 1809, was professor of geology many years in the university of Pennyslvania, and subsequently in the university of Glas- gow, Scotland. He made important geological surveys of New Jersey and Pennsylvania. D. in Glasgow, 1866. ROGET, Peter ]Makk, an English physician, b. in London, 1779 ; d. at Malvern, 1869. As a scientific writer he is best known by his work on " Ani- mal and Vegetable Physiology," pub- lished in 1834 as one of the Bridgewater Treatises. His " Thesaurus of Eng- lish Words and Phrases " has passed through manv editions. ROLPH, John A., artist and land- scape-engraver, b. in Essex, England, 1798; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 1862. He came to this country in 1833, and from that period occupied a high professional position in New York. ROMILLY, John, an English jurist, b. in London, 1802. son of Sir Samuel, was some time member of parliament, and master of the rolls from 1851 to 1872. D. 1874. RONALDS, Sir Francls, an Eng- lish electrician, b. in London, 1788, was one of the first to make experiments in electric telegraphy. In 1816 he con- structed in his own garden at Highbury, and afterwards at Hammersmith, an electric telegraph, consisting of eight miles of wire supported on poles through which he sent messages in nearly the same manner as was afterwards adopted. Of these experiments he printed an account in 1823. From 1843 to 1852 he was honorary director of Kew ob- servatory. During this period he in- vented several self-registering meteor- ological and magnetical instruments, which were recognized by a govern- ment reward, and a pension on his re- tirement from Kew. At the age of eighty-two he was knighted forhis "re- markable labors in telegraphic inves- tigation." In his last year he was en- gaged in preparing a bibliography of Electrical Science. D. at Battle, in Sus- sex, 1873. ROSA. Francisco Martinez de la, a Spanish statesman and author, b. in Granada, 1789; d. 1862. He partici- pated in the struggles of the time of Fei;dinand VII., and was punished for his liberalism by a five j-ears' impris- onment in a Spanish fortress on the Barbary coast. The revolution of 1820 secured his liberation, but when French arms had restored Ferdinand to the EOS] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 267 throne, the statesman and writer was driven into exile. He was recalled in 1831, and afterwards filled several high ofHcial positions. ROSCOE, Thomas, an English au- thor, son of William Koscoe, b. 1791, engaged early in literary pursuits, and edited Sismondi's " Literature of the South of Europe" and Lanzi's "His- tory of Italian Painting." He trans- lated specimens of German, Spanish, and Italian novelists, with brief me- moirs, and edited a series of the English novelists, illustrated by Cruikshaiik. He wrote and edited other works and published a volume of poems. D. 1871. ROSE, GusTAVK, chemist, b. at Ber- lin, 1798, spent some time in the labor- atory of Berzelius at Stockholm, and accompanied Humboldt in his explora- tion of Northern Asia, of which he published an account in his " Journej' to the Ural, Altai, and the Caspian Sea," 1837-42. His " Elemente der Krvstallographie," a remarkable work, appeared in 18-38. D. 1873. — Hein- Eicn, a German chemist, b. in Berlin, 1795, became professor there in 1835, and published a well-known manual of analj'tical chemistry. He discovered a new metal which he called niobium. D. 18(54. — Henhy John, an English author and archdeacon, b. 1801, edited the " Encyclopedia Metropolitana," from 1839; and the first volume of the biographical dictionary that bears his name. He translated Neander's " His- tory of the Christian Religion and Church during the first three Centu- ries," 2 vols. D. 1873. — Sir George Henry, an English diplomatist, b. 1771, and educated at Cambridge. In 1807 he was sent on an extraordinary mission to the United States, and was afterward ambassador at Munich, and at Berlin. He succeeded his father as clerk of the parliament. He edited " A Selection from the Papers of the Earls of Marchmont, illustrative of Events from 1C85 to 1750," 8vo, 3 vols. D. 18.55. ROSMINI SERBETI, Antonio, an Italian priest and philosopher, b. in Roveredo, 1797, founded in 1828 "the brethren of charity," a religious order known as the Rosminiani, and published 35 volumes of philosophical and theo- logical works. He was nominated b_v Pius IX. to the Cardinalate, but not confirmed, on account of his work on church government and reform which was put on the Index Expurgatorius. Two memoirs of Rosmini have been published since his death in 1855. ROSS, John (Kooweskoowe), a Cher- okee chief, b. in Georgia about 1790, was a half-breed, and received a good English education. He was distin- guished by the ability with which he contested the efforts of Georgia to re- move his tribe from her limits, and for his protest against the New Echota treaty. The Indians, however, were compelled to remove. In 1861 he en- tered into a treaty with the seceding states. D. 18G6 at" Washington, where he was urging the claims of his tribe for losses during the war. — Sir John, a distinguished navigator, b. 1777, entered the British navy in 1780, and in 1818 was associated with Sir W. E. Parry in an expedition to Baffin's Bay: from 1829 to 1833 he prosecuted further researches in the same direction in the Victory steamer, making val- uable discoveries, and being knighted on his return to England. In 1850 he made a Jast expedition to the Arctic Ocean in search of Sir John Franklin. He published narratives of his princi- pal voj'ages. D. 18.50. — Sir James Clark, rear-admiral, an arctic ex- plorer, b. in London, 1800, entered the British navy in 1812, and in 1827 was made commander for his services un- der Sir W. E. Parrv, in an attempt to reach the north pole. In 1829 he em- barked with his uncle on the remark- able voyage of the Victory'. For the determination of the exact' position of the north magnetic pole and eminent scientific and geographical discoveries, he received the rank of post-captain in 1834. He commanded the expedition, consisting of the Erebus and Terror, which left England in 1839 on a voyage of discovery to the Antarctic Ocean ; and in 1848 was appointed to command the first expedition sent in search of Sir John Franklin. D. 1862. —Sir William Charles, a celebrated min- iature painter, b. in London, 1794 ; d. 1860. ROSSE, William Parsons, Third Earl of, b. 1800 at York, was educated at Oxford, and devoted himself to philo- sophical pursuits, and more particularly to astronomy. Lord Rosse resided chieflv at Birr Castle, in Ireland, where he set up his first telescope in 1831. It had a concave speculum of 3 feet di- ameter, a focal distance of 27 feet, and was so nicely balanced, by means of weights over" pulleys, that it could be raised or lowered "to any angle with 268 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [rou the greatest ease. With a newer and more gigantic instrument, 52 feet in length and 7 feet in diameter, having a 6-feet speculum, many of the nebulae previously seen as luminous patches were resolved into stars ; new nebulous mist was revealed to observation. This instrument was the first of the size ever constructed. Lord Rosse's ob- servations appear in the Philosophical Transactions of the Roval Society, of which he was five vears president. D. 1861. UOSSEL, Louis Nathaniel, a French soldier, b. in Brittany 1844, entered the army and was colonel at the outbreak of the Communist insur- rection in Paris in March, 1871. Siding with the Communists he resigned his commission in the army, and was made their minister of war. He was cap- tured by the police of the victorious government in .June, and tried before the court-martial at Versailles. He was condemned to death, and in spite of the most earnest endeavors in his behalf he was shot at Satory, November 28, 1871. His "Posthumous Papers," which M-ere translated into English, ap{)eared in 1872. KOSSETTI, Gabriel, an Italian poet and cominentator on Dante, b. 1783, was exiled in 1821 and sought refuge in England. He was professor of Italian literature in King's college, London, from 1831 to 184.5, when he resigned on account of blindness. D. in London. 1854. ROSSINI, GioACCHiMO Antonio, a celebrated musical composer, b. 1702 at Pesaro, in the States of the Church. His father was an indifferent performer on the French horn in a strolling company of musicians. Young Rossini became one of the party when only ten or twelve years old, and picked up the elements of the art in which he was destined to become a master. When about fifteen years of age he entered the lyceum of Bologna, where he studied counterpoint and composi- tion, under Stanislas Mattel. His ear- lier operas are forgotten. The first which made him famous was " Tan- credi," brought out at Venice 1813, and followed some months later by " L'ltal- iana in Algieri." "II Barbiere di Se- viglia," an opera buff'n, produced at Rome 1816, was condemned on the first night, though it is now, perhaps, the most popular of all operas, except Mo- zart's " Don Giovanni." " II Bar- biere " was followed by "Otello," " Cenerentola," "La Gazza Ladra," " Mose in Egitto," "Zelmira," " Se- miramide," and other operas. The crowning glorv of his career, " William Tell," was produced at the Academie Royale in Paris, 1829. With this grand effort Rossini's career may be said to have terminated. As a church com- poser, he is chieflv known by his beautiful "Stabat Mater." D. at Paris, 1868. It has been said that the last 39 years of his life were devoted to gastronomy, the cultivation of ban mots, and the adulation of artistic society. ROTHI^, Richard, a distinguished German theologian, b. at Posen, 1799, was a pupil of Neander and a friend of Bunsen. He was said to resemble Sehleiermacher in fervid piety and di- alectical acumen, Hegel in his specu- lative method, and the mystics in his theosophic tendencies. His great work is the " Theologische Ethik," 3 vols., 2d edition recast 1867. D. 1867. ROTHSCHILD, Baron Anselm, the eldest of the brothers of the financial house of the Rothschilds, b. 1773 ; d. at Frankfort, 1855. — Bakon James de, brother of the preceding, b. 1792, was the youngest and last surviving son of the founder of the great commercial house of his name. On the death of his father in 1812, James took up his residence in Paris, with a fortune of £40,000 ; and left an estate estimated at not much less than fiftv millions sterling, amassed in financial operations on the largest scale, conducted in con- cert with his brothers and nephews. He was unrivalled in his judgment in af- fairs, and was distinguished alike for his personal and private character, and his princelv liberalitv. He left a widow and several children. D. 1869. R0UG6, Olivier Charles Camille Emmanuel de. a French Etrvptologist, b. in Paris, 1811 ; d. 1873." He "was one of the editors of the " Revue Ar- cheologique," and professor in the Col- lege de France. He published many volumes, the results of his Egyptian researches. ROUGET, Georges, a French paint- er, b. in Paris, 1781, was a pupil of David, and a successful copvist of his style. D. 1869. ROUS, Henry John, an 'English admiral, b. 1795, entered the navy in 1808, and distinguished himself in 1835 by a remarkable feat of seamanship, in bringing home the Pique from a reef of rocks on the Labrador coast, with a sprung foremast, and without a keel, run] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 269 forefoot, or riuliier, and inakinj,' twenty- tliree inches of It-akage per hour. For this achievment he was returned to par- liament as member for Westminster. In 183() he retired from the navy, and devoted himself chiellv to horse-racing. Styled the " Dictator of the Turf," Admiral Rous was the author of " Laws and Practice of Horse Racing," the standard authority on the subject. D. 1877. ROUSSEAU, LovKLL Harrison, brigadier-general U. S. A., b. in Ken- tucky, 1818, without any early educa- tion, studied law, was admitted to the bar in Indiana, went early into politics, was captain of a company of volunteers in the ^Mexican war, and on his return practised law in Louisville, Ky. When the civil war broke out he raised two Kentucky regiments for the support of the U. S. government. JMade brigadier- general of volunteers in November, 1801, he distinguished himself by l;is activity and gallantry, and in 1864 commanding the district of Tennessee, he made his famous raid into Alabama, destroying the iMontgomerj' and Atlan- ta lines of railroad. He was a mem- ber of congress from the Louisville dis- trict, 1805-67, and supported the Re- construction policy of President John- son. In 1867 he was made brigadier- general U. S. A., and assigned to duty in Alaska. Subsequently commanding in New Orleans, he d. there in 1869. — Theodore, a French landscape paint- er, b. in Paris, 18 1-2, was an adherent of the romantic school, and was for many years excluded from the exhibi- tion by his classic judges. But on his reappearance in the salon in 184!), he immediately assumed rank among the tirst landscape painters of Europe. In his scenes he affects the grave and se- vere. D. 1867. ROLTTH, Martin Joseph, a learned English writer, the friend of Porson, Parr, and other names of other genera- tions, d. 1854, in his 100th year. His principal works are the " Reliquiae Sa- cne," and an edition of Burnet. RUBINI, Giovanni Battista, a famous tenor singer, b. in Italy, 1795. He commenced his musical career by playing the violin in the church of Romano, and made his first appearance on the stage at Naples in 1815. In Paris and London he acquired a bril- liant reputation and a large fortune. D. 1854. RUOKERT, Fkiedrich, a German poet and orientalist, b. iu Bavaria, 1789, studied at Jena, and made a tour through Italy. In 18-26 he was ap- pointed professor of the Persian lan- guage at Eriaiigen, whence he was summoned to Berlin bv King Frederick Wilhelm in 1830. Iii 1849 he retired to his estate near Coburg, where he spent the remainder of his life. His " Deutsche (jledichte " appeared in 1814, and was followed by numerous other poetical works, some original, and some translated from oriental lan- guages. D. 1800. — Leopold Imman- UEL, a German theologian and biblical critic, b. 1797, held an intermediate po- sition between rationalism and ortho- doxy, and published many commen- taries, sermons, and dissertations. D. 1871. RLTDE, Francois, a distinguished French sculptor, b. at Dijon, 1784 ; d. 1855. He was the principal artist em- ployed in 1830 to decorate the "Arc de Triumphe de I'Etoile." RtJDIGER, Feodok Vasilievitch, Count, a Russian General, b. about 1790, distinguished himself in the Turkish campaign of 1828-29, and in the suppression of the Polish insurrec- tion of 1830. He commanded a corps (Vannee in the Hungarian campaign of 1849, and defeated Gorgei in a pitched battle at Waitzen. He was considered the ablest general in the Russian ser- vice. D. 1856. RUFFIN, Edward, American agri- culturist and politician, b. in Virginia, 1794, published an " Essay on Calca- reous Manures," report of an agricul- tural survey of South Carolina, and "Essay and Notes on Agriculture." He edited several agricultural journals, and the Westover MSS. by W. Bird. He was an ultra secessionist, tired the first gun on Fort Sumter, and killed himself on the failure of secession, near Danville, Ya., June 17, 1865. — Thom- as, b. in North Carolina, represented Missouri in congress from 1856 to 1861, joined the secessionists, and be- came a member of the confederate con- gress and a colonel in the confederate armv. Wounded in battle in Virginia, he d. 1863. RUFFNER, Rev. Henry, president of Lexington college, Va. and author of a pamphlet against the continuance of slavery of that state. B. 1788 ; d. 1861. RUNEBERG, Johan Ludwig, a Swedish poet, b. at Jacobstad, Finland, 1804, graduated at Abo, 1827; studied the folk-lore of the Fiuuish peasantry ; 270 CYCLOP.F.DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [SAI settled at Helsinssfors in 1830 ; edited a newspaper 1832-7; published "Ser- vian Folk-Songs" (1830); two vol- umes of "Poems" (1830-33); and a love-id}'!!, "Hanna" (1836); became professor of classical literature at the college of Borga in 1837, and thence- fortli produced in rapid succession vol- umes of romantic, l3"ric, and epic poetry. His chief work, "FanrikStals ^agller" (two vols. 18-48-60), is a col- lection of songs and legends of Fin- land, wliich contain the tinest lyrics in the Swedish language, and made Rune- berg the most popular Scandinavian poet of his time. An English transla- tion of his "Lyrical Poems" is an- nounced in London. D. May 6, 1877. KL^SH, KiCHAKD, statesman and di- plomatist, b. in Philadelphia, 1780; d. 1859. He was attorney -general of Pennsylvania in 1811 ; of the LTnited States from 1814 to 1817 ; compiled an edition of the laws of the United States in 181.5 ; was temporary secretary of state in 1817 ; minister to England from 1817 to 1825; secretary of the treasury in the administration of John Quincy jVdams; candidate for vice-president with Mr. Adams in 1829. In 1829 he went to Holland to obtain a loan for the corporations of Georgetown, xVlex- andria, and Washington ; in 1837, to Jlngland to obtain the Smithsonian leg- acy; and in 1847 was appointed minis- ter to France by President Polk. Dur- ing the latter part of his life he did not participate actively in public affairs. He wrote frequently for the press, and published " Memoranda of a Residence at the Courtof St. James;" "Incidents official and personal from 1b19 to 1825 ; " " Washington in Domestic Life;" and in 1860 a volume of his " Occasional Productions" appeared. RUSK, Thomas J., an American statesman, b. in South Carolina, 1803, studied law, and practised with success in Georgia. In 1835 he removed to Texas, and was a member of the con- vention that declared Texas an inde- pendent republic, in March, 1836; was the first secretary of war, fought in the battle of San Jacinto, and took com- mand of the army after General Hous- ton was wounded. He afterwards com- manded several expeditions against the Indians, served as a member of the house of representatives, and as chief justice of the supreme court. In 1845 he was president of the convention that annexed Texas to the United States. Upon the admission of Texas into the Union he was elected senator, and had just entered upon his third senatorial term when he d. at Nacogdoches, Tex., 1857. RLTSSEL, David Ali.kn, an Ameri- can officer, b. at Salem, N. Y., 1820, graduated at West Point, displayed courage and ability in the Mexican war ; was engaged in the important battles in Virginia of 1862-3; brigadier- general Nov. 29, 1862; he led the ad- vance at the battle of Fredericksburg, was distinguished at Gettysburg, and in General Grant's campaign from the Ra- pidan to the James. He was wounded in the assault on Happahanock station; was made brigadier-general for his con- duct in the battle of the Wilderness, and brevet major-general for the battle of Opequan, in which he was killed Sept. 19, 1864. S. SAINTF.