*>t; 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
THE THERAPEUTICS OF 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS 
 
 AND 
 
 CLIMATES 
 
THE THERAPEUTICS 
 
 OF 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS 
 AND CLIMATES 
 
 BY 
 
 I. BURNEY YEO, M.D., F.R.C.P. 
 
 Emeritus Professor of Medicine in King's College, London 
 
 Consulting / Physician to King's College Hospital 
 
 Hon. Fellow of King's College; formerly 
 
 Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine 
 
 and of Clinical Therapeutics in King's College, and 
 
 Examiner in Medicine at the Royal College of Physicians 
 
 Author of "A Manual of Medical Treatment" 
 "Food in Health and Disease" etc. etc. 
 
 NEW YORK 
 FUNK AND WAGNALLS COMPANY 
 
 1910 
 
-/?/} 733 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THE author in his " Manual of Medical Treatment " 
 has dealt generally with the subject of Clinical or 
 Practical Therapeutics ; in his work on " Food in Health 
 and Disease "he has treated specially of the Thera- 
 peutics of Food ; in the present volume he has taken for 
 his subject " The Therapeutics of Mineral Springs and 
 Climates." These three works therefore cover a large 
 portion of the wide field of practical Therapeutics. 
 
 The use and selection of baths and climates in the 
 treatment of Disease are topics which have long engaged 
 the attention of the author ; indeed, the present work 
 is founded on an earlier treatise of his on u Climate and 
 Health Resorts/' which has been many years out of print. 
 A long self-imposed winter holiday has afforded the author 
 the leisure needed to revise, re-model, and, to a great 
 extent, re-write the former work so as to render it more 
 systematic, complete, and helpful as a guide to the 
 selection, for invalids, of suitable 'resorts for climatic or 
 mineral-water treatment. 
 
 This work is divided into two parts. The first is 
 devoted to the study of mineral springs ; and as the 
 introductory chapters are concerned with certain general 
 considerations, including the classification of mineral 
 waters, it has been possible to adopt the obviously 
 convenient plan of describing the vast number of 
 mineral-water resorts in alphabetical order, and those 
 resorts that have appeared, for various reasons, to be of 
 minor importance to English invalids have been printed, 
 in smaller type, at the end of each alphabetical group, 
 and described as briefly as possible. 
 
 The second part is concerned with the subject of 
 Climates. It has no pretension to be a systematic or 
 exhaustive treatise on climatology. (The reader who 
 desires to consult such a work must be referred to 
 Professor Kami's u Handbook of Climatology," an 
 
 1^356126 
 
vi PREFACE. 
 
 English translation of which, by Ward, has been pub- 
 lished by Macmillan, New York, 1903.) But this part 
 follows more closely the method adopted by the author 
 in his former work, and its chief object is to serve as a 
 practical guide to the characters and applicability of such 
 climatic resorts as are fairly accessible to and likely to 
 be visited by English invalids. 
 
 With regard to the mode of action of natural 
 mineral waters, there is a manifest tendency in the 
 present day to look upon this subject from a wider point 
 of view than that which has hitherto been furnished by 
 available chemical analyses. In a recent article in the 
 Lancet (January 3Oth, 1904) it is pointed out, with truth, 
 " that the effects of the salts in natural mineral waters 
 are such as cannot be obtained from any artificial 
 imitation of them," and it is aptly suggested that the 
 " newly-discovered property of radio-activity which is in 
 all probability possessed by all natural waters " may 
 account for much that has hitherto seemed unaccount- 
 able, especially in the action of the so-called " in- 
 different " springs. Professor Oscar Liebreich has also 
 expressed his belief " that minimal quantities of sub- 
 stances in mineral waters may be of importance," and 
 speaks of the " fallacy of the old-fashioned notion that 
 springs, the chief ingredients of which are the same, 
 have the same therapeutic effect even though differing 
 in some minor ingredients ; " and he also refers to the 
 fact that two mineral waters, otherwise identical, will 
 be found to differ as regards electrical conductibility. 
 More remarkable still is the conclusion, arrived at by 
 experimental physiologists, that absolutely pure water 
 that is, water without traces of mineral substances is 
 poisonous ! 
 
 But the time is not yet ripe for any positive, 
 practical pronouncement on this subject. We must be 
 content to wait until further scientific research, com- 
 bined with wider experience, shall afford us more reliable 
 data. 
 
 HERTFORD STREET, MAYFAIR 
 March, 1904. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Part 1. 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 SECTION A. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 CHAPTER t. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 THE NATURE, COMPOSITION, AND CLASSIFICATION OF 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS ....... i 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 MODES OF APPLICATION AND ACTION OF MINERAL WATERS 22 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 ACCESSORY MEASURES EMPLOYED IN CONNECTION WITH 
 
 MINERAL- WATER CURES ...... 43 
 
 SECTION B. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL MINERAL SPRINGS (IN 
 
 ALPHABETICAL ORDER) 52 
 
 SECTION C. 
 
 THE APPLICATION OF MINERAL WATERS AND BATHS TO 
 
 THE ALLEVIATION AND CURE OF DISEASE . . 382 
 
 Part ii. 
 
 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 CLIMATE AND CLIMATES ....... 457 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 SEA OR MOUNTAIN ? 478 
 
viii CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 SEASIDE RESORTS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM . . . 492 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 CONTINENTAL SEASIDE RESORTS 538 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 MOUNTAIN CLIMATIC RESORTS : ST. MORITZ AND THE 
 ENGADINE DAVOS PLATZ, AND THE MOUNTAIN-AIR 
 CURE FOR CONSUMPTION 555 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 OTHER MOUNTAIN HEALTH RESORTS : FOR WINTER AND 
 
 SUMMER CURES ........ 581 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 WINTER QUARTERS : A REVIEW OF SOME WINTER HEALTH 
 
 RESORTS . . ... . . . . 609 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 THE WESTERN RIVIERA : A STUDY OF ITS CLIMATE AND A 
 
 SURVEY OF ITS PRINCIPAL RESORTS .... 665 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 SEA VOYAGES, AND SOME DISTANT CLIMATIC RESORTS . 697 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE APPLICATION AND SELECTION OF CLIMATES TREAT- 
 MENT IN AND LIST OF SANATORIA .... 715 
 
 INDEX TO PART I . 747 
 
 II. 755 
 
(f)at* I. 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 SECTION A. 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE NATURE, COMPOSITION, AND CLASSIFICATION 
 OF MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 DEALING first with the nature of mineral springs, 
 we may point out that, strictly speaking, all waters 
 found in nature are mineral waters, for as water is 
 a universal solvent, even rain water, which is the 
 purest natural water known, contains minute amounts 
 of mineral substances and gases in solution, which it 
 meets with in the atmosphere. 
 
 All springs are dependent on rain. A portion of 
 the rain which falls on the surface of the earth sinks, 
 into the soil, and thus there exists, in a greater or 
 less proportion, in different districts, masses or 
 accumulations of subterranean water. Springs are 
 the outflow of this subterranean water from openings, 
 natural or artificial, made on the surface of the 
 ground. 
 
 All springs, then, are more or less mineral springs, 
 and contain mineral substances which the rain water 
 has dissolved in its passage from the surface, through 
 the porous or soluble substances it has encountered in 
 its subterranean course. 
 
 Here and there the surface water finds its way 
 down to great depths in the earth, into those intensely 
 hot regions from which lava streams proceed, and we 
 may conclude that hot (thermal) springs have a 
 
2 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 deeper origin in the earth than cold springs, and that 
 the hotter the spring is, the greater is the depth from 
 which it flows. It is also highly probable that at 
 those great depths a part of the water may be 
 decomposed by the intense heat, and forced to enter 
 into chemical combination with parts of the melted 
 rocks, etc., and thus many of the gaseous and solid 
 substances found in mineral waters may originate. 
 
 It is obvious that the nature and amount of the 
 mineral substances found in solution in natural springs 
 will depend on the nature of the soil, or the structure 
 and composition of the subterranean rocks through 
 which the water of these springs has percolated. 
 
 In ordinary spring water the mineral substances 
 most commonly found are salts of lime, chiefly the 
 bicarbonate and sulphate, and, in smaller proportions, 
 often some salts of soda and magnesia, and espe- 
 cially sodium chloride. In limestone districts the 
 amount of lime salts in the " spring " water is occa- 
 sionally considerable, imparting to the water what is 
 known as " hardness." In some instances the amount 
 of lime salts in such springs will reach to two parts 
 in 1,000 ! Now, when one considers that the cele- 
 brated Pavilion spring at Contrexeville contains only 
 2 '4 per 1,000 of mineral constituents, and that 2 of 
 these consist of sulphate and bicarbonate of lime 
 the very same constituents which we find in our hard 
 " spring" waters it will be seen how difficult it 
 sometimes is to define and distinguish a so-called 
 " mineral " water from ordinary spring water by its 
 chemical composition. This is even more strikingly 
 manifest in connection with " mineral" springs or 
 very feeble mineralisation, such, for example, as 
 the Evian water, the total mineralisation of which 
 is represented by 0*5 per 1,000, and this consists 
 chiefly of carbonate of lime. 
 
 It has always been recognised that " thermality," 
 the possession simply of a high temperature, brings a 
 spring into the category of mineral waters, but the 
 Evian waters are cold. 
 
SECT. A.] COMPOSITION. 3 
 
 " Mineral "springs have been defined as those which 
 contain a sufficient amount of mineral substances to 
 make them taste of them, or to deposit them as they 
 evaporate on objects around ; but many popular 
 mineral springs do neither. 
 
 For our present purpose we may define a mineral 
 water, or as it is sometimes termed, a " medicinal" 
 water, as a water which either from its chemical 
 composition or its thermality, or some other quality 
 which experience has proved it to possess, is found 
 useful in the treatment of disease. We must re- 
 member that even the absence of mineral con- 
 stituents, in the most feebly mineralised springs, 
 may be of importance, in some instances, on account 
 of the greater purity of the water and its increased 
 solvent power. 
 
 Next, as to the composition of mineral springs. 
 In the first place salts of lime are especially common, 
 more particularly the carbonate and sulphate ; there 
 is scarcely a spring into the composition of which 
 these compounds do not enter in greater or less pro- 
 portion. Salts of sodium also are very common 
 common salt (sodium chloride) is a predominating 
 ingredient in a vast number of mineral springs. 
 Sodium sulphate and sodium carbonate are also 
 frequently met with. Magnesium salts, especially 
 the sulphate (Epsom salts), are also common. 
 
 Potassium salts are less frequently met with, but 
 potassium sulphate is often found in combination 
 with sodium and magnesium sulphates. Iron com- 
 pounds, in small amounts, are very common ingredients 
 in mineral springs, and in some they are present in 
 sufficient quantity to give them distinctive therapeutic 
 properties. The carbonates of iron are the most 
 widely diffused ferruginous compounds, but the 
 sulphates, the chloride, and the crenate are also 
 found. 
 
 Silica in small amount occurs in many springs. In 
 waters containing sodium chloride in notable amount 
 
4 MINERAL SPRINGS, [PART i. 
 
 other chlorides are often found associated with it, 
 some only in small proportions, such as the chlorides 
 of calcium, magnesium, potassium, lithium, ammo- 
 nium, manganese, strontium and barium. 
 
 Iodine and bromine in small amount are some- 
 times found in the same class of waters, usually in 
 combination with sodium, potassium, and mag- 
 nesium. 
 
 Sulphur in " sulphur" waters usually occurs as 
 sulphuretted hydrogen or some other binary com- 
 pound, as sulphide of sodium or calcium. 
 
 Arsenic is an important element in a limited 
 number of springs, and is most frequently found com- 
 bined with sodium, calcium, magnesium, or iron. 
 
 Compounds of copper, cobalt, and nickel are 
 occasionally found, and traces, but very rarely, of 
 caesium and rubidium. 
 
 Nitrates, phosphates and borates are occasionally, 
 but not frequently, met with. 
 
 Bituminous substances are found in certain springs ; 
 in the Salso Maggiore springs there is a considerable 
 amount of petroleum. 
 
 Organic substances conferring an unctuous pro- 
 perty upon the water are found in many of the French 
 springs, chiefly the thermal sulphur springs, as at 
 Bareges in the Pyrenees, and hence such substances 
 are termed baregine, but sometimes glairine. 
 
 Of the gases found in mineral waters, carbonic 
 acid and sulphuretted hydrogen are of chief import- 
 ance. Free oxygen and nitrogen are also of common 
 occurrence, and the new element argon is often 
 found in those waters that are rich in nitrogen ; 
 traces of helium have been found under the same 
 circumstances. 
 
 Inflammable gases are occasionally found in some 
 mineral springs, as at Salso Maggiore (methane and 
 ethane) and a few other less well-known waters. 
 
 The temperature of mineral waters varies greatly, 
 and a certain degree of thermality is usually a valuable 
 quality in a mineral spring. Some springs issue from 
 
SECT. A.] CLASSIFICATION. 5 
 
 the earth at the temperature of boiling water this is 
 the case with the Great Geyser of Iceland ; but there 
 are springs in France which reach a temperature of 
 1 80 F. (Chaudes Aigues), and in Germany of 
 167 (Aix la Chapelle), and in this country of 120 
 (Bath). The Carlsbad Sprudel has a temperature of 
 162-5 F. Some very hot springs are found in Russia. 
 
 With regard to the classification of mineral waters, 
 any attempt at a strictly scientific or precis 3 classifi- 
 cation of mineral springs is out of the question, owing 
 to the complexity of their constitution and the great 
 variety of their constituents, both qualitative and 
 quantitative. 
 
 The well-known French spa Royat affords a 
 striking example. By some authors it is classed 
 amongst the "muriated alkaline waters," but this 
 gives no indication of the fact that the water contains 
 arsenic, iron and lithium. The French, in order to be 
 more precise, class it under the long and awkward 
 denomination Qf"thermale alcalineygaseuse, chloruree- 
 sodique,ferro-arsenical y et lithince" / 
 
 Some grouping, however, of those mineral springs 
 which are related in composition, as well as in physio- 
 logical or remedial action, is needful, and we shall 
 adopt that mode of classifying them in this work 
 which we consider the most simple and practically 
 useful. But in any classification the grouping will 
 be to a great extent artificial, and the several groups 
 will be found to overlap and to be somewhat ill- 
 defined. It is in the nature of the case that it should 
 be so. Attempts have been made at much more 
 elaborate classification and sub-division, but we think 
 they will be found in practice only confusing and 
 embarrassing. 
 
 There are two terms commonly used in the classifi- 
 cation of mineral waters which we propose to discard, 
 the one as obsolete and the other as misleading. 
 The first of these is the term " muriated," applied to 
 waters containing common salt or common salt with 
 
6 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 other chlorides. As this term is no longer used in 
 chemistry or pharmacy, we do not think it should 
 be retained in modern works dealing with the descrip- 
 tion or classification of mineral waters, and we propose 
 to use the terms " common salt " or " chloride " or 
 "mixed chlorides," as may seem most appropriate, 
 in its place. The other term, " acidulous," is applied 
 in Germany to all mineral waters containing much 
 free carbonic acid gas and many of these waters 
 are highly alkaline ; we therefore prefer to use the 
 term "gaseous," which conveys no impression of 
 acidity as the word acidulous certainly does. 
 
 The following is the classification, we believe, 
 that will be found the most simple and conve- 
 nient : 
 
 i. Simple or "indifferent" thermal waters, the 
 " acrato-thermal " * waters of the Germans. These 
 are characterised by their high temperature, vary- 
 ing from about 80 to 150 F., by their very feeble 
 mineralisation, and by their great softness. They 
 are sometimes termed " indifferent springs," on 
 account of the absence of any special mineralisa- 
 tion ; and sometimes, as they are often found in wild, 
 romantic, wooded districts, they have been termed 
 " wildbdder" " wild-baths." They are rarely used 
 internally, and if so employed they are simply in- 
 tended to exert a solvent purifying influence. 
 
 As baths they are very largely employed, and 
 some of the most frequented spas of Europe come 
 into this group. 
 
 The following belong to this class : 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 Bath. Mallow (co. Cork). 
 
 Buxton. Matlock Bath. 
 
 Bakewell. 
 
 * aKparos (/cepai/i/uyui), unmixed a poor term. 
 
SECT. A.] CLASSIFICATION. ; 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 Aix en Provence. Evaux les Bains. 
 
 Alet. Luxeuil. 
 
 Avene. Neris. 
 
 Bagneres-de-Bigorre. Plombieres. 
 
 Bagnoles de 1'Orne. Rennes les Bains. 
 
 Bains les Bains. Sail les Bains. 
 
 Campagne sur Aude. St. Amand. 
 
 Chaudes Aigues. St. Laurent les Bains. 
 
 Dax. Ussat. 
 
 GERMANY AND AUSTRIA. 
 
 Badenweiler. Schlangenbad. 
 
 Brennerbad. Salzbach. 
 
 Buda-Pest. Teplitz. 
 
 Gastein. Topelbad. 
 
 Johannisbad. Veldes. 
 
 Krapina-Toplitz. Villach. 
 
 Landeck. Voeslau. 
 
 Liebenzell. j Warmbrunn. 
 
 Neuhaus. Wiesenbad. 
 
 Romerbad. Wildbad. 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 Battaglia. Pozzuoli. 
 
 Bormio. Prc Saint- Didier. 
 
 Ischia. Valdieri. 
 
 Monsumanno. Vicarello. 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 Loeche les Bains. Ragatz. 
 
 SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 
 
 Caldas de Gerez. Panticosa. 
 
 Caldas de Oviedo. Sacedon. 
 
 Fitero. 
 
 BELGIUM. 
 
 Chaude-fontaine. 
 
 Owing to the difficulty in referring many of the 
 foregoing to any particular group, some of the French 
 authors describe these, as well as certain others, as 
 " eaux indeterminees." 
 
MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 2. Common salt waters the "muriated" waters 
 of some authors the " chloruree-sodique " of French 
 writers. The term " Salins " is often applied in France 
 to the places in which these springs occur, as " Salins 
 Moutiers," " Salins de Jura/' etc. 
 
 This is a very large and somewhat artificial class. 
 Owing to the great diffusion of common salt in nature, 
 it is found in varying quantities in a vast number of 
 mineral springs, many of which contain other and 
 more important constituents. 
 
 This class includes hot springs like Wiesbaden 
 and cold springs like Homburg. It comprises springs 
 or wells varying in strength from 2 parts of common 
 salt in 1,000 (Baden-Baden) to over 300 parts in 
 i ,000 (Droitwich). The stronger waters are termed 
 "brines," or "soolen," and they are used to prepare 
 brine baths, or "soolbader." Some of these springs 
 are highly gaseous as well as hot (Nauheim), and 
 are given as gaseous (effervescent) "thermal sool- 
 bader." 
 
 In many of these springs other chlorides are 
 present as well as sodium chloride, such as chlorides 
 of magnesium, calcium, lithium, etc. ; hence the 
 term "muriated" has been applied to this class to 
 indicate that its chief characteristic is the possession 
 of chlorides, or muriates, as they used to be called. 
 But instead of this term we propose, as we have said, 
 to use the modern term " chlorides," and sometimes 
 for greater precision " mixed chlorides." 
 
 We shall, therefore, term the springs of this 
 class either " common salt " waters, or " sodium 
 chloride " waters, or " chloride " or " mixed chloride " 
 waters. 
 
 Some of the springs of this group contain bromides 
 and iodides in small amount, and are therefore spoken 
 of as bromo-iodide waters, as Woodhall Spa in this 
 country, Bad-Hall in Upper Austria, Wildegg in 
 Switzerland, Kreuznach in Germany, and La Mouillere 
 (near Besangon) in France. 
 
 A notable amount of bicarbonate of iron is found 
 
SECT. A.] CLASSIFICATION. 9 
 
 in some of these waters ; this is the case with some 
 of the springs at Homburg. 
 
 It also sometimes occurs that a so-called sulphur 
 spring is rich in common salt, or that common salt 
 springs are found in company with sulphur springs, as 
 at H arrogate. It is usual in such cases to regard the 
 sulphur as the characteristic constituent, and to classify 
 them amongst sulphur spas. 
 
 It will be seen, in the following list of common 
 salt springs and wells, that Germany is especially rich 
 in such waters. 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 Ashby-de-la-Zouch. Llangammarch. 
 
 Bridge of Allan. Nantwich. 
 
 Droitwich. Woodhall Spa. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 Balaruc (warm). Lons le Saunier. 
 
 Bourbonne les Bains (hot). Roncas Blanc. 
 
 Bourbon Lancy (hot). Salies de Beam. 
 
 Bourbon I'Archambault. Salies du Salut. 
 
 Br scous (at Biarritz). Salins du Jura. 
 Chatelguyon (warm, gaseous). Salins Moutiers'(warm). 
 
 La Motte les Bains (hot). Santenay. 
 La Mouillere (Besangon). 
 
 GERMANY AND AUSTRIA. 
 
 Arnstadt. Homburg. 
 
 Aussee. Inowrazlaw. 
 
 Baden-Baden. Ischi. 
 
 Berchtesgaden. Ivonicz. 
 
 Cannstatt. Jagstfeld. 
 
 Csiz. Juliushall. 
 
 Durkheim. Kiedrich. 
 
 Durrheim. Kissingen. 
 
 Elmen. Koesen. 
 
 Frankenhausen. Kolberg. 
 
 Hall (Tyrol). Kreuth. 
 
 Hall (Upper Austria). Kreuznach. 
 
 Hall (Wiirtemberg). Munster-am-Stein. 
 
 Hallein. Nauheim (warm, gaseous), 
 
 Heilbrunn. Neu-Ragoczi. 
 B* 
 
to MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 GERMANY AND AUSTRIA (continued) \ 
 
 Niederbronn. Salzuflen. 
 Oeynhausen, or Rehrne-Oeyn- Salzungen. 
 
 hausen (warm, gaseous). Schmalkalden. 
 
 Reichenhall. Soden (warm). 
 
 Rosenheim. Suiza. 
 
 Rothenfelde. Thale. 
 
 Salzburg. Traunstein. 
 
 Salzhausen. Wiesbaden. 
 
 Salzschlirf. Wittekind. 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 Bex. Schweizerhalle. 
 
 Rheinfelden. Wildegg. 
 
 LUXEMBURG. 
 
 Mondorf (warm). 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 Abano (hot). Monte Catini (warm). 
 
 Castro-caro. Salso Maggiore. 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 Caldas de Montbuy (hot). Cestona-Guesalaga (warm). 
 
 Caldas de Malavella (hot). 
 
 3. Alkaline waters. This is perhaps the most 
 natural of the groups of mineral waters, the charac- 
 teristic constituent being bicarbonate of sodium, 
 together, usually, with a considerable amount of free 
 carbonic acid gas. 
 
 It is divided into three sub-classes, which also 
 form fairly natural groups : 
 
 (a) Simple alkaline waters, in which sodium bi- 
 carbonate is altogether the predominating ingredient. 
 
 (b) Alkaline and common salt (chloride) waters, 
 which contain an appreciable amount of sodium 
 chloride as well as sodium bicarbonate. 
 
 (c) Alkaline and sodium sulphate waters (some- 
 times termed alkaline-saline waters), which contain 
 besides sodium bicarbonate a notable amount of the 
 aperient sodium sulphate. 
 
SECT. A.] CLA SSI PICA TION. 1 1 
 
 Examples of this class of mineral waters are by 
 no means so common as of the preceding. We do 
 not know of a single example of either of these sub- 
 classes in Great Britain. 
 
 Of the simple alkaline group, France possesses in 
 Vichy and Vals the two most notable examples. 
 
 Ems, in Germany, is a well-known example of 
 the second, or alkaline and common salt sub-division ; 
 and to this class belong most of the so-called German 
 natural table waters, as Apollinaris, etc. 
 
 Examples of the third group, the alkaline and 
 sodium sulphate waters, are found chiefly in Austria, 
 and Carlsbad may be named as the type of this 
 class. 
 
 (a) Simple alkaline waters ("btcarbotMtees'jsodiques" 
 of French waters). 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 Le Boulou. Vals. 
 
 Marcols. Vichy (warm). 
 
 Montrond. 
 
 GERMANY AND AUSTRIA. 
 
 Bilin. Neuenahr (warm). 
 
 Birresborn. Obersalzbrunn. 
 
 Fachingen. Preblau. 
 
 Fellathal-quellen. Radein. 
 
 SWITZERLAND. RUSSIA. 
 
 Passugg. Borjom. 
 
 ITALY PORTUGAL. 
 
 San Marco. Vidago. 
 
 () Alkaline and common salt springs. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 Royat (warm). Vic-le-Comte. 
 
 St. Nectaire. 
 
12 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART T. 
 
 GERMANY AND AUSTRIA. 
 
 Assmannshausen. Offenbach. 
 
 Ems. Sanct Lorenz. 
 
 Gleichenberg. Szeawinca. 
 
 Lipik. Toennisten. 
 Luhatschowitz. 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 Casamiccola. Pozzuoli. 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 Essentuke. 
 
 (c) Alkaline and sodium sulphate waters. No 
 examples of this sub-class are found either in Great Britain 
 or France. 
 
 GERMANY AND AUSTRIA. 
 
 Bertrich. Franzensbad. 
 
 Carlsbad (hot). Marienbad. 
 
 Elster. Rohitsch. 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 Tarasp. 
 
 4. The next class also is a rather small one ; it 
 consists of the waters known in Germany as bitter 
 waters on account of the bitter taste given them by 
 the magnesium sulphate (Epsom salts) they contain. 
 They are also known as sulphated waters, as their chief 
 constituents are the aperient sulphates of magnesium 
 and sodium. They often contain, too, some aperient 
 chlorides, and these are sometimes termed " muriated 
 sulphated." The chief examples of these waters 
 come from Austro-Hungary, but there are one or two 
 representatives of the class in Great Britain and 
 France. Some of the following are only used for 
 export, and do not represent drinking spas : 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 Cheltenham (chlorides also). M elk sham. 
 Leamington (chlorides also). Purton Spa. 
 
SECT. A.] CLASSIFICATION. 13 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 Montmirail. St. Gervais (chlorides also). 
 
 Brides (chlorides also). 
 
 GERMANY AND AUSTRIA. 
 
 JEsculap. Pullna (chlorides also). 
 
 Apenta. Salzerbad (chlorides also). 
 
 Franz- Josef. Saidschitz. 
 
 Friedrichshall (chlorides also). Sedlitz. 
 Grenzach (chlorides also). 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 Birminstorf. Mulligen. 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 Carabana. Rubinat. 
 
 Condal. Villacabras. 
 
 La Margarita. 
 
 5. The class of iron or chalybeate waters is a 
 large one, as iron is very widely diffused in nature, 
 and minute amounts of iron occur in nearly all mineral 
 waters ; but the springs rightly admitted to this class 
 should contain iron in such, amount and in such com- 
 binations as render them therapeutically useful as 
 blood restorers. In the most serviceable and popular 
 of the chalybeate springs this iron exists as bicar- 
 bonate, and is kept in solution by an excess of free 
 carbonic acid. The presence of an abundance of free 
 carbonic acid greatly increases the value of an iron 
 spring, as it renders the water more palatable and 
 digestible. 
 
 Iron occurs in some springs, but not often, in the 
 form of sulphate or chloride or crenate. 
 
 Many spas, classed amongst other groups, possess 
 springs containing iron, which is often associated with 
 aperient or other salts, as at Harrogate, Elster, 
 Marienbad, Franzensbad, and elsewhere. 
 
 It would be useless to attempt an exhaustive 
 enumeration of the immense number of springs which 
 contain iron, in some form or other, and enjoy limited 
 
14 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 local reputation as chalybeate springs, but those of 
 chief use and resort will be found amongst the 
 following. England and France are remarkably poor 
 in typical chalybeate springs. 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 Flitwick. Tunbridge Wells. 
 
 Shanklin. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 Forges-les-Eaux. Orezza (in Corsica). 
 
 La Maloti (warm). Renlaigne. 
 
 BELGIUM. 
 Spa. 
 
 GERMANY AND AUSTRIA. 
 
 Alexandersbad. Godesberg. 
 
 Antogast. Griesbach. 
 
 Augustusbad. Imnau. 
 
 Bartfeld. Koenigswart. 
 
 Berka. Kohlgrub. 
 
 Booklet. Langenau. 
 
 Borszek. Liebenstein 
 
 Bruckenau. Liebwerda. 
 
 Cudowa. Petersthal. 
 
 Driburgbad. Pyrmont. 
 
 Elopatak. Reinerz. 
 Elster (aperient sulphates Rippoldsau. 
 
 also). Schandau 
 
 Freyersbach. Schwalbach. 
 
 Frienwalde. Steben. 
 
 Flinsberg. Teinach, and many others. 
 
 ITALY. 
 Recoaro. Santa Catarina. 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 Acqua Rossa. Morgins. 
 
 Ander-Pignieu. San Bernardino. 
 
 Farnbuhl. St. Moritz. 
 Fideris. 
 
 Iron occurs in some springs, as we have seen, in the 
 form of sulphate. These are not esteemed of the same 
 
SECT. A.] CLASSIFICATION, 15 
 
 value as the preceding, as they are more difficult of 
 digestion. Those in Great Britain have only a re- 
 stricted local reputation. Of these may be mentioned : 
 Flitwick, in Bedfordshire ; Sandrock, Isle of Wight ; 
 Gilsland Spa, Cumberland ; Horley Green, Yorkshire ; 
 St. Anne's Well, Brighton ; Dorton, Bucks ; Lady 
 Ida Well, Knockin, Salop. In Scotland there are 
 Hartfell Spa, Moffat and Vicar's Bridge, near Dollar. 
 In North Wales, Trefrew, in the Vale of Conway. 
 
 Sulphate of iron is also found in the springs of 
 Katzes and Mitterbadinthe Tyrol, Paradin Hungary, 
 Alexisbad and Muskau (Hermannsbad) in Germany, 
 and in a few others. 
 
 6. The next class the earthy or calcareous 
 group is a somewhat artificial one, as the lime com- 
 pounds they contain are found also, though in smaller 
 amount, in most of the simple thermal springs as well 
 as in those of other groups. Indeed, it is not always 
 easy to determine whether a mineral spring shall be 
 described in this or in the simple thermal group. If 
 it is a hot spring and used chiefly for baths, it is likely 
 to be included in the latter ; if cold, and used mainly 
 for drinking, then in the former. 
 
 The characteristic constituents of this group of 
 natural waters are calcium carbonate and sulphate 
 and magnesium carbonate. When sulphate of lime is 
 the chief ingredient they are sometimes termed 
 " gypsum " wafers, and when carbonates of lime 
 and magnesia are in notable excess, they are often 
 described as " alkaline earthy springs." 
 
 When, as is not unfrequently the case in France, 
 springs contain sodium bicarbonate as well as car- 
 bonate of lime and magnesia, it is usual to describe 
 them as " eaux bicarbonatees mixtes." France is par- 
 ticularly rich in these earthy or calcareous springs. 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 Bath (hot). Also in Class I. 
 
16 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 Audinac (warm). Contrexeville. 
 
 Aulus. Martigny les Bains. 
 
 Bagn6res-de-Bigorre (warm). Pougues les Eaux. 
 
 Capvern. Siradan. 
 
 Cransac. Vittel, and others. 
 
 ALGIERS. 
 Hammam-R'Irha (hot). 
 
 GERMANY AND AUSTRIA. 
 
 Auerbach. Lippspringe. 
 
 Grau. Szkleno. 
 
 Inselbad. Wildungen 
 Krynica. 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 Chianciano (warm). Lucca (hot). 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 Bergun. Saxon. 
 
 Faulen-see Bad. Weissenberg. 
 
 Loeche les Bains. Vals (Grisons). 
 Peiden. 
 
 7. The class of sulphur waters is a very large and 
 artificial one. It comprises waters differing very 
 greatly from one another in chemical constitution 
 and in physiological action. It includes springs like 
 Aix les Bains, which are extremely feebly mineralised, 
 containing only 0^49 of solids per 1,000, and having 
 close affinities with the " simple thermal " group, its 
 mineral constituents consisting chiefly of carbonate and 
 sulphate of lime and springs like the " old sulphur 
 spring" at Harrogate, which contains, besides other 
 constituents, 127 per 1,000 of sodium chloride. The 
 only common character which serves to bring these 
 springs into the same group is that they contain 
 either sulphuretted hydrogen, or some other binary 
 compound of sulphur, such as sodium or calcium 
 sulphide, and possess the characteristic odour of 
 sulphuretted hydrogen. 
 
SECT. A.] CLASSIFICATION. 17 
 
 Many of the sulphur waters, like those of Harro- 
 gate, contain varying proportions of sodium chloride, 
 and to some of these springs, such as Uriage, the 
 French authorities apply the term " chlorurees 
 sodiques sulfureuses." 
 
 There are a vast number of warm sulphur springs 
 in France, especially in the Pyrenees, their charac- 
 teristic constituent being, for the most part, sodium 
 sulphide. These waters are very prone to degenerate, 
 as the French say, on exposure to the air. The 
 sodium tends to combine with the carbonic acid in 
 the water and the air and form sodium carbonate, 
 and part of the sulphur thus set free is precipitated 
 and gives a milky or flocculent aspect to the water, 
 while another part of the sulphur combines with 
 hydrogen from the water and escapes in the form of 
 sulphuretted hydrogen. Some of the sodium sulphide 
 also becomes oxidised into hyposulphite, sulphite, and 
 finally sulphate of sodium, so that after a little time 
 the water contains only sodium carbonate and sulphate 
 in solution, and becomes distinctly alkaline. Such 
 waters are then said to have degenerated. 
 
 It is especially in the French warm sulphur 
 springs that those low forms of vegetable life occur 
 which give rise to the substances we have already 
 referred to under the names of glairine or baregine. 
 
 There are no warm sulphur springs in England. 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 Askern Spa. Llandrindod Wells. 
 
 Ballynahinch. Lucan. 
 
 Builth. Llanwrtyd Wells. 
 
 Harrogate. Moffat. 
 
 Lisdoonvarna. Strathpeffer. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 Aix les Bains (warm). Bagnols (warm). 
 
 Allevard. Barbotan (warm). 
 
 Amelie les Bains (hot). Bareges (hot). 
 
 Argeles-Gazost (warm). Barzun (warm). 
 
 Ax les Thermes (hot). Cadeac. 
 
1 8 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 FRANCE (continued] : 
 
 Cambo (warm). Molitg (warm). 
 
 Cauterets (warm). Olette (hot). 
 
 Challes. Pierrefonds. 
 
 Digue (warm). Pietrapola (Corsica). 
 
 Eaux Bonnes (warm). Prechacq les Bains (hot). 
 
 Eaux Chaudes (warm). Puzzichello (Corsica). 
 
 Enghien. St. Boes. 
 
 Euzet. St. Honore les Bains (warm). 
 
 Greoulx (warm). St. Sauveur (warm). 
 
 Guagno (warm), Corsica. Uriage (warm). 
 
 Labassere (warm). Vernet les Bains (hot). And 
 
 La Preste (warm). many others. 
 
 Luchon (warm). 
 
 GERMANY AND AUSTRIA. 
 
 Abbach. Langenbrucken. 
 
 Aix la Chapelle (hot). Langenfeld. 
 
 Altenberg. Langensalza. 
 
 Baden, near Vienna (warm). Meinberg. 
 
 Bad Boll. . Nenndorf. 
 
 Bentheim. Parad. 
 
 Buda-Pest (warm). Pystjau (warm). 
 
 Eilseh. Reutlingen. 
 
 Hercules-Bad (warm). Warasdin-Teplitz (warm). 
 
 Innichen. Weilbach. 
 
 Kainzenbad. Wipfield. And others. 
 Ladis. 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 Alveneu. Le Prese. 
 
 Baden. Schimberg. 
 
 Gurnigel. Schinznach. 
 
 Heustrich. Semens. 
 
 Lavey. Stachelberg. 
 
 Lenk Yverdun. And others. 
 
 Lostorf. 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 Acireale. Sciacca (hot), Sicily 
 
 Acqui (hot). Tabiano. 
 
 Civita Vecchia. Vinadio (hot). 
 
 Porreta (warm). Viterbo (warm). 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 Caratraca. Panticosa 
 
 Ledesma. Santa Agueda. 
 
 Montemayor. Trillo. And many others. 
 
SECT. A.] CLASSIFICATION. 19 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 Caldas de Rainha (warm). San Pedro do Sill (hot). 
 
 Caldas de Vizella. 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 Bousk. Piatigorsk (hot). 
 
 Bragoun. 
 
 GREECE. 
 
 Thermopylae (hot). 
 
 NORWAY. 
 
 Laurvik. Sandefjord. 
 
 BOSNIA. EGYPT. 
 
 Illidze. Helouan. 
 
 The following subdivision of sulphur waters is 
 sometimes adopted : 
 
 (a) Those in which sodium sulphide is the binary 
 sulphur compound present, giving to the springs their 
 special character. This condition prevails in most 
 of the sulphur baths of the Pyrenees, as Bareges, 
 Cauterets, Luchon, etc. 
 
 (b) Sulphuretted hydrogen springs, in which H 2 S 
 is the characteristic constituent, as represented by 
 Aix les Bains, Schinznach, Strathpeffer, etc. 
 
 (c) Sulphur and sodium chloride waters, which 
 contain a certain amount of sodium chloride as well 
 as H 2 S. Such springs are found at Aix la Chapelle, 
 Harrogate, Uriage, and elsewhere. 
 
 8. There is a small group of mineral waters which 
 are termed arsenical, as they contain arsenic, gener- 
 ally in small, but in varying proportions. The 
 arsenic usually occurs in alkaline waters, commonly 
 in the form of sodium arsenate, as in La Bourboule ; 
 sometimes in association with iron, as in Levico and 
 Roncegno water. In some springs arsenic occurs in 
 quantities so minute as to be practically of no 
 
20 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART i. 
 
 importance, but certain of these are, notwithstanding, 
 occasionally termed "arsenical." 
 
 In the following list the arsenical waters are 
 arranged as nearly as can be in the order of their 
 strength : 
 
 (a) Containing arsenious acid : 
 
 Roncegno, Austria . . o-i 150 grammes per litre arsenious acid 
 
 + (0*1090 sodium arscnate). 
 
 Levico, Austria ... o - oo86 grammes per litre ,, ., 
 Srebernik, Bosnia ... 0*0060 ,, ,, ,, ,, 
 Linda Pausa, Ger- 
 many 0-0030 ,, 
 
 () Containing ar senates : 
 
 La Bourboule, France 0-0282 grammes 
 Sylvanes o'oibo ,, 
 
 Court St Etienne, 
 
 Belgium ... ... 0*0097 ,, 
 
 Vic sur Cere, France 0*0080 ,, 
 
 Civilina, Italy ... 0*0080 ,, 
 
 Ceresole Reale, Italy 0*0057 ,, 
 
 Royat (St. Victor) ... 0-0045 ,, 
 Vals (Dominique), 
 
 France ... ... 0-0030 ,, 
 
 Cudowa, Germany... 0*0025 >> 
 Val Sinistra, Swit- 
 zerland 0-0019 
 
 Bussang, France ... 0*0012 ,, 
 
 Mt. Dcre, France ... o ooio ,, 
 
 Traces of arsenic are found in 
 
 per litre sod. arsenate. 
 
 arsenate of iron 
 
 and magnesia. 
 
 , sodium arsenate. 
 
 , arsenate of iron. 
 , sodium arsenate. 
 
 arsenate of iron. 
 
 , sodium arsenate. 
 arsenate of iron. 
 , sodium arsenate. 
 many others. 
 
 There is another small group of waters containing 
 iodides and bromides, most of which will be found 
 enumerated under the common salt class. It may be 
 convenient to mention them here. 
 
 Woodhall Spa in England. 
 
 Challes, La Mouillere, Salies de Beam, Salins du 
 Jura, in France. 
 
 Heilbrunn, Krankenheit-Tolz, Kreuznach, Salz- 
 brunn, Salzschlirf, in Germany. 
 
 Hall, in Upper Austria. 
 
SECT. A.] CLASSIFICATION. 21 
 
 Lipik, in Hungary. 
 
 Ivonitch, in Galicia. 
 
 Castro-caro, Salso Maggiore, in Italy. 
 
 Wildegg, in Switzerland. 
 
 Having, in the foregoing groups or classes, 
 enumerated most of the mineral water resorts treated 
 of in this work, we shall be enabled, for purposes of 
 description and reference, to adopt in Section B, 
 which begins on page 52, the system of alphabetical 
 arrangement, which has a great and obvious 
 advantage. 
 
22 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 MODES OF APPLICATION AND ACTION OF 
 MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 Modes of Application : Bathing Cures Douches Gas and Vapour 
 Baths Inhalations Drinking Cures Action of the Different 
 Classes of Mineral Waters Externally and Internally. 
 
 BEFORE proceeding to the description of individual 
 springs, it will be desirable to consider the modes of 
 application and action of mineral waters in a general 
 sense. And first as to the modes of application. 
 
 Although, in the great majority of instances, the 
 waters of a spa are applied both externally and in- 
 ternally, in a certain number the external method and 
 in a few others the internal method is especially relied 
 upon. Indeed, in most cases, one or other method 
 predominates. 
 
 For example, at Salso Maggiore there is no 
 drinking of the waters, whereas at Eaux Bonnes 
 and at La Bourboule there is very little bathing, 
 these being essentially drinking cures. At Gastein, at 
 Aix les Bains, at Nauheim, the treatment relied upon 
 is almost wholly external ; at Neuenahr, at Con- 
 trexeville, at Cauterets, it is almost wholly internal, 
 baths being only regarded as accessory measures. 
 It is true, however, that where the patients are made 
 to inhale the dense vapour and finely divided spray 
 of the water, in special apartments devised for the 
 purpose, some of the constituents of the water may 
 be absorbed internally through the respiratory 
 mucous membrane, and this, at such spas, is claimed 
 to be so. 
 
 In the preparation of baths, if the spring is 
 naturally of too high a temperature, its temperature 
 
SECT. A.] MODES OF APPLICATION. 23 
 
 is reduced to a suitable degree either by the addition 
 of ordinary water, or water from a cooler spring, or 
 by allowing the water to remain in the bath until it 
 has cooled sufficiently ; and if the spring is naturally 
 cool or cold, its temperature is raised to the needful 
 point either by the addition of ordina ry hot water or 
 by heating the water of the mineral spring by means 
 of special contrivances. 
 
 In the case of cold springs rich in free carbonic 
 acid gas, when it is important to retain as much of 
 the gas as possible in the water of the bath, the 
 heating of the water is usually effected either by 
 what is known as the Schwarz method, in which hot 
 steam is introduced between the double bottom of 
 the metal bath, as at Schwalbach, or by Pfriem's 
 method, in which steam under high pressure is directly 
 introduced into the water of the bath ; or a third 
 method may be used, which consists in passing the 
 hot steam through pipes situated in the angle between 
 the floor and the sides of the bath. 
 
 Baths are also given either in the form of full 
 baths, or half baths, or local baths, i.e. limited to one 
 limb or a definite part of the surface of the body. 
 
 Full baths are given either in what the 
 French term a baignoire, i.e. a bath adapted to the 
 form of the body like the ordinary domestic bath, or 
 in a piscine, i.e. a well-shaped bath, usually lined with 
 tiles, into which one descends by steps, and in 
 which the patient can either stand or sit or move 
 about. Such baths may be large enough to receive 
 several persons at the same time, and when very 
 large may be used as swimming baths. 
 
 As we shall see in the next chapter, mineral water 
 baths may be modified or fortified by the addition of 
 various substances either of the same nature, as the 
 concentrated Mutter-lauge, or salts extracted from 
 the spring itself; or by adding quite different sub- 
 stances to the water, as mud, or Moor, or pine extracts. 
 Mineral waters are also applied externally in 
 various forms of douches of varying temperature and 
 
24 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 pressure. There are jet, fan, and spray douches ; ver- 
 tical, horizontal, and ascending douches, a modification 
 of the ascending douche may be used for internal " irri- 
 gations." What is known as the " Scotch douche " 
 (douche ecossaise) is one by means of which hot and 
 cold streams are applied alternately to the same part 
 of the body. What is termed by the French a sub- 
 marine douche is a douche applied beneath the surface 
 of the bath, and which may be either hotter or colder 
 than the water of the bath. 
 
 Gas baths and douches are also given in some 
 spas, the gas, usually carbonic acid, being obtained 
 from the springs. 
 
 In many spas, where diseases of the respira- 
 tory organs are treated, the mineral water is adminis- 
 tered by inhalation, as well as by drinking, and 
 various forms of apparatus are employed to reduce 
 the water to a fine spray or dust (poussiere], which 
 is inhaled, mixed often with the vapour of the water, 
 or with such gases as it may contain. 
 
 The hot vapours given off by some of the springs 
 of naturally high temperature are, by means of con- 
 venient appliances, sometimes inhaled as they come 
 directly from the source, and such vapour is also in 
 other instances used for the preparation of hot vapour 
 baths and douches, general or local. 
 
 As we have already said, in most but not in all 
 spas, a certain amount of the water of the mineral 
 spring is taken daily internally, and the treatment is 
 therefore both internal and external. 
 
 We shall, in the next place, consider in a general 
 sense, the action of mineral waters, first, when applied 
 externally, and secondly, when taken internally. 
 
 As to their external action, the idea which 
 formerly prevailed that a portion of the substances, 
 dissolved in the mineral water of the bath, was 
 absorbed by the skin into the blood, has been 
 negatived by repeated experimental observations. 
 It is therefore incorrect to suppose that the action 
 
SECT. A.] EXTERNAL ACTION. 25 
 
 of mineral water baths can be, in any way, de- 
 pendent on absorption of their constituents through 
 the skin, for it has been proved that the sound and 
 healthy human skin is not permeable to water, or the 
 fixed substances dissolved in it, even after prolonged 
 immersion. It must, however, be borne in mind that 
 volatile or gaseous constituents of mineral baths may 
 be absorbed through the respiratory organs, and 
 indeed it seems probable, from experimental obser- 
 vation that the skin itself is permeable to certain 
 volatile and gaseous constituents of baths, as for 
 example carbonic acid gas and sulphuretted hydrogen. 
 It has been asserted by some that the skin has 
 been found permeable to water and watery solutions 
 in fine spray at an elevated temperature, and it has 
 been suggested that the force with which the spray 
 has been thrown upon the skin has influenced the 
 absorption. 
 
 Doubtless absorption in the bath may be pro- 
 moted by removing from the skin the fatty layer 
 derived from the secretion of the hair follicles and 
 sweat glands, together with the superficial epidermal 
 scales which hinder absorption, and this may be 
 done by friction with soap and water ; and much the 
 same result would probably follow friction of the 
 skin in a hot bath consisting of an alkaline mineral 
 water. A high temperature of the bath by causing 
 dilation and fulness of the cutaneous capillaries would 
 also favour absorption. But it must be repeated that 
 in an ordinary mineral water bath no absorption of 
 the water, or the fixed substances dissolved in it, takes 
 place through the healthy and unbroken skin. 
 
 The action of a hot mineral water bath, especially 
 of the " simple thermal" class, must be much the 
 same as, if not altogether identical with, that of a 
 bath of ordinary water of the same temperature. It 
 tends to cause dilation of the capillaries of the skin, 
 and so promotes the circulation of blood in the cuta- 
 neous vessels, and may thus indirectly contribute to 
 re lieve congestion of deep-seated organs. It macerates 
 
26 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 the epidermis, and promotes the shedding of its 
 superficial scales, while it stimulates the excretion of 
 the cutaneous glands, and causes diaphoresis in pro- 
 portion to the temperature of the bath, or of the 
 atmosphere into which the patient passes after the 
 bath. It is therefore a powerful agent of cutaneous 
 elimination. 
 
 If the water of the bath is tepid only, it has a 
 soothing effect on the endings of the peripheral 
 nerves, and tends to equalise the distribution of 
 blood. 
 
 But when the mineral water of the bath contains 
 constituents capable of exercising chemical stimulation 
 or irritation of the skin, then we have additional 
 effects to consider besides those dependent on its 
 thermality, and we must, in the next place, pass on 
 to the consideration of the action of the different 
 classes of baths. 
 
 i. The "indifferent" thermal springs act like 
 ordinary warm baths, their effects being mainly due 
 to their temperature ; but it is quite possible that the 
 small amount of solids they contain, especially when 
 these render the water faintly alkaline, exercise some 
 influence ; and some influence may also be attributed 
 to the maintenance of a constant temperature during 
 the bath, which is provided for in suitably arranged 
 baths. As to the suggestion so often put forward 
 that some of these springs exert a specific electrical 
 effect, this view has never been established, and is 
 not accepted by the most competent authorities. 
 The contributory influence of climate and altitude 
 must, however, never be overlooked in estimating 
 the suitableness of such baths. 
 
 The baths of this class may be divided into two 
 sub-groups, according to their temperature 
 
 (a) Those of " indifferent " temperature, i.e. below 
 the body temperature of 98*6 F., and (b) those which 
 tend to raise the body temperature, and are therefore 
 above 98-6 F. 
 
 (a) Baths belonging to the first group (Buxton, 
 
SECT. A.] EXTERNAL ACTION. 27 
 
 Ragatz, Schlangenbad) do not disturb the body 
 temperature, they therefore stimulate mildly the 
 cutaneous nerves, and tend, reflexly, to soothe the 
 central nervous system. They exert a limited and 
 mildly stimulating action on metabolism. Such baths, 
 if long protracted, serve also to macerate the epidermis 
 in certain chronic skin affections (psoriasis, eczema), 
 and by soothing the nerve endings, improve the 
 capillary circulation. They also prove of use in slow 
 convalescence from acute disease, in the debility 
 attending some chronic constitutional affections, in 
 premature senility, and in irritable neurotic or 
 hysterical conditions associated with neuralgia, 
 dysmenorrhcea, insomnia, etc. In this respect their 
 action is analogous to that of ordinary hydro- 
 therapeutic treatment. They are often also pre- 
 scribed in certain forms of chronic spinal disease, 
 as in the early stage of tabes and in Cases of pseudo- 
 tabes, as well as in cases of peripheral neuritis. 
 
 (b) The second group of hotter springs (Gas- 
 tein, Teplitz, Bath) tend to raise the temperature 
 of the body, quicken the circulation in the skin, 
 increase cutaneous excretion, and produce a stimu- 
 lating effect on the circulatory and nervous systems. 
 In this way they promote the absorption of chronic 
 exudations, either of rheumatic and gouty or trau- 
 matic and inflammatory origin. They are often 
 employed to relieve chronic joint affections in 
 connection with gout, rheumatism and rheumatoid 
 arthritis, chronic peritoneal exudations, and chronic 
 uterine and peri-uterine and other pelvic inflamma- 
 tions. They are constantly used in the treatment of 
 sciatica and other forms of neuralgia, and in these 
 and other cases their action is usually reinforced by 
 certain accessory measures such as local hot douches, 
 friction, and massage ; the warmth of bed after the 
 bath is also beneficial when it is desired to maintain 
 and promote its diaphoretic action. The tempera- 
 ture of the water should be kept constant during the 
 continuance of the bath, and it is usually thought 
 
28 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 undesirable that the water of the bath should reach 
 much higher than the waist ; indeed, some bath 
 physicians think it advisable to apply cold com- 
 presses to the head and precordium during the bath. 
 
 Therapeutically allied to this class are the natural 
 hot vapour baths, such as are found at Lucca, Mon- 
 sumano, and Battaglia, in Italy. 
 
 2. We must, in the next place, consider the 
 action of common salt or brine baths, the second of 
 our groups of mineral springs. These brine baths 
 (Germ. Soolb&der) are prepared from mineral waters 
 containing sodium chloride, usually associated with 
 other chlorides in smaller quantity. Some of these 
 springs are hot, and those that are cold are heated 
 artificially. A few are gaseous, being charged with 
 free carbonic acid. Salt springs vary much in 
 strength. A brine or salt bath should contain at 
 least i '5 per cent of saline constituents. If it does 
 not contain more than 2 per cent, it is a weak brine 
 bath ; if it contains from 3 to 6 per cent, it is a 
 moderately strong one. Springs stronger than this 
 require dilution before using as baths. From the 
 stronger springs of this class brine salts are ex- 
 tracted, and also what is known as " mother lye," or 
 Mutter-lauge (Germ.), or eaux meres (French), 
 or aqua madre (Ital.). These can be used for 
 forti lying the weaker salt baths. Mother lye is 
 obtained by concentration of the salt water by 
 boiling and evaporation. Much of 'the sodium 
 chloride crystallises out, and is used in commerce ; 
 and the residue contains, besides sodium chloride, 
 the other more soluble salts in higher proportions. 
 These are usually calcium and magnesium chlorides, 
 together with whatever iodides or bromides may be 
 contained in the spring. Brine salts are obtained by 
 further concentration of the mother lye. Strong 
 brines are also sometimes prepared by graduation, 
 containing from 1 6 to 20 per cent, of salts. 
 
 The action of these salt baths depends in part 
 upon their temperature, but mainly on the chemical 
 
SECT. A.] EXTERNAL ACTION. 29 
 
 irritation or stimulating action of the dissolved salts 
 on the skin and the peripheral cutaneous nerves. 
 The salt of the water soaks through the epidermal 
 layers, and acts as a chemical stimulant to the nerve 
 endings in the skin. The cutaneous sensibility and 
 .blood pressure are usually raised, and the production 
 of carbonic acid is said to be increased. Differences 
 of opinion exist, amongst observers, as to whether 
 these baths do or do not increase nitrogenous 
 metabolism. 
 
 In certain hypersensitive persons the stronger salt 
 baths may cause urticarial or eczematous eruptions ; 
 they should then be diluted or interrupted. Similar 
 eruptions sometimes occur after sea baths ; indeed, 
 warm sea baths are closely related in their action to 
 the class of baths we are considering. Their 
 therapeutic action has been found favourable to the 
 removal of chronic exudations, of scrofulous glandular 
 enlargements and chronic inflammatory thickenings 
 and indurations. They are useful in rickets and 
 other maladies associated with lymphatism and 
 tuberculosis in children. They are found beneficial 
 in chronic inflammatory disorders of the female 
 pelvic organs. They are used for the removal of 
 gouty and rheumatic exudations about joints and 
 elsewhere, and in some forms of neuralgia and 
 paralysis of rheumatic origin. They are considered 
 to have a strengthening effect on the skin, and to 
 render it less sensitive to chill. The strength of the 
 bath must be graduated to the individual ; delicate, 
 sensitive persons require the weaker ones, and 
 lymphatic scrofulous patients often need those of 
 greater strength. 
 
 The gaseous thermal salt baths, which do not 
 need artificial heating, are especially valuable when 
 our object is to rouse the nervous force as well as 
 improve the general nutrition ; they are therefore 
 frequently prescribed in neurotic cases, in some cases 
 of paralysis, in spinal irritation, in tabes, and recently 
 they have been largely recommended in the treatment 
 
30 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 of cardiac affections. The presence of free carbonic 
 acid in these baths enables them to be borne of a 
 lower temperature than other brine baths owing to the 
 stimulating effect of this gas on the skin. The 
 inhalation of the spray of these waters, produced by 
 suitable mechanical contrivances, is found of much 
 value in chronic catarrhal conditions of the air 
 passages. 
 
 3. The waters of the next group, the alkaline 
 waters, are almost exclusively relied upon for their 
 internal use, and when employed for baths it is only 
 as an accessory measure. As baths they exert a more 
 cleansing action on the skin than ordinary warm 
 water, and the free carbonic acid gas which is present 
 in many of them produces no doubt a mildly 
 stimulating effect on the skin. Like other warm 
 baths they exert a soothing effect on the nervous 
 system. Those of the alkaline chloride group 
 (Ems) are often used in catarrhal conditions of the 
 female pelvic organs. The same may be said of the 
 alkaline sodium sulphate group, and these latter 
 are also prescribed and thought useful in the treat- 
 ment of obesity. 
 
 4. The class of " bitter " waters have no special 
 action as baths. They are, however, often prescribed 
 as auxiliary to the drinking cure. 
 
 5. In estimating the action of iron or chalybeate 
 baths, the idea that any absorption of iron takes 
 place by the skin must be set aside. 
 
 The action of the iron waters that are especially 
 used as baths, as well as for drinking, is mainly due 
 to the free carbonic acid contained in them and 
 which exerts a stimulating or irritating effect on the 
 skin as its bubbles accumulate upon and are dis- 
 charged from the surface of the body. Owing to the 
 effect of the free carbonic acid on the skin these 
 baths can be given of a lower temperature (77 to 
 90 F.) than would otherwise be practicable ; they 
 are then believed to promote metabolism and to be 
 made capable of remedial application in debilitated 
 
SECT. A.] EXTERNAL ACTION. 31 
 
 and anaemic conditions. A reflex action extending from 
 the periphery to the central nervous system renders 
 these baths valuable in irritable neurasthenic states. 
 They are found to increase the appetite and promote 
 nitrogenous assimilation, as less urea is eliminated ; 
 they therefore favour the "nutritive retention of 
 'organic matters in form of albumen " (Kisch). 
 
 They are prescribed with advantage in cases of 
 debility, associated with anaemia and chlorosis, in 
 neurasthenic states, and in the disorders of menstrua- 
 tion connected with anaemia. Care is taken, as we 
 have already pointed out, in heating these baths, to 
 adopt methods which shall prevent the loss of car- 
 bonic acid, and for the same reason the bather is 
 recommended to remain still in the bath, so that this 
 gas may have a better effect on the skin. 
 
 In the few chalybeate baths in which the iron 
 occurs in the form of sulphate, the astringent proper- 
 ties of these waters may be utilised in the treatment 
 of vaginal leucorrhcea, and in strengthening and 
 bracing up the skin in persons with a tendency to 
 excessive perspiration. In these instances where 
 weak iron waters, containing no free carbonic acid, 
 are administered as baths, the effect can only be the 
 same as that of the indifferent thermal baths. 
 
 6. The class of earthy or calcareous springs 
 exercise no specific effect when used as baths. The 
 action of most of the springs of this class when ad- 
 ministered as baths is identical with that of the 
 indifferent thermal springs, to which class, indeed, 
 some of these spas might be referred. They are 
 employed in the same class of cases. 
 
 In those instances in which they are prescribed 
 as very protracted baths (Leukerbad) for the cure of 
 chronic skin diseases, such as psoriasis and eczema, 
 they must act simply by imbibition and maceration of 
 the epidermal scales and cleansing of the skin. They 
 may also exercise a sedative effect on the irritated 
 cutaneous nerves. 
 
 7. Next, as to the action of the large class of 
 
32 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 sulphur baths, in which we must include those 
 springs which contain a certain amount of sodium 
 chloride, as well as sulphur compounds. 
 
 There seems some difference of opinion amongst 
 authorities as to the precise action of sulphur baths, 
 and it is certain that this action must differ consider- 
 ably according to their strength, their composition, 
 their thermality, and the manner in which they are 
 applied. 
 
 The action of the very weak sulphur waters 
 probably scarcely differs at all from that of the simple 
 thermal springs ; but when they contain much 
 sulphuretted hydrogen and are applied at a high 
 temperature, they exercise a powerful stimulating or 
 even irritating effect on the skin, causing cutaneous 
 hyperaemia, increased transpiration, and desqua- 
 mation of the epidermis ; they therefore excite and 
 increase the function of the skin and promote 
 absorption. If the patient is kept in a warm bed 
 after the bath, marked diaphoresis often occurs, with 
 diminished diuresis, and a considerable amount of 
 urea has been found in the perspiration. 
 
 Those sulphur baths that are alkaline also cleanse 
 the skin of fatty and pigmentary substances, and 
 inspissated excretions adhering to it. This would 
 favour absorption from the bath if it were possible. 
 
 The germicidal action of some of the sulphur 
 waters is likely to be of importance in certain cases 
 especially in parasitic skin affections and may 
 account for the ancient reputation which many of 
 them possess for promoting the healing of wounds 
 received in battle. It is more especially in connec- 
 tion with these baths (but not exclusively) that what 
 is termed " a crisis " occurs after a week or so of 
 treatment. This is simply a form of artificial 
 dermatitis, induced by the action of the hot sulphur 
 water on the skin. 
 
 At one time sulphur baths were believed to be 
 useful in the diagnosis of latent constitutional syphilis, 
 and of specific value in its treatment ; they are now 
 
SECT. A.] INTERNAL ACTION. 33 
 
 no longer credited either with the power of making 
 latent syphilis apparent or with exerting any specific 
 influence over the disease. We shall have to return 
 to this subject in a later section (Section C). 
 
 In the treatment of gout by sulphur baths and 
 the internal use of sulphur waters, the elimination of 
 uric acid has been stated to be markedly increased. 
 
 Besides gout and constitutional syphilis, sulphur 
 baths are recommended in the treatment of chronic 
 rheumatic affections, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic 
 metallic poisonings, some scrofulous disorders, the 
 sequelae of traumatic lesions, and in some chronic 
 affections of the nervous system, as tabes and certain 
 motor and sensory neuroses. 
 
 Very vigorous and various methods of treatment 
 are carried out in connection with sulphur baths ; 
 they are often applied at a high temperature up to 
 107 F. They are used in all forms of douches. 
 The natural vapours and gases given off by the 
 thermal springs are collected or allowed to pass into 
 suitable cabinets for the purpose of giving vapour or 
 gas baths, and the vapours as well as the fine spray 
 to which the water is reduced by mechanism devised 
 for this end, are used for inhalations. 
 
 We must now, in the second place, pass on to 
 consider the action of these mineral springs when 
 taken internally, It must, however, always be kept 
 in mind that the remedial or beneficial action of 
 mineral waters is largely dependent on the asso- 
 ciated conditions, such as alterations in diet, climate, 
 exercise, social surroundings, etc. These are by no 
 means unimportant factors in the results obtained in 
 the treatment of chronic diseases. They are probably 
 more worthy of consideration in many instances than 
 small differences in the chemical composition of the 
 mineral springs. There can be no doubt that many 
 mineral waters, whose curative effects are in them- 
 selves wholly insignificant, have been raised into 
 importance by the intelligent and skilful accessory 
 
34 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 methods attending their use. Even in mineral waters 
 containing active and energetic constituents, much of 
 this efficacy depends on the watchful regularity and 
 continuity of their application, and the absolute and 
 faithful devotion of the patient, for the time being, 
 to the system of cure. Apparently inert and very 
 feebly mineralised springs, when thus systematically 
 and regularly applied, may be attended with un- 
 expectedly good results. 
 
 In all drinking- cures we must not overlook the 
 value and curative action of the amount of water 
 itself which is consumed. 
 
 To persons unaccustomed to the use of pure water 
 as an ordinary beverage, the daily drinking of a large 
 quantity of this highly important solvent, apart from 
 the mineral substances it holds in solution, must have 
 most influential physiological and therapeutic effects. 
 It must, for one thing, stimulate healthy metabolism 
 by assisting in the removal of waste products accu- 
 mulated in the organism, and by flushing and cleansing 
 the excretory channels. In this way the blood itself 
 must be washed and cleansed. Considerations such 
 as these enable us to explain the good results obtained 
 from drinking these mineral springs, which contain 
 less mineral constituents than ordinary spring water, 
 their solvent action being on that account greater 
 than that of more strongly mineralised springs. 
 
 There is, then, one consideration common to all 
 drinking cures, and that is the quantity of water that 
 is consumed. 
 
 It has been stated, in connection with the effect 
 of " indifferent " springs, that " sipping " has a re- 
 markable effect in abolishing the inhibitory action of 
 the vagus, and so quickening the heart beat. This 
 statement has been too hastily and unquestioning!}" 
 received. We have ourselves made repeated test 
 observations with wholly negative results, except in 
 highly nervous subjects prone to the influence of 
 suggestion. 
 
 i. The " indifferent " thermal springs are mainly 
 
SECT. A.] INTERNAL ACTION. 35 
 
 prescribed, as we have seen, for baths and bathing 
 cures ; they are sometimes ordered also lor drinking, 
 in cases needing only mild treatment. Their effect 
 is mainly that ol the mgestion of a certain amount of 
 warm water ; they help to remove waste products, 
 they flush the excretory organs, they tend to keep 
 the intestinal contents more fluid, and so assist in 
 remedying constipation. They are sometimes found 
 to exert a soothing action on the gastro-intestinal 
 mucous membrane, and to relieve certain forms of 
 gastralgia and enteralgia. They are also found 
 useful in some forms of atonic gout and rheumatism. 
 
 2. Of the sodium chloride waters, only the 
 weaker ones, or those oi medium strength, are 
 employed undiluted internally. The stronger ones 
 are too irritating to the gastric mucous membrane. 
 The presence of a considerable amount of free 
 carbonic acid in many of them favours their internal 
 use, makes them more pleasant to take, and 
 augments their stimulating effect on stomach diges- 
 tion. Some of these springs (e.g. Homburg) 
 contain a fair amount of iron, which commends 
 their use in the anaemic. 
 
 These waters, taken fasting, increase gastric tone 
 and function, and increase the renal secretion, and 
 the stronger and rather more concentrated ones 
 (Kissingen) augment intestinal secretion and act as 
 aperients. They improve nutrition, and do not, like 
 other aperient waters, cause emaciation. They 
 should therefore be preferred for emaciated dys- 
 peptics. They are used in forms of atonic dyspepsia 
 and chronic gastro-duodenal and intestinal catarrh, in 
 abdominal stasis and hemorrhoids, in chronic 
 catarrhal affections of the respiratory organs (in these 
 it is often advisable to add a little hot milk or 
 whey to cold springs), in scrofula and rachitis 
 (especially those springs containing iodine and 
 bromine), and in some gouty arthritic conditions. 
 
 3. The whole of the alkaline class of waters are 
 of great importance for internal use, whether we 
 
36 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 consider (a) the simple alkaline waters, (b) the 
 alkaline common salt waters, or (c) the alkaline 
 sodium sulphate waters. 
 
 These all owe their alkalinity to the presence of 
 sodium bicarbonate. The simple alkaline group 
 contain also a considerable amount of free car- 
 bonic acid. Vichy and Vals are types of this 
 group. 
 
 These waters act as antacids in gastric hyper- 
 acidity ; they allay gastric irritability, and stimulate 
 and regulate the gastric functions. They also, 
 especially when warm, exert a cleansing action on 
 the gastric mucosa in catarrhal conditions, dissolving 
 stringy mucus adhering to the gastric walls and 
 washing it away. They also tend to counteract 
 abnormal fermentative processes ; they are therefore 
 used largely as remedial agents in dyspepsia and 
 gastric and gastro-intestinal catarrhs. They dilute 
 the bile and promote its secretion and its free flow 
 by flushing the bile ducts, and are thus found of 
 great service in the treatment of gall stones and 
 catarrh of the bile ducts. 
 
 The colder springs are more diuretic. These 
 waters are useful in neutralising hyperacidity of the 
 urine and in liquefying accumulations of mucus in 
 the bladder, and are therefore of value in the treat- 
 ment of cases of vesical catarrh dependent on hyper- 
 acid urine they act as solvents of uric acid 
 (Pfeiffer), and are of great value in cases of uric 
 and oxalic acid renal calculi. 
 
 They increase temporarily the alkalinity of the 
 blood, promote nutritive metabolism, cleanse the 
 blood and the tissues, and are therefore useful in 
 some forms of gout and of the uric acid diathesis, and 
 are especially serviceable in cases of gouty glycosuria 
 and diabetes. 
 
 The warm springs are recommended in the treat- 
 ment of chronic catarrhs of the air passages, 
 pharyngeal, laryngeal, and bronchial, because of 
 their solvent and liquefying effect on thick and 
 
SECT. A.] INTERNAL ACTION. 37 
 
 inspissated mucus, so that they prove effective 
 expectorants. 
 
 The second group of alkaline waters the alkaline 
 and common salt waters are employed in much the 
 same class of cases as the first, but the presence of 
 a notable but not a large amount of sodium chloride 
 modifies the action of the alkaline water, and deter- 
 mines to a certain extent its applicability. 
 
 It has been pointed out that the weaker waters 
 of this class approximate in composition to that of a 
 physiological saline solution. They are regarded as 
 less likely than the preceding group to cause loss of 
 flesh, as sodium chloride promotes the absorption 
 and assimilation of nutritive substances ; also as less 
 depressing, and better adapted therefore to atonic 
 conditions ; and as less likely to render the urine too 
 alkaline. 
 
 The presence of sodium chloride is believed to 
 increase their solvent action on uric acid, and to 
 inhibit its precipitation. They are found to be 
 more applicable to the treatment of atonic gout 
 (Roy at), and to be more particularly indicated 
 in the treatment of chronic and subacute 
 catarrhs of the respiratory passages (Ems), as 
 they exercise a greater fluidifying effect on the 
 secretion of the respiratory mucous membrane. 
 They are frequently prescribed for gargling and 
 inhalation (sprays). 
 
 The springs of the third group the alkaline and 
 sodium sulphate waters are of great therapeutic 
 importance. They are amongst the most effective 
 and reliable of mineral waters. 
 
 In full doses they have a purgative action, the 
 cold ones being more active in this respect than the 
 warm. They stimulate intestinal peristalsis and 
 liquefy the intestinal contents. This effect is believed 
 to be due to the small amount of the salts absorbed 
 in the stomach and upper part of the alimentary tract, 
 so that considerable portions pass on into the large 
 intestine. The cold springs also have a marked 
 
38 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 diuretic effect. The warm ones are less aperient and 
 less diuretic. 
 
 The metamorphosis of fat is increased by these 
 springs. Like other alkaline waters, they exert a 
 stimulating effect on the flow of bile and a solvent 
 action on uric acid. These springs are found of great 
 service in cases of abdominal plethora with constipa- 
 tion and haemorrhoids, especially in " high feeders." 
 The cold and more purgative waters are best suited 
 to such cases. They also have a more powerful 
 effect in the reduction of fat, and are largely 
 frequented by obese patients (Marienbad). 
 
 The warm springs (Carlsbad) are more suitable to 
 the treatment of gastric and intestinal catarrh, cases 
 of catarrhal jaundice, of gall stones, of hepatic con- 
 gestion and hypertrophy, as well as splenic hyper- 
 trophy, the sequel of malarial fever ; of cases also of 
 uric acid gravel and gout and gouty or fat diabetics. 
 
 The close attention to diet which :s usually 
 observed at these spas contributes largely to the 
 good results obtained. 
 
 4. The next class of mineral waters distinguished 
 by the considerable amounts they contain of the 
 aperient sulphates of magnesium and sodium, and 
 often named " bitter waters " because of the bitter 
 taste of the magnesium sulphate, are largely employed 
 for their purgative effect in the treatment of habitual 
 constipation. Many of the best known and most 
 active of this class are not drunk at their sources, but 
 are imported in bottles and taken in comparatively 
 small doses (three to six ounces) at home. Some of 
 these springs contain also considerable quantities of 
 sodium chloride (Friedrichshall) and smaller amounts 
 of other less active salts. The few springs of this 
 class that are drunk at their source (Brides, 
 Leamington) are much weaker than those that are 
 imported for home use. 
 
 Their action is mainly purgative ; they exert 
 a stimulating effect on the secretions of the 
 intestines, and tend to liquefy the tkces as well as to 
 
SECT. A.] INTERNAL ACTION-. & 
 
 excite peristaltic action. They are employed for the 
 same purpose as other aperients. They have been 
 found useful in the treatment of obesity (Apenta, 
 Brides les Bains). Courses of the milder springs 
 (Brides, Leamington) are sometimes prescribed as 
 alternatives to the alkaline sodium sulphate waters 
 in gastric and hepatic affections. 
 
 5. The internal use of chalybeate waters is very 
 efficacious in the treatment of many forms of anaemia 
 and chlorosis. The most useful of the iron springs 
 are those which contain bicarbonate of iron together 
 with a large amount of free carbonic acid. The 
 combination is an important one, and promotes the 
 digestion of the water and therefore the assimilation 
 of the iron. It is certain that the use of such waters 
 for some weeks is followed by an increase in the 
 number of red blood corpuscles and in the amount of 
 haemoglobin. An increase in the elimination of urea 
 and in the body weight has also been noted, and the 
 frequency of the pulse has been observed to increase, 
 as well as the body temperature by one or two 
 degrees Fahrenheit. There is generally some im- 
 provement in appetite, but a tendency to constipation 
 has often to be guarded against by the simultaneous 
 administration of some gentle aperient, or in some 
 obstinate cases it may be better to select a spring 
 which contains some aperient constituents as well as 
 iron (Franzensbad, Rippoldsau). 
 
 With regard to the selection of an iron spring, the 
 important conclusion has been arrived at by several 
 observers, that in springs which contain relatively 
 small amounts, the iron is absorbed more readily than 
 in those which contain large quantities. 
 
