University of California College of Agriculture Agricultural Experiment Station Berkeley, California SEASONAL LABOR NEEDS FOR CALIFORNIA CROPS G-LENN COUNTY Progress Report No. 11 by R. L. Adams Preliminary — Subject to Correction December, 1936 Contribution from the Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics Mimeographed Report No. 53 (Farm Labor Survey — June-December, 1936) Progress Report No, 11 Seasonal Labor Needs for California Crops Glenn County Scope of Presentation. — The following considerations govern the presentation of this progress report: 1. The data are confined to the area indicated above. 2. The data are confined solely to crops, livestock needs being ignored. 3. The findings apply only to occasional or seasonal labor requirements as distinguished from labor contributed by farm operators and by workers employed on a year-round or regular basis of employment. 4. Attention is concentrated upon workers required for hand tasks — planting, thinning, weeding, hoeing, and harvesting without including teamsters, tractor drivers, irrigators, and shed packers of vegetables or fruits. 5. The presentation includes the so-called migratory, transient, or roving workers which comprise an important source of help needed in connection with certain tasks and at "peak" times which seasonally arise in connection with many field, truck, and fruit crops commercially produced in California. 6. This report is confined to California's need for seasonal agricultural workers because of the more pressing problems liable to arise in connection there- with. A later study is planned which will deal with other kinds of labor involved in the production of California's many crops. Brief Description of the Area »-- Glenn County is located in the central part of the Sacramento Valley, lying west of the Sacramento River, which marks its eastern boundary and separates it from Butte County. Its southern boundary is about 100 miles north of the city of Sacramento and its western boundary, the Mendocino County line, is 60 miles in from the Pacific Ocean. The county has a total land area of 755,680 acres, 343,301 acres of which can be used as crop land. The important agriculture of the county is carried on within an area contigu- ous to the Sacramento River. This section extends from the Tehama County line on the north to the Colusa County line on the south, and reaches from 20 to 25 miles west from the river bottom. In the northern portion of this section fruit and alfalfa are the principal crops in the more immediate vicinity of the river while the foothill slopes are devoted mostly to dry-grain farming. The southern part commencing at Willows and continuing south to the county line is an area of large farms devoted principally to rice and alfalfa. The predominating soils are Willows clay adobe, Willows clay, and clay loam. The United States Census classification of the crop land for 1935 is as follows : Acrea ge 147,008 1,187 58,507 156,599 crops 343,301 Crop land harvested Crop failure Crop land idle or fallow Plowable pasture Total land available for 2. Crops, Acreages, and Production . — The basis used in calculating occasional or seasonal need for labor , other than that furnished by farm operators and regularly employed workers appears as table 1. TABLE 1 Basis for Calculating Seasonal Labor Requirements Glenn County Crops Acreage Production Field crops : * Alfalfa (for hay) Grains — barley oats wheat Grain hay and "volunteer" hay Rice Sorghums -~ for grain Sugar beets Vegetable crops: None reported Fruit and nut crops : Almonds Apricots Figs Grapes T— mostly table varieties Olives Oranges Lemons ^ Peaches — 95 per cent freestone Pears — Bartlett Winter Nellis Prune s Walnuts 13,753 70,660 2,340 19,982 7,330 20,000 4,274 6 53 3,512 973 524 370 717.2 997 80 1,054 496 3,120 596 50,640 tons 749,068 cwt. 19,581 cwt. 163,892 cwt. 9,169 tons 600,000 cwt. 70,340 cwt, 7,876 tons 477 tons (1,644 tons fresh weight of which ( 1,511 tons (fresh weight) were dried T 250 tons dry