-BEUVE, Charles Augus- TiN, a celebrated French critic, was b. at Boulogiie-sur-Mer, in 1804, of Eng- lish descent on the mother's side. He was educated, and studied medicine in Paris, but soon discovered that litera- ture was his true vocation. He threw himself into the romantic movement, and joined the staff of the " t^enacle," on which he was associated with Alfred de Musset. Among his early works were two volumes C)f jjoems, which met with no great favor. He was at one time touched with St. Simonism, but rapidly outgrew it. In 1845 he was received at the French academy. In 1850 he commenced in the " Consti- tutionnel " the celebrated papers on which his reputation will rest, known as the "Causeries du Lundi," filling in their collected form more than 20 volumes. He was created senator in 1865. Besides the works mentioned, St. Beuve wrote a voluminous " His- toire du Port Royal." " Portraits Litte- raires," " Portraits Contemporains," and numerous prefaces and biographies. D. 1869. SAINT -HILAIRE, Auguste, a French naturalist, distinguished for his san] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 271 researches into the vegetation of South Ameiica. B. 1779; d. 1853. SAINTIN!';, the pseudonym of Jo- seph Xavier Boniface, a French writer, b. in Paris, 1798, was the author of hun- dreds of plan's, besides stories, novels, and miscellanies; hut is best known by his story of " I'icciida," which has been throunh 40 editions, and translated into several languai^es. Many of ^ his worlts have been translated into Eng- lish. D. 18f;5. ST. JOHN, Bayle, an English trav- eller, b. in London, 1822, was a member of a family of authors, and published among other works " Adventures in the Libyan Desert," " The Subalpine Kingdom," containing some curious iocuments on the life of Rousseau, "Purple Tints of Paris," and "Le- gends of the Christian East." D. 18.59. ST. LEONARDS, Edward Buk- ! TENSHAW SuGDKN, an English jurist and lord chancellor, was b. in London, 1781, the son of a hair-dresser. He studied law, entered a conveyancer's othce, and was called to the bar'in 1807. His legal reputation was established by his works on "The Law of Vendors and Purchasers," and on "Powers." A long time devoted to chamber practice, he began in 1817 to appear in the courts both of chancery and common law. In 1828 he entered the house of com- mons as member for Weymouth, a pro- nounced Tory. As a legislator he failed to distinguish himself. Sir Robert Peel made him lord chancellor of Ireland in 1835, and again in 1841. In 1852 Lord Derby gave him the great seal of Eng- land, and raised him to the peerage with the title of Lord St. Leonards. His tenure of the great seal was for about nine months. On his resignation he occupied himself with the prepara- tion of a fourteenth edition of his "Vendors and Purchasers." He also published a " Handy Book of Property Law." D. at the age of ninety-three at Thames Ditton, Januarv 29, i875. SALDANHA, OnviEitA E. Daun JoAo Carlos, a Portuguese marshal and statesman, b. 1790, was an able soldier and a leading speaker in the Portuguese chamber. For his work on the concordance of geolngy with Gene- sis, the pope sent him the grand cross of St. Gregory. D. 1861. SALE, Sir Robert Henry, an Eng- lish general, b. 1782, entered the l^rit- ish service in 1795. His title to dis- tinction rests upon his achievements in Affghanistan, where his troops alwaj's formed the advance. In 1841 he com- manded the brigade which stormed the Khoord Calnd I'ass, and retreated upon Jellalabad, followed by the army of Akhbar Khan. Sale and his troops were besieged in this place from No- vember, 1841, to April, 1842, when he attacked and routed the besieging army. He was at the battle of Moodkee, De- cember, 1845, where his left thigh was shattered by a grape-shot whicdi proved fatal. — Ladv Florentia, wife of the preceding, remarkable for the daring constancy' with which she accompanied her husband in all his cani])aigiis. At the period of the Cabul disasters she became the prisoner of Akhbar Khan, and afterwards published a memoir of her captivitv. D. 1854. SALOMONS, Sir David, b. in Lon- don, 1797, of the Jewish persuasion, was the first Ileljrew ever elected lord mayor of London. He was chosen M.P. for Greenwich in 1851, but ob- jecting to the oath administered "on the faith of a Christian," he did not take his seat till 1858, when he was admitted by a resolution of the house. Origi- nally a merchant, he was called to the bar "in 1849. He was three times re- elected for Greenwich. He wrote on the corn laws, currency, oaths, religious liabilities, and other subjects. D. 1873. SALTOUN, Alexander George Fraskr, Lord, remembered for his de- fence of Hougoumont at the battle of Waterloo. B. 1785 ; d. 1853. SAMSON, Jo.sEPH Isidore, a French actor and dramatist, b. at St. Denis, 1793; d. 1871. He was especially dis- tinguished in the Comedies of Moliere anil lleauniarchais. SANDLKS, William P., an officer of ihe U. S. army, b. in Kentucky, graduated at West Point in 1856, and in the civil war was appointed briga- dier-general of volunteers, and com- manded a cavalry division in East Ten- nessee. He was wounded in the battle at Campbell's station, and d. at Knox- ville, 1863. SAN MIGUEL, Evariste, a Span- ish journalist, statesman, and soldier, b. 1780; d. 1862. He was the author of the "Hymn of Riego," a popular Spanish war-song; and also of a history of Philip II. SANTA ANNA, Antonio Lopez DE, a Mexican gei\eral and statesman, b. at Jalapa, 1798, entered military life in 1821, when he expelled the royalists from Vera Cruz, and was appointed to the command of that city. Deposed la 272 CYCLOr^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [SAR ]822, he raised the banner of the repub- lic, and conspired for the overthrow of the Emperor Iturbide. He overthrew the I'edrazza administration, in favor of Guerrero, wiio made him minister of war and commander in chief. He then conspired to replace Guerrero as Exec- utive b\- Bustamente ; and to replace Bustamente by Pedrazza. In 1833 he was elected president. Insurrections and conspiracies followed, and in 1835 he announced himself as dictator. An emigration of the discontented to Texas was the consequence, and an inde- pendent government was formed there. Santa Anna marched in person against the insurgents at the head of 6,000 men, stormed the Alamo at San Antonio on March 6, 1836, and massacred its defenders, and was totally routed at San Jacinto by General Houston, April 21, and taken prisoner the following day. In 1837 he returned to Mexico by the way of the United States, and was an unsuccessful candidate for the presidency, receiving only two electoral votes. Taking part in the defence of Vera Cruz at the time of the J'rench bombardment, he was wounded and lost a leg. After severe party struggles and vicissitudes, he was again made presi- dent in IS-tl, and ruled absolutely till 18ib, when he was banished for ten years by a new revolution. In 1846 he was recalled and made generalissimo, and afterwards provisional president. At the head of 20,000 men he marched towards the Rio Grande, and attacked General Taylor, vrho was posted with 5,000 men at Buena Vista, February 22, 1847. He was repulsed the following day. Raising a new army he posted it at Cerro Gordo, where he was routed by General Scott, April 18. After the fall of the city of Mexico, Santa Anna resigned the presidency, and- sought to retrieve his reputation by the siege of Fuebia, but was defeated by General Lane. With permission from General Scott he sailed for .Jamaica, April 3, 1848. In 18.53 he returned to Mexico, and again became president, and sub- stantially dictator, till he was displaced by a counter-revolution, and signing an unconditional abdication, sailed for Havana, August 16, 1855. After living quietly for some years in the Island of St. Thomas, he reappeared at Vara Cruz in 1863, and prepared a manifesto which General Bazaine would not per- mit him to publish. Maximilian ap- pointed him grand marshal of the em- pire, and thus afforded him an oppor- tunity of conspiring again for his own advancement. Detected or suspected, he again withdrew to St. Thomas. In 1867 he planned an expedition against .Juarez, and made a last effort to regain supreme power. He was captured, tried by a court-martial, and condemned to death, but pardoned on condition of quitting the country. After the death of Juarez he was permitted to return to Mexico. D. June 20, 1876. SARGEXT, Lucius Manlius, an American author, b. in Boston, ilass., 1786, graduated at Harvard college and studied law, but never practised. In 1813 he published " Hubert and Ellen, with other Poems." He became much interested in the temperance reform at an early period, and wrote three volumes of "Temperance Tales" that were very largely circulated. His "Deal- ings with the Dead," in two vols., were a series of biographical and satir- ical essays that were originally con- tributed to the columns of a Boston journal, and manj' of them are of per- manent interest. " D. 1867. — Lucius M.AXLius, Junior, son of the preceding, b. in Boston in 1826, graduated at Har- vard college, was an excellent draughts- man, an accomplished surgeon, and a gallant officer. Entering the army in the civil war as a surgeon, he was af- terward appointed captain of cavalry, and promoted lieutenant-colonel ; he was killed in action by a shell, Dec. 9, 1864, while leading a gallant charge against the enemy. His elder brother, Horace Binnej' Sargent, who served in Louis- iana, was brigadier-general by brevet. — WisTHiiOP, an American author, b. in Philadelphia 1825, studied law, and practised in New York. He wrote an interesting and valuable "Life of An- dre," and an introductory memoir pre- fixed to the Journals of Ofiicers en- gaged in Braddock's Expedition, printed b\- the Pennsylvania Historical Society in 1855. He'published " Loyalist Poe- try of the Revolution," and "Letters of John Andrews, Esq., 1772-6." D. in Paris, 1870. SARS, JIkhael, an eminent zo- ologist, was b. in Norway, 1805, and studied theology in the university of Christiania. But, while yet a boy, he had applied himself to the study of the natural sciences, and devoted himself in the end to zoology alone. He be- came pastor of a seaside parish in the diocese of Bergen. Between 1830 and 1854, he published a number of admi- rable researches on the evolutiou and sen] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 273 metamorphoses of some of the hiwer animals, and the tirst part of his niag- nitieent work, "Fauna Littoralis Norve- giic." He made two voyages to the arctic zone, to tiie Lofoden Islands, to Finmark, pursuing his investigations, and in 1852 and 1853 he studied the marine fauna of the Mediterranean. In his last work, "Mt'moire pour servir ii la Connaissancc des Crino'ides Vivants," he described a crinoid living in tiie northern seas, belonging to a group considered as extinct for long geolog- ical periods. D. 1809. SAVAGE, James, an American anti- quarian and author, b. in Boston, 1784, graduated at Harvard college, and was admitted to the bar in his native city. He contributed to the '" Monthly An- thology " and the " N. A. Keview-," published a valuable edition of Win- throp's "History of New England," and in 1802 " A Genealogical Diction- ary of the First Settlers of New Eng- land." D. 1873. — John, an eminent jurist, for 14 years chief justice of the supreme court of the State of New York. B. 1779 ; d. 1863. — Makmion W., an Irish novelist, settled in Lon- don in 1850, and was for several years editor of the " P^xaininer." His tirst work, "The Falcon Family," was ))iib- lishe'd in 1845. It was followed bv "The Bachelor of the Albany," "My Uncle the Curate," published anony- mously ; and by " Reuben Medlicote, or the Coining Man," to which his name was attached. D. at Torquav, 1872. SAVIGNY, Fkiedkich Karl von, a distinguished' German jurist, b. at Fratdvfort-on-the-Maine, 1779, graduated LL. D. at Marburg in 1800. Profes- sor of law in Berlin, Prussian privy councillor of justice, member of the council of state, and privy minister of state in 1842 ; withdrew from public life in 1848. He published a "Treatise on Possession," a "History of the Roman Law in the Middle Ages," and other works. D. 1801. SAY, Horace Ejiile, a French po- litical economist, b. at Paris in 1794, and educated at Geneva, was the son of the great economist, Jean Baptiste Say. His' chief work is a " History of the Commercial Intercourse between France and Brazil." He edited with care the great work of his father, " The Com- plete Practical Course of Political Econ- omv." D. 1800. SCARLETT, Sir James Yorke, a British general, a son of Lord Abinger, 18 for his services in the Crimean war cre- ated K. C. B. and commander of the legion of honor, afterwards lieutenant- general and (i. C. B. B. 1799; d. 1871. SCHADOW-tJODENHAUS, VON, Frikurich Wii.iiELM, a German painter, b. at Berlin, studied art at Home under Cornelius and Overbeck, and became distinguished as a histor- ical and portrait painter. D. 1802. SCHAF.\K1CK, Paul Joskph, an eminent Slavonic scholar, b. in North Hungary, 1795, wrote a "History of the Slavonic Language and Literature," " SJavonic Antiquities," and " Slavonic Etlinologv." 1). 