 Authorities are not agreed as to the manner in 
 which chalybeate waters exert their remedial in- 
 fluence whether they act directly in increasing the 
 formation of haemoglobin, or by protecting the iron 
 taken in the food from decomposition, or simply by 
 stimulating the blood-making organs. 
 
 Iron waters are especially indicated in cases of 
 
40 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 anaemia and chlorosis following loss of blood, or 
 accompanying retarded convalescence, after acute 
 disease, or when the sequel of malarial attacks, or asso- 
 ciated with general exhaustion from overwork, or 
 neurasthenic states ; also in amenorrhcea and other 
 disorders of the sexual system accompanied with 
 debility. The choice, where possible, of suitable 
 climatic conditions, adapted to these various morbid 
 states, will exercise an undoubted influence in the 
 results obtained. 
 
 6. It is somewhat difficult to realise what is the 
 precise mode of action, when taken internally, of the 
 class of earthy or calcareous springs, as some of 
 the cold members of this group differ but little in 
 composition and physical characters from ordinary 
 springs of "hard" water, the "hardness" of which 
 is due to the presence, in considerable amount, of 
 calcium carbonate and sulphate the same salts as 
 form the characteristic constituents of these springs. 
 
 It should not be lost sight of, moreover, that it is 
 especially in the application of waters of this class 
 that very large quantities are prescribed, as we men- 
 tion in our notice of Contrexeville, and it can scarcely 
 be doubted that the large quantity of water thus 
 introduced into the alimentary canal exercises per se 
 an important influence in the results obtained. 
 
 It is generally thought that the presence of cal- 
 cium and magnesium carbonate in mineral waters 
 corrects or inhibits the production of acid in the 
 stomach, and that these waters are therefore of use 
 in the treatment of some forms of dyspepsia and 
 intestinal catarrh (chronic diarrhoea) . Owing to the 
 astringent effects of the calcium salts these springs 
 tend to lessen excessive secretion from the respiratory 
 and urinary as well as the alimentary tracts, and they 
 are therefore prescribed in cases of chronic bronchial 
 catarrh with profuse secretion, and in cases of catarrh 
 of the bladder and urinary passages. It is doubtful 
 whether they possess the power claimed for them or 
 inducing the breaking up and expulsion of urinary 
 
SECT. A.] INTERNAL ACTION. 41 
 
 calculi, or of inducing changes in the urine leading to 
 the solution of uric acid. They are, however, largely 
 prescribed in cases of urinary concretions and in cases 
 of gout and the uric acid diathesis. 
 
 7. Authorities are by no means agreed as to the 
 mode of action of sulphur waters when taken inter- 
 nally. We do not propose to occupy space in 
 discussing the various unsustained hypotheses put 
 forward by many chiefly German writers. 
 
 It seems to have been established, however, that 
 even such small amounts of sulphur as are present in 
 sulphur waters are capable of producing stimulating 
 effects on healthy organs, and it has been inferred 
 that even smaller amounts may excite reaction in 
 diseased organs which may be attended with reme- 
 dial effects (H. Schulz). The beneficial effects that 
 have been observed to follow the use of these 
 waters in syphilis and in cases of chronic metallic 
 poisoning have been referred to an augmented 
 eliminatory action by the kidneys, intestines, and 
 skin. 
 
 The advantages to be obtained from them in 
 cases of abdominal plethora, with constipation, 
 haemorrhoids, and enlarged liver, have been stated to 
 be due to their stimulating effect on intestinal activity 
 and to their causing an increased secretion of bile ; 
 this aperient effect, however, differs much in different 
 persons, and this may account for the fact that, while 
 they agree with some patients, they utterly disagree 
 with others. It has also been suggested that they 
 exert an internal antiseptic action. 
 
 It is certain that the internal use of the warm 
 sulphur waters, combined with inhalations of the 
 warm spray, especially those springs which contain 
 also some sodium chloride, proves of much service in 
 the treatment of chronic catarrh of the respiratory 
 passages pharynx, larynx, and bronchi. No doubt 
 the solvent action of the hot water and the sodium 
 salt goes for much, but the belief that the sulphur 
 exerts a specific effect on the respiratory mucous 
 c* 
 
42 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 membrane is widely entertained by the physicians 
 practising at some of these spas. 
 
 Little need be said, in this place, as to the action 
 of the so-called lithium, the iodine and bromine, and 
 the arsenical springs. These mineral substances 
 may be taken to have the same physiological and 
 therapeutic effects as when given in the ordinary 
 pharmaceutical preparations. 
 
 The fashion of claiming important remedial effects, 
 in gouty states and in tendencies to uric acid 
 depositions, for waters containing minimal amounts 
 of lithium salts is rapidly passing away, having been 
 pushed to the verge of absurdity. 
 
 The iodo-bromine waters are applicable to the 
 treatment of precisely the same cases as those treated 
 by the ordinary preparations of those drugs. The 
 same may be said of the waters containing arsenic ; 
 they certainly often present the means of giving very 
 mild and prolonged courses of this remedy in con- 
 nection with climatic conditions calculated to enhance 
 its remedial effects. Those containing arsenic in 
 association with sulphate of iron (Levico) are re- 
 garded as very efficient blood restorers in anaemic 
 and chlorotic states, and in associated enlargement of 
 the lymphatic glands and the torpid forms of scrofula, 
 in malarial cachexia, and in neuralgias. 
 
43 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 ACCESSORY MEASURES EMPLOYED IN CONNECTION 
 WITH MINERAL WATER CURES. 
 
 Medicated Baths" Moor " or Peat and Mud Baths Sand Baths- 
 Gas Baths Sun and Light Baths Electric Methods -Massage 
 and Mechanical Exercises The ' ' Terrain- Kur ' ' Diet Climatic 
 Conditions Hydrotherapy After-Cures. 
 
 IN this chapter we propose to pass in review the 
 many accessory measures that are applied in numerous 
 spas to supplement, strengthen, enhance, or modify 
 the effects of the mineral waters. And first, with 
 regard to the preparation of aromatic and medicated 
 baths. In these baths, substances are added to the 
 mineral water, for the purpose of exercising some 
 remedial influence on the skin and peripheral nerves, 
 over and above that which may be expected from 
 the mineral water itself. The pine-needle bath is 
 one of the most familiar of these. It is made by 
 adding to the bath a decoction of the needles and 
 young shoots of firs or pines, or the addition of the 
 ethereal oil (fir-wood oil), or the tincture or spirituous 
 extract acts as well. It is believed that the volatile 
 ethereal constituents penetrate the epidermis, stimu- 
 late the cutaneous circulation and the peripheral 
 nerves, and are eliminated through the renal, pul- 
 monary, and cutaneous channels. Similar effects 
 follow the addition of aromatic herbs to the bath 
 water as camomile, wild thyme, elder-flower, 
 sweetflag, peppermint, spearmint, lavender, sweet 
 marjoram, balm, sage, etc. For a full bath about 
 i ^ to 2 Ib. of the herbs are tied up in a bag and 
 infused in a gallon of boiling water, the juices 
 expressed, and the infusion added to the bath. The 
 
44 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 addition of the equivalent quantity of the spirituous 
 extract or tincture of those herbs answers as well. 
 Alkaline or "lye" baths are sometimes prepared by 
 adding common washing soda to the bath in the 
 proportion of about forty to sixty grains to three 
 gallons of water. This mixture is often used for local 
 foot baths as a derivative measure in cases of cerebral 
 congestion or congestion of the thoracic viscera. 
 Decoctions of bran, starchy or malt are also some- 
 times added to baths to allay irritation. 
 
 Astringent baths are likewise prepared by the 
 addition to the water of the bath of decoctions of 
 oak bark, elm-willow bark, or walnut leaves. 
 
 In many Continental spas baths are prepared oi 
 "peat" or Moor (the term used in Germany) or 
 " mud," with which the mineral water is mixed. 
 
 Mineral peat consists of decomposing vegetable 
 soil that has been for a very long period in contact 
 with mineral water, so that it has undergone peculiar 
 chemical changes, and is found to contain certain acids 
 and salts, such as sulphuric and formic acid, iron 
 sulphate and phosphate, sodium chloride, aluminium, 
 silica, resin, and other substances. The peat, after 
 exposure to the air and weather, becomes disintegrated, 
 and is in this state mixed with hot mineral water 
 until it acquires the consistency needed. The compo- 
 sition of these peat baths must necessarily vary 
 considerably, according to the salts in the mineral 
 spring mixed with them, the character of the decom- 
 posing vegetable substances which form the principal 
 portion of the peat, etc. Peat has been described as 
 saline peat when the earth is especially rich in 
 alkaline sulphates and earthy salts, ferruginous peat 
 when it contains much iron sulphate, and sulphurous 
 peat when sulphur or sulphuretted hydrogen is present 
 in it. 
 
 "Mud" baths are prepared with the deposits 
 which are precipitated from many mineral waters, 
 as the " fango " at Battaglia, or from muddy deposits 
 in the neighbourhood of mineral springs, as at 
 
SECT. A.] ACCESSORY MEASURES. 45 
 
 St. Amand, Dax, etc. These muds are mixed in 
 suitable proportions with the thermal water. 
 
 It has been suggested that these baths act like 
 large poultices to the surface of the body, and that, 
 besides the influence of their temperature, the weight 
 of the peat exerts a considerable mechanical effect on 
 the skin through compression and friction, while the 
 saline and acid substances in the peat may have a 
 stimulating effect on the cutaneous nerves. Kisch 
 noted as a result of his observations on the effect of 
 the peat baths at Marienbad, that the pulse was 
 accelerated eight to twelve beats a minute, the blood 
 pressure increased in proportion to the density of 
 the peat, the respirations increased in frequency, the 
 temperature of the body elevated, the perspiration in- 
 creased, the secretion of urine lessened, its solids 
 increased except the phosphates ; and in women there 
 was augmentation of the menstrual flow. 
 
 These baths are appropriate to cases in which 
 it is desired to raise the body heat and to pro- 
 duce powerful stimulation of the skin. They prove 
 useful, therefore, in gout and rheumatism, and 
 in neuralgias of gouty or rheumatic origin ; in some 
 forms of peripheral paralysis, in rheumatic, gouty, 
 and other exudations. They have been found 
 useful in some chronic affections of the female 
 sexual organs, as metritis, parametritis, and disorders 
 of menstruation. 
 
 The sulphurous peat baths, in addition to their 
 suitability to cases of chronic gout and rheumatism, 
 are also useful in traumatic cases, and the sulphurous 
 mud baths in diseases of the joints, neuralgias, and 
 paralysis. 
 
 In some of the Continental seaside resorts thermal 
 baths are prepared from sea-mud. Hot sand baths 
 are also applied in some resorts, as in Ischia. They 
 have been introduced, too, at Lavey in Switzerland. 
 
 In some spas dry gas baths are given with the 
 gases proceeding from the springs, chiefly either car- 
 bonic acid or sulphuretted hydrogen. It is doubtful 
 
46 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART I. 
 
 if these are of any great utility, but some bath 
 physicians think them of service. These gases are 
 also applied as local douches. 
 
 The cabinets used for gas baths are made of 
 wood, and are furnished with a lid in which there is 
 an opening for the neck or chest, and the patient is 
 seated in the bath so that only the lower portion of 
 the body below the waist is enclosed, the head or 
 the whole of the upper part of the body remaining 
 free. The patient, except that he removes his shoes, 
 does not undress, for the gas readily penetrates the 
 clothing and reaches the skin. The bath usually 
 lasts about ten to twenty minutes, care being taken 
 that the gas is not inhaled. 
 
 Such baths of carbonic acid are said to cause 
 capillary congestion and stimulation of the activity of 
 the skin and of the cutaneous nerves, with an 
 increase of general sensibility ; but if too prolonged, 
 a depressing effect on the circulatory and respiratory 
 functions becomes manifest, probably from absorption 
 of the gas through the skin. 
 
 They are prescribed (at Franzensbad, Marienbad, 
 and elsewhere) in cases of neuralgia and peripheral 
 paralysis, in nervous impotence in the male, in 
 vesical atony, in some torpid skin affections, and in 
 menstrual derangements, as amenorrhcea, dysmenor- 
 rhcea ; and vaginal douches of the gas are given in 
 some forms of vaginismus. When used as local 
 douches to the surface the skin should be kept moist 
 over the painful parts. 
 
 Sulphuretted hydrogen gas is applied in the same 
 way, but it is generally mixed with carbonic acid or 
 nitrogen. Its action is sedative to the cutaneous 
 nerves, and therefore reduces general nervous irrita- 
 bility. At the same time circulatory and respiratory 
 activity is lessened. 
 
 It must be remembered that the gas may be 
 absorbed by the skin and by inhalation, and may 
 cause toxic effects if absorbed in too large quantity. 
 
 These baths are used (at Aix la Chapelle and 
 
SECT. A.J ACCESSORY MEASURES: 47 
 
 elsewhere) in cases of general hypersesthesia, hysteria, 
 neuralgia, and certain chronic exanthemata. 
 
 Steam baths, hot-air baths, spray baths are well 
 known and familiar therapeutic agents which form an 
 essential part of the treatment in many spas, and can 
 hardly be regarded as accessories. 
 
 Sun and light baths. We are not aware that 
 " sun " baths have been generally utilised in connec- 
 tion with mineral waters, but at Veldes, Ober-Krain, 
 Austria (station Lees- Veldes, an hour from Lerbach), 
 a "sun and air" cure is established, and there the 
 patients, very lightly clothed, or practically naked, 
 are, in fine weather, in the open air, exposed, in an 
 enclosure, to the direct sun heat. Being much in the 
 open air in a sunny locality no doubt proves a valu- 
 able auxiliary to many mineral water cures, without 
 going to the extent of such exposure as is practised at 
 Veldes. 
 
 In many spas, such as H arrogate, for example, 
 radial heat and light are largely used as accessories 
 to the mineral water cure, by means of the incandes- 
 cent electric light bath or cabinet. It is said to have 
 " no equal as a sudorific measure " (Kellogg), it pro- 
 motes the absorption of exudations, and acts, in some 
 cases, as a tonic and stimulant to nutrition. It in- 
 creases oxidation and improves metabolism, and is 
 on that account of service in the treatment of gout, 
 rheumatism, and hepatic inadequacy ; also in obesity 
 and fat diabetics. It is of great value in sciatica 
 and many other forms of neuralgia, as well as in 
 cases of autointoxication and metallic poisonings. 
 " In chlorosis and anaemia the most excellent results 
 are obtained" (Kellogg), and it is of use in some 
 forms of nephritis by its derivative effect on the skin. 
 It is certain that the electric incandescent light 
 bath is a most important and valuable accessory to 
 mineral water treatment. 
 
 Much difference of opinion exists as to the value 
 of the application of the older electric bath as applied 
 in many spas ; but there can be little doubt that the 
 
48 MINERAL SPRINGS. (PART 1. 
 
 use of the various electric methods, as employed by 
 skilled operators, at such baths as Gastein, Bath, 
 Buxton, and Aix, has been found of eminent service. 
 
 Nowadays there are few, if any, mineral water 
 cures that do not rely upon massage or some form 
 of mechanical exercise as indispensable auxiliaries to 
 the course. 
 
 Massage may be either general or local. The 
 former enters largely into our ordinary daily practice, 
 and it is the latter that is practised most commonly in 
 connection with mineral water cures. It is applied in 
 a great variety of morbid states neuralgias and myal- 
 gias, passive effusions, exudations, stiff joints, chronic 
 rheumatism and gout, constipation, muscular wasting, 
 and loss of power, etc., etc. 
 
 At Aix les Bains was instituted a combination 
 of massage with the hot douche a method which 
 has been introduced into many other spas. At 
 Bourbonne les Bains the thermal douche is applied 
 with such force that it is said to have the same 
 effect as massage. 
 
 At many spas (Baden-Baden, Nauheim, Ragatz, 
 etc., etc.) " Zander institutes " have been established 
 for Swedish gymnastics and with mechanical appli- 
 ances for graduated exercises in great variety. At 
 other spas (Homburg, etc.) Ling's system of Swedish 
 gymnastics is applied ; and at Nauheim the now 
 well-known " resistance exercises " * are carried out in 
 the treatment of cardiac affections. Oertel's " Terrain- 
 Kur " has been organised at certain spas situated in 
 suitable hilly countries (Aussee, Baden-Baden, etc.) 
 for graduated uphill walks especially intended for 
 the treatment of cases of cardiac debility associated 
 with obesity. The extent and nature of the exercises 
 undertaken by such patients are determined by the 
 bath physician, and should by no means be left to the 
 discretion of the patient. Unfortunately, serious 
 consequences have occasionally followed the adoption 
 
 * Described in the author's "Manual of Medical Treatment," 
 vol. i., p. 396 et seq. 
 
SECT. A.] ACCESSORY MEASURES. 49 
 
 of this method, and we hardly think it can be claimed 
 to have yielded many brilliant results. A certain 
 amount of regular muscular exercise is a valuable 
 accessory to mineral water treatment in cases of 
 glycosuria in the robust. It helps to use up the 
 sugar circulating in the blood ; but feeble and thin 
 diabetics often bear muscular exertion very badly. 
 
 The importance of establishing and carrying out a 
 suitable diet, or of initiating desirable changes in 
 dietetic habits, in connection with courses of mineral 
 waters, cannot be over-estimated. And although the 
 indiscriminate application of a rigid system, to all 
 patients alike, cannot be commended, the experienced 
 guidance and direction of the spa physicians should 
 never be disregarded. The acquirement of more 
 wholesome and rational dietetic habits during a 
 course of mineral waters, and their maintenance 
 afterwards, is one of the great advantages attending 
 this method of treatment. 
 
 At spas where the gouty, the dyspeptic, and the 
 obese are sent in large numbers (Carlsbad, Vichy, 
 Marienbad, etc,), a more or less rigorous diet is 
 essential to the success of the cure, and is usually 
 accepted and followed ; but it would certainly be an 
 advantage, at most other mineral water resorts, if 
 the physicians were enabled to exercise some control 
 or direction over the food supplied to, or taken by, 
 the patients. 
 
 Altered climatic conditions, the " change of air " 
 and surroundings, often prove of the greatest service 
 as auxiliaries to mineral water treatment. Many 
 popular mineral springs are situated in mountainous 
 districts, at considerable elevations. St. Moritz, in 
 Switzerland, is at an elevation of nearly 6,000 feet ; 
 Tarasp, 4,000 ; Bormio, in Italy, about 4,500 ; 
 Gastein, in Austria, 3,300 ; Mt. Dore, in France, 
 3,400 ; Buxton, in Derbyshire, 1,000 ; and Llan- 
 drindod, in Mid-Wales, about 700 feet. In these situa- 
 tions the tonic, bracing influence of mountain air 
 undoubtedly enhances the good effect of the mineral 
 
50 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 treatment, or counteracts, in other instances, any 
 exhausting tendency it may have. In many otheV 
 instances we find that the most frequented spas are 
 situated in the midst of romantic and picturesque 
 forest, or mountain, or lake scenery, which has a 
 soothing, restful, and advantageous moral effect on 
 the visitors. We have only to mention such resorts 
 as Baden-Baden, Wildbad, and others in the Black 
 Forest, Luchon and Eaux Bonnes in the Pyrenees, 
 Royat in Auvergne, Spa in Belgium, Strathpeffer in 
 the Scottish Highlands. 
 
 Then we find in, or adjacent to, many home and 
 Continental spas institutions for the application of the 
 methods of hydrotherapy, as a substitute for, or as 
 supplementary or complementary to, the mineral 
 water courses. There are well-known "hydros" at 
 Harrogate and Buxton, and the same is the case in 
 many French and German mineral water stations. 
 
 Finally, we may here refer to the subject or 
 " after -cures " as an essential part of most courses of 
 mineral waters. It is certainly most undesirable, 
 after a course of mineral waters and baths, to return 
 at once to the cares and anxieties of business, or 
 household management, or to fulfil social engage- 
 ments. A period of calm and repose, in cheerful 
 surroundings, is most useful in consolidating and con- 
 firming the good effects of bath treatment. 
 
 In selecting a suitable place for an " after-cure," 
 regard must be had to the nature of the patient's 
 malady, to the locality and its neighbourhood in 
 which the " cure " has been carried out, and to the 
 local knowledge, experience, and counsel of the bath 
 physician. In many cases it will be desirable, in 
 returning from the Continent, to select a resort con- 
 veniently placed on the homeward route, so as to 
 divide the journey and lessen the fatigue of travelling. 
 Often suitable mountain resorts exist close to the spa, 
 and therefore very accessible, as the stations on 
 Mt. Revard, close to Aix les Bains. On returning 
 from French baths, there is Fontainebleau and St. 
 
SECT. A.] "AFTER-CURES." 51 
 
 Germain, inland resorts, or Dieppe on the Channel, or 
 our own south coast resorts, including the Isle of 
 Wight. On the way back from Germany there is 
 Spa, with beautiful surroundings for drives and walks ; 
 or, on the sea coast, Ostend, Blankenberghe, Neukirke, 
 Scheveningen ; or Ramsgate, Folkestone and Hythe 
 on our own coast. 
 
 Except for some anaemic and neurasthenic cases, 
 we do not consider places situated at great elevations 
 (5,000 to 7,000 feet) well adapted for " after-cures.'* 
 The air often proves exciting and irritating, the rapid 
 changes of temperature are keenly felt, and in cold 
 seasons and in persons with feeble circulations, chilli- 
 ness and depression are apt to be complained of. 
 Medium elevations of 3,000 to 4000 feet, such as 
 Mt. de Caux or Les Avants, above Montreux, or 
 Beatenberg, above Thun, or Engelberg, near Lucerne, 
 or the Dolden, near Zurich, and the numerous Black 
 Forest resorts, such as St. Blasien, Triberg, etc., are 
 safer and more generally suitable. But in the choice 
 of an " after-cure" many considerations personal to 
 each individual have to be weighed and dis- 
 criminated. 
 
SECTION B. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL MINERAL 
 SPRINGS. 
 
 WE now proceed to give some account of the chief 
 mineral springs, arranged in alphabetical order. The 
 less important ones will be found in smaller type at 
 the end of each alphabetical group. 
 
 Aix la Chapelle (Aachen), now united with 
 Borcette (Burtscheid) into one community (Aachen- 
 Burtscheid), is a well-known thermal sulphur bath, 
 situated on the railway between Brussels and 
 Cologne, and conveniently accessible from London 
 in eleven or twelve hours. Aachen is now a large 
 town with about 1 40,000 inhabitants ; it is pleasantly 
 situated, at an elevation of 530 feet, on the slopes of 
 the Lousberg, and is surrounded by wooded hills 
 ranging from 750 to 1,120 feet high. It lies on the 
 western frontier of Germany, on the borders oi 
 Holland and Belgium. The soil on which it is 
 built is of porous sand, which readily absorbs heavy 
 downfalls of rain, leaving the streets and paths 
 quickly dry again. It has a medium temperate 
 climate, not very hot in summer, and the cold oi 
 winter is said to be mitigated by the heat given 
 into the atmosphere by the hot springs. 
 
 Its history as a bath stretches back into a 
 remote antiquity. Charlemagne, whose - remains 
 repose in its cathedral, has been regarded not only 
 as the founder of the town but as the discoverer oi 
 the springs, but there exist evidences (relics of the 
 stone age) near the hot springs that they were used 
 by the primitive inhabitants of the country ; there 
 are also ruins of Roman baths, showing that they 
 were utilised in later times by the Romans. 
 
SECT. B.] AIX LA CHAPELLE (AACHEN}. 53 
 
 The characteristic components of the numerous 
 springs are sodium chloride and sodium sulphide, 
 together with sulphuretted hydrogen ; they differ 
 only in temperature and the relative amounts of 
 the sulphur compounds they contain. 
 
 If we take the strongest of the springs, the 
 Kaiserquelle, we find it contains 4*1215 grammes of 
 salts per litre, sodium chloride 2' 6 39, sodium bicarbon- 
 ate 0*918, sodium sulphate 0*152, sodium sulphide 
 0*01 i, calcium bicarbonate 0*227, magnesium bicarbon- 
 ate 0*077, bicarbonate of protoxide of iron 0*013, 
 minute amounts of lithium chloride, strontium 
 sulphate, and sodium bromide and iodide, silicic 
 acid, and organic matter. Its temperature is 
 131 F. A temperature of 172 F. has been 
 found in connection with one of the springs the 
 Schwertbad which is said to be the hottest spring 
 in Central Europe. In the great bath establish- 
 ments, of which there are several, we find both 
 hotel accommodation and baths combined an 
 arrangement obviously of great convenience to the 
 patients. The Kaiserbad, the chief of these, is 
 supplied by the Kaiser-spring, so also is the Neu- 
 bad and the Konigin von Ungarn. The drinking 
 fountain, Elisenbrunnen, in the Elisen Gardens, is 
 also supplied by pipes from the Kaiser-spring. 
 
 The Quirinusbad possesses three springs. 
 
 The Rosenbad spring supplies also the Comp- 
 hausbad and in part the new and very complete 
 Corneliusbad. These bath-houses belong to the 
 city of Aix la Chapelle. 
 
 There are several bath-houses at Burtscheid 
 where the hottest springs are found ; twenty-eight 
 are in use ! 
 
 It is as well to be aware that there are a 
 " Kaiserbad " Hotel, a " Rosenbad " Hotel, and a 
 " Neubad " Hotel at both Aachen and Burtscheid, 
 and visitors must give explicit directions as to which 
 they wish to be taken to. 
 
 The thermal waters are administered here, as 
 
54 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 elsewhere, as ordinary baths, varying in temper- 
 ature according to the doctor's prescription ; and 
 as douche baths, in which systematic friction and 
 gentle massage are combined with the douche the 
 massage is applied while the bath is filling and 
 the patient remains in the bath for a time after- 
 wards. This is found to be a most efficacious and 
 agreeable form of bath when applied by a skilful 
 attendant. The Scotch douche (alternately warm and 
 cold) is given, as well as other forms. Vapour 
 baths also are used. Those who drink the waters 
 take them about an hour before breakfast. It is 
 usual to take some exercise between each glass. 
 
 Inhalation and pulverisation rooms and ap- 
 paratus for the local application of the water to the 
 nose, larynx and other parts are also provided. 
 
 There is at Aix a " Zander " institute for the 
 application of Swedish gymnastics. Mud baths are 
 given in the Schlossbad. 
 
 As to the maladies suitable for treatment here : 
 Chronic catarrhal affections of the respiratory and 
 gastro-intestinal mucous membranes are benefited 
 by the inhalations, the baths, and the internal ad- 
 ministration of the alkaline chloride of sodium and 
 sulphuretted waters. Chronic arthritis, rheumatic 
 or gouty, stiff joints, and muscular pains are greatly 
 advantaged by the hot baths, together with the 
 douche-massage as applied there. 
 
 Chronic skin diseases are sent there, as to other 
 sulphur baths ; eczema, acne, and psoriasis especially ; 
 and it must be borne in mind that the doctors at 
 Aix do not hesitate to use, at the same time, the 
 ordinary medicinal remedies for such affections. 
 Certain forms of neuralgia, paralysis, and tabes are 
 treated there. 
 
 Finally, Aachen has a very special reputation in 
 the treatment of syphilis. Weber says that " 70 per 
 cent, of the patients visiting the Spa are syphilitics " ! 
 By regular, free mercurial inunction a vigorous anti- 
 syphilitic treatment is systematically carried out, and 
 
SECT. B.] A IX LES BAINS. 55 
 
 the hot sulphur baths, by promoting absorption and 
 favouring change of tissue, aiding nutrition and 
 stimulating elimination through the skin and other 
 excretory organs, influence powerfully the curative 
 action of specific remedies. 
 
 A table water is manufactured from some of these 
 springs by the removal of sulphur and the addition 
 of carbonic acid gas. 
 
 The season at Aix la Chapelle is practically 
 all the year round. 
 
 The charges at the private bath-houses at Aachen- 
 Burtscheid are less than at the municipal bath-houses 
 at Aachen. For details apply to the " Kur Director," 
 Aachen, Germany. 
 
 Aix les Bains, or Aix in Savoy, is one of the most 
 important bathing resorts in France. Its reputation 
 is universal ; and situated as it is on one of the 
 great European highways between the north and 
 the south, between Italy and France, it is most easy 
 of access to that great stream of travellers who 
 annually migrate, in search of health or of pleasure, 
 from the north to the south of Europe, or even 
 to Africa and the Far East. Thus it is that Aix 
 is far more cosmopolitan than any other bath 
 in France, and with our own people it is espe- 
 cially popular, partly, no doubt, from its great 
 repute in the treatment of those very English 
 maladies, rheumatism and gout. Its attractive site 
 and picturesque neighbourhood, its excellent hotels, 
 its large and gay casino, and the brilliant society 
 which may frequently be found there, combine to 
 render it a town of pleasure, as well as a resort for 
 health. 
 
 The train service between Paris and Aix is 
 exceedingly good, as the express trains to Turin, 
 Brindisi, and Rome stop there. The journey takes 
 only between eight and nine hours. 
 
 The town itself is about a mile from the small 
 but very picturesque Lac du Bourget, and is 850 
 
56 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 feet above the level of the sea and 90 feet above 
 the lake. It lies in a wide open valley surrounded 
 to some extent, but by no means shut in, by the 
 adjacent Alps of Savoy. The town is well built, 
 with wide streets and shady avenues of trees, and 
 gardens surround many of the hotels and private 
 houses. Hotels and boarding-houses and furnished 
 apartments abound, the accommodation being, as 
 usual, proportionate to the price paid for it. 
 
 Steamers and rowing-boats take visitors to the 
 different objects of interest on the lake. 
 
 Numerous Roman remains are exhibited at Aix, 
 of which local guide-books afford full information. 
 There are many walks and drives, short and long, all 
 full of interest and attractiveness, and many ex- 
 cursions by railway into charming scenery which 
 will delight those who can spare the time to take 
 them. 
 
 Aix is said to enjoy a mild and equable climate, 
 an entire freedom from fogs, and to be protected 
 from winds by the surrounding mountains. Nervous 
 subjects find the climate soothing and conducive to 
 sleep, and those who find it too warm and relaxing 
 in the town can resort to the cooler and more 
 bracing atmosphere of the surrounding hills. 
 
 The sources of Aix (two in number, Source de 
 souffre and Source d'alutt) are sulphurous, and their 
 characteristic ingredient is sulphuretted hydrogen, of 
 which there are 2 cubic centimetres per litre. Their 
 temperature ranges from 113 to 115, and the quan- 
 tity yielded in twenty-four hours is enormous as 
 much as four million litres. Their mineralisation is 
 very feeble, only 0*49 grammes of solids per litre, 
 chiefly carbonate of lime. They are rich, however, 
 in organic matter (baregine), to which they owe 
 thejr unctuous feeling, a valuable quality for massage 
 under water. 
 
 The so-called " alum " source is badly named, as 
 it contains no alum ; indeed the two sources are 
 probably branches of a single subterranean canal. 
 
SECT. B.J A IX LES BAINS. 57 
 
 These hot mineral springs are utilised in a variety 
 of ways in an Etablissement Thermal, which is 
 furnished with every appliance needed for the 
 treatment of the cases that are sent there, and pro- 
 vided with 120 skilled masseurs and masseuses ! 
 
 The waters are administered internally as well 
 as applied externally, but it is not usual to give them 
 in large quantities, or to enforce them on persons 
 with delicate digestions, who may find difficulty in 
 tolerating them. Two to four glasses a day form 
 the average quantity, and when stronger sulphur 
 waters are indicated it is usual to prescribe the strong 
 sulphur water of Challes. To promote elimination 
 by the kidneys a water resembling the Evian water, 
 " 1'eau de Saint Simon," derived from a spring a little 
 distance from Aix, is often ordered to be drunk by 
 gouty patients before or after the baths and douches, 
 or as a table \vater. 
 
 But it is to the mode of application, externally, 
 of the hot sulphur springs, especially to the com- 
 bination of douching and massage, that Aix 
 chiefly owes its reputation what is known as 
 the Aix douche-massage* The patient sits on a 
 wooden stool (or reclines on a plank], and one 
 or two doucheurs (or doucheuses), most of whom 
 are extremely skilful, shampoo and apply massage to 
 different parts of the body, over which jets of hot 
 water, varying in temperature, are at the same time 
 propelled. 
 
 "It is astonishing," says the late Sir Grainger 
 Stewart, who was himself submitted to the process, 
 " with what skill, what patience, tenderness, and firm- 
 ness the shampooing and passive movements are per- 
 formed. When every joint has been moved to the 
 utmost extent possible, the patient is made to stand, 
 while from a distance a powerful stream of water is 
 propelled upon the different limbs, especially about the 
 
 * The practice of massage is stated to have been introduced at 
 Aix about the beginning of the last century by persons returning 
 from Bonaparte's expedition into Egypt. 
 
58 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 articulations chiefly affected. When the bath is over, 
 the patient is rapidly dried, wrapped in flannel sheets 
 and blankets, and is carried back to his hotel in 
 the curious sedan-chair. Having reached his apart- 
 ment he is lifted into bed, still swathed like a 
 mummy, is covered up with additional blankets and 
 a quilt, and left to perspire for a longer or shorter 
 period. After twenty minutes or half an hour, he 
 is carefully rubbed down by an attendant who had 
 accompanied him to the bath." Other patients are 
 allowed to walk back to their hotel, where they 
 should rest for an hour. 
 
 Sometimes a vapour bath is applied. The 
 patient " enters an apartment which contains 
 a curious wooden box, with a round hole in its 
 movable lid. After undressing, he steps into the 
 wooden box and finds that he is shut in all except 
 the head, the round hole being occupied by his 
 neck. Immediately a valve on the level of the 
 floor is opened, the hot vapour rises about him, 
 and he soon begins to perspire freely. The per- 
 spiration running from his brow, trickles down his 
 face. Presently he feels the stream flowing down 
 his sides and his legs, and presently a feeling ol 
 oppression and debility comes on, and after ten 
 or twenty minutes the bath is opened up, the 
 patient is carefully dried and removed to his hotel." 
 There are also chambers, or etuves, in which, from 
 the hot mineral water, general vapour baths are 
 produced. These are known as bouillons. 
 
 Then there is the local vapour bath (Berthollef). 
 " By ingenious contrivances the bath-man is enabled 
 to steam one arm or one leg. Speedily the limb begins 
 to perspire and the parts become soft and com- 
 paratively flexible. Perspiration occurs all over the 
 body, especially in those who have been undergoing 
 other forms of treatment, and so great care requires 
 to be taken to prevent a chill. When the parts have 
 been thoroughly softened, manipulation, shampooing, 
 and passive movement of joints are carefully carried 
 
SECT. B.] A IX LES BAINS-. 59 
 
 out, just as after the douche, but only confined to 
 one limb. 
 
 " On certain days the patient is sent to the 
 spacious and comfortable swimming baths, and there 
 he is allowed to disport himself for a longer or 
 shorter time, practising, amid the somewhat warm 
 water, active movements of the limbs. When his 
 swim is ended he may have a cold douche or not, 
 according to the direction of the doctor. He is 
 . rapidly dried, and, if well enough, is directed to walk 
 about smartly in the gardens, which are close to the 
 establishment." 
 
 Ordinary cold water is used when necessary to 
 lower the temperature of the mineral springs ; or 
 Challes water is added if a very strong sulphur bath 
 is required. 
 
 Rooms are specially devoted to inhaling the 
 sulphurous vapour of the water (Jiumage), and also 
 to the inhalation of the atomised thermal water 
 (spray), which can be directed upon any part of the 
 body, and is especially applied in affections of the 
 nose, throat, face, and eyes, but this form of treat- 
 ment is more usually carried out at Marlioz. A 
 " Zander" institute for Swedish gymnastics has 
 recently been established at Aix, and adjacent to this 
 is an establishment for the application of " Nauheim " 
 baths and the various forms of electrical treatment 
 now in use. 
 
 It is necessary, in the next place, to consider the 
 action of these waters and the kind of diseases to 
 the treatment and cure of which they are applic- 
 able, remembering that it has been authoritatively 
 said that " massage plays the principal role in the 
 medications at Aix." 
 
 It is easy to see that the object of such a method 
 of treatment as has been just described must be to 
 promote the removal of waste material and stimulate 
 powerfully the action of the skin, as an agent of 
 elimination. It is as it were a purgation through 
 the skin ! Whatever excrementitious matters are 
 
60 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 retained in the blood, or too slowly eliminated, that 
 can be got rid of through the skin, must be dis- 
 charged from the system by such active stimulation 
 of the cutaneous surface. 
 
 We see also how, by the attraction of the blood 
 to the surface of the body and its retention there in 
 the dilated vessels, congestions of deeper parts must 
 be relieved and a general stimulus given to the 
 circulation of the nutritive fluids of the body ; so 
 that indirectly a great stimulus is given to healthy 
 nutrition and normal tissue change. It is necessary, 
 however, to bear in mind that usually the existence 
 of a certain latent vigour and power of reaction are 
 assumed in the application of such stimulating 
 measures. 
 
 Indeed, it is this point that most frequently 
 exercises and tests the judgment and discrimination 
 of the physician. If from age, or general ex- 
 haustion, or a naturally feeble constitution, this 
 power of reaction is absent, then these modes of 
 treatment only excite and exhaust, and a state of 
 feverish debility is produced, and the patient is left 
 worse, instead of better, for the treatment. So that 
 it is occasionally necessary to resist the not un- 
 natural desire of such patients for active treatment 
 of this kind. 
 
 It is not uncommon for the temperature of the 
 body to be raised two or three degrees during the 
 douches, and the pulse thirty or forty beats in the 
 minute ; moreover, a slight degree of feverishness is 
 often induced (thermal fever) which needs careful 
 management, especially with respect to diet and 
 exercise. 
 
 The period of treatment ordinarily lasts about 
 twenty- five days, with a few days' intermission for 
 rest ; 'but it may be, and often is, necessary to 
 suspend the treatment for a time, so that invalids 
 should allow themselves five or six weeks, and, if 
 everything goes well, the last week may be advan- 
 tageously spent at one or other of the more accessible 
 
SECT. B.] A IX LES BAINS. 61 
 
 mountain resorts in the neighbourhood. Exercise in 
 the open air is insisted upon, a moderate, careful 
 diet, free from any excess, is enjoined, as are also 
 early hours, especially in the damp evenings of the 
 spring and autumn, and aperients are often required 
 by gouty and rheumatic patients, especially when 
 the condition of the urine shows that much waste 
 material is being discharged from the body. 
 
 Among the cases best suited to treatment at Aix, 
 chronic rheumatic and gouty affections take the fore- 
 most place. The personal observations of the late Sir 
 Grainger Stewart on this head deserve to be 
 quoted : 
 
 " The treatment of Aix is of extraordinary value in various 
 rheumatic conditions. First, it is of great service in the way 
 of removing the thickness and stiffness which so often remain 
 after attacks of acute rheumatism a stiffness due partly to 
 changes within the joint, but mainly to thickening of the 
 fibrous tissues round the articulation. Second, in case of 
 chronic rheumatism, where a slow inflammatory action 
 is going on in and around the joints, it suffices both 
 to remove inflammatory products and to diminish the 
 tendency to rheumatic inflammation. Third, in rheumatic 
 affections of the muscles, fascia, and nerve sheaths, it affords 
 in many cases the most decided and speedy relief. Fourth, 
 in the wasting of muscles, which so often occurs in connec- 
 tion with rheumatic processes, the manipulation and 
 shampooing, along with the electrical stimulation which 
 the doctors superadd, generally prove distinctly serviceable ; 
 and fifth, on the occurrence of slight rheumatic threatenings, 
 it appears that the use of the Berthollet or vapour bath 
 often suffices to prevent the further development of the 
 disease." 
 
 Treatment at Aix is, however, of doubtful value 
 in cases of osteo-arthritis, " Rheumatoid arthritis " as 
 it is often termed. 
 
 As to the treatment of gout at Aix it is admitted 
 that, at the beginning of the course, an acute attack 
 is sometimes induced, necessitating a suspension of 
 the treatment until the severe pain has passed away ; 
 but it is maintained that the ultimate result is to 
 diminish the frequency and intensity of the attacks 
 
62 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 and to eliminate the gouty poison from the system. 
 It is usual, in many of these gouty affections of the 
 joints, to combine with the thermal treatment the 
 application of the continuous electric current to the 
 wasted muscles. Skin diseases of gouty origin, 
 psoriasis and eczema, are especially adapted to the 
 treatment at Aix. It should be remembered that it 
 is especially the atonic form of gout that is best 
 suited to treatment at Aix, and that after a course of 
 external treatment by these hot sulphur waters it is 
 often thought advisable to prescribe an internal 
 treatment, at Vichy, Evian, Contrexeville, or Vittel. 
 
 Rheumatic forms of neuralgia, and especially 
 sciatica, whether of rheumatic, gouty or syphilitic 
 origin, are benefited by the combination of bathing, 
 douching, and shampooing as practised there. Alco- 
 holic and other forms of peripheral neuritis are said 
 to be greatly benefited by a combination of douche- 
 massage with electrical treatment. 
 
 The presence of cardiac complications in the gouty 
 and rheumatic are not regarded, by some of the 
 physicians at Aix, as contra-indicating the application 
 of douche+massagS) in certain cases, as it 'has been 
 observed, experimentally, that douche-massage causes 
 a diminution of arterial tension. 
 
 Chronic affections of the nose and throat are also 
 sent to Aix, or rather Marlioz, for ameliora- 
 tion or cure. Chronic atrophic rhinitis is treated by 
 nasal douches, the inhalation of the natural vapour 
 of the hot sulphur springs, and by local application 
 of the aqueous spray ; swimming baths also are 
 enjoined, as well as the internal use of Challes 
 water. 
 
 Precisely the same method of treatment is ap- 
 plied, with advantage, to cases of chronic inflam- 
 mation of the pharynx, granular pharyngitis, etc., 
 often associated with a gouty and rheumatic as 
 well as a scrofulous diathesis. 
 
 Chronic laryngeal catarrh, with hoarseness 
 and loss of voice, and often some irritative cough, 
 
SECT; B.] A IX LES BAINSi 63 
 
 induced by over-fatigue ot the larynx in public 
 speaking and singing, or by excessive smoking, or 
 by alcoholic drinks, is benefited by the inhalations 
 of the atomised sulphur water as applied in the 
 ,sY///r,s* d' inhalation at Marlioz. The climate of Aix 
 and Marlioz is also believed to aid the treatment 
 of these cases greatly. 
 
 Some forms of chronic bronchial catarrh are 
 reputed to have been relieved by treatment by the 
 inhalations, etc., at Marlioz, and the same is said 
 with respect to hay-fever and certain types of phthisis. 
 
 As an aid to the effect of specific remedies in 
 the treatment of constitutional syphilis, Aix les 
 Bains has always enjoyed a considerable reputation, 
 though Aix la Chapelle surpasses it in this repect ; 
 as to the power and influence of this treatment in 
 revealing latent syphilis the greatest divergence 
 of opinion exists, and the latest tendency is to a 
 denial of this property. Scrofulous affections of 
 the bones, joints, and glandular system, scrofulous 
 ophthalmia, and even lupus are reported to be 
 greatly benefited and even cured by the course at Aix. 
 
 Cases of chronic skin disease which travel all 
 over Europe, from bath to bath, seeking relief, 
 and, it must be added, often finding none or but 
 very little, naturally visit Aix les Bains in consider- 
 able numbers. One of the most troublesome and 
 inveterate of these diseases is psoriasis, which often 
 affects gouty persons ; this disease is rarely com- 
 pletely cured, but they claim at Aix that under 
 the influence of treatment there, the patches be- 
 come paler, the scales are shed, and the absorption 
 and action of internal remedies are promoted. 
 
 In cases of eczema the first effect of the treatment 
 is often to exaggerate somewhat the symptoms, but 
 if the course is prolonged sufficiently the manifesta- 
 tions disappear. 
 
 In the relief of acne the swimming-baths, to- 
 gether with the local application of the sulphur 
 water, prove very efficacious. 
 
64 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 In hysteria, and in certain chronic uterine affec- 
 tions, in anaemia, and chlorosis, treatment at Aix 
 proves beneficial. In some of these cases removal 
 from home influences, which are not unfrequently 
 injurious, change of air, scene, and food, the regular 
 occupation of bathing and shampooing, and the 
 enforced exercise in the open air, combined with 
 judicious medical supervision, have probably more 
 remedial influence than the sulphur in the water. 
 
 In certain cases of paralysis, the combined 
 stimulating influence of bathing, shampooing, and the 
 application of the electric current produces a bene- 
 ficial effect. 
 
 Certain cases of traumatic disease of the bones and 
 joints are usefully submitted to the treatment at Aix. 
 
 Marlioz is but a quarter of an hour's walk from Aix, and 
 may practically be regarded as belonging to it. Its springs, 
 three in number, are cold sulphur springs, and they are used 
 chiefly in the form of inhalation and pulverisation i.e. in 
 vapour and spray. At Marlioz there are special arrangements 
 in the shape of well-arranged sallcs a" inhalation for the applica- 
 tion of the vapour and spray of these sulphur springs to the 
 treatment of chronic affections of the respiratory passages, 
 such as chronic coryza, chronic laryngitis and pharyngitis, and 
 chronic bronchial catarrh. Patients following this treatment 
 can either reside at Aix, or, if they prefer a quieter life, they 
 can find comfortable apartments in the chateau and wile 
 attached to* the Etablissement at Marlioz, which is situated in 
 pleasant and extensive park-like grounds. 
 
 In the bath establishment at Marlioz the usual baths and 
 douches are provided, and every appliance for hydrothera- 
 peutic treatment, either with the sulphur springs or with 
 ordinary water. The Marlioz water appears to contain 
 sulphur in combination with sodium as sulphide of sodium, 
 just like the Pyrenean springs, according to some authorities, 
 while others have found sulphuretted hydrogen in it. Besides 
 carbonate and chloride of sodium it is said to contain 
 iodide and bromide of sodium. 
 
 Mountain- air stations suitable for an after-cure are now 
 brought, as it were, to the doors of the patients at Aix. By 
 means of a mountain railway the high plateau on the summit 
 of Mont Revard is reached in an hour, and an excellent hotel 
 is found there at an elevation of 4,900 feet. For those who do 
 not need so bracing a resort, there is Pugny-Corbieres, about 
 
si CT, H. | ALLEVARD. 65 
 
 half rin hour from Aix, at an elevation of 2,000 feet, on the 
 border of shady woods, and another climatic station has been 
 rst.iMislicd on the Col dii Chat. The well-known resorts at the 
 i-n end of the Lake of Geneva, Glion, Caux, Les Avants, 
 etc., are also easy of access. 
 
 The season is from April isth to the end of October ; the 
 months of July and August are often very hot. 
 
 Allevard is an important French cold sulphur 
 spring containing much free sulphuretted hydrogen, 
 and employed chiefly in the treatment of diseases of 
 the throat and respiratory organs. 
 
 The baths at Allevard in the department of I sere 
 lie about midway between Chambery and (Irenoble, 
 being twenty-three miles from the former and 
 twenty-five from the latter town. A branch line 
 connects it with Pontcharra-sur-Bre'da, a station on 
 the line of rail between these towns. It is reached 
 in eleven hours from Paris. 
 
 The village of Allevard is built on both banks of 
 the river Breda, at an elevation of 1,350 feet above 
 the sea. It is in the midst of beautiful scenery, and 
 h is many admirable excursions and points ot view 
 in its neighbourhood. It has a southern aspect and 
 a mild and rather moist climate. It is not shut in, 
 as many such places are, between high mountains ; 
 but the valley is open, and the mountains on cadi 
 side rise by gentle wooded slopes, behind which 
 stand steep and bare peaks of great height. 
 
 The hotels and pensions, most of them situated 
 in a shady park, are good and comfortable ; and the 
 simple and quiet life there, and the calm and peace- 
 ful surroundings, must be especially grateful and 
 suitable to the more serious class of invalids for 
 whom the cure at Allevard is prescribed. The 
 special application of the mineral springs of Allevard 
 is in the treatment of diseases of the throat and 
 respiratory organs, especially when associated with 
 the rheumatic or gouty constitution : Chronic throat 
 and nose catarrhs, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and 
 even certain forms of consumption are treated 
 
66 MINERAL SPRINGS, [PART i. 
 
 there (apyretic forms with general health good) with 
 favourable results. 
 
 One of the special modes of treatment in vogue 
 at Allevard is the inhalation of the gases given off by 
 the water of the springs, cold and unheated. This 
 takes place in. the salles $ inhalation froide. 
 
 In these rooms, which are large enough to contain 
 fifty patients at a time, the water, under pressure, 
 is by means of suitable mechanism driven into 
 spray so fine and so diffused that the gases 
 in it become set free into the surrounding 
 air : ninety-five per cent, of the sulphuretted 
 hydrogen contained in the water (there are 24 c.c. 
 of this gas per litre), together with much of the 
 nitrogen and carbonic acid it also contains, is diffused 
 into the atmospheres of these salles d' inhalation 
 froide. The respiration of this medicated air has 
 been found of special service in the treatment of 
 tuberculous and other affections of the throat and 
 lungs. The patients are allowed to remain from 
 three to fifteen minutes in this air ; and they return 
 to these rooms five or six times in the day, and 
 in the intervals the jets of water are turned off, 
 and the rooms thoroughly ventilated by opening all 
 the windows and doors. 
 
 There are also at Allevard, as at Royat and else- 
 where, rooms devoted to inhalation of the warm 
 vapours of the water. In these the patients remain, 
 suitably clothed, for half an hour or more ; and this 
 method is found particularly serviceable in the treat- 
 ment of chronic bronchial catarrh and catarrh al 
 asthma. There are also two large chambers for the 
 inhalation of warm pulverised water. 
 
 Douches for the throat, the nose, the eyes, the 
 face, etc. ; a room for gargling ; hot foot and leg 
 baths used here very hot, and prescribed for their 
 revulsive effect to most of the patients ; and all the 
 appliances necessary for general bathing, douching, 
 and massage are to be found in this very complete 
 bath establishment. Internallv the water is drunk 
 
SECT. B.] ALLEY A RD. 67 
 
 in small doses at first a quarter to half a glass daily, 
 gradually increasing to two or three glasses, either 
 cold or mixed with a little warm syrup or milk. 
 
 The Allevard water is, as we have said, a cold 
 sulphur spring, its temperature being about 60 F. 
 It contains a considerable amount of free sulphuretted 
 hydrogen, as well as nitrogen and carbonic acid gases ; 
 its chief solid constituents are sodium chloride, calcium 
 carbonate, calcium and magnesium sulphate, silica, 
 and traces of arsenic. But it is by no means strongly 
 mineralised. 
 
 This water is said to be easily digested, to increase 
 appetite, and to promote nutritive changes. It is 
 maintained that the sulphuretted hydrogen when 
 coming in contact with the bronchial mucous mem- 
 brane abstracts oxygen and deposits its sulphur, having 
 at first a stimulating and afterwards a sedative effect, 
 the latter being also contributed to by the carbonic 
 acid and nitrogen contained in the water. 
 
 A long list of maladies are treated at Allevard 
 in addition to those already named : chronic 
 pharyngitis and tonsillitis, adenoids, laryngitis, hay- 
 asthma, enlarged bronchial glands following whoop- 
 ing cough or measles ; amongst skin affections, 
 eczema and impetigo. 
 
 The season is from June ist to Sept. 3oth the 
 best time being from June I5th to Aug. 2oth. There 
 is a casino with theatre and the amusements usually 
 found at a French spa. 
 
 Amelie les Bains. A thermal sulphur bath in 
 the Pyrenees Orientates, at an elevation of about 900 
 feet, in a valley enclosed by high mountains, 
 which in winter limit considerably the number 
 of hours of sunshine. It has this point of interest 
 for those who are seeking treatment by hot 
 sulphur baths in the winter, that it is one of 
 the few sulphur baths available at that season, 
 for Amelie is open all the year round. Its name 
 is derived from that of the wife of Louis 
 
68 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 Philippe. It lies at the extreme south-eastern 
 corner of France, close to the Spanish frontier : 
 it is thirty-eight kilometres from Perpignan on the 
 railway from Elne to Arles-sur-Tech a twenty- 
 two hours' journey from Paris. 
 
 It has a mild winter climate, due to its pro- 
 tection from winds and its southern latitude, the 
 average winter temperature being 46 F. Spring 
 is the most disagreeable season there, owing to 
 the prevalence of east wind. In the summer it 
 is very hot ; so that it is mostly a winter 
 resort. 
 
 Its springs are numerous twenty-two altogether 
 and they vary in temperature from 96 to 140 F. 
 The characteristic ingredient is sod him sulphide, 
 and this varies in amount from 0*025 to 0*039 
 grammes per litre. They are also rich in glairine 
 and organic matter. The water is at first clear, 
 but soon turns milky on exposure to the air. 
 There are three establishments in which the 
 springs are utilised. One is the great military 
 hospital, which has accommodation for 66 officers 
 and 379 non-commissioned officers and soldiers ; 
 the second is the Thermes Remains (built on the 
 foundations of old Roman baths), and the third 
 the Bains Pujade. These contain appliances for 
 large and small baths, hot and cold douches, foot 
 baths, vapour baths, massage, inhalations, and 
 pulverisations. The apartments for inhalation com- 
 municate directly with the springs. Buvettes for 
 supplying the water for drinking are numerous, the 
 most frequented being the Source Pectorale. 
 
 The effect of the treatment is to produce a little 
 excitement at first, but never so great as at the 
 stronger sulphur springs ; this is soon followed by 
 a markedly sedative effect. The influences of the 
 climate and water have been thus summarised 
 sedative to the circulatory system, stimulating to 
 the nervous system, restorative of the nutritive 
 functions. The alkaline, ferruginous waters of the 
 
SECT. B.] AMELIE LES BAINS. 69 
 
 neighbouring spa, Le Boulou, are often prescribed 
 to be drunk at Amelie, together with the sulphur 
 water. 
 
 Attacks of colic and diarrhoea are said not 
 unfrequently to occur to visitors at Amelie even when 
 not drinking the waters. 
 
 The principal diseases sent to this spa for 
 treatment are, first, diseases of the respiratory 
 organs, and especially torpid forms of phthisis ; 
 these latter deriving benefit both from the mild 
 climate and the sulphur springs. Chronic laryngitis, 
 bronchitis, asthma, and emphysema are also bene- 
 fited. Like other thermal sulphur springs, these 
 are applicable to cases of chronic rheumatism, to 
 torpid skin affections, and to scrofulo-tuberculous 
 disease of the bones and mucous membranes. A 
 great many traumatic cases, especially amongst the 
 military, are treated there the consequences of 
 gunshot and other wounds. 
 
 Patients are able to pass by covered ways from 
 their hotel to the baths. 
 
 Apenta. This, one of the most recently intro- 
 duced of the Hungarian aperient waters, may be 
 taken as the type of the so-called bitter waters 
 which have, of late years, come into such general 
 use as convenient and trustworthy laxatives. 
 
 Apenta, "like the whole group of those Hun- 
 garian aperient waters, is formed at no great depth 
 not more than 15 or 20 feet its chemical com- 
 position being due largely to the solution in the 
 water of the chemical salts of the stratum of the 
 ground through which it spreads." 
 
 It is claimed for this water that, owing to the 
 careful and scientific method in which its collection 
 and bottling is supervised and carried out, its 
 constancy of composition is maintained and can 
 always be relied upon. 
 
 The chief active constituents of this water are 
 the aperient sulphates of magnesium and sodium, 
 
70 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 and Professor Pouchet's analysis of Apenta water 
 shows it to contain, per litre, magnesium sulphate 
 23*43 grammes, sodium sulphate 15*53, calcium and 
 potassium sulphates 2*676, sodium carbonate ron, 
 and sodium chloride 1716. It also contains a small 
 amount of oxide of iron, 0*046, and minute amounts 
 of lithium and other less important constituents. 
 
 In the more generalised use of this water, as in 
 the systematic treatment of hepatic and gouty 
 troubles and for the cure of obesity, for which it has 
 been extensively employed, the presence of sodium car- 
 bonate and chloride are not unimportant ingredients ; 
 w r hile the presence of an appreciable amount of 
 iron doubtless tends to counteract any lowering 
 effect it might otherwise produce. The usual dose is 
 from four to six fluid ounces taken in the morning 
 fasting. It is often given warmed and mixed with 
 an equal quantity of Apollinaris water, as a useful 
 substitute for Carlsbad w r ater in the treatment of 
 gall-stones. 
 
 Apollinaris. This, the most popular of alkaline 
 table waters, may be taken as the type of that class 
 of mineral spring. The dietetic value of such a 
 w r ater depends on its containing a definite and 
 moderate (not a large) amount of sodium bicarbonate 
 and sodium chloride and a considerable amount of 
 free carbonic acid gas. According to the time at 
 which it is taken, the first-named constituent is 
 valuable for its antacid action in diluting and neutral- 
 ising acid wines, for its solvent action on catarrhal 
 mucus, for its stimulating action on the gastric 
 secretion, and for its neutralising effect at other times 
 on gastric hyper-acidity. The sodium chloride has 
 a dietetic value as a promoter of gastric activity 
 and of general metabolism, and the carbonic acid for 
 its refreshing and agreeable as well as stimulating 
 properties. 
 
 A water containing much alkali is counter- 
 indicated as a " table water," as it might injuriously 
 
SECT. B.] APOLLINARIS. 71 
 
 neutralise the needful acidity of the gastric juice when 
 taken with meals, and a merely gaseous water with 
 no alkali would obviously fail in one of its chief 
 properties. 
 
 The Apollinaris springs rise in the Ahrthal in 
 Rhenish Prussia, in close proximity to the celebrated 
 springs of Neuenahr. These latter contain precisely 
 the same constituents as the Apollinaris springs, only 
 varying somewhat in the proportions of the con- 
 stituents and in temperature. The chief of the 
 springs at Neuenahr (the Grosser Sprudel) is a 
 warm spring and has a temperature of about 96 F. 
 It is interesting to compare the composition of 
 this spring with that of Apollinaris. In the latest 
 analysis of the latter (made by Th. Kyll, 1 902), in a 
 litre there is of sodium carbonate 1*248 grammes 
 (Neuenahr 0*600), of magnesium carbonate 0*465 
 (Neuenahr 0*300), sodium chloride 0*421 (Neuenahr 
 0*100), sodium sulphate 0*247 (Neuenahr 0*083), 
 calcium carbonate 0*250 (Neuenahr 0*200), iron 
 protoxide 0*003 (Neuenahr carbonate of iron 0*012). 
 
 We see here a great similarity of composition. 
 The Apollinaris water is richer in sodium and mag- 
 nesium carbonates and in sodium chloride. The 
 Neuenahr water contains a little more iron. It will 
 be seen that the addition of a little hot water to 
 Apollinaris makes it practically identical with the 
 Neuenahr water. 
 
 This water is exported in bottles on a very large 
 scale ; about thirty million bottles, we are informed, 
 are filled annually ! For the purpose of enabling 
 the water of the Apollinaris spring to be efficiently 
 bottled to meet this enormous demand, without 
 waste of time, and to prevent disturbance of the 
 spring at its source, by an uneven method of pump- 
 ing, the water is allowed to flow from the spring into 
 tanks, from which it is drawn into cylinders ; there 
 it is re-combined with the carbonic acid, which 
 has, meanwhile, been collected from the spring. A 
 small proportion of common salt (one part per 
 
;2 . MINERAL SPRINGS, [PART i. 
 
 thousand parts) is added to prevent the reducing 
 action of the organic matter of the cork on the 
 sodium sulphate in the water. 
 
 Before this plan was adopted there was a risk of 
 sulphuretted hydrogen forming in the bottled water. 
 The bottled Apollinaris therefore contains one per 
 mille more sodium chloride than at its source. The 
 most minute care is taken, in all the details of bottling, 
 to preserve the natural properties of the water. 
 
 Ashby-de-la-Zouch, a cold salt bath in Leicester- 
 shire, about three hours from London, is a town of 
 about 5,000 inhabitants, at an elevation of 400 feet 
 above the sea. Its chloride of sodium waters are 
 moderately strong, and of a temperature of 62 F. 
 It is said to be of about the same strength as 
 sea water. It contains about 26*5 grammes of 
 solids per litre, the chief of which is sodium 
 chloride (187). Next in amount are calcium 
 sulphate (2-5), and chloride of calcium and mag- 
 nesium ; there are small amounts of potassium 
 chloride, carbonate of iron (0*05), lime, and 
 manganese, bromide of magnesium, sulphate of 
 alumina and silica. It also contains a small 
 amount of dissolved carbonic acid and nitrogen 
 (Paul, 1888). There is a small but well-equipped 
 bath establishment standing in its own grounds, 
 which are well laid out, and in which archery, 
 tennis, and bowling can be carried on. There are 
 six bath-rooms in each wing of the building, with 
 drying-rooms and provision also for shower and 
 needle baths and douches. It is heated throughout 
 by steam, and so is the water for the baths, which 
 are given at temperatures varying from 62 (the 
 natural temperature of the water) up to 110 F. 
 
 Dr. Williams, consulting physician to the Bath 
 Company, and medical officer of health, states 
 that benefit follows treatment with these baths in 
 the following maladies : gout, muscular rheumatism, 
 sciatica, and chronic rheumatic joint affections ; osteo- 
 
SECT. B.] ASKERN SPA. 73 
 
 arthritis ; scrofula ; certain chronic skin diseases, 
 as eczema, psoriasis, acne, etc. These are treated 
 by internal as well as external administration of 
 the water. In cases of debility and neuralgia, the 
 internal use of the water seems to be serviceable 
 as an iron tonic. 
 
 Askern Spa. A cold sulphur bath in the West 
 .Riding of Yorkshire at an altitude of 25 feet, and 
 about six miles to the north of Doncaster ; four 
 hours by rail from London. There are four wells, 
 each containing sulphuretted hydrogen in varying 
 amounts. The richest has about 3*5 cubic inches 
 to a litre of water. They are feebly mineralised, 
 for they contain only two grammes of solids per litre, 
 consisting chiefly of calcium carbonate and calcium 
 and magnesium sulphates ; small amounts of sodium 
 chloride and sulphate are also present. They are 
 highly charged with organic matter derived from 
 the peat, and have a yellowish aspect. " The village 
 stands on the edge of an extensive plain, a large 
 part of which is uncultivated and imperfectly drained 
 peat bog." 
 
 Mr. Bothamly, F.C.S. (Trans. Chemical Society, 
 1893, P- ^85), attributes the presence of H,S to 
 reduction of sulphates brought about in some 
 hitherto undetermined way. Each of the four 
 springs has a pump-room and set of baths attached 
 to it, and in most the water is raised by means 
 of steam to the temperature desired. Besides the 
 baths the patients are directed to drink the waters 
 cold in doses of eight ounces twice or thrice daily. 
 They usually have a diuretic action, and are some- 
 times Jaxative. 
 
 The diseases treated at Askern with benefit are 
 subacute and chronic gouty states ; rheumatic and 
 rheumatoid affections, especially when attended 
 with pain and stiffness of joints ; certain chronic 
 skin diseases, e.g. eczema, psoriasis, pityriasis ; some 
 forms of dyspepsia, and liver troubles. 
 
74 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 Ax les Thermes (Ariege), a rising and important 
 Pyrenean Spa, containing a vast number si sulphur and 
 other thermal springs, admitting of a great variety of 
 applications. It lies between the Central Pyrenees 
 and the Pyrenees Orientales on a branch line, 122 
 kilometres south of Toulouse and fourteen hours by 
 express train from Paris. It is situated in a moun- 
 tainous and picturesque country at an elevation of 
 about 2,300 feet, and at the confluence of three 
 mountain streams. Its climate is tonic and strength- 
 ening. As many as sixty springs are utilised in 
 four bath establishments possessing every modern 
 appliance. Their temperature varies from 65 to 
 170 F. They are used undiluted, and arranged in 
 a graduated series, according to their activity. Some 
 of these springs are, next to Luchon, the richest 
 in sulphuretted hydrogen of the Pyrenean spas. 
 Sodium sulphide is the characteristic ingredient of the 
 majority, together with sodium silicate and a little 
 sodium chloride. Some contain much nitrogen, 
 no organic matter, and are of feeble alkalinity ; others 
 are alkaline and rich in baregine. 
 
 It is usual, for certain cases, to add to the baths 
 some chlorides in the form of eaux meres or salts 
 from eaux meres. What is known as the " de- 
 generated waters " are those in which the sodium 
 sulphide has undergone conversion into sulphate and 
 hyposulphite, and so become changed from sulphur 
 waters into simple, slightly alkaline thermal waters. 
 These are regarded as having a sedative effect, while 
 the sodium sulphide springs are stimulating. 
 
 The reputation of the waters of Ax is ancient, 
 and it possesses a " lepers' bath," said to have existed 
 since the reign of St. Louis (A.D. 1260). 
 
 The waters are both drunk and used as baths and 
 douches. Gouty arthritis is especially treated by the 
 sedative desulphurated water. The treatment at Ax 
 can be so graduated as to extend from the mildest to 
 the most energetic form, as desired by the medical 
 attendant, 
 
SECT. B.] 
 
 AX LES THERM ES. 
 
 75 
 
 Painful joint affections and neuralgias, rheumatic 
 and gouty, are specially treated at Ax. In the next 
 order come scrofulous and superficial tubercular 
 affections, some chronic skin diseases certain 
 ansemics, intolerant of iron, do well there. Chronic 
 malarial cachexia, traumatisms, lead and other 
 poisonings, chronic syphilis, uterine catarrh, chronic 
 catarrhal affections of the respiratory organs, some 
 neuropathic and neurasthenic cases, complete the 
 list of patients claimed by Ax. 
 
 June, July, August, and September are the best 
 months for treatment, but one of the establishments 
 is open all the year. There is a civil hospital there 
 with 120 beds. Many interesting excursions can be 
 made into the mountainous district around. 
 
 Abano, in N. Italy, a few miles 
 from Padua, on the line between 
 it and Bologna. A highly thermal 
 (temperature of hottest spring, 
 183 F.) , somewhat feebly mineral- 
 ised (6-5 grammes of solids per 
 litre) salt bath with traces of free 
 sulphuretted hydrogen ; also uti- 
 lises for local applications a fango 
 or "mud," rich in organic sub- 
 stance, and saturated with the hot 
 mineral water. Spring well 
 known to the Romans (Aquae 
 Patavinae). 
 
 The mineral ingredients consist 
 of sodium (3-8) and magnesium 
 (0-20) chloride, some calcium sul- 
 phate, a minute quantity of iodide 
 of magnesium (0-02), and traces of 
 H 2 S. 
 
 The remedial agents employed 
 are baths, inhalations of gases 
 from springs, and local applica- 
 tions of fango. The diseases 
 treated are chronic rheumatism 
 and gouty affections, rheumatoid 
 arthritis and surgical diseases of 
 joints, skin affections, and certain 
 forms of chronic paralysis. The 
 season is from June i to Sept. 30. 
 
 Acquarossa possesses gaseous 
 chalybeate springs, containing a 
 large amount of calcium sulphate 
 and carbonate, a small quantity of 
 manganese, and minute amounts 
 of arsenic and lithium. The tem- 
 perature of. this water is 77 F. 
 A mineral mud is also deposited 
 from this spring, which is said to 
 be very rich in arsenic. 
 
 It is situated in Switzerland, on 
 the Italian side of the St. Gothard 
 mountains, and is approached 
 from Biasca, a station on the St. 
 Gothard line, from which it is an 
 hour and a-half's drive. It can 
 also be reached from Dissentis by 
 the Lukmanier Pass. It is situated 
 in the Val Blenio, at an elevation 
 of 1,150 feet, and is surrounded 
 by high mountains. 
 
 The amount of bicarbonate of 
 iron per litre is '034 gramme ; of 
 manganese 0-019 ; and of arsenate 
 of lime 0-00024 ; of chloride of 
 lithium 0-0046 ; of borate of 
 magnesia 0-0025. It * s considered 
 of value in anaemia, in scrofula, 
 and in skin diseases. Together 
 with climatic influences it is found 
 
MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART i. 
 
 restorative after acute illnesses ; 
 it is recommended also in glandu- 
 lar enlargements, scrofulous and 
 syphilitic. In some obstinate 
 skin affections the warmed mud 
 is applied with benefit. 
 
 Acqui, in N. Italy, on the line 
 between Alessandria and Savona, 
 and 21 miles from the former 
 place, has many feebly mineralised 
 (1*5 gramme of sodium chloride 
 per litre) but very hot salt springs, 
 containing also free H 2 S La 
 Bollende has a temperature of 
 158 F. also a fango or mud, 
 which contains much organic 
 matter, is largely used, mixed 
 with the salts of the mineral 
 springs. Its application and vir- 
 tues form the speciality of Acqui. 
 
 It has an altitude of 650 feet, 
 and a climate which is moist 
 and variable and very hot in 
 summer. 
 
 The cases treated there are 
 rheumatic, gouty, and traumatic 
 joint affections, certain diseases 
 of the skin, and certain neuroses, 
 cases of chronic metallic poison- 
 ing (lead and mercury), and some 
 forms of syphilis. 
 
 The season is from May 15 to 
 Sept. 30. 
 
 ^Esculap, an imported Hunga- 
 rian "bitter" water, containing the 
 aperient sodium and magnesium 
 sulphates (31 -i), and sodium 
 chloride (2-9) and calcium sul- 
 phate (2-0 per mille). 
 
 Aibling, in Upper Bavaria, plea- 
 santly situated at an elevation of 
 i ,500 feet, a few miles from Rosen- 
 heim, has a speciality for the 
 application of wW-baths from the 
 Aibling high moors and the brine 
 and Mutter-lauge respectively from 
 Rosenheim and Reichenhall. The 
 mutter -lauge is added to water, mud, 
 and pine-needle baths. 
 
 Maladies treated there are 
 chronic rheumatic and scrofulous 
 exudations, rickets, chronic pelvic 
 inflammations and deposits, and 
 
 some forms of paralysis. Season, 
 May i to Sept. 30. 
 
 Aigle les Bains, a hydropathic 
 establishment (1,750 feet above 
 the sea) about a mile from Aigle 
 Station, on the Rhone Valley 
 Railway. The water (similar to 
 Evian water) is artificially charged 
 with carbonic acid and drunk as 
 a table water in stomach, renal, 
 and bladder affections. 
 
 Aix en Provence, 30 kilometres 
 north of Marseilles (line to Greno- 
 ble), elevation 590 feet, has simple 
 thermal springs, the hottest 90 F. 
 The baths are given with running 
 water (eau courante), so that this 
 temperature is maintained in 
 them. The mineralisation is very 
 feeble. 
 
 They are regarded as sedative 
 baths, and are applied in cases of 
 neurasthenia, rheumatism, neu- 
 ralgia, stiff joints, and some skin 
 and uterine affections. 
 
 Alet, a small French resort in 
 the Department of Aude, 650 feet 
 above the sea. It has simple 
 thermal waters of very feeble 
 mineralisation, chiefly of bicar- 
 bonate and phosphate of lime 
 (0-520 in the litre). Temperature 
 86 F. It also has a cold iron 
 spring (0^024 of oxide of iron). 
 These waters do not contain free 
 carbonic acid gas, and are there- 
 fore thought valuable to those 
 whose stomachs cannot tolerate 
 aerated waters. They are exported 
 as table waters. There is a bath 
 establishment for baths and 
 douches. 
 
 Anaemic and chlorotic cases are 
 treated with this iron spring. 
 Other cases benefited by these 
 waters are those of gastric irrita- 
 bility and painful digestion, flatu- 
 lence, habitual vomiting, intestinal 
 catarrh, dysentery, and the dys- 
 pepsia of convalescents from acute 
 disease. They are given in mode- 
 rate doses before meals, and some- 
 times mixed with wine. 
 
SECT. B.] ALEXANDERSBADANDABRE. 
 
 77 
 
 It has a station, Limoux, dis- I 
 tant 9 kilometres, on the line be- \ 
 tween Carcassonne and Quillan. | 
 It is a twenty-four hours' journey | 
 from Paris. At that distance from i 
 Paris and in a region so far south, | 
 and therefore so hot in the sum- 
 mer, it is naturally not much 
 resorted to except by those in the ! 
 locality. 
 
 The season is from June i to 
 Nov. i, but the bath is open all 
 the year. 
 