weight (1,035 tons canning 4 1,562 tons (527 tons not canning (98 cars of 462 packed boxes ) = 91, 500 (l car of loose fruit ) field boxes 6 cars of 348 boxes (3,800 tons (fresh weight) of which ( 3,175 tons were dried t (180 tons Bartlett (50 tons Winter Nellis T3 4,147 tons (dry weight) T (89,200 pounds 108,700 pounds (merchantable " (19,500 culls (estimated *Data from U. S. Census, 1935, except rice and sugar beets, "f* Drying ratios are: Apricots 5 to 1 Peaches 6 to 1 Prunes 2 l/2 to 1 Footnotes continued on next page. 3 Footnotes continued. ^ Use of seasonal labor inconsequential and hence ignored. Data from California Olive Growers Association. ^ Pear crop was very light in 1935 — about 15 per cent of normal. j| Data from Walnut Control Board. Operations Requiring Seasonal Labor and Times of Need . — Farm operations requiring the use of seasonal or occasional labor for the various crops raised in Glenn County are indicated in table 2. This tabulation does not include the employing of shed workers needed to wash, pack, and prepare various commodities for shipping and marketing. TABLE 2 Operations Requiring Use of Seasonal Labor and Times of Need by Crops Glenn County Crop Operation Time of need by month Fer cent of work, done by seasonal help Output per man- day Field crops: Alfalfa — 75 per cent of acreage for hay Grain — barley, wheat and oats Mowing — 50 per cent by tractor 50 per cent by team Raking Shocking with rake Baling — 50 per cent of crop Harvesting with "combine" May — 5/6 of acreage June — 5/6 of acreage July — 5/6 of acreage August — 5/6 of acreage September — 5/6 of acreage October — 5/6 acreage May — 1/6 of of 75 iOO June — l/6 of job July — l/6 of job August — l/6 of job September — l/6 of job October — l/6 of job > 75 May 25-31 — 5 per cent of acreage June 1-30 — 60 per cent of acreage July 1-31 — 35 per cent of acreage > 75 30 acres 8 acres 20 acres 55 acres 5 tons 6 acres Table continued on next page.. Table 2 continued Crop Operation Time of need by month Per cent of work done by seasonal help Output per man- day Hay — other than al- falfa Rice Sorghums for grain Sugar beets Mowing Raking Shocking Binding -- 75 per cent of acreage Shocking bundles Threshing stationary Windrowing or swathing — ■ 25 per cent of acreage Threshing by pLds up combine -- 25 per cent of acreage Hauling Cutting heads by hand — 75 per cent of acreage Threshing by stati onary — 75 per cent of crop Harvesting with combine — 25 per cent of acreage Thinning — 10 per 90 per — 10 per — 10 per^p Hoeing — first time second time 1-31 — 90 per cent of acreage % June 1-7 — 10 per cent of acreage — ' October 1-31 — 90 per cent of job November 1-15 cent of job October 1-31 cent of job November 1-15 cent of job October 10-31 — 90 per cent of job November 1-15 — 10 per cent of job October 1-31 — 90 per cent of job November 1-15 cent of job October 10-31 — 90 per cent of job November 1-15 — 10 per f cent of job J October 10-31 — 90 per~* cent of job November 1-15 — 10 • cent of job September 1-30 — 20 per cent of job October 1-31 — 80 per cent of job _ October 1-31 — 80 per " cent of job November 1-20 — 20 per cent of job - October 1-31 — 80 ppr ~" cent of job November 1-20 — 20 per cent of job _ 'arch 1-31 — 16 per cent of acreage April 1-30 — 66 per cent of acreage May 1-31 — 18 per cent of acreage April 1-30 — all of acreage May 1-31 — all of acreage 50 100 100 100 100 75 100 100 66 50 100 100 100 8 acres 16 acres 30 acres 4 acres 3 acres 50 cwt * 20 acres 1 50 owt • 300 cwt • 0.75 acre 100 sacks - 13,, 000 pounds 5 acres 0.75 acre 1.25 acres Table continued on next page. 5. Table 2 continued. Crop Sugar beets Fruit and nut crops : Almonds Apricots Operation Cultivating five times Irrigating • four times Topping and loading Pruning Brush disposal by regular help Kno eking Hulling — by machine Pruning Time of need by month Per cent of work done by seasonal help March 1-31 — 166 ' per cent of acreage April 1-30 — 166 per cent of acreage May 1-31 166 per cent of acrea'ge ^ May 1-31 — 160 per cent of acreage June 1-30 — 160 per cent of acreage July 1-15 — 80 per cent of acreage ^ July 15-31 — 10 per cent of crop August 1-31 — 40 per cent of crop September 1-30 — 26 per cent of crop October 1-15 — 24 per cent of crop > 75 > 75 > 100 November 1-30 -- 50 per cent of job December 1-31 - cent of job - 50 per J 30 August 1-31 — 50 per* cent of acreage September 1-30 — 50 per cent of acreage August 1-31 — 50 per cent of crop September 1-30 — 50 per cent of crop 1 } } 100 80 October — 5 per cent of acreage November 20 per cent of acreage December — 20 per cent of acreage January 25 per cent of acreage February — 25 per cent of acreage March — 5 per cent of acreage > 75 Output per man- day 12 acres 5 acres (in 12 hours) 5 tons 2.25 acres 0,5 acre 400 pounds 0.16 acre Table continued on next page. 6. Table 2 continued Crop Operation Time of need by month Per cent of work done by seasonal help Output per man- day Apricots (cont . ) Figs Olives Brush burning Thinning Picking Cutting for drying Other dry-yard labor Picking up Dipping and drying — fumi gating, etc . Sorting Picking for pickling October — 5 per cent of acreage November — 20 per cent of acreage December 20 per cent of acreage January — 25 per cent / of acreage February — 25 per cent of acreage March 5 per cent of acreage ; April 15-30 — 50 per cent of job May 1-15 50 per cent f of job June 20-30 — 50 per cent of crop July 1-15 — 50 per cent of crop June 20-30 — 50 per cent of job July 1-15 — 50 per cent of job June 20-30 — 50 per cent of job July 1-20 — 50 per cent of lob September 1-30 — 80 per cent of crop October 1-10 — 20 per cent of crop September 1-30 — 80 per" cent of job October 1-10 — 20 per cent of job September'' 15-30 — 50 per cent of crop October 1-20 50 per cent of crop October 1-31 — 50 per cent of job November 1-30 — 50 per cent of job 80 100 100 100 100 100 50 100 90 2,5 acres 1 acre 1,500 pounds 1,000 pounds 11 man-hours per fresh ton 600 pounds (dry weight) 33 man-hours per dry ton 976 pounds 240 pounds Table continued on next page. Table 2 continued. Crop Operation Time of need bv month Per cent of work done by seasonal help Output per man- day Olives (cont o ) Oranges Peaches Pears licking for oil Pi eking Pruning Brush disposal Thinning Picking Gutting for drying Other dry-yard labor Pruning December 15-31 ; — 20 per cent of job January 1-31 40 per cent of job February 1-28 40 per cent of job November — 5 per cent of crop December 1-31 — 80 per cent of crop Balance — scattering and inconsequential December — 1/4 of acreage January — l/4 of acreage February l/4 of acreage March — 1/4 of acreage _^ December — l/4 of acreage January — lA- of acreage February — 1/4 of acreage March — l/4 of acreage May 1-31 — all of acreage July 20-31 — 25 per cent of crop August 1-31 — 75 per cent of crop July 20-31 — 25 per cent of job August 1-31 — 75 per cent of job > J 1 July 20-31 — 25 -per cent of job August 1-31 *»- 75 per cent of job J January l/3 of acreage February — l/3 of acreage March — l/3 of acreage r 90 50 85 50 100 100 100 85 400 pounds 50 field boxes 0.25 acre 2.5 acres 0.2 acre 3,000 pounds 1,500 pounds (fresh we i ght ) 11 1/2 man- hours per fresh ton* 12 trees = 0.14 acre Table continued on next page . 8. Table 2 continued. Crop Operation Time of need by month Per cent of work done by seasonal help Output per man- day Pears ( cont o ) Prunes Brush burning Picking -- Bartlett Winter Fell is Cutting for drying — 5 per cent of Bartlett crop Other dry-yard labor Pruning Brush burning Picking up Dipping and drying — mostly by a. g ny a r ax; o r January — l/3 of acreage February ~.