1871. S C H .4 M Y L ( Ben Mohammed ScHAMYL Ei'FKXDi), a Caucasian war- rior, was b. in 1797, in the north of the Caucasian district of Daghestan. He belonged to the " Suti " party, the re- formers of Islamism. He commenced his career in 1824, and entered with his whole heart on what was to him a holy war against the Russians. In 1831 the Circassians gained some decided advan- tages ; Schamyl was left for dead in one instance; another was chosen chief, and Schamyl acted under him, on his recovery, without a murmur. He be- came the leader of the Circassians in 1837, wlien he defeated the Russians under General Ivelitsch. Two years later he renewed the war, and contin- ued it twenty years with great ability and success. He has been termed the Abd-el-Kader of the Caucasus; and, like the Arab chief, he fell into the hands of his enemy. Deserted by num- bers on whom he had placed depend- ence, Schamyl and his son became cap- tives in 1859J and Russia at length took possession of the long-coveted territory. He soon after took up his abode at Ka- luga, and there in 1800 swore allegiance to the czar. D. 1871. SCHEFFER, Ary, a French painter, b. in Holland, 1795, educated in France, and in part by Gut'rin, acquired an early reputation by his pictures, and was one of the founders of the French romantic school. Among his best ef- forts are "Francescada Rimini and her Lover encountering Dante and Virgil in the Inferno," " Christ comforting thB Weary and Heavy-laden," the "Dead Christ," and the two pictures of " Mignon," from Goethe's " Wilhelin Meister." D. 1858. — Henri, a French painter, brother of the above, was b. 1798, and d. 1802. He painted some historical pieces of merit, and excellent portraits, among others, those of Ar- 274 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [SCH mand Carrel, Franoois Arago, and Au- gustiu Tliierry; but he excelled in small pictures" of historical or anecdot- ical subjects. SCHKLLING, Fkiedricii Wiliielm JosEi'H VON, the last survivor of the series of German philosophers of which Kant, Jacobi, Herbart, Kichte, and He- gel were the other chiefs, was b. at Leonberg, in Wiirtemberg, in 1775, and d. 185-t. By the nature of his specula- tion, developed in a number of frag- mentary publications, chiefly in the earlier part of his life, Schelling occu- pies a place among German philoso- phers between Fichte and Hegel. SCHETKY, John Christian, the favorite marine painter of William IV., "the sailor king," was educated in P'^dinburgh, and was the contemporary and friend of Scott, Francis Horner, Wilson, and the men who gave such lustre to the capital of Scotland in the first quarter of this centurv- He pub- lished several works illustrated byv^n- gravings from his drawings and paint- ings, and his marine pictures are in various collections. Like Van der Velde, his predecessor in the otRee of royal marine painter, he was a left- handed artist. D. 1874, at the age of 95 vears. SCHDniELPENNINCK, Mary Anne, author of " Memoirs of Port Royal," was b. near Birmingham, in 1778, of parents belonging to the so- ciety of friends, her maiden name being Galton. Having joined the Mo- ravian body, she became eminent bv her efforts to promote religious and be- nevolent movements. She d. in 1856, leaving an autobiography, since pub- lished. SCHLEICHER, August, a German philologist, b. at Meiningen, 1821, be- came in 1850 professor extraordinary of philology at the University of Prague. In 1857 he removed to Jena, as honorary professor. He was dis- tinguished in comparative philology, and in the Indo-Germanic languages, on which he published several volumes. D. 1809. SCHLEY, William, author of " A Digest of the English Statutes;" rep- resentative in congress from Georgia, and governor of that state in 1836 and 18.37. B. in Maryland, 1786 ; d. at Augusta, 18.58. SCHLOSSER, Friedrich Chris- TOPHE, a German historian, b. 1776 ; d. 1861. He was a voluminous writer, but his greatest work is a "History of the Eighteenth Century, and of the Nineteenth to the Overthrow of the French Empire," published at Heidel- berg, 1823-46, and translated and pub- lished in England in eight volumes, 1843-52. SCHNEIDER, John Christian Frederick, a composer classed among the musical creators of Germany, was b. near Zittau, in 1786. His works include oratorios, cantatas, psalms, hvinns, and other service music. D. 1853. SCHNORR VON KAROLSFELD, Julius, a German painter, b. 1794, stud- ied with Cornelius at Rome, and painted eleven frescoes from the " Orlando Fu- rioso," for the Villa Massini. In 1827 he was appointed professor of historical painting in the academy at Munich, and panited his frescoes from the "Nie- belungen-Lied." He is best known by his admirable series of wood engravings in illustration of the Bible, "Die Bibel in Bildern," 1854. D. 1872. SCHOMBURGK, Siu Robert Her- mann, a traveller and naturalist, b. in Thuringia, 1804. He undertook an ex- ploratory voyage to Guiana in 1835, under the auspices of the royal geo- graphical society of London, and his Ijotanical researches were rewarded by the discovery of that remarkable plant, the Victoria Regia water-lily. He pub- lished a " Surve}' of British Guiana," " Views in the Interior of Guiana," and a "History- of Barbadoes." D. in Berlin, 1865. SCHONBEIN, Christian Fried- rich, a German chemist, b. 1799, dis- covered ozone, and in 1845 produced gun cotton. 1). 1868. SCHOOLCRAFT, Henry Rowe, LL. D., a writer on Indian ethnology and history, and on the geology of the Lake Superior copper region; b. in Al- bany county, N. Y., 1793. His principal work, prepared under a resolution of congress, is in quarto and illustrated, and entitled " Historical and Statistical Information respecting the History Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States." He published records of his various ex- plorations, the more important of which have been brought together in a " Nar- rative of an Jixploratory Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi River in 1820, resumed and completed by the Discovery of its Origin in Itasca Lake in 1832; " and also " Algic Research- es," "Personal Memoirs," and some Indian tales and legends. D. 1864. SCO] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 275 SCHOPENHAUER, Arthur, a Ger- man philosopher, b. 1788, at Dantzic, in Prussia, the son- of a wealthy mer- chant, devoted himself to intellectual pursuits and cultivated an earlv fond- ness for metaphysics. The work in which he developed his philosophical views was first published in 1819, under the title of '' The World considered as Will and as Appearance." It was re- printed with addition in 1841, but did not excite much attention till ten years afterwards. His other works are on "Liberty of the Will," "The Founda- tions of Morals." and the "Two Fun- damental Problems of Ethics." His collected works in six volumes were published by Julius Frauenstiidt in 1874, who has also written a coninientarv on them and a biographv of tlie author. D. 1860. SCHOULER, William, journalist and politician, b. in Scotland, 1814, came to this country at an early age, and commenced his editorial career in the "Lowell Courier." He afterwards edited for some years the " Boston At- las," and afterwards the "Cincinnati Gazette." He was adjutant-general of the State of Massachusetts during the civil war, and was an efficient aid to Governor Andrew. Among the works he published were " Massachu- setts in the Civil War," and "Political and Personal Recollections." D. 1872. SCHUBER r, GoTTHiLF Heixkich VON, a German author and mystic, b. in Saxony, 1780, was a disci[)leof Schel- ling, and published numerous works presenting mystical interpretations of natural appearances. He wrote, also, narratives of travel, biographies, and an autobiographv in three volumes. D. 1860. S C H U L TZ-SCHULTZENSTEIX, Kakl Heixrich, a German physiolo- gist, b. 1798, wrote a work on "The Circulation and the Lactiferous vessels in Plants" that was crowned by the French academy. He wrote other works on animal physiology, psychol- ogv, and the tbeorv of disease. D. in Berlin. 1871. SCHUMANN, Robert, a German composer, musician, and musical critic, b. 1810: d. 18.56. SCHWARZENBERG. Felix Lud- wiG JoHAXN FaiEDKiCH, an Austrian soldier and statesman, b. 1800, entered diplomatic life as attach^ of the Aus- trian legation at St. Petersburg. He was afterward in a diplomatic position in London, where he distinguished him- self by an intrigue with Lady Ellenbor- ough. He was subsequently minister to Turin and Naples. In 1848 he com- manded a brigade in Italy, and was made lieutenant field marshal before the battle of Custozza. Recalled the same year to Austria, he became prime minister and remained so till he d. of apoplexv in 18.52. SCHWEGLER, Albert, a German historian, b. at Michelbach, Wiirtem- berg, 1819, studied theology, but by his " Montanismus " incurred the serious displeasure of the clergy and abandoned the ecclesiastical career. He wrote "The Post-Apostolic Epoch," a "Ro- man History," " History of Philoso- phy," edited "Aristotle's Metaphysics," with a translation and commentary, and translated "Eusebius's History of the Church." D. 1859. SCHWEIGGER, Johaxn Salomon Chki.stoph, a German scientist, b. 1779, contests with Oersted the honor of dis- covering electro-magnetism. D. 1857. SCHWINl). MoKiTZ vox, a Ger- man painter, b. in Vienna, 1804, studied at Munich under Cornelius, and estab- lished his reputation by an oil painting illustrating Goethe's poem of " Ritter Kurt's Brautfahrte." He executed nu- merous frescoes at Carlsruhe, and de- signs for St. Michael's church in Lon- don, and the opera house at Vienna. L). at Munich, 1871. SCOHl'^SBY, William, an arctic explorer, b. 1790; d. 1857. The son of a York-^hire seaman, engaged in the whale fishery, he commenced life as mate of the Resolution, and in 1806 sailed into the highest latitude then reached by navigators. His account of the arctic regions is one of the most interesting records of maritime adven- ture ever written. He afterwards be- came a minister of the church of Eng- land, and a contributor to various scien- tific periodicals, especially with respect to magnetical observations. In connec- with these investigations he visited the U. S. in 1847; he also lectured on "Zo- istic Magnetism," and published works on various subjects. SCOTT, WiNFiELD, an American general, b. in Petersburg, Va., June 13, 1786, was descended from a Scotch Ja- cobite who left his country after the battle of CuUoden. He graduated at William and Mary College, studied law and entered on the practice. In 1808 he entered the U. S. army as captain of artillery. In 1809 he was suspended for one 3-ear by order of a court-martial 276 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [sea for censiiritif^ tho conduct of his com- mandiiij; otticer, (ieneral Wilkinson. This period lie devoted to the diiif^ent study of military tactics. On the open- ing of tlie war of 1812 he was made lieu- tenant-colonel and ordered to the Can- ada frontier. At the battle of Queens- town Heights he was taken prisoner with his command, and exchanged in January, 1813; he joined the army un- der General Dearborn as adjutant-gen- eral with the rank of colonel. In May of that year he especially distinguished himself in the attack on Fort George, where he was severely wounded by the explosion of a powder magazine. He was the first to enter the fort, and with his ow'n hand tore down the enemy's flag. In March, 1814, he was made brigadier-general, fought the battle of Chippewa on tho 5th of .July, and on the 25th the battle of Lundy's Lane, known also as the battle of Niagara, in which he had two horses shot under him, and was severely wounded by a musket ball in his left arm. At the age of 28 he was made major-general. On the return of peace he was offered a seat in the cabinet as secretary of war, which he declined. In the summer of 1815 he visited Europe in a difilo- niatic and military capacity. In 1832 he was sent by President Jackson to Charleston during the nullification ex- citement, and by his tact and good judgment averted the threatened civil war. He took-^iart in terminating the Black Hawk war, but failed to manage the Seminole hostilities to the satisfac- tion of the government, and was re- called. He superintended the removal of the Cherokee Indians beyond the Mississippi. At the time of the Cana- dian insurrection in 18-'i7 he was charged with the preservation of neu- trality' on our frontier; and by his judi- cious policy during the northeastern boundary agitation prevented the hos- tilities that were seriously apprehended. By the death of General Macomb, Gen- eral Scott became commander-in-chief. In 1847 he was assigned to the com- mand of the army in Mexico, and won there his brightest laurels. He invested Vera Cruz, and in twenty days reduced the castle of San Juan de Ulloa, and a garrison of 5,000 men laid down their arms on the 29th of March. On the 8th of April lie fought the battle of Cerro Gordo, and drove Santa Anna and 15,000 men from its heights. He captured in rapid succession Jalapa, Perote, and Puebla, and won victories at Contr<^ras and Churubusco. On the 13th of September, Chapultepec was stormed and carried, and on the follow- ing day Scott's army entered the city of Mexico. The treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo was signed February 2, 1848. In 1852 General Scott received the nomination of the Whigs for the presi- dency, but received the electoral vote of only four states. In 1855 he was made lieutenant-general. Age and in- firmity prevented him from taking an active part in the civil war, hut he re- mained faithful to the flag under which he had won such eminent distinction. He retired Oct. 31, IStil, retaining his rank and its emoluments. D. at West Point, May 29, 186f!. He wrote some military manuals and his own "Me- moirs." SCRANTON, George W., an ex- tensive iron manufacturer in Pennsyl- vania, and an active and influential promoter of railroads constructed to serve the iron and coal interests of that state, was b. in Connecticut, 1811, and d. at Scranton, Penn., 1861. He was a member of congress from 1858. till his death. SCItlBE, AuGUSTiN EugiSne, a French di-amatic author, b. at Paris, 1791. began his career at an early age, and through life labored for the stage with untiring industry and eminent success. He was one of the most in- genious inventors of a plot, and both England and the United States inces- santly received free translations of his works. He wrote 350 plays, and his collected works fill tiftv volumes. D. 1801. SCROOP, William, author of "Days of Deer Stalking," and "Days and Nights of Salmon Fishing," b. 1771: d. in London, 1852. SEALSFn':LD, Charles, b. in Switzerland, 1797, early emigrated to the United States, and 'in 1829-30 was one of the editors of the New York "Courrier des l-.tats Unis." He re- turned to Switzerland in 1844. and wrote, in German, a series of works on American society, institutions, and char- acteristics, which have been translated and republished in this country. D. 18fi4. SEATON, John Colborne, Lord, a British field-marshal, b. 1779, after a school education entered the army, at- tained the rank of a colonel, and distin- guished himself in Italy and Spain; and more specially at Waterloo where he commanded the 52d regiment. After sek] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPnY. 277 tlie dose of the war he was made lii'ii- teiiant-f,'overnor of Jersey. lii 1828 lie was sent to (.'unada, as lieutenant- governor and conmuuider of the forces of Upper Canada, and he subsequently held, dnrinji,- the rebellion of 1837, the united civil and military power through- out the entire province. Having sup- pressed the rebellion, he returned to England, and was raised to the peerage as Lord Seaton. D. 1803.— Wiixi.am Wi.vsToN, an American journalist and politician, b. in Virginia, 1785, after a preliminary experience in several local journals, became associated with Joseph Gales in the publication of the " Na- tional Intelligencer" in Washington in 1812. Gales and Seaton published " Annals of Congress, Debates and Pro- ceedings in that body from March 3, 1798, to May 27, 1824." 42 vols. 8vo; and a "Register of Debates " from 1824 to 1837. These works are of the great- est value to the student of American history. The life of Mr. Seaton by his daughter was published in Boston, 1871. D. in Washington, 1866. SEBASTIAN!, HiAM Lucius, a dis- tinguished jurist, b. at Middletown,. Conn., 1795, was member of congress for three terms, and in 1841 was made justice of the supreme court of his na- tive state, and chief justice in 18.56. D. 1801. STRAIN, Isaac G., lieutenant U. S. nav}-, b. in Pennsylvania, d. in Aspin- wall, 1857. He conducted explorations in the interior of Brazil and the penin- sula of California, and in 1849 crossed from Valparaiso to Buenos Aj^res, em- bodying his observations in a narrative entitled "The Cordillera and Pampa." He was attached to the Mexican boun- dary commission, and yet later con- ducted an expedition across the Isth- mus of Darien. STRANGFORD, Percy Clinton Sydney Smythe, Viscount, a British diplomatist, b. 1780 ; d. 1855. Whilst secretary of legation at Lisbon, he trans- lated the poems of Camoens, which he published in 1803, with a memoir. In 1825 he was made Baron Penshurst. — Percy William Smythe, Viscount, diplomatist and philologist, son of the preceding, was b. at St. Petersburg, where his fatlier was then ambassador, in 1825. Educated at Harrow and Ox- ford, he became an attache of the em- bassy at (Constantinople in 1845, and oriental secretary in 1857. He was a 290 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [STR ■wonderful linguist. It is said that all the languages of Europe and of civil- ized Asia were eiiually familiar to him. He stood alone in liis familiar, and mi- nute knowledge of the "Eastern Ques- tions" of the political world. He wrote the etIiiKigrapliical and political portion of Lady Siraiigford's " Eastern Shores of the .Vdriatic." A selection from his writings was published in a posthu- mous volume. D. in London, 1869. A volume of his "Original Letters and Papers on Philological Subjects " was announced for publication in 1877. STRANGWAYS, Thomas Fox, b. 1790, was brigadier-general command- ing the British artillery in the Crimea, and was killed at Inkerman, where a round shot blew away his leg. STRAUSS, David Ekiedkich, a dis- tinguished German scholar and theolo- gian, b. 1808 at Ludwigsburg, in Wiir- temberg, was originally' trained for the ministry of the evangelical church, and being ordained in his twenty-second year, obtained professorships, first at Heilbronn and afterward at Tubingen. In 1835 he published his " Life of .lesus Critically Examined,"' a book which aroused more controversy than any book of modern times. The object of the writer was to ac'coimt for the origin of the Christian faith in the absence of any belief in the supernatural. The theory was, that around the figure of the teacher Jesus there had gathered, in the first two centuries, a cloud of glorifying and falsifying myths orig- inating in the Old Testament idea of the Messiah. The work was translated into every European language, and in a few years may be said to have pro- duced a special literature of its own. In 1839 Dr. Strauss was appointed pro- fessor of dogmatics and church history in the university of Zurich, but he had a stormy time in his professorship, and was finally driven from it and turned his attention to politics. Elected to the Wiirtemberg diet, he disappointed his constituents by his conservatism, and retired in 1848. Devoting himself to literary pursuits he published lives of the poet Schubarf, of Christian IMiirk- lin, Ulrich Von Hutten, Hermann Sam- uel Reimarus, and Voltaire. In IStU, after the appearance of M. Renan's "Life of Jesus," Strauss prepared and published a popular edition of his " Le- ben Jesu," which had a large circula- tion, and was translated into many languages. The next year appeared his work entitled "The Christ of Faith and the Jesus of History." Of his later works the most important is " The Old Faith and the New, a Confession," pub- lished in 1872. He left unfinished a life of Lessiug, and a life of Beetho- ven. D. 1874. The same year was pub- lished an interesting essay on his life and writings by his friend, Professor Zeller. STRICKLAND, Agnes, an English authoress, was b. in 1806. Her iirst work was " VV^orcester Field; or, The Cavalier," a metrical romance, followed by " Demetrius : a Tale of Modern Greece," a poem. She published, 1840- 49, the "Lives of the Queens of Eng- land ; from the Norman Conquest to the Death of Queen Anne." " The Lives of the Queens of Scotland, and English Princesses, connected with the Regal Succession of Great Britain," fol- lowed. This series contains the most complete and authentic life of Mary, Queen of Scots that had been pub- lished; embodying recent discoveries gathered from the state paper offices of Great Britain, France, and various foreign libraries, and many sources of private information in the correspond- ence of the times. Her later works were " Lives of the Bachelor Kings of F^ngland," "Lives of the Seven Bish- ops," and "Lives of the Tudor Prin- cesses." In her royal biographies she was assisted by her sister Elizabeth. Siie received an armual pension of .