 Alexandersbad, a chalybeate, 
 highly gaseous spring (0-06 bicar- 
 bonate of iron) in Bavaria, lies on 
 the north-eastern slope of the 
 Luisenberg (Fichtelgebirge) at an 
 elevation of 1,900 feet, surrounded 
 by pine woods. The nearest 
 stations are Markt-Redwitz on the 
 Berlin-Munich Rail way, and Wun- 
 siedel. Besides drinking and 
 bathing in the gaseous iron water, 
 ferruginous mud baths are used, 
 also pine-needle baths, and the 
 usual methods of hydrotherapy. 
 It is resorted to by cases of anaemia 
 and chlorosis. There is also a 
 sanatorium for nervous patients. 
 It is not very far from Eger, and 
 can therefore be conveniently 
 visited as an "after-cure" by 
 patients from Marienbad, Carls- 
 bad, or Franzensbad. 
 
 Season, from June 15 to begin- 
 ning of October. 
 
 Alexisbad (Germany), in the 
 Selkethal, a valley of the Harz 
 Mountains, 1,080 feet above the 
 sea, has a chalybeate spring, to 
 which carbonic acid is added for 
 exportation. Pine-needle baths 
 and artificial salt baths are also 
 available there. It is resorted to 
 also for its fresh forest air. It is 
 a two hours' drive from the rail- 
 way station of Gernrode. 
 
 Season, June 15 to Sept. 25. 
 
 Alvaneubad, a cold sulphur 
 bath on the well-known Albula 
 road to Davos and the Engadine. 
 It is about midway between Coire 
 
 and Davos, at an elevation of 
 3,150 feet. The spring is feebly 
 mineralised (i'338 of salts), but 
 contains a small amount of free 
 H 2 S and carbonic acid gas. The 
 salts consist of alkaline and earthy 
 sulphates, sodium chloride, mag- 
 nesium carbonate, alumina, silica, 
 and a very small amount of iron. 
 
 The sub-alpine climate is favour- 
 able to exercise, and the surround- 
 ing neighbourhood affords many 
 interesting excursions. The water 
 is prescribed internally in doses of 
 four to eight glasses a day, and 
 acts as a diuretic and laxative. 
 
 For the baths it is heated to 90 
 or 95 F. , and they are often pro- 
 longed to an hour or longer in 
 some cases. Douches, vapour 
 | baths, and fumigations are also 
 employed. They are used in the 
 same cases as other sulphur baths : 
 chronic muscular and articular 
 rheumatism and gout, skin dis- 
 eases, especially eczema, chronic 
 catarrhs of the respiratory and 
 other organs, urinary gravel, some 
 chronic affections of the female 
 pelvic organs, anaemia, and general 
 debility; in the latter the tonic 
 climate counts for much. The 
 season is from June 15 to Sept. 15. 
 
 Amphion les Bains. See Evian. 
 
 Andabre, in the department of 
 Aveyron, France, has gaseous 
 springs containing both bicar- 
 bonate of soda and bicarbonate 
 of iron. It is a two hours' drive 
 from the station St. Affrique, the 
 terminus of a branch from the 
 line between Clermont and Beziers. 
 Its altitude is about 1,300 feet. 
 
 Its principal spring, LaBuvette, 
 has a mineralisation of 2-5 
 grammes per litre, of which i -80 is 
 formed of sodium bicarbonate, and 
 0-065 f bicarbonate of iron ; the 
 other ingredients are magnesium 
 and calcium bicarbonates and 
 small amounts of chlorides. 
 
 This water is used in baths and 
 douches as well as drunk; it is 
 
MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART I. 
 
 also exported. It is adapted to 
 the treatment of anaemic dyspep- 
 tics, chlorosis, and retarded con- 
 valescence. 
 
 Andeer-Pignieu, a Swiss resort, 
 at an elevation of 3,200 feet, on the 
 Spliigen road, about three hours' 
 drive from Thusis, which has a 
 weakly mineralised calcium sul- 
 phate spring, arising at Pignieu 
 and conducted to the bath estab- 
 lishment at Andeer. It contains 
 1-734 grammes of calcium sulphate 
 in a litre, and 0-189 f calcium 
 bicarbonate, 0-320 magnesium sul- 
 phate with smaller quantities of 
 alkaline sulphates and a minute 
 amount of iron. A ferruginous, 
 vegeto-mineral mud is also utilised. 
 The waters are drunk, and have a 
 decidedly diuretic action. The dose 
 is from two to five glasses daily. 
 Douches are also given, and the 
 water is inhaled in chronic catarrh 
 of the pharynx and larynx. 
 
 The mud baths are made by 
 mixing the mud with the water 
 and heating the mixture by steam 
 to 104 F. The bath lasts from 
 thirty to forty minutes. The 
 patient afterwards has a cleansing 
 bath of water and a period of 
 repose. The mud is also some- 
 times applied locally as a poultice, 
 as hot as possible. Andeer is 
 rather exposed to winds, and is 
 distinctly bracing. 
 
 The mineral water is given in 
 catarrhs of the respiratory organs, 
 in pleural exudations, and in 
 chronic cystitis. Chronic rheu- 
 matic and gouty affections, cer- 
 tain skin affections, chronic in- 
 flammatory exudations connected 
 with the female pelvic organs, are 
 treated with mud baths also. The 
 season is from the middle of June 
 to the end of September. 
 
 Antogast, a Black Forest resort 
 with gaseous chalybeate springs ; 
 one of the " Kniebis Spas" in 
 Baden. It is reached in half an 
 hour's drive from the station of 
 
 Oppenau. It has an elevation of 
 i ,600 feet, and is surrounded by 
 pine-clad mountains over 3,000 feet 
 in height. It has three springs 
 containing iron (bicarbonate of 
 iron 0-04), together with the alka- 
 line bicarbonates of sodium, 
 magnesium, and calcium, a small 
 amount of sodium sulphate, and 
 free carbonic acid, The waters 
 are drunk and used as baths ; and 
 as accessories "mud ooze" baths, 
 pine resin baths, and brine baths 
 are given, and the milk cure is 
 also prescribed to some of the 
 patients. The bottled water is 
 exported. These springs have a 
 reputation dating back to the 
 middle ages. They are prescribed 
 in stomach and intestinal com- 
 plaints, in functional affections of 
 the liver and kidneys, and in 
 anaemia and certain diseases of 
 women. Season, May to October. 
 
 Archena, a hot sulphur spring 
 (temperature 131 F.) in the pro- 
 vince of Murcia, Spain. 
 
 Argeles-Gazost, a cold sulphur 
 water in the Hautes Pyrenees, 
 conducted from Gazost to Argeles, 
 a distance of ten miles. The 
 springs are feebly mineralised, the 
 strongest (Source Noire) contain- 
 ing 0-03 grammes of sodium and 
 calcium sulphates to the litre, a 
 small amount of sodium chloride 
 (0-38), and, it is said, a small quan- 
 tity of alkaline bromides and 
 iodides. These waters are drunk, 
 used as baths and douches, and 
 inhaled in pulverisation. They 
 are regarded as more sedative and 
 less exciting than the hot sulphur 
 springs. They are used in cases 
 of chronic catarrh of the respira- 
 tory passages and in some female 
 pelvic affections where sedative 
 treatment is required, and in some 
 skin diseases. These waters are 
 exported. There is a suitable 
 bath establishment, and good ac- 
 commodation for visitors. The 
 season is from June i to Sept. 30. 
 
SECT. B.J 
 
 ARNSTADTA ULUS. 
 
 79 
 
 Argeles is beautifully situated 
 and a charming resort on the line 
 between Lourdes and Pierrefitte, 
 54 kilometres from Pau. It is 
 surrounded by high mountains, 
 which protect it from winds and 
 assure it a mild winter climate ; 
 but it is very hot in summer. 
 
 Arnstadt, at the northern border 
 of the Thuringian Forest, has a 
 strong common salt spring used 
 for bathing, and a milder one for 
 drinking. Diseases treated there 
 are scrofula, rickets, female pelvic 
 ' maladies, etc. Season, April to 
 end of September. 
 
 Assmannsuausen, a pleasant 
 Rhenish resort on the right bank 
 of the river at the foot of the 
 Neiderwald, has a weakly mineral- 
 ised warm muriated alkaline spring 
 (temperature 82 '8 F.), having 
 only i gramme of salts to the 
 litre sodium chloride, carbonate, 
 etc. It is claimed for this spring 
 that, owing to a small amount of 
 lithium bicarbonate (0-028) con- 
 tained in it, it is of much value 
 in cases of gout, muscular rheu- 
 matism, chronic gastric and in- 
 testinal catarrh ; functional renal 
 and vesical affections and chronic 
 catarrh of the respiratory passages 
 are also treated there. The quiet, 
 pleasant life, in picturesque sur- 
 roundings, combined with the in- 
 gestion of much solvent tepid, 
 though feebly mineralised, water, 
 is calculated to be useful to 
 sufferers from those maladies. 
 Season, May 15 to Sept. 15. 
 
 Audinac, a warm (70 F.) cal- 
 careous earthy spring, containing 
 a little iron, of no great importance, 
 in the Pyrenees, about three miles 
 from St. Girons Railway Station. 
 
 Auerbach, an agreeable summer 
 resort, half an hour from Darm- 
 stadt, Grand Duchy of Hesse, 
 has weak earthy mineral waters 
 used as baths. 
 
 Augustusbad, a chalybeate spa 
 in Saxony, an hour from Dres- 
 
 I den, about half an hour from 
 ! the railway station of Rade- 
 berg ; has also a hydropathic 
 establishment. It has an elevation 
 of 718 feet. The chief constituent 
 of the springs is protocarbonate of 
 iron. Two of these are charged 
 artificially with carbonic acid gas 
 and used for drinking, the others 
 are utilised for baths, inhalations, 
 and gargling; mud (from the neigh- 
 bourhood) baths and artificial 
 carbonic acid baths are also em- 
 ployed. These remedial agents 
 are applied in cases of anaemia, 
 chlorosis, debility, rickets, diges- 
 tive disturbances, some forms of 
 cardiac disease, and female mala- 
 dies. Season, May i to Sept. 30. 
 Aulus (Ariege, Pyrenees), 
 reached by rail from Paris to 
 Toulouse and Toulouse to St. 
 Girons, then eighteen miles by 
 carriage ; it is situated in a 
 valley about 2,400 feet above the 
 sea, surrounded by high moun- 
 tains. There are many charming 
 excursions and mountain ascen- 
 sions to be made there. The waters 
 are of a temperature of 68 to 
 55 F., and contain sulphate of lime 
 chiefly, a smaller proportion of 
 sulphate of.magnesia and chloride 
 of sodium, small quantities of iron, 
 manganese, and a trace of arsenic. 
 The total mineralisation is about 
 2-8 grammes to a litre, of which 
 i '86 is sulphate of lime. It re- 
 sembles the Contrexeville springs 
 and belongs to the same class of 
 earthy calcareous waters. It is drunk 
 and used as baths and douches. 
 It is also largely exported. These 
 waters are said to be useful in de- 
 bility of the stomach and intes- 
 tines, with constipation, in vesical 
 catarrh, anaemia, and chlorosis, 
 and to exercise a specific effect in 
 cases of inveterate syphilis. Their 
 action is laxative and diuretic, and 
 through their eliminative proper- 
 ties they may be regarded, in some 
 cases, as tonic and anti-syphilitic. 
 
80 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART I. 
 
 As at Contrexeville, this cure is salt works, salt baths, whey cure, 
 
 also indicated in uric acid, oxalic hydropathic establishment, etc. 
 
 and phosphatic gravel. It is said \ The season is from May 15 to 
 
 to especially improve the abdomi- , Oct. i. 
 
 nal circulation, and so to relieve ! Auteuil, a suburb of Paris, hav- 
 
 haemorrhoids and enlargements of | ing a cold chalybeate spring and a 
 
 the liver. There are two well- bathing establishment. The iron 
 
 appointed establishments. The is in the form of a compound sul- 
 
 season is from June i to Oct. i. phate of alumina and iron (0-71 
 
 Aussee (Styria), 2,145 feet above ; grammes in a litre) . It also con- 
 
 the sea, is a popular Austrian tains calcium sulphate (i'7o), 
 
 watering-place in the Salzkam- j sulphates of magnesia and soda 
 
 mergut, about twenty miles by rail j (0-39), and traces of arsenic. The 
 
 from Ischl. It is beautifully water is exported. It is used for 
 
 situated on the Traun, in the 
 
 drinking, bathing, and douches in 
 
 midst of charming mountain and cases of anaemia, chlorosis, and 
 lake scenery, and has extensive | debility. 
 
 Baden-Baden is a well-known and popular health 
 and pleasure resort, situated in the Grand Duchy of 
 Baden, in the northern part of the Black Forest, at an 
 elevation of 650 feet. It is reached by a short branch 
 line from Oos, a station on the main line between 
 Frankfort and Bale. From London the most direct 
 route is via Cologne and the Rhine, from Paris via 
 Strasburg. 
 
 The situation of Baden-Baden is most picturesque 
 and one of great natural beauty, surrounded as it is 
 by forest-clad mountains, with pine trees of noble 
 growth and magnitude, and presenting shady walks 
 and drives of almost endless variety and distance, 
 while the gardens and pleasure grounds of the 
 town itself are laid out with remarkable skill, and 
 attractiveness. The hotel and other accommodation 
 probably exceeds in comfort and luxury that of any 
 other town in Europe, and amusements and dis- 
 tractions of all kinds are provided. 
 
 The climate is mild and sedative and the air still, 
 on account of the height of the encircling hills, but 
 it is somewhat humid. The mean annual temperature 
 is from 48 to 50 F. It has an early spring and a 
 protracted summer. 
 
 The number and attractiveness of the excursions 
 
SECT. B.] BADEN-BADEN. Si 
 
 to be made from Baden-Baden into the adjacent 
 regions of the Black Forest make it an admirable 
 centre for exploring the northern part of that beauti- 
 ful district. 
 
 The springs of Baden-Baden are hot weak sodium 
 chloride springs, of which there are a great number 
 more than twenty almost alike in composition and 
 differing only in temperature (from 112 to 154 R). 
 They belong to the State, but some are leased to 
 private hotels. 
 
 Their mineralisation is feeble, 27 grammes of 
 solids per litre, of which, in the spring chiefly used for 
 drinking, the Hauptstallenquelle, there are 2-0 of 
 sodium chloride, 0*16 each of calcium chloride and 
 carbonate, 0*053 of lithium chloride, and 0*0007 of 
 arsenate of lime. 
 
 It is maintained that these minute amounts of 
 lithium and arsenic are of importance in the treat- 
 ment of gouty and cutaneous diseases, but this is 
 at least doubtful. 
 
 The affinities of these feebly mineralised springs 
 are clearly rather with the class of indifferent thermal 
 waters. 
 
 The hottest spring and the one giving the largest 
 outflow is the Ursprung. This has a temperature of 
 154 F. The springs have to be cooled, sometimes 
 by the addition of common water, before they can 
 be used for baths, inhalations, gargling, etc. 
 
 Drinking is rather secondary to bathing there, and 
 it is often thought desirable to fortify the waters, when 
 they are drunk, with other salts, such as those of 
 Marienbad or Carlsbad, in order to render them 
 somewhat aperient. 
 
 The bathing establishments are' of the most 
 luxurious and elaborate description quite monu- 
 mental edifices. The chief of them are the Friedrichs- 
 bad and the Kaiserin-Augustabad (for ladies only). 
 Every kind of bath can be had in these institutions. 
 Salt is often added to the ordinary thermal bath ; 
 what is known there as Wildbad is a bath with 
 
82 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PARTI. 
 
 running water, so that the temperature is kept con- 
 stant all the time ; there are also vapour baths of 
 the vapour of the natural springs (especially the 
 Ursprung) ; hot air baths, general and local ; mud 
 baths made with the fango of Battaglia ; electric 
 baths ; and all kinds of douches. A very complete 
 installation of the Zander appliances for Swedish 
 gymnastics exists at the Friedrichsbad. There are 
 also arrangements for applying the Wassmuth and 
 other methods of inhalation. All the methods of 
 hydrotherapy can be carried out at Baden-Baden, 
 and, at the proper seasons, the grape and milk cures. 
 Compressed air chambers are also at the service 
 of invalids suffering from chronic pulmonary affec- 
 tions, especially emphysema and bronchial catarrh. 
 
 Suitable walks have been marked out, for many 
 years, for the application of the "Terrain-kur" for 
 obese persons with cardiac feebleness ; but this 
 very risky method of treatment of chronic cardiac 
 affections, risky owing to the inherent difficulty in 
 diagnosing the precise conditions of the cardiac 
 muscle in such cases, has rightly fallen into disuse. 
 
 As already stated, some of the hotels have 
 thermal baths belonging to them, so that invalids can 
 conveniently bathe without leaving their hotel. 
 There is a State bath-house for the poor, the Landes- 
 bad, and there are several private sanatoria. Indeed, 
 Baden-Baden, like Wiesbaden, is a sort of invalid's 
 compendium, where various kinds of physical and 
 other treatments can be applied in addition to the 
 treatment by the thermal waters. 
 
 Finally, as to the cases suitable for treatment at 
 Baden, first in order are rheumatic, gouty, and other 
 affections of tlie joints ; then functional disorders of 
 the nervous system, hysteria, and other neuroses ; loss 
 of muscular power and certain forms of paralysis ; 
 the consequences of injuries to bones and joints ; 
 those chronic skin affections which are benefited by 
 maceration in thermal water, or such as are asso- 
 ciated with the gouty diathesis ; catarrhal dyspepsia 
 
SECT. B.I BADEN-BADEN. 83 
 
 in feeble, nervous subjects ; chronic catarrhs of the 
 respiratory passages ; and convalescents from malaria 
 and other infective disorders. 
 
 The bathing establishments are open all the year 
 round, but the best season for treatment is from May 
 ist to the end of October. It is sometimes very hot 
 in July and August. 
 
 Baden, in Austria, a few miles from Vienna 
 (one hour by train), is a thermal sulphur bath, and 
 is highly popular with the Viennese as a summer 
 resort. It is agreeably situated at an elevation of 
 700 feet at the entrance of the Helmenthal. The 
 sulphur springs are of a temperature varying from 
 80 to 95 F., and they are used more for bathing 
 than for drinking. Calcium sulphide is the charac- 
 teristic ingredient, of which salt there is about 
 0*02 per litre. Besides thermal swimming baths 
 there are mud baths (full baths and local baths) 
 and the ordinary separate baths. The usual 
 methods of hydrotherapy are also applied. The 
 cases treated at this spa are chronic gouty and 
 rheumatic joint affections, muscular rheumatism, 
 and scrofulous affections of the glands, bones, 
 joints, and skin. The thermal water, mixed with 
 milk or whey, or some other mineral water, is 
 sometimes prescribed in catarrhal affections of the 
 gastro-intestinal and respiratory organs. 
 
 The baths are open all the year, but from May 
 15 to Oct. 15 is the best season for treatment. 
 The hotel accommodation is good. 
 
 Baden, in Switzerland (canton Aargau), is a 
 thermal bath on the line of rail between Bale and 
 Zurich, and only twenty-one kilometres from the 
 latter town. It was known to the Romans as 
 Aqua Helvetia. It is situated on the banks of the 
 river Limmat at an altitude of 1,230 feet. It is 
 in a picturesque, sheltered situation, surrounded by 
 mountains and forests, and having a mild climate. 
 
84 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART I. 
 
 The waters, which spring from many different sources 
 on both banks of the river, though smelling slightly 
 of sulphuretted hydrogen, contain very little of that 
 gas. Its total mineralisation is 4*0 grammes per 
 litre, of which the largest portion is sodium sulphate 
 (i'8o) and calcium chloride (1*34) ; the remaining 
 constituents being magnesium bicarbonate (0*35), 
 sodium chloride (0*34), potassium sulphate (0*12), 
 lithium chloride (o'O2). Borates and a minute 
 amount oT arsenic have been found in these springs. 
 Others regard them as containing a predominating 
 proportion of calcium sulphate. But the published 
 analyses have not always been in agreement with one 
 another, and it is probable that certain variations in 
 the composition of some of the springs occur from 
 time to time. Their temperature varies from 100 
 to 120 F. The thermal 'water is chiefly used for 
 baths, and drinking the water is quite subordinate 
 to its external use. The water when drunk is often 
 mixed with the laxative Birmenstorf water found 
 in the neighbourhood. It is a great convenience to 
 patients that the baths are to be found installed in 
 the different hotels, and there is no separate bath 
 establishment except a bath-house for indigent 
 patients. Very prolonged baths used to be pre- 
 scribed .there, but now they are rarely ordered for 
 longer than one hour. 
 
 The cases which are considered suitable for 
 treatment at Baden are rheumatic joint affections, 
 rheumatoid arthritis, atonic forms of chronic gout, 
 traumatic stiff joints, neuralgia, sciatica, peripheral 
 paralysis, lead poisoning, haemorrhoidal affections, and 
 certain affections of the female pelvic organs asso- 
 ciated with abdominal plethora and of rheumatic 
 origin. 
 
 The baths are usually taken in the early morning 
 before breakfast, and sometimes, in order to in- 
 crease the stimulating effect, they are fortified by 
 the addition of salt from the neighbouring salt 
 baths at Rheinfelden. Massage is freely applied, 
 
SECT. B.] BADENWEILER. 85 
 
 especially in cases of sciatica and lumbago. Chronic 
 catarrh of the respiratory passages, when associated 
 with gouty and rheumatic tendencies, is treated by 
 inhalations of the water. The season is from May 
 15 to the end of September. A "terrain cure" 
 can be carried out in the neighbourhood, if desired. 
 Baden possesses a casino situated in a tastefully 
 laid-out park, and furnished with a theatre and con- 
 venient salons for the use of visitors. 
 
 Badenweiler, in the southern part of the Black 
 Forest, has springs belonging to the class of simple 
 thermal waters. The hottest of the springs has 
 a temperature of only 80 F., and it is very feebly 
 mineralised, having only 0*35 of solids per litre. 
 These are reported to consist of sodium sulphate, 
 calcium carbonate, and lithium chloride. The water 
 is also said to contain much free nitrogen. There 
 are large bathing pools, including the " marble bath," 
 open to the air, in which the water is of the natural 
 temperature, but for separate baths it has its tem- 
 perature raised. There are remains of thermce, 
 which show that the Romans utilised these springs, 
 The baths are used for their sedative properties, 
 and if a more stimulating effect is desired, they 
 are fortified by the addition of common salt, or 
 mother-lye from some Soolbad, or other medicinal 
 material. Vapour baths and mud baths the mud 
 being brought from Kaiserslautern are also given 
 there. 
 
 The cases sent to Badenweiler for treatment 
 are those of neurasthenia, chronic gout and rheu- 
 matism in irritable and nervous constitutions, chronic 
 neuralgia, convalescents from acute disease, and per- 
 sons suffering from over- work and over-excitement. 
 
 Badenweiler is often prescribed as a climatic 
 resort and after-cure for persons who have been 
 taking more active mineral cures. It is well suited 
 for this purpose by its beautiful and attractive 
 situation at an altitude of 1,400 feet, in the midst 
 
86 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 of pine forests, and sheltered by a semicircle of 
 mountains from all but westerly winds. It is often, 
 on account of its equable, mild climate, recom- 
 mended as a spring or winter resort for pulmonary 
 invalids. There is a more bracing resort at hand 
 the " Haus-Baden " at an elevation of 1,750 feet. 
 
 The ground on some of the surrounding slopes 
 has been marked out for the " Terrain-kur." 
 Good accommodation can be obtained both in 
 hotels and private houses. 
 
 The nearest railway station is Mulheim, on the 
 line between Frankfort and Bale, from which Baden- 
 weiler is a short drive. The chief season is from 
 May to October, but it has also a winter season. 
 
 Bagneres-de-Bigorre (Hautes Pyrenees) is a 
 pretty little town of about 12,000 inhabitants, 
 beautifully situated near the entrance to one of the 
 most celebrated valleys of the Pyrenees. It has 
 earthy indifferent thermal springs some are 
 reported to contain iron and arsenic and also 
 sulphur waters, which are imported from the neigh- 
 bourhood. The sulphate of lime springs, however, 
 are the characteristic waters of the place. Its baths 
 were certainly known and esteemed by the Romans, 
 and in the sixteenth century it was one of the 
 most famous rendezvous of the Southern nobility. 
 Montaigne describes it as at that time one of the 
 best places he had discovered de se /aver le corps 
 tons les jours (/), on account of its agreeable situation, 
 its comfortable quarters, good food, and good 
 company. 
 
 It has two bath establishments, in which all 
 the appliances are provided for baths, douches, 
 vapour baths with massage, pulverisation, inhala- 
 tion, gargling, etc. Its numerous springs are feebly 
 mineralised, and of a temperature varying from 
 88 to 122 F. the Source Salies is the hottest 
 and do not contain sulphur, a very exceptional 
 circumstance in the Pyrenean springs. Their chief 
 
SECT. B.] BAGNERES-DE-BIGORRE. 87 
 
 constituent is calcium sulphate, rSo grammes per 
 litre. Some of these springs contain a little iron, 
 e.g. La Reine contains, it is said, 0*08 of car- 
 bonate of iron. Some of the other cold springs 
 are said to contain rather more iron, as well as 
 sodium arsenate. The water of a sulphur spring 
 eight miles off, at Labassere, is brought to Bagneres 
 in covered vessels. It contains sodium sulphide 
 0*046, sodium chloride 0*20, and baregine O'i4. 
 
 These waters are used as baths and internally, 
 and are thought to be especially valuable in cases 
 of hypersesthesia, in excited and feeble nervous 
 systems ; in such cases they are reported to pro- 
 duce remarkable calming and sedative effects. They 
 are, in consequence, much resorted to by delicate 
 ladies with hysterical and other disturbed conditions 
 of the nervous system. Daily immersion for some 
 time in thermal water has, no doubt, in many 
 cases, a very soothing effect, and this influence 
 must be aided and augmented by the calm, unex- 
 citing life, the mild mountain climate, and the 
 agreeable surrounding scenery. The different sources 
 employed there have, however, somewhat different 
 indications. The Labassere sulphur water, in com- 
 bination with the Salies spring, is used for catarrhal 
 affections of the throat and respiratory passages, 
 for torpid forms of rheumatism, and for eczematous, 
 moist skin affections ; but the dominant in- 
 dication at Bagneres-de-Bigorre is neurasthenia- 
 arthritic, cutaneous, uterine, gastro-intestinal, and 
 anaemic states in the neurotic including cases of 
 over-work and insomnia. 
 
 The town lies at an elevation of 1,800 feet above 
 the sea, on the Adour, in a charming situation, near 
 the opening of the valley of Campan, and over- 
 looking the rich plain ot Tarbes (distant eighteen 
 hours by rail from Paris). It is not in the moun- 
 tains, like many of the other Pyrenean spas, but is 
 situated just where the lesser elevations begin to 
 rise from the plains. It is amongst the outposts of 
 
88 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 the great central chain. Its pleasant climate and 
 attractive scenery, and its accessibility by railway, 
 make it a much frequented resort of the permanent 
 winter residents at Pau, anxious to escape the great 
 summer heat of that town. 
 
 Bagneres-de-Bigorre is rich in Roman remains. 
 " The Romans," says M. Taine, " a people as civilised 
 and as bored as we are, came as we do to Bagneres. 
 Rome has left her traces everywhere at Bagneres. 
 The pleasantest of these relics of antiquity are the 
 monuments which the patients who were cured 
 there erected to the Nymphs, and the inscriptions 
 upon which still exist. Reclining in their marble 
 baths, they felt the healing virtue of the beneficent 
 goddess spread through their limbs ; their eyes 
 half-closed, dozing in the soft embrace of the tepid 
 water, they heard the mysterious spring falling 
 drop by drop, in monotonous chant, from the bosom 
 of its mother rock ; they saw the surface of the 
 effused water glisten around them with its pale 
 green ripples ; and there passed before them, like 
 a vision, the strange look and the magic voice of 
 the unknown divinity who visited the light in order 
 to bring health to unhappy mortals." 
 
 Many highly attractive and interesting excursions 
 can be made into the beautiful surrounding neigh- 
 bourhood. The season is from June 1 5 to Oct. i . 
 
 Bagnoles de 1'Orne, a very feebly mineralised 
 warm bath, which may be referred to the class of 
 simple thermal waters, or indeterminate waters of 
 French authors, is situated at an elevation of 750 
 feet above the sea in a well-wooded and picturesque 
 part of Normandy termed La Suisse Normande, and 
 its waters are specially applied to the treatment of 
 inflammation of the veins, the various forms of 
 phlebitis and their consequences. It has a station 
 on a branch of the Kne between Paris and Granville, 
 and is about five hours from Paris. It is the only 
 important thermal bath in the west of France, 
 
SECT. B.] BAGNOLES DE L'ORNE. 89 
 
 Its thermal spring, called La Grande Source, has 
 a temperature of about 80 F., and is the one 
 generally used, but it has also a cold weak chalybeate 
 spring. The Grande Source is very feebly mineral- 
 ised, having only '0625 grammes of dry solids to the 
 litre, and this is composed of sodium chloride ('0161) 
 and sulphate (-0128), small quantities of silica and of 
 bicarbonate of lime and iron. It has a peculiar 
 unctuous feeling, which is referred to the presence 
 of silicates and to a small amount of organic matter. 
 It gives off gases composed mainly of carbonic acid 
 and nitrogen with traces of argon and helium. It 
 has a faint odour of sulphuretted hydrogen. The 
 cold ferruginous spring has the same composition as 
 the Grand Source, plus a little oxide of iron. In- 
 ternally both these springs are used the iron spring 
 is often bottled and drunk as a table water at meals. 
 For external use the Grande Source alone is used. 
 Its temperature is increased by the addition of some 
 of the mineral water heated in a closed vessel. 
 
 The special treatment at Bagnoles consists in 
 drinking the Grande Source and bathing in tepid 
 baths, but the fundamental part of the treatment 
 is the bathing, associated with suitable, properly 
 adapted movements, and massage. This is believed 
 to act, first, by rousing and promoting the peri- 
 pheral circulation by removing capillary and venous 
 stasis, secondly, by stimulating vascular and visceral 
 tone, and thirdly, by a sedative effect on the nervous 
 system. Hence the value of the treatment in cases 
 of diseases of the veins and especially of rheu- 
 matic phlebitis, as well as in the removal of the 
 consequences of other forms of phlebitis such as 
 the puerperal form ; it is also of value in painful 
 and congested varices, and it checks the tendency 
 to recurrence in gouty phlebitis. In all affections 
 of the peripheral circulation it is valuable. It 
 is also recommended in convalescence from acute 
 rheumatism, and is said to promote the retro- 
 gression of recent affections of the cardiac valves. 
 
go MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 In other maladies in the neuro-arthritic it has 
 been found of use, as in dysmenorrhcea, amenor- 
 rhcea, certain forms of metritis, in some atonic and 
 gastralgic dyspepsias, and in some languid skin affec- 
 tions, particularly eczema and varicose ulcerations. 
 Finally, excitable neurotics are benefited by the 
 sedative baths and the mildly tonic forest climate. 
 Caution must, of course, be observed so as not to 
 send to Bagnoles cases of phlebitis in the acute 
 febrile stage, or when there is still risk of embolism. 
 "The cure of the consequences of attacks of 
 phlebitis is," says Dr. Barrabe, "the triumph of 
 our bathing station." He maintains that the water 
 has a special vaso-constricting action on the smooth 
 muscular fibre of the small vessels. The hotels are 
 good and the charges moderate. The season is from 
 June ist to Oct. ist. 
 
 Balaruc is a thermal common salt bath situated 
 six miles from the Mediterranean port of Cette, 
 from which town it is separated by the salt 
 " Etang de Thau." It is from fourteen and a-half to 
 seventeen hours from Paris by express train. Owing 
 to its adjacency to the sea it combines the properties 
 of a thermal salt spring with those of a maritime 
 climate. It is, of course, very hot in summer. 
 
 It has three springs, the hottest of which (La 
 Source Ancienne or Romaine) has a temperature of 
 1 1 8 F. Besides chloride of sodium (7*045 grammes 
 per litre), magnesium (0-889), lithium (0-007), and 
 copper (0*007), traces of bromides and nitrates are 
 present, and some free nitrogen and carbonic acid 
 gases. A colder spring (Bidon) is used to lower the 
 temperature of the preceding. As the amount of 
 chlorides in this water is not very great it can be taken 
 internally with advantage, and, according to the dose, 
 acts as a purgative, laxative, or alterative ; it is said to 
 exert at the same time a tonic effect. Externally as 
 baths it exerts a stimulating action on the skin and peri- 
 pheral nerves and promotes the superficial circulation. 
 
SECT. B.] BALARUC BAREGES. 91 
 
 It is administered as local baths (foot bath), as 
 general douches to produce a stimulating effect on 
 the nervous and circulatory systems, and as local 
 douches to stimulate a particular region or organ. It 
 is used also as a lotion (ophthalmias, ulcers), as in- 
 jections in scrofulous affections (fistulse), and for 
 gargling. Mud from 1'Etang, treated with the 
 thermal water, is also used locally, and is found to 
 be a very energetic stimulant. 
 
 The diseases especially treated at Balaruc are 
 torpid diseases (paralysis) of the nervous system, 
 scrofulous affections, rheumatism, uterine affections 
 in the lymphatic and scrofulous the use of the baths 
 and uterine douches, together with the applications 
 of the mineral mud, are reported to produce remark- 
 able results in uterine fibromata. The water is used 
 to promote healing in torpid traumatic conditions. 
 Its application to paralytic states is limited to the 
 period when all the acute symptoms have passed 
 away, but must not be deferred until the case has 
 become very chronic, when it is useless. 
 
 Owing to its nearness to large towns like Cette 
 and Montpellier, living is commodious and cheap. 
 Season, from May ist to Oct. ist. It is as well 
 to avoid the great heat of July and August. 
 
 Bareges (Hautes Pyrenees) can be reached from 
 Bagneres-de-Bigorre by a very beautiful drive 
 through the valley of Campan and over the Col de 
 Tourmalet the highest carriage-road in the Pyrenees, 
 and one of the highest in Europe, being nearly 7,000 
 feet above the sea but this would take five hours, 
 and it is therefore usually approached from Luz. It 
 takes nearly an hour and a-half to mount the four 
 and a-half miles of gradual and continuous ascent 
 which leads from Luz to Bareges. In traversing this 
 short distance we pass from a region of smiling 
 pastoral beauty, of green pastures and wooded 
 slopes, to one of almost dreary desolation. Bareges, 
 which is situated at an elevation of about 4,000 
 
92 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART I 
 
 feet above the sea, is a little town in a barren 
 situation presenting nothing that is attractive or 
 picturesque. " The landscape," says M. Taine, " is 
 hideous, it looks like a deserted quarry." The 
 climate is very variable, great heat alternating 
 frequently with sharp cold. Cold mists from the 
 surrounding mountains often collect over the valley, 
 and it is tormented by violent winds. It is un- 
 inhabitable for five months in the year, when it 
 is covered with fifteen feet of snow. " II faut avoir 
 beaucoup de sante pour y guerir," M. Taine pleasantly 
 remarks. 
 
 Notwithstanding the dreariness of its situation, its 
 thermal sulphur baths enjoy a very great reputation for 
 the cure of certain maladies : especially of wounds re- 
 ceived in battle, of chronic articular rheumatism, of 
 certain forms of scrofula, torpid varicose ulcers, and 
 of all kinds of diseases of the bones and joints, as well 
 as some forms of skin disease (as at Luchon), and 
 certain local paralyses. It is especially in the cure of 
 scrofulous affections of the bones, joints, glands, skin, 
 and mucous membranes, and particularly of affections 
 of the bones, that it has gained so great a reputation. 
 This curative influence is referred to its stimulating 
 action on the circulatory and nervous systems, in 
 which no doubt the bracing mountain climate has 
 a great share. Syphilis in its secondary and tertiary 
 forms is largely treated here in combination with 
 the use of specific remedies, as at Aix la Chapelle. 
 Its sulphur springs are amongst the strongest in the 
 Pyrenees, or rather they are the least changeable, 
 and this is probably the reason of their greater 
 activity ; they contain sodium sulphide (0*04), 
 chloride, and silicate, and are rich in that peculiar 
 organic substance to which the name cf barcgine 
 has been given. This is especially the case at 
 Barzun, a source a quarter of a mile below Bareges. 
 It gives to the water a particular ttnctuosity, A 
 minute amount of sodium arsenate is said to exist in 
 the Tambour spring. 
 
SECT. B.] BAREGES^ 93 
 
 There are fifteen springs at Bareges, varying 
 in temperature from 86 to 112 F. The waters 
 are taken internally, and are also used as baths 
 and douches. The fine bath establishment, built 
 of marble from the Pyrenees, contains a very 
 complete equipment baths, douches, vapour baths, 
 foot baths, swimming baths, gargling and pulver- 
 isation rooms, etc. There is also a much smaller 
 establishment at Barzun. It is usual to begin with 
 the springs of lower temperature and increase 
 gradually to the higher ones, the highest being 
 the Tambour (112 F.). Local douches of this tem- 
 perature are sometimes given. This spring (the 
 Tambour) is the one chiefly used for drinking, and 
 the water is given in quite small doses, often mixed 
 with milk or whey. The season begins early in June, 
 and the place becomes so crowded in July and August 
 that patients have sometimes to wait their turns 
 at Luz until they can be taken in. July, August, 
 and September are the best months. 
 
 Owing to the repute these baths have always 
 maintained for the cure of injuries received in the 
 field of battle a State military hospital has existed 
 there since 1760. The place also possesses a 
 hospital for the reception of nuns and priests, 
 which also, from Sept. ist to Oct. i5th, receives 
 poor patients who are kept there at the expense of 
 their departement. 
 
 It is from Bareges that the ascent of the Pic du 
 Midi de Bigorre is usually made, one of the finest 
 points of view in the Pyrenees. Although about 
 9,300 feet above the level of the sea, the summit can 
 be reached on horseback, and in about three and a- 
 half hours from Bareges. An observatory has been 
 established there. A small hotel, where food and 
 beds can be obtained, has been built on a col 
 about i, 600 feet below the summit. 
 
 It is fourteen hours from Paris to Bareges 
 rail to Pierrefitte electric railway from Pierrefitte 
 to Luz. 
 
94 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 Bath, a city in Somersetshire, about two hours 
 by express train from London, owes its name to 
 the possession of mineral springs which may be 
 classed amongst the simple indifferent thermal baths, 
 but which have also some relationship, by their com- 
 position, to the group of earthy calcareous waters, 
 represented on the Continent by such spas as Con- 
 trexeville. Weber observes that the Bath springs are 
 " the only really hot natural waters of Great Britain," 
 but the springs of Buxton are warm, although, with 
 a temperature of 82 F., they certainly 'cannot be 
 called " hot." 
 
 The history of the Bath thermal waters extends 
 back into a remote and uncertain past, but w r e know 
 from monumental evidences of the most remarkable 
 and interesting nature that under the name of Aquae 
 Sulis it was a place of great resort of the Roman 
 conquerors of Britain. The very perfect, extensive, 
 and remarkable remains of Roman thermae discovered 
 at Bath testify to the importance that w r as attached 
 to these waters by the ancient Romans. 
 
 Since those remote times Bath has undergone 
 some singular vicissitudes, but if, in the present day, 
 it is not quite the same fashionable resort it was 
 in the days of Beau Nash, it is certainly a far better 
 equipped health resort than it w^as then or at any 
 former period of its history ; while its usefulness to 
 suffering humanity has been enormously increased in 
 recent times ; for, of late years, its resources have 
 been intelligently and enterprisingly developed so as 
 to bring it up to the standard of the most advanced 
 and most perfectly equipped of Continental spas. 
 
 The situation of this city is a picturesque and 
 attractive one, and the protection afforded it by 
 surrounding hills gives it a mild and equable climate. 
 The mean summer temperature is 6ri F., and the 
 mean winter temperature 46*4 F. ; but it has a 
 rather high degree of humidify, for while the dry 
 north-east wands are "largely intercepted by the 
 surrounding hills," it is exposed to the moist south- 
 
SECT. B.] BATH. 95 
 
 west winds blowing from the Bristol Channel ; " the 
 absolute humidity is greatest from November to 
 March and least from April to August." The 
 average rainfall is 32*064 inches. " Autumn is the 
 wettest, and spring the driest season. January, 
 September, and October are the wettest months." 
 The spring and autumn are said to be the best 
 seasons for the cure, the months of April, May, 
 September, and October ; but the baths are open 
 all the year round. 
 
 Bath has three hot springs which are utilised for 
 bathing, etc. ; they are alike in chemical constitution, 
 but differ in temperature. The " hot bath " has a 
 temperature of 120 F., the King's Bath of 117, 
 and the Cross Bath of 104. 
 
 With regard to the constituents of the springs, 
 they appear to contain about 2*6 grammes per litre 
 of solid constituents ; the chief of these is calcium 
 sulphate (1*3), there are smaller amounts of sodium 
 sulphate (0*3), of sodium and magnesium chloride 
 (0*2 each), of potassium sulphate and calcium car- 
 bonate (0*1). There is a minute quantity of silica 
 and carbonate of iron (o'oiS of the latter). 
 
 Some importance is attached by certain of the 
 local authorities to the amount of free gases con- 
 tained in the water, especially the nitrogen ; there is 
 also a small amount of helium and of argon in this 
 as in similar springs. 
 
 The water of these springs is administered both 
 internally and externally, and there are several 
 establishments where the treatment can be carried 
 out. 
 
 (1) The King's and Queen's Public and Private 
 Baths, adjoining the Grand Pump Room. Here the 
 Aix les Bains douche-massage methods are applied, 
 as well as the ordinary reclining baths, vapour baths, 
 etc., etc. 
 
 (2) The Royal Private and Hot Baths. Here 
 also there are private reclining and immersion baths, 
 douches, etc., and a tepid swimming bath. 
 
96 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 (3) The New Royal Private and Swimming Bath, 
 attached to the Grand Pump Room Hotel. Here, 
 again, are reclining and douche baths, needle douches, 
 and a large swimming bath. 
 
 (4) The Cross Bath, which is a cheap public bath. 
 These establishments belong to the Corporation. 
 
 For internal use there is a fountain in the Grand 
 Pump Room, which has a continuous supply of 
 mineral water, coming straight from the spring at 
 a temperature of 114 F. When this water is cooled 
 the iron is precipitated, and this cooled water is 
 considered more suitable to certain cases than the 
 hotter water with the iron in it. 
 
 Large quantities of the water are not ordered to 
 be drunk as was at one time the custom, four to 
 eight ounces twice a day being all that is prescribed 
 in many cases, but where a decided eliminative action 
 is desired especially by the kidneys in uric acid 
 cases larger quantities of the cooled water would 
 certainly be advantageous. 
 
 For the external use of these waters, the arrange- 
 ments are very elaborate and complete. Separate 
 immersion baths of a temperature of 98 to 104 F., 
 combined with what is known as a wet or under-water 
 douche of a higher temperature, which can be directed 
 upon any definite part of the body, are found to be 
 a very efficacious method of treatment in some cases. 
 
 For patients requiring a reclining bath, arrange- 
 ments exist whereby they can be lowered into the 
 bath without any effort on their part. 
 
 Douches of various kinds needle, ascending, rose, 
 and spinal douches varying in temperature from 
 1 00 to 105, or colder, if thought desirable, can be 
 applied generally or locally. 
 
 The Aix les Bains douche-massage method has 
 already been described. This is very thoroughly 
 carried out at Bath. Suitable "cooling" rooms are 
 connected with this and other bathing methods. 
 
 Sprays and pulverisations for the treatment of 
 catarrhal affections of the pharynx and respiratory 
 
SECT. B.] BATH. 97 
 
 passages are also provided in " the umbrella " spray 
 chamber. Berthollet local vapour baths, the vapour 
 coming direct from the springs, and what is known 
 as the " bouillon " or general vapour bath, the vapour 
 emanating also from the springs and common to 
 many patients, are frequently used. 
 
 It is needless to enter here into further detail, as 
 the application and selection of the particular method 
 best suited to individual cases must necessarily be 
 left to the experience, skill, and judgment of the local 
 physicians. 
 
 The period of time during which the treatment 
 should be applied must depend also on the nature ot 
 the case and the progress made ; it is usually estimated 
 at from three to eight weeks. 
 
 Certain forms of " medicated" baths are prepared 
 at Bath, and prescribed in suitable cases, such as the 
 sulphur bath for cutaneous affections, the " pine " 
 bath for cases of neurasthenia, and the gaseous " Sool- 
 bad " (Nauheim bath) for some forms of cardiac 
 debility. An artificial table water, the " Sulis water/' 
 is made at Bath by aerating the natural mineral 
 water with carbonic acid gas. 
 
 Finally, as to the cases best suited for treatment : 
 Chronic gouty and rheumatic affections, articular, 
 muscular, or neuralgic, form the vast majority of the 
 cases treated with benefit at Bath. The eliminative 
 action of the waters, by stimulating the intestinal and 
 renal excretions when taken internally, and by stimu- 
 lating the cutaneous excretions by their external 
 action, and the valuable effects of passive movements 
 in restoring suppleness to stiffened and rigid parts and 
 in promoting the removal of crippling exudations, 
 afford an obvious explanation of the beneficial results 
 obtained. In cases of irregular gout, and in gouty 
 cases between the attacks, a course of treatment at 
 Bath has been found most serviceable. 
 
 As to the treatment of cases of osteo-ar thrifts, or 
 rheumatoid arthritis, at Bath, much difference of 
 opinion exists, and this we think depends greatly on 
 
98 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 the variations in the manner of classifying the 
 different forms of arthritis prevailing with different 
 physicians. Those who limit the term " rheumatoid 
 arthritis " to cases which we should be disposed to 
 term cases of true osteo-arthritis, and which appear 
 to have a neurotic origin, find the treatment by 
 thermal waters, at Bath or elsewhere, of little use, 
 and, indeed, sometimes injurious, especially in the 
 more acute forms. (The chronic forms are, no doubt, 
 more or less benefited by gentle douching and 
 massage, and by such means a certain amount of 
 movement may be restored, and muscular wasting 
 checked.) Others who certainly include under the 
 term " rheumatoid " arthritis cases which appear to 
 us to be more or less distinct from true osteo-arthritic 
 ones, and whose real affinities are with those of 
 chronic gout and rheumatism, find, as we should expect, 
 much better results from this treatment at Bath. 
 
 As to the treatment of rheumatic cardiac valvular 
 affections at Bath, we are not ourselves convinced, 
 by anything we have been able to see, that such 
 cases obtain greatly better results from treatment at 
 thermal baths than from other and more simple 
 hygienic measures. 
 
 Certain dry forms of skin disease derive benefit 
 from prolonged maceration in natural thermal waters. 
 Such cases may find relief at Bath. 
 
 Cases of chronic lead poisoning and some other 
 forms of paralysis, and some cases of multiple neuritis, 
 are benefited. Traumatic joint affections are very 
 suitable for treatment by the methods in use at Bath. 
 
 Other diseases have been mentioned as benefited 
 by treatment with the Bath waters, such as anaemia, 
 diabetes, some uterine affections, chronic gastritis, 
 biliary colic, etc., but we have no authoritative 
 information to convey under these heads. 
 
 Battaglia (in the province of Venice, Italy) 
 is celebrated for its mud (fango) and feebly 
 mineralised thermal springs containing a small 
 
SECT. B.I BATTAGLIA. 99 
 
 amount of sodium chloride. They are usually 
 classified amongst the indifferent thermal springs. 
 The total mineralisation is 2-36, of which 1-5 is 
 common salt ; there are also small amounts of 
 potassium and calcium chlorides, and traces of 
 sodium iodide and magnesium bromide. Battaglia 
 lies in a plain at the foot of the Euganean Moun- 
 tains, and has a station on the line between Bologna 
 and Padua, about thirty miles from Venice. The 
 baths are open all the year, but the best season is 
 from May to October. 
 
 It has grottoes, or caves, in part artificially ex- 
 cavated in the rocks, where natural vapour baths 
 at a temperature of 110 to 116 F. can be obtained. 
 There are four hot springs of a temperature varying 
 from 136 to 1 60 F. Some resemblance has been 
 thought to exist between these springs and those 
 of Baden-Baden. 
 
 The mud or fango is collected from small steam- 
 ing pools or lakes which u vomit a volcanic mud." 
 This is collected and not only used at Battaglia, 
 but exported to many other parts, and is especially 
 utilised at Bex, in Switzerland, and in Berlin.. In 
 some cases the whole body is enveloped in a layer ot 
 hot mud this usually produces profuse perspiration 
 in other cases only the limb affected is thus 
 treated. 
 
 Cases of chronic gout and rheumatism, and cases 
 also of rheumatoid arthritis, are treated there. 
 Special arrangements also exist for the inhalation 
 of the pulverised thermal water in cases of chronic 
 bronchial catarrh. 
 
 Berchtesgaden, having common salt wells, is 
 beautifully situated in the Bavarian Tyrol, close to 
 the Austrian frontier, and only a short distance 
 (omnibus or steam tram) from Salzburg. It is a well- 
 known summer health resort much frequented by 
 tourists on account of its natural beauties, pleasant 
 situation, and good accommodation, and also for 
 
ioo MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 its nearness to the celebrated Konigssee and the 
 salt mines. It has a brine containing 26 \ per cent, 
 of common salt. Rachitic and scrofulous conditions 
 are especially treated there, so also are chronic 
 catarrhal conditions of the respiratory passages. 
 It is also sometimes prescribed as a restful after- 
 cure following treatment at the more active 
 Bohemian and other spas. Its climate is mild, but 
 not bracing, although its altitude is 1,890 feet, for it 
 is much shut in by surrounding mountains. 
 
 Bertrich is romantically situated at an elevation 
 of 530 feet in one of ( the valleys of the Moselle, 
 a few miles from that river, and seven miles 
 from the station of Bullay on the line between 
 Treves and Coblenz. It is sometimes spoken of as 
 "the mild Carlsbad," because it has warm springs 
 containing the same characteristic constituents 
 (sodium sulphate and carbonate) as the great 
 Bohemian spa, but of only about one-third the' 
 strength, and of much lower temperature than the 
 hotter springs of Carlsbad. 
 
 Its two springs, the Gartenquelle and the 
 Borgquelle, are conveyed into one channel and are 
 used mixed. The temperature of the mixed springs 
 is about 90 to 92 F. Their total content of solids 
 is 2*24 per litre, of which sodium sulphate forms 
 0*886, sodium bicarbonate 0*728, and sodium chloride 
 0*218. There are also small amounts of carbonate 
 of lime and magnesium, and minute quantities of 
 iron and manganese. The water also contains free 
 carbonic acid gas. 
 
 The waters are both drunk and used as baths. The 
 baths are given either at the natural temperature 
 of the springs, or raised to a higher temperature by 
 means which are devised to prevent the loss of the 
 carbonic acid gas. The baths are also given with 
 running water, so that a constant temperature is 
 maintained during a bath which may last for half 
 an hour. 
 
SECT. B.I BERTRICH BEX, 101 
 
 The affections considered most suitable for treat- 
 ment at Bertrich are of the same nature as those 
 treated at Carlsbad, but in delicate, nervous persons 
 who require very mild remedies, and who prefer 
 the very quiet and simpler life of the smaller spa. 
 Cases of neurasthenia are found to be much soothed 
 and benefited by the baths ; cases of functional 
 hepatic and gastric disorders, gallstones, lithaemia, 
 obesity in the feeble and anaemic, diabetes these are 
 the chief maladies adapted for treatment at this spa. 
 
 Chronic gouty and rheumatic affections are 
 claimed by every bath, and no doubt most such 
 cases are benefited by eliminant springs and the 
 free skin excretions which hot alkaline baths pro- 
 mote. Bertrich is very accessible, as it can be 
 reached either from Coblenz or Treves in two to 
 three hours. 
 
 The season is from the beginning of May to the 
 end of September. 
 
 Bex is a well-known resort, familiar to most 
 visitors to Switzerland, situated at the opening of the 
 Rhone valley, on the right bank of that river, a few 
 miles from the east end of the Lake of Geneva, 
 and with very grand and picturesque surroundings. 
 It is a climate resort as well as a bathing station. 
 At an elevation of 1,400 feet, its climate is mild and 
 sedative rather than tonic. It is very hot in the 
 summer months, and mosquitos abound. In winter, 
 owing to the height and nearness of the neighbour- 
 ing mountains, the hours of sunshine are very 
 limited, during the shortest days not longer 
 than from 1 1 a.m. to 2 p.m. ; this, together 
 with wide daily oscillations of temperature, renders 
 the place unsuitable as a winter resort, although 
 it is well protected from cold winds, except 
 those coming from the north-west over the Lake 
 of Geneva, and from the south (the Fohn). The 
 spring (May and June) and autumn (September 
 and October) are the best climatic seasons at Bex. 
 
102 MINERAL SPRINGS-. [PART i. 
 
 The adjacency of salt-works has provided Bex 
 with a strong salt spring, St. Helene " eau salee," and 
 an " eau mere/' which is derived from the evapora- 
 tions of the former after as much of the common salt 
 as can be is separated. It has also a cold sulphur 
 water which is used as an auxiliary to the other 
 sources. The mud (fait go) from Battaglia near 
 Padua has been added to the therapeutic re- 
 sources at Bex. Admirable arrangements also 
 exist there for the application of ordinary spring 
 water in accordance with the usual methods of hydro- 
 therapy. It is, further, a station in autumn for the 
 grape cure. Bex is therefore a kind of invalids' 
 compendium, where kinds of treatment suitable to 
 a great variety of maladies can be applied. 
 
 The " eau salee " is rich in sodium chloride, 
 156-668 grammes in a litre, and 3*731 of potassium 
 and magnesium chlorides. It contains also calcium, 
 magnesium and strontium sulphates, magnesium car- 
 bonate, and small amounts of lithium chloride and 
 magnesium iodide and bromide. The " eau mere," 
 by evaporation and the separation and removal of 
 sodium chloride, is rendered much richer in the other 
 less, crystallisabie ingredients the sodium chloride 
 is reduced to 33*92 grammes, whereas the other 
 chlorides (magnesium, calcium, and potassium) are 
 increased to 221*81, the calcium sulphate to 35*49; 
 and the magnesium bromide and iodide to 073. 
 
 The baths at Bex are prepared by diluting in 
 various degrees the " eau salee " with plain water 
 and adding various quantities of " eau mere," accord- 
 ing to the case. They are reported to have tonic 
 and stimulating effects, and occasionally they prove 
 too exciting to nervous persons and have to be 
 suspended or modified. Children bear them well, 
 especially when given in the warm season. 
 
 The " eau mere "is also used as compresses, in- 
 halations, pulverisations, and nasal douches, and is 
 given internally in small doses, beginning with 
 one or two teaspoonfuls and increasing to two or 
 
SECT. B.] BEXBORMIO-. 103 
 
 three table-spoonfuls in soup, or in effervescing or 
 plain water. The sulphur water is comparatively 
 feebly mineralised, but contains sodium chloride 
 (2-334 grammes in a litre) and is fairly rich in free 
 sulphuretted hydrogen ; it is given internally in doses 
 of half a glass to two glasses, and is used for 
 gargling, pulverisation, nasal douches, and baths. 
 
 Like other resorts of this class, Bex is especially 
 indicated in scrofulous maladies the torpid and 
 the febrile forms are treated somewhat differently, 
 careful medical direction and discrimination being 
 all important to the success of the cure ; scrofulous 
 glands, abscesses, inflammation of the eyelids, 
 diseases of the bones and joints, rickets, skin 
 affections, are all adapted to this treatment Chronic 
 pleuritic exudations and tendencies to bronchial 
 catarrh, anaemia and chlorosis, nervous affections, 
 neurasthenia, chorea, uterine affections, metritis, 
 perimetritis, periuterine exudations, are all regarded 
 as capable of amelioration by one or other forms of 
 treatment applied at Bex. The Grand Hotel des 
 Salines is admirably equipped for the administration 
 of these waters and baths. 
 
 Those who desire to try treatment by the mud 
 (fango) applications from Battaglia will find Bex a 
 convenient place for that purpose. It is suitable for 
 cases of chronic rheumatism and articular gout, as 
 well as to the other maladies treated at Bex. 
 
 Bormio is an Italian mountain resort situated 
 at the foot of the celebrated Stelvio Pass, on its 
 southern slope, at an elevation of 4,500 feet and at 
 the head of the Valtellina. It has five hot springs 
 belonging to the class of simple thermal waters, 
 the hottest of which has a temperature of 104 F. 
 The water is very feebly mineralised, containing only 
 i -o gramme of solids to the litre, chiefly composed 
 of calcium and magnesium sulphates and carbonates. 
 A thin, dark-coloured, unctuous mud is deposited by 
 the springs, and this is used for local applications 
 
104 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 and for mixing with the baths. The " new " bath- 
 house is conveniently fitted up for baths, mud baths, 
 douches, inhalations, etc. The " old " bath-house is 
 situated 200 feet higher than the new one. The 
 cases benefited by treatment at Bormio are those 
 forms of chronic articular rheumatism and gout, and 
 other manifestations of the uric acid diathesis, which 
 require moderately bracing mountain* air as an 
 adjuvant to bath treatment. Some forms of chronic 
 skin disease also are benefited. The treatment is 
 especially useful when the above morbid mani- 
 festations are associated with neurasthenic conditions 
 or a scrofulous constitution. Anaemic cases are often 
 benefited by drinking, at Bormio, the waters of the 
 neighbouring chalybeate spring of Santa Catarina. 
 
 Bormio is also a climate resort, and is sometimes 
 of value, as a change, for those who find the climate 
 of the Engadine too severe and yet require the 
 bracing influence of mountain air. Sudden varia- 
 tions in temperature have to be provided against ; 
 hence the need of warm clothing. 
 
 The situation of Bormio is not very attractive 
 the immediately surrounding country has a barren 
 aspect, and the background of reddish, bare, hot- 
 looking mountains of uniform sugarloaf form is not 
 picturesque. The place is, however, close to fine 
 scenery, as it is only seven miles from Santa Catarina in 
 the beautiful Val Furva. Bormio may be approached 
 from the direction of the Lake of Como and the 
 Valtellina. It is a nine or ten hours' drive from the 
 station of Sondrio, the terminus ot the Valtellina 
 railway. Or it may be reached from Samaden or 
 Pontresina in the Engadine by a long drive over the 
 Bernina Pass to Tirano, and then up the Valtellina. 
 It is usual to sleep on the way at Le Prese or Tirano. 
 Finally it may be approached from the direction of 
 MeranorLandeckbythefine road over the Stelvio Pass. 
 
 Boulou (Le) is situated in the Pyrenees Orientales, 
 about twenty hours from Paris via Perpignan ; its 
 
SECT. B.] BOU LOU BOURBON LANCY-. 105 
 
 station is only a few miles from the Spanish frontier. 
 It is about 270 feet above the sea, and has a very 
 mild climate. It has four mineral springs varying 
 in temperature from 60 to 67 F. They are some- 
 what analogous in composition to the waters of 
 Vichy and Vals, one of the springs having nearly 
 six grammes of bicarbonate of soda per litre. These 
 are the only waters of that kind found in the 
 Pyrenees. Iron and arsenic, in small quantities, 
 occur in one or more of the sources. The waters are 
 chiefly used for drinking, but baths and douches can 
 also be obtained in the Etablissement. 
 
 The maladies treated there are dyspepsias, gastric 
 and intestinal ; gastralgias, chronic intestinal catarrh ; 
 hepatic torpor, gallstones, uric acid gravel, gout, 
 diabetes, malarial cachexia and enlargements of liver 
 and spleen resulting from residence in the tropics, 
 anaemia and chlorosis associated with dyspepsia. It 
 has a military hospital. 
 
 There are many picturesque excursions in the 
 country around. There is a hotel in the Etablisse- 
 ment. It may be frequented at any part of the year. 
 
 Bourbon Lancy (Department of Saone et Loire), 
 in Central France, has weakly mineralised thermal 
 salt springs. It is reached from Paris (226 miles) in 
 seven and a-half hours by the Bourbonnais line via 
 Nevers and Cercy la Tour. It has a station in the 
 town. It is built on the slope of a hill, at an altitude 
 of 780 feet, with steep granite rocks rising above it. 
 It is protected from winds and has a temperate, 
 moderately warm climate. 
 
 Fine views of the mountainous country around 
 (mountains of Morvan) can be obtained from the 
 summits of adjacent hills. 
 
 The springs, of which there are five, have 
 a temperature varying from 105 to 136 F. 
 Their mineralisation is feeble, the total amount 
 of solids being only 1*80 per litre, of which 
 1-30 consists of sodium chloride. There is a small 
 E* 
 
106 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 amount of mixed bicarbonates, and minute quantities 
 of iodine, arsenic, manganese, and lithium. They 
 also contain free nitrogen and carbonic acid 
 gases. 
 
 These waters are taken internally (the Sources 
 La Reine and Descures), 16 to 20 ounces daily, 
 divided into three doses, taken at different times. 
 But it is mainly their external use that is relied 
 upon for their beneficial effect. They are given as 
 baths, often followed by " submarine " douches ; 
 i.e. douches applied beneath the surface of the 
 water; also as " Scotch" (hot and cold alternately) 
 douches, as general and local vapour baths, irriga- 
 tions, pulverisations, etc. These external applications 
 stimulate the peripheral circulation and promote the 
 eliminant action of the skin, setting up, as they 
 usually do, profuse perspiration. They promote the 
 disappearance of rheumatic (subacute or chronic) or 
 other exudations in and about the joints ; while 
 they also exert a sedative or calming influence, which 
 has been referred by some to the presence of free 
 nitrogen in the springs and by others to the climate. 
 Taken internally half an hour before food they 
 improve the appetite, and taken an hour after food 
 they quicken and facilitate digestion. They thus 
 prove valuable in atonic dyspepsia. The Descures 
 source has a slightly laxative effect. 
 
 The waters also promote renal elimination 
 uric acid and the acid urates in the gouty and 
 rheumatic. 
 
 The bath establishment is furnished with every 
 convenience and appliance for carrying out the 
 most modern methods of balneology, including a 
 large swimming bath fed by the overflow of the 
 thermal springs, and appliances for mechanical 
 movements and Swedish gymnastics and the Herz 
 apparatus for respiratory gymnastics, to promote 
 chest development in children, and augment the 
 cardiac muscular tone in others. 
 
 The following are the maladies treated with 
 
SECT. B.] BOURBON LANCY. 107 
 
 advantage at Bourbon Lancy : chronic or sub- 
 acute and still painful rheumatic arthritis in excitable, 
 nervous patients, chronic articular gout, gouty neuritis 
 and threatened arteritis, sciatica, rheumatoid arthritis 
 (said to be much benefited by the sedative influence 
 of these baths). 
 
 Some forms of cardiac disease are reported to be 
 favourably influenced by treatment there, by its 
 combination of resources -- baths, "submarine" 
 douches, the internal use of the waters, and dietetic 
 and mechanical treatment. 
 
 The cardiac affections susceptible of amelioration 
 by this treatment have been thus summarised : 
 " valvular insufficiencies at their commencement, i.e. 
 about six months after the beginning of the endo- 
 carditis ; cardiac affections at the onset of failure 
 of compensation ; functional insufficiencies ; mitral 
 constriction, with or without arhythmic palpitations ; 
 arterial affections, at the period of heightened tension, 
 and cardiac disturbances of renal origin with dyspnoea 
 due to alimentary toxins ; finally, functional troubles ; 
 fatty accumulations about the heart ; palpitations 
 of peripheral origin due to vascular spasm ; cardiac 
 disturbances during growth with malformed thorax ; 
 pseudo-anginas and the unstable pulse of the 
 neurotic."* 
 
 The season is from May i5th to Oct. isth. 
 June and July are the best months. Bourbon Lancy 
 has a hospital for the indigent, with 400 beds. 
 There are excellent hotels at moderate prices, and 
 accommodation can also be obtained in the bath 
 establishment. Many interesting excursions can be 
 made in the neighbourhood. 
 
 Bourbon 1'Archambaut, with thermal common 
 salt waters, is situated in Central France, about six 
 and a-half hours by express train from Paris. It 
 
 * " Stations Hydro-Minerales de la France." Re'dige par 
 La Social d'Hydrologie Medicale de Paris. 
 
io8 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 has a station on the line from Paris to Lyons by 
 the Bourbonnais on the branch from Moulins. It 
 is situated in a valley, in the Department of the 
 Allier, between four steep hills, at an elevation of 
 800 feet above the sea. The Bourbon waters have 
 a very ancient reputation, and were known and 
 employed at the time of the Roman occupation. 
 Louis XIV. often came to these baths, and Madame 
 de Montespan passed the last twelve years of her 
 life at Bourbon, and died there. Many other 
 notabilities have been associated with it. 
 
 Its most important spring is the Source Thermale 
 (temperature 125 F.). This spring contains 2*24 
 of sodium chloride per litre, 1*33 of mixed bicar- 
 bonates of sodium, potassium, manganese, and iron ; 
 minute quantities of silica, bromide and chloride 
 of sodium ; traces of arsenic, lithium, and copper, 
 and free carbonic acid gas. It has also a cold spring, 
 Jonas, used for drinking, which contains carbonate 
 of iron and magnesium. A third spring, the 
 Pardoux, silicated and containing much free carbonic 
 acid, makes an excellent table-water. 
 
 The thermal water is taken internally in doses 
 varying from one to four glasses daily. It is 
 employed externally in baths of running water, 
 varying in temperature and duration, the average 
 temperature being 95 F. ; also as tepid, hot, and very 
 hot douches, general or local, following the bath, 
 and with or without massage ; also as " submarine," 
 ascending, and irrigating douches. Applied in these 
 ways, either for its general effects or for its local 
 action, it exerts a powerful alterative, tonic, and 
 stimulating influence on the nutritive functions. 
 
 There is at Bourbon a civil hospital for poor 
 patients, and an important military hospital. 
 
 An admirable bath establishment has been 
 provided by the State for carrying out these 
 methods of treatment. It is one of the finest and 
 most complete in France ; having two large swim- 
 ming baths and a department for vapour baths and 
 
SECT. B.I BOURBON L 1 ARCHAMBAUT-. 109 
 
 pulverisations, besides the various other forms of 
 baths and douches already referred to. 
 
 A speciality at Bourbon is a peculiar mode ot 
 dry-cupping, used in addition to massage, and con- 
 sisting in the application of small " cornets " or 
 " horns/' with holes pierced at the ends ; these 
 are applied to the skin by attendants, who suck 
 out the air and then close the holes with wax. 
 
 The chief maladies treated at Bourbon are 
 Chronic rheumatism, following the acute affection, 
 with stiffness or partial ankylosis of joints or 
 effusion into them ; also the effects of gonorrhceal 
 rheumatism, all forms of muscular rheumatism 
 or neuralgia. Recent rheumatic endo-carditic or 
 pericarditic lesions are favourably influenced by 
 the treatment here, as at Bourbon Lancy. The 
 treatment is very useful also in neuralgias, inter- 
 costal and sciatic in particular. Excellent results 
 are said to be obtained in cases of arthritis deformans, 
 also in the joint troubles of atonic gout in the feeble 
 and lymphatic, and in gouty diabetics with nervous 
 depression and lowered vitality. 
 
 Bourbon has a traditional reputation for the 
 treatment of scrofulous affections of the glands, 
 joints, and bones. It also has an ancient reputation 
 for the treatment of certain cases of paralysis ; it 
 is particularly useful in those following infective 
 fevers and intoxications, and those of rheumatic 
 origin. Cases of hemiplegia, the result of cerebral 
 haemorrhage, it is claimed, are much benefited if sent 
 there for treatment after the inflammatory period 
 and before muscular atrophies and contractures have 
 set in ; the same is asserted of paraplegias, rheu- 
 matismal, hysterical, or traumatic (concussions of the 
 spinal cord), and of some forms of myelitis ; it is 
 said also to modify favourably the course of tabes, 
 and to relieve its painful symptoms. If applied 
 combined with the usual specific treatment it is 
 found to exert a very favourable influence in syphilis 
 of the nervous system. 
 
no MINERAL SPR7NGS: [PART i. 
 
 The excellent results obtained in the military 
 hospital testify to the value of this treatment in 
 various forms of traumatism. ' Finally, many .affec- 
 tions of the female pelvic organs are benefited at 
 Bourbon ; such as amenorrhcea, dysmenorrhcea, 
 rheumatic metritis, and old thickenings and adhesions 
 from perimetritis. 
 
 The season is from May 15111 to Oct. ist. There 
 is a casino with theatre in the park. Hotel accom- 
 modation is good and prices are moderate. Many 
 interesting excursions can be made into the sur- 
 rounding forests. 
 
 Bourbonne les Bains, situated on the confines of 
 the Vosges, is a very important spa, and is often 
 spoken of as the French Wiesbaden. One of the 
 largest military hospitals in France is established 
 there, affording accommodation for 310 soldiers and 
 90 officers. Its springs are hot sodium chloride 
 springs, and their special application is the treatment 
 of chronic rheumatism ; also the results of gun-shot 
 and other injuries, and " scrofulous" affections. 
 
 Bourbonne is a small, pleasant town in the 
 Department of the Haute Marne, about 800 feet 
 above the sea-level, in a fine situation on an 
 eminence abutting from Les Monts Faucilles, and 
 surrounded by low hills covered by dense forests. 
 It is about seven hours from Paris, and is connected 
 by a branch line with Vitrey, a station on the 
 Eastern Railway between Langres and Bel fort. The 
 little town is exceedingly French. The life there 
 is simple and cheap. The inhabitants appear cheer- 
 ful and prosperous ; they manufacture lace and 
 cutlery, and they hunt the wolf and the wild boar 
 in their adjacent forests. 
 
 A small park, a casino, a theatre, a band of 
 music, a jeu de pelits chevaux are here, as elsewhere, 
 essential distractions to a course of mineral waters. 
 
 The springs of Bourbonne are hot and salt 
 thermal and saline. The temperature of the 
 
SECT. B.] BOURBONNE LES BAINS, lit 
 
 principal springs is as high as 150 F., and there 
 are others not quite so hot. The water has a 
 very salt taste, and is considered to resemble that 
 at Wiesbaden. 
 
 It is drunk only in small quantities, two to four 
 small glasses a day ; but is used chiefly in the form 
 of baths and douches. They are very proud of their 
 douches at Bourbonne, and consider them superior 
 to all others. Mineral mud is also employed 
 there. 
 
 The applications of electricity and of massage 
 are used here as adjuncts to the thermal treatment, 
 but they consider their strong douche (douche de 
 haute pression] as a douche de massage, and that 
 the vigour of its jets acts in the same manner as 
 massage does. The baths and douches are pro- 
 longed ones ; the former last from half an hour to 
 an hour, and the latter from ten to fifteen minutes. 
 
 As the State has been to so much expense to 
 establish a great military hospital at Bourbonne, we 
 may safely conclude that the waters are found of 
 great efficacy in the treatment of wounds and injuries 
 received in battle. They are also applicable to all 
 forms of chronic rheumatism of the muscles and 
 joints, badly united fractures, and certain cases of 
 paralysis and muscular feebleness. The number of 
 persons that ma) r be seen in wheeled chairs, or on 
 crutches, or limping with sticks, or with deformed 
 limbs, and also the number of pale, deformed, 
 delicate, scrofulous children seen in the streets and 
 in the hotels, point clearly enough to the uses 
 of the Bourbonne springs. Chronic rheumatism in 
 its many forms, chronic articular gout in its atonic 
 forms, paralysis from muscular atrophy, sciatica 
 and other forms of neuralgia, and the glandular 
 and other affections of scrofulous children, certain 
 chronic affections of the female pelvic organs 
 these are the chief maladies treated at Bourbonne. 
 Affections of the nerves dependent on rheumatism 
 are especially benefited, but ataxic cases are not 
 
ii2 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART 1, 
 
 suitable. Some torpid forms of constitutional 
 syphilis are benefited there. 
 
 The time usually given to the cure there, as 
 elsewhere in France, is the mystical twenty-one 
 days, though at the military hospital, where 
 " mystic" numbers are disregarded, two months 
 and even longer are devoted to the cure ! In 
 obstinate cases it has been recommended that two 
 periods, each of twenty-one days, should be allowed, 
 with an interval of ten days, which may be spent 
 in an excursion into the interesting country around 
 or in Switzerland, which can be reached via Bale 
 or Delle in a few hours. 
 
 Beside chloride of sodium these waters contain 
 chlorides of lime and magnesium, carbonate and 
 sulphate of lime, bromide of sodium, and the much- 
 coveted chloride of lithium. In the published 
 analysis as much as nearly nine centigrammes, about 
 ij grains, of chloride of lithium is stated to be 
 found in a litre of the water. If this statement 
 be correct, then the water of Bourbonne contains 
 more lithium than any other spring in France. 
 