- l/3 of 1 > 50 acreage r March -- 1/3 of acreage _J July -- 8 per cent of ">| crop ! August 1-31 — 92 per j 100 cent of crop September 15-30 — all 100 of crop August 1-31 — all of 100 job August 1-31 — all of 100 job November — 10 per cent of acreage December — 25 per cent of acreage January — 30 per cent of acreage \ 75 February — 30 per cent of acreage March — 10 per cent of acreage — November ->- 10 per cent of acreage December — 25 per cent of acreage January — 30 per cent \ of acreage f February — 30 per cent of acreage March — 10 per cent of acreage — "* August 1-31 10 per cent of crop September 1-30 — 80 per L -^qq cent of crop October 1-15 — 10 per cent of crop — ' August 1-31 — 10 per cent of cr*>p September 1-30 — 80 t go per cent of crop October — 1-15 — 10 per cent of crop 2.5 acres 1,500 pounds 2,000 pounds 800 pounds 26 l/2 man- hours per fresh ton* 0.5 acre ) 2*5 acres 2,000 pounds 6 man-hours per fresh ton f Table continued on next page. 9, Table 2 continued. Crop Operation Time of need by month Per cent of work done by seasonal he]p Output per man- day Walnuts Knocking, picking up, and hulling September 24-30 — 5 per cent of crop October 1-30 — 90 per cent of crop November 1-15 — 5 per cent of crop 90 200 pounds *From Christie, A. W. and L. C. Barnard. The principles and practice of sun-drying fruit, California Agr. Exp. Sta. 3ul. 388:40-60. 1925. T From Christie, A. ¥. , revised by P. F. Nichols. The dehydration of prunes. California Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 404:7/ 1929, Findings of Seasonal Labor Nee ds.— Details and summaries of seasonal labor requirements of Glenn County agriculture are presented as table 3. The "size of task" are figures drawn from table 1, in terms of either acreage or output in tons, crates, boxes, or whatever unit is commonly used. The "output per man-day" is an average figure for the entire acreage or output figured in crates, hampers, boxes, or other units as indicated in the table. If the work is of a nature that requires a crew different members of which perform different tasks, then the average shown is per man based on the entire crew. Length of day is 9 hours, November to February; 10 hours March to October, unless otherwise stated. Wide variations in output occur between farm and farm, field and field, and season and season, because of differences in soil types, climatic conditions, weeds, yields, and other factors influencing the amount of work that a laborer can perform in a given day. Moreover, the basis of output is a mature, experienced male worker 'without reference to use of women, children, and more or less inexperienced help that is sometimes used in connection with certain of the tasks requiring use of seasonal workers. The column headed "available days" reflects (a) limitations set from the period within which the work must be performed because of the nature of the task, such as transplanting, thinning, weeding, and cutting, and (b) available days as determined by weather conditions, inclement weather reducing the number of days when a required task can be performed. The "required number of individuals" is given in terms of workers as noted above in connection with "output per man-day." It is probable that the estimated number of workers required, as recorded in table 3, will often be too low, for the reason that "peaks" frequently occur, dur- ing which an unusually large proportion of the job is done in a very short period. 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CO CO CD P Sh Sh a, cd CO CO P p rH cd & Sh Sh o o CO •H P X! x: Sh P> o o I i 3 a CO X! x: si O CO a) i i cd cd E x: d <3 e i dj cd Td $3 CO bio CJ e s to • • cd S !*> • H rH CO rH CO X> tt rH to rH CV2 to CD 1 3 t 1 i 1 I &* o 1 1 1 1 i o 0} X) T3 an t <5 1/ o CO X> Sh X! O CD CO O P p O XJ CO CD "i> O •H CO o u S3 XS Sh &Q cd cd 3 1 CD Oj •H CD CD Sh o r£j Cm Ph Oh Cm rH P g O o •H P Sh O & XJ CD P cd E » I Sh a p x; bi) •H CD $ x; CO CD Sh Cm TABLE 4 Summary of Seasonal Labor Needs by Months Glenn County 1935 Month Required man- days of seasonal labor Available work days Required man-months of seasonal labor January 5,846 18 325 February 5,839 19 308 March 3,070 21 147 April ?, , 288 21 109 May 9 , 704 25 389 June 12,304 26 474 July 12,020 26 463 August 16,429 26 632 September 0 21,506 26 828 October 31,104 24 1,296 November 7,783 21 371 De cemb e r 1 4,771 17 281 Total 132,664 5,623 18. Notes