£100 from 1871, in recognition of her literary merits. D. 1874. — Hugh Ed- win, an iMiglish naturalist and travel- ler, b. in Yorkshire, 1811, wrote several geological treatises and avidumeon the " History and Affinities of the Dodo, Solitaire, and other Extinct Birds." He succeeded Dr. Buckland as geological professor of Oxford. Killed by a rail- road accident, 18.53. STRINGHAM, Silas Horton, rear- admiral U. S. navy, b. at Middletown, Conn., 1798, was appointed midship- man 1810, and the next year took part in the memorable engagement between the President and the Little Belt. He served in the Algerine squadron under Decatur. In 1819 he was in the sloop of war Cyane that convoyed the first settlers to Liberia. While off the Afri- can coast he captured two steamers, and with one of them captured several other slavers, and brought his prizes to New York where they were condemned. In . 1821, in the Hornet, he was in pursuit of the pirates in the West Indies. In the Mexican war, in command of the sue] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 291 Ohio, he assisted in the bombardment of San Juan de Ulloa. In 1861 he was appointed ting officer of the North At- lantic blockading squadron, and was in coniniand of the naval forces that co- operated with General B. F. Butler in the capture of forts Hatteras and Clark. In September, 18G1, he was relieved from his command at his own request, and in July, 18t52, he was commissioned as rear-admiral on the retired list. D. 1876. STRONG, George C, an Ameri- can officer, b. at Stockbridge, Vt., 183.3, graduated at West Point, was on Mc- Dowell's staff at Bull Kun, next on McClellan's staff, and was afterwards detailed as an ordnance officer to the de- partment of the Gulf. He distinguished himself at Biloxi. Brigadier-general of volunteers, 1862, he led the assault- ing column at Fort Wagner with vet- eran skill and courage and was mor- tallv wounded at its head. D. Julv 30, '1863. STRUTHERS, John, a minor Scot- tish poet, author of " The Poor Man's Sabbath," b. 1776; d. 1853. S IRUVE, Frikdrich Georg Wil- HELM VOX, a distinguished Russian as- tronomer and author, b. in Altona, 1793 ; d. 186-1. STUART, James E. B., major gen- eral in the confederate armv, was b. in Patrick county, Va., in 1832. He en- tered the West Point academy in 18-50, served in New Mexico, and acquired a reputation for fearlessness and skill in various conflicts with hostile In- dians. In May, 1861, he joined the confederates, and connnanded the cav- alry at the first battle of Bull Run, and in the following September routed a Union force at Lewinsville, Va. For the latter service he was made brig- adier-general. Early in the Penin- sular campaign of 1861 he conducted a series of dashing cavalry expeditions, during which he destroyed Union sup- plies, made many captures, and diffused a feeling of insecurity. Made major- general, his next exploit was at Cat- lett's Station, Va., where he penetrated to Pope's headquarters, carrying off his papers and dress-uniform. In Octo- ber he made a raid into Pennsylvania, and another into Maryland, taking possession of Chambersburg, and doing much damage on the line of the Balti- more and Ohio railroad. He encoun- tered Pleasanton at the Barbee's Cross- roads in November, and in December took part in the battle of Fredericks- burg; after which he crossed the Rap- pahannock and effected another of his raids in safety. After the battle of Gettysburg, General Stuart protected the retreat of the confederates. Mor- tally wounded in the tight at Ashland, June, 1804, he was carried to Richmond and d. there the next day. — Lady Lt)UisA, the "last descendant" of the royal famih' of Scotland, died at Traquair house, near Peebles, in De- cember, 1876, in her hundredth year. — Moses, an American theologian, I), at Wilton, Conn., 1780, graduated at Vale, was admitted to the bar, but after- wards studied theology and in 3806 was ordained pastor in New Haven. In 1810 he became professor of sacred literature in the theological seminary at Andover, and occupied the chair till 1848. One of his early publications was his "Letters to Rev. W. E, Chan- ning " in 1819; and he continued to write letters, commentaries, and theo- logical treatises, throughout his active life. He published several translations, and among them Schleiermacher's " Discrepancies between the Sabellian and Athanasian Methods of Represent- ing the Doctrine of the Trinity." D. 1852. STURGE, Joseph, a member of the society of friends, and an active par- ticipator in various philanthropic move- ments, b. 1794: d. in England, 1859. He visited the United States as a la- borer in the anti-slaverv cause. STURT, SiK Charles, an English army officer, one of the earliest explor- ers of the Australian continent, and subsequently colonial secretary for the province of South Australia, d 1869. SUE, Eugene, a French novelist, b. in Paris, 1801, studied medicine, entered the army, was transferred to the naval service, and visited America, Asia, and the Mediterranean coasts. In 1828, he took part in the battle of Navarino. Inheriting the next year a fortune from his father, he became a painter, then a playwright, and finally a writer of sea-novels in emulation of Cooper. The most successful of these was " La Salamandre." Embracing the views of the socialists, he published in 1841 his "Mathilde," to illustrate and enforce them. The same ideas pre- vailed in his "Mysteries of Paris," 1842-3, a terrible picture of vice and misery. This was followed by " I'he Wandering Jew," an attack on the Jesuits. These novels added largely to his fame and fortune. In the " Con- 292 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [sum stitutionnel," in 184(5, he published his "Martin I'Enfant Troiiv<^," a socialist romance, and in the following year, "Les Sept Pechcf-s Capitaux." '' Les Mysttres dii Peiiple," published in 1849-1856, intended to be an exposure of the misery to which the common people have been reduced in all ages by injustice and tyranny, was suppressed b_v the government in 1857. In 1848, Sue adopted the strongest democratic and socialist opinions, and was elected in 1850 a member of the national as- sembly. The coup d'etat of 1851 drove Sue into exile, and he d. 1857. SULLY, Thojias, an American painter, b. in England, 1793, came to the U. S. with his parents, who were players, and in 1809 settled as a por- trait painter in Philadelphia, where he died, 1872. In his art he was very popular, excelling in female idealiza- tions. He painted, among others, full- length portraits of Cooke as Richard III., Jefferson, Decatur, Lafayette, and Queen Victoria. SUMNER, Charles, an American jurist and statesman, b. in Boston, .Ian. 6, 1811, graduated at Harvard college, and studied at the law school in Cam- bridge. He opened an office in Boston, was appointed reporter of the U. S. circuit court, was one of the editors of "The American .Jurist," and lectured at the law school for three winters previously to his tour in Europe in 1837-40." In 1844-4(5 he edited an edi- tion, with notes and illustrations, of Vesey's Chancery Reports, in 20 vols. In 1851 he was efected to the U. S. sen- ate as successor to Mr. Webster, ap- pointed secretary of state. In May, 1856, he delivered the speech against blaverj- which occupied two days, and was published with the title of " The Crime against Kansas." Some allu- sions in the speech were made the oc- casion of an attack upon him in the senate chamber after adjournment for the day, by Preston S. Brooks of South Carolina, who struck him violently on the back of his head with a gutta- percha cane, inflicting wounds that disabled the senator for several years. This outrage created the deepest ex- citement throughout the country, and on his return to his constituents Mr. Sumner was received with memorable honors. It is probable that no one event tended so distinctly as this to widen the breach between the North and the South, and exasperate the ill blood that excited the rebellion. After a visit to Europe for the benefit of his health, Mr. Sumner reentered the senate, to which he had been reelected, in the autumn of 1859. Soon afterwards he delivered in the senate an elaborate oration against slavery, published under the title of " The Barbarism of Slavery." In the presidential canvas of 18(50 he made several speeches in behalf of Abraham Lincoln. In the debates pre- ceding the civil war, and throughout its continuance, he opposed all compromise, and favored ever}' scheme for emancipa- tion. In March, 1801, he was made chairman of the senate committee on foreign relations, a post which he oc- cupied for ten years. He denounced the seizure of Mason and Slidell on board the "Trent" as a violation of international law. He was the author of the claim to " indirect damages " against Great Britain for the spoliations of the Alabama, and for allowing con- federate cruisers to be fitted out in her ports. He opposed President Grant's Santo Domingo treaty, and his renomi- nation for the presidency, but declined the Democratic and liberal Republican nomination for the governorship of Massachusetts, which was tendered him by the Worcester convention. Late in 1872 he returned from Europe, where he had gone for repose from the presi- dential contest, and on taking his seat in the senate reintroduced his civil-rights bill, and a resolution providing for re- moving from the army register and the regimental colors of the army the names of the battles won over fellow-citizens in the civil war. The latter measure led to a resolution of censure from the Mas- sachusetts legislature, which was re- scinded shortly before his death. D. March 11, 1874. In the latter part of his life he prepared a collected edition of his works in 12 volumes. A " Memo- rial of Charles Sumner" was published by order of the Massachusetts legislature in 1874. — Edwin Vosk, brevet major- general in the U. S. army, b. in BfET, an English major-general, and political reformer and writer, b. at Hull, 1783; d. 1869. Ill 1829 he became joint proprietor of the " Westminster Heview," with Dr. Bowring, and wrote regularly in its pages till 1836. His topics embraced Free Trade, Reform, Slavery, Cath- olic and Jewish Disabilities, the Corn Laws, the Theory of Rent, and other subjects, which he treated in a liberal spirit with ability and skill. His col- lected writings were published in six volumes in 1842. — Waddy, an Amer- ican politician, b. in Pickensville, S. C, 1798, was bred to the law, and from 1835 to 1841 was a member of con- gress, and a prominent leader in the Whig party. In 1842 he was appointed minister to Mexico, where he nego- tiated two important treaties, and pro- cured the release of more than 200 Tex- an prisoners. He published, in 1846, "Recollections of Mexico." D. 1868. — Zapock, professor of natural his- tory in the university of Vermont, and state naturalist, author of a gazetteer and historv of Vermont, and other works, b. 1797 ; d. 1856. THOMSON, Edward, a Methodii^t divine and author, b. in England, 1810, emigrated when a lad with his pareuLs to Ohio. He took a degree in medicine, and in 1833 joined the Ohio Methodist conference. In 1864 he was elected bishop, and made an extensive tour of missionary observation. He published several volumes of essays, — " Letters from Europe," and "Letters from In- dia, China, and Turkey," in two vols. D. 1870. — KATHARiisE Byerly, an English author, the wife of an eminent physician. Her first efforts were bio- graphical and historical, including lives of Wolsey and Raleigh, "Memoirs of the Court of Henry VIIL," and " Memoirs of Sarah, Duchess of Marl- borough." She next published a series of historical novels, among which were "Anne Bolevn," " Raglan d Castle," "The White Mask," "The Chevalier." She subsequently wrote "Court Se- crets," the "Queens of Society," " Wits and Beaux of Society." and other works. B. 1800 ; d. "1862. — Thomas, a Scottish chemist, author of a " System of Chemistry," and editor of the suppleinent to the " Encvclopse- dia Britannica " He was born in Perth- shire, 1773, and commenced his lectures at Edinburgh in 1800. He invented the system of symbols now in universal use. He opened the first laboratory in Scotland for practical manipulation. Thomson's discoveries include cliloro- cromie acid, hyposulphurous acid, hy- drosulphurous acid, potash oxalates of chromium, potash chromate of magne- sia, chloride of sulphur, many salts, and above hftv species of minerals. D. at Glasgow. "18.52. THORBUKN, Grant, the "Laurie Todd " of Gait's novel, b. in Dalkeith, Scotland, 1773; d. in New Haven, 1863. A threatened prosecution of a political nature led him, in 1792, to emigrate to the United States, and on his arrival here he worked for some time at the trade of a nail-maker. He afterwards embarked in the seed business, in which he made for himself a name and a for- tune. He published several autobio- graphical volumes, among them, " Fifty Years Reminiscences of New York." THOREAU, He.nry D., author of "Life in the Woods," and "A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Riv- tim] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 299 ers," and wideh' known as an obser- vant and thoughtful writer and an ec- centric man, b. in Boston, 1817; d. 18(12. Two posthumous volumes from his pen were published in 1863, and a third ap- peared in 1805. THORNBURY, Geokgk Waltkr, an English author, b. 1828, was a pro- fessional man of letters, and wrote several volumes of poetry, several his- torical novels, " British Artists, from Hogarth to Tnrner," and a " Life of J. M. W. Turner, R. A.," founded on correspondence and documents fur- nished by the artist's executors. He was for some vears art critic to the " Athenffium." ' U. 1876. THOKNWELL, Jaimes Henley, an American clergyman, b. in South Caro- lina, 1812, graduated at Columbia col- lege in 1829, abandoned the study of law for theology, and became a pastor of the Presbyterian church. In 1836 he was chosen professor of logic and belles-lettres; in 1840, professor of the evidences of Christianity and chap- lain; in 1852, president of South Carolina college, and in 1856, senior professor of the Presbyterian theolog- ical seminary at Columbia. He was an advocate of slavery, and an adherent and warm friend of John C. Calhoun. He was an ardent promoter of seces- sion, and opened the first sitting of the South Carolina secession convention with prayer. He publisiied several pamphlets, sermons, and addresses, and also a controversial work, entitled "Arguments of Romanists Discussed and Refuted." D. 1802. THORPE, Benjamin, a distinguish- ed English philologist, b. about 1808, distinguished himself by his researches in the Anglo Saxon language and lit- erature. He translated an Anglo-Saxon grammar, and edited a numerous series of Anglo-Saxon works. 1). 1870. THOUVENEL, Edward Antoine, a French diplomatist, b. 1818, was some time minister at Athens, and at Constantinople, and minister of foreign affairs 1860-62. He wrote "Hungary and Wallachia, Souvenirs of Travel." D. 1866. TICKNOR, George, an American author, b. in Boston, 1791, graduated at Dartmouth college, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1813. He studied five years in Europe, and on his return home became professor of t'rench and Spanish languages and literature in Harvard college. In 1835 he resigned and went to Europe for three years. In 1849 he published his "History of Spanish Literature." He was one of the club of writers that conducted the " American Anthology," and was a con- tributor to the "iSJortii American Re- view," in which his life of Lafayette first appeared. His latest publication was' his "Life of W. H. Prescott." The most interesting of his writings, perhaps, are to be found in the journal and correspondence published in the "Life of George Ticknor," edited by G. S. Hillard, forming one of the most valuable memoirs of the centurv. D. 1871. TIKCK, Christian Friedkich, a German sculptor, b. 1776, was a pupil of Schadow, and of the French painter David. He was chiefly celebrated for his portrait busts, among which were those of Goethe, Lessing, Schelling, Voss, and Herder. He made a statue of Necker for Madame de Stael, and a statue of his brother Ludwig for Dres- den. D. 1851. — Ludwig, a celebrated German poet, novelist, and translator, was b. at Berlin, in 1773. He was an early and industrious student of Eng- lish'literature. His "Peter Lebrecht's Volksmarchen," embodying in a new form some of the ancient German sto- ries and legends, first brought him into general notice, in 1797. "Franz Stern- bald's Wanderungen," the fictitious his- tory of an art-student (2 vols., 1798), is considered his best novel. It is full of mirth and of good-natured raillerj' at the literar}' classicist men of the period. The "Leben nnd Tod der Genoveva " is esteemed his ^est drama. In his " Dichterleben " he attempts to depict Shakespeare and his times. '1 he best German translation of Shakspeare, part- ly executed by A. W. Schlegel, and pub- lished 1797-1810, was revised through- out and completed by Tieck. 