 Bourbonne les Bains is no doubt an excellent 
 spa for the treatment of severe forms of chronic 
 rheumatism (not so useful in rheumatoid arthritis), 
 obstinate neuralgia, slowly healing wounds, muscular 
 atrophies, and all forms of scrofulous disease of the 
 glands, bones, and joints. In this last class of 
 affections it is probably no more efficacious than 
 hot sea water would prove if applied systematically 
 in the same manner, and associated with sea 
 air. 
 
 There are two neighbouring springs which are 
 used as auxiliaries in suitable cases one, the 
 Source de Lariviere, is a tonic iron spring, and the 
 other, Source Magnard, resembles in composition 
 the springs of Contrexeville and Vittel, and can be 
 employed, as they are, in cases of the uric acid 
 diathesis. 
 
 The season is from May ist to October. 
 
SECT. B.] LA BOURBOULE. 113 
 
 Bourboule (La), in Auvergne, is specially famous 
 for its hot arsenical springs, rich also in sodium 
 chloride and bicarbonate. It is in the Mont Dore 
 chain, and is situated only four or five miles from 
 Mont Dore les Bains, the road thence following 
 the course of the valley and the right bank of the 
 Dordogne as it descends towards the north-west. 
 
 La Bourboule is not so high as Mont Dore, its 
 elevation above the sea being only 2,770 feet. It is 
 not so shut in as Mont Dore, but lies in a com- 
 paratively wide open valley, surrounded by hills 
 of moderate height and very gentle slope. It is 
 not, however, so well placed as Mont Dore for 
 excursions into the interesting country around, most 
 of the points of greatest interest being more easily 
 reached from the latter. 
 
 It can now be reached from Paris by rail in 
 about ten hours by express train. It has a sub- 
 alpine climate well adapted to the cases sent 
 there and the treatment applied. It possesses 
 both hot and cold springs. The latter need not 
 concern us as they are of altogether minor im- 
 portance, both in mineralisation and in amount of 
 outflow. The two hot springs are known as La 
 Source Choussy-Perriere and La Source Croizat. 
 The latter spring is of recent discovery. The 
 Choussy-Perriere has a temperature of 136 F., and 
 contains in a litre 3 grammes of sodium chloride, 
 3*8 of sodium bicarbonate, and 0*028 of sodium 
 arsenate. The Croizat is not so hot, its temperature 
 is 113 F. ; it contains more sodium chloride (5*63), 
 but less sodium bicarbonate (3-0) and less sodium 
 arsenate (0-025). 
 
 It is maintained that the arsenic in Bourboule 
 water has not the ill effects attributed to the use 
 of arsenic in other forms, yet after its protracted 
 use arsenic is found in all the tissues the blood, 
 the skin, and the hair. The baths are stimulating, 
 and promote oxidation, tissue changes, and diuresis. 
 On the skin La Source Perriere, at a moderate 
 
ii 4 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PARTI. 
 
 temperature, produces a soft, unctuous feeling, most 
 calming and comforting in skin affections. 
 
 The internal use of the water is of main im- 
 portance. It is usually drunk at a temperature of 
 about 104 F., in doses varying from three to 
 eighteen or even twenty ounces, divided into three 
 portions, at different times in the day. When very 
 large doses are thought necessary, a portion is often 
 given by enema. 
 
 The baths are taken separately, or in a common 
 bath, and in certain skin affections very prolonged 
 baths are ordered, sometimes for several hours 
 (macerations), but not very hot. In other cases 
 the duration and temperature of the baths are 
 greatly varied according to circumstances. 
 
 The inhalation chambers filled with the finely 
 pulverised water are at the service of patients with 
 respiratory affections. The temperature of these 
 chambers is kept at about 90 F. 
 
 All the needful apparatus for naso-pharyngeal 
 applications, for douches of all kinds, for vapour 
 baths, for dry and wet massage, are Lund in a very 
 perfectly equipped bath establishment. 
 
 Of the cases adapted to treatment at La Bour- 
 boule, skin affections stand in the first rank, especially 
 those forms that have proved rebellious to other 
 kinds of treatment, and although some of these 
 prove intractable to this as to other methods of 
 treatment, there are few that do not receive some 
 benefit. The list drawn up by the local authorities is a 
 long one, and includes ichthyosis, psoriasis, pityriasis 
 rubra, eczema, lichen rubra, prurigo, erythema in- 
 duratum, tuberculous affections, acne, boils, chronic 
 urticaria, etc. The chronic diseases of children occupy 
 the next place, especially the glandular and osseous 
 affections of the lymphatic and scrofulous, particu- 
 larly those children with whom the seaside disagrees. 
 
 Sufferers from ancemia and chlorosis not amenable 
 to the usual treatment with iron benefit by the 
 Bourboule course. 
 
SECT. B.] LA BOURBOULE. 115 
 
 Certain affections of the respiratory organs, as 
 chronic catarrhs of the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and 
 bronchi in the arthritic, or neurotic and arthritic, 
 especially when associated with some skin affections, 
 are suitable for treatment there. 
 
 Infantile asthma, which often coincides with 
 enlargement of the bronchial glands, is said to be 
 generally cured at La Bourboule. 
 
 Early or very slightly advanced non-febrile cases 
 of pulmonary tuberculosis, or persons apparently 
 threatened with that disease, benefit by the climate 
 and treatment. 
 
 Persons suffering from malarial cachexia (without 
 serious hepatic trouble), from neuralgia of malarious 
 origin, from arthritis de for mans > from neurasthenia 
 with anaemia, and some cachectic forms of syphilis, 
 may derive benefit from the course combined with 
 the tonic influence of the climate. Atonic forms 
 of gout and rheumatism, especially if associated 
 with cutaneous manifestations, do well there. 
 
 Finally, La Bourboule claims to be a suit- 
 able resort for the diabetic and for some forms of 
 albuminnria. The cases of diabetes suitable for 
 treatment at this spa are perhaps a little difficult to 
 define ; it is said that emaciating cases, with increased 
 excretion of urinary solids (urates and phosphates), 
 such as have failed to be benefited at Vichy, improve 
 there, and that in other forms the results are some- 
 times good and at other times nil. 
 
 Nothing very definite seems to be known as to 
 what cases of albuminuria are suitable for treatment 
 at La Bourboule ; it is suggested that cases of cyclic 
 or functional albuminuria and those associated with 
 phosphaturia are benefited there. But these cases 
 can be dealt with very well by other means. 
 
 The season is from May 25th to Sept. 3oth. 
 The climate becomes often somewhat trying after 
 September 2oth. There are three bath establish- 
 ments, one of which is a model of its kind. 
 
 1 he hotels are numerous and good. All the usual 
 
n 6 MINERAL SPRINGS, [PARTI. 
 
 distractions provided at French spas will be found 
 at La Bourboule. 
 
 Brides les Bains and Salins Moutiers are situated 
 in a charming valley in the Tarantaise, a part of 
 Savoy exceedingly picturesque and Swiss-like in 
 character. These two resorts are usually considered 
 together, as they are only three or four miles apart, 
 and in many cases the resources of both establish- 
 ments are utilised for the same patients. Brides 
 has laxative waters which are chiefly used internally, 
 and Salins Moutiers has strong gaseous salt springs 
 which are mainly used externally. 
 
 We shall now proceed to consider them sepa- 
 rately; and first with regard to Brides les Bains. 
 
 Brides lies in the midst of very beautiful scenery, 
 and few resorts of like importance medically can 
 be found which present the same attractions for the 
 lover of nature as this little Savoy village. It is 
 situated in the valley of the Doron, which rushes 
 through the village as a noisy, white, foaming 
 mountain torrent, and joins the Isere at Moutiers. 
 The valley runs deeply into those high Alps of the 
 Tarantaise which lie, as the crow flies, about twenty 
 miles south of Mont Blanc, and about one-half that 
 distance north of Mont Cenis. Brides stands at an 
 elevation of 1,800 feet above the sea, at the opening 
 of two lateral valleys, the sides of which are thickly 
 wooded, and afford many charmingly sheltered 
 promenades amidst their woods and picturesque 
 and primitive villages. 
 
 It can be very hot at Brides in the middle 
 of a hot summer day, but the atmosphere is 
 usually cool and fresh in the mornings and evenings. 
 
 A few years ago Brides was little known in 
 England, and at that time it was somewhat difficult 
 of access, but since the extension of the railway from 
 Albertville to Moutiers and the recent connection 
 of Brides with Salins by an electric tramway it 
 receives far more English visitors than formerly. 
 
SECT. B.J BRIDES LES BAINS. 117 
 
 Brides has been termed, from the action rather 
 than the composition of its water, the French 
 Carlsbad. The resemblance may not be very 
 complete from certain points of view, but in one 
 sense the term seems justified, for the Brides water 
 is undoubtedly exceedingly well adapted to the 
 treatment of many of the diseases in which the 
 Carlsbad source is usually considered to be indicated. 
 The springs are not so strongly mineralised as those 
 of the great Bohemian spa, they are not 01 
 nearly so high a temperature, and they contain no 
 sodium bicarbonate, which is a very important 
 ingredient in the Carlsbad water. Of the 6-5 
 grammes of solids in the litre of Brides water the 
 most active constituents are doubtless the sodium 
 chloride (1*8318), and sulphate (ri6o4), and mag- 
 nesium sulphate (0*5288). Other ingredients in 
 smaller proportions are calcium and magnesium 
 carbonates, calcium sulphate, and minute quantities 
 of lithium sulphate, ferrous carbonate, and sodium 
 arsenate. The water also contains some free car- 
 bonic acid gas. Its temperature is 95 F. 
 
 It is a water better classified by its effects than 
 by its composition. In small doses it promotes 
 appetite and digestion, and is useful in certain cases 
 of dyspepsia ; in larger doses it is distinctly laxative, 
 but acts without causing any distress or exhaustion. 
 " Cela purge sans fatiguer " is the local saying. 
 
 The Brides cure is chiefly a drinking cure, but 
 the water is also used in baths and douches in 
 general douches, and in ascending douches. The 
 water, when drunk, has a diuretic action and 
 promotes the excretion of the urinary solids. It 
 is decidedly eliminant, both renally and intestinally, 
 and by its stimulating action on the intestinal 
 secretions it indirectly promotes nutritive changes, 
 and so has a tonic effect. 
 
 The bath establishment is very thoroughly 
 equipped, and besides the usual arrangements for 
 baths, douches, dry hot air and moist vapour baths, 
 
n8 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 it has Swedish gymnastics, electric baths, and electric 
 light baths, and an analytical laboratory and the 
 necessary apparatus for radiography. 
 
 The following are the maladies in which the 
 Brides course has been found useful. The first 
 place is occupied by functional diseases of the 
 liver, especially those occurring in persons of gouty 
 constitutions. Biliary concretions and the tendency 
 to attacks of biliary colic are favourably influenced 
 by the free use of these waters ; cases of hepatic 
 engorgement, of catarrh of the bile ducts and jaun- 
 dice ; cases resulting from residence in the tropics, 
 and as a consequence of malarial attacks all these 
 forms of hepatic or hepato-splenic disorders are 
 benefited at Brides. Cases of haemorrhoids are 
 greatly advantaged. It is maintained that not only 
 do these springs relieve congestions and restore 
 healthy function by their laxative and eliminative 
 influences, but that they are also tonic and eupeptic, 
 and therefore assist in restoring strength to the 
 enfeebled. Dyspepsias, dependent on chronic gastric 
 catarrh, or on hyperacidity, or dependent on the 
 preceding maladies, derive much benefit, so do the 
 migrainous when their attacks are associated with 
 disturbed hepatic functions, or appear as gouty 
 manifestations. 
 
 These waters are also used in chronic intestinal 
 catarrh, chronic dysentery, and in obstinate constipa- 
 tion. Chronic affections of the uterus of a torpid 
 character, engorgements, hypertrophy, metritis, dys- 
 menorrhcea, amenorrhcea, leucorrhcea, so often asso- 
 ciated with anaemia and chronic constipation, are 
 reported as very favourably influenced by treatment 
 at Brides. In these cases the waters and baths of 
 Salins prove valuable auxiliaries. 
 
 It has already been said that the treatment at 
 Brides is especially beneficial in those disturbances 
 of health which are ordinarily referred to the gouty 
 constitution ; it follows that certain forms of diabetes 
 and of albuminuria are represented as suitable cases 
 
SECT. B.] BRIDES LES BAINS. 119 
 
 for this spa ; the fat, gouty diabetics are generally 
 benefited by combined treatment at Brides and 
 Salins. 
 
 With regard to cases of albuminuria, much care 
 and caution must be exercised in determining those 
 which are and those which are not suited to treat- 
 ment by mineral courses such as Brides. In cases of 
 well-defined Bright's disease of established nephritis 
 except in the very chronic form of obviously 
 gouty origin, treatment at Brides is not to be recom- 
 mended. The cases that are enumerated by Delastre 
 as likely to derive benefit at Brides are those follow- 
 ing infective fevers, the albuminuria of adolescents, 
 that dependent on congestive conditions of the kid- 
 neys, the consequence of cardiac and circulatory 
 feebleness, and especially when occurring in associa- 
 tion with obesity, chronic alcoholism, and hepatic 
 troubles. 
 
 The tendency to urinary concretions and deposits 
 so common in the gouty is benefited by these 
 waters. Combined treatment at Brides and Salins 
 has been found very serviceable in those cases of 
 anaemia and chlorosis associated with manifest torpor 
 of the gastro-intestinal functions, and in which 
 attention to the improvement of gastric and intes- 
 tinal tone and activity by baths, exercises, and 
 suitable laxatives is of chief importance. 
 
 Finally, Brides has a special reputation for the 
 treatment, of obesity. The combined treatment at 
 Brides and Salins is most appropriate to many of 
 such cases, including the anaemic form, and we can 
 testify to the excellence of the results obtained there 
 when combined with a suitable regime. 
 
 Salins Moutiers is now connected with Brides by an electric 
 tramway, performing the journey in about a quarter of 
 an hour. Its elevation is about 300 feet less than that of 
 Brides. Its springs are rich in sodium chloride, containing 
 over 13 grammes to the litre, and rich also in free carbonic 
 acid gas; it also contains potassium chloride, calcium, and 
 magnesium sulphates and carbonates and ferrous carbonate 
 
120 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 with minute quantities of lithium sulphate, sodium arsenate. 
 and silica. Their temperature is 97 F. The new bath 
 establishment is well equipped with baths and piscines and 
 douches, two swimming baths, vapour baths, rooms for 
 massage and Swedish gymnastics, etc. A ferruginous and 
 arsenical mud is also collected from the deposits in the 
 water conduits and used therapeutically. The baths, too, 
 can be fortified by the addition of eau mere. Owing 
 to the great amount of water proceeding from the springs 
 the baths are given a Veau courante, so that the water 
 of the bath is continually renewed, and also maintained 
 throughout of the same temperature. The gas in the water 
 accumulates on the skin in little globules and is supposed to 
 exercise a sedative action. The duration of the bath is 
 determined by the medical attendant and varies according 
 to the case. Patients express themselves as refreshed and 
 invigorated by these hot gaseous salt baths in contra- 
 distinction to the languor complained of after hot baths in 
 some other stations. 
 
 These baths are tonic and strengthening, improving the 
 condition of the blood and the circulation, and are applicable 
 to a variety of maladies, cases of slow convalescence, deli- 
 cate lymphatic children, cases of overgrowth, of anaemia and 
 chlorosis. In " scrofulous " manifestations affecting the glands, 
 bones, and joints, ocular affections, ozaena ; in uterine cases, 
 combined with Brides wateis internally, as already men- 
 tioned ; in chronic rheumatism and old traumatic affections, 
 the baths prove very useful. Owing to the resemblance 
 of the waters to those of Nauheim, it was to be expected 
 that certain forms of cardiac disease would be regarded as 
 suitable for treatment here, but we are not aware that this 
 suggestion has, so far, been widely adopted. 
 
 These waters are prescribed internally to children in 
 moderate doses, and they appear to be easily digested. The 
 season at Brides and Salins is from May i5th to Sept. 3oth. 
 The early and latter parts of the season are the most agree- 
 able. The heat is often very great in July and August. 
 
 The journey from Paris to Moutiers Salins is performed 
 in thirteen hours. Hotels are good and the usual amusements 
 are provided. There are many suitable places in the neigh- 
 bourhood for an after-cure : the nearest is Pralognan, about 
 three hours' drive from Brides ; it is in a beautiful and well- 
 protected situation at an elevation of 4.600 feet. 
 
 Briickenau is a Bavarian spa not far from 
 Kissingen, with a station on the Briickenau branch 
 line from Jossa, between Elm and Gemunden, having 
 weak cold gaseous chalybeate springs. Its situation 
 
SECT. B.] BRUCKENAU. 121 
 
 is very picturesque, lying in the valley of Sinn, which 
 abounds in beautiful scenery, at an elevation 980 feet 
 above the sea. The village is built on the south- 
 western declivity of the Rhon mountains, but the 
 springs, with the Kurhaus and the handsome Kursaal, 
 are two miles from the village. 
 
 The climate is mild and agreeable, the aveiage 
 summer temperature not exceeding 63 F. 
 
 The springs and the Kursaal, and the hotels and 
 houses for the accommodation of the visitors, are 
 situated in beautiful gardens and pleasure grounds, 
 surrounded by hills covered with beech forests, 
 through which there are picturesque walks and 
 excursions of various distances. 
 
 The waters are very mild and contain iron only, 
 in very small quantity ; but they have an abundance 
 of carbonic acid, which makes them very pleasant to 
 drink. There are three springs, the chief and 
 strongest of which is the Stahlquelle it contains 
 only 0*0 1 1 of carbonate of iron per litre. Moor baths 
 from Gersfield Moor are used, as well as baths of 
 the gaseous springs. Electrotherapy and hydro- 
 therapy are likewise utilised. These waters are 
 said to be useful as an after- course to Kissingen, 
 and if, after three or four weeks of water-drinking at 
 the latter place, one still has time and inclination 
 for more, this inclination might, doubtless, be harm- 
 lessly and agreeably gratified by a week or two 
 amidst the beautiful scenery around Briickenau, 
 and the consumption of a certain amount of its 
 sparkling and refreshing waters. 
 
 The medical authorities of the place claim that 
 the waters are tonic and blood-restoring, and useful 
 in many diseases associated with debility ; that, 
 combined with warm milk, they are beneficial in 
 pulmonary affections, in chronic bronchitis, and in 
 dyspepsia. The baths, no doubt, are stimulating to 
 the skin, on account of the amount of carbonic 
 acid they contain, and they are reported to be 
 very useful in some female maladies. The patients 
 
122 MINERAL SPRINGS, [PART r. 
 
 are chiefly of the female sex. The season is from 
 May 1 5th to Oct. ist. 
 
 Builth Wells, a spa and health resort in Radnor- 
 shire, on the Wye, in a pleasant situation at an 
 elevation of 400 feet. It is about a mile and a-half 
 from the town of Builth, where visitors to the 
 Wells usually stay. The springs resemble those at 
 Llandrindod Wells one, the chief, being a saline 
 spring, another a chalybeate and saline, and a third 
 a weak sulphur spring. The saline spring contains 
 sodium chloride 12*5 grammes per litre, and 
 calcium chloride 2*5. It appears to contain also 
 very minute amounts of magnesium chloride and 
 lithium chloride, and traces of iron, aluminium, and 
 manganese. 
 
 The chalybeate spring is said to be a strong one, 
 but we have not seen any detailed analysis published. 
 These waters are served out in pump-rooms, all under 
 the same roof. Hot and cold baths are also prepared 
 with the saline and sulphur waters. 
 
 The therapeutic value of these springs cannot be 
 said to have been precisely ascertained. Locally they 
 appear to have a reputation for the relief of various 
 maladies, especially gastric and hepatic disorders. 
 
 Bussang (Vosges). Supposing you have finished 
 your twenty-one or twenty-five days at Contrexeville 
 or Plombieres, it is an easy and pleasant change to 
 go on for a few days to Bussang. An agreeable drive 
 of an hour and a-quarter conveys you from 
 Plombieres to the railway station at Remiremont. 
 
 At Remiremont we take the railway to St. 
 Maurice, an hour's journey through a most attractive 
 valley, the line running along by the side of the 
 Moselle, here a beautiful clear stream, nearly the 
 whole way, amidst the greenest of pastures and 
 surrounded by some of the highest of the Vosges 
 mountains. At St. Maurice, which lies at the foot 
 of the Ballon d' Alsace and the Ballon de Servance, 
 
SECT. B.] BUSSANG. 123 
 
 the railway comes to an end, and you find a com- 
 fortable omnibus at the station waiting to take you 
 on to Bussang, an uphill drive of three or four miles. 
 Although Bussang has only had an Etablissement for 
 the reception of visitors in recent years, the water of 
 its springs has long been known, and is so popular in 
 France that upwards of a million bottles are annually 
 exported. It is a very pleasant water to drink it is 
 gaseous and effervescent and at Bussang is taken with 
 wine at meals. It is also mildly tonic. It contains 
 small quantities of iron and manganese and minute 
 amounts of arsenic and lithium, and it is slightly 
 alkaline. There is about 1*5 of solids to the litre. 
 The Salinade spring is richest in carbonic acid. It 
 would seem to be an excellent mild tonic water, 
 well adapted to cases of anaemia and anaemic 
 dyspepsia, especially in the case of persons who 
 cannot bear stronger iron waters. It must also be 
 a good water for those persons to drink who, having 
 finished the prescribed course at Contrexeville, still 
 need to continue water drinking for some time ; the 
 strengthening constituents of the Bussang water should 
 be altogether advantageous to them. The Bussang 
 water is no doubt a really valuable as well as a 
 pleasant spring. The mild mountain climate, com- 
 bined with the mild tonic waters and the application 
 of hydrotherapy, form an excellent treatment for 
 cases of nervous exhaustion and overwork. 
 
 If favoured with fine weather, a visitor might 
 easily become enthusiastic about the surroundings of 
 Bussang. A quarter of an hour's walk from the 
 hotel (2,170 feet above the sea) brings you to the 
 top of the Col de Bussang (2,384 feet), where you 
 find a long tunnel, in the middle of which is the 
 boundary line between France and Germany. On 
 going up to the Col you pass a little wooden shed 
 erected to mark the spot where the Moselle has its 
 source, for at Bussang this river is but a little 
 trickling stream which a child can leap over. Pass- 
 ing through the Col, one looks down on the pretty 
 
f24 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 little town of Wesserling, in Alsace. Close also to 
 the hotel are several paths leading to beautiful walks 
 and excursions amidst the highest of the Vosges 
 mountains. The nearest and most readily accessible 
 of these is the Grand Drumont, rather over 4,000 
 feet high, and reached from Bussang by an easy 
 ascent of about an hour and a-half. From the 
 summit, which is covered with soft green pastures 
 (here called chaumes), a fine view is obtained of 
 Alsace-Lorraine, of the Rhine valley, the mountains 
 of the Black Forest, and on very clear days of some 
 of the snow-topped mountains of Central Switzerland. 
 The summit of the Ballon d' Alsace, a few feet 
 higher, can be reached from Bussang in two and a- 
 half hours there is a hotel near the top, where 
 those who require still more bracing air can reside, 
 and the view is very fine and extensive. 
 
 A good hotel and a hydropathic establishment 
 afford excellent accommodation for visitors. Al- 
 together it would be difficult to find in the Vosges 
 a more pleasant, quiet, mildly bracing mountain 
 resort than Bussang. 
 
 The season is from June I5th to Sept. i5th. 
 
 Buxton, in Derbyshire, about four and a-half 
 hours from London, has thermal waters which have 
 enjoyed a well-merited celebrity for many centuries, 
 and it is now one of the most popular baths in this 
 country. It is said to have been a favourite resort 
 of Mary Stuart. It has a large hospital, the Devon- 
 shire Hospital, where the efficacy and applicability 
 of the waters have for many years been studied, 
 a separate pump-room and bath establishment being 
 at the service of the patients. 
 
 Buxton, being at an elevation of 1,000 feet above 
 the sea, and in the midst of some of the finest 
 scenery of Derbyshire, is a pleasant and cheerful 
 place of resort and has fine, bracing air, which is not 
 without its influence in the successes obtained there. 
 It is, however, rather a rainy place. 
 
SECT. B.] BUXTON. 125 
 
 The mean temperature for January, the coldest 
 month, is 40*1 F., the mean minimum 30*0; for 
 July the mean maximum is 65*1, and the mean 
 minimum 48*4. In 1893 the lowest temperature 
 recorded, 9-4 F., was on January 5th, and the highest 
 83 F. on August 1 8th. The highest mean rainfall 
 is in October and November, amounting to 10*93 
 inches for these two months ; the lowest rainfall 
 is in April, 2^48 inches. . The yearly mean is 46*2 
 inches. Of hours of sunshine the highest mean is in 
 June (151 hours), and the lowest in December (22 
 hours). 
 
 Buxton is a simple thermal spring, which may be 
 compared to that of Ragatz or Wildbad on the 
 Continent. The temperature of the water is 
 82 F., so that it is rather tepid than hot, and its 
 peculiarity is the large amount of nitrogen gas it 
 contains. The supply of water is very abundant. It is 
 of very feeble mineralisation, containing only 0*4 
 grammes of mineral substance per litre, of which 
 0*2 is calcium bicarbonate, o'i magnesium bicarbonate, 
 and about 0-05 sodium chloride. The usual dose 
 prescribed internally is from 4 to 10 oz. There is 
 a weak non-gaseous chalybeate spring sometimes 
 drunk there, and especially used for bathing the eyes ; 
 it contains 0-015 grammes of carbonate of iron in 
 a litre. A handsome new pump-room for drinking 
 the waters was opened in 1894 by the owner, the 
 Duke of Devonshire. 
 
 There are two separate bath establishments one 
 in which the water is used at the " natural " tem- 
 perature, another the "hot baths" in which the water 
 is artificially heated to any temperature desired. 
 " The temperature is raised by mixing with the 
 natural water a varying quantity of the same 
 water heated in a tank by means of a steam coil 
 to about 200 F." 
 
 The equipment of this bath establishment is 
 very complete, with immersion baths having cranes 
 and chairs for lowering cripples into the bath ; 
 
126 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 douches of all kinds, and vapour baths. A feature 
 there is the " massage bath/' in which massage is 
 applied while the patient in the reclining position 
 is treated with sprays and douches. 
 
 The baths are prescribed for comparatively short 
 periods, the natural bath from four to seven minutes, 
 the patient being instructed to keep moving about 
 all the time ; in the hot bath, which is preferred for 
 patients with feebler powers of reaction, the period 
 varies from four to fifteen minutes. A " brisk walk " 
 is recommended after the natural bath, if, of 
 course, the patient is capable of such a display of 
 activity. 
 
 Some nervous or circulatory disturbances 
 giddiness, palpitation, insomnia and occasionally 
 slight febrile disturbances, occur to some persons at 
 the commencement of the course. 
 
 Buxton is particularly celebrated for the cure or 
 alleviation of chronic articular gout and rheumatism ; 
 " irregular " forms of gout are also benefited, and 
 acute attacks are said to be warded off by treatment, 
 in the intervals, at Buxton ; the joint stiffness and 
 painful conditions left by attacks of acute rheumatism 
 are also relieved. Gonorrhceal forms are reputed as 
 much benefited by the hot steam douches ; its baths 
 have also proved very useful in cases of hysterical 
 paralysis and joint affections, in some forms of 
 paralysis not dependent on central lesions, in sciatica, 
 and other neuralgias of gouty or rheumatic origin, 
 and in the removal of inflammatory thickenings of 
 joints. 
 
 Massage in the baths, no doubt, contributes to 
 the relief of many forms of chronic joint affections 
 and neuralgias. 
 
 As to the value of the treatment at Buxton in 
 cases of osteo-arthritis, some doubts may be per- 
 mitted. Those cases which seem distinctly referable 
 to a neuropathic origin are little amenable to thermal 
 treatment of any kind ; while those which are more 
 closely allied to gouty or rheumatic states no doubt 
 
SECT. B.] 
 
 BAGNOLS LES BAINS. 
 
 127 
 
 derive much benefit from the combination of massage 
 and warm douching. 
 
 Many other morbid conditions have been men- 
 tioned as relieved by treatment at Buxton ; but the 
 specialisation of the treatment at this or similar 
 spas must be referred to maladies connected with the 
 rheumatic or gouty diathesis, and these are very 
 numerous. The baths are open all the year round, 
 but the summer is the best season for the course 
 from May to September. 
 
 Baassen, a gaseous salt bath in 
 Transylvania, eight miles from the 
 railway station of Mediasch. 
 
 Baguoli, hot springs near Poz- 
 zuoli, Naples, together with the 
 natural vapour baths (" Stufe ") 
 known as the Bagni di Nerone. 
 
 Bagnols les Bains, a thermal 
 sulphur spring of feeble mineral- 
 isation (0-61 grammes per litre), 
 temperature 95 to 105 F., situated 
 at an altitude of nearly 3,000 feet 
 in the narrow valley of the Lot, 
 in the Department of Lozere, dis- 
 tant from Paris 628 kilometres, 
 and 12 kilometres from Mende. 
 The nearest railway station is 
 Chadenet. The water contains a 
 little sodium bicarbonate (0-226) 
 and chloride (0-142) , and i -7 c.c. of 
 sulphuretted hydrogen. 
 
 This spring has obtained a 
 reputation in the treatment of 
 chronic cardiac valvular affections 
 dependent on rheumatism, where 
 compensation is maintained. The 
 good effects are not referred to 
 any special or direct action on the 
 cardiac valves, but to a modifying 
 influence on the underlying rheu- 
 matic or gouty diathesis. 
 
 Scrofula, skin affections, and 
 bronchial catarrh are benefited 
 there as at analogous sulphur 
 springs. The treatment is chiefly 
 external, but the waters are also 
 drunk. Baths, douches, dry hot- 
 
 air baths, and especially foot baths 
 of running water, are applied there. 
 
 The season is from June 15 to 
 Sept. 15. It is hot there in 
 summer, but somewhat wide os- 
 cillations of temperature are ex- 
 perienced on account of the eleva- 
 tion. 
 
 Bains (Vosges) is situated be- 
 tween Contrexeville and Plom- 
 bieres. It has a station on the 
 East of France Railway, and is 
 about fifteen miles from Epinal 
 and ten hours from Paris. It has 
 the advantage of being adjacent 
 to the fine forest of Tremonsey, 
 and is pleasantly situated in a 
 valley, 1,000 feet above the sea, 
 through which the River Semouse 
 flows. 
 
 It has several springs and two 
 bath establishments. In the public 
 baths the two sexes, appropriately 
 clothed, bathe together. The tem- 
 perature of these springs varies 
 from 84 to 122 F. Their mine- 
 ralisation is very feeble, about 
 0-20 of mineral constituents in a 
 litre, consisting of sodium sulphate 
 and chloride and a little silica. 
 La Grosse Source is said to con- 
 tain a little arsenic. The springs 
 somewhat resemble those of Plom- 
 bieres, and may be classed among 
 the indifferent thermal baths. Two 
 of the springs are used for drink- 
 ing, but the chief use of these 
 
128 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 waters is for hot baths. Like 
 other baths of this kind they are 
 used and found beneficial in cases 
 of chronic rheumatism, muscular 
 and arthritic, in chronic painful 
 uterine and ovarian affections, in 
 cases of want of tone and ex- 
 haustion with enfeebled digestion, 
 and, as at Plombieres, in cases of 
 chronic enteritis. Residence in 
 agreeable mountain scenery, and 
 in fresh, pure air contributes to 
 the good results obtained there. 
 There is good accommodation at 
 the Grand Hotel, connected with 
 which are a casino and a theatre. 
 The season is from May 15 to 
 Sept. 15. 
 
 Bake well, in the Derbyshire 
 Peak district, 400 feet above the 
 sea, has springs somewhat re- 
 sembling those of Buxton and 
 Matlock, but having a constant 
 temperature of 60 F. The supply 
 is somewhat intermittent . So long 
 ago as 1697 a bath-house was 
 erected, and it has a large plunge 
 bath (36 by 15 feet) reputed to 
 be of Roman construction. The 
 water is artificially heated to sup- 
 ply the warm baths. 
 
 Ballynahinch, a cold sulphur 
 spring in Ulster, seventeen miles 
 from Belfast by rail. One of the 
 wells has about 3-6 vols. per 1,000 
 of H 2 S. It has a local reputation. 
 
 Ballyspellan, achalybeate spring 
 in Kilkenny County, Ireland. 
 
 Barbotan, chiefly known as a 
 "mud" bath, is situated in an 
 out-of-the-way part of France, 
 with a station on the line from 
 Nerac to Mont de Marsan in 
 the Department of Gers and the 
 commune of Casaubon. It is 
 situated at an altitude of about 
 400 feet, and has a mild climate. 
 
 It has several warm springs of 
 very feeble mineralisation, con- 
 taining a little sulphuretted hydro- 
 gen and sodium sulphide, and one, 
 cold, contains a little iron. The 
 waters are used to mix with the 
 
 "vegetable muds " extracted from 
 an adjacent marsh. These are 
 used warm as baths, and are 
 bathed in in common. Baths and 
 douches of the thermal springs 
 are also used, and the iron and 
 sulphur springs are drunk. 
 
 The patients come chiefly from 
 the locality itself, and are sufferers 
 mainly from chronic rheumatism, 
 stiff joints, neuralgias, rickets, 
 scrofulous affections of the bones 
 and joints, chronic uterine mala- 
 dies, syphilis, intestinal catarrhs, 
 and certain torpid skin diseases. 
 The season is from May i to 
 Oct. i. 
 
 Bartfeld, a somewhat inacces- 
 sible Hungarian chalybeate spring 
 in the Carpathians at the foot of 
 the Kamenahola. It has several 
 cold gaseous iron springs which 
 contain also considerable quan- 
 tities (the Doctorquelle) of sodium 
 bicarbonate (4-8 per litre), com- 
 mon salt (i'i), and a minute 
 amount of sodium iodide (o;ooi). 
 There is a "good bath establish- 
 ment where hydrotherapeutic 
 treatment is applied. The springs 
 are prescribed for anaemia and 
 scrofulous cases with dyspeptic 
 symptoms. The combination of 
 sodium bicarbonate and ferrous 
 carbonate should be useful in such 
 cases. At an elevation of 1,000 
 feet above the sea, Bartfeld has 
 been suggested as an after-cure 
 to Carlsbad, Franzensbad, etc. 
 The nearest railway station, Epe- 
 ries, is five hours distant, and the 
 town of Bartfeld half an hour. 
 Its distance renders it practically 
 useless to English patients. 
 
 Barzun. See Bareges, to which 
 it is close. The water is conveyed 
 to Lux. 
 
 Bauche, La, a cold non-gaseous 
 chalybeate spring in Savoy, half 
 an hour's drive from the stations 
 of Lepin or Les Echelles, fourteen 
 miles from. Chambery. The water 
 is said to contain 0-14 bicarbonate 
 
SECT. B.] 
 
 BENTHEIMBIRRESBORN. 
 
 129 
 
 of iron and 0-03 of crenate of 
 iron. It is exported and also 
 drunk and bathed in at a small 
 establishment. La Bauche is situ- 
 ated in a beautiful district at an 
 elevation of 1,640 feet above the 
 sea. The water is said to be easily 
 digested, and is given in cases of 
 anaemia and chlorosis. 
 
 Bentheim, a small cold sulphur 
 spa in Hanover, situated near the 
 frontier of Holland at an elevation 
 of about 300 feet. The spring 
 contains H 2 S calcium sulphate 
 (1-3 grammes per litre) and sodium 
 sulphate. It is on the Hanover- 
 Salzbergen-Amsterdam line. It is 
 mainly frequented by visitors from 
 the Netherlands. The water is 
 drunk and used for baths and in- 
 halations. Mud baths are also 
 prepared with mud brought from 
 the neighbourhood and placed in 
 reservoirs where it is saturated 
 with the sulphur water. The 
 diseases treated are gout and rheu- 
 matism, skin affections, respira- 
 tory and intestinal catarrh and 
 syphilis. 
 
 Berg. See Canstatt, p. 132. 
 
 Berka, a weak chalybeate spa 
 on the Ilm, in the Grand Duchy of 
 Saxe-Weimar. It is a little town 
 of 1,900 inhabitants, situated in a 
 valley nearly 900 feet above the 
 sea and surrounded by pine-clad 
 hills. The season is from May to 
 September. It is also a climatic 
 winter resort. 
 
 The iron springs also contain 
 lime salts. They are used for 
 drinking and for baths. Other 
 remedies applied are mud baths 
 (the mud brought from the Ilm 
 valley meadows), sand, and pine- 
 needle baths. 
 
 The chief maladies treated there 
 are anasmia and rheumatism. The 
 station is on the Weimar-Berka- 
 Kranichfeld line. 
 
 Bibra, a small chalybeate spa 
 and summer resort with feebly 
 mineralised springs, at an altitude 
 
 of 410 feet, in Prussian Saxony. 
 Railway station, Laucha, on the 
 Naunberg-Artern line. 
 
 Bilin, in Bohemia, a few miles 
 from Teplitz, is celebrated for 
 its Sauerbrunn, a cold alkaline 
 spring, rich in free carbonic acid 
 and largely exported. It contains 
 3-3 grammes of carbonate of 
 sodium to a litre, and 0-7 of 
 sodium sulphate ; the latter gives 
 it a slightly aperient quality. It 
 is also reported to contain a small 
 amount of carbonate of lithium. 
 
 It is considered to be useful in 
 the treatment of the following 
 maladies : renal calculi and gravel 
 especially uric acid deposits ; 
 vesical catarrh and certain forms 
 of chronic Bright's disease ; dys- 
 peptic states, stomach and intes- 
 tinal catarrh ; slight forms of 
 hepatic congestion, sluggish flow 
 of bile, and hepatic concretions 
 with or without jaundice ; catarrh- 
 al affections of the respiratory 
 organs ; also gout and diabetes. 
 
 There is a hydropathic estab- 
 lishment at Bilin, and vapour and 
 electric baths, massage, inhala- 
 tions, etc., can be obtained there. 
 
 The season is from May 15 to 
 Sept. 30. 
 
 Birmenstorf. At this Swiss vil- 
 lage, near Schinznach, a purga- 
 tive water is prepared by lixiviat- 
 ing fragments of gypsum rock, 
 containing magnesium sulphate, 
 in water until it has attained a 
 certain strength. It is then bot- 
 tled and exported, when it is 
 found to contain 22 grammes of 
 magnesium sulphate per litre and 
 7 of sodium sulphate, besides 
 other ingredients in small pro- 
 portions. 
 
 Birresborn has a station between 
 Cologne and Treves in Rhenish 
 Prussia. It has a simple alkaline 
 gaseous spring with about 2 - 8 
 grammes of bicarbonate of soda 
 in a litre. It also contains some 
 bicarbonate of magnesium and 
 
MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART i. 
 
 sulphate of sodium, so that it is 
 slightly aperient. It has been 
 prescribed in dyspeptic conditions 
 associated with constipation. It 
 is also used as a table water. 
 
 Booklet is a prettily situated 
 village, at an elevation of 680 
 feet, with chalybeate springs, about 
 five miles up the valley from Kis- 
 singen. Ferruginous mud baths 
 are also prepared. It has a 
 pleasant, mild climate, and the 
 accommodation there is simpler 
 and living cheaper than at the 
 popular neighbouring spa. It is 
 completely surrounded by a Kur- 
 park and a ridge of hills, except 
 towards Kissingen, and these 
 afford numerous agreeable walks 
 for the visitors. Its principal 
 spring, the Stahlquelle, contains 
 O'o88 of bicarbonate of iron and 
 i - o of sodium chloride per litre, 
 and much free carbonic acid gas. 
 It also contains some aperient 
 constituents, in small amounts, 
 such as magnesium sulphate and 
 chloride and sodium sulphate. 
 
 It will be seen that it is a fairly 
 strong gaseous chalybeate water, 
 with some aperient constituents. 
 It is used for drinking, bathing, 
 and gargling. 
 
 It is admirably adapted for the 
 treatment of cases of anaemia, asso- 
 ciated with constipation, for which 
 a calm, quiet life is desirable, and 
 in such cases it has an advantage 
 over those chalybeate springs in 
 which the iron in them is asso- 
 ciated with a considerable quan- 
 tity of the astringent carbonate of 
 lime. It has also a sulphur spring. 
 It is advised sometimes as an 
 after-cure to Kissingen, where 
 these iron waters are occasionally 
 drunk. Besides cases of anaemia 
 and debility, certain diseases of 
 women and cases of rheumatism 
 are treated. 
 
 The season is from May 15 to 
 the end of September. 
 
 Boll, Bad-Boll. There are two 
 
 baths of this name ; one is in the 
 hands of an English fishing club, 
 and is situated at an altitude of 
 over 2,000 feet, near Bonndorf in 
 the Black Forest; its station is 
 Neustadt on the Baden-Hollen- 
 thal Railway. It has a spring 
 containing sodium chloride and 
 magnesium and calcium sulphates 
 and carbonates, and some free 
 carbonic acid. It is used for 
 drinking, bathing, and inhaling, 
 and mud baths (mud from Marien- 
 bad) and pine-needle baths are 
 also applied. The water is 
 exported after being artificially 
 charged with carbonic acid. 
 
 It is reported to be useful in 
 cases of rheumatism and gout, in 
 catarrhal conditions of the mucous 
 membrane, and in urinary affec- 
 tions and some forms of skin 
 disease. 
 
 The season is from May i to 
 Oct. i. 
 
 The other Bad-Boll is in Wiir- 
 temberg, in the Filsthal, at an 
 altitude of 1,340 feet, about four 
 miles from the station of Goep- 
 pingen. It has a cold sulphur 
 spring containing free H 2 S. 
 
 Borjom, a Russian spa (Tiflis) 
 near Abbas-Tuman, in the Cau- 
 casus, has warm simple alkaline 
 waters (temperature 84 F.) con- 
 taining 5-0 grammes per litre of 
 sodium bicarbonate and a small 
 amount of bicarbonate of iron. 
 It has been termed the Russian 
 Vichy. 
 
 Borszek, a chalybeate bath in 
 Transylvania, in the Carpathians, 
 at an altitude of nearly 3,000 feet, 
 near the frontier of Roumania. It 
 "has cold iron springs (0-09 of bi- 
 carbonate of iron), containing 
 also alkaline-earthy salts, calcium, 
 magnesium, and sodium bicar- 
 bonates (5 grammes of the mixed 
 salts per litre). Moor baths are 
 also prepared. 
 
 Bramstedt, a small cold salt 
 bath on the Brame in Schleswig- 
 
SECT; B:] 
 
 CAMBO. 
 
 Holstein, on the Altona-Bram- 
 stedt road. It is surrounded 
 by hills and close to a forest. 
 The water is used exclusively for 
 bathing in cases of gout, rheu- 
 matism, neuralgia, and scrofulous 
 maladies. 
 
 Season, May i to Oct. i. 
 
 Bremerbad, a simple thermal 
 spring of comparatively low ther- 
 mality at the summit of the Bren- 
 ner Pass (4,360 feet) in Austrian 
 Tyrol. 
 
 Bridge of Allan, three miles 
 from Stirling, N.B., has a cold 
 salt spring containing about 5-4 
 grammes per litre of common salt, 
 4'4 calcium chloride, and 0-5 cal- 
 cium sulphate. It is usual to 
 heat the water for consumption, 
 and three glasses before breakfast 
 is the ordinary dose. It is said to 
 act as an aperient, and the spring 
 has a local reputation as of value 
 in functional hepatic and gastric 
 complaints. 
 
 Bridge of Earn (Pit-Keathly), 
 close to Perth, has weak salt 
 waters, containing free carbonic 
 acid gas. Artificial waters are 
 prepared there and sold in bottles 
 under the designation of " Pit- 
 
 Keathly water " and "Pit-Keathly 
 cum lithia." 
 
 Briscous (Biarritz) is the source 
 of the common salt springs sup- 
 plying the salt baths of Biarritz. 
 These springs contain about 290 
 per mille of sodium chloride, and 
 the eau mere is very rich in 
 magnesium chloride. The water 
 is heated to the required tempera- 
 ture for baths and douches. 
 
 Bukowine, a small cold chaly- 
 beate spa in Silesia. Railway 
 station, Oels. Containing car- 
 bonate of iron chiefly. The Agnes- 
 quelle is used for drinking, the 
 Luisenquelle is conducted to the 
 bath establishment for the baths. 
 Mud baths, from a moor near at 
 hand, are also applied, as well as 
 electricity and hydrotherapy. 
 
 Cases of chlorosis and anaemia, 
 of rheumatism and gout, cer- 
 tain skin affections, and some 
 chronic forms of paralysis are 
 treated there. 
 
 Burtschied. See AixlaChapelle. 
 
 Buzias, a Hungarian chalybeate 
 and highly gaseous spring, three 
 hours and a-half from the railway 
 station of Temesvar, at an altitude 
 of 420 feet. 
 
 Cambo (Basses Pyrenees), eleven miles from 
 Bayonne, on the line between that town and Osses, 
 possesses a tebid sulphur spring (75 F.) which 
 contains free sulphuretted hydrogen. Its mineral 
 constituents are calcium and magnesium sulphates, 
 and carbonates chiefly (1*83 per litre). It also has 
 a cold chalybeate spring. 
 
 Cambo, no doubt, owes its growing popularity 
 as much to its accessibility, especially from Biarritz, 
 as to its pleasing situation and mineral springs. 
 Those who have passed the greater part of the 
 winter at Biarritz find it an agreeable change, when 
 spring comes, to migrate for a few weeks to Cambo 
 and exchange the Atlantic winds, sea air, and coast 
 
132 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 scenery of the former place for the soothing and 
 sedative climate of this sub-Pyrenean station. The 
 river Nive divides Cambo into" two parts about 
 half a mile distant from one another, Le haul Cambo 
 and Le has Cambo. The former, where the hotels 
 and pensions are situated, is about 200 feet above 
 the sea, on a steep terrace. It commands a charming 
 landscape. At the foot of the hill the clear stream 
 of the Nive forms a graceful curve, and from its 
 right bank stretches away a vast extent of fertile 
 fields and wooded country. On the other side 
 rise the lower spurs of the Pyrenees, mountains 
 of no great height, but giving variety to the land- 
 scape, which, although not grand, yet presents a 
 pleasing, cheerful, calm and rusticity, full of freshness 
 and delight. 
 
 The bath establishment has the usual appliances 
 for the administration of the waters internally 
 and externally. Very many charming walks and 
 excursions can be made into the surrounding 
 district. 
 
 The maladies adapted for treatment at Cambo 
 are, as at all other sulphur baths, those of lymphatic 
 and scrofulous origin, skin diseases, and catarrh of 
 the respiratory passages. Hepatic congestions are 
 also named as benefiting by treatment there. 
 
 The season used to be reckoned from the middle 
 of April to the middle of November, but now, owing 
 to the mildness of its climate, Cambo is open all the 
 year round, and is resorted to in the winter as well 
 as at other parts of the year. 
 
 Canstatt and Berg. Adjacent towns connected 
 with Stuttgart of which they form a suburb by 
 a tramway. They are situated at an altitude 01 
 700 feet, with extensive park and wooded hills in 
 the neighbourhood. Several springs are utilised, 
 especially the Wilhelmsbrunnen at the Kursaal, and 
 the Berger-Sprudel and Inselquelle between Berg 
 and Canstatt, on a small island in the Neckar, 
 
SECT. B.] CARLSBAD. 133 
 
 They are tepid weak common salt (2*0 per litre) 
 and carbonate of lime (ro) waters, containing much 
 free carbonic acid gas. They also contain some 
 carbonate of iron, and are termed " ferruginous " by 
 some authorities. The Berger-Sprudel is largely 
 exported in bottles, as well as used on the spot 
 for drink-ing and bathing. Carlsbad salt is some- 
 times added to the water to increase its laxative 
 action. The temperature of the springs is arti- 
 ficially raised for bathing purposes. Swimming 
 baths, mud or Moor baths from Fnmzensbad, 
 and electric baths also are provided. The cases 
 treated there are catarrh of the respiratory 
 organs, gastro-intestinal catarrh, anaemia, chlo- 
 rosis, neurasthenia, and chronic scrofulous glandular 
 affections. 
 
 The season is from May i5th to Sept. isth. 
 
 The place has now rather too much the character 
 of a manufacturing town to be very appropriate for 
 spa treatment. 
 
 Carlsbad. Of all the spas of Europe, Carlsbad 
 may be regarded as perhaps the most important, 
 if we have regard only to the activity of its mineral 
 springs, and the gravity and seriousness of many 
 of the maladies for which they are prescribed. 
 
 It is one of the oldest as well as one of the 
 most frequented of German spas, and a vast con- 
 course of invalids from every part of the world resort 
 to it yearly. 
 
 Situated in the north-western corner of Bohemia, 
 a few miles from the town of Eger, it is rather a 
 long journey from this country, but this is now 
 made easy by the luxurious express trains en route 
 to Vienna via Nuremberg. 
 
 Carlsbad is situated in the valley of the Tepl, 
 at an elevation of 1,200 feet above the sea. In 
 hot seasons the air in this narrow valley gets close 
 and oppressive. It is therefore desirable to procure 
 lodgings on the hill, in what is called the English 
 
134 MINERAL SPRINGS, [PART i. 
 
 quarter, on the Schlossberg, an eminence situated 
 just above the Schlossbrunnen. 
 
 There is no table d'hote at the hotels or lodging- 
 houses, and the meals are usually taken at the 
 restaurants, which are many and good. The food 
 at all these is subject to medical regulations and 
 supervision, and this is considered a not unimportant 
 part of the cure. The dinner-hour is from twelve 
 to three, the supper-hour from seven to eight. 
 Living is rather expensive there during the height 
 of the season. As at most other resorts of the 
 kind, there is a free concert every evening at the 
 Kurhaus, a daily theatrical performance, and a dance 
 once a week. The town of Carlsbad is to a great 
 extent built on the crust of a vast common reservoir 
 of hot mineral water, the Sprudel-Kessel. It 
 stands on the lid of the kettle. The steam of this 
 subterranean cauldron escapes through artificial 
 apertures made in the rock, to prevent the 
 natural boiler from bursting ; and, notwithstanding 
 these artificial vents, the water has been known to 
 force new passages for itself. It is recorded as 
 a curious fact that at the time of the Lisbon earth- 
 quake of 1755 the Sprudel ceased to flow for three 
 days ! 
 
 The narrow valley in which these springs are 
 found is surrounded by pine-clad slopes, through 
 which there are paths in all directions ; and besides 
 these agreeable shady promenades in the vicinity 
 of the springs, there are many pleasant excursions, 
 of various distances, into the surrounding country. 
 
 The springs at Carlsbad, nineteen or more in 
 number, all contain the same constituents, and 
 differ only in their temperature, which ranges from 
 48 to 162-5 F. 
 
 The well-known Sprudelbrunnen, situated on 
 the right bank of the river, is the hottest ; it rises 
 to a height of about three feet from the ground, 
 and every few minutes will suddenly leap to a 
 height of twenty to twenty-five feet. The Sprudel, 
 
SECT. B.] CARLSBAD. 135 
 
 with some adjacent springs, is enclosed in a 
 " colonnade " ; and the Muhlbrunnen Promenade 
 encloses that and several other springs. The remain- 
 ing springs are in various parts of the town. 
 
 Of the bathing establishments at Carlsbad the 
 first place must be given to the magnificent and 
 monumental Kaiserbad, one of the most perfectly 
 organised and equipped in Europe. 
 
 It provides all the most modern balneological 
 appliances douches and baths of all kinds, hot 
 air and vapour baths, Franzensbad Moor or mud 
 baths, pine-needle baths, electric baths, massage of 
 all kinds, and a Zander institute for Swedish 
 gymnastics, etc. Older bathing establishments are 
 the Kurhaus, the Neubad, and the Sprudelbad. 
 
 The band plays at the Sprudel and the Muhl- 
 brunnen from 6 to 8 a.m., and drinking begins at 
 a very early hour. In the height of the season 
 the crowd of patients at the latter spring is so great 
 that they have to wait their turn en queue for a 
 quarter of an hour at a time. To avoid this in- 
 convenience, it is better to begin drinking a little 
 later than the crowd, say 7.30 or 8 o'clock, and 
 breakfast a little later. 
 
 We have said that the composition of all the 
 springs is very nearly identical, and the selection 
 of the spring suitable to particular cases is deter- 
 mined by its temperature and the amount of free 
 carbonic acid it contains. The Sprudel, being the 
 hottest (162-5 F.), contains the least carbonic 
 acid. The two chief constituents of the Carlsbad 
 springs are the aperient sodium, sulphate (2*4 
 grammes per litre) and the alkaline sodium bicar- 
 bonate (i'2), and the next in importance is sodium 
 chloride (ro). 
 
 The springs in chief repute at Carlsbad are the 
 Sprudel, the Marktbrunnen (104 F.), the Muhl- 
 brunnen (124-5 F.), and the Schlossbrunnen 
 (127 F.). 
 
 The Carlsbad cure is indicated in many serious 
 
136 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 maladies, and great benefit often results from passing 
 one or more seasons there. It is especially advan- 
 tageous in diseases caused by defective oxidation 
 and an insufficient elimination of effete matters. 
 
 It is particularly useful in certain derangements 
 to which gouty persons and free livers are prone ; 
 in cases of " abdominal plethora," that is, of passive 
 engorgement of the liver and of the intestinal 
 vessels, with a consequent tendency to chronic 
 gastric and intestinal catarrh, with or without 
 diarrhoea. Such persons often suffer from a severe 
 form of dyspepsia, with much stomach pain and 
 flatulency, occasional vomiting in the morning, and 
 obstinate constipation, with a disposition to haemor- 
 rhoids ; or there may be a tendency to frequent 
 incomplete action of the bowels. Such cases derive 
 much benefit from a carefully directed course of 
 the Carlsbad waters. If there should be chronic 
 intestinal catarrh (diarrhoea) it is usual to begin with 
 quite small doses of the water, three ounces, or even 
 less. 
 
 The Carlsbad cure is specially adapted to cases 
 of jaundice, either catarrhal or dependent on the 
 presence of gallstones ; also to cases where there is a 
 tendency to the formation and passage of gallstones, 
 or biliary sand, or to the formation of thick, 
 inspissated bile, although there may be no notable 
 jaundice. 
 
 The Carlsbad course greatly diminishes the fre- 
 quency and violence of attacks of biliary colic, even 
 if it does not altogether arrest them. Gallstones are 
 often passed during the course of treatment there, 
 and it seems reasonable to believe that one of the 
 effects of drinking the hot alkaline water is to 
 stimulate a healthier secretion and promote the out- 
 flow of a thinner bile from the bile ducts. Enlarge- 
 ments of the liver, due to passive engorgement, 
 from over-feeding and insufficient exercise, a con- 
 dition frequently associated with haemorrhoids, are 
 suitably treated there. 
 
SECT. B.] CARLSBAD. 137 
 
 Enlargements of the liver and spleen, induced by 
 exposure to malaria in hot climates, and associated 
 with constipation, find relief at Carlsbad. In short, 
 the Carlsbad waters are indicated in all functional 
 hepatic disorders and even in the early stages of 
 alcoholic cirrhosis they may be found most useful. 
 
 Cases .of gravel (uric acid deposits) and renal 
 calculi, if connected with hepatic congestion and 
 constipation and accompanied with catarrhal con- 
 ditions of the bladder, are benefited by treatment 
 there, but cases of uric acid deposit and renal calculi 
 pure and simple, without any hepatic disorder and 
 in feeble persons, are better suited to Vichy or 
 Contrexeville. 
 
 No doubt the general gouty condition itself, 
 apart from the particular modes in which it may 
 express itself, is in most instances ameliorated by 
 the Carlsbad course ; this is strikingly seen in the 
 case of the periodical headaches often associated 
 with the gouty constitution. 
 
 The Carlsbad waters are great and powerful 
 purifiers of the body, great eliminators. If bathing 
 be associated with the internal consumption of the 
 waters we submit the organism to a threefold purify- 
 ing influence, for while the hot mineral baths stimu- 
 late the excretory functions of the skin, the internal 
 use of the waters greatly promotes the discharge of 
 effete substances through the evacuations of the 
 intestinal canal and the kidneys ; in this manner 
 the blood and the tissues of the body become 
 cleansed of retained effete and excrementitious sub- 
 stances. 
 
 Carlsbad, on account of this effect of its waters, 
 enjoys the reputation of reducing corpulence, and 
 it does, no doubt, lead to a moderate diminution of 
 fat ; but unless a very strict diet be followed, after 
 as well as during the course, the fat readily 
 returns. 
 
 Carlsbad has a special reputation for the treat- 
 ment of diabetes, and there is no doubt whatever that 
 
138 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART T, 
 
 it leads to a very great improvement in many cases, 
 and to a temporary or permanent cure in others. It is 
 in the gouty or fat diabetics that it is of such special 
 service. It is of little or no value in the grave form 
 as it occurs in young subjects. 
 
 The quantity of water necessary to be drunk 
 will naturally vary with the nature of the malady 
 and the constitution of the patient. Very large 
 quantities of water such as were at one time taken 
 are no longer prescribed. From two to six glasses 
 a day are sufficient for all but quite exceptional cases ; 
 and any excessive aperient action of the waters 
 should at once be taken as an indication for lowering 
 the dose or suspending the course for a day or two. 
 In some instances the water has no aperient effect, 
 and it is a common practice to add some of the 
 Sprudel salt to the water of the spring to give it a 
 laxative action. It has also been observed that the 
 hotter springs are less laxative than the cooler ones, 
 and it has been suggested that for laxative purposes 
 the waters of the Sprudel should be obtained the 
 evening before and drunk cold in the morning. 
 
 As much exercise as possible in the open air is 
 usually prescribed by the Carlsbad doctors, and this, 
 together with the strict regulation of the diet there, 
 contributes considerably to the good results usually 
 obtained, but the prescription of much physical 
 exercise must not be too universally given, as there 
 are not a few patients for whom the Carlsbad course 
 may be fitly ordered who need complete physical 
 rest, and with whom the success of the cure would be 
 seriously compromised by indiscreet efforts at physical 
 exercise. 
 
 The springs at Carlsbad may be resorted to at 
 any period of the year ; the season, however, may 
 be regarded as extending from April to October. 
 Diabetic patients who might with advantage take 
 the waters twice a year are advised to visit Carlsbad 
 in April or May, and again in October. It is suggested 
 that the more robust and vigorous patients should 
 
SECT. B.] CARLSBAD. 139 
 
 come in the cooler months of April, May, September, 
 and October, and the feebler sort in June, July, and 
 August. 
 
 The length of the course varies from three to six 
 weeks, according to the nature of the disease, the age 
 and strength of the patient, and the observed effect 
 of the waters. 
 
 Much discredit is occasionally brought upon 
 the Carlsbad course by sending patients there 
 who are the subjects of undiagnosed malignant 
 gastric, hepatic, or abdominal disease, or persons in 
 very feeble, broken-down condition ; when such 
 patients succumb, as they are very likely to do, 
 either at Carlsbad or soon after leaving it, the course 
 there is given the credit of killing them ! 
 
 It is considered important that those who intend 
 submitting themselves to the Carlsbad cure should 
 adopt a careful and rational diet some time before, as 
 well as after the course. It is also suggested that a 
 few bottles of Carlsbad water or a few doses of 
 the Carlsbad salts should be taken, at home, for a 
 week or ten days before setting out for the spa ; 
 and rest, mental and physical, is recommended 
 during that period. 
 
 Although it is a rule at Carlsbad to drink the 
 waters early in the morning, before breakfast, and 
 only then, it is quite permissible and even advisable 
 for persons who cannot digest the waters well on an 
 empty stomach, to take a cup of tea, or coffee, or 
 thin cocoa, or beef-tea half an hour before they 
 commence drinking the waters. The warmer the 
 spring the more slowly should it be drunk or sipped, 
 and an interval of a quarter to half an hour should be 
 allowed between each glass. After the last glass of 
 water an hour's walk before breakfast is recom- 
 mended ; only, of course, when the patient is strong 
 enough to take such exercise with advantage. 
 
 In those exceptional cases which require unusually 
 large doses of the water, it is best to drink them at 
 separate times of the day, at midday and from 4 to 
 
HO MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 6 p.m., as well as in the early morning. A glass may 
 also be taken cold at bedtime. 
 
 Patients should clothe themselves warmly for 
 the early dose of water, so that the action of the 
 skin, which the warm drink promotes, may not be 
 checked. The baths are best taken in the forenoon, 
 about an hour and a-half or two hours after break- 
 fast. Repose before and after the bath is desirable. 
 
 In many cases it is a decided advantage to take 
 the course for two or three consecutive seasons. 
 
 The diet at Carlsbad is adapted by the physicians 
 to each case ; the following may be taken as an 
 average one : 
 
 Breakfast : Coffee, tea, or weak cocoa, and two 
 or three small milk or water rolls, not more, to which 
 may be added one or two soft-boiled eggs if required. 
 
 It is usual to call at the baker's for one's rolls, 
 which are very well made, and take them in a little 
 bag into the adjacent woods, where restaurants are 
 placed at convenient distances. 
 
 Dinner : Soup, one or two light dishes of meat, 
 or fish, or poultry, or game, fresh vegetables in small 
 quantity, mashed potatoes or stewed fruit. Only 
 the lightest kind of puddings, in small quantities, are 
 allowable. One glass of claret, or one glass of 
 Pilsener beer. 
 
 It is usual at Carlsbad to drink freely of a very 
 excellent cold gaseous spring in the neighbourhood, 
 which is bottled for table use and for exportation, 
 the Giesshubler-Sauerbrunn. 
 
 A cup of coffee, with or without a small roll, is 
 allowed in the afternoon. 
 
 Supper : Soup, or two soft-boiled eggs, or a small 
 quantity of freshly roasted meat. 
 
 There is,, of course, a special diet for diabetics. 
 
 It is by no means unimportant that the patient 
 should, after the Carlsbad cure, continue more or less 
 closely, for a few weeks, the regime which he has 
 followed there, and it is often highly advantageous 
 and in some cases really necessary to pass two or 
 
SECT. B.] CAUTERETSi 141 
 
 three weeks at some sub-alpine health resort in 
 Switzerland or the Tyrol, or the Black Forest, where 
 a quiet out-of-door life in pure air can be enjoyed. 
 
 Cauterets (Hautes Pyrenees), with its numerous 
 thermal sulphur springs, is one of the most popular 
 of Pyrenean spas when regarded from a purely 
 medical point of view. It is not a resort of fashion 
 and pleasure like Luchon, but most of the visitors 
 to Cauterets come with a serious purpose. There 
 is a business-like look about everybody at Cauterets. 
 The patients look graver than usual, and more bent 
 than usual on carrying out with business-like accuracy 
 the details of the cure. " Nos eaux sont des eaux 
 serieuses," is the grave utterance of all the doctors 
 and other people interested in and engaged at 
 Cauterets. The atmosphere, too, seems a little 
 heavy and business-like, and lacks that light and 
 exhilarating tone observable at Luchon. 
 
 Cauterets is reached by an electric railway, 
 which continues the regular line from its terminus 
 at Pierrefitte. From Pierrefitte to Cauterets is a 
 distance of about seven miles. The road ascends 
 nearly the whole of the way, through a picturesque 
 valley, dominated by lofty peaks, rugged and wild 
 in parts. As we approach Cauterets the valley 
 widens, and finally discloses the town situated at 
 the bottom of a narrow basin, surrounded nearly 
 on all sides by lofty summits frowning down from 
 immense heights on the small town which lies 
 crouched between their bases. Several mountain 
 valleys open into this basin, and invite to wild and 
 picturesque excursions into the very heart of the 
 Pyrenees ; none of them are carriage roads except 
 that leading to Pierrefitte. 
 
 One of the most celebrated of these excursions 
 is to the Pont d'Espagne and the Lac de Gaube, 
 a three hours' walk from Cauterets. Cauterets is 
 thus quite in the mountains, its elevation being a 
 little over 3,000 feet ; its climate, however, is 
 
142 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART I. 
 
 scarcely so bracing as might be expected in a place 
 of this elevation. It is so much shut in on all sides 
 by high mountains that it is capable of becoming 
 very hot and close in certain conditions of the 
 atmosphere. The mornings and evenings are, how- 
 ever, fresh and pleasant, especially before the end 
 of June and after August. The basin of Cauterets 
 is very prone, like other places of this medium 
 elevation, to become somewhat suddenly filled with 
 clouds, which may linger long, and give rather a 
 dull and sad aspect to the little town. The climate 
 is also rainy, and subject to sudden changes of 
 temperature. 
 
 The reputation of Cauterets as a health resort is 
 very ancient. M. Taine tells us that Julius Caesar is 
 said to have been restored to health by the spring 
 named after him " Cesar," and Abarca, king of 
 Aragon, by the spring on that account named " du 
 Roi." It was here that Marguerite de Navarre, 
 sister of Franc, ois I., a distinguished example of the 
 race of " superior women," wrote the chief part of 
 the Heptameron. She came here with "her court, 
 her poets, her musicians," interested in all subjects, 
 reading Greek, learning Hebrew, and delighting in 
 theological discussion ; at the same time tender 
 and simple : " Une imagination mesuree, un cceur de 
 femme devoue et inepuisable en devouments, beau- 
 coup de naturel, de clarte, d'aisance, 1'art de conter 
 et de sourire, la malice agreable et jamais mechante." 
 Such is the attractive picture M. Taine gives of 
 Marguerite de Navarre at Cauterets. 
 
 The waters of Cauterets are sulphur waters, like 
 those of Luchon, but they are considered to be 
 milder in their action and more sedative. They are 
 efficacious, like those of Luchon, in diseases of the 
 skin, in scrofulous affections, in chronic throat ail- 
 ments, and especially in chronic diseases of the 
 respiratory organs. The testimony of the leading 
 physicians there is so strong in favour of the great 
 amelioration that certain cases of consumption 
 
SECT. B.] CAUTERETS. 143 
 
 undergo at Cauterets that it must, we think, take 
 rank amongst the health resorts to which persons 
 who are afflicted with chronic torpid forms of con- 
 sumption may be sent. 
 
 There are a great number of mineral springs at 
 Cauterets, and several bath establishments, some of 
 which, notably the Cesar, are most elaborately fitted 
 with every appliance that modern science has 
 suggested in the use of mineral springs douches of 
 all kinds, inhalation and pulverisation chambers, 
 besides baths of every description. 
 
 The temperature of the stronger springs varies 
 from 96 to 136 F., and their characteristic in- 
 gredient is sodium sulphide 0*02 per litre in the 
 strongest. The hottest 'springs are used chiefly 
 for the baths, and for inhalation and pulverisation 
 chambers. 
 
 The source, however, which is especially valued 
 for internal administration is La Railliere. It is 
 really curious to encounter the long procession of 
 drinkers coming away from the Railliere spring, 
 which is situated at some little distance from the 
 town ; each, young and old, sucking a stick of " sucre 
 d'orge a 1'eau de Cauterets." It is said that ten 
 thousand sticks of barley sugar are sold each day 
 during the season ! It is impossible to explain satis- 
 factorily how the small quantity (sometimes only 
 four or five tablespoonfuls twice a day) of this some- 
 what feebly mineralised sulphur spring can produce 
 the remarkable curative effects that are claimed for 
 it. But there seems no doubt that many chronic 
 catarrhal conditions are greatly benefited or cured 
 there. 
 
 Gargling with the Railliere or other springs is 
 much practised at Cauterets, and its chief speciality 
 is undoubtedly the treatment of chronic nasal, 
 pharyngeal, laryngeal, and bronchial catarrhs. The 
 Source Manhourat, close to the Railliere, only con- 
 tains one-half the amount of sodium sulphide 
 contained in the latter. It is only used for drinking, 
 
144 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART I. 
 
 and is regarded as being of special value in some 
 forms of dyspepsia and uric acid deposits. 
 
 The St. Sauveur spring is one of the feebler group, 
 which are prone to undergo what is termed " de- 
 generation " because of the tendency to oxidation of 
 the sulphur in them and the formation of sulphites 
 and hyposulphites. This spring is considered to 
 have a more sedative effect than the members of the 
 stronger group, and is therefore used in the treatment 
 of dysmenorrhceal states as well as other female 
 maladies it is said with much benefit. 
 
 Many other diseases have been enumerated as 
 suitable for treatment at Cauterets ; amongst these 
 are the common forms of rheumatism, and the 
 douche-massage as practised at Aix is applied to the 
 treatment of such cases. Myalgias, neuralgias, and 
 painful visceral affections associated with or dependent 
 upon the rheumatic diathesis are considered as suit- 
 able for treatment by these waters. We may add 
 the scrofulous and cutaneous affections usually 
 benefited by thermal sulphur baths, those at 
 Cauterets being more especially adapted to cases 
 requiring more sedative and less exciting treatment 
 than they could find at certain other sulphide of 
 sodium springs. 
 
 The season is from June ist to Oct. ist, but 
 the best time for the treatment is between June 
 1 5th and Sept. i5th. 
 
 There are all the usual amusements and resources 
 provided in a French spa. It is 876 kilometres from 
 Paris. 
 
 Challes. This important source is of com- 
 paratively recent discovery, and rises in a very 
 picturesque district at an altitude of 900 feet, about 
 three miles by steam tramway from Chambery 
 Station, and within an easy journey of Aix les Bains. 
 It is sheltered by mountains from the north and 
 north-east winds ; while the south wind comes to it 
 cooled by its passage over the glaciers of the Alps. 
 
SECT. B.] CHALLES. 145 
 
 The Challes water is an exceptionally strong cold 
 sulphur water. It is on this account largely pre- 
 scribed by the physicians at Aix as an important 
 adjunct to the treatment pursued there ; it is also 
 added to the baths there when it is thought desirable 
 to increase the amount of sulphur in them. The 
 sulphur in the Challes water calculated as sulphide of 
 sodium amounts to 0*513 grammes per litre; it also 
 has i gramme of bicarbonate of sodium, iodide 
 (0*012), bromide (0*004), an d chloride (0*155) of 
 sodium. 
 
 The amount of water yielded by the spring is 
 limited to 4,000 to 5,000 litres a day, so that its 
 bathing establishment is necessarily restricted ; it is, 
 however, very well fitted up, and contains inhalation, 
 gargling, irrigation, and pulverisation chambers in addi- 
 tion to the ordinary baths and douches. Treatment 
 by pulverisation, inhalation, irrigation, and gargling 
 of the nasal, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cavities for 
 the various forms of chronic catarrh with which 
 patients are liable to-be affected is one of the chief 
 specialities at Challes. It is also suitable for the 
 treatment of some forms of chronic bronchial catarrh. 
 
 This water is especially valuable in scrofulous 
 affections of the skin (eczema, acne, etc.) and other 
 organs ; in goitre, in chronic glandular enlargements, 
 in chronic ulcers, in scrofulous disease of bones, in 
 constitutional syphilis, and, as has been said, in 
 chronic inflammation of the nose (ozaena) and throat, 
 especially in tuberculous or scrofulous persons. The 
 treatment of chronic rheumatism is also undertaken 
 there. The water of the spring is usually diluted 
 with ordinary hot water in the preparation of the 
 baths. Very small doses of the Challes water are 
 usually given at the commencement of the cure, 
 about two or three ounces daily, which is gradually 
 increased. 
 
 For all these purposes the Challes water can be 
 taken at Aix alone or in combination with the Aix 
 treatment ; but those who prefer to reside at Challes 
 
146 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 can obtain good accommodation in the old chateau 
 there, which has been converted into a hotel. It has 
 a picturesque situation and commands a fine view of 
 the Alps of Dauphine and the surrounding country ; 
 many interesting excursions can be made from it. 
 
 The bath establishment is open from May i5th to 
 Oct. 1 5th, but the best season is from June loth to 
 Sept. 1 5th. The place is growing in importance 
 and reputation. The accommodation to be obtained 
 is good, and the prices are moderate. 
 
 Chatelguyon (Auvergne), in the Department 
 of Puy de Dome, is a small town, picturesquely 
 situated at an elevation of 1,300 feet above the 
 sea, seven hours from Paris, about four miles from 
 the railway station of Riom, which is within half 
 an hour by train of Clermont-Ferrand. It has several 
 warm mineral springs of a temperature varying from 
 82 to 95 F. Its climate is mildly tonic. 
 