Notes on Table 2. — Data concerning "time of need" as shown in this table break down required seasonal labor into the period in which the work is performed in order to permit a subsequent determination of labor needs by months (table 3) <> Some operations are performed only to a limited extent with seasonal labor, For instance, only about 75 per cent of the labor in harvesting grain is done by seasonal workers - When a job extends over several different months, the propor- tionate amount for each month is shown. The amount of work done each month is based on the cropping system followed during 1935. The allotting of amounts of work is based on findings concerning local farm practices, and required time to "make" a crop resulting from inquiry of producers, and records of carlot shipments, the latter proving helpful in fix- ing dates of planting and of subsecuent tasks involved in producing certain crops. Proportionate amounts of output harvested each month were determined from data of local practices with respect to harvesting, and from carlot shipments of perishable products. Records of truck shipments were also used when available. Notes o n Table 5.- - Table 3 is the condensed summary of labor needs as worked out for Glenn County as a result of findings pertinent to 1935, The data are presented by months with the tasks which were performed in each month indicated by both crop and task. The size of the job was calculated from the data appearing in table 1 (acreage and production) and table 2 (task, time of performance, and percentage of work pertinent to a given month) • The output per man-day was cal- culated as indicated in the foreword presenting table 3, The number of required man-days is a result of dividing the size of task by output per man-day • The available days for the different tasks involve two variables. The first is the number of days when field work is possible because of favorable weather conditions. The basis for this column was determined from a study of the monthly weather charts of the United States Weather Bureau for the years 1933, 1934, and 1935. These data indicated available days per month as follows (based on a 26-day working month without allowance for holidays): Month Available Length of Month Available Length of days work day days work day hours hours January 18 9 July 26 10 February 19 9 August 26 10 March 21 10 September 26 10 April 21 10 October 24 10 May 25 10 November 21 9 June 26 10 December 17 9 Source of data: Based on precipitation records of the Orland station of the United States Weather Bureau for the years 1933, 1934, and 1935. The second factor influencing the number of available days was the size of the job. If the output was only a few' cars, then the number of days was limited to the time needed to get out those cars efficiently. If a field operation had 1 V I } 19. to be performed in a period less than the number of available days in the month, then the specific number of days was noted. These restrictions are shown in par- entheses. For example, in July picking of apricotw was limited to the first half of the month, picking peaches to the last ten days, etc. The totals of table 3 show the total required man-days of needed seasonal labor, the available days for field work during the month, and the necessary number of men (as defined in the opening paragraph of table 3) required on a monthly basis to care for the tasks ordinarily performed by seasonal workers. In an area such as Glenn County, involving a variety of annual crops, the findings as set forth in this report are bound to fluctuate materially from year to year, because of the market outlook upon what and how much acreage is planted, and when it is planted; because of variable seasonal conditions affecting yields, time of performing operations, and available days,* and because of harvesting oper- ations on certain crops being speeded up to supply a good market, or retarded to avoid a poor one, resulting in marked variations in the need for harvest labor. <0 i