1825-29. Among his other works, which fill twen- ty volumes, are " iMinnelieder aus dem Schwiibischen Zeitalter," "Alt-Deiit- sches Theater," " Alt-Englisches Thea- ter," " Dramaturgische Blatter," and a good translation of Don Quixote. From 1818 to 1840 he resided at Dres- den, and the rest of his life he passed at Berlin, where he received from the king the title of privv councillor. D. 1853. TILGHMAN, Lloyd, a confederate brigadier-general, a native of Maryland, and a graduate of West Point, killed at Champion Hill, Miss., 1863. B. 1816. TIMBS, John, an English litterateur, b. in London, 1801, began his literary 300 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [tol schooling under Sir Kichard Phillips, and was befriended by John Britten, the antiquary. He is said to have pub- lished 150 volumes of ingenious compi- lations. Among these may be specially mentioned "Curiosities of London," "London Clubs and Club Life," "Lives of Wits and Humorists," and " Romance of London." He edited "The Arcana of Science," from 1828 to 1839; the "Year Book of Facts in Science and Art," from 1839 to his death, and was antiquarian editor of the "London Illustrated News" for sixteen years. D. 1875. TIMROD, Henry, an American poet, b. in Charleston, S. C, 18-29, wrote martial h'rics of confederate inspira- tion in the civil war, and published a volume of poems in Boston in 18G0, republished, with additions and a me- moir, by Paul H. Hayne, in 1873. D. 1867. TISCHENDORF, Lobegott Fkied- RiCH CoNSTANTiN VON, an eminent German biblical critic and theologian, b. at Lengenfeld, Saxony, in 1815. The purpose of his life was to repro- duce in its purity the primitive text of the New Testament. To this end he visited personally all the countries where important manuscripts of the scriptures exist. The result of his la- bors is embodied in the eighth edition of his New Testament, 1869-7'2. His achievements brought him ribbons, medals, titles, degrees, and other world- ly honors, l). at Leipsic, 1874. TITE, SiK William, an English ar- chitect, b. in Londcjjj, 1802, while a pupil of Mr. Laing was intrusted with rebuilding the church of St. Dunstan in the East. As a tine specimen of re- stored Gothic architecture it gave him reputation and employment. He was the architect of the royal exchange in London, and of many of the largest railway stations in England and France. From June, 1855, to his death, he rep- resented Bath in parliament. 1). 1873. TOCQULVILLE, Alexis Chakles Hkxki Cl:£kel, de, an eminent pub- licist, was b. at Verneuil in 1805, and was admitted a member of the French bar in 1825. In 1832 he was sent on a mission with M. G. de Beamount to in- quire into the penitentiary S3'stem of the United ^States, with a view to its introduction into France. Here he spent two years, and published in 1835 his " D<5mocratie en Anierique," 2 vols., 8vo. In June, 1849, he was appointed minister of foreign affairs, but resigned in October. As a member of the legis- lative chamber, he remained a faithful adherent of parliamentary government; protested against the cuup d'etat of Dec. 2, 1851, and was thrown into prison till the deed was consummated. From this period he devoted himself entirely to literarj' pursuits, and in 1856 published an elaborate work on " L'ancien Regime et la Revolution." His " Democracy in America," trans- lated into English by Henry Reeve, was republished in New York, with a preface and notes by J. C. Spencer. Mr. Reeve's translation has also been edited by Prof. F. Bowen. The com- plete works of De Tocqueville were printed in Paris in nine volumes, 1860-65. D. 1859. TODD, James Henthorne, an Irish theologian and arch»ologist, b. at Dub- lin, 1805; wrote "Testimony of the Fathers to the Roman Dogma of In- fallibility," "Memoirs of the Suc- cessors of St. Patrick," and " St. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland." His col- lection of MSS. was sold after his de- cease at remarkable prices. D. 1869. — John, an American clergyman, b. in Vermont, 1800, was for thirty' years, 1842-72, pastor of the first Congrega- tional church in Pittstield, Mass. He wrote many works, moral and educa- tional, for young persons and students, several of which were translated into other languages, and have been fre- quently reprinted. D. 1873. — Robert Bentley, a British physician, b. in Dublin, 1809, became an eminent prac- titioner in London, professor of phys- iology and anatomy in King's col- lege, and published an " Encyclopa'dia of Anatomy and Physiology," 4 vols., 8vo, and several professional lectures and treatises. D. 1860. — John Blaik Smith, b. in Kentucky, graduated at West Point, served in the Florida and Mexican wars, was brigadier-general of volunteers in the civil war, delegate in congress from Dakota territory in 1867-69, and governor of the terri- tory, 1869-71. D. 1872, aged about 57 years. T O L L E N S, Hendrik Cornelts- zooN, Dutch poet, b. at Rotterdam , 1780, in lyrical and narrative pieces founded on striking events of Dutch history, achieved great popularity and success. He was presented with a gold medal struck in his honor, and was made commander of the order of the Dutch Lion on his seventieth birthday. D. 1856. tre] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 301 TOMMASEO, Niccoi.6, an Italian patriot and miscellaneous writer, b. 1802, published a collection of the pop- ular son<mas, an eminent mer- chant and writer on financial subjects, was b. in 1774, at St. Petersburg, where his father, author of the " History of Russia" and the "Life of Catherine II.," was chaplain to the British fac- tor3^ Early in life he entered into mercantile pursuits as partner in one of the largest houses engaged in the Russian trade. From 1820 to the close of his life he was an active participa- tor in all the inquiries and legislation connected with social and tinancial re- form in (ireat Britain. His "History of Prices," in six vohnnes, embodies a mass of information on the commercial history of England during the first 56 years of this century. D. 1858. TORREY, John, "an eminent botanist and chemist, b. at New York, 1798, held professorships at different periods at West Point, the New Y'ork college of physicians and surgeon.s, and at Princeton college, N. J. In 1854 he was appointed chief assayer in the U. S. assay ottice at New York, and held the office till his death. He published, in 1819, a cataldgue of plants growing within thirty miles of New York. He prepareil the botanical reports of most of the U. S exploring expeditions, and the botanical portions of the natural history survey of the state of New Y'ork. He was connected with Prof. Asa Gray in the publication of the "Flora of North America." His val- uable herbarium and botanical library were transferred to Columbia college. D. 1873. TOSCHI, Paolo, an Italian en- graver, b. in Parma, 1788, was the first artist to undertake the engraving of Correggio's frescoes, of which he fin- ished 22 plates. 1). 1854. rOURGU^NIEF, Nikolai Ivano- viCH, Russian political and miscella- neous writer, b. 1790, published in 1847 an important work, entitled " La Rus- sie et les Russes." From 1824 he lived in exile, chiefiv at Paris. 1). 1871. TOWNSEND, Chauncy Hake, a poet and collector of works of art, b. 1798, was educated at Eton and Cam- bridge and entered into orders, but abandoned soon the active duties of his profession. He published, in 1821, a volume of poems, characterized by an unusual delicacy and retinement, both of feeling and expression. It was not until 1851 that he brought out a sec- ond volume, "Sermons and Sonnets," which was followed, in 1859, b}' "The Three Gates." Meanwhile he had be- stowed much attention on the theory and practice of mesmerism. On this subject he published two works, " Facts in Mesmerism," 1844, and " Mesmer- ism Proved I rue," 1854; the latter in answer to an article in the "Quarterly Review." He was accomi)lished as a musician and painter. During the whole of his later life he spent the greater part of the year at his villa in "Monloisir," at Jjausanue. Some in- teresting papers in " All the Year Round," on "Bewick," and on his "Poultry-yard," show the nature of his occupation in this retreat. He be- queathed most of his pictures and arti- cles of virlii to the South Kensington museum; and, according to his direc- tions, so much of his notes and reflec- tions as threw light on his "Religious Opinions," were published bv Mr. Charles Dickens, 1869. D. 1868. — Geokge, a theologian, author of "The Chronological Arrangement of the Holy Bible," "Accusations of History against the Church of Rome," and other works, b. 1787. In 1847 he went to Italy to convert the pope, but his published ac- count does not show satisfaction with the result of his labors. D. 1857. TR.^ILL, Tho.vias Stuakt, profes- sor of medical jurisprudence in the uni- versity of Edinburgh, and editor of the last edition of the " Encvclopa;dia Bri- tannica." B. 1782; d. 1862. TRKADWELL, Daniel, an Ameri- can inventor, b. in Ipswich, Mass., in 179], devised several machines for spin- ning hemp and cordage, a power press, a machine for making wooden screws, and a method of making cannon of wrought iron and steel, many years before Sir William Armstrong accom- plished it. He was, from 1834 to 1845. Rumtbrd professor of technology in Harvard college. D. 1872. TREGELLES, Samuel Prideaux, an eminent English biblical critic and theologian, b. at Falmouth 1813; d. at Plymouth, 1875. He devoted his life to the preparation of a critical edition of the text of the New Testament from the most ancient manuscripts and ver- 302 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [tru sions. His great work is " The Greek New Testament, edited from ancient autliorities, with the various readings of all the ancient manuscripts, ancient versions, and earlier ecclesiiisticai writ- ers, together with the Latin version of Jerome," 6 parts, 1857-72. TRENDELENBURG, Friedkich Adolf, a German i)hilosopher, b. at Eutin in North Germany, 1802, was dis- tinguished for his Aristotelian and Pla- tonic studies, and his mastery of Latin. He was an opponent of Hegel. D. 1872. TRICOUPIS, Spiridion, a Greek statesman and historian, b. 1791, was educated at Eton, became a friend of Lord Byron, and pronounced his funeral oration at Missolonghi. He took part in the Greek insurrection of 1824, and was its historian. In 18;J8 he was ambassador to England, again in 1842-4; and a third time from 18-52 to 1867. D. at Athens, 1873. TRIQUETI, Heniu Baron de, a French sculptor, b. at Conflans, 1802, tirst studied painting and exhibited at the salan of 1831. At the same time he produced a group of scul|iture, "The Death of Charles the Bold," which received so much commendation as to induce him to devote himself thenceforth exclusively to sculpture. He executed the bronze gates of the cliurch of La Madeleine, in Paris. He is known in England by iiis " Marmor Homericum," a decorative work in the south cloister of London university, presented to the college by Mr. Grote, the historian of Greece. He executed subsequently the tomb of the Prince Consort. He was a zealous leader among the French Protestants, and wrote " Les Premiers Jours dii Prot- estantism en France." D. 1874. TROLLOPE (Mn/ro.N) Frances, an English authoress, was born in 1791, at Heckheld, Hampshire. .At the age of nineteen, she married Mr. Anthony Trollope, barrister at law, and a few years afterwards was left a widow. In 1829 she visited America, and remained there for about three years. In 1832, Mrs. Trollope published her "Domes- tic Life of the Americans," a work which caused a sensation in Britain, and excitement in the United States. Mrs. Trollope continued to write, pro- ducing book after book, on a variety of subjects — novels, travels, society, nothing came amiss to her flying pen. She wrote and published more than JOO volumes. " The Vicar of Wrex- hill," "The Widow Barnaby," "The Widow Married," "The Barnabys in .\merica," "Eustace," " Petticoat Gov- ernment," and " The Lauringtons," are amon^ the best specimens of her novels; of her travels, the jottings in America, Germany, Paris, and Vienna are characterized by keen observation and an evident desire to suppre.ss no truth. Mrs. Trollope spent the latter vears of her life in Florence, where she d. 1863. TROOST, Gerard, naturalist, b. in Holland, 1776, was educated at Amster- dam and Leyden, studied medicine and served as a inedical officer in the army. He was sent to Paris by Louis Bona- parte, the King of Holland, to pursue his scientific studies. In 1810 he em- l)arked for the U. S. and settled^ in Philadelphia, where he was the tirst president of the academy of natural history. He joined Owen in the New Harmony enterprise in 1825, and in 1827 was appointed professor of chem- istry, mineralogy, and geology in the university of Na-hville, Tenn. This post he retained during his life, and for 18 years before his death he was state geologist of Tennessse. D. 1850. TROPLONG, Raymond Theodore, a French jurist, who held several dis- tinguished civil offices, edited a col- lection of treatises in continuation of Toullier's commentary on the civil code, entitled " Le Code Civil Explique," in 28 vols. B. 1795; d. 1869. TKOUP, George McIntosh, an American statesman, b. on the Tom- bigbee river, 1780, studied law and es- tablished himself in Georgia, where he entered early on public life. He was member of the state legislature 1800- 1801, member of congress 1807-1815, elected U. S. senator in 1816, and again in 1829, and was governor of (ieorgia 1827-9. He was of the strictest state rights' school in politics. His "Life," by E. J. Harden, was published in Savannah. 1859. D. 1856. TROYON, Constant, an eminent French landscape and animal painter, b. at Sevres in 1813, was tirst employed in the famous porcelain works of that town in decorating china. He acquired an immense fortune in his art. D. 1865. TRURO, Thomas Wii.de, Baron, b. 1782, an English lawyer, was articled to his father, a solicitor, and was called to the bar in 1817. In 1846 he was made chief justice of the common pleas, and in 1850 lord chancellor under Lord tur] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 303 John Russell's administration, and was raised to the peeraj^je with the title of Lord Truro. D. 1855. TUCKKK, LuTHEK, an agricultural journalist, b. in Vermont, 1802, estab- lished in 1830 the "Genesee Farmer," afterwards united with the '' Albany C-ultivator," and in 1852 commenced the "Country Gentleman," which be- came, under his management, the lead- ing agricultural. journal of the United States. D. 1873. —Nathaniel Bev- KKLEY, an American lawyer, son of St. George Tucker, was b. in Virginia, 178-t, and remos-ed in 1815 to Missouri, where he became a judge. From 1834 he was professor of law in William and Mar}' college. He was the author of works on pleading and constitutional law, and the novels of " George Bal- combe " and "Gertrude." His unfin- ished novel of " The Partisan Leader," first published in 1837, and reprinted in 1861, was a foreshadowing of secession. He was a half-brother of John Ran- dolph, and had begun to write his biog- raphy. D. 1851. TUCKERMAN, Henry Theodore, an American art critic and essayist, b. in Boston, 1813, visited F'urope in his youth, and spent some time in the Med- iterranean countries. His first publica- tion was " The Italian Sketeh Book," in 1835. Among the more noteworthy of his works are " Artist Life," a series of sketches of American painters, "Es- say's, Biographical and Critical," "The Character and Portraits of Washing- ton," anil a "Book of the Artists." He was a frequent contributor to the leading journals of the United States, and published a volume of "Poems." 1). 