 The water is rich in free carbonic acid gas, so 
 that in the baths the skin becomes covered with 
 bubbles of this gas, which have a stimulating effect 
 on the surface. These baths are said to produce 
 both a tonic and a soothing effect. 
 
 The mineralisation of these springs amounts to 
 about 8 grammes of solids to the litre. Magnesium 
 chloride (1*563) being regarded as the dominating 
 and characteristic ingredient, sodium chloride (1*633), 
 calcium bicarbonate (2*177) an d sulphate (0*49), 
 sodium bicarbonate (0*955), potassium (0*253) and 
 lithium bicarbonate (0*0194), are present, as well as 
 bicarbonate of iron (0*0685), a valuable addition. 
 It will be noted that there are between three and 
 four grammes of chlorides to the litre. It is upon 
 the presence of these chlorides that the special 
 application of the springs depends. There is but 
 little difference in the composition of the different 
 springs, but they vary in temperature. The Source 
 Gubler is the only one bottled for exportation. 
 The waters are given internally and used externally 
 
SECT. B.] CH^TELGUYON. 147 
 
 in a variety of ways ; they are employed for lavages 
 of the stomach, for intestinal irrigations, and as baths 
 and douches. The doses drunk vary greatly, accord- 
 ing to the effect it is desired to produce, but small 
 quantities are preferred by most of the bath 
 physicians from five to fifteen or sixteen ounces 
 daily, divided into three or four portions, and drunk 
 at intervals of fifteen to thirty minutes. 
 
 The baths are given of "running" water, of a 
 temperature of about 80 to 90 F., and as it pro- 
 ceeds directly from the spring, it preserves all its 
 natural qualities, and its full amount of carbonic 
 acid gas. There are very complete and convenient 
 arrangements for hot and cold douches and for 
 intestinal irrigations. Lavages d'estomac and intes- 
 tinal irrigations are specialities of Chatelguyon. 
 Massage and electrical treatment are also frequently 
 employed. 
 
 These waters are said to increase all the intestinal 
 secretions, and so act as laxatives and relieve con- 
 gestion of the portal system and the organs tribu- 
 tary to it. It is especially employed in diseases 
 of the gastro-intestinal canal and abdominal viscera, 
 atonic dyspepsia and stomach dilatation, gastric 
 catarrh, chronic constipation in anaemic and gouty 
 subjects, and in cases of portal congestion, chronic 
 appendicitis, and haemorrhoids ; in the atonic form of 
 muco-membranous enterocolitis, accompanied by con- 
 stipation ; in functional hepatic disease, torpor, con- 
 gestion, and biliary concretions ; in lithiasis when 
 the kidneys are sound, and in albuminuria, congestive 
 or dietetic, and when not dependent on organic 
 changes in the kidneys ; in certain uterine affec- 
 tions, metritis, ulcerations of the cervix, and simple 
 ovarian congestion ; in gouty glycosuria, and other 
 atonic gouty conditions, and in some forms of 
 neurasthenia. The secondary effects of malarial 
 fevers and of residence in tropical countries, such as 
 anaemias, dysenteries, hepatic congestions, etc., do 
 well there. Chatelguyon also claims to be of 
 
148 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART I, 
 
 service in certain affections of children, e.g. anaemic 
 children with faulty digestion, children of gouty 
 antecedents, with feeble circulation and tendency 
 to constipation, convalescents from acute disease, 
 and young girls at the approach of puberty. 
 
 The season is from May I5th to Oct. i5th. 
 
 There is good accommodation for visitors, and 
 there are many pleasing excursions in the neigh- 
 bourhood. There are the usual amusements casino, 
 theatre, club, etc. 
 
 Cheltenham, in the Severn valley in Gloucester- 
 shire, at an altitude of 150 feet, possesses springs 
 containing the aperient sulphates of magnesium 
 and sodium, combined with common salt. It has 
 also chalybeate waters. It is about three and a- 
 half hours from London, and is an attractive resi- 
 dential and educational centre. The Cots wold Hills 
 afford it a protection from easterly winds. It is a 
 favourite resort for those who have lived long in 
 tropical climates, and who have families to educate. 
 Being built on the level, it affords convenience for 
 walking exercise for those who wish to avoid up- 
 hill walks. 
 
 Cheltenham had a great popularity as a spa 
 a century or more ago, when Continental resorts 
 of the same kind were but little known in this 
 country, and when travelling abroad was very 
 costly and difficult. As facilities for travelling 
 became developed, and the knowledge of the re- 
 sources and attractions of foreign spas became 
 spread abroad, the popularity of Cheltenham de- 
 clined. A revival appears to be at hand, as local 
 enterprise is being directed to the provision of those 
 developments which the requirements of modern 
 balneology and hydro-mineral therapeutics seem to 
 necessitate. 
 
 Its climate appears to be fairly bracing. The 
 mean annual temperature is 47* i F. July is the 
 warmest month with a mean of 61*3, and 
 
SECT. B.] CHELTENHAM CONTREXEVILLE. 149 
 
 January is the coldest with a mean of 36*3. The 
 average number of rainy days is 189, of which 
 October has the greatest number and March the 
 smallest. The mean annual rainfall is 29*84 inches. 
 
 There are numerous wells at Cheltenham utilised 
 for drinking. 
 
 The magnesia-saline wells (Chadnor Villa Well 
 and the Cottage Well) contain the aperient mag- 
 nesium sulphate (about 175 grammes per litre) 
 and sodium sulphate (in rather less amount), and 
 sodium chloride (0*4406 per litre). The other chief 
 constituents are sulphate and carbonate of lime. 
 There are also small amounts of potassium sulphate 
 and sodium silicate, and minute quantities of other 
 constituents. The soda-saline waters (the three 
 Pittville springs) contain a small amount of sodium 
 bicarbonate, a considerable amount of sodium 
 chloride (up to 7*0 grammes per litre), and sodium 
 sulphate (up to 2*2 grammes per litre), but no 
 magnesium sulphate. 
 
 The chalybeate spring (Cambray iron water), 
 according to an old analysis, contains about 0*1 
 carbonate of iron per litre. 
 
 The chief specialisation in the therapeutic uses 
 of these springs is suggested to be their applica- 
 bility to the treatment of the " deleterious effects 
 of residence in hot climates, and the dyspepsia and 
 renal and cutaneous affections attendant upon 
 gout " (Wilson). 
 
 Contrex^ville (Vosges). The best known of 
 the Vosges spas, Contrexeville, may be well taken as 
 the type of the class of cold earthy calcareous waters. 
 It has long enjoyed a European celebrity. Contrexe- 
 ville has been described as " in the heart of the 
 Vosges," but this is scarcely correct. The higher 
 mountains of the Vosges are at a considerable 
 distance from it. It lies on those westein slopes 
 of the chain which descend by a very gentle inclin- 
 ation towards Belfort and the plateau of Langres ; 
 
150 MINERAL SPRINGS. [ PART l - 
 
 and a branch line connecting the latter town with 
 Epinal and Nancy passes by it. It is easily acces- 
 sible from all parts, and can be reached in about 
 sixteen hours from London through Paris or Rheims. 
 
 The village and springs of Contrexeville are situ- 
 ated in a valley, or hollow, below the level of the 
 surrounding country, although at an elevation of 1,100 
 feet above the sea. The village itself is altogether 
 unattractive. 
 
 The Etablissement des Bains, with its hotel, 
 casino, and theatre, is enclosed in a small park and 
 surrounded by gardens and pleasure-grounds, prettily 
 laid out and well arranged for the purposes it has 
 to serve. The climate of the valley partakes of 
 that of the Vosges generally in being subject to 
 sudden changes of temperature, which must be 
 guarded against by suitable clothing. 
 
 There is a considerable rainfall, and a good 
 number of rainy days, and the sky is often overcast 
 and cloudy. At other times, owing to the confined 
 situation, the air is hot and relaxing. 
 
 The Pavilion is the chief spring, and it yields a 
 very great quantity of water 200,000 litres a day. 
 This is exported in enormous quantities, and its 
 virtues give to Contrexeville its great reputation. 
 There are other springs of nearly the same com- 
 position, which are used chiefly to supply the baths. 
 A water possessing such remarkable virtues would 
 naturally be expected to have a remarkable compo- 
 sition, but it is not so. Its chief characteristic is 
 that it contains a great amount of lime, a property 
 common to all "hard" waters ! In 1,000 parts (a 
 litre) of the Pavilion spring there are two and a-hali 
 parts of solid constituents, and of these, speaking 
 roughly, no less than one and a-half consists of sulphate 
 of lime, and one-half part of carbonate of lime. 
 The remaining half is composed of minute quantities 
 of sulphate of sodium, sulphate and carbonate of mag- 
 nesium, and very minute quantities of carbonate of 
 iron, carbonate of lithium, and chlorides of potassium 
 
SECT. B.] CONTREXEVILLE. 151 
 
 and sodium. A French description of this water 
 terms it " eau froide, sulfatee et bicarbonatee calcique, 
 magnesienne, ferrugineuse, lithinee et silicatee " ! 
 
 As so much, nowadays, is made of the curative 
 influence due to the presence of lithium in a mineral 
 spring, it is as well to realise clearly that in a quart 
 of the Pavilion spring there is but one-seventeenth 
 of a grain of bicarbonate of lithium ! 
 
 The first thing that strikes one at Contrexeville, 
 as compared with other spas, is the size of the 
 glasses. Instead of holding about six ounces as 
 elsewhere, they contain twelve ounces. And 
 very large quantities of this water are ordered 
 to be drunk : in many cases ten, twelve, and up to 
 twenty glasses in the day, while over-zealous 
 patients have been known, on their own respon- 
 sibility, to take thirty glasses, i.e. ten quarts daily! 
 
 The water is clear, still, almost tasteless, of a 
 temperature of 52 F., and neutral to test paper. 
 
 There is also a spring termed the Prince, which is 
 richer in iron, another the Quai, containing more 
 magnesia, and another, the Souveraine, which contains 
 less iron and more magnesia than any of the others, 
 and which is therefore thought better adapted to the 
 treatment of constipation and liver affections. 
 
 The "cure" at Contrexeville formerly consisted 
 exclusively in drinking the waters ; now, following 
 the fashion at other watering-places, the adminis- 
 tration of baths, douches, and the application of 
 massage, usefully fill up the time that otherwise 
 would hang on the hands of the invalids still more 
 heavily than it actually does. 
 
 Close to the Etablissement there has been erected 
 a spacious promenade covered with glass, with a 
 central dome surmounting an octagonal space in 
 which is the Pavilion spring. In this promenade the 
 visitors assemble and walk up and down, or lounge 
 about on the seats, or examine the shops which line 
 one side of it, or they stroll into the little park 
 on the other side, and now and again come to the 
 
152 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 spring until they have drunk the prescribed number 
 of glasses. 
 
 The young women who dispense the water have 
 to begin their work very early in the day. At 
 4.30 a.m. the invalids begin to arrive, and they 
 continue to come in increasing numbers until 7 a.m. 
 At this hour the crowd is so great that it is only by 
 great activity and constant good temper that the 
 attendants are able to supply all the applicants. Be- 
 fore 9 a.m. the drinking ceases ; it is renewed again, 
 but on a smaller scale, between 2 and 5 p.m. From 
 one to two and sometimes three quarts are prescribed 
 daily, the dose being increased gradually. 
 
 In difficult cases as many as eighteen glasses a 
 day are occasionally prescribed. Twelve of these 
 are taken between 5 and 9 a.m., allowing an interval 
 of a quarter of an hour between the doses, four 
 more between 4 and 5 p.m., and two more 
 before going to bed. But, except in special cases, 
 some of the physicians of the spa set their faces 
 against the afternoon drinking as not to be en- 
 couraged. 
 
 The consumption of this immense quantity of 
 water has a decidedly diuretic and aperient effect. 
 
 The physicians at Contrexeville know that what- 
 ever special virtues these springs may possess, much 
 of the success that follows the treatment there 
 depends essentially on the large quantity of water 
 which is daily passed through the system. " Ce 
 nest pas pr easement un lavage," say they, but the 
 very form of the expression is three parts of an 
 admission. 
 
 The waters are also applied externally as baths 
 and douches ; a douche to the loins being specially 
 in favour. But great caution must be exercised in 
 the prescription of baths for the gouty, as they 
 are apt to provoke an acute attack. Massage is 
 frequently combined with the other treatment, 
 particularly in rheumatic cases. Pine, turpentine, 
 and sulphur baths are also given when required. 
 
SECT. B.] CONTREXEVILLE. 153 
 
 But the point of chief practical importance is, To 
 what cases are these waters applicable ? What 
 diseases do they cure or mitigate ? 
 
 More than a century ago Bayard, the physician 
 to King Stanislas of Lorraine, wrote as follows : 
 " Les eaux de Contrexeville sont souveraines dans 
 les maladies des reins, des ureters, de la vessie, etc. 
 . . . . souverainement efficace centre la pierre." 
 This judgment, more than 130 years old, still holds 
 good, and it is chiefly to the success with which 
 calculous and renal and vesical disorders are treated 
 there that Contrexeville owes its great renown. 
 There is clearly one dominant idea in the minds of 
 the physicians of Contrexeville, viz. that by far 
 the greater proportion of maladies, to the treat- 
 ment of which these waters are applicable, have 
 their origin in gout, and are due to an excess of 
 uric acid in the blood. 
 
 Briefly, gravel and renal calculous disorders are 
 the specialite- whether uric acid, oxalic, or phos- 
 phatic of Contrexeville, and all the vesical troubles 
 associated with the gouty constitution ; pyelitis 
 and pyelo-nephritis and catarrh of the urinary 
 passages when dependent on calculous and gouty 
 conditions. Nocturnal incontinence of urine in 
 children is said to be cured there. 
 
 Further, congestions of the liver, gallstones, 
 dyspepsias, and other disturbances of health, pro- 
 vided they are, in some way or other, associated 
 with the gouty state, are, it is said, cured there. 
 Diabetics, if also gouty, are benefited, but if 
 the disease is what is known as true diabetes, 
 and not dependent on gout, then it is not suitable. 
 The rheumatic should not go there, unless the 
 rheumatism is combined with gout, and then it is 
 suggested that the gout should be first treated at 
 Contrexeville, the rheumatism afterwards at Bour- 
 bonne or Plombieres ! 
 
 Finally, such skin affections as eczema, acne, 
 or psoriasis, if dependent on the presence of uric 
 
154 MINERAL SPRINGS; [PART i. 
 
 acid in excess in the system, will be benefited by 
 these waters ; otherwise not. Gouty iritis and 
 other ocular troubles of gouty origin are also 
 benefited. 
 
 The words "gout" and "uric acid" give the 
 clue to every condition that is cured at Contrexe- 
 ville ; though alleviation rather than cure would 
 in many instances be the more appropriate term. 
 The torpid, atonic forms of gout are those best 
 suited to this treatment what the French doctors 
 term " la goutte blanche." 
 
 As some doubts have often been expressed as 
 to the mode of action of these waters, it may be 
 as well to state the explanation put forth by the 
 French physicians as to their physiological action. 
 The water received into the stomach passes into 
 the intestines, and is there rapidly absorbed by 
 the mesenteric veins and passes by the portal vein 
 to the liver and augments its secretion, thus causing 
 bilious evacuations ; an excess of the water may flow 
 directly into the large intestine and cause watery 
 stools ; some of the water, not so disposed of, 
 passes into the general circulation, washes the 
 tissues, and is finally excreted by the kidneys. We 
 can thus see that the water is cholagogue, laxative, 
 and diuretic. 
 
 Patients do not feel debilitated by these purga- 
 tions because of the tonic effects of the iron and 
 certain other constituents of the water. In some 
 few cases the water fails to have any purgative 
 effect ; it is customary then to have recourse to 
 the Souveraine spring, or, if this fails, to give some 
 aperient water, such as Apenta. 
 
 The purgative effect of the Contrexeville water 
 is limited to the period before breakfast, and does 
 not interfere with the occupations of the day, and 
 the objection to drinking a portion of the water 
 in the afternoon is that it may possibly cause some 
 purging at night. 
 
 The water, then, washes out the liver and the 
 
SECT. B.] CONTREXEVILLE. 155 
 
 intestine and reduces venous engorgement. The 
 stomach is cleansed and refreshed, appetite is im- 
 proved and digestion stimulated. Hence the in- 
 crease of strength and capacity for exertion so 
 constantly observed to accompany the treatment. 
 The diuretic effect of the water may be truly 
 remarkable, and the patient is often led to imagine 
 that he passes more water than he drinks. This, 
 it is maintained, is the main object of the treatment, 
 viz. to obtain a rapid current of water passing 
 quickly through the organism, washing the blood 
 and the tissues, and in its course dissolving and 
 carrying away toxic substances and the less soluble 
 salts needing elimination. At the same time this 
 active current flowing through the urinary passages 
 tends to carry away mechanically abnormal sub- 
 stances retained in them, as sand, gravel, mucus, 
 pus, etc. At the end of the cure it is found that 
 the daily excretion of urea is increased, whilst 
 that of uric acid is diminished, from which it is 
 inferred that the cure increases nutritive activity, 
 eliminates nitrogenous waste, and promotes oxidation. 
 
 There are certain counter -indications, connected 
 with the diseases for which Contrexeville may be 
 prescribed, that it is desirable to mention. These are 
 cases of pyelitis and renal gravel with constantly 
 more than a gramme of albumin per litre in the 
 urine ; bladder cases in which there has been com- 
 plete retention, or where there is a stagnant residue 
 of more than 80 grammes of urine ; or where there is 
 a tight stricture ; or where there is a stone in the 
 bladder ; cases of gout when an acute attack is 
 threatening or has been just checked by specifics : 
 such cases should not be sent for at least a month 
 after the end of the attack ; cases of hepatic cirrhosis ; 
 cases of diabetes with nephritis or cirrhosis, or with 
 very large amounts of sugar, or in a cachectic state. 
 
 If such are the principal medical aspects of 
 Contrexeville, what are its social attractions ? The 
 life is certainly monotonous and a trifle depressing. 
 
156 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PARTI. 
 
 Each day, from 6 to 9 a.m., there is the routine 
 of water-drinking, the usual promenade and ex- 
 change of confidences as to the number of glasses 
 you have been ordered to drink, and their effects. 
 Occasionally the prescribed bath or douche, or the 
 consultation with the doctor, varies the morning's 
 employment. At 10 a.m. comes the very substantial 
 dejeuner y and it is a point that the waters be drunk 
 fasting, and that the drinking should be completed 
 an hour and a-half before breakfast. Some of the 
 patients after this long fast come to their meal 
 famishing, and eat voraciously. Some English 
 visitors prefer to postpone this heavy meal till 
 their usual luncheon hour, and take only a light 
 breakfast an hour after the drinking. The phy- 
 sicians at Contrexeville have been doing their best 
 to get the table d'hote made to conform more fitly 
 to the objects of treatment there. 
 
 Shut in as Contrexeville is in a small, narrow 
 valley, and at a considerable distance from any 
 attractive scenery, there are but few possible ex- 
 cursions, within easy reach, possessing any great 
 attraction. Such excursions as the surrounding 
 country offers are most of them too far off to be 
 consistent with due attention to the treatment, 
 which is, after all, the end and object of being there ; 
 so that few visitors go beyond Vittel or Martigny, 
 both rival spas, a few minutes' distance only by train. 
 
 Six o'clock is the dinner hour. After dinner on 
 certain days in the week there are dramatic per- 
 formances in the theatre, or concerts or other kinds 
 of diversion. A certain amount of gambling can 
 be obtained by means of baccarat or bridge in the 
 salle de jeu, and in a milder form in the park by 
 means of the highly popular jeu de petits chevau.\. 
 
 Those who have to appear at the Pavilion 
 spring at 6 a.m. naturally want to retire to rest 
 early, and by ten o'clock most of the invalid visitors 
 have withdrawn to their apartments. 
 
 The season is from May 2oth to Sept. 2oth. 
 
SECT. B.] CADEACCERESOLE-REALE. 
 
 157 
 
 Cadeac, a cold sulphur spring 
 in the Hautes Pyrenees, of some 
 strength, having 0-075 grammes 
 of sodium sulphide per litre. It 
 is in a picturesque situation at an 
 altitude of 2,360 feet, 2 kilometres 
 from Arreau. The nearest rail- 
 way station is at Lannemezan on 
 the line between Toulouse and 
 Bayonne. There are two bath 
 establishments. Chronic rheu- 
 matism and skin affections are the 
 maladies treated there. 
 
 Capvern (Hautes Pyrenees). 
 The baths, at an elevation of 
 1,360 feet, are about half an hour's 
 drive from the little town and 
 station, which is a few miles from 
 Tarbes on the line between that 
 town and Toulouse. The popu- 
 larity of this station has increased 
 rapidly of late years. There are 
 two springs and two bath estab- 
 lishments. The springs are warm 
 and have a temperature of 77 F. 
 
 In composition and uses they 
 bear a strong resemblance to the 
 Contrexeville springs. They are 
 feebly mineralised, containing 2 
 grammes of mineral constituents 
 to a litre. These consist chiefly 
 of sulphate and carbonate of lime 
 and sulphate of sodium and 
 magnesium. There is a small 
 amount of iron, and, it is said, 
 of arsenic, copper, and lithium, 
 The waters are said to powerfully 
 stimulate digestion, to increase 
 the renal, hepatic, and alvine 
 secretions, and to be of especial 
 value in gravel and catarrh of the 
 bladder, in hepatic engorgements, 
 and in gallstones, and in many 
 uterine affections, also in gout and 
 gouty diabetes. 
 
 Of the two springs the Mount 
 Caoude is the one used for drink- 
 ing and the Bouride for the baths. 
 This spring is described as ' ' very 
 unctuous," and as most soothing 
 in cases of rheumatism, neuritis, 
 and uterine affections. 
 
 Season, June 15 to Sept. 15. 
 
 Carabana, a spring rich in ape- 
 rient sulphates, in the province of 
 Madrid in Spain. Like Rubinat 
 water, it is bottled and exported. 
 
 Carratraca, a Spanish cold sul- 
 phur spring, beautifully situated 
 in the neighbourhood of Malaga. 
 The waters are feebly mineralised, 
 and are used in the treatment of 
 syphilis and skin diseases. 
 
 Casamicciola. See Ischia, p. 214. 
 
 Castellamare di Stabia, a well- 
 known resort in the Bay of Naples, 
 has cold alkaline-earthy waters, 
 containing about 5-0 grammes of 
 sodium chloride and I-Q gramme 
 of calcium bicarbonate per litre. 
 It also possesses chalybeate and 
 sulphur springs. 
 
 Cassera-Verduzan, an important 
 bath in an out-of-the-way part of 
 France, 23 kilometres from the 
 station of Auch in the Department 
 of Gers, at an altitude of 320 feet. 
 It has a warm sulphur spring 
 (calcium sulphide) and a cold iron 
 spring, and possesses a bath estab- 
 lishment for their employment 
 both externally and internally. It 
 is chiefly of local interest for cases 
 of rheumatism, atonic dyspepsia, 
 and anaemic forms of .uterine and 
 cutaneous disease. 
 
 The season is from May 15 to 
 Oct. 15. 
 
 Castiglione. See Ischia, p, 214. 
 
 Castleconnell, co. Limerick, 
 Ireland, has chalybeate springs. 
 
 Castro- Caro, province of Tos- 
 cano, Italy, an hour's drive from 
 Forli railway station, has strong 
 common salt waters, containing 
 also some bromides and iodides ; 
 there are 44-0 grammes of sodium 
 chloride per litre, 0-197 of mag- 
 nesium iodide, and 0-185 of mag- 
 nesium bromide. They are applied 
 in the cases usually treated with 
 common salt springs. 
 
 Ceresole - Reale, in Piedmont, 
 about five hours from Turin, has 
 arsenical and iron springs contain- 
 ing 0-0057 grammes of arsenate 
 
158 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART i. 
 
 of sodium, 0-17 of bicarbonate of 
 iron, and 0-003 each of bicarbonate 
 of lithium and manganese per 
 litre. It is a high mountain resort 
 5,290 feet above the sea, with 
 very beautiful surroundings, fine 
 bracing air, and good accommo- 
 dation. It lies between the Grand 
 Paradis and the Levanna Moun- 
 tains. 
 
 Charlottenbrunn, a small weak 
 gaseous chalybeate spa in Silesia, 
 on the railway line between Gorlitz 
 and Glatz. 
 
 Chateauneuf , a bath with some- 
 what primitive accommodation, 
 in an out-of-the-way part of Au- 
 vergne, twenty miles by road from 
 Riom station. It is in the midst 
 of wild and picturesque mountain 
 scenery. 
 
 There are as many as fifteen 
 mineral springs scattered over 
 this district, and varying in tem- 
 perature from 59 to 100 F. ; 
 some are highly charged with 
 carbonic acid. 
 
 Some are gaseous and cold, and 
 contain a notable amount of iron ; 
 others are weak alkaline waters, 
 while others have purgative pro- 
 perties. The reputation of this 
 bath is chiefly local, and it is 
 resorted to by two classes of 
 invalids first, the anaemic and 
 dyspeptic ; and, second, the rheu- 
 matic and gouty. 
 
 Chaudes Aigues, a small town 
 of 2,000 inhabitants, taking its 
 name from the possession of a 
 great number of hot springs, said 
 to be the hottest in France 
 (180 F.), the water of which 
 contains a small amount (0-471 
 grammes per litre) of carbonate of 
 soda. It is situated at an eleva- 
 tion of 2,110 feet in a remote and 
 out-of-the-way part of the moun- 
 tains of Cantal, a very picturesque 
 and wild country. It takes six- 
 teen hours to reach it from Paris, 
 first by rail to St. Flour, and 
 then a mountain drive of three 
 
 hours. The springs are brought 
 by canalisation into the houses, 
 and serve to warm them sufficiently 
 even in that harsh winter climate. 
 These hot springs yield more than 
 a million litres of water per diem. 
 
 There is an Etablissement des 
 Bains, with the usual provision of 
 baths, douches, inhalations, pul- 
 verisations, etc. 
 
 The maladies treated there are 
 rheumatism, swollen joints, vis- 
 ceral congestions, incomplete 
 ankyloses, paralysis, and neurotic 
 conditions. Its use is almost 
 exclusively reserved to those living 
 in the district. 
 
 Chaudefontaine, in Belgium, 
 four miles and a-half from Liege 
 on the line to Aix la Chapelle, in a 
 fine situation in the valley of the 
 Vesdre, has simple thermal waters, 
 temperature 96 F., which are 
 utilised in the same way as such 
 springs elsewhere. These waters 
 have been known for many cen- 
 turies. 
 
 Chianciano.nearMontepulciano, 
 in Central Italy, has thermal cal- 
 careous waters of a temperature 
 of 100 F., which are used chiefly 
 for baths. They contain mainly 
 calcium sulphate and carbonate. 
 There are also gaseous chalybeate 
 springs. It lies in the valley of 
 Chiana, at an altitude of 1,800 
 feet, and is half an hour's drive 
 from the station of Asciano. 
 
 Civillina, near Recoaro in Italy, 
 has strong sulphate of iron waters, 
 containing also sulphates of alu- 
 minium, manganese, calcium, and 
 copper, some arsenate of iron, 
 and a little free sulphuric acid. 
 
 Civita Vecchia, the seaport of 
 Rome, has weak hot sulphur 
 springs up to 132 F. Natural 
 vapour baths can also be obtained 
 there. 
 
 Condillac has a gaseous alkaline 
 " table water," which is largely 
 exported. The springs are situated 
 a little distance from Montelimar, 
 
SECT. B.] 
 
 DAX 
 
 between Lyons and Marseilles. 
 The water contains a small amount 
 of iron. There is a bath estab- 
 lishment at Condillac, and the 
 waters are drunk there in cases of 
 dyspepsia, arthritism, uricaemia, 
 intestinal catarrh, and anaemia. 
 
 Cours-les-Bains (Gironde) has 
 a cold spring containing carbonate 
 of lime and carbonate of iron 
 (0-030), which is described as 
 diuretic, tonic, and digestive, and 
 is used in cases of anaemia, 
 chlorosis, dyspepsia, and retarded 
 convalescence. It is situated in a 
 picturesque country, and has a 
 station (Langon) on the Midi 
 line 60 kilometres from Bor- 
 deaux. Season, May 15 to 
 Oct. 15. 
 
 Court Saint Etienne, Brabant, 
 Belgium, has an arsenical water 
 (0-0263 of arsenate of sodium per 
 litre), solely used for exportation. 
 
 Couzan, a French "table water." 
 
 Cransac, in the Department of 
 Aveyron, France, with a station 
 on the line between Rodez and 
 Capdenac, has cold earthy cal- 
 careous springs. It is situated at 
 the foot of a volcanic mountain at 
 an altitude of 980 feet. The chief 
 constituents of the water are 
 calcium sulphate (1-5) and mag- 
 nesium sulphate (1-9). It has a 
 laxative action, and is prescribed 
 in cases of dyspepsia, hepatic con- 
 gestion and constipation, and cases 
 of splenic enlargement from ma- 
 larial poisoning. The water is 
 exported. There are crevices or 
 caves hollowed out of the moun- 
 tain sides and filled with sul- 
 
 phurous vapours reaching a tem- 
 perature of 118 F., forming 
 natural vapour baths ; they are 
 used for the treatment of chronic 
 rheumatism. 
 
 The season is from June i to 
 Oct. i. 
 
 Croft Spa, Yorkshire, a cold sul- 
 phur spring with a local reputation. 
 
 Csiz, in the Rima valley, Upper 
 Hungary, has a cold common salt 
 spring containing i8'o per litre 
 of sodium chloride and small 
 amounts of magnesium bromide 
 and iodide. 
 
 Cudown, in Silesia (Prussia), has 
 well-reputed cold al/taline gas- 
 eons chalybeate springs. It is 
 situated on pine-clad mountain 
 slopes, at an altitude of 1,270 feet, 
 close to the Bohemian frontier. 
 Its nearest station is Nachod, on 
 the line running from Hallstadt 
 to Chotzen. The springs contain 
 carbonate of sodium, lithium, and 
 iron. The Eugenquelle, the 
 richest in iron, contains o'o6 bi- 
 carbonate of iron, 1-29 bicarbonate 
 of sodium, and 0-0025 arsenate of 
 iron. They are all rich in free 
 carbonic acid gas. They are 
 heated for the baths by the addi- 
 tion of hot water. Ferruginous 
 mud baths from Bohemia, and 
 vapour and electric baths are also 
 used. The diseases treated there 
 are anaemia and chlorosis ; some 
 neuropathies ; respiratory, gastric, 
 and vesical catarrh, and some 
 uterine affections. The climatic 
 influences are favourable to the 
 treatment of asthenic maladies. 
 
 Cusset. See Vichy, p. 359. 
 
 Dax, in the Departement des Landes, about mid- 
 way between Pau and Arcachon, is both a mineral 
 bath and a winter climatic resort. As a bath it has 
 two main resources first, a vegeto-mineral mud, and 
 second, highly heated natural springs. 
 
160 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 This vegeto-mineral mud is produced by the 
 circumstance that the river Adour (on the left bank 
 of which the bathing establishments are built) is 
 subject to frequent floods during the winter. Each 
 overflow leaves on the surface, from which numerous 
 hot springs arise, a thick, greasy, yellowish mud ; 
 this, with the thermal water mixing with it, forms 
 the mineral part of the mud. In this a vegetable 
 growth rapidly develops and forms a very complex 
 mud, the mineral part being composed chiefly of 
 calcium carbonate and sodium chloride. This medi- 
 cinal mud changes to a black colour, owing to the 
 mineral sulphates becoming converted into sulphides 
 in contact with organic matter. It has a faint 
 odour of sulphuretted hydrogen. Iron and copper 
 sulphides are found in the mud, and in the cinders 
 of the conferva traces of iodine and bromine. 
 
 This mud is applied, in some cases, in the form 
 of a whole bath, at a temperature varying from 95 
 to 115 F., lasting fifteen minutes. The mud is 
 then washed off by means of a bath or douche. 
 In other cases, when the lower extremities only are 
 affected, it is applied as half baths, and as local 
 applications to the hands and feet and to special 
 parts of the body. These local applications are 
 kept on from twenty minutes to an hour, and then 
 washed off by a thermal douche or bath. 
 
 In whatever manner these mud baths may pro- 
 duce their effects, which is open to discussion, it is 
 certain that they cause a great stimulation of the 
 skin, together with excitement of the nervous 
 system, capillary dilatation, and quickened cardiac 
 action with free perspiration. It is maintained that 
 nutritive changes are thus quickened, and waste 
 products eliminated, congestive conditions are 
 relieved, and the muscular system is stimulated. 
 
 The special therapeutic application of this thermal 
 mud is for the relief of the various forms of chronic 
 rheumatism, stiffened joints, joints with rheumatic 
 exudation, sciatica, and other forms of rheumatic 
 
SECT. B.j DAX. l6l 
 
 neuralgia, fibro -muscular rheumatism, rheumatoid 
 arthritis, etc., etc. 
 
 The thermal springs of Dax are very numerous 
 and yield a very large amount of water at a very 
 high temperature (up to 147 F.). They are clear, 
 tasteless, and odourless, with a slightly unctuous feel- 
 ing and an alkaline reaction. Their mineralisation is 
 feeble, about i gramme of solids to the litre ; 
 these consist mainly of sulphates of calcium, 
 sodium, and potassium, carbonates of lime and 
 magnesium, silicate of lime and traces of iron, 
 manganese, iodine, and bromine. They belong to 
 the class of " simple thermal waters." They are 
 used as baths and douches ; as natural vapour baths, 
 the vapour coming direct from the hot springs ; and 
 they are drunk. The baths are sedative or exciting 
 according to the temperature at which they are used. 
 The water when drunk acts as a diuretic and 
 stimulates renal elimination. Their diuretic effect is 
 probably purely mechanical. 
 
 The cases in which these waters prove beneficial 
 are those of neurasthenia, hysteria, " nervous rheu- 
 matism," and all cases requiring sedative treatment. 
 In other cases, and at high temperatures, they prove 
 stimulating, as in rheumatism, sciatica, chronic 
 arthritis, etc. Some forms of uterine engorgements 
 and periuterine exudations are treated at Dax. 
 
 The bathing establishments are most conveniently 
 arranged in combination with hotel accommodation, 
 and the charges are very reasonable. 
 
 They are open the whole year, but the spring 
 and autumn are the best seasons for thermal treat- 
 ment. Express trains from Paris perform the journey 
 in ten or twelve hours. 
 
 Strong salt springs, sulphur springs, and sulphur 
 and salt springs are found in the immediate neigh- 
 bourhood of Dax, and are utilised there in suitable 
 cases. 
 
 Dax has been advocated also as a climatic resort 
 in winter, especially for invalids suffering from 
 
162 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART 1. 
 
 asthma and chronic bronchial catarrh, and who re- 
 quire a soothing rather than a bracing climate. It 
 is said to have a higher temperature in winter 
 than Pau, and a milder air. Its hot springs are 
 said to raise the temperature of the air, and the 
 surrounding pine forests to protect the place some- 
 what from cold winds. 
 
 Dax was known to the Romans as "Aqua 
 Augusta" ; this became shortened into "Aqua," and 
 afterwards modified into Acq or D'Acq, and finally 
 into Dax ! 
 
 Driburg-Bad, in Westphalia, has a cold gaseous 
 earthy chalybeate spring. It lies in a valley of the 
 Teutsberg forest, at an elevation of 730 feet, in a 
 pleasant situation. It has a station on the Alten- 
 becken-Holzminden Railway, and is about twenty- 
 four hours from London. It has several chalybeate 
 springs rich in free carbonic acid gas. The strongest 
 of these is the Hauptquelle, and contains car- 
 bonate of iron, 0-07 per litre, and carbonate and 
 sulphate of lime, together 2-4 per litre, and much 
 free carbonic acid. The other springs contain the 
 same ingredients, but in smaller amount. 
 
 The stronger springs are used for drinking, the 
 weaker ones for baths. The Caspar- Heinrich- 
 quelle is adapted to the same class of cases as the 
 Wildungen waters. 
 
 Besides the gaseous iron baths, sulphur mud 
 baths, made of sulphur-containing mud in the neigh- 
 bourhood (Saatz-bad), pine-needle baths, artificial 
 brine baths, and ordinary hydropathic treatment are 
 utilised. The mineral water is warmed for baths 
 (double-bottomed) by the Schwarz method. The 
 cases suited for this spa are especially those of 
 anaemia, chlorosis, hysteria, neurasthenia, and 
 neuralgia, gastric and respiratory catarrhs, the same 
 urinary affections as are treated at Wildungen , 
 uterine affections also are specially claimed. Rheu- 
 matism and gout are included in the local list. 
 
SECT. B.] DROITWICH; 163 
 
 The season is from May ist to Oct. ist. Driburg 
 is a very quiet, tranquil resort, with pleasant walks 
 and drives, and living there is inexpensive. 
 
 Droitwich is a well-known salt bath in Worcester- 
 shire, 125 miles from London and seven miles from 
 the city of Worcester. Beds of rock salt lie under 
 the town, and as they undergo gradual solution by 
 streams of pure water flowing over them, some very 
 remarkable subsidences are observed there ; and 
 some of the buildings seem to be gradually dis- 
 appearing ! Partly on this account, the town has 
 not an attractive aspect. But there is pleasant 
 country in the neighbourhood, and the Malvern Hills 
 are not far off. 
 
 It has been suggested that these salt beds are the 
 remains of an inland sea or lagoon. Extensive salt 
 works exist in the neighbourhood. The Droitwich 
 brine, which is practically a saturated solution of 
 common salt, is pumped up from a subterranean 
 reservoir. The supply is unlimited. It contains 310 
 grammes per litre of common salt, and its specific 
 gravity, and therefore its buoyancy, is so great that 
 the body floats in it. Its other chief constituents are 
 sodium and calcium sulphate. Its specific gravity 
 has been found to be about 1,195. 
 
 The undiluted brine is quite unsuited for internal 
 use, and is only used for bathing. Sometimes, largely 
 diluted, a tablespoonful or two to a tumblerful of 
 water is given as an aperient. 
 
 Two good and well-appointed bath establish- 
 ments exist at Droitwich : the Royal Baths, which 
 are connected with an hotel by a glazed corridor, so 
 as to allow of patients residing in the hotel passing 
 to their bath without going into the open air ; and 
 the St. Andrew's Baths, a modern building, also 
 connected by a subway with adjacent hotels. 
 
 So great is the buoyancy of the brine that in 
 some of the baths a wooden bar is fixed across the 
 bath, at a suitable height, in order to keep the body 
 
164 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 submerged. The bath, at a temperature of 98 to 
 101 F., usually lasts about twenty minutes. The 
 brine has to be diluted with about an equal quantity 
 of hot water for the baths. Any attempt to heat 
 the undiluted brine leads, on account of its con- 
 centration, to the deposit of salt, owing to the 
 evaporation that takes place. 
 
 There are warm swimming baths for both sexes, 
 which are much resorted to and appreciated. The 
 water is of a temperature of 85 88 F., and is 
 heated by jets of steam from an iron pipe beneath 
 the surface. 
 
 The St. Andrew's Baths are provided with 
 douches and vapour and needle baths, which are 
 given with diluted brine. Brine compresses are 
 often applied to diseased painful joints with benefit. 
 Electrical appliances are also made use of. The 
 brine is often washed off with a spray of fresh water 
 after immersion. The patient, wrapped in hot 
 towels, is ordered to rest quietly for some minutes 
 on coming out of the bath. 
 
 The course of treatment at Droitwich is "found 
 to be especially useful in muscular rheumatism and 
 in sciatica. Cases of chronic gout are also often 
 greatly benefited, but acute attacks are said to be 
 occasionally provpked. In osteo-arthritis the results 
 of treatment are uncertain. The joint stiffness 
 following attacks of acute rheumatism is greatly 
 benefited by the employment of douches and vapour 
 as well as immersion baths. 
 
 Gonorrhceal arthritis, peripheral neuritic palsies, 
 chorea, certain cases of tabes, and chronic congestive 
 and inflammatory affections of the uterus are men- 
 tioned by local authorities as benefited by treatment 
 at Droitwitch. The baths are said to have a tonic 
 effect in certain forms of debility and retarded con- 
 valescence from acute disease. Traumatic cases are 
 also benefited. 
 
 The baths are open all the year round, but the 
 summer months are most suitable for treatment there. 
 
SECT. B.] 
 
 DIGNED URRENBERG. 
 
 165 
 
 The Droitwich brine is conveyed to Malvern, and 
 baths can be obtained there. 
 
 The Nauheim treatment of cardiac affections 
 has been instituted at Droitwich. 
 
 Digne, Basses Alpes, France, has 
 thermal sulphur and common salt 
 waters. It is situated at an alti- 
 tude of 1,960 feet. 
 
 Dinkholder - Brunnen, on the 
 Rhine, near Braubach, has a 
 chalybeate spring. 
 
 Dinsdale-on-Tees, not far from 
 Darlington, Durham, has a cold 
 sulphur spring. 
 
 Dirsdorp, a Silesian bath in the 
 Lohe valley, at an altitude "of 780 
 feet, has a chalybeate and a sul- 
 phur spring. The former contains 
 carbonate of iron and carbonate 
 of lime and free carbonic acid and 
 nitrogen gas; the sulphur spring 
 contains in addition sulphuretted 
 hydrogen. 
 
 The waters are used for baths 
 and drinking in cases of chronic 
 rheumatism, gout, and anaemia. 
 
 The season is from May 20 to 
 Sept. 15. 
 
 The nearest railway station is 
 Gnadenfrei on the Breslau-Kober- 
 witz-Gnadenfrei Railway. 
 
 Ditzenbach, in Wiirtemberg 
 the branch road, Geislingen- 
 Ditzenbach - Wilsensteig, is in 
 course of construction lies in a 
 picturesquely wooded valley at an 
 altitude of about 1,600 feet above 
 the sea, and has an acidulous 
 (free carbonic acid) and carbonate 
 of lime spring. As a health resort 
 for drinking and bathing this 
 place has only been acquired since 
 May , 1900. It has two small public 
 bath-houses. The water is ex- 
 ported. 
 
 Doberan, a small town in the 
 Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg- 
 Schwerin, with a station on the 
 Rostock- Wismar Railway. It is 
 
 connected by a steam-tram with 
 the Baltic Sea resort Heligen- 
 damm. It has a chalybeate well 
 containing protocarbonate of iron 
 and carbonate of calcium. For 
 drinking and bathing some car 
 bonic acid is generally added to it 
 artificially. Mud baths, artificial 
 brine baths, pine-needle baths, 
 hydropathy, gymnastics, and mas- 
 sage are all employed as ac- 
 cessory remedies. The cases 
 considered suitable for treatment 
 are those of gout, rheumatism, 
 neuralgia, paralysis, anaemia, and 
 chlorosis. 
 
 Season, from beginning of May 
 to October. 
 
 Diirkheim, with common salt 
 waters, is situated at the entrance 
 of the Isenach valley, at an alti- 
 tude of 380 feet, at the foot of the 
 Hardt Mountains. Its railway 
 station is Monsheim-Neustadt. 
 
 Its saline wells contain from 
 7-5 to 20-0 grammes of sodium 
 chloride per litre ; they also con- 
 tain lime, and it is said a little 
 lithium. They are used for drink- 
 ing, but chiefly for baths and in- 
 halations and gargling, and they 
 are often increased in strength by 
 the addition of mother-lye. The 
 grape cure is also carried out 
 there as an accessory remedy. 
 The diseases treated are scrofula, 
 rickets, skin diseases, rheumatism, 
 gout, and female complaints. 
 
 The season is from May 15 to 
 Oct. 15. The grape cure after 
 Sept. 15. 
 
 Dtlrrenberg, a common salt 
 bath, in the province of Saxony, 
 with a station on the Leipzig-Kor- 
 beitha line. The salt water is 
 
i66 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART i. 
 
 diluted with hot river water for 
 baths. Artificial carbonic acid 
 baths and -river wave baths with 
 salt water douches are also given. 
 The maladies treated are those 
 for which salt baths are usually 
 recommended. 
 
 The season is from May i to 
 Sept. 30. 
 
 Durrheim, a common salt bath 
 and village in the Grand Duchy 
 of Baden in the valley of the Baar, 
 at an elevation of 2,300 feet. Its 
 railway station is at Marbach, on 
 
 the Baden Black Forest line. It 
 has a saturated brine artificially 
 produced by washings of a rock- 
 salt stratum, and which is brought 
 to the surface by pumps. It is 
 warmed and diluted for drinking, 
 and hot fresh water is added when 
 it is used for baths and douches. 
 It is also used for inhalation. 
 Mud baths are given. These 
 means are applied to the same 
 class of cases as are usually sent 
 to salt baths, and which have been 
 repeatedly mentioned. 
 
 Eaux Bonnes (Basses Pyrenees), a well- 
 known thermal sulphur, spa frequented chiefly by 
 persons suffering from affections of the throat and 
 respiratory organs. " Chaque siecle," says M. Taine, 
 " la medecine fait un progres. Par exemple, au temps 
 de Frangois I. les Eaux Bonnes guerissaient les 
 blessures : elles s'appellaient eaux d' arquebusades ; 
 on y envoya lessoldats blesseesa Pavie. Aujourd'hui 
 elles guerissent les maladies de gorge et de poitrine. 
 Dans cent ans elles gueriront, peut-etre, autre chose. 
 Les medicaments out les modes comme les chapeaux. 
 Un medecin celebre disait un jour a ses eleves : ' Em- 
 ployez vite ce remede pendant qu'il guerit encore ! ' ' 
 
 Eaux Bonnes is twenty-six miles to the south of 
 Pau and three miles from the railway terminus of 
 Laruns, sixteen hours by express from Paris. The 
 omnibus takes three-quarters of an hour to drive from 
 Laruns to Eaux Bonnes. As one enters the Vallee 
 d'Ossau, about halfway between Pau and Eaux Bonnes, 
 in the distance high above the other mountains one 
 sees the Pic du Midi d'Ossau, easily recognised by 
 its curious summit of two unequal peaks. The 
 village of Eaux Bonnes, about 2,400 feet above the 
 sea, is situated in a somewhat narrow gorge, stretch- 
 ing between the steep mountains which here bound 
 on each side the Vallee d'Ossau. The chief part of 
 the village consists of three rows of uniformly built 
 
SECT. B.] EAUX BONNES. 167 
 
 houses and hotels, forming three sides of a quad- 
 rangle, and enclosing a space planted with trees, and 
 called the Jardin Darralde, where the band plays, 
 and where the visitors walk, or sit and talk, or read, 
 or work, as they may be disposed. Beyond and 
 above the Jardin Darralde is the Etablissement 
 Thermal, and to the right, built in a conspicuous 
 position on a terrace, is the handsome new church. 
 Here also commences the remarkable and interesting 
 carriage road, constructed through the mountains, 
 which leads from Eaux Bonnes to Argeles. 
 
 A characteristic of Eaux Bonnes is the possession 
 of a very fine promenade, which is called the 
 Promenade Horizontale ; it begins at the casino and 
 is continued along the side of the mountain out of 
 which it is cut, always on the same level, parallel to, 
 but at a considerable elevation above, the road 
 leading from Eaux Bonnes to Eaux Chaudes. It 
 is planted with trees, under the shade of which 
 many seats are placed commanding beautiful views 
 of the Vallee d'Ossau. 
 
 Eaux Bonnes, with its excellent hotel accom- 
 modation, its pleasing site, and the numerous in- 
 teresting excursions into the mountains which it 
 commands, attracts every year a considerable num- 
 ber of the Parisian upper classes, who find a 
 comparatively calm and unexciting and refreshing 
 retreat there from the gay life of Paris. Its climate, 
 too, is especially soothing ; there is exceedingly little 
 wind or dust there, and it is said that the air is 
 often so still that one may pass days without seeing 
 a leaf stir on the trees. It is, however, subject, like 
 most other mountain stations, to thunderstorms and 
 heavy rains. 
 
 Eaux Bonnes has three springs : one is cold, La 
 Source Froide, another has a temperature of 72 F., 
 La Source d'Orteig this is merely tepid and the 
 third, the chief source, is known as La Source 
 Vieille ; this has a temperature of 90*5 F. and is 
 the spring to which the place owes its reputation. 
 
1 68 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 It has only 0-6 per litre of solid constituents, of 
 which o'O2 is sodium sulphide, about 0*3 sodium 
 chloride, 0*007 sodium iodide, with a small amount 
 of calcium and other sulphides. It also contains 
 certain gases, especially sulphuretted hydrogen and 
 nitrogen. Its chemical composition has a certain 
 stability and it does not turn milky on exposure to 
 the air as do certain other of the sulphur waters of 
 the Pyrenees. It is also rich in organic matter, 
 glairine or baregine. 
 
 The quantity of water yielded by the springs at 
 Eaux Bonnes is limited, so that it has never been 
 the custom to use them, to any extent, as baths ; 
 the Grand Etablissement, however, contains a certain 
 number of baths, as well as two rooms devoted to 
 foot-baths, a chamber for gargling, another for throat 
 douches and for pulverisation. There is also a 
 smaller Etablissement d'Orteig, and a third, Le 
 Chalet de la Source Froide. 
 
 It is to the use of La Source Vieille that the good 
 results obtained in so many cases of throat and chest 
 disease are attributed. 
 
 It is maintained by the medical authorities at 
 Eaux Bonnes that these waters have " une veritable 
 afflnite elective" for affections of the respiratory 
 organs ; that when the water is drunk, sulphuretted 
 hydrogen is exhaled through the lungs. 
 
 It is, then, for the cure of chronic affections of 
 the nose, throat and chest chronic granular pharyn- 
 gitis, naso-pharyngeal catarrhs, and chronic laryngitis 
 that these waters are especially renowned, as well 
 as for the cure of chronic bronchial catarrhs. It is 
 also claimed for them and this claim was advanced 
 by that great physician Trousseau that they are of 
 unmistakable efficacy in certain cases of consumption ; 
 and this opinion is still maintained by those who 
 have had many years of experience in treating 
 such cases at Eaux Bonnes. It is, however, in the 
 strictly local and limited manifestations of this 
 malady, and not in those cases in which there is. 
 
SECT. B.J EAUX BONNES. 169 
 
 obvious general constitutional infection, or in which 
 the disease is rapidly advancing, that it is suggested 
 a cure can be effected at Eaux Bonnes. It is, says 
 a local authority, not the disease phthisis that is 
 cured, but a certain class of persons who have become 
 tuberculous that can be healed, and especially certain 
 subjects of protracted catarrhal pulmonary affections 
 that are in danger of becoming tuberculous. In these 
 the treatment exercises a restorative and immunising 
 action on the lungs. There is much medical testi- 
 mony forthcoming as to the efficacy of the waters of 
 Eaux Bonnes in fitly selected cases of consumption, 
 and many of those chronic cases which by careful 
 management continue to maintain a feeble but 
 tolerable existence, by passing the winter in the 
 south, etc., come year after year to pass some part 
 of the summer season at Eaux Bonnes. There are 
 many consumptive French patients who, by the 
 recommendation of their physicians, pass their 
 winters on the Riviera, and their summers at Eaux 
 Bonnes, or at one or the other of the Pyrenean 
 health resorts, and this arrangement seems to suit 
 them well, and if their malady does not become 
 cured, at any rate its course is for a time arrested 
 and retarded, and they obtain many years of agree- 
 able existence which they could not insure in the 
 north. The doses of the water prescribed internally 
 are often quite small, eight to ten tablespoonfuls daily. 
 
 At the commencement of the course some general, 
 as well as local excitement and stimulation is often 
 observed, but this, as a rule, soon passes off. 
 
 In addition to the cases mentioned as suitable for 
 this course, certain others are often benefited, such 
 as cases of humid (not dry) catarrhal asthma, scrofu- 
 lous tonsillitis and adenitis, enlargements of bronchial 
 glands, often a sequel of whooping cough ; cases of 
 anaemia and chlorosis not amenable to treatment with 
 iron, certain moist skin diseases, as impetigo, and 
 scrofulous fistulas and slowly healing wounds. The 
 mildly bracing mountain climate is also suitable to 
 
i/o MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 convalescents from acute diseases, especially of the 
 throat or lungs. 
 
 The season is from June ist to Oct. ist. There 
 is excellent accommodation to be found at Eaux 
 Bonnes, and residence there is cheerful though quiet. 
 
 Eaux Chaudes (Basses Pyrenees), like its 
 neighbour, Eaux Bonnes, has thermal sulphur 
 springs, which are more particularly resorted to 
 for the treatment of female maladies. It is distant 
 about six miles from Eaux Bonnes by a good carriage 
 road ; there is also a very interesting walk over 
 the mountains between the two villages, command- 
 ing magnificent views of the grand surrounding 
 mountain scenery. The carriage road for the first 
 three miles is the same as that traversed in coming 
 from Laruns to Eaux Bonnes. This road bifurcates 
 within about three miles of Eaux Bonnes, the branch 
 to the right going to Eaux Chaudes. When we reach 
 this bifurcation we enter a narrow defile, sombre 
 but picturesque, bounded on each side by enormous 
 mountain walls, with a blue band of sky overhead. 
 The road keeps to the left side of the gorge, often 
 at a great height above the river the Gave d'Ossau 
 which 500 feet beneath roars and foams along 
 its steep and stony bed. 
 
 We come somewhat suddenly upon Eaux 
 Chaudes, a simple village of a few houses and 
 hotels, most charmingly situated at an elevation 
 of 2,200 feet in the very bosom of the mountains. 
 Eaux Chaudes is one of the most picturesque spots 
 in the Western Pyrenees ; within a short drive 
 is the village of Gabas, most grandly situated amidst 
 wi]d mountain scenery, the magnificent Pic du Midi 
 of like composition to those of Eaux Bonnes, only 
 closing in the horizon. There are seven springs, 
 varying in temperature from 77 to 97 F. They are 
 weaker. Their total solids are only 0*33 per litre, and 
 the sodium sulphide is only O'oo88. The waters also 
 contain alkaline silicates and glairine or baregine. 
 
SECT. B:] BAD ELSTER. 171 
 
 They are chiefly used externally as baths, douches, 
 irrigations, and pulverisations. Vaginal irrigations 
 are a sort of speciality of this spa. They are 
 applied with the water as it comes directly from 
 the spring, which ensures its asepticity. 
 
 For throat affections the water is drunk and 
 used for gargling. 
 
 Formerly the different springs were severally 
 allotted to the treatment of different forms of 
 disease, but this artificial distinction scarcely merits 
 serious consideration. Generally speaking, these 
 weak and tepid sulphur springs are regarded as 
 more sedative than the stronger ones. 
 
 As has been said, female maladies are mainly 
 the cases treated at Eaux Chaudes : vaginitis of 
 indeterminate causation, metritis and perimetritis, 
 as an aid to but not a substitute for appropriate 
 local treatment ; dysmenorrhcea, amenorrhcea, cer- 
 tain forms of sterility ; hysteria, neurasthenia 
 all such cases, when requiring a sedative combined 
 with tonic (climatic) treatment. In addition, rheu- 
 matic cases, articular, muscular, and neuralgic 
 (sciatica), when occurring in the neurotic. Cases 
 of slow recovery from exhausting disease may with 
 advantage be sent to this quiet and mildly tonic 
 station. The most suitable season is from June 2oth 
 to Sept. 2oth ; but the thermal establishment is open 
 all the year round. 
 
 Elster (Bad Elster), in the kingdom of Saxony, 
 is situated near the Bohemian frontier, with a station 
 a few miles from Eger, on the line between that 
 town and Leipzig. It lies in the Elster valley, at 
 an elevation of about 1,600 feet, surrounded by 
 pine-clad hills. 
 
 The principal springs may be termed cold 
 alkaline, saline, gaseous, chalybeate. They are a 
 combination of saline constituents and iron. There 
 are five springs used for drinking the Moritz, 
 Marien, Koenigs, Alberts, and Salzquelle. There 
 
i/2 . MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 are other springs used only for supplying the 
 various baths. 
 
 The Salzquelle is so called because of its rich- 
 ness in saline constituents ; it contains 5*2 grammes 
 per litre of sodium sulphate, r6 of sodium bicar- 
 bonate, 0'8 of sodium chloride, and 0*06 of bicar- 
 bonate of iron, and much free carbonic acid. The 
 Moritzquelle is richest in iron. The Marienquelle 
 contains the same amount of iron as the Salzquelle, 
 about half as much sodium sulphate and bicarbonate, 
 and twice as much sodium chloride. It also has 
 much free carbonic acid, and is largely used for 
 drinking. The Koenigsquelle is said to contain 
 a " remarkable quantity of lithium." 
 
 It will be seen that they are fairly strong iron 
 waters combined with alkaline and saline (aperient) 
 constituents. 
 
 These springs are utilised for drinking, for 
 gargling, for inhalations, and for mineral baths. 
 The drinking waters are largely exported in bottles, 
 after charging with artificial carbonic acid gas. 
 
 There is an elaborately equipped bath estab- 
 lishment, in which, in addition to the ordinary 
 mineral baths, ferruginous mud baths, artificial 
 carbonic acid baths, pine-needle baths, artificial 
 salt baths, Russian vapour and Roman baths, 
 hydrotherapy with massage, and electric light 
 baths are administered. So that a great variety 
 of therapeutic methods can be applied. The 
 cases treated at Elster are those of anaemia and 
 chlorosis, of gastro-intestinal and hepatic func- 
 tional disorders, of gout, rheumatism, and obesity 
 (especially the anaemic form), many female pelvic 
 maladies, scrofulous disease of children, and 
 some forms of neurasthenia. Briefly, such cases 
 as call for a combination of tonic and eliminative 
 treatment. 
 
 Elster has a hospital and charitable institution 
 for the treatment of delicate children and the indi- 
 gent. The season is from May ist to Oct. ist. 
 
SECT. B.] BAD EMS-. 173 
 
 Ems, the well-known Bad Ems, is situated twelve 
 miles from Coblenz, in the beautiful valley of the 
 Lahn, and possesses celebrated thermal springs be- 
 longing to the alkaline common salt group: Its 
 natural situation is very beautiful, and art has been 
 liberally applied to aid nature in its embellishment. 
 
 Ems extends for a considerable distance along 
 the right bank of the river Lahn. Along this bank, 
 at the lower part, is the old Dorf Ems, where most 
 of the poorer inhabitants dwell, while the upper part 
 consists of handsome hotels and shops, and the fine 
 Kursaal and the Kurhaus and the springs are all on 
 that side of the river, together with some prettily 
 laid-out, shady, park-like walks. On the left side 
 of the river there are also bath-houses, and many 
 (.ne villas and hotels, and many shady walks and 
 drives extend up the wooded mountain side on this 
 bank. 
 
 The pedestrian can find many attractive walks, 
 with fine points of view, varying from half an hour 
 to an hour and a-half's distance from his hotel. 
 Or the woods on the summit of the Malberg, 
 1,000 feet above the town, can now be reached by a 
 funicular railway. 
 
 A fine covered walk in the centre of the public 
 gardens, near the Kursaal, affording shelter both 
 from sun and rain, was erected in 1874, at the special 
 request of the Emperor William, and is a real boon 
 to the place. An historical monument, of which 
 Ems is proud, is a small white stone let into the 
 ground near where the band plays in the morning, 
 with the simple inscription : " 15 Juli, 1870, 9 Uhr 
 Morgens " ; this marks the spot where King William 
 stood when he caused his memorable answer to be 
 given to the French ambassador, Benedetti. 
 
 Ems has the reputation of being hot and relaxing, 
 and no doubt it can be very hot at Ems during the 
 height of summer. This probably assists in the 
 cure of the cases of chronic bronchial and laryngeal 
 catarrh that are sent here ; but the early mornings 
 
174 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 and the evenings are cool, especially in the months 
 of May and September, which are probably the 
 pleasantest months in warm seasons, although by no 
 means the most popular. Great pains have been 
 taken, by cultivating trees in the public gardens, to 
 afford as much shade as possible, and to provide cool 
 retreats from the midday heat, while the abundance 
 of water available enables the roads and the trees to 
 be watered three times daily. 
 
 Ems is abundantly supplied with mineral springs ; 
 there are five or six principal ones, all having nearly 
 the same chemical composition and differing only in 
 temperature. The hottest is the Kesselbrunnen, 
 120 F. ; then the Fuerstenbrunnen, 102; the 
 Augustaquelle, 101 ; the Kraenchen, 90 ; and the 
 coolest, the Victoriaquelle, 80. Those of the 
 higher temperature are best suited to certain cases, 
 those of the lower temperature to others. The Ems 
 springs belong to the alkaline-saline group, and con- 
 tain about 2'o grammes of sodium bicarbonate per 
 litre and 1*0 of sodium chloride. They also contain 
 free carbonic acid in considerable amount and a little 
 lime and magnesia. Ems possesses, too, a mild 
 chalybeate spring. There are several public bath 
 establishments w r ell fitted up for the application of 
 hot and cold douches, massage, and various kinds of 
 baths. There are chambers for gargling and for 
 inhaling the pulverised water, which may also be had 
 medicated with pine oil or other substances. There 
 are compressed air chambers and also apparatus 
 (Waldenberg's) for inspiring compressed air and 
 expiring into rarefied air of use in the treatment of 
 pulmonary emphysema. Artificial gaseous salt baths 
 are given. 
 
 The chief uses of these waters is in the treatment 
 of chronic catarrhs of the throat and air passages, 
 and in the treatment of those affections they are 
 drunk, used in the form of inhalations and sprays, 
 and as gargles, and also bathed in. They are 
 applied in certain forms of gout, especially in the acid 
 
SECT. B.] ENGHIEN, 175 
 
 dyspepsias of the gouty and those forms of gout that 
 require gentle rather than active treatment, or that 
 are associated with bronchial catarrh or urinary 
 calculi or cystitis. In some forms of dyspepsia, with 
 congestion of the liver, or inflammation of the bile 
 ducts or chronic diarrhoea, the Ems waters often do 
 good. Those chronic affections of the joints resulting 
 from attacks of rheumatic fever are said to be bene- 
 fited by treatment there. Ems is also very decidedly 
 a "ladies' bath," and is found very serviceable in 
 cases of leucorrhcea, uterine catarrh, and dysmenor- 
 rhcea in the neurotic. It is customary there to 
 apply a vaginal douche in the bath. Ems has also 
 a traditional reputation for the cure of sterility. 
 
 The climate of Ems is, as has been said, mild and 
 relaxing, and from the beginning of July to the 
 middle of August the midday heat is often very 
 great. The town is, however, reported to be very 
 healthy. It is not only abundantly supplied with 
 water but well drained. 
 
 One of the great recommendations of Ems is its 
 exceeding accessibility and the good hotel accom- 
 modation provided there. It can be reached via 
 Cologne in sixteen hours from London. 
 
 Tradition still governs the method of drinking 
 the waters at Ems, and the invalids, young and 
 old, active or feeble, begin to consume their daily 
 allowance between 6 and 8 a.m. The dose is re- 
 peated in the afternoon between four and six. The 
 early morning hour is, no doubt, a good time for 
 taking warm solvent water in many cases, but it 
 does not admit of doubt that many feeble and 
 delicate constitutions would do better to remain in 
 their beds until eight or nine o'clock, and have their 
 first glass of water brought to their bedside. 
 
 The season is from May ist to Oct. ist. 
 
 Enghien, a cold sulphur spa in the environs of 
 Paris, from which it is distant only seven or eight 
 miles, a journey of a quarter of an hour by quick 
 
176 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 trains on the northern line. It is a prettily built 
 suburb, having a small lake and tastefully arranged 
 pleasure-grounds. Pleasant walks and excursions can 
 be had in the neighbourhood, especially in the 
 adjacent forest of Montmorency. 
 
 Enghien has as many as eight springs, all of 
 similar chemical composition and differing only in 
 the proportion of the ingredients they contain. 
 
 The total solids in the stronger springs amount 
 to 0*80, the chief in quantity being calcium carbonate 
 and sulphate. But the characteristic ingredients are 
 calcium sulphide and free sulphuretted hydrogen, of 
 which there are 38 c.c. per litre ; free carbonic acid and 
 nitrogen gases are also contained in these springs. 
 Traces of organic nitrogenous matters, too, are found. 
 
 A modern perfectly equipped bath establishment 
 provides all the most recent methods of applying 
 mineral waters baths with general and local 
 douches ; douches of high pressure ; nasal, pharyn- 
 geal, vaginal, and ascending douches ; chambers for 
 sulphurous inhalations and pulverisations ; electric 
 baths with sulphur water. 
 
 A recent installation is devoted to the application 
 of warm sulphurous irrigations to the uterine cavity. 
 
 The waters are also drunk, besides being used for 
 gargling. 
 
 There is an annexe in the park for hydropathic 
 treatment. 
 
 The Enghien waters are employed chiefly in 
 affections of the throat and respiratory organs, cases 
 of chronic granular pharyngitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, 
 and humid asthma in the rheumatic and herpetic. 
 They are considered especially applicable to the 
 treatment of catarrhal diseases of the nose and throat 
 in public speakers, actors, singers, etc. 
 
 Chronic catarrhal affections of the genito-urinary 
 organs, chronic metritis, especially when associated 
 with anaemia, chlorosis, and lymphatism, are benefited 
 by the internal irrigations referred to. 
 
 Chronic skin diseases, such as eczema, impetigo, 
 
SECT. B ] EVIAN. 177 
 
 acne, lichen, cases of chronic rheumatism, muscular 
 or articular, stiff joints, cases of sciatica, and some 
 forms of neurotic paresis, are benefited. Special apart- 
 ments are appropriated to the treatment of syphilitic 
 cases. 
 
 As may be imagined, Enghien being a suburb of 
 Paris, life there is characterised by much gaiety and 
 brightness ; concerts and balls in the casino, regattas 
 on the lake, etc. 
 
 The season is from May i5th to Oct. i5th. June, 
 July, and August are the preferable months. 
 
 Evian (Lake of Geneva). The agreeable situa- 
 tion of the little town of Evian, 1,200 feet above 
 the sea, just in the centre of the attractions of 
 Lake Leman, its mild and genial climate, and its 
 ready accessibility, by rail and steamboat, both 
 from the north and from the south, have no doubt 
 contributed greatly to its popularity. It is just 
 opposite Lausanne, and the lake steamers cross in 
 half an hour. From Geneva by express boat it 
 is two and a-half hours. 
 
 It is said that the air of Evian and its vicinity 
 is peculiarly favourable to those delicate, anaemic, 
 hypersensitive young children who do not prosper 
 at the seaside. It is assuredly not uncommon to 
 meet with young feeble children who, if sent to 
 the seaside, become bilious, languid, and irritable, 
 lose their appetite, and become weaker instead of 
 stronger. There is something in the air of the 
 sea coast which seems to irritate instead of bracing 
 them, and it would seem that such children obtain 
 great benefit from the more mildly tonic air of 
 Evian, and recover there their strength, their 
 vivacity, and their colour. 
 
 Evian possesses five springs of nearly identical 
 composition ; the two chief are La Source Cachat 
 and La Source Bonne-vie. They give their names to 
 two distinct bath establishments. The Cachat has 
 the greatest renown, and it is largely exported. 
 
1 78 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 These springs are cold and very feebly mineral- 
 ised ; they contain, however, some amount of 
 oxygen, nitrogen, and carbonic acid gases. It has 
 been suggested that the springs act much in the 
 same manner as distilled water would, and owing 
 to great purity and the absence of solid mineral 
 substances, their solvent and purifying properties 
 are greatly increased ; while, by their fresh and 
 pleasant taste, they are rendered much more 
 digestible and more readily absorbed than distilled 
 water would be. Very large quantities of the Evian 
 water can be consumed and absorbed daily, if 
 some little care is taken to accustom the stomach 
 to its use " from four to twenty-five glasses a day " ! 
 When it is taken as a solvent of uric acid, it is 
 considered that the possibilities of absorbing such 
 large quantities of this very feebly mineralised 
 water is altogether an advantage, because it pos- 
 sesses the important property of taking up more 
 freely the less soluble organic salts encountered in 
 its passage through the organism. 
 
 This water may be regarded, then, as washing 
 the blood and the tissues, and removing from them 
 any deleterious excrementitious substances that are 
 difficult of solution ; hence its value in the uric acid 
 diathesis. 
 
 The published analyses of the Evian sources 
 vary somewhat, but the following may be regarded 
 as a fairly accurate approximation. In a litre (1,000 
 grammes) : 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 Sulphate of potassium 0-0052 
 
 Bicarbonate of sodium ... 0*0089 
 
 ,, magnesium... ... ... 0*1244 
 
 ,, calcium ... ... ... 0*2822 
 
 Chloride of sodium 0*0030 
 
 Sulphate of sodium 0*0079 
 
 Free carbonic acid 0*03672 
 
 It will be seen by the above that it is a slightly 
 alkaline and very feebly mineralised water. With 
 
SECT, B.] EVIAN. 1/9 
 
 regard to its properties, it is said to be remarkably 
 diuretic. In the next place it promotes appetite, 
 and in large doses it excites the processes of retro- 
 grade metamorphosis to such a degree that, not- 
 withstanding the consumption of an increased 
 quantity of food, many persons become much 
 thinner. It has been said of Evian water that it 
 acts " not by what it brings, but by what it carries 
 away " ! 
 
 Its property of increasing the urinary excretion 
 renders it a valuable remedy in cases of gravel, 
 renal calculi, etc. 
 
 The quantity taken varies from two to twenty- 
 five glasses a day, according to the case and the 
 object in view. It is usual to begin with small 
 doses, and to take at least two-thirds of the total 
 quantity between getting up and half an hour before 
 the dejeuner a la fourchette. The dose of water 
 must not be incautiously increased, but it must be 
 first observed if it passes away freely by the kidneys, 
 and if it is absorbed without any trouble or incon- 
 venience. If it either purges or constipates, some 
 medical treatment should be had recourse to, in 
 order to modify this effect. 
 
 The baths generally have a soothing, sedative 
 effect, relieving the pains of chronic cystitis, and 
 nephritis, and restoring sleep to irritable nervous 
 subjects. They, however, not unfrequently excite 
 a return of subacute gouty attacks in those who 
 are prone to them, and in some highly neurotic 
 excitable patients they occasionally cause irritation 
 and exhaustion. The alkalinity of the baths is of 
 use in some skin affections, especially the lichenous 
 and pruritic cases. 
 
 It is usual to drink one or two glasses ot the 
 water while in the bath. 
 
 Injections of the water while in the bath are 
 useful in some uterine affections. 
 
 With respect to the maladies especially suited 
 to treatment at Evain, the various forms of chronic 
 
i8o MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 dyspepsia must first be mentioned ; and the cases 
 of nervous and gouty dyspeptics, with tendency 
 to great discomfort from flatulent distension, are 
 treated in a special manner here by means of what 
 is called the " dyspeptic douche." This douche is 
 applied over the abdomen and stomach, and is 
 accompanied by skilful massage. This method is 
 said to yield remarkably good results, even in very 
 inveterate cases. The douche is applied twice a 
 day, together with massage, and from five to twelve 
 glasses of the water are drunk. 
 
 In the next place must be mentioned renal and 
 bladder affections, and amongst these certain forms 
 of chronic albuminuria are said to be greatly bene- 
 fited by treatment at Evian, especially the form 
 due to catarrh al desquamative nephritis, and also 
 the cases of parenchymatous nephritis. Speaking 
 of the use of Evian water in this latter affection, 
 the late Professor Noel Gueneau de Massy said : 
 " This is the most easily digested water known, 
 and it is voided easily on account of its eminently 
 diuretic properties. It carries with it, without 
 fatiguing the kidneys, all the epithelial and other 
 debris which in case of inflammation encumbers 
 the renal filter." 
 
 The cure at Evian is also recommended in cases 
 of chronic pyelitis, especially when it has been 
 induced by lithiasis and preceded by the passage 
 of renal calculi. 
 
 But it is in cases of uric acid deposits and excess 
 of urates in the urine, betraying the existence ot 
 a gouty condition, that the water of Evian is con- 
 sidered especially beneficial, and it is more particu- 
 larly indicated in those individuals who are the 
 subjects of asthenic gout, and who require gentle 
 methods of treatment. It is desirable to begin 
 with small doses of water, three to four glasses a 
 day, which may be increased slowly up to twenty. 
 
 Cases of renal colic, due to the presence of 
 urinary concretions (gravel and calculi), are fit 
 
SECT. B.] EVIANAMPHION. 181 
 
 subjects for the Kvian course, and are often remark- 
 ably benefited thereby. 
 
 Cases of vesical catarrh not due to any organic 
 cause but the result of chill, or of some temporary 
 local or constitutional morbid condition, are said to 
 be cured at Evian. 
 