1874. TURNBULL, William Barclay, a Scotch lawyer and antiquarian, b. 1811. He was engaged in 1859 to edit the " Book of Scottish Chronicles," for the master of the rolls, who subse- quently appointed him to the office of calendaring foreign state-papers be- tween the accession of Edward VL and the revolution of 1G88. His first vol- ume was published in January, 1861 ; but the appointment of a Roman Cath- olic to this office became the subject of unfavorable public comment, and he resigned, a step which became the sub- ject of a debate in parliament. Mr. Turnbull published " Legendie Catho- licae," "The State of the Parochial Registers of Scotland," and "The Life and Poems of Robert Southwell." D. 1865. TURNER, Dawson, a botanist and antiquarian, was b. 1775, was a banker at Great Yarmouth for more than half a century, giving his mornings and even- ings to literature and science. His first scientific pursuit Avas botany, as appears by his works on the British Fuci. Sub- sequently he published various local and antiquarian works. In 1820 Mr. Turner, with Mr. Hudson Gurne}', bought the Macro manuscripts, includ- ing the valuable collections of Sir Henry Spelman. Mr. Turner selected the autograph portion, on which he founded his immense collection of man- uscripts, which were disposed of by auction shortly after his death. Five volumes of this collection, illustrative of the historj- of Great Britain, he dis- posed of to the British museum, in 1853, for £1,000. He d. at Old Bramp- ton, 1858. — Joseph Mallord Wil- liam, the most eminent of English landscape painters, b. 1775, was the son of a hair-dresser in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, and exhibited from an early age a marked passion for drawing and coloring. He was emploj'ed while a lad in coloring prints for Mr. J. R. Smith, the engraver, and putting skies and backgrounds into architectural drawings. In 1789 he entered the royal academy as a student, and in 1793 ex- hibited three pictures, one of which rep- resented " The Pantheon, the Morning after the Fire." His superiority was early felt and acknowledged. In 1799 he was elected associate of the royal academy, and an academician in 1802. Down to this period he was known as a water-C(dor painter; but he now turned his attention to oil, and during the next sixty years exhibited 259 ])ictures. His drawings and sketches are innumerable. So great is their value that 120 guineas have frequently been paid for one of his small water-color sketches. A sketch book of chalk drawings made on one of his river-tours on the conti- nent fetched 700 guineas. His oil paint- ings command from £500 to £5,000. His personal habits were penurious and eccentric. He long lived, and he died in obscure lodgings at Chelsea, where he was known as "Mr. Brooks." His pictures in his possession were left to the nation, on condition that a suitable place should be provided for their ex- hibition. The bulk of his property was bequeathed to found an asylum for un- fdi-tunate and meritorious artists. D. 1851. His remains lie in St. Paul's, be- side those of Reynolds, and a statue by 304 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [tyl McDowell was erected in the cathedral ill 1863. His life was written by Mr. Walter Thornh.urv, in 2 vols. — Samuel HuLBEART, an Episcopal clergyman, distinguished for his critical scholar- ship, b. in Philadelphia, 1790; d. 1861. In 1818 he was appointed professor of historic theology in the general theo- logical seminary at New York; in 1821, professor of biblical learning and inter- pretation of the scriptures in the same institution; and, in 18-31, professor lements of Rhet- oric," "Errors of Romanism, traced to their Origin in Human Nature," "Introduction to Political Economy," and "Thoughts on Secondar}- Punish- ments." I). I8(;.3. VVIIFATON, Natiianikl Shkldon, D. D., b. in Alarhledale, Conn., 1792; d. 18G2. He graduated at Yale in 1814; in 1818 was chosen rector of Christ church, Hartford; in 1831 was ap- pointed president of Trinity college, Hartford; and in 18-37 accepted the rectorship of Christ churcii. New Or- leans. He |)ul)liNhed a ".Journal of a Residence in l^ondon, and of Tours in Englan(L Scotland, and France." WHEATSTONE, Sik Chaele.s, an English ))liysicist, was b. at Gloucester, in 1802. In his early days he was en- gaged in the manufacture of musical in- .strunients, and from studying the laws of sound seemed to have been gradually led to investigate the sciences of light and electricity. The results of some of his researches were presented to the Royal Society in 1833, in a paper on "Acoustic Figures;" and in 1838 he gave the first idea of the stereoscope and the nature of binocular vision, in a communication entitled "Contributions to the I'hysiology of Vision." His scientific al)ilities were recognized in 1834 by his being appointed professor of experimental philosoph}' in King's college. The lirst practical application of electricity to telegraphic purposes was made under Messrs. Cooke and Wheatstone's patents, on the Blackwall railway, in 1838. In 18.5.5 he was one of the jurors at the Paris Universal Exliibition, in the class of "Heat, Light, and Electricity," and was created a knight of the legion of honor for his "Application of the Electric Tele- graph." D. 1875. WHEWELL, William, an English author and philosopher, was b. at Lan- caster, 1794. He was the son of a joiner, and was sent to Trinitj' college, Cambridge, where he graduated B. A. 1816, obtained a fellowship, and for several years acted as tutor. He was professor of mineralogy there from 1828 to 1832. In 1838 he became pro- fessor of moral theology or casuistry, and in 1841 master of Trinity college. Dr. Whewell's works were very nu- merous. Rlost of his earlier publica- tions were mathematical works for the use of students. His most important works relating to other sciences are, " Astronomy and General Physics Con- sidered with Reference to Natural Theo- logy;" "History of the Inductive Sciences," 3 vols^, 1837; " History of Scientific Ideas;" "Novum Organou 322 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [WIL Renovatum;" and " Philosophy of Dis- coveiy." While occupying' the chair of moral theology he published "Ele- ments of Morality, including Pol- ity," 1845; "Lectures on Systematic Morality," 18-iC ; '" Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy in Eng- land," 18.32; and an edition of Grotius " De .lure Belli et Pacis," with a translation and English notes, 1854. He translated Goethe's "Hermann and Dorothea" into English hexameters, and published a version of "The Professor's Wife," by Auerbach, and "Architectural Notes on German (Jhurches." Among his other works are, "Indications of the Creator," being a reply to " Vestiges of the Crea- tion; " a translation of Plato, under the title of "The Platonic Dialogues for English Readers," 3 vols., 1861; and " The Plurality of Worlds," published anonymou>l3', in which he argues that none of the planets except the earth is inhabited; and "Six Lectures on Po- litical Economy," 1863. Dr. Whew- ell also published sermons, addresses, and a large number of papers on sci- entific subjects. Sydney Smith said of him that "science was hia J'urte, and omniscience his foible." D. 1866. WHITING, Henky, brevet briga- dier-general in the U. S. army. He served with reputation on the Niagara frontier in the war of 1812, was the quartermaster-general to the army of occupation in the war with Mexico, and shared with it in the glory of the field of Buena Vista. D. 1851. WHITTLKSEY, Fkeperick, an American publicist and jurist, was b. at Washington, Conn., in 1799, and graduated at Yale college in 1818. In 1822 he established himself as a law- j-er at Rochester, and edited a political journal there in the interests of anti- masonry. In 18-30-3.5 he was represent- ative in congress, was subsequently vice-chancellor of the 8th judicial dis- trict of New York state, judge of the supreme court, and from 1850 law pro- fessor in Genesee college, at Lima, N. Y. D. 1851. WIERTZ, Anthon, an eminent Bel- gian painter, b. at Dinant, 1806, re- ceived his artistic education under Van Br^e, at Antwerp. The government built for him at ISrussels an extensive museum, in which he accumulated vast treasures of art, that, upon his death, became the property of the state. He was an accomplished art critic, and re- ceived from the royal academy of Eng- land a prize for an essaj' on the old Flemish school. I). 1865. WTLBLIIFORCE, Samuel, Bishop of Winchester, b. 1805, was the third son of the celebrated William Wilber- force. He was educated at Oxford, studied for the ministry, and after laboring for twenty four-years in the diocese of Oxford was translated to the great see of Winchester, in 1869. He was a man of great administrative abil- ity, and as an orator second in the house of peers only to Lord Derby or Lord Ellenborough. He published numerous sermons and addresses, and with his brother Robert, edited the "Life and Correspondence" of their father, in tive volumes. He was the author of several charming religious allegories, and of a "History of the Episcopal Church in America." D. 1873. WILDE, Samuel Sumner, b. in Taunton, Mass., 1771; d. 1855; was the last survivor of the delegates to the Hartford convention. From 1815 to 1850 he tilled an associate justiceship of the supreme court of Massachusetts. WILKES, Charles, American naval officer, b. in N. Y. city, 1801, entered the navy in 1816 as midshipman, and was made rear-admiral on the retired list in 1866. In August, 1838, he left Norfolk, Va., in command of five vessels, on an exploring expedition to the South Seas, and after making important dis- coveries in the antarctic regions, ex- plored the Feejee group and the Ha- waian islands, and in 1841 visited the Northwest coast of America, and sail- ing in November from San Francisco visited Manilla, Sooloo, Borneo, Sin- gapore, the Cape of Good Hope, and St. Helena, and arrived at New York in June, 1842. He published a "Nar- rative of the United States Exploring Expedition," in six vols., 4to, with eleven supplementary volumes of its scientific results. In 1849 he published " Western America, including Cali- fornia and Oregon," and in 1856 a "Theory of the Winds." On No- vember 8, 1861, when in command of the San Jacinto frigate, on the West India station, he took the confederate commissioners, Mason and Slidell, from the British mail-steamer Trent, and con- ve\-ed them to Boston. This act was generally approved by the press and the people, but created intense excite- ment in England, and was so clearly in violation of international law that it was disavowed by the President, and wil] CYCLOP/EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 323 (he commissioners were surrendered to England. In 1802 he was coniniissioned as commodore, and wiiile commandinj^ the flotilla on James river shelled and destroj-ed City Point. He afterwards commanded a squadron in the West In- dies and captured many blockade run- ners. I). 1877. WILKINSON, Sir John Gakdner, an English Egyptologist, was b. 17'J7, was educated at Oxford, and was inter- ested by Sir William Gell in the study of Kgvptian monuments, to which he devoti'd his life. In 1827-28 he pub- lished his first work, " Hieroglyphical Extracts and jNIateria Hieroglyphica," and in 1835 his " Topograph}' of Thebes, and General View of Egypt." In 1836 he published "The Manners and Cus- toms of the Ancient Egyptians, includ- ing their Private Life, Government, Laws, Arts, Manufactures, etc., de- rived from a Comparison of Paint- ings, ]\Ionuments, and Sculptures still in E.xistence, with Ancient Authors." The second series appeared in 1841. He published in 1813 "Modern Egypt and Thebes," and in 1847 the third edition of "Ancient Egyptians," the two series in one revised, with profuse illustrations. In 1848 he published "Dalinatia and Montenegro," and in 1850 the " Architecture of Ancient Egypt, with Remarks on the Pearly Progress of Architecture," accompanied by a volume of illustrative plates. In 1851 appeared his "Fragments of the Hieratic Papyrus at Turin;" and in 1854, "A Popular Account of the An- cient Egyptians." In 1855-56 he again returned to the Nile, and on coming home published a small volume, en- titled "The Egyptians under the Pha- raohs," which serves as a supplement to "The Popular Account" of the same people. In 1858 he published a new edition of his " Hand-book of Egypt," and his work on "Color, and the General Diffusion of Taste among all Classes;" at the same time com- pleting the notes he contributed to the Rev. G. Rawlinson's "English Version of the History of Herodotus." D. 1875. WILLARD, Emma (Hakt), an American author, b. in Connecticut, 1787, was man}- years engaged in the instruction of young ladies, and from 1821 to 1838 was at the head of a fe- male seminary at Troy, N. Y. She published a number of school books, a "History of the United States," "Poems," "Journal and Letters from France and Great Britain," and other works. D. 1870. — SlONEY, author of "Memories of Youth and Manhood," and an extensive contributor to the " Monthly Anthology," " Christian Examiner," and " North American lie- view." He was son of President Wil- lard, of Harvard college. B. 1780; d. 18ij6. WILLES, Siu James Shaw, b. at Cork, 1814, was called to the bar by the Inner Temple, 1840; in 1850 was appointed a connnissioner of common law procedure, and in 1855 a justice of the court of common pleas. He was sworn of the privy council, 1871. D. by his own hand, 1873. WILLIAJIS, Edwin, a statistical writer, b. in Norwich, Conn., 1797, edi- tor of the "Annual Register," 1830-45, and the " Statesman's Manual," 4 vols., and other works. D. 1854. — Eleazak, an American clergyman, by some alleged to be the lost Bourbon prince, b. at Caughnawaga, N. Y., about 1787; d. at Iloganstown, N. Y., 1858. — Rev. John, a Welsh scholar, and the author of various works on Celtic archeology. B. 1811; d. 1862. — Fkedeiuck Sims, an English bar- rister, author of " Improvements of the Jurisdiction of Equity," and other pro- fessional works, b. 1812; d. 1863. He also published " The Wonders of the Heavens," and a work suggested by a controversy on the doctrine of eternal punishment. — Rowland, an English clergyman, the son of a canon of St. Asaph, was b. in Flintshire, 1817. After a training at Eton, he obtained a fellowship at King's college, Cam- bridge, and was classical tutor there for eight years. From 1850 to 1862 he was vice-principal and professor of Hebrew at St. David's college, Lampeter. In 1855 he published a volume of sermons, entitled " Ra- tional Goodness," and he accepted, in 1859, from King's college, the vicarage of Broad-Chalke. Wiltshire. In 1863 he defended himself before the judicial committee of the privy council against a charge of heresy connected with his " Review of Bunsen " in the celebrated "Essays and Reviews," and obtained, in F'eb., 1864, a reversal of such parts of the judgment of the court of arches as had been unfavorable to him. Dr. Williams's other works, theological and controversial, his " Psalms and Lita- nies, Counsels and Collects, for De- vout Persons," edited by his widow, appeared in 1872. D. 1870. —Thomas, an otiicer in the U. S. army, b. in the 324 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [WIL state of New York, 1818, distinguished himself under Gen. Scott in Mexico. In Sept., 1801, he was appointed briga- dier-general of volunteers, and served on the Potomac and at Hatteras Inlet. He commanded the land forces cooper- ating with the gunboat fleet in tlie at- tack upon Vicksburg after the cap- ture of New Orleans, and was killed in battle at Baton Rouge, La., Aug. 5, 18G2. — Thomas Scott, an American jurist, b. in Wethersfield, Conn., 1777, graduated at Yale college, was admitted to the bar and settled at Hartford ; was member of congress in 1817-19; from 1829 an associate judge of the supreme court of errors of the state, and chief justice from 18.34 to 1847. D. 1861. WILLIS, Nathaniel Parkek, an American poet and editor, b. at Port- land, Me., 1807. At the age of sixteen he entered Yale college, and during his college life produced a series of poems on scriptural subjects that gave him, perhaps, his best reputation. lu 1827 he was engaged to edit " The Lej^endary " and " The Token." In 1828 he estab- lished the '■ American Monthly Maga- zine," which he conducted until it was merged in the New York "Mirror," when he visited Europe, and was at- tached to the American legation at the French court; he then travelled in that country, Italy, Greece, Asia Minor, Turkey, and lastly in England. The letters he wrote while abroad, under the title of " Pencillings by the Way," first appeared in the "Mirror." In 18-35 he published " Inklings of Adventure," a series of tales which had appeared originally in a London magazine. In 1837 he returned to America, and in 1839, became one of the editors of the "Corsair; " revisiting London towards the close of that year, he then published "Loiterings of Travels," and "Two Ways of Dying for a Husband." la 1840 appeared his " Poems " and "Let- ters from under a Bridge." In 1843, with Mr. Morris, he established a daily newspaper, styled the New York "Mir- ror," but withdrew from it upon the death of his wife in 1844, and made an- other visit to England, where he pub- lished "Dashes at Life with a Free Pencil," a series of sketches of Euro- pean and American society. In Octo- ber, 1840, he married a daughter of the Hon. Joseph Grinnell, of New Bedford, and settled on an estate on the Hudson river, which he named "Idlewild." In the same year, in connection with Mr. Morris, he established the "Home Journal," a weekly literary paper, to which he contributed till his death. His later volumes were chiefly reprints from the "Journal." 1). at Idlewild, 1867. — RoBEUT, Jacksonian professor of natural and experimental philoso- phy in Cambridge universitv, was b. at London, in 1800, and educated at Cambridge. Appointed professor in 1837, he highly distinguished himself as a lecturer. D. 1875. WILLMOKE, James Tibbets, b. 1800, was one of the best of the land- scape engravers who distinguished themselves by their reproductions of Turner. The beauty of such engrav- ings as "Mercury and Argus," "The Old Tt''m(''raire," and "Ancient Italy," is known to all lovers of art. D. 1863. WILLSHIRE, SiK Thomas, Bart., a British general, b. at Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1790 ; d. 1802. His fields of service were, Buenos Avres, 1806-7 ; Portugal, 1808; Spain, "1812; South Africa, 1818-22; India, 1822-39. Hia most brilliant exploit was the capture of the fortress of Khelat in 1839. WILSON, SiK Akchdale, a British general, commanded the field force at the siege of Delhi, in 1857, and occupied that city after six days' street-fighting. He commanded also the whole of the artillery at the siege and capture of Lucknow in 1858. For his services on this occasion he received the thanks of both houses of parliament, with other honors, and a pension of £ 1,000 a year from the East India Company. D. 1874. — Hemky, an American states- man, b. in New Hampshire, 1812, was a shoemaker by trade, but took an active part in politics, and in 1840 " stumped " the state of Massachusetts in favor of General Harrison, as the " Natick Shoemaker." He was a mem- ber of the legislature, 1840-1851, and was a delegate to the Whig national con- vention of 1848, and withdrew on ac- count of the nomination of General Taylor. He now edited for two 3'ear3 the " Boston Republican," a Freesoil paper. In 1851 and 1852 he was pres- ident of the Massachusetts senate, and in 1853 the Freesoil candidate for governor. In 1855 he was elected to the U. S. senate, of which body he continued a member by reelection to the time of his death. He was chair- man of the committee on military affairs from March, 1861, to the close of the civil war. In 1872 he was elected vice-president of the United States on the ticket with General Grant. He win] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPnY. 325 d. Nov. 10, 1875, in the vice-president's room in tlie caiiitoi. He wrote a " His- torv of tile Anti-shiverv Jleasures of llie 37t"h and 38th IJ. S. Congresses ; " " History of tlie Reconstruction Meas- ures of the 39th and 40th Con- gresses;" and liis principal worl<, tlie " History of the Rise and Fall of tlie Slave Power in America," 3 vols., 1871-C. — HoKAcK Havman, an orien- tal scholar, b. 178(5, went to India as assistant-surgeon in 1808. He soon obtained otticial employment of an- other character, and in 1819 completed a dictionary of the Sanskrit language. Under the title of the " Hindu Theatre," he rendered four ancient Sanskrit dra- mas into English. He was the first to introduce the study of English lan- guage and literature in the education of the natives of India, and himself di- rected the studies of the Hindu college at Calcutta from the time of its estab- lishment. He was elected, in 1833, to the Sanskrit professorship in the uni- versity of Oxford, and from that time until his death, in 18fJ0, he continued his services in the progress of Sanskrit scholarship, publishing many original works, as well as editing others, and contributing a series of articles to the "Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society." — .John, popularly known as Christo- pher North, was b. at Paisley, in 178-5, and studied at Oxford, where he ob- tained the Newdegate prize for his first poem. For some years a'tervrards he lived in the vicinity of Windermere, where he became intimate with Cole- ridge, Southey, and Wordsworth. The loss of a portion of his fortune induced him to remove to Edinburgh, where he was admitted to the bar. His earliest works as a poet were " The Isle of Palms," "The City of Jhe Plague," and "Unimore," the first of which ap- peared in 1812. As a novel writer he failed to achieve a strong position, al- though " The Trials of Margaret Lind- say," and "The Foresters," are known as exquisite specimens of composition. In 1820 he was appointed professor of moral philosophy in the university of Edinburgh, — and about the same time commenced his connection with "Black- wood's Magazine," of which for thirty years he was the leading spirit. The famous series of papers known as " The Noctes Ambrosianis " achieved a popularity and reputation which quite eclipsed his fame as a poet and profes- sor, and, written on the spur of the mo- ment, have secured a permanent position in Tiritish literature. In 18.51 he re- signed his professorship in consequence (if ill health, and received a pension from the crown of .i"3()(). A bronze statute of he' (lie size was erected to his memory in Princess Garden, Edinburgh. His works, in twelve volumes, were collected by his son-in-law. Professor Ferries. His memoirs, in two volimies, were pub- lished bv his daughter, Mrs. (Jordon, in 1802. 'I). 1854. — .Iamks, a Scottish naturalist and author, brother of the preceding, b. 1795; d. 1856. He was a voluminous contributor to the " En- cyclopa'dia Britaniiica." "WIXI)H.\M, Sii« CirAKLE.s Ash, a British general, b. 1810, served in Canada in 1837-39, and in the Crimean war commanded the forces in the l)attle of Inkerman after the fall of Sir George Cathcart. He distinguished himself as a leader of the column in the attack on the Redan, in September, 1855. In 1857 he took part in the Sepoy war, and was made K. C. B. in 1863. D. 1870. W I N D I S C H G R A T Z, Alfred, Prince de, an Austrian general, b. at Brussels, 1787. He entered the army in 1804, and took part in the (Jerman campaigns against Napoleon. His con- duct at Leipsic gained him the grade of colonel, and after the fall of the French emperor he was decorated with orders. In 1826 he was promoted to the rank of major-general, and placed in command of a brigade at Prague. In 1833 he became general of division, and after the popular movements in 1848 he was for some time military governor of Vienna, whence he pro- ceeded to govern Bohemia. In the war with Hungary the forces of that coun- try almost iuvariabK' gave way before him, but for a time retrieving their sinking fortunes, they compelled the Austrians to retire from Buda-Pesth ; and in April, 1849, Windischgratz was removed from his comniMnd. The manner in which he exercised his au- thority rendered him one of the most odious of the instruments of despo- tism. Yet notwithstanding the censure of Europe on his execution of Robert Blum, he wa» invited to resume the governorship of Bohemia, but declined the office. He retired to his Bohemian estates, and d. 1862. WIXEBRENNER, John, an Ameri- can clergyman, b. in Maryland, 1797, became a minister of the German Re- formed church, but differing on some point, established a new denomination 326 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [wis Erenerally known as Winebrennerians. The sect in 1873 numbered 40,000 members, with GOO churches. He pub- lished several works, and in 1844. in conjunction with I. I). Kiipp, "The History of all the Religious Denomi- nations in the United States." D. in 18G0. WINLOCK, Joseph, an American astronomer, b. in Shelbj'ville, Ky., 1826, was in 1857 appointed professor of mathematics in the U. S. navy, and in 1865 Phillips professor of astronomy at Harvard college. D. 1875. WINSLOW, FoKBEs Benignus, an English physician and medical writer, b. in London, 1810, began the studj- of medicine in the city of New York, and graduated M. D.'at Aberdeen. He settled in London, was an industri- ous writer on medical subjects, and practised as consulting physician in cases of insanity and nervous diseases. Among his numerous works we ma}' mention "The Pln-siology and Pathol- ogy of the Human Mind," "The Plea of Insanity in Criminal Cases," and the well known treatise "On the Ob- scure Diseases of the Brain and Disor- ders of the Mind," which has passed through several editions. D. 1874. — HuisBARD, author of "Controversial Theology," " Christianity applied to our Civil and Social Kelations." "Re- lation of the Natural Sciences to Rev- elation," "Moral Philosophy," and other works, was b. in Williston, Vt., in 1800, graduated at Yale college in 1825, studied divinity, and was pastor successive!}' of congregations in Dover, N. H., Boston, Geneva, and the city of New Y'ork. D. 1864. — Miuox, brother of the preceding, b. 1789; d. 1864. He labored many jears as a missionary in Ceylon, and siibseciuently at Madras. He was an eminent oriental sclu)lar, and the author of a " Dictionary of the Tamil and English Languages." His other works are, " Hints on Missions to India," and a "Memoir of Mrs. Harriet L. Winslow." WINTERHALTER, Franz Xavier, a painter, was b. at St. Blasien, in Baden, in 1806. He studied his art in Munich and Rome, and finally settled in Paris. His earlier works were his- torical and poetical, but portrait paint- ing being more lucrative, he adopted that line of the profession, aiul found the most ample patronage. He painted kings, queens, princes, and nobles, and was patronized by Queen Victoria and the Empress Eugenie. D. 1873. WINTHROP, Theopore, an officer of volunteers in the U. S. army, and author of brilliant campaign sketches in the "Atlantic Monthlv," b. in New Haven, Conn., 182S, killed in the battle of Great Bethel, June 10, 1861. After his death, there were published from his pen, "Cecil Dreeme," "John Brent," "Edwin Brotherhoft," "Canoe and Saddle," and "Life in the Open Air." WISE, Henry Alexander, an American politician, b. in Accomac Co., Va., 1806, was admitted to the bar in 1828, and sent to congress from his native county in 183.3, and continued a member by reelection till 1843. He was a Democrat, but abandoned Pres- ident .Jackson on kis removal of the deposits from the U. S. Bank. He was one of the few Whigs who adhered to President Tyler, and was minister to Brazil, 1843-7". He was governor of Virginia, 1856-60, and approved the execution of John Brown and his fol- lowers for the attack on Harper's Ferry. In the Virginia convention of February, 1861, he was in favor of a peaceful ad- justment of the questions in issue with the federal government. He accepted, however, the commission of brigadier- general in the confederate service, but gained no military distinction in the war. D. 1870. — Henry Augustus, b. 1819, entered the U. S. navy at the age of 14, was much employed in the service, was at one time chief of the naval ordanance bureau at Washing- ton. He was the author of " Los Gringos," " Tales for the Marines," " Scampavias," and "Captain Brand." D. at Naples 1868. WISEMAN. Nicholas, cardinal, b. in 1802, at Seville, where his father, an Englishman, was engaged in business. His early education was received in lingland, and he was afterwards mem- ber of the English college at Rome, where he graduated a D. D. in 1824. He became, not long after, professor of oriental languages in the Roman uni- versitv, and rector of the English col- lege in 1829. In 1835 he delivered a series of sermons on the " Doctrines and Practices of the Catholic Church," which were published. He subsequently delivered a series of " Lectures on the Connection between Science and Re- vealed Religion," which were also pub- lished, and secured him a high reputa- tioH. In 1840 he was appointed coad- jutor to Bishop Walsh of the midland district (England), and president of St woo] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 327 Mary's college. Oscott. In 1850 he was cliosen viear apostolic of the Lomlon district, ami in the following year was appointed archbishop of Westminster, and raised to the dignity of cardinal. It was on the occasion of this appointment that Lord John Kussell introduced into parliament his "Ecclesiastical Titles Bill," but the circinnsiiect conduct of Dr. Wiseman, his moderation, and true liberality, did much toward allaying violent opposition, and the bill never amounted to more than a dead letter. Dr. Wiseman delivered numerous lec- tures on various subjects on behalf of public institutions in England and Ire- land during the later years of his life. Besides the publications named, he was tlie author of a volume of personal reminiscences entitled " Kecollections of the Last Four Popes," and was one of the founders of, and a copious contribu- tor to, the " Dublin Review." D. Feb. 15, 18G5. He was buried with great pomp and ceremony in the Roman Catholic Cemetery at Kensal Green. WOLF, FERDI^"A^D, a German writ- er, b. at Vienna, 1796, studied in the iniiversities of Vienna and Gratz, be- came attached to the imperial library at Vienna. He published numerous M'orks on subjects connected with Span- ish literary history, and furnished notes to the German version of Ticknor's " History of Spanish Literature." He also wrote u])on Provencal and early French literature. D. 1800. WOLFF, JosKPH, the son of a Jew- ish rabbi, b. at Weilersbach, Germany, 1795, embraced the Catholic faith at the age of 17, and was baptized a Benedic- tine monk near Prague. In the next year he commenced the study of the oriental languages. From ISli to 1816 he studied at Tiibingen, and afterward became a pupil of the Collegio Romano at Rome, and of the college of the Prop- aganda, but was dismissed for heresy, in 1818. He now went to England, and resumed his oriental studies at Cam- bridge. In 1821 he commenced a five years' missionary tour in the East, vis- iting Egypt, mounts Horeb and Sinai, and Jerusalem, distributing copies of the Scripture, and laboring alike among Jews, JIahometans, and Pagans. In 1820 he returned to England, and mar- ried a daughter of the Earl of Orford. From 1827 to 1836 he was engaged in missionary labors in various parts of eastern Europe, Asia, and Africa, en- countering divers perils and hardships inuunierable. Early in 1837, after one of his narrowest escapes, he reached Bombay, and sailed thence for New- York. Here he was ordained deacon by Bishop Doane, visited the principal cities, preached before congress, and re- ceived the degree of D. D. In 1838 he proceeded to England, and having, dur- ing a visit to Duljliu, received priest's orders from the bishop of Dromore, he settled as a curate of the Church of England, in Yorkshire. In 1843, on the receipt of the news of the imprisonment of Colonel Stoddard and Captain Con- oily at Bokhara. Dr. Wolff was sent by private individuals in England to at- tempt their release or learn their fate. He reached Bokhara too late, to render them help, and only escaped their fate through the intervention of the Parisian ambassador. On his return to England he was presented to a rural vicarage, where he labored till his death, in 18ti2. Dr. Wolff's published works are, " Jour- nal of Missionary Labors," "Mission to Bokhara," " Missionary Labors and Researches," and "Travels and Ad- ventures." WOOD, George, an American au- thor, b. in Newburyport, Mass., 1799, was most of his life a clerk in one of the departments at Washington. He wrote "Peter Schlemihl in America," "The Modern Pilgrims," "Marrying too Late," and " The Gates Wide Open." D. 1870. — John, discoverer of the source of the river Oxus, was a captain in the Indian navv. B. in Fife- shire, 1811; d. 1872. WOOL), WiLHAJi B., comedian, b. in Montreal, 1779, was brought up to mercantile business in New York, but went on the stage in 1798, and soon became a favorite actor. He was for many years a theatrical manager in Philadelphia. He adapted numerous English plays to the American stage, and wrote " Personal Recollections of the Stage." D. ]861. WOODBRIDGE, William, states- man and jurist, b. in Norwich, Conn., 1780, received his legal education at Litchfield, held various offices in his native state, and was appointed secre- tary of Michigan territory in 1814. He was delegate to congress in 1819; a territorial judge, 1828-32 ; member of the state constitutional convention in 1835; state senator ; governor; and U. S. senator from 1841 to 1847. He was the author of the extradition provision in the Ashburton treaty. D. 1861. WOODS, Leonard", D. D., emeri- tus professor of theology in the An- 328 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [WRI dover (heological seminary, and the author of a course of theology in live volumes. B. 1773; d. 1854. WOODWAKU, Bernaud Boling- BROKE, an English writer, b. 1816, published, in 1853, a " History of Wales;" and afterwards wrote a "His- tory of America, to the end of the Administration of President Polk," the earlier chapters of which were written by Mr. VV. H. Bartlett. U. 1869. — George W., an American jurist and statesman, b. at Bethan}', Penn., 1809, studied law, distinguished himself as a politician, and in 1836 was chosen a delegate to the state constitutional con- vention. In the fall of 1852 he received the Democratic nomination as chief justice of the supreme court, and was elected. During the civil war he was a leader of the peace Democrats, and in 1863 delivered an opinion that the "draft laws" were unconstitutional. This decision gave him the Democratic nomination for the governorship, which he accepted, and after one of the most exciting elections that ever took place in the state, the republican candidate, Andrew G. Curtin, was elected bv 15,- 000 majority. In 1866 Judge Wood- ward declined a renomination, and the following year sailed for Europe. In his absence he was elected member of congress from the Wilkesbarre district, and reelected in 1868. D. in Rome, Ilaly, 1875. WOOL, John Elus, an American general, b. in Newburg, N. Y., 1788, was when j'oung a bookseller at Troy, afterwards studied law, and in 1812 was appointed captain in the U. S. service, and distinguished himself at Queens- town Heights, where he was severely wounded ; and at the battle of Platts- burg, for which he was lirevetted lieu- tenant-colonel. In 1846 he raised in the West in six weeks 12,000 volunteers, and dispatched them fully armed and equipped to the seat of war in Mexico. He made the preliminary arrangements for the battle of Buena Vista, and 3ommauded in the earlv part of the engagement until the arrival of Gen- eral Taylor. For his services he was brevetted major-general, received the thanks of congress, and a sword. Soon after the attack on Fort Sumter, in 1861, he went to New York, and by timely reinforcements saved Fortress Monroe from seizure b}' the confed- erates. In August he was made com- mander of the department of Virginia, and led the expedition that occupied Norfolk, Mav 10, 1862. He was made major-general May 16. D. 1869. W()i;('l!sri;i!, Joseph Emerson, an Anii'ricaii lexicographer, b. at Bed- ford, N. IL, 1784, graduated at Yale college, and devoted himself to litera- ture as a profession. His great work is the " Dictionary of the English Language," 1860. He was the literary editor of the American Almanac from 1831 to 1843. D. 1865. WOKONZOFF, Pri.xce Michael, served in the Russian army in several campaigns against Napoleon. He rep- resented Russia at the conference at .