 Cases of gouty or hepatic diabetes are benefited 
 at Evian. 
 
 It is further claimed for the course of treatment 
 and the regime pursued at Evian, that it is very 
 beneficial and calming to persons of hypersensitive 
 nervous organisation, who are suffering from ovei- 
 fatigue of the nervous system, sleeplessness, loss of 
 appetite, etc. 
 
 Every recent development of hydrotherapeutic 
 treatment can be carried out at the Institut 
 Hydro therapique, one of the most complete in- 
 stitutions of the kind in France. 
 
 The season extends from May i5th to Oct. isth, 
 but the best period for treatment there is from July ist 
 to Sept. 1 5th. 
 
 Accommodation can be obtained at Evian to 
 suit all classes rich and poor in villas, hotels, 
 and pensions. There is also a " hospice " for the 
 reception and treatment of patients, with accom- 
 modation varying according to the price paid. 
 
 The life at Evian is, during the season, gay 
 and cheerful, and a variety of amusements balls, 
 comedies, operettas, and " concerts are provided 
 daily at the casino. There is a great variety of 
 attractive excursions to be taken on the lake or 
 into the surrounding country. 
 
 Amphion. Within a twenty minutes' walk of Evian, and al- 
 most a part of it, is Amphion. Its situation on the border of the 
 lake is very picturesque. The bath establishment is situated in 
 its own grounds, which extend down to the lake. It is not 
 one large building, but consists of three detached residences, 
 and is specially suited to persons who need repose and 
 prefer retirement. There is a landing-place and jetty for 
 steamers and boats close at hand. The hotel and restaurant 
 
182 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART i. 
 
 arrangements are excellent. Amphion lies at the foot of a hill 
 which protects it, in the heat ot summer, from the southern 
 sun, and as the neighbourhood is well wooded the air is 
 usually fresher and cooler than at Evian. 
 
 There are good arrangements for baths and douches, 
 but on a much smaller scale than at Evian. 
 
 Amphion possesses three mildly alkaline springs almost 
 identical in composition with those at Evian, and therefore 
 it is appropriate to the treatment of the same class of cases. 
 Amphion, however, boasts of the possession of a spring 
 containing iron, and the use of this alkaline-chalybeate 
 spring is recommended in cases in which anaemia and 
 chlorosis play a predominant role. 
 
 For invalids requiring a quiet, picturesque, and cheerful 
 summer residence in mildly bracing air, away from the 
 excitement and gaiety of a fashionable spa, and yet with 
 such a resort and its resources within ready access, Amphion 
 presents exceptional attractions. 
 
 Eberswalde, in the province of 
 Brandenburg, with a station be- 
 tween Berlin and Stettin, has a 
 weak chalybeate water which is 
 largely exported. Besides this 
 there are utilised for treatment 
 artificial carbonic acid baths and 
 mud baths from the sea-water 
 marshes at Britz, as well as hydro- 
 pathy. Neurasthenic and con- 
 valescent cases are sent there. 
 
 The season is from May to 
 October. 
 
 Eilsen, a cold sulphur bath in 
 the principality of Lippe Schaum- 
 burg, and about an hour's drive 
 from the railway station Bucke- 
 burg, between Minden and Han- 
 over. There are seven springs. 
 Those used for drinking are the 
 Julianenbrunnen and the Georgen- 
 brunnen. The former contains 
 free H 2 S (34 vols. per litre) cal- 
 cium sulphate (2-0), and smaller 
 amounts of sodium chloride, so- 
 dium sulphate, etc. The other 
 springs are used for baths. There 
 is also a weak chalybeate spring. 
 Inhalations and gargles, sulphu- 
 rous mud baths, massage, and 
 electricity are utilised. The chief 
 
 , maladies treated there are gout, 
 
 rheumatism, neuralgia, metallic 
 
 poisonings, paralysis, skin diseases, 
 
 and catarrh of the respiratory 
 
 I organs. 
 
 Season, May 15 to Sept. i. 
 
 Elmen, one of the oldest salt 
 baths in Germany, possesses cold 
 salt wells, owned by the Prussian 
 State. It is situated in Saxony, 
 near Magdeburg, and it is con- 
 nected by a tramway with the 
 station Schonebeck-Elbe. 
 
 The Victoriaquelle contains 
 26-0 per litre of common salt. It 
 is used for drinking (often mixed 
 with seltzer water or whey) and 
 for baths. It is diluted with fresh 
 water for the baths, and Mutter- 
 lauge is sometimes added. Arti- 
 ficial sulphur baths and carbonic 
 acid baths are prepared. Salt 
 spray inhalations (produced by 
 compressed air) are also adminis- 
 tered. The diseases treated there 
 include gout and rheumatism, 
 scrofula, neurasthenia, catarrh of 
 the air-passages, and female com- 
 plaints. 
 
 The season is from May i to 
 Oct. i. 
 
SECT. B.] 
 
 FLOP A TA KE VA UX. 
 
 183 
 
 Elopatak, in Transylvania, 
 pleasantly situated in a valley at 
 an elevation of 2,000 feet, about 
 twelve miles from Kronstadt, 
 possesses cold strong alkaline 
 gaseous chalybeate springs. The 
 principal springs contain 0-09 per 
 litre of bicarbonate of iron, i'o 
 bicarbonate of sodium, and 1-5 
 each of bicarbonate of calcium and 
 magnesium, and much free car- 
 bonic acid gas. A valuable com- 
 bination, but this spa is too far 
 distant to be of any practical use 
 to English patients. Hydro- 
 therapy is applied. Gastric dis- 
 orders, anaemia, and menstrual 
 irregularities are treated there. 
 
 The season is from the middle 
 of May to the end of September. 
 
 Encausse (Haute Garonne), in 
 a picturesque and pleasant situa- 
 tion a few miles from St. Gaudens, 
 on the line between Toulouse and 
 Tarbes, possesses sulphate of lime 
 springs containing also a little sul- 
 phate of magnesia and sulphate of 
 soda. Like Contrexeville, it be- 
 longs to the class of earthy cal- 
 careous waters. They are slightly 
 laxative and diuretic. They are 
 said to act most efficaciously in 
 the cure of the sequelae of malarial 
 fever. They are also used to cure 
 obstinate constipation, and in he- 
 patic and renal gravel. Uterine 
 enlargements in the hysterical and 
 nervous are also benefited. 
 
 The season is from May 15 to 
 Oct. i. 
 
 Erdobenye is a Hungarian chaly- 
 beate spa three miles from the 
 railway station Liszka-Tolcsva, in 
 a wooded valley at an altitude of 
 780 feet. Its waters contain sul- 
 phate of iron, alum, and arsenic. 
 It has little interest for English 
 people. 
 
 Escaldas, Les, a thermal sul- 
 phur spa in the Pyrenees Orien- 
 tales, in France, but close to the 
 frontier of Spain. It is situated 
 at an altitude of 4,400 feet. The 
 
 Grande Source has a tempera- 
 ture of nearly 110 F., and con- 
 tains sodium sulphide. It is some- 
 what difficult of access and out of 
 the way. 
 
 Essentuke, a Russian spa in the 
 Caucasus, ten miles from Piati- 
 gorsk, has cold gaseous alkaline 
 and common salt springs, and also 
 sulphur springs only used exter- 
 nally. The former belong to the 
 same class as the Ems springs, but 
 are more than twice as strong. 
 The place is too difficult of access 
 to be of use to English patients. 
 
 Euzet, a small sulphur bath 
 (calcium sulphide) in the south of 
 France, between Martinet and 
 Tarascon, eighteen hours from 
 Paris. The springs, which are 
 cold, are characterised specially 
 by containing some bituminous 
 organic matters. They also con- 
 tain some salts of magnesium and 
 sodium and some free carbonic 
 acid, which promote their diges- 
 tion. They are taken internally 
 in cases of gastro-intestinal dys- 
 pepsia with hepatic engorgement, 
 and used externally in subacute 
 forms of rheumatism, and as in- 
 halations in chronic laryngitis, 
 bronchial catarrh, asthma, and 
 tuberculosis. It possesses a well- 
 equipped bath establishment. 
 
 Season, from May to October. 
 
 Evaux, a French bath situated on 
 the Orleans line of railway twenty- 
 eight kilometres from Montlucon, 
 in a retired and picturesque situa- 
 tion at an elevation of 1,400 feet. 
 It is reached from Paris in six and 
 a-half hours. It has several hot 
 springs of feeble mineralisation, 
 bringing it under the class of simple 
 thermal baths. They vary in tem- 
 perature from 80 to 130 F. The 
 water contains 0-717 grammes of 
 sodium sulphate per litre and a 
 small amount of sodium chloride. 
 Its speciality is the number of con- 
 fervas it contains, which float on 
 the water as a thick greenish scum, 
 
1 84 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART I. 
 
 termed limon ; and it is used for 
 local applications. 
 
 The waters are chiefly used 
 externally in three well-appointed 
 establishments. Their value de- 
 pends mainly on their warmth 
 and the mode of their employment. 
 They are used in the treatment of 
 
 cases of articular and muscular 
 rheumatism and rheumatic neu- 
 ralgia, especially in the lymphatic 
 and scrofulous, also in respiratory 
 affections and certain forms of 
 scrofulous skin affections. 
 
 The season is from June i to 
 Oct. i. 
 
 Forges-les-Eaux, which has cold chalybeate springs, 
 is conveniently situated, and easily accessible, on the 
 line of railway between Dieppe and Paris, in the 
 Department of Seine Inferieure. It has an elevation 
 of 525 feet, in a highly cultivated, well-wooded, and 
 picturesque country affording many agreeable ex- 
 cursions. It is protected from north winds, but its 
 climate is somewhat variable, on the whole soft and 
 rather humid, and is observed to have a sedative 
 effect on the nervous system, which has been 
 attributed to the influence of sea air modified by 
 its passage over ten leagues of somewhat moist 
 and wooded intervening country. 
 
 It has three iron springs, varying in strength and 
 named, from the visit of Anne of Austria, Louis XIII. , 
 and Cardinal Richelieu in the seventeenth century, 
 Reinette, Royale, and Cardinale. The iron exists 
 in the water in the form of protocrenate, which is 
 considered very assin ilable. It is usual to begin 
 with the weakest spring, Reinette, which contains 
 only 0-03 grammes per litre, then to pass on to the 
 next, Royale, with 0*07, and to finish with the 
 strongest, Cardinale, having 0*10. It is usual to 
 begin with quite small doses one-third to half a glass 
 and to increase the dose gradually to five or six 
 glasses a day. 
 
 The waters have very little mineral contents 
 besides the iron bicarbonate of magnesia (0*07), sul- 
 phate of lime (0*04), alumina (0*03), and a little free 
 carbonic acid. 
 
 These springs are found to have a very diuretic 
 effect, be) T ond what is usual with chalybeate springs. 
 
SECT. B.] FRANZENSBAD. 185 
 
 An excellently fitted-up bath establishment, in a 
 large park, provides all that is needed in the way of 
 baths, douches, etc., as well as of amusement. 
 
 It is usual to give the baths at a temperature or 
 85 F., but douches are sometimes given in connection 
 with hydrotherapeutic treatment at the natural 
 temperature of the water, about 42 F. The dura- 
 tion of the bath is from fifteen minutes to an hour. 
 
 The cases treated at Forges-les-Eaux are, in the 
 first place, those usually sent to chalybeate spas, 
 chlorosis, anaemia, and their results; convalescents 
 from acute disease ; asthenic and atonic dyspepsias ; 
 in addition the local authorities mention chronic 
 diarrhoea and dysentery, menstrual irregularities, 
 uterine troubles arising from miscarriage or over- 
 fatigue, chronic metritis and maladies causing sterility, 
 and many neuroses. These waters were at one time 
 much used in the treatment of vesical catarrh, gravel, 
 and nephritic colic. The season begins June i5th 
 and ends Sept. i5th. July and August are the best 
 months. 
 
 Franzensbad is one of the three best known 
 Bohemian baths, the other two being Carlsbad and 
 Marienbad. They are all approached from England 
 through the frontier town of Eger, from which 
 Franzensbad is only distant five miles. 
 
 These springs resemble one another, more or less, 
 in chemical composition, but vary in strength ; but 
 the distinguishing characteristic of the Franzensbad 
 springs is that some of them contain a notable 
 amount of iron, so that it is in a certain sense a 
 chalybeate spa. It is also the chief and typical repre- 
 sentative of the Moor or mud baths, the lormer being 
 the appropriate name. Franzensbad is moreover 
 distinguished as a " ladies' bath," since its waters 
 and Moor baths have long been applied to the treat- 
 ment of disease of the female pelvic organs. 
 
 The town is built on a plateau or depression and 
 has a fine park for promenades, but its situation is 
 
1 86 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 less picturesque than that of either of its neighbours, 
 Carlsbad or Marienbad. Its elevation above the sea 
 is nearly 1,400 feet, and though hot in the midday in 
 the summer, it is fresh and pleasantly cool in the 
 mornings and evenings. 
 
 Franzensbad possesses twelve different cold 
 mineral springs, and these may be arranged, according 
 to their composition and uses, into three groups, 
 one of which, the Salzquelle, may be taken as the 
 type, and may be regarded as a cold Carlsbad 
 water ; another, represented by the Stahlquelle, 
 which contains a notable amount of iron ; and a 
 third, perhaps the most characteristic and most 
 resorted to, of the place, combining, as it were, the 
 qualities of the other two, the Franzensquelle. The 
 following table shows the relation in composition 
 of these springs to one another and to the typical 
 Carlsbad spring. 
 
 Franzensbad Carlsbad Franzensbad 
 
 Salzquelle. Sprudel. Stahlquelle. 
 
 Sodium sulphate ... 2*802 2*405 1-614 
 
 carbonate ... 0*677 1*298 0-574 
 
 ,, chloride ... 1*140 1*041 o'6i2 
 
 Calcium carbonate ... 0*183 0-321 0*199 
 
 Magnesium ,, ... 0-103 0*166 0*053 
 
 Iron ,, ... 0*009 ' 00 3 '7 8 
 
 The Franzensquelle represents a group intermedi- 
 ate in composition between the Salzquelle and the 
 Stahlquelle, having more sodium sulphate than the 
 former (3*190 to 3*505) and less iron carbonate than 
 the latter (0*017 to 0*030). They are all rich in car- 
 bonic acid gas. Franzensbad also possesses a simple 
 gaseous acidulated spring resembling the ordinary 
 " table waters." 
 
 It will be seen from the above table that all 
 these springs contain sodium sulphate, carbonate, and 
 chloride, like the two other great Bohemian spas, 
 but some in smaller proportions ; one, the Stahl- 
 quelle, has in addition a considerable proportion of 
 iron, while its saline constituents are considerably 
 
SECT. B.] FRANZENSBAD. 187 
 
 less. The Neuquelle, one of the second group, is 
 however now stated to contain more iron (0-127) 
 than the Stahlquelle. 
 
 Some are disposed to call attention to a small 
 amount of carbonate of lithium which some of the 
 springs contain, the largest amount (0*010) being 
 found in the Neuquelle and the Nathaliequelle. This 
 means that there is about three-twentieths of a grain 
 of carbonate of lithium in a quart of water ! It can 
 hardly be believed that this minute quantity can 
 have any special therapeutic action. 
 
 In addition to the use of these mineral springs 
 internally, Franzensbad is an important bathing spa, 
 which employs several kinds of baths for therapeutic 
 purposes, and has four well-equipped bath establish- 
 ments (containing 460 rooms) in which they are 
 applied. These baths are often spoken of as of 
 three kinds (a) the mineral baths, (b) the steel 
 baths, and (c) the Moor baths. But as mineral water 
 enters into the composition of all of them the classi- 
 fication is purely artificial. What are termed the 
 " mineral baths," and sometimes the " Louisen baths," 
 because the Louisenquelle is chiefly used to supply 
 them, on account of its abundant yield of water, are 
 ordinary mineral water baths, heated by steam, 
 which causes the loss of a certain amount of the free 
 carbonic acid. What are known as the " steel baths " 
 are baths which are heated in a different manner, 
 so that they retain much more of this carbonic acid ; 
 the method is that known as the Schwarz system, 
 in which the baths, having a double bottom, are 
 heated by a steam chamber or pipes at the bottom 
 of the bath. These baths, rich in carbonic acid gas, 
 are regarded as more stimulating than the "mineral " 
 ones which are heated differently. 
 
 Finally, there are the celebrated Moor baths. 
 The peat used in preparing these baths is obtained 
 from moorland in the surrounding district, of which 
 the supply is practically unlimited, so that fresh 
 moor can be used for each bath. The moor 
 
1 88 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 earth is treated in a special manner, which need 
 not be detailed here, but which comprises a saturation 
 with the salts of the mineral water. In preparing 
 these baths the moor earth, after having been exposed 
 sufficiently long to the action of the air, is first 
 saturated with mineral water, of which more is added, 
 till the required consistency has been attained. The 
 mineral water being charged with free carbonic acid, a 
 certain amount of this gas enters into the com- 
 position of the bath. From Castellieri's analysis it 
 appears that this peat, when prepared for the bath 
 and ready for use, contains as much as 25 per cent. 
 of substances soluble in water, of which 9*7 per cent, 
 is sulphate of iron. These baths are usually given of a 
 temperature of 90 to 95 F. The patient reclines 
 in the bath, but not so as to allow the upper part 
 of the chest to be covered, so that the bath acts 
 practically like a large poultice to the lower half of 
 the trunk and the lower extremities. 
 
 The bath can also be applied locally to a 
 joint or limb or a definite portion of the surface of 
 the body. A cleansing bath of mineral water is 
 taken after the bath, and before entering it the moor 
 earth covering the body is washed off by water 
 taken from it. 
 
 There is still another kind of bath given at 
 Franzensbad viz. a natural carbonic acid gas bath. 
 In a grove near the Franzensquelle a stream of 
 carbonic acid gas, mixed with H 2 S, ascends with 
 some force from the ground. Over this a bath-house 
 has been erected, and suitable arrangements are made 
 for the general or local application of the dried and 
 purified gas. The precise therapeutic value of these 
 carbonic acid baths has yet to be determined. The 
 late Prof. Frerichs thought well of them, and it is 
 suggested that they are of use in certain affections 
 of the peripheral nerves, neuralgia, hyperaesthesia 
 and anaesthesia, reflex and hysterical paralysis, 
 amenorrhcea, and impotence. 
 
 Possessing so many and various resources, it is 
 
SECT. B.] FRANZENSBAD. 189 
 
 not to be wondered at that Franzensbad treatment 
 is regarded as of value in a considerable number of 
 maladies. It will, however, be convenient to con- 
 sider, first of all, those cases which have acquired 
 for it so great a reputation as a " ladies' bath" ! 
 We may mention, in the first place, the disorders of 
 adolescence and the period of sexual development: 
 amenorrhcea, dysmenorrhcea, and leucorrhcea, so 
 often associated with anaemia and chlorosis and the 
 strain of rapid growth. In older patients, chronic 
 vagino-uterine catarrh, chronic metritis, uterine dis- 
 placements, oophoritis, and pelvic inflammatory 
 exudations ; a tendency to miscarriages and the 
 exhaustion following profuse menstruation, re- 
 peated miscarriages, or too rapid child-bearing. 
 Imperfect or retarded development at puberty, 
 menstrual irregularities, vaginismus, ovarian neural- 
 gia, sterility. In all these maladies the various 
 mineral springs and baths and the Moor baths may 
 be variously and discriminatingly applied with 
 advantage by the experienced bath physicians. 
 
 The relative absence of constipating lime salts and 
 the presence of laxative constituents in these springs 
 render them very appropriate to many of those 
 conditions in which constipation is so frequently a 
 troublesome complication, and the iron in these 
 springs is, in those circumstances, more likely to 
 be assimilated. 
 
 To pass now to the consideration of other than 
 special female maladies which may derive benefit 
 from treatment at Franzensbad. The springs which 
 resemble those of Carlsbad in composition may, 
 when warmed, be applied to the same class of 
 cases as are likely to be benefited by the Carlsbad 
 waters, but who may require rather milder and more 
 tonic treatment, more especially when an anaemic 
 state coexists with other maladies. Several func- 
 tional gastro-hepatic affections, habitual constipation, 
 gallstones, catarrhal jaundice, lithaemia, obesity in 
 the anaemic, the fat and gouty diabetics ; certain 
 
MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART i. 
 
 forms of chronic gout, gouty neuralgia, and rheu- 
 matism in debilitated persons. 
 
 Simple anaemia, neurasthenic states, and other 
 functional neuroses. 
 
 Certain chronic cutaneous affections, dependent 
 on anaemia, scrofula, and depressed tone ; purpura, 
 lichen, prurigo, urticaria, psoriasis, chronic eczema, 
 and slowly healing ulcers. 
 
 The life at Franzensbad is very quiet, and early 
 hours are the rule. The waters are usually drunk 
 between six and nine in the morning and again 
 between four and seven in the evening. Walking 
 exercise is usually encouraged. The hotels are good ; 
 quiet and comfortable lodgings are easily obtained 
 at Franzensbad. The journey can be made from 
 London in twenty-five hours by the Vienna-Carlsbad 
 express via Nuremburg. 
 
 The season is from May to the end of September. 
 Some moderately bracing place as an " after-cure " 
 is very desirable. 
 
 Fachingen is situated on the 
 Lahn between Ems and Limburg. 
 It has a simple alkaline spring 
 rich in carbonic acid gas and con- 
 taining about 3-5 grammes of 
 bicarbonate of sodium in a litre. 
 It is only used for exportation, 
 and may be ordered in much the 
 same manner as the imported 
 Vichy water. 
 
 Farnbuhl, a Swiss chalybeate 
 spring in a pleasant sub-alpine 
 resort, at an elevation of 2,310 
 feet, in Canton Lucerne, about an 
 hour's drive from Makers railway 
 station on the Jura-Berne-Lucerne 
 line. 
 
 Faulenseebad, on the Lake of 
 Thun, about twenty minutes above 
 the village and landing-stage of 
 that name, at an elevation of 2,600 
 feet, commanding a magnificent 
 view of the lake and surrounding 
 mountains ; has a cold calcareous 
 
 earthy spring containing a very 
 small amount of iron and a faint 
 trace of sulphuretted hydrogen. 
 Its chief constituent is calcium 
 sulphate (i'45 per litre), and next 
 in amount is magnesium bicar- 
 bonate (o -197). This water is used 
 in the treatment of a variety of 
 maladies, and especially in ca- 
 tarrhs of the mucous membrane 
 of the air-passages and in affec- 
 tions of the urinary tract. 
 
 Fideris in Switzerland, in the 
 Canton Grisons, has very weak 
 chalybeate alkaline gaseous springs. 
 Fideris is in the Praettigau valley 
 and has a station on the Land- 
 quart - Davos railway, and the 
 baths are about an hour's drive 
 from the station and half an hour 
 from the village, at an altitude of 
 3,460 feet. There is only o'oi6 of 
 bicarbonate of iron per litre in the 
 water, the other chief constituents 
 
SECT. B.] 
 
 FITEROFREIERSBA CH. 
 
 191 
 
 being sodium (0742) and calcium 
 bicarbonate (0-973), and much free 
 carbonic acid. The waters, com- 
 bined with the mountain climate, 
 have a tonic and stimulating 
 action. Fideris is locally recom- 
 mended for a great variety of 
 maladies, but its usefulness is 
 chiefly manifested in those which 
 arise in connection with anaemia 
 and loss of tone. 
 
 Fitero, a simple thermal bath 
 (temperature 117 F.) in the north 
 of Spain (province of Navarra) 
 with a local reputation for the 
 cure of chronic rheumatism. 
 
 Flinsberg, in Silesia (Prussia), 
 has cold gaseous chalybeate springs. 
 It lies at an altitude of 1,700 
 feet in the Queisthal at the foot 
 of the Isergebirge, in a hilly 
 district surrounded by pine forests, 
 with walks planned out for Oertel's 
 Terrain-Kur. It has a station 
 (Friedeberg) distant an hour's 
 drive, on the Friedeberg-Griefen- 
 berg Railway. Its climate is fresh 
 and bracing. The springs used 
 for drinking the Ober- and 
 Niederbrunnen have about 0-04 
 of bicarbonate of iron per litre 
 and much free carbonic acid. The 
 other wells are used, diluted with 
 ordinary hot water, for baths. 
 Other therapeutic resources ap- 
 plied there are massage, mud 
 baths, pine-needle and pine-bark 
 baths and inhalations, and brine 
 inhalations. 
 
 The maladies treated are anae- 
 mia, neurasthenia, respiratory and 
 circulatory affections, and women's 
 diseases. 
 
 The season is from May i to 
 Oct. i. 
 
 Flitwick, a cold chalybeate 
 spring near Ampthill, Bedford- 
 shire. It contains a considerable 
 amount of ferric persulphate an 
 unusual constituent of mineral 
 springs and has a light yellow 
 colour and a slightly acid taste. 
 It appears from the Lancet analysis 
 
 to contain 2-5 grammes of persul- 
 phate of iron per litre, with a 
 little sulphate of alumina, about 
 0-41, and smaller amounts of sul- 
 phates of sodium and calcium. Its 
 strength practically removes it 
 from the class of ordinary chaly- 
 beate waters. It is given in one 
 to three tablespoonful doses in the 
 same class of cases as those for 
 which the iron salts are usually 
 prescribed. 
 
 Frankenhausen, with common 
 salt wells, is in the principality of 
 Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, and has 
 a station on the Bretleben-Fran- 
 kenhausen branch line. It lies at 
 an altitude of 370 feet. It has 
 salt wells in connection with ad- 
 jacent salt mines. It is used for 
 the same purposes as other com- 
 mon salt baths, and has a sana- 
 torium for scrofulous children. 
 
 Franz Joseph, one of the nume- 
 rous Hungarian ' ' bitter waters, ' ' 
 owing its activity to the presence 
 of magnesium sulphate. 
 
 Frienwalde, in Mark-Branden- 
 burg (Prussia), on the Oder, with 
 a station on the Frankfort-on- 
 Oder-Angermunde line, has weak 
 earthy cold chalybeate springs, 
 containing a small amount of car- 
 bonate of iron (0-02 per litre), 
 together with calcium and mag- 
 nesium carbonate, and a small 
 amount of carbonic acid gas. 
 These springs are used for drink- 
 ing and for baths and douches. 
 Mud baths, artificial carbonic acid 
 brine baths, pine-needle baths, 
 and vapour baths are also pre- 
 pared and applied there. Cases 
 treated there are those of anaemia, 
 retarded convalescence, rheu- 
 matism, and female maladies. 
 
 The season is from May 15 to 
 Sept. 30. It is a summer resort 
 of the people of Berlin. 
 
 Freiersbach, having cold gaseous 
 alkaline-earthy chalybeate springs, 
 is situated in the Baden portion 
 of the Black Forest, in the 
 
192 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART i. 
 
 commune of Petersthal, four miles 
 and a-half from the railway 
 station Oppenau. It is one of 
 the Kniebis baths, and lies at an 
 elevation of 1,260 feet in the 
 Reuchthal, surrounded by pine- 
 clad mountains. It has seven 
 chalybeate springs. One of the 
 strongest is the Friedrichsquelle, 
 which contains 0-058 bicarbonate 
 of iron per litre and 0-013 f chlo- 
 ride of lithium. It also has a Lithi- 
 onquelle, containing more lithium 
 (0-017 P er litre) ; it has, in ad- 
 dition, a spring smelling of H^S, 
 and termed the Schwefelquelle. 
 They all contain a considerable 
 amount of calcium bicarbonate. 
 The waters are drunk and used 
 for baths. Mud baths and natural 
 carbonic acid baths are also given. 
 The usual maladies treated at 
 chalybeate baths are treated there : 
 anaemia, neurasthenia, female 
 complaints, and those suitable 
 to treatment by alkaline earthy 
 waters, and which need also tonic 
 remedies, as renal and vesical dis- 
 orders, gout, etc. 
 
 The season is from May i to 
 Oct. 15. 
 
 Friedrichshall, in Saxe-Meining- 
 en, has a ' ' bitter water ' ' used only 
 for exportation, contains much 
 
 sodium chloride (24 grammes per 
 litre) and magnesium chloride 
 (i2'o) as well as sodium sulphate 
 (18-0). 
 
 Fuered, a distant Hungarian 
 spa, having considerable local 
 popularity, finely situated on the 
 Flatten - See, and reached by 
 steamer in an hour from the rail- 
 way station Sio-Fok. 
 
 Its waters are feebly mineral- 
 ised and difficult of classification. 
 The chief drinking well is highly 
 gaseous the Franz - Josephs - 
 quelle and contains calcium 
 (0-8 per litre) and sodium (o'li), 
 carbonate and sodium sulphate 
 (0-8), and bicarbonate of iron 
 (o-oi), as well as a large amount 
 of carbonic acid gas. The lake 
 water and mud are also used for 
 baths. 
 
 The season is from May 15 to 
 Sept. 15. 
 
 Fuscherbad, or St. Wolfgang's 
 Bad, in Styria, at an altitude of 
 over 4,000 feet, has very feebly 
 mineralised springs, and is rather 
 a climatic station. It is finely 
 situated in the Fuscherthal, two 
 hours distant from Bruck railway 
 station. Gastein patients are 
 sometimes sent there for an after- 
 cure. 
 
 Gastein or Wildbad-Gastein, to distinguish it 
 from Hof-Gastein, from which it is distant four or 
 five miles, is situated in Austria in the duchy of 
 Salzburg, and possesses simple thermal springs. It 
 is usually approached from Innsbruck or Salzburg. 
 The nearest railway station is Lend-Gastein, four 
 hours from Innsbruck. A drive of fifteen miles 
 almost due south from Lend, through the Gastein 
 valley, brings you to Wildbad-Gastein, passing 
 through Hof-Gastein (four or five miles nearer Lend) 
 on the way. Wildbad-Gastein, at the southern 
 
SECT. B.] WILDBADGASTEIN: 193 
 
 extremity of the valley, has an elevation of 3,310 
 feet. Hof-Gastein is lower, only 2,755 feet. 
 
 Wildbad-Gastein is in a beautiful situation, and 
 many fine walks, drives, and mountain excursions can 
 be made from it ; but the latter are not likely to be 
 attempted by the class of patients that are sent there. 
 It is singular in being built to a certain extent over 
 and around a waterfall two fine cascades of the river 
 Ache plunging down and roaring through the village. 
 It has a sub-alpine climate, such as it is usual to 
 find at that elevation. It enjoys some protection 
 from winds by the mountains around, especially 
 from the north winds. But it has a considerable 
 amount of atmospheric humidity and a large rainfall. 
 
 It is calculated that there are on an average sixty 
 rainy days in the three summer months. But the 
 rain often falls in sudden torrents with intervals of 
 sunshine. August is usually the dryest and the 
 hottest month, the average temperature being 60 F. 
 Rapid and considerable variations of temperature are 
 not uncommon. 
 
 There are numerous thermal springs at Gastein, 
 varying in temperature from about 80 to 120 F. 
 The baths are generally given of a temperature of 
 about 95 F., and the hotter springs are allowed to 
 cool in reservoirs until they reach the temperature 
 desired. 
 
 The thermal waters are supplied to the various 
 hotels and lodging-houses, so that the patients are 
 able to take their baths where they reside, a great 
 convenience, especially to the many sufferers from 
 diseases of the nervous system who flock to Gastein. 
 These waters are also conveyed to Hof-Gastein in 
 wooden pipes. The meals at Gastein are usually 
 taken at restaurants a la carte and not at tables 
 d'hote, which is a decided advantage for invalids, 
 and enables them to follow a diet suitable to their 
 condition. 
 
 The water of these hot springs is very feebly 
 mineralised, and contains only 0*3 of solids per litre, 
 H 
 
c>4 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART I. 
 
 consisting of minute amounts of sodium sulphate 
 and chloride and silica. There is nothing what- 
 ever in the composition of the water to account for 
 any therapeutic results obtained by bathing in it 
 these have been referred to some mysterious hypo- 
 thetical electrical condition of the waters. But the 
 curative effects of the treatment at Gastein must 
 probably be referred to the tonic and soothing 
 effect of the climate and the influence of regular 
 bathing in thermal water for half an hour or so 
 daily. It is doubtless quite as much an air cure 
 as a water cure. 
 
 There is exceedingly little drinking of the waters 
 at Gastein, the physicians there trusting almost 
 wholly to the baths ; but the aid of massage and 
 electrical treatment is constantly called in to supple- 
 ment the thermal baths. 
 
 In considering the cases suitable to treatment 
 at Gastein, it is well to remember that it has been 
 termed an " old man's bath " a resort for those 
 who desire to retard the approach of senility. The 
 baths have been described as " tonic and strengthen- 
 ing, giving new life to the organism ; after a few 
 baths a condition of nervous stimulation is produced, 
 and the patient recovers his forces and his intellectual 
 powers." It is certain that Gastein attracts great 
 numbers of distinguished men, especially statesmen, 
 politicians, and literati, who appear to be satisfied 
 with the benefit it confers. 
 
 The chief speciality of Gastein is certainly the 
 treatment of affections of the nervous system, func- 
 tional and organic, as tabes dorsalis, paraplegias, 
 hemiplegic contractions, and various forms of partial 
 and peripheral paralysis, neuralgias, hysteria, and 
 hypochondriasis, neurasthenia and overwork, in- 
 somnia, the loss of power associated with senility, 
 impotence. 
 
 Other maladies are sent to Gastein, just as they 
 are sent to similar thermal baths, such as cases ot 
 chronic gout and rheumatism and chronic affections 
 
SECT. B.] GLEICHENBERG. 195 
 
 of the female pelvic organs, especially when occurring 
 in the neurotic. 
 
 The climate is well adapted to convalescents 
 from serious disease and as an after- cure, after a 
 course of such active waters as those of Carlsbad 
 or Marienbad. Owing to its distance from England, 
 other nationalities are more largely represented at 
 Gastein than our own. 
 
 The season is from May to September, but July 
 and August are the best months. The place is so 
 crowded in the height of the season that it is 
 necessary for visitors requiring comfortable quarters 
 to engage them some weeks in advance of their 
 visit. 
 
 Gleichenberg, in Styria, has cold gaseous alkaline 
 and common salt waters belonging to the same class 
 as those of Ems and Royat. An important and 
 efficacious group of mineral springs. It is situated 
 at an elevation, nearly 1,000 feet above the sea, in a 
 pleasant and picturesque country, about three hours 
 from Graz and an hour and a-quarter from Feldbach 
 railway stations. The two principal springs are 
 the Constantinquelle and the Emmaquelle. The 
 former contains 3*6 grammes of sodium bicarbonate 
 and i '8 of sodium chloride per litre, and as much as 
 1*340 volumes of carbonic acid gas. The Emma- 
 quelle is less gaseous. There is also in the neigh- 
 bourhood a weak gaseous chalybeate spring, the 
 Klausenquelle, and an alkaline chalybeate, the 
 Johannisbrunnen, both of which can be utilised in 
 anaemic cases requiring iron. Gleichenberg is a place 
 of considerable local repute and resort, both for its 
 pleasant mild climate and its waters, which are 
 found very beneficial in cases of catarrh of the 
 respiratory organs and certain forms of dyspepsia. 
 The water is pulverised for inhalation, and also 
 drunk. The processes of hydrotherapy, too, are 
 applied. 
 
 The season is from May to September. 
 
196 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART I. 
 
 Gurnigelbad, a cold sulphur bath in Canton 
 Berne, Switzerland, at an elevation of 3,783 feet 
 above the sea. It is connected with Berne and 
 Thun by a good carriage road, and is a drive of four 
 to five hours from either town. A very fine bath 
 establishment (with hotel) exists there in a command- 
 ing situation with very beautiful mountain views, and 
 with spacious pine forests, affording charming 
 sheltered and shady walks, immediately surrounding 
 it. Many interesting excursions of varying distance 
 can also be enjoyed. 
 
 The climate is bright and bracing with a rather 
 high degree of humidity, due to the great extent of 
 pine forest surrounding the place. These forests 
 afford a protection from the north and north-west 
 winds. Considerable variations of temperature must 
 be expected even in summer. 
 
 Of its two springs, the Schwarzbrunnli is the 
 stronger; it is rich in free sulphuretted hydrogen 
 and free carbonic acid, and contains calcium sulphate 
 1*7, calcium and magnesium sulphide 0*0057 P er litre, 
 and minute quantities of other mineral substances of 
 no special importance. The Stockquelle contains 
 rather more calcium sulphate but much less 
 sulphuretted hydrogen and no sulphides. An iron 
 spring also exists in the forest, ten minutes dis- 
 tance from the baths. 
 
 These waters are administered internally and as 
 baths and douches, and the most modern arrange- 
 ments are provided for inhalations, sprays, and nasal 
 irrigations. Hydropathy, electro-therapeutics, elec- 
 tric baths, massage, and milk and whey and diet 
 cures are also available. These in conjunction with 
 mountain and forest air are the remedial measures 
 to be obtained at Gurnigel. 
 
 The sulphur water is said to be easily digested on 
 account of the amount of carbonic acid in it. 
 
 The maladies especially suitable for treatment 
 there are in the first place chronic gastric and in- 
 testinal disorders, catarrh, gastralgia, gastric dilatation 
 
SECT; B.] 
 
 GURNIGEL. 
 
 197 
 
 and nervous dyspepsia (modern gastric methods of 
 exploration and mechanical and electrical treatment 
 are practised), chronic diarrhoea, constipation, 
 haemorrhoids, intestinal parasites especially the tape 
 worms and ascarides functional hepatic disorders, 
 congestion, catarrhal jaundice, biliary colic, catarrhal 
 diseases of the nose, pharynx, larynx, and bronchi 
 as at other sulphur spas, malarial cachexia, diseases 
 of the female pelvic organs, certain skin affections, 
 eczema, acne, furunculi, varicose veins, etc. 
 The season is from June to September. 
 
 Gander sheim, on the Gande, in 
 the Duchy of Brunswick, with a 
 station on the Magdeburg*- Holtz- 
 minden Railway, has common 
 salt springs, which are used in the 
 treatment of rheumatism, gout, 
 female affections, scrofula, etc. 
 
 Season, May to end of Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 Giesshuebl-Puchstein, in the 
 valley of the Eger, Bohemia, 
 about six miles from Carlsbad, 
 has a bath establishment and a 
 pleasant gaseous spring, which is 
 largely exported as a table water. 
 
 Gilsland Spa. Cumberland, in a 
 pleasant situation on the river 
 Irthing, about twenty miles from 
 Carlisle, possesses both chaly- 
 beate and cold sulphur springs. 
 
 Gmunden, in the Salzkam- 
 mergut, Austria, lies, at an eleva- 
 tion of 1,370 feet, on the Traun- 
 See, and has a station on the 
 railway between Altnung and 
 Ischl ; it has a common salt bath 
 prepared with brine from the 
 Ebensee salt works, the strength 
 of which is about 240 grammes 
 per litre. Apparatus for artificial 
 aerotherapy is also available. 
 
 Goczal Kowitz, in Upper Silesia, 
 with a station on the Kattowitz- 
 Dzieditz Railway, possesses a cold 
 common salt well, which is used 
 
 in the treatment of such cases as 
 are usually sent to such spas. 
 
 Season, May 15 to Sept. 15. 
 
 Godesberg, a Rhenish resort 
 with a station on the Cologne- 
 Bingerbruck line, in a picturesque 
 situation, has alkaline - saline - 
 chalybeate springs. 
 
 The Stahlbrunnen contams 
 sodium bicarbonate (1*4), sodium 
 chloride (i'o), and bicarbonate of 
 iron (0-029). Another spring, 
 containing more iron, is only used 
 for baths. Hydropathic treat- 
 ment is also carried out there. 
 The cases treated are those of 
 anaemia, neurasthenia, and female 
 complaints. 
 
 The season is from May i to 
 Sept. 30. 
 
 Gonten, in Canton Appenzell, 
 Switzerland, at an elevation of 
 2,900 feet, has cold chalybeate 
 springs, having 0-043 of carbonate 
 of iron per litre. It has a station 
 on the Winkeln-Appenzell line. 
 The water is more used for baths 
 than for drinking. The climate is 
 cool and the air tonic and pure. 
 It is also a station for the milk 
 and whey cures. 
 
 Season, June to middle of Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 Goppingen, in Wiirtemberg, has 
 a cold gaseous (carbonic acid) 
 
198 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART i. 
 
 spring, with a small bathing es- 
 tablishment, but it is chiefly used 
 for exportation as a table water. 
 
 Gottleuba, in the kingdom of 
 Saxony on the Gottleuba, has a 
 cold chalybeate spring. The rail- 
 way station is Berggiesshiibel on 
 the Berggiesshubel and Pirna 
 Railway. Mud baths and arti- 
 ficial carbonic acid baths are also 
 prepared, Cases of chlorosis, 
 anaemia and retarded convales- 
 cence are treated. 
 
 Season, from May i to end. of 
 September. 
 
 Gran, a Hungarian spa possess- 
 ing thermal earthy springs of a 
 temperature 83-85 F., and also a 
 strong ' ' bitter water ' ' containing 
 45 grammes of magnesium sul- 
 phate per litre. 
 
 Greifswald, a common salt bath 
 on the Ryck, in the province of 
 Pomerania. As it is a university 
 town the baths are used in con- 
 nection with the hospital and 
 private cliniques. 
 
 Open all the year. 
 
 Grenzach, four miles from Bale, 
 on the Bale-Constance line, has 
 a cold sodium sulphate (3-2 grammes 
 per litre) and chloride (1-9) 
 water, containing also smaller 
 amounts of calcium sulphate 
 and bicarbonate. It is used 
 chiefly for drinking. Artificial 
 salt baths are also prepared. 
 It is a small bath chiefly used for 
 cases of gastric, hepatic, and renal 
 disorders, gallstones, and obesity. 
 
 Season, April to October. 
 
 Greoulx, France, Basses Alpes, 
 a thermal sulphur bath, at an 
 altitude of 1,140 feet, situated in 
 
 a picturesque valley, about one 
 hour and a-half's drive from the 
 station of Mirabeau on the line 
 between Grenoble and Marseilles. 
 It has two springs, the hottest of 
 which has a temperature of 
 102 F. ; it contains 1-50 grammes 
 of common salt per litre as well 
 as free H. 2 S (4 c.c.) and much 
 baregine a valuable combination 
 which would probably be more 
 highly esteemed if this bath were 
 not in so out-of-the-way a situa- 
 tion. The springs are used for 
 drinking and for baths (swimming 
 and ordinary), douches, and in- 
 halations. The cases treated there 
 are those of rheumatism, scro- 
 fulous, glandular and cutaneous 
 affections, catarrhs of the pha- 
 rynx, la*rynx, and bronchi ; trau- 
 matisms, slowly healing wounds 
 and ulcers, uterine affections. 
 
 The season is from April 15 to 
 Oct. 15. 
 
 Griesbach, in the Baden Black 
 Forest, one of the Kniebis baths, 
 1,850 feet above the sea, about 
 seven miles from the railway 
 station Oppenau, Appenweir-Op- 
 penau line, has several cold 
 gaseous chalybeate springs, of 
 which the chief is the Antonius- 
 quelle ; it contains bicarbonate of 
 iron (0-07), bicarbonate of calcium 
 (i - 6), and sulphate of sodium 
 (0-7). This and other springs are 
 used for drinking and for baths. 
 Mud baths and several kinds of 
 pine baths are prepared. Cases 
 of anaemia, chlorosis, and female 
 complaints are treated there. 
 
 The season is from May 15 to 
 Oct. i. 
 
 Hammam R'Xrha, in Algiers, has thermal earthy 
 calcareous waters used for baths, and a very weak 
 cold gaseous earthy chalybeate spring, which is 
 drunk there often as a table water. 
 
 It is also a winter climate resort, and will be 
 
SECT. B.] HAM MAM R'IRHA. 199 
 
 noticed in the second part of this work dealing with 
 the subject of climate. 
 
 The hot springs are of a temperature of about 
 110 F. in the baths they are large swimming 
 baths. This is a high temperature for such baths, 
 and they may feel at first uncomfortably hot, but 
 the body soon becomes accustomed to the heat, and 
 the sensation is said to become very agreeable. The 
 Arabs drink the hot water while in the bath, which 
 promotes free perspiration. The mineralisation of 
 the water has probably little to do with its thera- 
 peutic effects. Its chief constituents are calcium sul- 
 phate and carbonate, forming together 1*510 of a total 
 amount of solids of 2*330 per litre. It contains also 
 a small amount of sodium chloride (0*439) and minute 
 quantities of other salts. It much resembles the Bath 
 waters and proves beneficial in the same cases, viz. 
 chronic rheumatism (especially) and gout ; some trau- 
 matic cases, as painful cicatrices ; neuralgias, especially 
 when of rheumatic origin ; certain forms of paralysis, 
 cases of vesical catarrh in the gouty, and some 
 chronic affections of the pelvic viscera. 
 
 The climate is also suitable to cases of chronic 
 bronchial catarrh. 
 
 The weak gaseous earthy chalybeate spring is 
 used to mix with wine as a table water, and is also 
 recommended to be drunk in cases of anaemia and 
 chlorosis and in cases of malarial cachexia. It only 
 contains 0*010 of bicarbonate of iron per litre. Its 
 other constituents are mainly earthy sulphates and 
 carbonates, and it is rich in carbonic acid gas, which 
 makes it an agreeable drink. 
 
 There is a military hospital at Hammam RTrha, 
 and the results of treatment there show that cases of 
 general chronic rheumatism are benefited in the 
 proportion of about 80 per cent. ; next in order are 
 traumatic joint affections, then articular rheumatism, 
 and the least benefited are joint affections referable 
 to gout. 
 
 The warm, dry, and sunny climate has no doubt 
 
200 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PA-RT i. 
 
 a great share in the production of the beneficial 
 results observed. 
 
 Hammam R'Irha is about sixty miles west-south- 
 west of Algiers, and is reached partly by rail to Bon 
 Medfa in three to four hours and then a drive of 
 eight miles to the baths. 
 
 The hotel and bath establishment are very com- 
 fortable. 
 
 Harrogate, in Yorkshire, about six hours from 
 London, has long been celebrated for its sulphur 
 springs, of which a great number arise in the neigh- 
 bourhood. There are said to be as many as 80 
 different mineral springs. They are all cold, and 
 vary considerably in their strength. Most of them 
 contain sodium sulphide and free sulphuretted 
 hydrogen, as well as considerable but varying pro- 
 portions of common salt. 
 
 The most popular of these, and the one generally 
 used for drinking, is known as the "old sulphur 
 spring" in the Royal Pump Room, and has about 
 0*07 of sodium sulphide and 37 volumes of H 2 S per 
 litre. It has also sodium chloride (127), and barium 
 chloride (0*09). It has been suggested that the 
 barium salt acts as a heart tonic, and corrects 
 any depressing effect that the sulphur may tend 
 to produce. But this is only a hypothesis. 
 
 Some of the sulphur springs are very strong 
 the Montpellier is estimated to contain 0*2 per 
 litre of sodium sulphide, but has no H,S and others 
 are very weak, as the Starbeck wells, and these 
 are used chiefly for baths ; while others are of inter- 
 mediate strength ; so that the waters present a sort of 
 natural graduation adapted to the requirements of 
 various cases. The strongest sulphur springs at 
 Harrogate contain, as has been seen, a large pro- 
 portion of common salt. Harrogate is also renowned 
 for its chalybeate springs ; these contain iron as well 
 as sodium chloride. One of these, the celebrated 
 " Kissingen well," contains 0*13 of carbonate of 
 
SECT. B.] HARROGATE 201 
 
 iron, 1 0*0 or sodium chloride, and 1*2 calcium 
 chloride per litre. Another, the "chloride of iron 
 well," contains chloride of iron 0*19, carbonate of 
 iron 0*16, chloride of sodium 2*5, and chloride of 
 barium 0*07 per litre. 
 
 Yet another iron water conies from the so-called 
 "alum well" in the "bog-field." This is remark- 
 able as containing ferrous sulphate and ferric sul- 
 phate, aluminium, calcium, and magnesium sulphate, 
 about ro per litre each. One of the milder chaly- 
 beate springs is artificially charged with carbonic 
 acid, which not only makes it much more agree- 
 able and refreshing to drink, but probably easier 
 to digest. 
 
 Taken in large quantities these waters are purga- 
 tive, like the common salt waters of Homburg and 
 Kissingen, and in smaller quantities they are said 
 to be alterative. Their use as aperients is not, as 
 a rule, attended by any debilitating effect. 
 
 The chalybeate waters, when they are easily 
 digested, are of service in anaemic cases, but they 
 are not so digestible as those Continental chalybeate 
 springs that are rich in free carbonic acid, the presence 
 of which, in an iron water, seems to greatly favour 
 its digestion and assimilation. 
 
 It has been said that it is an advantage, in some 
 cases, to administer the sulphur waters, before giving 
 the chalybeate springs, for the purpose of stimulating 
 the excretory organs liver, kidneys, and skin thus 
 getting rid of waste material, and so preparing the 
 way for the absorption and assimilation of the iron. 
 The stimulating influence on tissue changes of the 
 sodium chloride in these waters is no doubt bene- 
 ficial in many cases ; in the debilitated and anaemic 
 with " sluggish livers." It is also useful in the 
 gouty bronchitic. Some of the waters are warmed 
 before drinking by a special contrivance called the 
 " Therma." 
 
 Treatment at H arrogate is recommended for the 
 cure of chronic dyspepsias, constipation, congestion 
 
202 MINERAL SPRINGS . [PART i. 
 
 of the liver, and all functional hepatic disorders, also 
 in conditions of abdominal plethora, and obesity, in 
 short, in the same cases as the waters of Homburg 
 and Kissingen. They are given internally and in 
 the form of baths in cases of chronic gout and rheu- 
 matism. In certain forms of skin disease they lay 
 claim to peculiar efficacy, as in chronic eczema, in 
 psoriasis, lichen, acne, and troublesome syphilitic 
 eruptions. (In constitutional syphilis the methods 
 employed at Aix la Chapelle can be resorted to.) 
 
 These waters are also useful in the treatment 
 of lead and mercurial poisoning, and the malarial 
 cachexia. The chalybeate springs, besides being 
 administered in cases of anemia and chlorosis, 
 and retarded convalescence, are found of much use in 
 functional uterine disorders, when taken in asso- 
 ciation with the baths. They are prescribed also 
 in scrofulous affections, and in chronic rheumatoid 
 arthritis. 
 
 Unlike the physicians at Continental spas, those 
 at Harrogate do not hesitate to employ other 
 medicinal remedies as aids to the mineral treatment, 
 and the free use of small doses of calomel is not 
 uncommon with some of them. 
 
 The arrangements for drinking and bathing at 
 Harrogate are good and complete, and the fine 
 bracing air of the surrounding country no doubt 
 contributes, in great measure, to the good effects 
 obtained from treatment there. 
 
 Harrogate is in an open country, at an 
 elevation of 260 to 600 feet above the sea. 
 Upper Harrogate has a more bracing climate 
 than the lower part of the town. There is a 
 fine open common, the Stray, 200 acres in extent, 
 around which the hotels and residences are 
 built. The air at Harrogate is said to be 
 very dry, owing to the absence of woods and of 
 large river beds or lakes, and to the absorbent 
 nature of the soil. " There are fewer rainy days 
 than at most of the other English health resorts." 
 
SECT. B.] HELOUAN LES BAINS: 203 
 
 Phthisis is rare amongst the natives, but they are 
 apt to suffer from rheumatism. 
 
 The New Montpellier Baths is a very fine build- 
 ing, and is furnished with every appliance which 
 modern science has sanctioned in the application 
 of mineral springs ; baths and douches of all kinds 
 (the Aix douche massage), electric light baths, etc. 
 
 Helouan les Bains, in Egypt, sixteen miles due 
 south of Cairo, possesses thermal sulphur and salt 
 waters, as well as a weak common salt spring con- 
 taining iron, and another without iron. The thermal 
 sulphur springs have a temperature of 90 F. at 
 the source, and they contain 60 c.c. of sulphuretted 
 hydrogen per litre, also 5*069 of common salt, 0*507 
 of magnesium sulphate, some calcium carbonate 
 and sulphate, and a little potassium chloride. A 
 water containing sulphur and salt like the Harrogate 
 springs. 
 
 It has also a water which is termed " saline 
 chalybeate," but the iron in it has been estimated, 
 together with alumina, as 0*015 per litre ; how much 
 iron there is, apart from the alumina, does not 
 appear to have been ascertained. We may assume 
 that it is very weak iron water, but it also contains 
 4*705 of common salt per litre, and calcium car- 
 bonate and sulphate, together amounting to 1*249, 
 and magnesium sulphate 0*36 1. 
 
 The New Bath establishment is very complete 
 and is furnished with all the necessary requirements 
 to make it equal to any European establishment of 
 the kind. It contains immersion baths, combination 
 baths, with needle baths, douches, and sprays 
 of all kinds. Hot air and vapour baths, Aix mas- 
 sage, electric baths, inhalations, pulverisations, etc. 
 A large swimming sulphur bath, with running water, 
 adjoins the bath establishment. In addition to the 
 baths, the dry, warm, sunny desert climate must 
 be a very important therapeutic factor. The waters 
 are used internally as well as externally, and have 
 
204 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 been found beneficial in the following maladies 
 dyspepsia, functional hepatic disorders, gout, lith- 
 aemia, and allied maladies, pharyngeal, laryngeal, 
 and bronchial catarrh (aided greatly by the climate), 
 certain affections of the female pelvic organs. Cases 
 of sciatica and rheumatism, muscular and articular, 
 cases of rheumatoid arthritis, are said to manifestly 
 improve. Also cases of chronic skin disease, cases of 
 overwork and neurasthenia. It must be difficult 
 to apportion between the climate and the baths 
 the precise amount of benefit derived. 
 
 The climatic characters and advantages of Helouan 
 will be referred to in the second part of this work. 
 Trains run from Cairo to Helouan hourly, in twenty- 
 five to forty-five minutes. The best season for 
 Europeans is from the beginning of November to 
 the end of April.* 
 
 Heustrich, a cold alkaline sulphur bath situated 
 in the vicinity of the Lake of Thun in Switzerland, 
 is an important station for the treatment of catarrhal 
 affections of the air passages and of the stomach, and 
 merits to be better known in England. It is best 
 reached from Spiez, a well-known steamboat station 
 on the Lake of Thun, from which Heustrich is 
 distant about five miles, or it is about an hour and 
 a-half's drive from the railway station of Thun. It is 
 picturesquely situated at the foot of the Niesen, on its 
 eastern flank, at an elevation of about 2,200 feet, on 
 the left bank of the Kander. It is close to the finest 
 mountain scenery of the Bernese Oberland, and is 
 immediately surrounded by a well-wooded and 
 cultivated district. It has a sub-alpine climate, the 
 air being fresh and mildly tonic, but hot in the mid- 
 day in the summer. It is protected entirely from the 
 winds coming from north and south, and as the baths 
 are built away from the high road, it is very free 
 
 * "Helouan: Its Climate, Waters, and Recent Improve- 
 ments," by Dr. W. Page May. 
 
SECT. B.] HEUSTRICH: 205 
 
 from dust. The air has a somewhat high degree of 
 humidity, which the resident physician considers an 
 advantage in the treatment of those suffering from 
 catarrhal affections of the air passages, and these 
 probably form the majority of the patients at this 
 bath. It has a mild climate for a place of that 
 altitude. Patients are, however, warned that they 
 must come prepared for occasional sudden depres- 
 sions of temperature, such as are common in all 
 mountain stations like Heustrich. 
 
 There is a single spring which yields only a very 
 moderate amount of water, about if litres per 
 minute at a temperature of 43 F. It has a strong 
 smell of sulphuretted hydrogen, and on exposure to 
 the air it becomes cloudy from the deposit of 
 sulphur. 
 
 It contains about n c.c. of H 2 S per litre, which 
 ranks it amongst the moderately strong sulphur 
 waters about one-third the strength of the Allevard 
 water. But it has a great advantage over most 
 cold sulphur waters in the absence of earthy salts 
 and the presence of sodium salts. It is remarkable 
 in containing no calcium sulphate, but as much as 
 0*67 1 per litre of sodium bicarbonate and 0*20 of 
 sodium sulphate. 
 
 Much of the therapeutic action of this water is 
 referred to its alkalinity- -due to the presence of so 
 much sodium bicarbonate its stimulating effect on 
 the appetite, and its notable diuretic action. It 
 exerts a solvent effect on the urates and oxalates, 
 and is therefore beneficial in vesical catarrh in the 
 gouty. Its solvent action also renders this water 
 useful in the treatment of chronic catarrh of the 
 stomach and the respiratory organs. In the latter, 
 expectoration is facilitated and cough relieved. 
 
 The utility of the bath in the cure of boils, of 
 pityriasis versicolor, of varicose ulcers and other skin 
 affections is probably largely due to the influence of 
 the alkaline waters on the skin secretions ; and the 
 good effect of the baths in rheumatic cases is referred 
 
206 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 rather to the influence of the warmth of the bath 
 than to its mineral constituents.* 
 
 Inhalation of the pulverised water is practised at 
 Heustrich in the treatment of catarrhal affections of 
 the respiratory organs, as it is at Ems and Allevard, 
 the pulverisation being effected by means of com- 
 pressed air. These inhalations are especially useful 
 in catarrhs localised in the trachea and large bronchi. 
 For deeper-seated affections aspiration of compressed 
 air charged with vaporisable substances (pine oil, tar, 
 turpentine) are used. 
 
 A pneumatic cabinet is available there for the 
 treatment of cases of emphysema with chronic 
 bronchitis. 
 
 For the many patients sent to this resort whose 
 cases are complicated with neurasthenia the methods 
 of hydrotherapy are available and prove very useful. 
 Massage and electricity are also employed. Ex- 
 cellent provision is made for taking a milk cure. 
 
 Certain of the maladies suitable for treatment at 
 Heustrich have already been indicated in a general 
 sense : they may now be briefly enumerated more 
 particularly. 
 
 i st. Catarrhs of the respiratory organs chronic 
 catarrhal rhinitis treated by irrigations of the water 
 at a temperature of 95 F. ; and for this purpose a 
 teaspoonful of sodium chloride is added to each litre 
 of the water ; ozsena, or foetid rhinitis ; chronic 
 pharyngeal catarrh and catarrh of the Eustachian * 
 tube ; chronic laryngeal catarrh, treated by in- 
 halations of the pulverised water and its internal use ; 
 bronchitis and emphysema (in addition to pneumo- 
 therapy the internal use of the waters is necessary) ; 
 cases of asthma dependent on nasal trouble. 
 
 2nd. Phthisis cases, in the early stages, or of the 
 torpid form without fever, are benefited by the various 
 therapeutic and tonic measures that 'can be applied, 
 including the use of the water, which acts beneficially 
 
 * D. M. Neukomm, " Les Bains de Heustrich." 
 
SECT. B.] HOMBURG. 207 
 
 on the catarrhal symptoms. Febrile forms must not 
 be sent there. 
 
 3rd. Dyspepsia and chronic gastric catarrh ; dila- 
 tation of the stomach, in which case lavage and 
 irrigation of the stomach are carried out as well as 
 a careful regulation of diet ; but much reliance is 
 placed on the internal use of the water in these 
 gastric cases. 
 
 4th. Chronic intestinal catarrh, disposition to 
 habitual diarrhoea. 
 
 5th. Chronic catarrh of the female sexual organs : 
 irrigations are applied in the bath. 
 
 6th. Chronic vesical catarrh, in cases associated 
 with acid urine and deposits of urates or oxalates. 
 
 The season is from the beginning of June to the 
 end of September. The months of June and Septem- 
 ber are very suitable for the treatment, and far less 
 crowded than July and August. A vast number of 
 interesting walks and excursions can be made into 
 the attractive country around. 
 
 Homburg, or Homburg von der Hohe, in the 
 
 province of Hesse-Nassau, Germany, is one of the 
 most popular resorts in Europe. It possesses cold 
 common salt springs rich in carbonic acid gas, and 
 some of them contain iron, and these may be 
 termed gaseous chalybeate common salt springs. 
 
 The possession of springs containing common 
 salt is scarcely sufficient to account for the extra- 
 ordinary popularity of Homburg. 
 
 But almost everything that art could do has 
 been done to make the surroundings of the springs 
 attractive ; and pleasant shady avenues and covered 
 walks, palm-houses, and parterres of flowers, and 
 other attractions give to the neighbourhood of the 
 mineral springs a very pleasing aspect. 
 
 There can be no manner of doubt that the 
 attractiveness and the popularity of Homburg are 
 quite as much dependent upon social considerations 
 as upon medicinal ones. Something must be said 
 
208 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i 
 
 in favour of the climate of Homburg. It is un- 
 usually dry and bracing for a place of such moderate 
 elevation 650 feet above the sea. This is due to 
 the absence of streams and rivers and to the ab- 
 sorbent nature of the soil, and to the position of 
 Homburg, on a raised portion of a wide plain, the 
 neighbouring mountains being sufficiently distant 
 to keep the mists and clouds which frequently settle 
 over them from influencing its atmosphere. 
 
 Owing to its somewhat exposed situation it 
 suffers from the heating effect of the direct rays 
 of the sun, but, as a compensation, cooling currents 
 of air blow down from the distant forest-clad hills, 
 and the mornings and evenings are fresh and ex- 
 hilarating. There is a very general consent among 
 those who have frequented the place for many 
 seasons that " Homburg is bracing." 
 
 Homburg has several mineral springs ; the chief 
 of these, and the one that has obtained a world- wide 
 reputation, is the Elisabethenbrunnen, and it is 
 around this source that the gaily dressed crowd 
 gathers during the early morning hours, from six 
 to eight, when drinking mineral waters is presumed 
 to have its greatest efficacy. The Ludwigbrunnen 
 has also its patrons, but it has an afternoon popularity 
 rather than a morning one. Then there are the 
 Kaiserbrunnen, the Luisenbrunnen, and the Stahl- 
 brunnen. A few words must be said about each 
 of these. They all contain much carbonic acid gas, 
 and they all contain salt, common salt, but in very 
 different amounts. The Elisabeth spring contains 
 about 10 grammes to the litre, the Ludwig about 
 half, the Kaiser two-thirds, the Luisen about one- 
 third, and the Stahl about half (5 grammes) that 
 quantity. Then they all, in addition to sodium 
 chloride, contain small quantities of calcium and 
 magnesium and other chlorides, and bicarbonate of 
 iron, in varying proportions ; the Stahlbrunnen, as 
 its name implies, contains much more than the 
 others 0*09 of bicarbonate of iron per litre and ro 
 
SECT. B] HOMBURG. 209 
 
 of bicarbonate of lime, which is also found in the 
 other springs. The Luisen is the next strongest in 
 iron, while the Ludwig contains scarcely any. Per- 
 haps the next most important ingredient in these 
 springs is carbonic acid gas. Here, again, there are 
 considerable differences. The Kaiser contains the 
 most one-third as much again as the Elisabeth or 
 the Luisen, and the Luisen contains the least. 
 The presence of a small amount of sulphuretted 
 hydrogen in the Luisenbrunnen and Stahlbrunnen 
 undoubtedly detracts from their pleasantness as 
 chalybeate springs. 
 
 Is it easy to determine what are the special uses 
 of the Homburg springs from a consideration of their 
 composition ? It would seem not ; there appears 
 to be abundant room for differences of opinion. It 
 is easy to dispose of the iron at once by admitting 
 that it gives a tonic property pro tanto to all the 
 springs into which it enters as an ingredient, and 
 that according to the case or the constitution its 
 tonic effects may be accelerated or hindered by the 
 other constituents with which it is combined. It 
 may also be said of the carbonic acid that its 
 presence usually (not with all persons, however) 
 aids the digestion of the water, and exercises a 
 beneficial stimulating effect on the stomach, and 
 also on the skin, when the waters are taken in the 
 form of baths. 
 
 It must be borne in mind that it is next to im- 
 possible to decide altogether a priori i.e. from a 
 mere consideration of the component parts of a 
 mineral spring what will be its effect in all cases or 
 in any particular case. In the final appeal experience 
 must be the test. For it has been well observed that 
 mineral waters are very composite remedies, and we 
 cannot regard the combined action of a great number 
 of substances merely as the sum of their separate 
 actions, since they may partly aid and partly hinder 
 each other in their effect upon the organism. In these 
 very springs, for instance, we find the aperient chloride 
 
210 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 of magnesium counteracted by the astringent car- 
 bonate of lime. 
 
 Many gouty patients and sufferers from uric 
 acid troubles are sent to drink the Homburg 
 waters, but it is doubted by many authorities if 
 Homburg is the best place to send gouty patients 
 to indiscriminately. If Homburg, it is said, in 
 addition to its Elisabethenbnmnen, had a mild, 
 warm, alkaline spring, like the springs of Neuenahr 
 or Ems, it would be worth all its other springs put 
 together in the treatment of many forms of gout 
 forms of gout which are sometimes aggravated by 
 drinking these exciting common salt waters. The 
 best proof that a mineral water is doing good is the 
 very practical one that the patient daily feels better 
 and stronger. The appetite is better, exercise is less 
 fatiguing, sleep is sounder and more refreshing, and 
 there is a consciousness of returning and increasing 
 energy, both intellectual and physical. He is a rash 
 physician who, in the absence of any of these signs, 
 relentlessly urges the unfortunate patient to persevere 
 in irritating his stomach and his nerves with the 
 promise of some far-off advantage. 
 
 The Homburg course is, no doubt, of great value 
 in some cases, especially in certain forms of 
 dyspepsia, where the organs of digestion require 
 vigorous stimulation. 
 
 Many such cases have gouty and rheumatic 
 tendencies, and then a combination of drinking and 
 bathing in these salt and carbonic acid waters is of 
 great service. But many rheumatic and gouty cases 
 require a less exciting and more solvent alkaline 
 water, and others a more decidedly laxative one. 
 This is the point to be borne in mind, and it must 
 not be overlooked that common salt waters, unless 
 very weak, are irritating to certain constitutions, 
 and quite capable of exciting gastric catarrh, which 
 in others they may cure. The iron springs are 
 useful to anaemic and debilitated persons whose 
 gastro-hepatic functions may require stimulating ; 
 
SECT. B.] HOMBURG. 211 
 
 and certain female pelvic affections appear to be 
 benefited. 
 
 Much advantage no doubt attends the routine 
 of rising early every morning and promenading, in 
 cheerful society, for an hour or two in the fresh 
 morning air ; but some delicate persons are induced 
 to do this who had better remain in their beds. No 
 inconsiderable benefit is doubtless derived in many 
 cases from the simple ingestion of a quantity of 
 water, independently of and sometimes in spite of 
 its mineral contents. The action of the chloride of 
 sodium in these springs is believed to depend on 
 its influence in promoting those tissue changes neces- 
 sary to healthy nutrition. It helps us to get rid 
 of the worn-out or half worn-out parts of our 
 organism that linger in our bodies and clog and 
 impede their mechanism, and interfere with their 
 vital chemistry. It helps us at the same time to 
 get rid of our somewhat ill-defined aches and pains 
 and infirmities, which an artificial existence and a 
 too busy or too careless life induces ; and it would 
 do this, perhaps, far more effectually if we did not 
 find here too much of that very artificial and con- 
 ventional life which brings these evils in its train. 
 It is, indeed, certain that these social attractions 
 induce many patients to visit Homburg whose 
 maladies might be better treated elsewhere. 
 
 Scrofulous diseases of the glands, of the bones, 
 of the skin "torpid scrofula," as it is called 
 are treated advantageously with these salt waters, 
 and especially with the salt baths. Many sufferers 
 from chronic muscular rheumatism and chronic gout 
 find great advantage from combining the use of these 
 Homburg waters with that of the pine-leaf baths 
 which are prepared here. An extract of pine-leaves 
 is added to the heated salt spring, and a very grate- 
 ful aromatic bath is thus produced. Mud baths, as 
 well as pine-needle baths, electric and vapour baths, 
 gymnastics, massage, and all forms of mechanical 
 treatment can be obtained at Homburg. 
 
212 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART i. 
 
 The bath establishments are well equipped. 
 Hotels and private apartments are comfortable or 
 luxurious, and being only half an hour by rail from 
 Frankfort, Homburg is very accessible from all parts 
 of Europe. 
 
 Haarlem (Holland) has a cold 
 chalybeate spring, containing also 
 chloride of sodium (3-2 grammes 
 per litre). 
 
 Hall (Swabisch Hall) in Wiir- 
 temberg, a small common salt 
 bath picturesquely situated on the 
 Kocher, in the Kocher valley, at 
 an altitude of nearly 1,000 feet, 
 and near extensive forests. It has 
 a station on the Crailsheim-Heil- 
 bronn line. It has a cold salt 
 spring, containing 23 grammes of 
 sodium chloride per litre ; a satu- 
 rated brine is also brought from 
 the Wilhelmsgluck salt works. A 
 ' ' mother lye ' ' from the same 
 source is also employed in the 
 preparation of " sool " baths. 
 Vapour baths, river baths, and 
 artificial carbonic acid baths are 
 used. The waters are em- 
 ployed for drinking, for baths, 
 and for inhalation in the form of 
 spray. The diseases treated there 
 are scrofula, rickets, gout, rheu- 
 matism, paralysis, skin diseases, 
 respiratory catarrhal affections. 
 
 Season, May to Oct. i ; also in 
 the winter. 
 
 Hall, in the Austrian Tyrol, seven 
 miles from Innsbruck, with which 
 it is connected by railway and 
 tram line, has a cold common salt 
 bath, the strong brine (24 per 
 cent.) being brought from the 
 Salzberg, six miles off. There 
 are also a chalybeate spring and a 
 weak sulphur spring in the ad- 
 jacent village of Heiligen-Kreuz. 
 
 Season, from May 15 to Oct. i. 
 
 Hall (Bad-Hall), in Upper Aus- 
 tria, a common salt bath, has a 
 station on the branch line of the 
 
 Kremsthal. It has a well-known 
 spring, the Tassilloquelle, which 
 contains 12 grammes per litre of 
 common salt and also bromide of 
 magnesium (o - o8i) and iodide of 
 magnesium (0-028) ; and other salt 
 springs. It is a resort for scro- 
 fulous and rickety children, for 
 syphilis, and for certain pelvic 
 (female) maladies. It has a mili- 
 tary and a civil sanatorium, and a 
 hospital for scrofulous children. 
 
 The season is from May 15 to 
 Oct. i. 
 
 The water of the Tassillo- 
 quelle is exported under the desig- 
 nation of " Haller lodwasser." 
 
 Hallein, an Austrian summer 
 resort eleven miles from Salzburg, 
 on the left bank of the Salzach, 
 has well-known brine baths. It 
 has a station on the line running 
 south from Salzburg. 
 
 Hamm, in Westphalia the bath 
 two kilometres from the town 
 has thermal gaseous brine baths. 
 It lies, surrounded by pleasure 
 grounds, on the Lippe, and has a 
 station on the Dortmund-Hanover 
 and Unna-Hamm lines. The 
 brine spring has a temperature of 
 94 F., and is diluted with hot 
 water for baths and used un- 
 diluted for inhalation or spray. 
 Mud baths and vapour baths are 
 also applied. Rheumatism, gout, 
 scrofula, and catarrh of the mu- 
 cous membranes are the maladies 
 treated. 
 
 The season is from May to 
 Oct. i. 
 
 Hapsal, in Esthonia, near the 
 shores of the Baltic, has mud 
 baths. 
 
SECT. B.] 
 
 HA RKA N YHONNEF-. 
 
 213 
 
 Harkany, in Hungary, has ther- 
 mal sulphur waters of a tempera- 
 ture reaching to 145 F. An in- 
 flammable gas (sulphide of car- 
 bonyl = CO S) was found over 
 the spring in considerable quan- 
 tity by Karl von Than. 
 
 Harzburg (Bad-Harzburg), a 
 cold common salt bath and a 
 climatic summer resort in the 
 Duchy of Brunswick, close to the 
 Harz mountains and at the en- 
 trance of the Radan valley. The 
 town lies at the foot' of the Burg 
 mountain, at an altitude of 850 
 feet. It is the terminus of the 
 Braunschweig - Borssun - Harz- 
 burg line. It is surrounded by ex- 
 tensive forests of pines, beeches, 
 etc., which provide a variety of 
 attractive walks. It has two salt 
 springs ; one contains also mag- 
 nesium sulphate and chloride, and 
 the other sodium sulphate. Both 
 are used for baths, diluted with 
 fresh water. They are also used 
 for drinking, gargling, and in- 
 haling. Artificial carbonic acid 
 baths are also used, and hot-air 
 baths. Gout, rheumatism, neuras- 
 thenia, catarrhs of the respiratory 
 organs, and gastro-hepatic diseases 
 are the maladies treated there. 
 
 Season, May 15 to the end of 
 September. 
 
 Heilbrunn (Adelheidsquelle) is 
 a village in the Bavarian moun- 
 tains, at an altitude of 2,620 feet, 
 having a station on the Munich- 
 Wolfratshausen-Klochl line. It 
 possesses a spring, the Adelheids- 
 quelle, which is a cold common 
 salt spring (4-9 per litre), contain- 
 ing also sodium bicarbonate (0-9), 
 bromide (0-05), and iodide (0-03). 
 It claims to be the richest of the 
 German salt waters in bromine 
 and iodine. It is doubtful if 
 these minute quantities exercise 
 any special effect. 
 
 Season, May to October. 
 
 Heiligen Kreuzbad. See Ro- 
 hitsch, p. 305. 
 
 Hercules-Bad, near Mahadia in 
 Hungary, has thermal common 
 salt and sulphur waters. It lies, 
 at an elevation of 570 feet, in a 
 beautiful situation at the foot of 
 the Carpathian mountains, in the 
 Czaona valley, and is a popular 
 resort amongst the people of 
 south-eastern Europe. It has a 
 station on the railway between 
 Orsova and Temesvar, three miles 
 from the Danube. Its baths were 
 known to the Romans. The 
 thermal springs vary in tempera- 
 ture from 70 to 133 F., and, like 
 the springs of Aix la Chapelle, 
 contain sulphuretted hydrogen 
 and common salt, and the same 
 maladies are treated at this spa as 
 at Aix la Chapelle. The waters 
 are chiefly applied externally. 
 
 The season is from May to the 
 end of September. 
 
 Hermannsbad, in Saxony, near 
 Lausigk, has strong sulphate of 
 iron waters unsuited for internal 
 use. 
 
 Hermannsbad, at Muskau in 
 Silesia, on the Neisse, at an alti- 
 tude of 920 feet, has cold sul- 
 phate of iron waters. The drink- 
 ing spring contains 0-19 per litre 
 of sulphate of iron and 0^24 of 
 carbonate of iron ; the spring used 
 for baths is much stronger. Fer- 
 ruginous Moor baths are also pre- 
 pared. 
 
 Honnef , on the right bank of the 
 Rhine, at the foot of the Sieben- 
 gebirge, with a station on the 
 line from Cologne to Frankfort, 
 and also a steamboat station, 
 has a cold gaseous alkaline salt 
 spring, called the Drachenquelle. 
 Its chief constituents are sodium 
 carbonate, chloride and sulphate, 
 and magnesium carbonate. We 
 are not in possession of the exact 
 quantities, as its exploitation is of 
 quite recent date. 
 
 It is used for drinking and in- 
 haling and for baths and shower- 
 baths. It is also exported charged 
 
214 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART I. 
 
 with carbonic acid. There is a 
 small new bath establishment. 
 The mineral baths are warmed by 
 the addition of hot mineral water, 
 conducted through closed pipes. 
 There is an inhalation room, the 
 spray being produced by com- 
 pressed air. It is much used by 
 
 the patients at the neighbouring 
 Hohenhonnef sanatorium. The 
 grape cure can also be taken there 
 in the autumn. 
 
 Hunyadi Janos, a purgative 
 Hungarian " bitter water " con- 
 taining sulphates of magnesium 
 and sodium chiefly. 
 
 Ischia. This historic and beautiful island in the 
 Bay of Naples has been known for ages as possess- 
 ing several important thermal springs. A melancholy 
 interest attaches to those near Casamicciola, as the 
 baths there and the patients dwelling in them 
 suffered severely in the terrible earthquake which 
 did so much damage in 1883. The Gurgitello spring, 
 near Casamicciola, is probably the best known in 
 the island. It is a weak alkaline common-salt spring 
 of a high temperature, varying from 131 to i49F. 
 It is said to contain 27 of sodium chloride and 1*5 
 of sodium bicarbonate out of a total of solids amount- 
 ing to 5*8 per litre. 
 
 There are satisfactory hotels at Casamicciola and 
 others at Porto d' Ischia and Bagno d' Ischia, at a 
 distance of three or four miles. Military and 
 municipal thermal establishments .are to be found 
 at Bagno dTschia. At Castiglione and at other parts 
 of the island natural vapour baths can be obtained. 
 It is also a resort for sea baths and sand baths. 
 
 Ischl, 1,535 feet above the sea, most beautifully 
 situated in the centre of the Salzkammergut, at 
 the junction of the Traun and the Ischl, is one of the 
 most frequented and fashionable of Austrian spas, 
 crowded in the summer with visitors from Vienna, 
 who visit it as a resort of pleasure, or for its climate 
 as well as for its waters. 
 
 It possesses salt mines and salt works ; and Sool 
 baths, i.e. strong brine baths, are given there ; also 
 mud and Moor baths, sulphur baths, pine-cone baths, 
 and Sool vapour baths are employed. The latter 
 
SECT. B.j ISCHL: 21 S 
 
 are produced by boiling the concentrated brine from 
 the salt works, and residence in the steaming atmo- 
 sphere thus formed is considered to be useful in cases 
 of bronchial catarrh, and in some cases of phthisis. 
 
 The strong brine contains 235 grammes per litre 
 of common salt. The Schwefelquelle has 17*0 
 grammes per litre of sodium chloride, and 4*0 of 
 sodium sulphate, and a small amount of H 2 S. The 
 drinking springs (Klebelsbergquelle and Marie 
 Luisenquelle) only contain about 5-0 grammes 
 per litre of common salt. Other mineral waters 
 are imported and often prescribed. Paths have been 
 marked out for the " Terrain Kur" in the neigh- 
 bourhood. 
 
 There is also a milk and whey cure ; and, indeed, 
 nearly every form of cure can be carried out at 
 Ischl. Close to the town there is a well-arranged 
 hydropathic establishment. 
 
 The climate of Ischl is peculiarly mild, equable, 
 and soothing, and owing to its being surrounded 
 by high mountains, covered with pine woods, 
 the atmosphere is generally calm and moist ; it 
 is therefore well suited to delicate and irritable 
 respiratory organs. Residence on the higher slopes, 
 rather than in the town itself, is more bracing. Irri- 
 table conditions of the nervous system, and neu- 
 rasthenia, certain disorders of the female pelvic 
 organs, scrofulous affections, catarrhal disorders of 
 the throat and air passages, and some chronic skin 
 affections are benefited by treatment there. 
 
 It is also suitable as an after-cure to active 
 treatment at other spas. 
 
 Ischl has a very fine Kurhaus, many first-class 
 hotels (the Hotel Bauer, on the hill, is considered 
 to have the best situation), and every resource to 
 make spa life pass pleasantly. It is connected by 
 rail with the line running between Salzburg and 
 Vienna. 
 
 The season is from June ist to Oct. ist, but 
 it may be visited at an earlier or a later date. 
 
216 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS-. 
 
 [PART i. 
 
 Ilidze, in Bosnia, has thermal 
 calcareous sulphur waters of a tem- 
 perature of 124 F. They con- 
 tain free sulphuretted hydrogen 
 and about i gramme per litre of 
 calcium carbonate and half as 
 much sodium sulphate. It is in a 
 fine situation, at an altitude of 
 i, 600 feet, eight miles from Sera- 
 jevo, the chief town of Bosnia. 
 
 These waters have a local re- 
 putation in the treatment of rheu- 
 matoid arthritis. 
 
 Imnau, with cold gaseous 
 chalybeate springs, is situated in 
 the principality of Hohenzollern, 
 in a picturesque spot in the valley 
 of the Eyach, and is half an hour's 
 distance from the Eyach railway 
 station, at an elevation of 1,140 
 feet. The strongest spring (Kas- 
 parquelle) contains 0-05 of bicar- 
 bonate of iron per litre, 0^03 of 
 manganese bicarbonate, and 1-4 
 of calcium bicarbonate. A weaker 
 spring (Fiirstenquelle) has only 
 o-oi of bicarbonate of iron. Both 
 are rich in carbonic acid gas. 
 
 Innichen, in the Austrian Tyrol 
 Wildbad Innichen has two 
 cold sulphur springs and a chaly- 
 beate one. It is finely situated, 
 at an altitude of 4,370 feet, in the 
 Passerthal. The bath is distant 
 three-quarters of an hour from the 
 railway station of Innichen. 
 
 Inowrazlaw is a considerable 
 town in the province of Posen, 
 Germany, and has a station on 
 the Posen-Thorn line. Saturated 
 brine from the salt mines is used 
 there for baths. The principal 
 constituents are sodium and mag- 
 nesium chlorides. The baths re- 
 semble those at Droitwich. The 
 brine and Mutterlauge obtained 
 from it are diluted for the baths. 
 
 and are also utilised for inhala- 
 tion and gargling. Mud baths 
 and artificial carbonic acid gas 
 baths are also prepared. The 
 cases treated there are those of 
 chronic gout and rheumatism, 
 scrofula, old inflammatory exuda- 
 tions, and female pelvic maladies. 
 
 The season is from May 15 to 
 Sept. 15. 
 
 Inselbad, near Paderborn, in 
 Westphalia, has a cold weakly 
 mineralised calcareous spring, the 
 Ottilienquelle, and a sanatorium, 
 at an elevation of 520 feet, for the 
 treatment of asthma especially, 
 and chronic diseases of the organs 
 of respiration. This spring is 
 known for the amount of free 
 nitrogen it contains (40 vols. per 
 litre), as well as some carbonic 
 acid gas. There is also a chaly- 
 beate spring, used for drinking, 
 and a cold sulphur spring. The 
 Ottilien water and the gases con- 
 tained in it are used for inhalation. 
 The water is also drunk. Mud 
 baths, sand baths, and artificial 
 carbonic acid baths are used. 
 
 The sanatorium is open the 
 whole year. Railway station on 
 the Soest-Holzminden line. 
 
 Ivonicz or Ivonitch, a resort in 
 the Carpathians (Galicia), at an 
 altitude of 1,340 feet, having cold 
 gaseous alkaline common salt 
 springs, also chalybeate springs 
 and naphtha springs ; the latter 
 are used for inhalation. Moor 
 and mud baths are also used. 
 The Karlsquelle contains about 
 8 - o grammes of common salt per 
 litre, 1-7 of sodium carbonate, and 
 some sodium iodide and bromide 
 (about 0-04 together). The bath 
 establishment is about seven miles 
 and a-half from the railway station. 
 
 Jagstfeld, Wurtemburg, a few 
 miles from Heilbronn, a brine 
 bath on the Jagst, where it flows 
 into the Neckar. It has a station 
 
 on the Heilbronn - Osterburken 
 line. Its elevation above the sea 
 is 450 feet, and it is adjacent to 
 extensive woodlands affording 
 
SECT. B.] 
 
 KISSINGEN. 
 
 217 
 
 pleasant walks. It obtains a 
 saturated salt solution from the 
 Friedrichshall salt works ; this 
 diluted with water is used for 
 bathing, inhaling, and gargling. 
 The bath establishments are also 
 hotels, so that patients have not 
 to go out for their baths. There 
 is a bathing sanatorium for 
 children, the " Bethesda." Cases 
 treated are scrofula, catarrhs of 
 the air - passages, rheumatism, 
 chronic inflammatory exudations, 
 and female maladies. 
 
 The season is from May i to 
 Oct. 15. 
 
 Jalcznovodsk, thermal chaly- 
 beate springs, in the Caucasus, 
 said to resemble those of La Malou 
 in the south of France. 
 
 Johannisbad, a Bohemian bath 
 with indifferent thermal waters of 
 a temperature of 85 F., is situated 
 at an altitude of 2,300 feet in a 
 mountainous district south of the 
 
 Riesengebirge. There is also a 
 weak chalybeate spring in the 
 neighbourhood containing o-oi of 
 bicarbonate of iron per litre. The 
 climate is said to be very exhila- 
 rating, and this combined with 
 thermal treatment appears to have 
 an excellent effect in cases of pro- 
 tracted convalescence and neuras- 
 thenia and general debility. Jo- 
 hannisbad is sometimes selected 
 as an after-cure to Carlsbad and 
 Marienbad. 
 
 The season is from May 15 to 
 the end of September, but the 
 best weather is usually met with 
 at the end of August and through 
 September. The place is a mile 
 and a-half from Freiheit, the ter- 
 minus of a branch railway from 
 Trautenau. 
 
 Johannis water, an excellent 
 gaseous slightly alkaline table water ; 
 the springs are at Zollhaus. 
 
 Juliushall. S^Harzburg, p. 213. 
 
 Kissingen, in Bavaria, is one of the most 
 popular spas in Europe, and justly so. It is not 
 exactly fashionable, like Homburg, but it is better 
 than that, it is useful and health-giving. It can be 
 reached in twenty-seven hours from London via 
 Aschaffenburg and Wurzburg. It is situated in a 
 pleasant open valley, through which flows the Fran- 
 conian Saale. This valley is bounded on each side 
 by picturesque wooded hills, and is 640 feet above the 
 sea level. Terrain-Kur walks are marked out on these 
 gently sloping hills. Kissingen was known as a health 
 resort as long ago as the sixteenth century ; but 
 its great popularity is of modern growth, and the 
 quiet village of former times has developed into a 
 handsome, well-built town. 
 
 It possesses a fine, spacious promenade or Kur- 
 garten, between the Kurhaus and the Kursaal, 
 which presents an animated appearance between 
 the hours of 7 and 9 a.m. and 6 and 7 p.m., when 
 
2i8 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 the band plays and the Kur-guests take their 
 waters and gently exercise themselves. The two 
 principal springs the Ragoczy and the Pandur are 
 on the south side of this promenade ; the Max- 
 brunnen, the milder spring, is on the north side. 
 
 There are three bath-houses belonging to the 
 State the Kurhaus, the Saline, and the one 
 formerly called Actienbad. The brine of the 
 Schonbornsprudel is brought a distance of four 
 kilometres to prepare the Sool baths. Mud baths 
 are also prepared. There is provision for pine- 
 needle inhalation, pneumatic treatment, gymnastics, 
 massage, etc. 
 
 The usual daily life at Kissingen is to drink 
 the waters from 7 to 9 a.m., breakfast in one's own 
 rooms afterwards, and then those who bathe do so ; 
 one o'clock is the dinner hour, the dinner being, 
 as a rule, plain and governed by medical orders ; 
 after dinner coffee is generally taken in the open 
 air, and the time between this and 6 p.m. is devoted 
 to exercise and amusement. From six to seven 
 the waters are again taken, and there is a general 
 promenade with music in the Kurgarten. Then 
 supper and bed. 
 
 Kissingen is the type of a moderately strong 
 cold common salt spring, with abundance of free 
 carbonic acid. Compared with Homburg it contains 
 but little more than half the quantity of common 
 salt. The Ragoczy at Kissingen, the spring usually 
 drunk there, conta'ins six grammes of common salt 
 to the litre. 
 
 The Pandur Spring scarcely differs in composition 
 from the Ragoczy ; it contains a little less common 
 salt and a little more free carbonic acid. The Max- 
 brunnen is much weaker it is a very weak gaseous 
 common salt spring, and is often taken merely as 
 a pleasant beverage. 
 
 The Ragoczy contains, besides common salt 
 and carbonic acid, a small quantity of the chlorides 
 of magnesium, potassium, and lithium, as well as 
 
SECT. B.] KISSINGEN. 219 
 
 a moderate amount of the tonic carbonate of iron 
 (0*03 per litre), and some carbonate of lime (i 
 gramme). 
 
 An artificial " Kissingen bitter water" is pre- 
 pared from the Sool springs, and this is mixed, 
 in certain proportions, with Ragoczy and Pandur 
 waters when a more purgative action is desirable. 
 
 The Kissingen waters have proved beyond all 
 others especially valuable in certain forms of atonic 
 dyspepsia, in nervous as well as in gouty persons. 
 In chronic gastric and intestinal catarrh, and the 
 digestive troubles it involves, a course of Kissingen 
 waters often proves more effectual than any other 
 remedy. Many instances of this form of dyspepsia, 
 which have resisted all forms of dieting and medica- 
 tion at home, recover completely at Kissingen. 
 In some of these cases it is found advantageous to 
 warm the water before drinking, in which process 
 most of the carbonic acid escapes. 
 
 The moderate quantity of salt and the considerable 
 amount of carbonic acid contained in the Ragoczy 
 springs are sufficiently stimulating to the gastric 
 mucous membrane to rouse it into greater activity ; 
 while the appreciable amount of iron gives tone 
 to the debilitated and exhausted constitution, and 
 the aperient ingredients promote the abdominal cir- 
 culation, and tend to remove congestions of the 
 liver and improve the functions of that too often 
 erring organ. So that these springs act as aperients 
 and hepatic stimulants. 
 
 They are therefore valuable in cases of con- 
 stipation with haemorrhoids, and in the constipation 
 of anaemia. 
 
 By their aperient action and their tendency to 
 promote tissue changes they are useful in the treat- 
 ment of obesity, and are better borne by feeble 
 persons, who have this object in view, than the 
 stronger springs which are often prescribed for this 
 purpose. 
 
 Painful gouty, rheumatic, and neuralgic conditions, 
 
220 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 when they are obviously associated with digestive 
 troubles, are suitable cases for treatment at Kissing- 
 en, and in the removal of these conditions the 
 excellent baths available there afford important aid. 
 
 The warm mud baths prove exceedingly sooth- 
 ing to many cases of chronic muscular pains, chronic 
 joint pains, and chronic neuralgias, especially when 
 they are of rheumatic or gouty origin. 
 
 What are called " sool-spray baths " are also 
 procurable here. These are a kind of vapour bath 
 in which the atmosphere is kept at a temperature 
 of from 78 to 86 F. saturated with vapour, and 
 in which particles of salt are held suspended by 
 means of mechanical pulverisation of the water. 
 This is an excellent stimulant to the surface, and 
 is not only useful in some forms of rheumatic and 
 gouty pains, but is of value also in those chronic 
 cases of bronchial catarrh which are met with in 
 gouty persons. For these the moderately active 
 aperient waters are also serviceable, as they tend 
 to relieve the abdominal plethora from which such 
 persons also suffer. 
 
 Persons affected with malarial cachexia are 
 benefited by the Kissingen course. Cases of gouty 
 glycosuria and early gouty nephritis also often do 
 well there. 
 
 About a mile and a-half from Kissingen to the 
 north, on the Saale, leading to which there are 
 walks on both sides of the river, is a strong salt 
 spring containing large quantities of carbonic acid; 
 here there are salt works (the Saline and Gradir- 
 hauser), and the strong gaseous salt water is used 
 for baths and douches of various kinds, and especially 
 in the form of a wave bath : " a broad radiating sheet 
 of water cuts the water of the bath at the point 
 where it is brought in contact with it, lifting the 
 surface into waves resembling those of the sea," 
 
 This bath is employed at a lower temperature 
 than most saline baths, and is said to be very 
 refreshing and invigorating. 
 
SECT. B.] KREUZNACH. 221 
 
 There is also an arrangement here for collecting 
 the carbonic acid gas as it rushes from the spring, 
 and using it in various forms of gas baths in cases 
 that are thought appropriate. 
 
 Chalybeate water from the neighbouring Bocklet 
 spa is brought to Kissingen and drunk (usually later 
 in the day) in addition to the other water in 
 anaemic cases. Warm, gaseous Sool baths, like 
 those at Nauheim, are prepared at Kissingen, and 
 can be applied in the same cases as at Nauheim. 
 
 The season is from May ist to Oct. ist. 
 
 Kreuznach is situated in Rhenish Prussia in the 
 valley of the Nahe, about ten miles from Bingen, on 
 the left bank of the Rhine, at an altitude of 350 feet. 
 It enjoys a pre-eminent reputation among salt baths 
 for the treatment of all forms of scrofulous disease 
 and of certain chronic uterine affections. The 
 springs have been termed " bromioduretted," and 
 they contain a certain very small amount of 
 compounds of iodine and bromine ; but those who 
 are most familiar \vith their use and application 
 place but little reliance on the presence of these 
 compounds, and regard them rather as strong salt 
 springs, which they fortify in a special manner and 
 apply also in a special fashion. 
 
 The Kurhaus is well equipped w r ith hot-air and 
 vapour baths and has excellent arrangements for 
 massage and douches. It also has an inhalation 
 chamber, the air of which is charged with pulverised 
 mineral water by the Wassmuth method, as at many 
 other spas. Patients sit in this chamber protected 
 with a sort of loose frock and inhale the spray. 
 
 Artificial carbonic acid baths, mud, electric, and 
 medicated baths are also used. 
 
 The springs chiefly used for drinking, the Elisa- 
 beth Spring and the Oranienquelle, arise in Kreuz- 
 nach itself, quite close to the Kursaal ; but the other 
 springs used for bathing are found at some distance 
 from Kreuznach, especially at Theodorshalle, a mile 
 
222 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART I. 
 
 off, and at Miinster-am-Stein, two and a-half .miles 
 distant. The Elisabeth Spring contains 10 grammes 
 of chloride of sodium per litre, and small amounts of 
 bromide and of iodide of sodium. Of chloride of 
 calcium there is rather a large proportion 1-9 
 grammes per litre. It contains also minute quantities 
 of other salts, and traces of arsenic. This is the 
 only spring used for drinking, and it is drunk first in 
 small quantities, and gradually increased to about 
 a pint daily. It is usually drunk fasting in the 
 morning. It is not sparkling, as it contains no 
 carbonic acid ; but it is not very unpleasant to 
 drink. 
 
 It is chiefly, however, to the use of the baths 
 that the physicians at Kreuznach trust for producing 
 the good effects which they claim from the use of 
 their springs ; and these baths are administered in a 
 special manner. Most of them are fortified by the 
 addition of " mother lye," which contains about 200 
 grammes of calcium chloride per litre. This is prepared 
 at Theodorshalle and Munster-am-Stein, in connection 
 with the salt works at those places. Immense hedges 
 of rough twigs and brambles are built up, termed 
 " gradirhauser," and the water from the springs is 
 allowed to flow over these, and by a great extent of 
 surface being thus exposed to the air, it becomes 
 concentrated to a certain degree ; it is then col- 
 lected and boiled in large pans, and after boiling 
 it is kept at a high temperature for several days ; 
 in this process the chloride of sodium for the most 
 part is separated by crystallisation, and the liquor 
 left behind, after further concentration, forms the 
 " mother lye." 
 
 This differs much in composition from the water 
 of the springs from which it is derived. It is a 
 yellowish-brow T n, oily-looking liquid, containing but 
 a relatively small quantity of common salt ; while 
 the other chlorides, especially the chloride of 
 calcium, are in larger amounts. It also contains an 
 appreciable quantity of bromide of potassium. It is 
 
SECT. B.] KREUZNACH. 223 
 
 usual to add to a single bath about two litres of 
 " mother lye " and two and a-half kilos of common 
 salt ; but this quantity of " mother lye " is largely 
 increased in certain cases. In a bath of this kind the 
 patients are retained for a long time, often for an 
 hour, and a long period of repose is also needed 
 after a prolonged bath of this sort. It produces much 
 drowsiness and a feeling of exhaustion. The baths 
 are given in wooden tubs owing to the action of 
 the "mother lye" on stone and porcelain. The 
 hotels and many of the houses are supplied with 
 mineral water, which is very abundant. 
 
 Kreuznach is celebrated especially for the treat- 
 ment of chronic catarrhs of the respiratory organs, 
 nasal, laryngeal, and bronchial, of scrofulous, glan- 
 dular, and other enlargements, certain diseases of 
 women, as chronic catarrhal and inflammatory states 
 of the pelvic organs and the residues of pelvic 
 cellulitis and inflammatory exudations generally, 
 certain forms of skin disease, especially syphilitic, and 
 certain forms of gout and rheumatism. The system 
 pursued there is regarded as the typical mode of 
 applying strong salt springs, internally and externally, 
 for the relief of chronic maladies. 
 
 Kreuznach possesses an abundance of springs, 
 many of which belong to the salt works at Carls- 
 halle, Theodorshalle, and Mimster-am-Stein ; and 
 the large supply of " mother lye " and the salts 
 extracted therefrom, always at hand, enables the 
 physicians to use baths and local applications of any 
 degree of strength they may require, and for any 
 length of time. Such local applications prove most 
 efficacious in promoting the absorption of scrofulous 
 and other hypertrophies and deposits. 
 
 Munster-am-Stetn, two and a-half miles higher 
 up the river Nahe, also a bathing-station, where 
 the same mode of treatment is carried out as at 
 Kreuznach, is much more picturesquely situated. It 
 lies at the foot of precipitous red porphyry cliffs 
 one, the Rheingrafenstein, rising to a considerable 
 
224 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART I. 
 
 height almost perpendicularly from the river, forms 
 a grand object ; and another, the Cans, an indented 
 ridge of porphyry, rises some 200 feet higher, and 
 commands a most extensive view of the valley of 
 the Nahe. 
 
 The season is from May ist to Oct. ist. 
 
 Kainzenbad, a cold sulphur spring 
 near Partenkirchen in the Ba- 
 varian Alps, at an elevation of 
 2,460 feet, distant about half an 
 hour from the station Garmisch- 
 Partenkirchen. There are also a 
 chalybeate water and a weak alka- 
 line spring ; the former contains 
 protocarbonate of iron and the 
 latter sodium carbonate. The 
 sulphur water (Gutequelle), which 
 is brought in barrels from the 
 source, distant a kilometre from 
 the bath house, contains sodium 
 carbonate and sulphuretted hydro- 
 gen. These springs are utilised 
 for drinking, bathing, gargling, 
 and inhalations. Moor baths, 
 pine-needle and artificial carbonic 
 acid baths are given, and it is also 
 a station for milk and whey cures 
 and hydrotherapy. 
 
 The season is from May i to 
 Oct. i. 
 
 The diseases treated there are 
 chronic gout and rheumatism, 
 catarrh of the respiratory organs, 
 stomach, and intestines, catarrhal 
 jaundice, skin diseases, chlorosis. 
 
 Karlsbad, near Mergentheim, 
 Wlirtemberg, has cold gaseous 
 springs containing chiefly common 
 salt and the aperient sulphates. 
 The Karlsquelle contains 13 '3 per 
 litre common salt, 3-7 sodium and 
 2'5 magnesium sulphates. This 
 water is used in the treatment of 
 chronic constipation and chronic 
 gastric and intestinal catarrh. 
 
 Kellberg, a chalybeate spring, 
 with a sanatorium, near Passau, 
 on a spur of the Bavarian Forest 
 mountains looking over the 
 
 Danube, at an elevation of nearly 
 1,500 feet, and open all the year 
 round. The spring contains proto- 
 carbonate of iron and free carbonic 
 acid . It is exported after charging 
 with artificial carbonic acid. It 
 is also used at the source for drink- 
 ing and baths. Mud baths, arti- 
 ficial carbonic acid gas baths, 
 gymnastics, massage, and hydro- 
 pathy are applied there in the 
 treatment chiefly of anaemia and 
 chlorosis. 
 
 Kiedrich, near Eltville, on the 
 Rhine (Hesse-Nassau) , has a com- 
 mon salt spring, the " Kiedricher 
 Sprudel," containing sodium 
 chloride 6-7 per litre, potassium 
 chloride 05, calcium chloride 
 0-75, and lithium 0-06. It claims 
 to be one of the richest lithium 
 springs. 
 
 Koenigsdorf - Jastrzemb, in 
 Upper Silesia, near the Austrian 
 frontier, in a mountainous district 
 at an altitude of nearly 1,000 feet, 
 has common salt springs contain- 
 ing ii-o sodium chloride per litre 
 and small amounts of magnesium 
 bromide and iodide. The usual 
 method of applying brine baths 
 together with drinking is carried 
 out, and other curative methods, 
 such as mud baths, medicated 
 baths, and massage, are in use. 
 
 Season, May 15 to Oct. i. 
 
 Koenigswart, in Bohemia, about 
 five miles from Marienbad, and be- 
 tween that town and Eger, has 
 cold gaseous chalybeate springs, con- 
 taining 0-08 per litre of bicar- 
 bonate of iron. The Kurhaus is 
 very pleasantly situated on a 
 
SECT. B.] 
 
 KOESENKRYNICA . 
 
 225 
 
 wooded hill about half an hour's 
 drive from the railway station. It 
 has also a simple gaseous spring. 
 Moor baths are prepared there as 
 at Marienbad. It has climatic 
 advantages from its open and 
 elevated situation ; its altitude is 
 2,230 feet, and is therefore well 
 adapted to the treatment of anae- 
 mic cases and cases of retarded 
 convalescence. It has also been 
 suggested as a suitable after-cure 
 to the great Bohemian spas in its 
 neighbourhood, Carlsbad, Marien- 
 bad, and Franzensbad. 
 
 Koesen, in Saxony, on the Saale, 
 has cold brine baths, and a sana- 
 torium for children. Besides the 
 use of the salt springs in the usual 
 class of cases, other remedies are 
 provided, as inhalations of pine- 
 needle steam, electric baths, hy- 
 dropathy, gymnastics, and mas- 
 sage. The railway station is on 
 the Halle-Bebra line. 
 
 Kohlgrub, in Upper Bavaria, at 
 an altitude of nearly 3,000 feet, in 
 a mountainous district, has strong 
 chalybeate springs, containing as 
 much as 0-09 of bicarbonate of 
 iron per litre, also a small amount 
 of manganese. The situation is a 
 very agreeable one with bracing 
 mountain air, and is well suited 
 for an iron cure. The station is 
 on an electric railway, Murnau- 
 Kohlgrub-Oberammergau, con- 
 nected with the Munich-Murnau 
 main line. Besides drinking and 
 bathing in the chalybeate waters, 
 there are available ferruginous 
 mud baths, vapour, pine-needle, 
 artificial brine, and carbonic acid 
 gas baths, and electric baths. The 
 maladies chiefly treated there are 
 anaemia, chlorosis, and female 
 complaints. 
 
 The season is from May i to 
 the middle of October. 
 
 Kolberg, on the Baltic, in Po- 
 merania, besides sea baths, pos- 
 sesses brine baths containing 21 -o 
 to 51 - o per litre of common salt, 
 and smaller amounts of chlorides 
 of magnesium and calcium. Sana- 
 toria have been established there 
 for the treatment of scrofulous 
 children. Various other thera- 
 peutic processes are applied 
 there. 
 
 Krankenheil-Tolz. See Tolz- 
 Krankenheil. 
 
 Krapina Toplitz, a simple ther- 
 mal bath in Croatia, at an altitude 
 of 530 feet, having springs of a 
 temperature of 99 to 110 F. 
 
 Kreuth, in the Bavarian moun- 
 tains, 2,700 feet above the sea, 
 has brine baths, the brine being 
 brought from a distance. Its in- 
 vigorating, bracing climate has, 
 probably, quite as great a curative 
 influence as the brine baths. It 
 has also a weak cold sulphur 
 spring (the Kreuzquelle), contain- 
 ing lime salts chiefly and a little 
 H 2 S, which is used for bathing 
 and drinking. Kreuth occupies 
 a sheltered position in a beautiful 
 wooded mountainous country, be- 
 tween the Tegernsee and the 
 Achensee, two hours and a-halt 
 from the railway station Gmund- 
 am-Tegernsee. Cases of anaemia, 
 retarded convalescence, and scro- 
 fula are treated there. 
 
 The season is from June i to 
 Sept. 15. 
 
 Krynica, in the Carpathians 
 (Galicia), at an altitude of 2,000 
 feet, has cold gaseous alkaline 
 earthy chalybeate waters, used in 
 atonic dyspepsia, anaemia, and 
 forms of chronic catarrh. 
 
 La Malou, in the south of France, at the western 
 extremity of the Department of Herault, has a special 
 reputation for the treatment of tabes dorsalis and 
 
226 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 other chronic affections of the nervous system. It 
 lies in a narrow valley, opening into the valley of the 
 Orb, at 'an elevation of 650 feet on the southern slope 
 of the Cevennes, with picturesque surroundings. 
 It is a considerable distance from Paris (800 kilo- 
 metres) and is usually reached by the P.I.M. 
 Railway via Arvant. It has a mild southern climate, 
 tempered by refreshing currents of air from the 
 mountains. 
 
 There are three bath establishments, correspond- 
 ing with three groups of springs named according to 
 their situation : (i) La Malou-le-Bas, (2) La Malou- 
 le-Centre, and (3) La Malou-le-Haut. These springs 
 may also be divided into an alkaline group (Usclade, 
 La Verniere, Petit Vichy) and a ferruginous and 
 arsenical group (Capus, Bourges, Souveraine, La 
 Mine). Their temperature varies between 104 F., 
 the hottest, which are used for the baths, and 80 F., 
 the coolest, which contain most carbonic acid. 
 
 It is somewhat difficult to classify these springs 
 amongst other mineral springs. The mineralisation 
 of the strongest does not exceed 2-15 per litre, and 
 their chief constituents are bicarbonates of sodium, 
 magnesium, and iron, and arsenate of sodium and 
 copper. 
 
 It is a question whether they should not, owing 
 to their feeble mineralisation, be classed amongst 
 what French authors term " indeterminate " springs, 
 or whether they should be named, after their con- 
 stituents, "mixed bicarbonated." H.Weber classifies 
 them amongst the chalybeate waters, but they have 
 little in common with the typical members of that 
 class. 
 
 La Malou-le-Bas has the most strongly mineral- 
 ised springs, especially in alkaline bicarbonates. One, 
 La Verniere, a cold spring, is said to contain per litre 
 sodium bicarbonate ri, calcium bicarbonate 0*5, and 
 magnesium bicarbonate o'2, as well as a little bicar- 
 bonate of iron, 0*014. It is rich in carbonic acid 
 gas, and is used as a table water. 
 
SECT. B.] LA MALOU. 227 
 
 La Malou-le-Centre has weaker waters, but con- 
 taining most iron. The Capus is said to contain per 
 litre 0*06 bicarbonate of iron and 0*001 sodium 
 arsenate. It is much drunk by anaemics. 
 
 La Malou-le-Haut has still weaker waters, the 
 mineralisation not exceeding 1-50, but they contain 
 more carbonic acid. The Petit Vichy has very 
 little iron, and its 1*0 of solids consists chiefly of 
 bicarbonate of sodium. 
 
 The springs here mentioned are used for drinking, 
 but this is only looked upon as an auxiliary to the 
 main treatment, which is bathing. 
 
 Baths there are the chief therapeutic measures 
 natural vapour baths warm footbaths with running 
 water carbonic acid baths and local douches 
 piscines where many bathe together the latter being 
 regarded as the most effectual of the bathing pro- 
 cesses. The methods of hydrotherapy are also 
 applied fine-rain douches, douches to the lower 
 limbs, dry massage and douche massage, electro- 
 therapy, a " Terrain-kur " to train and exercise in 
 locomotion, apparatus for mechanical treatment, 
 and the application of Fraenkel's treatment for the 
 re-education of the muscles. 
 
 As to the effects of the internal use of the waters, 
 one group (the iron and arsenical) is regarded as 
 having tonic properties, the other (the alkaline) as 
 especially useful in correcting the visceral troubles 
 which so frequently complicate diseases of the 
 nervous system. 
 
 The effect of the combined treatment is said to be 
 the promotion of circulatory activity and the quicken- 
 ing of oxidation processes in the tissues (metabolism), 
 so that the excretion of urea is greatly augmented. 
 A stimulating effect on the pelvic organs is especially 
 evident, rousing the activity of the generative 
 functions, and tending to restore impaired virility. 
 
 This stimulating effect is followed by a tonic and 
 sedative one. At first the painful sensory phenomena 
 are sometimes exaggerated, so that a period of 
 
228 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 excitement may be noted, and this irritant action is 
 particularly noted on the skin. 
 
 As to the diseases in the treatment of which 
 La Malou is specially indicated, it has already been 
 mentioned that diseases of the nervous system take 
 the most prominent place affections of the spinal 
 cord mainly, and particularly locomotor ataxy or 
 tabes. It is most useful when these affections have 
 a rheumatic origin, or follow excessive fatigue or 
 over- activity, esj ecially of the generative function, or 
 succeed severe infective fevers. It is a treatment more 
 suitable to feeble, anaemic, and neurasthenic constitu- 
 tions than to the robust and plethoric. 
 
 In syphilitic cases it serves as an important aid to 
 specific treatment. Like all other remedial measures, 
 its utility depends on its early application, and the 
 patients who do well are those who are sent there on 
 the first appearance of the symptoms. 
 
 Rheumatic affections, including rheumatoid ar- 
 thritis, are also treated there. 
 
 The counter indications are somewhat special and 
 important. La Malou is unsuitable to all skin affec- 
 tions, to all cases with hsemorrhagic tendencies, to all 
 acute or subacute affections of the genital organs, 
 including all forms of erotism, to nervous affections 
 during the inflammatory period, as well as to all 
 spinal maladies which have originated with a 
 " stroke," congestive, apoplectiform, or aphasic. 
 
 The season begins early (April ist) and ends late 
 (Oct. 3ist). The nervous cases, as a rule, take a 
 spring and autumn cure ; these are the seasons that 
 suit them best. The rheumatic prefer the hot 
 summer season. The interval between the bathing 
 seasons can be occupied by treatment at the re- 
 educating institution. 
 
 La Motte les Bains (Isere), in a valley of 
 Dauphine and having a station on the line between 
 Grenoble and La Mare, about tw T enty-three miles from 
 Grenoble, possesses two hot iveak common salt 
 
SECT. B.] LA MOTTE LES BAINS. 220 
 
 springs (4 grammes of sodium chloride per litre), 
 containing also some calcium sulphate (1*3), car- 
 bonate of lithium, silica, and a very little sodium 
 bromide (0*02) and iodide. 
 
 There is only one spring, Le Puits, at present 
 utilised. Its temperature is about 140 F. 
 
 The bath establishment is contained in the old 
 Chateau, and the price of each room and apartment is 
 affixed inside. It" is situated at an elevation of about 
 2,000 feet above the sea in a valley enclosed by 
 mountains. There is a dense shady wood in the 
 immediate neighbourhood, with numerous paths, 
 affording admirable protection to promenaders during 
 the heat of the summer. The spring from which the 
 water is obtained rises a little distance below the 
 Chateau, and the water has therefore to be pumped 
 up some 283 metres, and as it loses heat in the 
 process, it is again heated before it is employed in 
 the baths. The Chateau includes the bath estab- 
 lishment and the hotel. 
 
 La Motte has a mild mountain climate, very dry, 
 bracing, and healthy. 
 
 The Etablissement is provided with the usual 
 baths and douches, with a vaporarium, salles d'aspir- 
 ation, etc. Baths of long duration are often given, 
 sometimes as long as two hours, and vaginal irri- 
 gations are a feature there. The water is also 
 drunk, the average daily dose being from two to four 
 glasses. Its effect is diuretic and diaphoretic. Some 
 importance appears to be attached to its natural 
 " electrisation." 
 
 The cases treated at La Motte are, in the first 
 place, uterine and ovarian affections, especially 
 uterine fibromata. 2nd. Rheumatism, articular and 
 muscular, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, sciatica. 3rd. 
 Scrofulo-tuberculous affections of the glands, bones, 
 and joints. 4th. Traumatic affections of the bones 
 and joints. 
 
 Finally, in young subjects with recent valvular 
 cardiac lesion from acute rheumatism, these waters 
 
230 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 are said to exert a beneficial influence. La Motte 
 has been termed a " sea bath in the mountains." 
 
 The season is from June ist to Sept. 2oth. 
 
 There is a fine park at La Motte, and charming 
 excursions can be made into the mountainous coun- 
 try around. It has no Casino. The life is quiet, and 
 prices are very moderate. 
 
 It is thirteen hours from Paris. 
 
 La Mouillere (Besangon) is a strong cold salt 
 bath, established in the suburbs of Besangon, and 
 accompanied by a variety of other methods of 
 treatment hydrotherapy in a very complete manner, 
 with fresh and salt water, Russian and Moorish 
 baths, massage, Swedish and orthopaedic gymnastics, 
 electricity in its various modes of application, a 
 radioscopic and radiographic institution. It is about 
 seven hours from Paris, in the Department of the 
 Doubs. It stands at an elevation of 780 feet, and 
 has a tonic and stimulating climate. It has also the 
 convenience of being close to a large town. The 
 strong salt water is brought underground from salt- 
 works at Miserey, about four miles from Besangon. 
 The water contains 298 grammes of salts in the litre, 
 of which 283 is sodium chloride. The other chlorides 
 present are magnesium, potassium, and - calcium 
 chloride. It also contain? sodium sulphate and 
 0*108 of potassium bromide. 
 
 An ean mere is also used, containing 333 grammes 
 of salts to the litre, including 235 of sodium chloride 
 and 2*250 of potassium bromide. This water is 
 rarely given internally, and then only in very 
 small doses, and mixed with veal or chicken broth. 
 Externally it is used as baths, cold, tepid, or 
 warm, and of progressive strength, with or without 
 the addition of can mere ; as tepid or hot douches, 
 general or local, and as inhalations and pulverisations. 
 
 Like all such applications, it is found usually to 
 be attended by tonic and stimulating effects on the 
 cutaneous and nervous system, and it thus promotes 
 
SECT. B.] LAVEY. 231 
 
 organic changes and furthers nutrition. The special 
 use of La Mouillere is in the treatment of lymphatic 
 and scrofulo-tuberculous maladies, old surgical gland- 
 ular, osseous, and articular affections, some chronic 
 diseases of the female pelvic organs, and especially of 
 uterine fibroids. Certain forms of anaemia are 
 benefited, and such diseases of the nervous system 
 as infantile paralysis, chronic chorea, etc. It is 
 specially useful to feeble, rickety children. 
 
 The season is from May to September, but the 
 bath establishment is open all the year round. 
 
 Lavey, in Switzerland, in the Rhone Valley, at an 
 elevation of 1,350 feet, near the eastern extremity of 
 the Lake of Geneva, and about a mile from St. 
 Maurice Station, on the right bank of the river, has 
 weak thermal sulphur waters, and utilises also the 
 eau meres from the neighbouring "salines" or salt 
 works at Bex, and also prepares sand baths from the 
 sand which accumulates on the adjacent banks of the 
 Rhone. Hydrotherapy, too, is employed. 
 
 The sulphur source, which is used for baths, 
 drinking, and pulverisation, has a temperature of 
 124 F., and is very feebly mineralised, 1-312 solids per 
 litre, which are composed chiefly of sodium, sulphate, 
 and chloride, salts of lime and magnesium in small 
 amounts, and minute quantities of potassium and 
 lithium. It contains also free sulphuretted hydrogen, 
 carbonic acid, and nitrogen gases. 
 
 The caux meres are mixed with the sulphur 
 water, and modified artificially and pharmaceutically 
 in various ways at Lavey for internal use, so as to 
 provide five different kinds of drinking waters ! 
 They are also mixed with the thermal sulphur water 
 for baths, etc. 
 
 The sand baths are prepared by heating the 
 sand in a special manner, and are applied either as 
 an entire bath or locally, the temperature varying 
 from 113 to 140 F. They are said to be well 
 borne at a high temperature, and usually cause very 
 
232 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 free perspiration. The maladies most suitable for 
 treatment at Lavey are all forms of scrofulous 
 affections, rickets, chronic rheumatism, certain skin 
 affections, as moist eczema, lichen, chronic urticaria, 
 slowly healing wounds (traumatic and surgical), and 
 some chronic catarrhal affections, cystic, vaginal, 
 bronchial. 
 
 The season is from May i5th to Sept. 3oth. 
 
 Leamington. This well-known, pleasant, and 
 fashionable resort in the Midlands, easily reached 
 from London in about three hours, and in the 
 neighbourhood of interesting and historical scenes, 
 has important mineral waters. 
 
 Four mineral springs are at present in use, and 
 they may be classified amongst the cold common salt 
 and alkaline sulphate waters. But there still appears 
 to exist a little confusion as to the precise composi- 
 tion of the spring used for drinking, especially as to 
 the presence of calcium chloride, some placing stress 
 on its presence in considerable amount, others 
 denying its presence altogether. The analyses pub- 
 lished . by Brazier in 1885 make no mention of 
 calcium chloride ; but its presence, though not its 
 amount, is suggested in the analysis of Bostock-Hill 
 in 1890. The amount of sodium chloride appears to 
 be fairly constant in the several springs, and to be 
 about 8*5 grammes per litre, the sodium sulphate 1-2, 
 calcium sulphate 2-0, and magnesium sulphate 0*87. 
 A minute amount of carbonate of iron also appears 
 to be present. 
 
 The water is diuretic in small quantities, and 
 aperient in large ones of a pint or more. It is usually 
 prescribed to be taken warmed early in the morn- 
 ing, in two doses of ten ounces each, at half an 
 hour's interval, which should be spent in a promenade 
 in the adjacent Jephson Gardens, a great boon to the 
 visitors at Leamington. The waters are served out 
 to the visitors in a large pump-room. The water can 
 be obtained aerated in bottles. In the bath estab- 
 
SECT. B.j LEAMINGTON LENK. 233 
 
 lishment there are comfortable immersion baths and 
 reclining baths, with dressing-rooms. The baths are 
 given usually at the temperature of about 100 F. 
 Special douching apartments are provided where the 
 Aix douche massage is applied. Various other forms 
 of douche can also be obtained. Cheap baths for the 
 poor are provided. There are also large swimming 
 baths of fresh water adjacent. Turkish, sulphur, 
 pine, and other medicated baths are available, as are 
 also wet and dry packs and electrical treatment. 
 
 The following are the cases reported to be 
 benefited by treatment at Leamington : Congestion 
 and enlargement of liver induced by residence in hot 
 climates, cases of dyspepsia and hepatic congestion 
 from free living, chronic gout, chronic rheumatism, 
 sciatica, especially when of gouty origin, scrofulous 
 maladies, the constipation accompanying chlorosis 
 (iron is then added to the water), chronic eczema and 
 psoriasis in gouty subjects, the gouty form of 
 glycosuria, uric acid gravel, some female maladies, 
 surgical joint affections treated by local douches with 
 massage. 
 
 The best season for the cure is from April to 
 October, but the baths are open all the year round. 
 
 Lenk, or La Lenk, in the Canton of Berne, 
 Switzerland, is situated at the upper end of the 
 Simmenthal, and has two cold calcareous sulphur 
 springs and a weak earthy chalybeate spring. The 
 bath-house is half a mile from the village, higher 
 (3,630 feet), and more sheltered. It commands a 
 fine view of the glaciers of the Wildstrubel. The 
 stronger of its two springs, the Balmquelle, is said to 
 be the strongest sulphur water in Switzerland ; it is 
 brought from its source to the baths in pipes, and is 
 reported to contain per litre r6 of calcium sulphate 
 and 44-5 vols of sulphuretted hydrogen. 
 
 The chalybeate spring, which is sometimes drunk 
 as a table water, contains only 0*01 of bicarbonate 
 of iron. 
 
i34 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART t. 
 
 Lenk is said to be warmer than most Swiss 
 resorts at the same altitude, on account of the 
 stillness of its atmosphere and the heat radiated from 
 the mountains around. 
 
 Shady walks, protecting from the midday sun, 
 can be obtained in the adjacent pine woods. 
 
 The waters are used for baths, douches, and 
 pulverisations ; inhalations of cold dry H 2 S gas are 
 also provided. 
 
 The cases treated there are chronic catarrh of the 
 respiratory passages, eczema, torpid forms of early 
 phthisis, gastro-intestinal catarrhs with chronic 
 obstinate diarrhoea, skin diseases, chronic moist 
 eczema, acne, furunculi, scrofula, especially the scrofu- 
 lous affections of the naso-pharyngeal mucous 
 membranes in children. 
 
 The season is from June 1 5th to Sept 3oth. It 
 is usually approached from Thun by carriage or 
 diligence, a distance of thirty-four miles. 
 
 Leukerbad, or Loeche les Bains, in the Canton 
 of Valais, Switzerland, finely situated at the southern 
 foot of the Gemmi Pass, at an altitude of 4,600 feet, 
 has thermal springs, which may be classed either 
 with the simple thermal waters or with the calcareous 
 or earthy waters. The nearest railway station is 
 that of Loueche-la-Souste, in the Rhone Valley, 
 from which it is a drive of three and a-half hours to 
 the baths. Its climate is variable, much exposed 
 to sun heat in the day, very cold at night, and 
 subject to great variations of temperature. September 
 is the finest month. 
 
 There are several hot springs there, but only a 
 few are used, the temperature of which varies from 
 102 to 124 F. Their mineralisation amounts to 
 1*9 of solids per litre, of which 1*4 is calcium 
 sulphate. 
 
 There are several bathing establishments com- 
 municating with the hotels, and there is also an 
 establishment for hydrotherapy. The water is drunk 
 
SECT. B.] LEU KERB AD. 235 
 
 as an auxiliary to the bathing, which is the chief 
 curative agent. 
 
 The baths are for the most part taken in 
 piscines, where a number of persons bathe together. 
 They are prescribed either as short baths i.e. of 
 the usual duration or as prolonged baths of two to 
 six hours or more. 
 
 These prolonged baths are special to Loache. It 
 is usual before taking them for visitors to wait a day 
 or two until the fatigue of the journey has passed off 
 arid they have become somewhat acclimatised. The 
 temperature of these baths is from 93 to 95 F. 
 The patients, clad in suitable garments, bathe 
 together in a large bath in common, a partition 
 separating the sexes. There they amuse themselves 
 by reading or playing games of chess, dominoes, etc., 
 and light refreshments are served on floating tables. 
 
 Usually on the tenth or eleventh day a 'poussee 
 or eruption appears on the skin, a sort of dermatitis, 
 which may vary in severity, and be attended with 
 feverishness and loss of appetite. This usually lasts 
 from ten to fourteen days. 
 
 The short baths have a sedative effect, and, 
 combined with tlie tonic climate, are useful in 
 functional affections of the nervous system, and in 
 the same class of cases as are appropriate to simple 
 thermal baths. 
 
 The prolonged baths are, in the first place, 
 especially indicated in certain chronic, inveterate 
 cutaneous diseases, dry eczema, lichen, psoriasis, 
 chronic urticaria, acne, boils. In some of these 
 amelioration is all that can be hoped for. 
 
 In the second place, cases of chronic rheumatism 
 and gout, the baths being combined with douche 
 massage. 
 
 Thirdly, stiff joints and surgical contractures, 
 rheumatic paralysis ; for the absorption of old 
 inflammatory exudations and the results of phlebitis ; 
 affections of the pelvic viscera, accompanied with neu- 
 ralgia ; as an auxiliary to specific treatment in syphilis. 
 
236 MINERAL SPRINGS: [PART i. 
 
 The season is from June ist to Sept. 3oth, 
 but the best months for this treatment are July 
 and August. 
 
 Levico, in the Austrian Tyrol, has a water which 
 contains a large quantity of sulphate of iron, a small 
 amount of sulphate of copper, some arsenious acid 
 and a little free sulphuric acid, and other less im- 
 portant constituents. 
 
 The village of Levico is approached from Trente, 
 a station on the Brenner line, from which it is a 
 beautiful drive of about three hours. 
 
 The waters of Levico are of two strengths, and 
 are known as the " strong " water and the " weak " 
 water. Both springs arise at some distance from 
 Levico in the grottoes of Vitriolo, on the southern 
 slope of Monte Fronte, at an altitude of about 
 4,900 feet, where is a small bath establishment. 
 
 The "strong" water contains 3*8 grammes per 
 litre of sulphate of iron, 0*047 sulphate of copper, 
 0*62 sulphate of aluminium, and 0*0086 of arsenious 
 acid. Roughly estimated, there is about J of a 
 grain of arsenious acid to a quart " of the strong 
 water. The usual dose is one to three tablespoon- 
 fuls, often gradually increased to four or six, after 
 meals, twice or thrice daily. At the commencement 
 of the treatment it is often diluted with the weaker 
 water. 
 
 The " weak " water is very much weaker, and con- 
 tains only 0-9 per litre of sulphate of iron, 0-005 f 
 sulphate of copper, and 0-0009 of arsenious acid. 
 This water is often mixed with wine or beer and 
 drunk at meals. 
 
 The baths are prepared with the " weak " water 
 diluted at first with two-thirds and afterwards with 
 one-third ordinary water. They are given at a 
 temperature of about 90 F., and their duration is, 
 at the outside, half an hour. The muddy ferruginous 
 deposit at the source is also employed for baths 
 and local applications. 
 
SECT. B.I LIPPSPRINGE. 237 
 
 The effect of these waters when drunk is tonic 
 and restorative, and they are prescribed in cases of 
 general debility and retarded convalescence, in ob- 
 stinate cases of anaemia and chlorosis, in neurasthenia, 
 in the malarial cachexia, in certain skin affections, 
 and locally in catarrhal uterine affections. The 
 proportion of female patients to male at Levico is 
 that of three to one. Delicate children are said to 
 do well there. The water is exported largely. 
 
 The season is from June ist to Sept. 3oth. 
 
 Lippspringe, in Westphalia, an hour's drive from 
 the railway station of Paderborn, on the line between 
 Soest and Holzminden, has earthy calcareous waters 
 containing much free nitrogen gas. It lies at an 
 altitude of 450 feet on the south-western slope of the 
 Teutoberger Wald, close to pleasing woodlands, and 
 protected by mountains from northerly winds. Its 
 climate is mild and sedative, somewhat humid, and 
 with an equable temperature. The waters are weak 
 earthy ones, the Arminiusquelle, containing 2-4 
 grammes of solids per litre, of which 1*4 is composed 
 of equal parts of calcium and sodium sulphate ; there 
 are smaller amounts of magnesium and calcium car- 
 bonates, magnesium chloride, and bicarbonate of iron. 
 
 A speciality of this spa is the inhalation of the 
 gases given off by the waters of the Arminius- 
 quelle, which are passed over " graduation works " 
 to liberate the gases. Of these 83 per cent, consists 
 of nitrogen, and the rest is chiefly carbonic acid. 
 Besides the inhalation of nitrogen gas, these waters 
 are used for drinking and bathing. 
 
 The diseases treated there are mainly chronic 
 bronchitis, chronic unabsorbed pleuritic exudations, 
 and chronic phthisis, spasmodic asthma, and some 
 forms of intestinal catarrh with diarrhoea. 
 
 The season is from May i5th to Sept. 
 
 Lisdoonvarna, in the county of Clare, Ireland, 
 eight miles from Ennistymon the nearest railway 
 
238 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 station possesses cold alkaline sulphur and chaly- 
 beate springs, and is the most popular spa in Ireland. 
 It is situated about three miles from the Atlantic 
 coast in the north of Clare, and stands on high 
 ground (altitude 430 feet), but sheltered on the 
 land side by an extensive high plateau. 
 
 The mosj: important spring is the Gowlawn 
 sulphur spring ; it is feebly mineralised and contains 
 a variable amount of H 2 S, the average quantity 
 being 4*14 c.c. per litre, and about 0*328 grammes 
 of solids, the chief being the alkaline and earthy 
 bicarbonates of sodium, calcium, and magnesium ; 
 also some sodium chloride, a trace of lithium, and 
 minute amounts of other unimportant constituents. 
 This spring is diuretic and constipating. Another 
 sulphur spring of minor interest is the " Twin " spring 
 it resembles the preceding in mineral constituents, 
 but is much less strongly charged with H 2 S. A 
 few persons drink it at its source, but it does not 
 appear to have been officially utilised. 
 
 The chalybeate wells are on the other side of 
 the village. The chief of these, the 'Rathbawn, 
 contains ferrous carbonate (about 0*034 P er litre), 
 the other solids are mainly calcium sulphate and 
 carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and sodium 
 chloride, but the total mineralisation is less than 
 0*4 per litre. 
 
 Patients drink from one to four pints of the sul- 
 phur water daily, and it is said to be found useful in 
 cases of atonic dyspepsia, gastric catarrh, and gout. 
 A small public garden surrounds this spa. The 
 water is warmed for the baths. 
 
 There are three or four hotels besides lodging- 
 houses. 
 
 The season is from May to October. 
 
 Llandrindod Wells, in Radnorshire, mid-Wales, 
 has mineral springs of three kinds common salt 
 or saline springs, sulphur and salt springs, and 
 chalybeate springs. It seems certain that one of 
 
SECT. B.] LLANDRINDOD WELLS. 239 
 
 these springs has been known for three centuries, 
 and that its local reputation as a curative agent is 
 of ancient date. But this spa has of late years 
 undergone a great development, and has rapidly 
 acquired a wide-spread popularity. It can be reached 
 from London in a little over five hours. 
 
 The situation and climate of Llandrindod has 
 much to recommend it. It has an altitude of 700 
 feet at its highest part, and lies in the centre of a 
 wide plateau. There can be no doubt that the healthy 
 and bracing climatic conditions aid greatly the curative 
 effects of the- natural springs. 
 
 Perhaps the most important of the springs is 
 the saline or common salt spring. As its name 
 implies its chief constituent is sodium chloride, about 
 4*8 grammes per litre ; it also contains other 
 chlorides, of which the chief is calcium chloride, 
 about 1*0 per litre ; there are small amounts of potas- 
 sium and magnesium chloride, and a " strong trace " 
 of lithium chloride. 
 
 These saline waters are found to be diuretic 
 or laxative, according to the quantity taken. The 
 cases in which they are prescribed are atonic 
 dyspepsia, hepatic cirrhosis in its early stage, 
 and cases of "drink craving"; jaundice, catarrhal 
 and obstructive ; hepatic and splenic enlargements, 
 dietetic or malarial ; chronic constipation and haemor- 
 rhoids, intestinal parasites, glycosuria, especially the 
 gouty form ; obesity. It is combined with the use 
 of the sulphur springs in gouty and rheumatic states 
 associated with hepatic inadequacy ; in the early 
 stage of rheumatoid arthritis, in lumbago and sciatica. 
 
 The common salt and sulphur springs contain 
 precisely the same ingredients as the saline springs, 
 but in smaller amount ; they are weaker waters, 
 but they possess, as their name implies, sulphur in 
 the form of free sulphuretted hydrogen gas ; which 
 appears to vary considerably in quantity in the 
 different springs. 
 
 These waters are reported to exercise a stimulating 
 
240 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 effect on the skin and mucous membranes ; they 
 are prescribed in cases of gastro-intestinal catarrh 
 with a tendency to diarrhoea ; in some cases 
 of chronic cystitis, and in scrofulous, glandular, 
 and other affections, combined with the chalybeate 
 spring ; but their more especial use is in cutaneous 
 affections, externally and internally, as in acute 
 and chronic eczema, prurigo, lichen, urticaria, acne, 
 and some forms of psoriasis. They are used in 
 the form of hot baths and douches. 
 
 Finally, there is the chalybeate spring ; this 
 also contains the same chlorides as the -other springs 
 (indeed, all these springs are of the same type and 
 constitution, and differ only quantitatively), but is 
 richer in iron, containing o'oiS per litre of carbonate 
 of iron, and no free carbonic acid ; so that, compared 
 with other so-called chalybeate springs, it must be 
 regarded as a very zveak one. It is said to prove 
 useful in cases of anaemia and chlorosis, especially 
 when associated with constipation and torpid liver, 
 or with amenorrhcea, and in cases of retarded con- 
 valescence. 
 
 Some forms of neurasthenia, chorea, and neuralgia 
 are benefited by the bracing air and the quiet out- 
 of-door life, combined with the use of the mineral 
 waters in shower baths and douches. 
 
 It is usual at Llandrindod to prescribe the 
 "saline" water to be taken before breakfast, 
 between 6 and 8 a.m., often artificially warmed. 
 The sulphur water is taken cold in the forenoon 
 or afternoon, or both. 
 
 The season is from May to October, but the 
 favourite months are July, August, and September. 
 It is apt to be over-crowded in the height of the 
 summer. May and June are said to be the best 
 months for those needing treatment. 
 
 Llangammarch, in Breconshire, Wales, five hours 
 and three-quarters from London, with a station on the 
 line of railway between Llandrindod and Llanwrtyd, 
 
SECT. B.] LLANWRTYD WELLS. 241 
 
 has cold common salt waters containing an unusual 
 ingredient in mineral waters, barium chloride ! 
 
 It also contains calcium and magnesium chlorides. 
 These constituents exist in the following proportions 
 per litre of the mineral spring sodium chloride 
 2*6 grammes, calcium chloride 1*2, magnesium 
 chloride 0*3, and barium chloride 0*096. 
 
 The presence of barium chloride is considered to 
 render this water valuable as a cardiac tonic, as 
 this salt is said to reduce the frequency and increase 
 the strength of the cardiac contractions. 
 
 The calcium chloride is also regarded as an 
 important constituent on account of its reputation 
 in the treatment of chronic glandular enlargements. 
 
 The water is exported, either artificially aerated 
 or unaerated. 
 
 The situation of Llangammarch is a pleasant 
 one, at an elevation of 600 feet, in an open valley 
 with some shelter from the north and east winds. 
 The air is said to be fresh and exhilarating. The 
 waters are used internally and for baths and douches 
 in a well-appointed modern hotel and bath-house. 
 
 The treatment there is recommended in some 
 forms of dyspepsia and neurasthenia, and in chronic 
 gout and rheumatism. Cases of cardiac asthenia 
 are treated there after the Nauheim method, with 
 artificial gaseous saline baths. 
 
 This water is said to have a marked influence 
 in promoting the excretion of uric acid*; hence 
 its observed value in relieving chronic gouty arthritis. 
 
 Llanwrtyd Wells, in Breconshire, Wales, six 
 hours from London, is situated on the line 
 of railway between Llandovery and Llandrin- 
 dod. The principal hotel, " Dolecoid House," in 
 the vicinity of the springs, is some distance from 
 the station and the village. It has cold sulphur 
 
 * Jones and Russell : Brit. Med. Journal, March 25th. 
 1899. 
 
242 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 waters and a weak chalybeate spring. The springs 
 are situated at an elevation of 800 feet, at the 
 entrance of a small valley ; the surrounding country 
 being " open, airy upland." The climate is fairly 
 bracing. The special character of the sulphur spring 
 is its small contents of chlorides as compared with 
 some other " sulphur " springs, and that, as it flows 
 from its source in a very strong stream, the H 2 S 
 escapes very rapidly, and unless the water is at 
 once drunk, much of this gas is lost ; hence it is 
 urged that "no analysis can do full justice to the 
 water." Its solid content scarcely exceeds ro gramme 
 per litre, and this is chiefly sodium chloride. It is 
 difficult, for the reason already stated, to estimate 
 accurately the amount of H 2 S. 
 
 The chalybeate spring is also very feebly mineral- 
 ised, containing only o'on of carbonate of iron per 
 litre. The Builth saline water is also drunk there. 
 
 The cases found suitable for treatment there are 
 reported to be those of chronic gout and rheumatism, 
 bronchial catarrh, overwork, and neurasthenia ; 
 anaemia and gastro-hepatic disorders, certain chronic 
 skin affections, as eczema and psoriasis, and some 
 forms of urinary troubles, renal calculus, etc. The 
 hotel accommodation and the bathing arrangements 
 have been greatly improved of late years and com- 
 pletely modernised. 
 
 The season is from May to September. 
 
 Lucan, Ireland, eight miles west of Dublin, in the 
 valley of the Liffey, has a well-known sulphur spring 
 containing free sulphuretted hydrogen. The spring 
 is situated about half a mile to the west of the town, 
 and close to it there is a commodious modern hotel 
 and sanatorium. This building stands on high 
 ground on the south side of the river in a more 
 bracing situation than the town of Lucan. The 
 Leixlip spa is about two miles distant further up the 
 river. 
 
 The spring at Lucan has been found very bene- 
 
SECT B.I LUCCA. w 243 
 
 licial in the treatment of certain forms of cutaneous 
 disease as well as, according to Sir Dominic Corrigan, 
 in cases of chronic rheumatism and gout. Its water 
 is said to resemble much in its properties, chemical 
 and therapeutic, that of Lisdoonvarna. 
 
 Lucca (Bagni di Lucca), Italy. Thermal calcareous 
 baths of very ancient renown are situated about 
 fifteen miles to the north of the town of this name 
 at the foot of the Apennines, in a beautiful valley, at 
 an altitude varying from 400 to 1,000 feet. They 
 are approached usually by a branch line which runs 
 from Viareggio to Ponte-a-Moriano, and thence there 
 is a fine carriage drive of an hour and a-half up a very 
 beautiful valley to the baths. The Bagni di Lucca 
 consist of three villages ; the first of those reached 
 by the visitor is Ponte Seraglio and is about 400 feet 
 above the level of the sea ; here there are a " Royal " 
 casino, good hotels, and a hospital with accommoda % 
 tion for 54 poor patients. Higher up the valley, at 
 an altitude of 1,000 feet, is Bagni Caldi, where the 
 principal bathing establishment is found, with the 
 famous grotto containing the nalural mineral water, 
 vapour and mud baths. Here is the " Grand Hotel 
 des Thermes," a converted grand-ducal residence. 
 The third village, and the most beautiful of the 
 three is Villa ; it is lower than Bagni Caldi and only 
 500 feet above the sea. Here also there are several 
 hotels and furnished villas and apartments and an 
 English church ; and it is, perhaps, more English than 
 either of the other two villages. 
 
 The thermal springs vary in temperature from 
 98 to 129 F. ; that of Bagni Caldi is the hottest, 
 and it is there that the natural vapour and mud baths 
 (consisting of the deposit from the waters) are 
 taken. Douche-massage after the Aix method 
 and other douches are given there. The waters 
 contain from 2 to 3 grammes per litre of solids, the 
 chief of which is calcium sulphate (175) and sodium 
 sulphate (075) ; there are also small amounts of 
 
244 MINERAL SPRINGS [PART i. 
 
 magnesium and sodium chloride. There are four 
 other principal thermal springs, each of which has its 
 own bath establishment. The Bernabo, temperature 
 103-5 FV is use d chiefly for skin diseases ; the Docce 
 Basse, 105 F., is used chiefly for internal douches ; 
 the San Giovanni, the coolest (98 F.), is applied to 
 the treatment of nervous affections, and Villa, tem- 
 perature 102 F., is chiefly used internally, and mainly 
 for renal maladies. 
 
 The cases treated at Lucca are the following : 
 the waters are prescribed internally in renal calculus, 
 gravel and vesical catarrh, atonic gout, and some 
 forms of gastralgia. Externally they are employed 
 in gouty and rheumatic arthritis, myalgia, osteo- 
 arthritis, neuralgia and neuritis, sciatica, etc.; for 
 their sedative effect in locomotor ataxy, in ovarian 
 forms of dysmenorrhoea, in eczema, psoriasis, painful 
 cicatrices and slowly healing ulcers. 
 
 The baths of Lucca have been recommended as a 
 transitional resort for those who have wintered in 
 the Riviera and are returning northward. 
 
 The cost of living is represented as very moderate 
 there. 
 
 The season is from May ist to Sept. 15111. 
 
 Luchon, or Bagneres de Luchon (Pyrenees), is 
 usually approached from Toulouse by a railway 
 journey of about three hours, passing by Montrejeau. 
 Soon after leaving Montrejeau the railway crosses 
 the Garonne and enters the department of the 
 Hautes Pyrenees. 
 
 The valley narrows, and from time to time 
 some lofty peaks appear in the distance. Just 
 beyond the confluence of the Pique with the Garonne 
 the railway again crosses the latter, leaves the valley 
 of the Garonne to the left, and enters the beautiful 
 valley of Luchon. The journey from Paris usually 
 takes fifteen hours, but the " Luchon express," which 
 runs twice or thrice a week in the season, does the 
 journey in thirteen hours. 
 
SECT. B.] LUCHON. 245 
 
 " It is a pleasure/' says M. Taine, " to be ill at 
 Luchon." Without going quite so far as this, one 
 may certainly say that it must be a great pleasure to 
 be cured in such a place. Luchon is decidedly a 
 town of pleasure. Everything is arranged to make 
 life look agreeable. Art and nature combine to 
 produce a mise-en-schie which is quite irreproachable. 
 On each side rise immense mountains richly wooded 
 to their very tops, and the valley is closed in by 
 inaccessible rocky peaks, remarkable both for beauty 
 of form and richness of colouring. Between the 
 mountains the floor of the valley is literally an in- 
 habited park and garden. Broad avenues of houses 
 are partly concealed and shaded by double avenues 
 of trees. 
 
 Luchon is admitted to be the queen of Pyrenean 
 health resorts ; and stands pre-eminent in all respects 
 for the abundance and variety of its springs, the 
 quantity of water they afford, their composition and 
 range of temperature. It is situated at an elevation 
 of over 2,000 feet above the sea, has a mild climate, 
 and in the months of May, June, and September 
 a fresh and somewhat bracing air. In July and 
 August it can be very hot, and it is during these 
 months that it is crowded with Parisians and 
 Spanish ; but even in August the mornings and 
 evenings are often deliriously fresh. 
 
 The springs of Luchon, like those of most of 
 the Pyrenean spas, are sulphur springs ; but it is 
 claimed especially for Luchon that owing to the 
 great number of its sources (it has forty-eight 
 principal springs), the great quantity of water they 
 yield, and the variations in their composition and 
 temperature, it is possible there, by having recourse 
 to one spring after another, and by blending different 
 springs, or by the mere extent of choice, to vary 
 and graduate and adapt the treatment to a great 
 variety of cases and every kind of constitution and 
 temperament. 
 
 The waters have the well-known smell and taste 
 
246 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 of sulphuretted hydrogen, but chemical analysis 
 shows that there is but a small quantity of this 
 gas in them. The chief amount of sulphur which 
 they contain is in combination with sodium, as 
 sodium sulphide. There is no doubt, however, that 
 a considerable quantity of sulphuretted hydrogen 
 is given off from the surface of the water in the 
 baths, and the air over the large piscines contains 
 quite i per cent, of this gas, so that breathing 
 this air for an hour at a time, while floating about 
 in the water, may certainly have a decided thera- 
 peutic effect. The s^ilphur compounds in some of 
 the springs readily undergo decomposition (become 
 what are termed eaux degcnerees) either on exposure 
 to the air or when mixed with cold water, and they 
 then become milky from the presence of precipitated 
 sulphur, This also is thought a valuable property, 
 especially in the treatment of some forms of skin 
 disease. The waters have an alkaline reaction, and 
 a pleasant, soft feeling to the skin. Besides other 
 mineral constituents to which little importance is 
 attached, they contain organic matter (baregine), 
 which is found deposited, often in combination with 
 sulphur, in the reservoirs and conduits of the water. 
 There exist also some iron springs in the environs 
 of Luchon ; the principal one, and the best and 
 pleasantest, on account of the carbonic acid it 
 contains, is that at Sourrouille. Some persons drink 
 it at table mixed with wine. 
 
 The springs at Luchon are so numerous that it has 
 been found convenient to classify them, according to 
 their amount of sulphuration and their temperature, 
 into eight groups. The hottest are the Bayen, 1 54 F. ; 
 Pre, No. i, 140 F. ; Grotte Superieure, 137 F. ; and 
 Reine, 135 F. These have, of course, to be cooled or 
 mixed with springs of lower temperature before they 
 can be used for bathing purposes. But for the 
 purpose of what is called ctuves seches, or dry 
 vapour baths, and for the salles d' inhalation, their 
 high temperature is altogether advantageous ; the 
 
SECT. B.J LUCHON. 247 
 
 atmosphere in one of these settles can be raised to 
 117 F. by allowing the vapour of the mineral 
 waters to spread freely through it. There are three 
 principal buvettes, or places where the waters are 
 drunk, supplied by three springs differing in tem- 
 perature and strength. Here the important process 
 of gargling can be practised. Patients often begin 
 there, as elsewhere in France, with very small doses 
 of the waters a third or half a glass twice a day 
 and this is very slowly and cautiously increased, 
 for some digestions are readily disturbed by sulphur 
 waters ; they are taken fasting before breakfast and 
 during the hour or two which precede dinner. 
 