\ix-la-Chapelle. In 1823 he was ap- pointed governor of New Russia, which office he held until the commencement of the Crimean war. In 1845 he com- manded an expedition against the Cir- cassians. B. 1782; d. 1856. W R T L E Y, Lady Emmeline Charlotte Elizabeth, b. in 1806; d. in 1855. She published " Travels in the United States during 1849-50," a "Visit to Portugal and Madeira," and more than one volume of poetry. WRANGELL, Ferdinand, Baron, a Russian traveller, b. 1795, was a naval othcer, in 1820-23 commanded a sledge expedition to the Polar Sea, and on his return embarked on a voyage round the world. He was governor of Russian America, 1829-1834. In 1858 he was made a member of the imperial council, with the rank of admiral. D. 1870. W R A X A L L, Sir Frederic Charles Lascelles, an English nov- elist and litierateur, b. at Boulogne, 1828, was the author of a " Hand-book to the Armies of Europe," "Armies of the Great Powers," "Camp Life," "Wild Oats," and translated several volumes from the French and German. D. 1865. WKIGHT, Fanny, once celebrated as a deistical and political agitator, was b. at Dundee, 1796. Her first work, "A Few Days in Athens," ap- peared in 1818, and attracted some at- tention. She visited the United States, and in 1821 published in London her " Views on Society and Manners in America." In 1825 she returned to this country, and in 1833 made her advent as a public lecturer, in which capacity she wielded considerable in- fluence. F'or a time she was associated with Robert Owen, at New Harmony, Ind., and edited the "Gazette" pub- lished there. She contracted an un- happ3' marriage with M. Darusmont. D. at Cincinnati, 1853. — George, an WYS] crcLOr^DiA OF biography. 329 American officer, b. at Norwich, Vt., 3803, graduated at West I^)iIlt in 1822, eiitiTcd till' army, si-rvcd in the Horida and Jlexican wai-s, distin{;'iii.shing liini- self at Contreras, Churubusco, and Molino del Rev. In 1856-58 he ac- quired new reputation by hiscompaigns against the Indians in Washington territory. Appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, he commanded the de- partment of the Pacific from October, 1861, to July, 1864, and was then as- signed to the new department of the Colunjbia. While on his way to Wash- ington territory he was drowned on the steamship Brother Jonathan, off the coast of southern Oregon, July 30, 1865. — ICHABOD Chakles, an" English translator of Dante and Homer, was an English banker at Nottingham, and devoted his leisure to literature. B. 1795; d. 1871. WULF, Christian, Captain of the Danish navy, was the son of Admiral Wulf, for many years at the head of the naval academy in Copenhagen, and known as a translator of Shakespeare. Captain Wulf early joined the navy, and gained distinction for his military services. Inheriting the literary taste and scholarship of his father, and en- tertaining an interest and sympathy' for the history and institutions of the United States, he published a transla- tion of Bancroft's "History of the United States " into the Danish lan- guage. He was at the time of his death making the tour of the United States. B. 1810 ; d. in Beaufort, N. C, 1856. WtJRTEMBERG, Frederick Chas., King of, b. 1781, succeeded his father, Frederick I., in 1816. In the same year he married Catherine Paulowna, daugh- ter of Paul, late Emperor of Russia, and after her death, Pauline Theresa Louisa, his cousin, daughter of Louis Frederick, Duke of Wiirtemberg. He d. 1864, his long reign having been quiet and un- eventful. WYATT, Matthew Cotes, an Eng- lish sculptor, b. 1778; d. 1862. He achieved his highest reputation by his equestrian statues, among which are those of the dukes of York and Welling- ton ill London. WYJIAN. Jeffries, an American anatomist, was b. in Chelmsford, Mass., 1814. He was graduated at Harvard college in 18.33, and at the Massachu- setts medical college in 1837, shortly after which he visited Europe, and studied medicine and natural history two years in Paris. In 1843 he accepted the chair of anatomy and physiology in Hampden Sidney college, Richmond, Va., and resigned in 1847, on his ap- pointment as Hersey professor of anat- oni}' in Harvard college, and professor of comparative anatomj' in the Law- rence scientific school. He delivered two courses of lectures before the Lowell institute in Boston, one of which was published under the title of "Twelve Lectures on Comparative Ph3-siolog3'. " He wrote numerous important articles on comparative anatomj^ physiology, and embryology, in the " American Journal of Science," the "Smithso- nian Contributions to Knowledge," the "Boston Journal of Natural History," and the "Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural Historv," of which association he was president from 1856 to 1870. His latest writings were on archa?ologicaI subjects. D. 1874. WYON, Joseph S., a medalist and chief engraver of seals to her majesty Queen Victoria, an ofHce that had been held by his father and grandfather, executed the medal of James Watt, which was adopted as an annual prize medal by the royal institute of civil engineers. His works were numerous. Among them were the medal ordered by the Canadian government to com- memorate the confederation of the four provinces of Canada ; and the great seal of the Dominion of Canada, a beautiful work of art. D. 1873, aged 37 years. WYSE, Sir John, author of " Walks in Rome," and "Oriental Sketches," b. 1792 ; d. 1862. He represented Tip- perary, and subsequently the city of Waterford, in the British parliament, and was minister plenipotentiary at the court of Athens. 330 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [you Y. YANCEY, WiT.T.iAjr Lowndes, an American orator and politician, b. in Georgia, 1814, studied law, and in 1837 settled in Alabama, where he took an active part in politics, was sent to the state legislature and to congress, 1844- 47. He was a conspicuous member of the national Democratic conventions of 1848, 1856, and 1800, and was es- teemed a leader of the "tire-eating" branch of the Democracy. He was a member of the Montgomery conven- tion, which passed the ordinance of secession. In February, 1801, he was sent to Euro))e as a commissioner from the confederate government, to urge its claims to recognition by foreign powers. He returned in February, 1802, and in a speech delivered at New Orleans, dis- couraged every expectation of foreign aid, on the ground that the nations of Europe are. irreconcilablv hostile to slavery. He was elected a senator from Alabama in the confederate con- gress, and on arriving at Richmond was elected by the members opposed to the Davis administration as their leader. This position he declined. D. Julv, 1803. YARRELL, Wii.t.iam, a naturalist, author of various works, among which are "Histories of British Birds and British Fishes." B. 1780 ; d. 18.56. YATES, Richard, an Aniericnn lawyer and politician, b. in Kentucky, 1818, removed to Illinois and praclised law. He was frequentlv a member of the state legislature, and was member of congress, 1851-55. He was governor of Illinois, 1801-65, and rendered efficient aid to the Union cause. He was U. S. senator, 1805-71. D. at St. Louis, 1873. YEAD(.)N, Richard, an American journalist, b. in Charleston, S- C, 1802, was admitted to the bar, but became known as a political writer, and for many years was prominent in South- ern journalism as the editor and propri- etor of the "Charleston Courier." D. 1870. YOUNG. Ai,EXANDKR, D. D., author of "Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers of the Colony of Plymouth." and " Chronicles of the First Planters of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay," was pastor of the sixth Congregational church of Bost >n, having graduated at Harvard college in 1820. B. 1800; d. 1854. — Augustus, a geologist and naturalist, b. in Arlington, Vt., 1785; d. 1857. He wrote much on scientific subjects, and acquired a reputation as a mathematician, as well as in relation to geology and mineralogy. In 1856 he was appointed state naturalist. He had previously been a politician, and served both in the state legislature and in con- gress. — Charles Maynk, an English tragedian, h. in London, 1777, made his first appearance on the stage in Liver- pool, 1798, in the character of Young Norval. His first appearance in London w^as in 1807, in the character of Hamlet, and he took leave of the stage in the same character at Drurv Lane in 1832. D. 1856. An interesting memoir by his son was published in 1871. YOUNG, Brigham, the prophet, seer, and ruler of the Mormons, was b. at Whittingham, Yt., June 1, 1801. The son of a farmer, he worked in the earlier years of his life on the farm in Chenango county, N. Y., to which his father removed in 1804. He afterwards learned the trade of a painter and gla- zier, and followed it till he was 31 years of age. In 1833 he was converted to the Mormon faith by a brother of the prophet Joseph Smith, and joined the saints at Kirtland, 0-, where he was ordained an elder and began to preach. On the 14th of February, 1835, he was ordained one of the twelve apostles of the church, and became their president the following year. The persecutions of the Mormons soon followed, and Joe Smith and Brigham Yoimg fied for their lives. Through the troubles and conflicts of the new faith. Young's en- ergy and zeal were adding continually to ills influence, and when Smith was killed, in 1844, he seized the successor- ship. He abandoned Nauvoo, with most of the Mormons in 1840, and in the fol- lowing winter established a settlement at Kanesville. now Council Bluff-;, la., which remained there till the spring of 1847. At this time he determined to remove the entire body of the ch\irch to Salt Lake, and in spite of the hard- ships and privations suffered by his peo- ple in this journey of a thousand miles and across the Rocky Mountains, he accomplished the project in 1848. ^n the spring of 1849 the colonists or}^an- ized themselves under the title of the " State of Deseret," and applied to con- gress for admission into the Union. zol] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 331 Tlieir application was refused, but tlie territoiy of Utah was forined, and Brigliam Young was appointed the first governor of the territorj', and remained so for a term of four years. At tlie ex- piration of that period, Colonel Steptoe was appointed his successor, but by a se- ries of stratagems and contrivances, all the federal authorities were eventually driven out of Utah, and the territory was virtually in a state of rebellion. Tresi- dent Buchanan dispatched 3,000 troops to Utah, to reestablish the federal power. A compromise followed, and the rebels were pardoned on certain conditions, to which the}' submitted. During the civil war, Brigham Young again detied the power of the federal government, which was not in a situa- tion to compel obedience to its laws. lu carrying out the "celestial law of mar- riage," which he interpolated in Mor- mon doctrine in 18.52, he detied public opinion and tlie laws of the U. S. His last years were disturbed bj- the actions brought in the federal courts to put down polygamy. Young and other lead- ing jNIormons were arraigned before the grand jury, were arrested, and held to bail in S5,000 each. He had married or been " sealed " to some forty wives. He ruled his people with an absolute sway for twenty j-ears, and accumu- lated large wealth. He was a man of large stature, slightly stooping, with ligiit hair, and irregular features, but of an appearance, on the whole, agree- able and impressive. He was sensual, avaricious, and a cruel, if not a mur- derous impostor. D. August 29, 1877. ZAGOSKIN, MiCHAF.L N1K01.AE- Vicii, a Russian dramatist and novelist, b. 1789, produced the comedy of "The Wag" successfully at St. Petersburg, and afterwards removed to Moscow. His most popular novel is " George Miloslavky," a picture of Russia at the commencement of the 17th century. D. at Moscow. 1852. ZAMACOIS, Kduaedo, a Spanish painter, b. 18-'37, studied under jMeisson- ier in Paris, and excelled in genre pic- tures, a number of which are in the U. S. D. in Madrid, 1871. ZAMOYSKI, Count Andreas, a Polish patriot, of a noble family, b. 1810, during the insurrection of 1830 represented his national government at Vienna. He became the recognized leader of the moderate party, and was president of the agricultural society of VVarsaw, which the Russian govern- ment suppressed from a fear of its po- litical influence, and banished Zamoy- ski in 18G2. He subsequently resided for the most part in Paris. D. 1874. ■ ZP:DLITZ, JosEi'H Chkistian, Bakon von, a German poet, b. 1790, served some years in the army, and re- tiring to his estate in Hungary, devoted himself to literature. He published "Lyric Poems," and four volumes of dramatic books. He also translated " Childe Harold" into German. D. 18G2. ZEDNER, Joseph, a distinguished Hebraist, was b. of Jewish parents at Glogau, in 1804. In 1846 he became an assistant in the library of the Brit- ish J\luseum, where he prepared and published its "Catalogue of Hebrew Books," a volume of nearly 900 pages, the fruit of years of patient toil. D. 1871. ZETTERSTEDT, John William, a Swedish naturalist, b. 1785, was teacher and professor of botany and natural history in Lund, where he died, 1874. For his "Diptera Scandinaviie," 14 vols., 1842-60, an important work pub- lished partly at the expense of the gov- ernment, he received the great medal of natural history from the Stockholm acadeinv of science. ZHUkOFFSKI, Vasili, a Russian poet, b. 1783, was the founder of a ro- mantic school, and the first to introduce the ballad form into Russian literature. Some of his ))oems were translated by Sir J. Bowring. D. 1852. ZIMMERMAN, Clemens von, a German painter, who studied his art at Diisseldorf and IMunich, became pro- fessor of painting in jNIunich in 1825, and director of the Central gallervfrom 1846 to 1865. He executed in the Pin- akolhek there the fresco designs of Cor- nelius, and was also employed on dec- orating the Glyptothek. He executed for the drawing-room of the palace il- lustrations of Anaereon. D. 1869. ZOLLICOFFEK, Felix K., an Amer- ican journalist and politician, b. in Ten- nessee, 1812; d. Jan. 19, 1862. Engaged in the editorial profession, he filled sev- eral local offices, and while publishing 832 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [zwi the "Nashville Banner '' was elected a member of congress in 1853, and con- tinued so till 1859. He was a delegate to the peace congress in 1861, but after the battle of Bull Run entered the con- federate service, was made brigadier- general, and assumed command of East Tennessee. He was defeated at Camp Wild Cat, Ky., and was killed in battle near Mill Spring in that state. ZOOK, Samuel Kosciuszko, U. S. brigadier-general, b. in Pennsvlvania, 1823, killed at Gettysburg, 1863. He acted as colonel of the 57tli New York state volunteers in the bloody campaign of the Peninsula, receiving liis commis- sion as brigadier-general in Nov., 1862. At ChanceUorsville and Gettysburg he greatly distinguished himself. ZOtJCHE, Robert Cukzon, Baron DE LA, b. 1810, was joint commissioner for defining the boundaries between Turkey and Persia at Erzeroum, and the author of " V^isits to the Monasteries in the Levant," and "Armenia, a Year at Erzeroum, and the Frontiers of Russia, Turkey, and Persia." D. 1873. ZWECKER, J. B., an artist known by his illustrations of the travels of Livingstone, Du Chaillu, Speke, and Grant, Stanley, and Sir Samuel Bakeri passed the last thirty years of his life in England, and his skilful pencil con- tributed largelj' to the chief illustrated journals. D. 1876. ZWIRNER, Ernst Feiedrich, a Germau architect, who in 1833 under- took the completion of the cathedral of Cologne, and labored persistently until 1860, when he gave the finishing touches to a structure which is one of the finest efforts at a reproduction of the Gothic architecture of the middle ages. B. in Silesia, 1802; d. at Co- logne, 1861. UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES LIBRARY -.*^ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. '0>^ FormL9-25m-9,'47(A5618)444 Of aodwin - ■19^ ? h o oyolopa o dia of biography. a54c CT 103 G54o 1878 *^/:V/,