 Drinking the water is, however, but a small 
 part of the curative processes which are made use 
 of at Luchon. The Etablissement Thermal is a 
 handsome building, elaborately fitted up with all 
 the appliances necessary for utilising the waters 
 according to the most approved methods. It has 
 well-appointed salles $ inhalation and pulverisation, 
 others for vapour baths, others for humage. This 
 method is claimed to have originated at Luchon and 
 to be, in some respects, special to it. These waters 
 give off spontaneously much sulphuretted hydrogen 
 gas ; this is conducted through tubes to special 
 apparatus (each patient having his own) in a large, 
 airy, and dry chamber, and is there inhaled. It is 
 asserted that what is termed humage at other 
 sulphur spas is not the same thing, but simply the 
 inspiration of pulverised water, produced under 
 strong pressure. There are eleven different sets or 
 baths in separate pavilions, supplied from different 
 sources, and so arranged that the bather can take 
 his bath with or without an atmosphere of vapour. 
 There is also a special department for the various 
 sorts of douches, piscines for men and for women, and 
 a large piscine dc natation with running water. Alto- 
 gether it is one of the most complete bathing estab- 
 lishments in Europe. The great central hall of 
 the Etablissement, the salles des pas perdus, is 
 
248 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 constructed of white marble, the walls hand- 
 somely decorated with frescoes, and it is con- 
 veniently furnished with chairs and lounges and 
 tables, supplied with a number of French and 
 other newspapers. 
 
 In the next place, let us inquire what are the 
 cases to which the treatment at Luchon is applicable. 
 Rheumatic affections and all forms of disease asso- 
 ciated w r ith the rheumatic diathesis are suitable for 
 treatment at Luchon. Respiratory diseases are 
 considered especially suitable for treatment by 
 humage of the natural sulphur vapours ; tendencies 
 to catarrhal attacks are removed cases of naso- 
 pharyngeal catarrh, of rhinitis, of laryngitis and 
 catarrhal otitis are said to be prevented and cured. 
 Chronic bronchitis with emphysema and true asthma 
 are also greatly benefited. 
 
 Some forms of tuberculosis do \vell there the 
 torpid, apyretic forms, with tendency to fibroid 
 changes. The sequelae of influenza and other acute 
 infective diseases are benefited by the aseptic action 
 of the sulphur vapours. Chronic diseases of the 
 skin, and of these especially chronic eczema and 
 parasitic dermatitis, do well. Other chronic skin 
 diseases often improve considerably there, but they 
 do not yield the same satisfactory result as cases 
 of eczema. Certain diseases of the glands, and 
 especially of the bones, often derive benefit in a 
 marked degree at Luchon. The waters of Luchon 
 are also reported to be, like those of Bareges, of 
 great efficacy in the treatment of gunshot wounds. 
 It is quite likely that they exercise a useful anti- 
 septic action in such cases. Cases of lead and mer- 
 curial poisoning are said to be cured there. In some 
 forms of nervous affections e.g. of neurasthenia and 
 neuritis the treatment at Luchon exerts a calming 
 and regulating influence, and cases of tabes have 
 been greatly benefited. In syphilis, combined with 
 specific remedies, the thermal treatment at Luchon 
 proves of the greatest service. Bagneres de Luchon, 
 
SECT. B.] LUXEUIL LES BAINS: 249 
 
 then, is a thermal station of much importance and 
 attractiveness. 
 
 The season is from June ist to Oct. ist. The 
 most favourable period, especially for the treatment 
 of respiratory affections, is from June 25th to 
 Sept. 20th. 
 
 Luxeuil les Bains (France) is but a short dis- 
 tance from Lure, a station near Belfort. Although 
 in the department of the Haute Saone, it is on the 
 confines of the Vosges. 
 
 Luxeuil is not only picturesquely situated at an 
 elevation of 1,000 feet above the sea, but it is a 
 very interesting old town, with well-preserved quaint 
 houses and buildings belonging to the fourteenth and 
 fifteenth centuries, a magnificent church of the 
 fourteenth century, and many remains of far 
 greater antiquity preserved in the church and other 
 buildings. 
 
 The waters of Luxeuil are hot, and resemble some- 
 what those of Plombieres, but they are divided into 
 two classes which differ in their physical appearances 
 and chemical composition. One class, the saline 
 springs, contains a small but appreciable quantity 
 of chloride of sodium, about a gramme per litre, with 
 minute amounts of lithium, arsenic, manganese, .and 
 iron, and has a temperature varying from 84 F. 
 to 122 F. ; the other contains much less chloride 
 of sodium, but is characterised by the possession of 
 compounds of iron (0*012) and manganese (0*07 per 
 litre). The latter class, being also hot (temperature 
 80 to 84 F.), presents a rare form of spring, almost 
 unique in Europe. The baths are prepared either 
 of the saline water alone or mixed with the iron 
 water. 
 
 The Etablissement des Bains, in a pretty garden 
 and park, is well arranged, and contains all the 
 baths and douches required for the treatment 
 of the cases to which the waters of Luxeuil, 
 and the methods employed there, are specially 
 
2 5 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART i. 
 
 applicable ; these are mainly diseases of women 
 those uterine affections so often found associated 
 with anaemia and debility ; also various rheumatic 
 affections, and particularly cases of intestinal rheu- 
 matism and some functional nervous affections, 
 neurasthenic and hysterical. 
 
 Cases of periuterine adenitis i.e. chronic in- 
 flammation of the lymphatic glands and vessels sur- 
 rounding the uterus are reported to be frequently 
 cured by the method of treatment adopted there. 
 Ascending rectal douches and uterine and vaginal 
 irrigations applied in the bath are amongst the most 
 efficacious of the methods employed at Luxeuil. 
 The former are employed in cases of chronic 
 constipation, and in some forms of enteritis and 
 intestinal dyspepsia, the latter in the uterine maladies 
 just mentioned, in uterine or vaginal leucorrhcea, 
 in uterine congestions and their consequences, 
 dysmenorrhcea, metritis, etc. Uterine maladies 
 complicated with neurasthenia, and the nervous 
 disturbances of the menopause, are especially suit- 
 able to this spa. 
 
 The iron and manganese springs are considered 
 of especial value in cases of anaemia. These are 
 chiefly drunk, but 'treatment by baths predominates 
 at Luxeuil. 
 
 Luxeuil is quite a small spa, and not very greatly 
 frequented, but the surrounding country is attractive, 
 and the ancient little town with its quaint houses 
 and fine buildings is very interesting. 
 
 The season is from June ist to Sept. isth. 
 
 Ladis, in the valley of the Inn, 
 Austrian Tyrol, two miles and a- 
 half from the Landeck station, 
 has cold sulphur waters containing 
 H 2 S. It is in a fine situation near 
 the ruined castle of .the same 
 name, at an elevation of nearly 
 4,000 feet. About 600 feet above 
 it is Ob-Ladis, which also has cold 
 
 sulphur baths, and a gaseous 
 spring, which is drunk. 
 
 Landeck, in the county of Glatz, 
 in Prussian Silesia, on the branch- 
 line connecting Glatz, Landeck, 
 and Seidenberg, has many thcr- 
 mal springs, which have been 
 classed amongst the indifferent 
 thermal waters ; but as thev con- 
 
SECT. B.] 
 
 LA NDECKLEIXLIP. 
 
 25 1 
 
 tain minute quantities of sodium 
 sulphide and H S they were at 
 one time regarded as sulphur 
 waters. They contain also sodium 
 sulphate and free nitrogen. Their 
 temperature varies from 66 to 
 84 F. Landeck is situated in a 
 mountainous country, at an ele- 
 vation of 1,470 feet, and in the 
 vicinity of extensive forests. Two 
 of the springs are used for drink- 
 ing and gargling, the other for 
 baths. The water of certain 
 springs is collected in pools, in 
 which twenty to thirty patients 
 bathe together. Mud baths are 
 also prepared, and hydropathic 
 treatment is available. The 
 springs of Landeck are said to 
 have been utilised since the middle 
 ages. The maladies treated are 
 diseases of women, neuroses, rheu- 
 matism and gout, anaemia and 
 catarrh of the respiratory organs. 
 
 The season is from May to the 
 end of September. 
 
 Langenau, or Niederlangenau, 
 in the county of Glatz, in Silesia, 
 lies at an elevation of 1,130 feet in 
 the Neisse valley, sheltered by 
 surrounding mountains, and pos- 
 sesses cold gaseous chalybeate 
 springs, containing 0-049 per litre 
 of bicarbonate of iron. The water 
 is used for baths and for drinking. 
 Ferruginous Moor baths and hy- 
 dropathic treatment are also 
 provided. The chalybeate baths 
 are warmed by the Schwartz 
 method, the baths being double- 
 bottomed. 
 
 Langenau has a station on the 
 line between Breslau and Mittel- 
 welde. Maladies treated there 
 are anaemia, chlorosis, neuras- 
 thenia, gout, and paralysis. 
 
 The season is from May till the 
 middle of October. 
 
 Langenbriicken, in the Grand 
 Duchy of Baden, on the line be- 
 tween Heidelberg and Bale, at an 
 elevation of about 440 feet, has 
 springs containing the aperient 
 
 sulphates of sodium and mag- 
 nesium, sulphuretted hydrogen, 
 and free carbonic acid, " sul- 
 phated sulphur springs." The 
 water is used for drinking and for 
 baths, and the spray and vapour 
 in suitable chambers is in- 
 haled. The cases treated are 
 those of catarrh of the respiratory 
 organs, haemorrhoids and ab- 
 dominal plethora, chronic rheu- 
 matism and gout, and skin affec- 
 tions. 
 
 The season is from the begin- 
 ning of May to the beginning of 
 October. 
 
 Langenfeld, in the picturesque 
 Oetzthal, Austrian Tyrol, at an 
 altitude of 3,820 feet, has cold 
 sulphuretted hydrogen waters. 
 
 Langensalza, in Thuringia, at 
 an altitude of 660 feet, has cold 
 calcareous sulphur springs, rich 
 in sulphuretted hydrogen. The 
 bath is at some distance from the 
 town. The water is used for 
 drinking, baths, and inhalations, 
 in chronic catarrhal affections of 
 the respiratory organs, and other 
 diseases usually treated by sulphur 
 baths. 
 
 Season, May i to Oct. i. 
 
 Lauchstadt, in the province of 
 Saxony, a very small bath with 
 earthy chalybeate springs. 
 
 Laurvik, Norway, five or six 
 hours by rail from Christiania, 
 has chalybeate and sulphur 
 springs and a thermal bath es- 
 tablishment. Sulphurous mud is 
 also made use of, and living jelly- 
 fish are applied to produce 
 counter - irritation in rheumatic 
 and neuralgic cases. 
 
 Lausigk (Hermannsbad), in 
 Saxony, has strong sulphate of iron 
 waters. 
 
 Ledesma, a thermal sulphur spa 
 in Spain, province of Salamanca, 
 in a fine situation 2,000 feet above 
 the sea. 
 
 Leixlip Spa, Ireland, two miles 
 from Lucan, on the Liffey, weakly 
 
252 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART i. 
 
 mineralised waters smelling feebly 
 of H 2 S. 
 
 Le Prese. See Prese, Le, p. 292. 
 
 Liebenstein, in the Duchy of 
 Saxe-Meiningen, situated on the 
 western slope of the Thiiringer- 
 Wald, at an elevation of 1,450 
 feet, has cold gaseous chalybeate 
 springs, the stronger of which 
 contains 0*104 P er litre f bicar- 
 bonate of iron, the weaker o - o8. 
 
 There is also an establishment 
 for hydrotherapy and Franzens- 
 bad Moor extract baths. Fango 
 baths, pine-needle baths, artificial 
 saline baths, and electric baths 
 can be obtained. There are beau- 
 tiful walks in the surrounding 
 forests. The same cases are treated 
 there as in other chalybeate spas. 
 It has a great local popularity. 
 
 The season is from May 15 to 
 Sept. 30. 
 
 Liebenstein is on the branch 
 line Immelborn-Liebenstein of the 
 Werra line. 
 
 Liebenzell, a simple thermal 
 bath in the Wiirtemberg Black 
 Forest, about eight miles from 
 Wildbad and five miles from 
 Pforzheim railway station. Its 
 springs resemble those of Wildbad, 
 but are of a lower temperature 
 (72 to 82 F.), and are warmed 
 for the baths. 
 
 The situation is picturesque, 
 and the life is homely. The place 
 is chiefly resorted to for female 
 maladies, and by Germans mostly. 
 
 Season, from May to Septem- 
 ber. 
 
 Liebwerda, a chalybeate spa in 
 Northern Bohemia, on the south- 
 west slope of the Tafelfichte, at an 
 altitude of 1,420 feet, three or four 
 miles from the railway station 
 Raspenau- Liebwerda. The iron 
 spring is cold, and rich in carbonic 
 acid, and contains 0^03 of bicar- 
 bonate of iron per litre. Ferrugin- 
 ous Moor baths are also prepared. 
 It has another spring which is 
 used as a table water, as it is 
 
 weakly mineralised, and contains 
 much carbonic acid. 
 
 Linda-Pausa, or Bad Linda, near 
 Pausa, in the Vogtland, Saxony, 
 has chalybeate wells containing 
 carbonate of iron and sulphate of 
 iron. 
 
 Lipetsk, Russia, picturesquely 
 situated on the river Voronezh, 
 has cold chalybeate waters and 
 ferruginous peat baths. 
 
 Lipik, in Slavonia, has hot 
 weak alkaline and common salt 
 waters. The temperature of the 
 hottest spring is 147 F, and this 
 contains sodium bicarbonate 1-9, 
 sodium chloride 0-6, and sodium 
 iodide 0-02 per litre. 
 
 Lobenstein, in the Thuringian 
 Forest, principality of Reuss, at an 
 altitude of 1,650 feet, has earthy 
 chalybeate springs and ferruginous 
 Moor baths. 
 
 Lons le Saunier, picturesquely 
 situated at an altitude of 840 feet, 
 on the verge of the Jura chain in 
 France, and on the line of railway 
 between Lyons and Besancon, 
 has strong brine baths, the brine 
 coming from the "salines" of 
 Perrigny. It contains as much as 
 305 grammes per litre of common 
 salt, and the eau mere contains 6 - g 
 per litre of bromides. Lons le 
 Saunier has also a saline chaly- 
 beate spring, which is used for 
 drinking, and in a litre contains 
 sodium chloride io'o, magnesium 
 carbonate 1-6, and iron carbon- 
 ate 0-09, with much free carbonic 
 acid and a little of H 2 S. It has a 
 modern bath establishment, with 
 brine baths, a small swimming 
 bath, and the usual processes of 
 hydrotherapy, together with ex- 
 ternal application of carbonic 
 acid gas. The climate is some- 
 what variable, with rather brusque 
 variations of temperature. The 
 drinking spring is purgative in 
 large doses, and in small doses is 
 stimulating to the digestive organs 
 and a general tonic. The cases 
 
SECT. B.] 
 
 MARIENBAD. 
 
 253 
 
 treated there are scrofula and 
 rickets, chronic rheumatism, and 
 chronic uterine maladies. Inter- 
 esting excursions into the Jura can 
 be made. 
 
 Season, June ist to Oct. ist. 
 
 Lostorf, a Swiss bath on the 
 southern slope of the Jura, one 
 and a-half hour's drive from 
 Olten, has cold common salt and 
 sulphur springs, and a sulphate of 
 lime spring. 
 
 Luhatschowitz, in a valley of 
 the Carpathians (Moravia), a short 
 
 drive from the railway station, 
 Ungarisch Brod, at an elevation 
 of i ,600 feet, has cold gaseous 
 alkaline common salt waters, con- 
 taining sodium carbonate 3-0 to 
 4-4, sodium chloride 2-4 to 2-5, 
 sodium iodide 0-007 to o - oi2, and 
 sodium bromide 0-02 to 0-045 per 
 litre, with much free . carbonic 
 acid. They are used in cases of 
 uric acid gravel, and in gouty 
 catarrhal affections. 
 
 Luz (Pyrenees). See St. Sau- 
 veur, p. 316. 
 
 Marienbad, like Carlsbad, is situated a few 
 miles (eighteen and a-half) from the town of Eger, 
 in Bohemia, and it is therefore reached in the same 
 way as Carlsbad. It lies, however, in a different 
 direction, being on the line of railway which runs 
 from Eger to Pilsen and Vienna. 
 
 Marienbad has much in common with Carlsbad, 
 but differs at the same time in some not unim- 
 portant particulars. It is situated in a beautiful 
 broad, open valley, with pine-clad hills on three 
 sides, and is at an elevation of 1,912 feet above 
 the sea. This comparatively high situation gives 
 it a fresh and somewhat bracing climate in summer. 
 
 The wooded hills around are intersected in every 
 direction wtth footpaths, which afford delightful 
 walks, and there are many fine points ,of view that 
 are easily accessible. 
 
 The lower portion of the valley, where the wells 
 are situated, is laid out in pleasure grounds, and 
 these, with a fine Kursaal, colonnades for shops, a 
 theatre, and excellent lodging-houses, render Marien- 
 bad a very agreeable place of residence. 
 
 The waters resemble those of Carlsbad, only they 
 are cold, and they contain more of the aperient 
 sodium sulphate and of the other sodium salts (bi- 
 carbonate and chloride), and more carbonic acid. 
 Some of the springs also contain a notable quantity 
 
254 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 of iron as much as 0*048 to 0*084 bicarbonate of 
 iron per litre. The chief drinking springs are the 
 Kreuzbrunnen, the Ferdinandsbrunnen, and the Wald- 
 quelle. The two former are brought by pipes, from 
 about a mile distant, to the Promenaden Platz. The 
 Ferdinandsbrunnen is the stronger of the two, having 
 per litre 5*0 grammes of sodium sulphate, 2'o sodium 
 chloride, and r8 sodium bicarbonate. The Wald- 
 quelle, to the north of the town, is relatively poor 
 in sodium sulphate (ro), and rich in sodium bi- 
 carbonate (1*4) and carbonic acid gas. 
 
 The Marienquelle and the chalybeate waters of 
 the Ambrosiusbrunnen and the Carolinienbrunnen 
 are used chiefly for bathing. There is also an 
 alkaline earthy spring, the Kronprinz Rudolfs- 
 quelle, applicable to the same cases as the Wild- 
 ungen water. 
 
 Marienbad is celebrated for its baths as well as its 
 drinking springs ; and you can obtain there Moor or 
 mud baths, pine-cone baths, carbonic acid gas baths, 
 and ordinary alkaline and chalybeate mineral baths. 
 The Moor or mud baths at Marienbad, as at Fran- 
 zensbad, occupy an important place in the treat- 
 ment. The Marienbad ferruginous peat, with which 
 they are prepared, is said to be richer in iron than 
 that of Franzensbad. These baths are applied in 
 chronic female complaints, as at Franzensbad, and 
 also as a form of thermal bath. The waters are 
 taken in the early morning fasting, and again, if 
 necessary, between six and seven in the evening. 
 The dose is varied according to the case and the 
 observed effects. 
 
 There being such a variety of springs, various 
 ailments can be treated advantageously at Marien- 
 bad. In the first place, the waters are adapted to 
 much the same cases as Carlsbad, but are better 
 suited to those which require a more decidedly 
 aperient effect, their aperient action being much more 
 marked. Marienbad has acquired a great reputation 
 for the reduction of corpulency and the treatment of 
 
SECT. B.] MARIENBAD. 255 
 
 cases of plethora and abdominal congestion in the 
 overfed and sedentary. In many of these cases the 
 liver is enlarged and the heart's action enfeebled. 
 The waters of Marienbad appear to possess the 
 property of diminishing the amount of fat accumu- 
 lated in the body, without injuriously affecting the 
 digestion or the processes of blood formation ; so 
 that while the fat is disappearing there is no loss of 
 muscle, and the general health and nutrition are in 
 many cases improved. Marienbad is the chief 
 representative of these cold gaseous sodium sulphate 
 waters, which are found so effectual in the treatment 
 of obesity. The fat, however, soon re-forms if great 
 care in diet is not observed after as well as during 
 the course. Cases of gouty dyspepsia, periodical 
 headaches, chronic constipation and intestinal catarrh, 
 and haemorrhoids are often greatly benefited by this 
 course. Urinary maladies, catarrhal or calcareous, 
 can be treated here by the Rudolfsquelle, as at 
 Wildungen or Contrexeville. 
 
 Like the Carlsbad waters, those of Marienbad are 
 also employed in cases of chronic enlargement of the 
 liver and jaundice, gallstones, and the early stage of 
 cirrhosis, and in glycosuria in the obese or gouty. 
 
 In cases of corpulency it is often thought desirable 
 to allow some of the gas in the water to escape, lest 
 it should be too exciting, and this is managed by 
 pouring the water from one glass to another before 
 drinking it. The presence of an appreciable amount 
 of iron in these waters may impart to them a certain 
 tonic effect. 
 
 Anaemic patients may drink the iron springs, if 
 they find they can digest them ; and the Waldquelle 
 is prescribed in chronic catarrh of the respiratory 
 organs. 
 
 Certain forms of cardiac disturbance are con- 
 sidered by some authorities well suited to treatment 
 at Marienbad, even when there is valvular disease, 
 such as cases of fatty infiltration of the heart in the 
 obese, gouty disturbances of cardiac innervation, and 
 
256 MINERAL SPRINGS. . [PART i. 
 
 the cardiac neuroses common at the menopause. 
 But it must always be kept in view that it is not 
 easy in many cases to estimate precisely the physical 
 condition of the cardiac walls and valves, and that 
 the greatest caution and discrimination are needed in 
 submitting cardiac cases to thermal and mineral 
 water treatment. 
 
 The invalid's life at Marienbad is much like that 
 at Carlsbad. At 6 a.m. the band begins to play, 
 either at the Kreuzbrunnen or the Ferdinands- 
 brunnen, situated at the opposite ends of a long, 
 covered colonnade, and at this hour drinking begins, 
 and continues until 8 a.m. At that time the band 
 ceases playing, and the crowd of drinkers begins to 
 disperse. It is the custom, as at Carlsbad, to proceed 
 then to the baker's shop and select the petits 
 pains quite hot and fresh from the oven that you 
 intend to consume at breakfast. Those for the 
 corpulent are baked hard and in long sticks. The 
 patient departs with his bread in a little bag, and 
 makes for the cafe of his choice. Most of these are 
 situated at a little distance from the springs, in the 
 adjacent woods, generally where there is a pleasant 
 view. Here, at little tables in the open air, under 
 the shade of the pine trees, the cafe-au-lait and the 
 bread (without butter) are consume'd ; the addition of 
 two lightly boiled eggs is the extent of indulgence 
 allowed to the " cure-guests." Soon after breakfast 
 the baths are taken, always followed by a period of 
 repose. On non-bathing days it is usual to stroll 
 into the pine woods after breakfast. 
 
 At i p.m. is the early dinner for the Germans, 
 and a two o'clock dinner is provided at some hotels for 
 the English. The afternoon is spent in promenades 
 and excursions, and coffee or tea at the restaurants in 
 the woods. A light supper between seven and eight 
 concludes the invalid's day. 
 
 The season is from May to September. It is 
 often cold at Marienbad until the middle of 
 June. 
 
SECT. B.] MONT DORE. 257 
 
 Matlock Bath, Derbyshire, four hours from 
 London, has simple thermal springs of a compara- 
 tively low temperature (68 F.), as well as several 
 petrifying springs. It lies in the Derwent Valley, a 
 dale in a picturesque and sheltered position. The 
 thermal water is feebly mineralised, its chief contents 
 being calcium carbonate 0*2 per litre, and magnesium 
 sulphate OT, with minute quantities of sodium 
 chloride and calcium sulphate, and a small amount 
 of free carbonic acid gas. The mineral water is 
 supplied to the " Fountain Baths," a private estab- 
 lishment where there are a swimming bath and slipper 
 baths ; to the Royal Hotel Bath Establishment, where 
 there is a swimming bath also, and Turkish and 
 various other baths and douches ; and to the New 
 Bath Hotel. The water is also supplied for drinking. 
 Matlock is, however, chiefly frequented for its well- 
 appointed hydros. 
 
 The mineral baths have been found useful in 
 chronic gouty and rheumatic arthritis, and in lumbago 
 and sciatica. 
 
 Pleasant excursions can be made from Matlock 
 into the interesting Peak district. 
 
 Mont Dore (Puy de Dome), France, at an eleva- 
 tion of 3,400 feet above the sea, is the highest 
 mountain health resort in Central France, and cer- 
 tainly the most frequented. It can now be reached 
 from Paris by express trains in about ten hours. 
 
 Mont Dore lies, with its houses closely packed 
 together, in the bed of the valley of the Dor- 
 dogne, surrounded nearly on all sides by high moun- 
 tains, some reaching to nearly 3,000 feet above it. 
 The surrounding country is very beautiful, abounding 
 in richly wooded slopes, striking mountain forms, 
 and pretty though small cascades, with many grand 
 views from easily attained elevations. The Pic de 
 Sancy, ovei 6,000 feet above the sea, the highest 
 mountain of Central France, is easily reached from 
 Mont Dore in a walk of about thre hours. Horses 
 
258 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 can be taken to within ten minutes of the summit. 
 A very extensive view is thence obtained. 
 
 Mont Dore possesses eleven warm springs and 
 one (Sainte Marguerite) cold one. The latter is not 
 looked upon as belonging to the same category. It 
 is used as a gaseous table water. La Madeleine, Le 
 Bardon, and the Ramond are those used internally. 
 The Ramond contains more iron than any of the 
 others. The other sources the Caesar, Caroline, St. 
 Jean, Rigny, Boyer and Pigeon are used chiefly for 
 the baths. They have all very nearly the same com- 
 position, differing, however, in the amount of free 
 carbonic acid gas they contain. The warm springs 
 differ in temperature from 104 to n6'5 F. 
 
 They are feebly mineralised, containing only 2 
 grammes of solids per litre. They are weak alkaline 
 waters, the chief constituents being sodium bicar- 
 bonate (0*53) and sodium chloride (0*36). There is 
 also a small amount of bicarbonate of iron (0*02) ; 
 the source Ramond is said to have as much as 0*05. 
 Some appear to think the silica (0*16) an important 
 factor. But the greatest stress is laid on the sodium 
 arsenate the water contains, and it is often described 
 as an " arsenical " water, although it only contains 
 0*0009 per litre, i.e. about -fa of a grain in 35 ounces. 
 
 The waters at Mont Dore have been classified at 
 different epochs under* three distinct heads : i, as 
 waters containing a mixture of alkaline bicarbonates 
 with iron ; 2, as weak alkaline waters ; and 3, at the 
 present time, as arsenical waters. 
 
 Mont Dore has been provided of recent years 
 with a very fine Etablissement Thermal one of the 
 most complete and well appointed in France. There 
 the waters are administered internally and externally ; 
 in the form of -ordinary baths ; in the form of vapour 
 and spray ; in douches, local and general ; in the 
 form of gargles, and in other special forms. The 
 waters are drunk fasting, in the morning, from three 
 to four glasses a day, leaving an interval of half an 
 hour between each glass or portion of a glass. 
 
SECT. B.] MONT DORE. . 259 
 
 Some patients are also made to inhale the com- 
 pressed vapour of the water in the salles d' aspiration, 
 and Mont Dore claims for itself the credit of having 
 first introduced this method of utilising such waters 
 in the year 1833. 
 
 The salles d' aspiration are very extensive. It 
 is a curious sight to enter one of these salles, filled 
 with hot, dense, vaporous mist through which you 
 dimly discern the forms of the patients, clad in a 
 special flannel dress for the purpose, some sitting, 
 some standing, some walking, some reading, some 
 talking. Here every morning they are shut up for 
 half an hour or longer to inhale the hot mist. 
 
 Great care is taken that a patient who is being 
 submitted to this treatment does not take cold. He 
 is brought to the bath from his hotel in a sedan- 
 chair, and when he comes out of the vapour bath he 
 is conveyed rapidly again in a sedan-chair to his 
 hotel, and is expected to return to his warmed bed, 
 and remain there for an hour. Thus it happens that, 
 from the early hour of 4 a.m. at Mont Dore, the 
 stairs and passages of the hotels resound with the 
 clatter of wooden shoes and the hurrying to and fro 
 of the sedan-chairs. Sometimes the patient is ordered 
 a foot bath before entering the salles d 'aspiration, 
 and generally he drinks a little of the thermal water 
 before and after the seance. 
 
 Other patients, chiefly those who suffer from 
 throat affections, inhale the water in a state of pul- 
 verisation or spray, and also gargle with it. Douches 
 of vapour applied locally are employed and thought 
 of much value in muscular rheumatism and in 
 rheumatic inflammation of the joints, as well as in 
 sciatica and intercostal neuralgia. The patient is 
 seated on a stool and an intermittent jet of vapour is 
 directed upon the part affected. Douches of water, 
 in the form of a jet, or a rose, and of varying pressure, 
 are also used. They are applied to the spine as a 
 stimulant to the nervous system, and in cases of 
 lumbago and sciatica ; to the joints when swollen 
 
26o MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 and painful ; to the chest in some chest affections, 
 and, indeed, to any part which it is desired to 
 influence specially. The ordinary baths are ad- 
 ministered either at a high temperature, i.e. from 107 
 to 112 F., or at a moderate temperature, i.e. from 
 90 to 1 00 F. The latter temperature is considered 
 more suitable to feeble, nervous persons, as well as 
 to old people and children. 
 
 In some cases hyperthermal half-baths, or hip 
 baths, are prescribed of the natural temperature of 
 the particular spring used, viz., from 100 to 115 F. 
 
 Finally there are the hot foot or hand baths, 
 which are thought of great importance there, and are 
 believed to accelerate the circulation in the lower 
 extremities and to prevent any tendency to congestion 
 of the head which the rest of the course of treat- 
 ment might possibly produce, as well as indirectly 
 to relieve congestion of the respiratory organs. 
 The patients sit with their feet and legs in hot 
 \vater of the natural temperature, i.e. about 112 
 F. They remain in the bath from five to nine 
 minutes and then walk for at least half an hour after- 
 wards. 
 
 In the next place, what are the ailments to which 
 the course of treatment instituted at Mont Dore is 
 especially applicable ? Chronic rheumatism of the 
 joints and muscles, certain forms of neuralgia, chiefly 
 sciatica and intercostal neuralgia, have already been 
 referred to. To these must be added nearly all 
 forms of chronic disease of the throat and respiratory 
 organs, whether of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, 
 bronchi, or lungs ; and it has quite a special and 
 widely spread reputation for the cure of asthma. 
 
 The treatment of asthma at Mont Dore is con- 
 sidered fully in a special note. 
 
 The respiratory affections of the gouty and the 
 diabetic are stated to be especially benefited by treat- 
 ment there. Chronic rhinitis and pharyngitis, 
 chronic recurring laryngitis and fatigue of the larynx, 
 as it occurs in public speakers and others who may 
 
SECT. B.] MONT DORE. 261 
 
 have to use their voice to excess, and nervous 
 aphonia such cases are common amongst the fre- 
 quenters of this bath. Catarrhal and congestive 
 chronic bronchitis and tracheitis, so often obstinate 
 and recurrent in persons of gouty constitution ; 
 broncho-pneumonia in children, following acute 
 infectious fevers, are especially suitable for this cure. 
 Chronic pleurisy with adhesions improves greatly. 
 As to the treatment of pulmonary phthisis there, 
 much discussion of a somewhat heated nature at 
 one time prevailed. The conclusion now generally 
 adopted is that, in common with other moun- 
 tain stations, early afebrile cases do well there, 
 and in more advanced cases benefit may arise if the 
 disease is limited and localised, free from fever and 
 from serious constitutional disturbance. 
 
 The climate of Mont Dore is very variable, storms 
 of rain and thunder coming on suddenly, and in some 
 seasons frequently. Sudden and very localised gusts 
 of wind are also commonly encountered. There is no 
 doubt that the climate can be, and often is, exceed- 
 ingly disagreeable. Owing to the situation and 
 direction of the valley, the eastern slopes are in shade 
 for a few hours after sunrise, but soon the sun mounts 
 high above the eastern boundary and its rays stream 
 down with great intensity into the deep valley, and 
 it is often excessively hot during the whole of the 
 day. The early mornings and the evenings are 
 mostly fresh and bracing, and the pleasantest days 
 are those on which the sky is covered with light 
 clouds, without rain ; then the air during the whole 
 day feels fresh and invigorating. The atmospheric 
 pressure at Mont Dore is considerably reduced, and 
 the average height of the barometer is 26-6. The 
 variations of temperature during the months of June, 
 July, and August are sometimes very considerable, 
 the maximum being 86 F. and the minimum 37 F. 
 The average temperature in August is 57 F. The 
 hygrometric condition of the air is, no doubt, favour- 
 able to most invalids ; it is decidedly a dry air 
 
262 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 compared with the air of towns as e.g. that of 
 Paris, or of the seacoast. The relative amount of 
 watery vapour in the atmosphere of Mont Dore as 
 compared with Paris is as 9-94 to i5'46. Fogs and 
 mists are, however, frequent, and the season of fine 
 weather is often extremely short. July and August 
 are the finest months, The season scarcely com- 
 mences before the beginning of July, and is soon 
 over after the end of August. There is an electric 
 railway (funiculaire) leading to the " Pare du 
 Capucin," which is about 800 feet higher than Mont 
 Dore. 
 
 Note on the Treatment of Asthma at Mont Dore. 
 
 It was through a casual, and almost an accidental, 
 observation that Dr. Michel Bertrand, a former celebrated 
 inspector at Mont Dore, discovered that an attack of asthma 
 would disappear under the influence of the emanations from 
 the spring, and this observation induced him to attempt to 
 procure a dense vapour of the water of Mont Dore in one of 
 the douche chambers, by allowing the douche to flow for 
 some time and break into spray by falling on a plank. He 
 found that when asthmatic patients were admitted into the 
 chamber and breathed this vapour, they found themselves 
 rapidly relieved. This observation led to the construction of 
 special chambers, into which the vapour of the Mont Dore 
 water, obtained by special mechanical contrivance, could be 
 forced in abundance, and in which patients could remain for 
 some time, walking about or otherwise employing themselves. 
 
 This was the origin of those salles a" 'aspiration which have 
 made Mont Dore celebrated. On chemical analysis of the 
 vapours in these chambers, they are found to contain the 
 same mineral and gaseous constituents as are found in the 
 springs themselves, viz. carbonic acid gas, arsenic, and 
 alkaline salts. 
 
 No doubt the atmosphere of these salles contains much 
 suspended water in the form of hot spray, and it is not, 
 strictly speaking, the vapour of the water that yields these 
 matters on analysis. 
 
 It is maintained that through the breathing of these 
 vapours, chiefly, the cure of asthma is effected ; that the cure 
 is greatly aided by drinking the waters, and by the use of the 
 hot douche (98 F.) along the spine ; also by means of foot 
 baths, which divert the "congestion" towards the inferior 
 extremities. 
 
 Asthmatic children do admirably at Mont Dore, especially 
 
SECT. B.] MONT DORE: 26$ 
 
 those in whom the attacks have appeared after the cure of 
 scrofulous impetigo or eczema. In order to obtain a com- 
 plete radical cure of asthma at Mont Dore it is held to be 
 necessary to pass at least two consecutive seasons there, and 
 more commonly three. The routine of the treatment is as 
 follows : 
 
 The patient is roused from his slumbers perhaps at 5 a.m., 
 enveloped in suitable clothing, and carried off in a sedan- 
 chair to the hot spring, where he drinks a glass of the water ; 
 he is then taken to the bath-room, where he may probably be 
 ordered, as we have seen, to take only the foot bath and the 
 hot douche on the spine, or a vapour douche, or he may take 
 a half-bath, or in some cases the whole bath, the heat of 
 which is occasionally raised even to 113 F. in refractory 
 cases. After from ten to thirty minutes of the bath he is 
 wrapped up in hot linen and dried, and next conveyed to the 
 salles d' aspiration ; he is here dressed in a loose, thick flannel 
 dress, made for the purpose, as everything becomes rapidly 
 saturated with moisture in these chambers filled with hot, 
 dense vapour, which is forced into them under pressure. He 
 remains breathing this hot, moist atmosphere, charged with 
 vapours of the mineralised springs, from twenty minutes to 
 an hour. After this he is again carried, warmly clothed, to 
 the hot spring to drink another glass of water, and thence he 
 is conveyed to his bed, which has been well heated by a 
 warming-pan, and he is enjoined to remain there for an hour 
 or more. Now it is easy to see that this is treatment of a 
 very active kind, and when applied every morning for three 
 weeks is very likely to have some decided result. 
 
 The most important, and perhaps almost constant, effect 
 is a very decided determination to the skin ; profuse perspira- 
 tion, as a rule, appearing soon after the commencement of 
 this treatment. In obstinate cases every effort is made to 
 produce excessive action of the skin, and in this way both 
 circulatory and nervous energy is directed to the cutaneous 
 surface, for in proportion to the amount of function required 
 of an organ will be the amount of expenditure of nerve force 
 which presides over that function. Now the cutaneous 
 surface is always in close and sympathetic correlation with 
 the respiratory surface, and while wandering and irregular 
 nervous energy in the nervous, spasmodic cases is thus 
 diffused and dissipated at the surface of the body, the hyper- 
 aesthetic condition of the respiratory centre and its afferent 
 tributaries is proportionately diminished. 
 
 An attack of spasmodic asthma may be regarded as a 
 morbid manifestation of misdirected nervous energy often 
 reflex in origin, just as some forms of hysterical and epileptic 
 convulsions may be ; by the diversion of such wandering 
 nerve energy to the skin, and its diffusion and exhaustion in 
 
264 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PARTI. 
 
 connection with a natural physiological process, the nervous 
 equilibrium is restored, and the tendency to spasm relieved. 
 It is thus that the spasmodic nervous element in asthma is 
 attacked. 
 
 Let us look at the processes of the Mont Dore cure from 
 another point of view. This daily ingestion of warm alkaline 
 fluid taken together with the profuse " sweats " that are 
 excited must have a very remarkable depurative influence. 
 Retrograde tissue changes must be actively stimulated, and 
 unstable irritating substances which may have accumulated 
 in the organism from disordered assimilative processes, as 
 in gouty conditions and the like, must be dissolved and 
 eliminated, so that the treatment also attacks vigorously 
 those states of blood contamination which are at the root 
 of many spasmodic and vaso-motor nervous affections, in 
 vhich category many forms of asthma may be placed. 
 
 Then again in those cases of asthma complicated with 
 bronchial catarrhs, which form by far the greater proportion 
 of all cases of asthma, those cases in which the morbidly 
 increased secretions of the bronchial mucous membrane, 
 especially when it is scanty and tenacious, act as excitants to 
 the hyperassthetic mucous membrane itself, just as a foreign 
 body would in such cases we have two obvious indications 
 to fulfil, one to remove the catarrhal condition and free the 
 air passages of accumulated mucus, the other to soothe and 
 quiet the hyperaesthesia of the bronchial surface. 
 
 Both these indications appear to be fulfilled by the 
 processes in use at Mont Dore. The use of pilocarpin in the 
 treatment of catarrhal asthma has shown to what extent the 
 catarrhal condition is relieved by excessive action of the skin, 
 and here at Mont Dore we get excessive action of the skin 
 without pilocarpin, a remedy far too dangerous and depress- 
 ing for general use. Then there is the prolonged daily 
 immersion, for immersion it practically is, in an atmosphere 
 saturated with the hot vapours of the mineral water, which 
 bathe the pulmonary mucous membrane, moisten and thin 
 the secretions when dry and scanty, and in all cases promote 
 their expulsion, while they must at the same time exercise a 
 most soothing effect on the hyperassthetic bronchial surface, 
 and so tend directly to allay the nervous element which is a 
 part of every form of asthma properly so called. 
 
 The action of the mineral and gaseous constituents of the 
 water itself must not be overlooked ; the carbonic acid, and 
 the arsenic (the very small quantity which the water contains 
 is said to be readily diffused in the vapour), and the alkaline 
 salts may, and probably do, exercise a most important 
 curative influence, but we can see that even without this the 
 processes employed are energetic in their nature and physio- 
 logical in their action. For no fact is now better established 
 
SECT. B.] MONTE CATINI-. 265 
 
 in therapeutics than the value of warm alkaline drinks in the 
 treatment of bronchial catarrhs, and this always forms a part 
 of the treatment at Mont Dore. . 
 
 There is yet another condition, and that by no means 
 an unimportant one, under the influence of which these 
 processes are carried out. Mont Dore is 3,400 feet above 
 the sea. The atmospheric pressure, as we have seen, is 
 reduced, the average height of the barometer being 
 26-6. The air is much cooler and much drier than on 
 the sea level; and though fogs and mists are frequent in 
 bad seasons, yet the relative amount of watery vapour 
 in the atmosphere of Mont Dore, as compared with 
 that of Paris, is as 9-94 to i5'46. These processes, then, are 
 carried out in a bracing air, in an atmosphere freer from 
 permanent moisture than on the sea level. It is now a well- 
 known fact that exposure to this kind of mountain air has the 
 effect of greatly reducing that impressionability to cold which 
 is so common in scrofulous subjects, and which is at the root 
 of their catarrhal tendencies ; while it is especially tonic to 
 certain hypefaesthetic states of the nervous system. A 
 climate like that of Mont Dore tends to diminish cutaneous 
 and respiratory sensitiveness, and is therefore admirably 
 suited for the application of the processes there in use to the 
 cure of asthmatic and catarrhal conditions. The mountain 
 air is an essential part of the cure. The climate itself is a 
 nerve tonic, and exercises no small influence in the good 
 results which are obtained there. We see, then, that the 
 method of treatment pursued at Mont Dore answers many 
 indications, and is applicable, from one point of view or 
 another, to nearly all cases of asthma. 
 
 Monte Catini, province of Lucca, Italy, has 
 several thermal common salt springs. It is a village 
 m a picturesque situation in the Val di Nivole, at 
 an altitude of 920 feet, and has a station on the 
 railway line between Florence and Lucca. It has 
 a mild climate, but is very hot in summer. It has 
 four bath establishments. The temperature of the 
 springs is not very high, and varies between 70 
 and 86 F. About a dozen of the springs have 
 been utilised. The hottest of these are the Thermes 
 de Leopold with a total mineralisation of 22*5 per 
 litre, of which 18-5 is sodium chloride, 2'i calcium 
 sulphate, 07 magnesium chloride, with traces of 
 iodides and bromides, and some free carbonic acid 
 
 T* 
 
266 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART i. 
 
 gas. These waters are used for drinking and for 
 baths. Taken internally they are laxative and have 
 a stimulating effect on the liver and the secretion 
 of bile. They are used as baths in scrofulous affec- 
 tions and in rheumatism; and internally in gastro- 
 hepatic disorders, congestion of liver and spleen, 
 biliary catarrh, constipation and abdominal plethora, 
 dysentery of tropical countries, gravel and vesical 
 catarrh. The water is largely exported. 
 The season is from May ist to Oct. ist. 
 
 Mallow, in Ireland, 18 miles from 
 Cork, with a station on the line 
 between Dublin and Cork, has a 
 simple subthermal spring of a tem- 
 perature of 70 to 72 F. The 
 place is beautifully situated on the 
 north bank of the Blackwater. 
 Baths were built there in the 
 eighteenth century by the lord of 
 the soil, Sir Denham Norreys. It 
 was at one time much resorted to 
 by invalids. 
 
 Marcols (France, Departement 
 Ardeche) has a simple alkaline 
 spring, containing sodium bi-car- 
 bonate 2 '6 per litre. 
 
 Marlioz See Aix les Bains. 
 
 Martigny les Bains lies a few 
 miles from Contrexeville, its 
 elevation above the sea (1,200 feet) 
 is some 160 feet greater, and it is 
 well and pleasantly situated. It 
 is a small spa which had fallen 
 into comparative disuse until re- 
 vived a few years ago by new 
 proprietors. It now possesses a 
 new and commodious Etablissement, 
 and is well equipped for competi- 
 tion with its better known neigh- 
 bour. The number of visitors 
 has therefore largely increased. 
 Its springs have the same 
 composition as those of Contrexe- 
 ville and Vittel, sulphate of lime 
 being the chief constituent, and 
 are used in the same cases and in 
 the same manner and have the 
 same physiological effects, Mar- 
 
 tigny however claims as an 
 especial recommendation of one 
 of its springs (Source No. i), that 
 it contains much more lithium 
 than the Pavilion, at Con- 
 trexeville, and is therefore better 
 adapted to the treatment of the 
 uric acid constitution. Some im- 
 portance is also attached to the 
 presence of silicates in these 
 waters. It is usual to begin the 
 cure with somewhat smaller doses 
 of the water than those prescribed 
 at Contrexeville and Vittel. The 
 Source Savonneuse is reserved for 
 external use in the form of baths, 
 douches, pulverisations, injec- 
 tions, etc. Professor Jacquemir 
 terms this spring the French 
 Schlangenbad, and thinks it equal, 
 if not superior, to the original. 
 It is essentially a very quiet re- 
 sort. The season is from May 
 20 to Sept, 20. It is often very 
 hot in the months of July and 
 August, and rather chilly in May 
 and at the end of September. There 
 are good hotels, and the usual 
 amusements, theatre, casino, petits 
 chevaux, etc. It is about the 
 same distance from Paris and 
 London as Contrexeville six 
 hours by express from Paris. 
 
 Meinberg, in the principality of 
 Lippe, Germany, in the Werre 
 valley, at an altitude of 680 feet, 
 and having a railway station at 
 Horn-Meinberg, on the Herford- 
 
SECT. B.] MITTERBADMONSUMANO. 
 
 267 
 
 Altenbecken line, has several 
 mineral springs. Two are simple 
 "acidulous," i.e. carbonic acid, 
 wells, which are used for drinking 
 and exportation ; it has also a 
 gaseous common salt spring con- 
 taining 5-5 per litre of sodium 
 chloride, and this, aerated with car- 
 bonic acid, is also drunk ; it has 
 likewise special sulphur mud baths 
 and carbonic acid dry gas baths, 
 the gas being collected from the 
 soil. This gas is also combined 
 with vapour-douches, and used 
 in making effervescent baths ; 
 artificial sulphur, salt, and pine- 
 needle baths are prepared. The 
 diseases treated at Meinberg are 
 gout and rheumatism, diseases of 
 the nervous system, and female 
 maladies. 
 
 The season is from May 20 to 
 Sept. 20. 
 
 Melksham, Wiltshire, thirteen 
 miles from Bath, has springs 
 resembling those of Cheltenham, 
 i.e. containing common salt and the 
 aperient sulphates. It also has a 
 chalybeate spring. 
 
 Mendorf, Grand Duchy of 
 Luxemburg, at an altitude of 650 
 feet, has a slightly warm subthermal 
 common salt water (temperature 77 
 F.), which contains sodium chlo- 
 ride 8- 7 and magnesium bromide 
 3- 1 per litre. It is used for drink- 
 ing, inhalations, and baths. 
 
 Middlesbrough brine wells. 
 See Saltburn-by-the-Sea, p. 338, 
 
 Middlewich, Cheshire, has biine 
 baths. 
 
 Mitterbad, in the Austrian 
 Tyrol, at an elevation of 3,110 feet, 
 in the picturesque Meran valley, 
 three and a - half hours from 
 Meran, has chalybeate springs 
 containing sulphate of iron and 
 small amounts of manganese, ar- 
 senic, strontium, zinc, and copper. 
 
 Moffat, in Dumfriesshire, eight 
 and a-half hours from Euston, 
 has cold weak sulphur waters and a 
 chalybeate spring. The springs are 
 
 some distance from Moffat, which 
 is resorted to for its good air and 
 fine situation. It has a well-known 
 hydropathic establishment. The 
 climate is rainy. Treatment there 
 is said to prove useful in mild 
 forms of anaemia and in cases of 
 obstinate constipation arising from 
 torpid liver in persons who have 
 lived in hot countries. 
 
 Molitg. A small thermal sulphur 
 bath, twenty hours from Paris, in 
 a fine situation in the Pyrenees 
 Orientales, about 50 kilometres 
 from Perpignan, and rather more 
 than an hour's drive from the sta- 
 tion of Prades. The bath establish- 
 ments are situated at the bottom of 
 a narrow gorge, at an elevation of 
 i ,460 feet. The surrounding coun- 
 try is picturesque and mountain- 
 ous. Molitg has a mild and pleasant 
 climate even in winter. Its season 
 extends from May I to Nov. i. 
 It has several springs, the charac- 
 teristic ingredient of which is 
 sodium sulphide, 0-093 grammes 
 to the litre. They also contain a 
 small amount of carbonate of 
 sodium and silica and much 
 organic matter (glairine), which 
 gives the water a soft, unctuous 
 feel. They vary in temperature 
 from 70 to 99 F. 
 
 When drunk, the water is said 
 to promote appetite, and to act as 
 a diuretic, and to cause some 
 slight stimulation of the nervous 
 and vascular systems. The waters 
 are also used as baths, douches, 
 and pulverisations. The con- 
 ferva:! and organic mud deposited 
 by the springs are applied locally. 
 Skin diseases are the cases mainly 
 treated there, catarrhal conditions 
 of the mucous membrane are also 
 benefited (vesical, gastro-intestinal 
 and bronchial catarrhs), and 
 chronic rheumatism in nervous 
 and excitable subjects. 
 
 Monsumano, in the province of 
 Lucca, Italy, in the Val di 
 Nievole, about half an hour's 
 
268 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART i. 
 
 drive from the railway stations 
 Pieve and Monte Catini, possesses 
 a large cave which is filled with 
 steam arising from extensive sur- 
 faces of hot water, and forming a 
 natural vapour bath. Garibaldi 
 was healed there. It is resorted 
 to by sufferers from rheumatic 
 affections, sciatica, and certain 
 neuroses . Patients find accommo- 
 dation at Upper and Lower 
 Monsumano and also at Monte 
 Catini, which is near at hand. 
 The season is from May 15 to 
 Sept. 15. 
 
 Montegrotto and Monte Ortone 
 belong to the " Euganean 
 thermae," in the neighbourhood 
 of Padua, and have feebly 
 mineralised but very hot springs, 
 containing a little sodium chloride 
 and sulphate. 
 
 Montemayor, a thermal sulphur 
 spa in Spain, province of Caceres, 
 in a fine situation at an elevation 
 of 2,000 feet, is much frequented 
 by native patients. 
 
 Montmirail, a bath in the 
 south of France, possessing a 
 source . rich in the aperient sul- 
 phates of magnesium and sodium, 
 a type of mineral water rarely 
 found in France. It also has a 
 cold sulphur spring containing 
 calcium sulphide as well as a 
 ferruginous source. The former 
 of these waters is largely exported 
 as a laxative mineral water. It 
 contains 9-31 grammes of mag- 
 nesium sulphate, 5-06 of sodium 
 sulphate, and one gramme of 
 calcium sulphate per litre. This 
 water is an active purgative in 
 full doses of three or four glasses. 
 It is, of course, reserved for drink- 
 ing only, on the spot, and for 
 exportation. The sulphur spring 
 is also drunk, as well as used for 
 
 baths and douches. The purgative 
 source has a green colour when 
 seen en masse and hence it is known 
 as I'eau verte. Montmirail, at 
 an elevation of 580 feet, is situated 
 at the foot of Mont Ventoux, 
 Department of Vaucluse ; it has 
 a station, Sarrian Montmirail, 
 about eight miles from Carpentras. 
 A combination of the purgative 
 and sulphur springs is used there 
 in some cases of gastro-intestinal 
 dyspepsias. The iron spring is 
 used in cases of anaemia and 
 chlorosis. Respiratory and skin 
 affections, syphilis, and certain 
 forms of dysmenorrhoea are treated 
 there. The hotel and bath 
 establishment are combined in 
 the same building. 
 
 Montrond, France, Department 
 Loire, has a simple alkaline spring 
 (Source Geyser) containing so- 
 dium bicarbonate 4-5 per litre. 
 
 Morgins, in Switzerland, Can- 
 ton Valais, a three and a-half 
 hours' drive from the station of 
 Monthey, on the line between 
 Bouveret and St. Maurice, is 
 situated at an elevation of 4,300 
 feet and has a weak chalybeate 
 spring containing a large amount 
 of calcium sulphate (2-5 per litre). 
 This amount of sulphate of lime 
 makes it difficult of digestion 
 sometimes. The bath establish- 
 ment provides baths and douches 
 of all kinds. 
 
 It is resorted to by anaemic 
 patients and sufferers from scro- 
 fulous disorders. 
 
 Munster-am-Stein is situated 
 only a mile and a-half from 
 Kreuznach, higher up the Nahe 
 Valley. It has similar waters of 
 rather higher temperature, which 
 are used in the same manner for 
 the same maladies. 
 
 Nantwich, in Cheshire, about four hours from 
 London, has brine baths of the same character as 
 
SECT. B.] NANTWICH. 269 
 
 those at Droitwich. It is a strong brine having a 
 density of 114276. It contains, in a litre, sodium 
 chloride about 210*0, magnesium chloride 2*30, 
 potassium chloride 1-90, calcium sulphate 6-50, 
 and sodium sulphate 5*0. 
 
 The Droitwich brine is stronger, but it is, there, 
 diluted for its baths ; at Nantwich the brine is 
 heated by steam, and is used therefore undiluted, 
 so that the baths are really stronger than those 
 at Droitwich. They are, of course, diluted when 
 necessary. They are given at a temperature 
 between 98 and 104 F. The patient, after the 
 bath, is wrapped in a large towel and directed to 
 recline on a couch until dry ; the salt is then rubbed 
 off, the patient dresses and returns to his lodgings 
 to rest for a few hours. There are at Nantwich 
 "The Old Baths" and "The New Baths "the latter 
 provide better and more suitable accommodation 
 than could be obtained before their construction. 
 They are connected with the Brine Baths Hotel, 
 and can be reached from that building through a 
 corridor, so that patients need not go into the open 
 air in passing to and from the baths. 
 
 The therapeutic indications are the same as 
 those at Droitwich ; cases of muscular rheumatism, 
 lumbago, and sciatica appear to be most benefited 
 there. 
 
 The joint pains left after attacks of acute rheu- 
 matism are usually relieved, but the presence of 
 serious valvular lesions would counter-indicate this 
 treatment. 
 
 The baths are open all the year round, but the 
 best season for the cure is from the beginning of May 
 to the end of September. 
 
 The climate of Nantwich is said to be mild, 
 dry, and equable, with an annual rainfall of only 
 20*34 inches and 146 rainy days. 
 
 Nauheim, in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, is one 
 of the most important salt baths in Germany. 
 
270 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART I, 
 
 It is situated at an elevation of 400 feet, at the 
 foot of a fine wooded hill, the Johannisberg, one 
 of the outlying spurs of the Taunus, at a distance of 
 about twenty miles from Frankfort, an hour by rail. 
 
 Of its springs, three are used exclusively for 
 bathing and two for drinking. The three bathing 
 springs are hot, and issue from the ground at a 
 temperature varying from 82 to 96 F. They also 
 contain an abundance of carbonic acid, and one 
 of them shoots out of the ground with great force 
 and with much bubbling and foaming, and sometimes 
 rises in a jet to a height of about 44 feet. This 
 is the Frederick-William Sprudel, a very important 
 spring, on account of the quantity of common salt 
 it contains (its chief solid constituents are, per litre, 
 sodium chloride 20 to 30 grammes, calcium chloride 
 2 to 3 grammes, and some bicarbonate of iron), 
 and also of its warmth (96*4 F.), and of its richness 
 in carbonic acid, 48,000 cubic feet of this gas escaping 
 in twenty-four hours. The combination of these 
 three properties high temperature, richness in 
 common salt, and carbonic acid renders it unique 
 among European mineral springs. The two drinking 
 springs, the Kurbrunnen and the Carlsbrunnen, 
 are weaker, though these are too strong to be 
 drunk pure in most cases. They contain per litre 
 10 to 15 grammes of sodium chloride, and i gramme 
 of calcium chloride, and enough free carbonic acid 
 gas to make them effervescent. They are tepid 
 or lukewarm. The Ludwigsbrunnen is a weakly 
 mineralised water used as a table-water and for 
 diluting the preceding. There is also another spring 
 in the neighbourhood, the Schwalheimerbrunnen, 
 which contains a little iron and only 1*3 of sodium 
 chloride, and being gaseous is also used as a table- 
 water ; both these are bottled for use. 
 
 The bathing springs are used of their natural 
 temperature and composition ; very rarely they are 
 made stronger, as at Kreuznach, by the addition 
 of " mother lye." 
 
SECT. B.j NAUHEIM. 271 
 
 The baths given are of different kinds. First, 
 the simple salt bath at different temperatures, from 
 which the carbonic acid has been allowed to escape ; 
 second, the effervescent bath, " sprudel bath"; and 
 thirdly, the effervescent wave bath, or sprudel stream 
 bath, fresh gaseous brine running directly from 
 the spring into the baths at one end and a 
 similar quantity running out at the other during 
 the whole course of the bath. This kind of bath 
 is highly stimulating and has to be employed with 
 caution, for by constantly surrounding the body 
 with fresh brine and fresh carbonic acid, a highly 
 exciting effect is produced on the nerves of the skin. 
 In some cases it ' is found necessary to dilute the 
 mineral water before using it in the baths, on 
 account of the irritating effect it produces on the 
 skin; while in other cases, where it is thought 
 necessary to produce very active stimulation of the 
 skin, " mother lye " is added to make it stronger. 
 
 Rooms for inhalation are provided where the 
 patients can inhale the spray of the pulverised 
 brine. 
 
 The abundance of carbonic acid gas set free 
 from the springs has led to the use of a gas bath 
 at this spa. The patient sits enveloped up to the 
 neck in an atmosphere of carbonic acid gas, and 
 in some cases of gout it has proved serviceable. 
 
 There are " gradirhauser " at Nauheim, as at 
 Reichenhall and Kreuznach, near which patients can 
 sit to inhale the salt spray. 
 
 With regard to the diseases treated at Nauheim, 
 it has been so much the custom recently to regard 
 that spa as specially adapted to the treatment of 
 heart disease that it has been to some extent for- 
 gotten that it may also be taken as a type of a 
 strong salt spa a Sool bath, as it is called in 
 Germany and from that point of view it will be 
 interesting to inquire what are its uses and value, 
 and especially in what respects it differs from hot 
 and cold sea-water baths. First come the various 
 
2 7 2 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 forms of scrofulous and rachitic diseases, and of 
 these scrofulous eczema seems to have been specially 
 benefited, as well as cases of eczema in which there 
 was no observable taint of scrofula. This cure of 
 eczema often occurs as an after-effect. 
 
 In scrolulous affections of the glands and of the 
 joints, the nightly application of the salt water or 
 the "mother lye" to the parts affected has been 
 found highly useful, but in many cases of scrofula, 
 especially when associated with much debility, and 
 when there is danger of over stimulating a feeble 
 and irritable nervous system, sea air and sea baths 
 are far more applicable, as the late Protessor Beneke 
 of Nauheim taught. It is in certain forms of gout, 
 rheumatism, and neuralgia that these salt springs 
 are said to be specially efficacious. 
 
 The salt baths also promote the absorption of 
 secretions and thickenings resulting from acute 
 and chronic rheumatism. 
 
 Cases of chronic catarrh of the respiratory pas- 
 sages, of chronic gastro-intestinal catarrh, of such 
 female maladies as are sent to other salt baths, of 
 neurasthenia and protracted convalescence, are often 
 treated at Nauheim with benefit. Most forms of 
 dyspepsia are perhaps better treated elsewhere. 
 
 Paralysis dependent upon undoubted changes 
 in the nervous centres themselves are not benefited 
 by the Nauheim baths ; but if the paralysis depends 
 on rheumatic affections of the coverings of the 
 nervous centres, then improvement often follows. 
 
 One great advantage of these Sprudel baths is 
 that, owing to the combined stimulating effect of 
 the salt and carbonic acid on the skin, persons can 
 remain much longer in the baths and at a lower 
 temperature than in other baths. Sea baths lack 
 the presence of carbonic acid, and cold sea baths 
 cannot be supported for any length of time. 
 
 The stimulation of the circulation following these 
 Sprudel baths has been referred to a " reflex action " 
 starting from the skin, which is stimulated by the com- 
 
SECT. B.J NAUHEIM. 273 
 
 bined action of the salt, the bubbles of carbonic acid, 
 and the movement of the water in the stream bath. 
 The salt water has also been said to " soak through " 
 the superficial layers of the epidermis, and so to 
 reach the nerve-endings in the skin, and act upon 
 them as. a chemical irritant. The carbonic acid 
 and the movements of the water act as mechanical 
 irritants. 
 
 More than thirty years ago the late Professor 
 Beneke made known the fact that the heart affec- 
 tions resulting from attacks of rheumatic fever, so 
 far from counter-indicating the use of these salt 
 baths, as was formerly supposed, were especially 
 benefited by a careful application of them. He 
 had observed the valvular defects in some instances 
 apparently removed, and in most cases the natural 
 effort at compensation greatly aided ; while the 
 pulse, instead of being accelerated, was usually 
 diminished from six to ten beats in the minute. 
 
 These temperate and cautious conclusions of 
 Professor Beneke with regard to the applicability 
 of the Nauheim baths to the treatment of certain 
 forms of cardiac disease did not immediately attract 
 general attention, but they were destined, after a 
 lapse of some years, to be succeeded by a period 
 of exaggeration and systematic publicity which has 
 rarely been equalled. 
 
 The combination of the employment of gaseous 
 salt baths and " resisted movements," which is now 
 known as " Nauheim treatment," owes its existence 
 and modern development to the brothers Schott, 
 and its wide popularity to a host of imitators that 
 have sprung up in nearly every health resort and 
 every city in Europe and out of Europe. That this 
 method at any rate, so far as the baths are con- 
 cerned, and to the extent taught by Beneke has a 
 just and rational foundation there can be no doubt ; 
 but as to the value of the " resisted movements," except 
 as an occupation and diversion for introspective, 
 nervous, and exacting patients, we own we are 
 
274 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 sceptical, and our doubts on this point are, we are 
 aware, shared by many acknowledged authorities 
 on cardiac affections. We shall have to refer in a 
 later chapter to the general question of the treatment 
 of heart disease by mineral baths. It will be well to 
 state here how it is carried out at Nauheim. 
 
 In beginning the baths much care is needful. It 
 is usual to begin with i per cent, simple salt baths free 
 from carbonic acid, and at a temperature of 92 to 
 95 F. ; the baths lasting at first only six to eight 
 minutes. They should also frequently be omitted 
 for a day. It is customary gradually to reduce the 
 temperature at which the baths are taken, daily, 
 until, in appropriate cases, a temperature of 85*5 F. 
 is reached ; at the same time the mineral strength 
 of the water and the period of immersion are slowly 
 increased. Later on the Sprudel bath is applied 
 in cases that are judged suitable, and lastly, if the 
 patient is thought to be in a condition to bear it, 
 the highly stimulating " sprudel stream " bath. 
 About six weeks, or even longer, is considered need- 
 ful for the cure. 
 
 The " resistance " exercises* are applied by the 
 medical or other skilled attendant. 
 
 Neris, a well-known bath of high temperature 
 and feeble mineralisation belonging to the indeter- 
 minate thermal group (French classification), is 
 situated in Central France, not far from Mont- 
 lucon, in the department of Allier, and is especially 
 applied in the treatment of diseases of the nervous 
 system, and less specially to diseases of women 
 and rheumatic affections. 
 
 Neris is built on a plateau in a pleasant situation, 
 about five miles from Montlucon, at an altitude of 
 about 1,200 feet above the sea. It has a mild and 
 
 * A detailed schedule of these exercises "" and directions 
 for the preparation of artificial Nauheim baths will be found 
 in the author's " Manual of Medical Treatment," new 
 edition, vol. i., pp. 400-401. 
 
SECT. B.] NERIS. 275 
 
 equable climate. The springs are collected into six 
 wells, all proceeding doubtless from the same sheet 
 of water, and have a nearly identical chemical com- 
 position, but vary in temperature between about 110 
 and 126 F. 
 
 The Puits Cesar is the one chiefly used. The 
 water is clear, odourless, and tasteless, and has 
 an unctuous feeling. It gives off bubbles of carbonic 
 acid and nitrogen gases. Its unctuous feeling de- 
 pends on the amount of organic matter it contains, 
 and which forms a kind of gelatinous precipitate in 
 the reservoirs, and gives rise to the growth of 
 magnificent confervae. The solids in this water are 
 small in quantity, not amounting to more than 1-27 
 gramme per litre, and consist chiefly of sodium 
 bicarbonate, calcium bicarbonate, sodium sulphate, 
 and sodium chloride, and traces of fluoride of sodium. 
 The chief characteristics of this water are its high 
 temperature and its richness in nitrogen gas and 
 organic matter. It has, however, been calculated 
 that though it contains only about 6 grains of sodium 
 bicarbonate in a litre, as there are 400 litres in a 
 bath, such a bath would contain about 5 oz. of this 
 salt ! 
 
 Neris has two bath establishments, the smaller 
 one being devoted to patients of the poorer classes. 
 The waters are but little drunk ; they are mainly 
 used as baths, douches, irrigations, and vapours, and 
 the confervas are sometimes applied locally. Baths 
 are the chief agents in the cure, and are given either 
 in ordinary baths, or in large baths in common 
 (piscines). Their duration varies greatly according 
 to the case from a few minutes to an hour, and in 
 some special cases two or more hours. The tem- 
 perature most frequently employed is from 92 to 
 95 F. Suitable apparatus are provided for applying 
 irrigations, vaginal, rectal, nasal, etc. Vapour baths, 
 general or partial, and vapour douches are also given. 
 The local use of the confervae is not so common as 
 formerly, but they are sometimes used as poultices 
 
2 7 6 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART I. 
 
 and frictions in rheumatic affections, and combined 
 with local baths in certain diseases of the skin and 
 especially of the nails. 
 
 Various auxiliary means of treatment are at the 
 disposal of the physicians, such as the ordinary 
 methods of hydrotherapy, massage, douche-mas- 
 sage, gymnastics, and physical exercises, electricity, 
 etc. 
 
 The first effect of the baths is to produce, in 
 many, some general excitement of the system 
 feverish discomfort, headache, prostration, sleepless- 
 ness, together with an aggravation of the symptoms 
 of the patient's malady ; this is termed by the local 
 doctors " la crise thermale." It comes on at varying 
 periods from the third to the sixth or tenth day, and 
 sometimes not at all, and is followed by the sedative 
 effect looked for from the treatment. As already 
 mentioned, it is in diseases of the nervous system 
 that the cure at Neris is especially indicated : the 
 contractures and hemichoreic symptoms following 
 hemiplegia ; locomotor ataxia, at the early stage, when 
 the acute painful symptoms predominate, insomnia, 
 gastric crises, lightning pains, etc. General paralysis 
 at its onset, disseminated sclerosis, spasmodic para- 
 plegia, myelitis from cold or injury, peripheral neuritis, 
 toxic and traumatic ; facial and other peripheral 
 paralyses, all forms of neuralgia, muscular spasm, and 
 professional cramps ; the various neuroses, hysteria, 
 chorea, neurasthenia, exophthalmic goitre in its early 
 stages, migraine, etc. Amongst the diseases of women 
 treated at Neris, special mention may be made of 
 genital neuroses, coccydynia, pelvic inflammations, 
 etc. . Rheumatic cases are treated in the same 
 manner as at other hyperthermal baths. 
 
 The season at Neris is from May isth to Sept. 
 3oth, but the most favourable part of the season 
 is from June i5th to Sept. i5th. 
 
 Chamblet-Neris, the nearest railway station, is 
 distant about three miles, and is reached in six hours 
 by express trains from Paris during the season. 
 
SECT. B.] NEUENAHR. 277 
 
 Neuenahr is situated in the valley of the Ahr, 
 a small river which joins the Rhine at Sinzig, a little 
 above Remagen, and about midway between Bonn 
 and Coblenz. Neuenahr has a station on the railway 
 that runs between Remagen and Altenahr. Remagen 
 is an hour and a-half s railway journey from Cologne. 
 The adjacent Apollinarisberg commands an exquisite 
 piece of Rhine scenery. 
 
 The Ahr valley is wide and bounded by low 
 and gently sloping hills ; only one considerable hill, 
 the Landskron, is remarkable, as it stands alone, 
 a truncated cone of basaltic rock about 900 feet high, 
 and forms a very prominent object. Near this rock 
 we pass the Apollinarisbrunnen, the source of the 
 Apollinaris water. 
 
 The baths at Neuenahr are in the Kurhaus, 
 and are well organised, and furnished with the 
 usual array of douches of all kinds. The springs 
 at Neuenahr belong to the group of simple 
 alkaline waters. They are warm, and contain a 
 considerable quantity of carbonic acid. This gas is 
 allowed to escape freely into the air from the 
 principal spring, which is thus seen to seethe and 
 boil and foam as it pours from its source into a 
 basin, around which a well-shaped inclosure is built. 
 Here the carbonic acid can be seen to form a dense 
 and dangerous atmosphere over and around the 
 spring. There are probably great quantities of this 
 gas stored up, a little below the surface, in this 
 part of the valley, and it is noticed in consequence 
 that in many of the houses mice are never found. 
 There are four springs in use the chief of these are 
 the Victoria- and the Grosser-sprudeL The tem- 
 perature of the latter is 104 F. ; the others are 
 not so hot. A litre of the water contains about 
 nine grains of bicarbonate of sodium and four and a- 
 half of carbonate of magnesium, besides lime and 
 small quantities of common salt and sulphate of 
 sodium and a minute amount of iron about 12 
 milligrammes in a litre, 
 
278 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 These are the only hot simple alkaline springs 
 found in Germany. They are analogous to the 
 Vichy springs, although not nearly so strong. 
 
 The uses of these springs are various, depending 
 on their mildly solvent alkaline action, so that they 
 are especially applicable to cases of biliary and 
 urinary concretions and their consequences ; to cases 
 of atonic gout, and especially those in which 
 the stronger alkaline and saline springs are counter- 
 indicated. Cases of gout which require very gentle 
 treatment, and which support badly the depletory 
 effects of stronger mineral waters -- cases, for 
 example, associated with a weak heart and feeble 
 circulation these are well suited to treatment at 
 Neuenahr. 
 
 Cases of chronic rheumatism are treated there, 
 and notably that which produces great deformity 
 and crippling of the joints (arthritis deformans). 
 Remarkably good results have been observed from 
 the use of the Grossersprudel, followed by massage, 
 in some of these distressing deformities. Of chest 
 diseases, cases of chronic bronchial catarrh are 
 much benefited, so are certain cases of chronic 
 Bright' s disease. There are suitable arrangements 
 for inhaling the pulverised water in respiratory 
 affections, as at Ems. Forms of dyspepsia with 
 obesity, or fatty liver, and associated with a feeble 
 heart, are better treated there than by the stronger 
 courses of Marienbad or Carlsbad. But it is, above 
 all things, to the successful treatment of diabetes 
 that Neuenahr owes its great and increasing re- 
 putation. It does not pretend, however, to cure the 
 grave forms. Some diabetic patients begin by drink- 
 ing enormous quantities of the water, which they 
 gladly do to quench the intolerable thirst from 
 which they suffer. 
 
 The cases of diabetes best suited to treatment 
 there are those associated with the uric acid diathesis. 
 With regard to the climate of Neuenahr, it is said 
 to be very dry and healthy, and to have a very even 
 
SECT. B.] NENNDORF NEU-RAGOCZI. 
 
 279 
 
 temperature; but, in common with much of the 
 Rhine district, the p'ace is subject at times to heavy 
 morning mists. In summer there is generally a cur- 
 rent of air blowing along the valley, but from the 
 position of the town, with protection on the north 
 by vine-covered hills and on the south by wooded 
 heights, it is usually warm. The tortuous rocky 
 defile below Altenahr closes the valley on the west, 
 and there are no side valleys by which eddies and 
 cold currents may be produced. During the spring 
 and summer the wind is usually from the south- 
 west or south, and, coming over great woodland 
 districts, is pure and refreshing, but never cold. 
 
 The season is from May to October. There is 
 very good hotel accommodation. 
 
 Nenndorf, near Hanover, and 
 in the province of Hanover, 
 adjoining the village of Gross- 
 Nenndorf, has cold sulphur springs. 
 There is also a salt well in the 
 neighbouring village, Soldorf. 
 Nenndorf is situated in a well- 
 wooded country, at an altitude 
 of 230 feet. The Trinkquelle, 
 the richest in sulphur, is the only 
 spring used for drinking, and 
 contains, in addition to I-Q per 
 litre calcium sulphate, sodium 
 sulphide o - o6 and H 2 S 42 vols. 
 
 The brine from Soldorf. which 
 is used for baths, contains 6o - o per 
 litre of sodium chloride and a 
 trace of H 2 S. It is often forti- 
 fied with Mutterlauge. 
 
 A Nenndorf sulphur soap is 
 made from the precipitate of the 
 Badequelle. Sulphurous mud 
 baths are also prepared from large 
 mud beds near at hand. Inhala- 
 tion of the gases emitted from the 
 sulphur springs is also prescribed. 
 
 The cases treated there are 
 chronic rheumatism and gout, 
 skin diseases, catarrhs of the 
 respiratory passages, asthma, 
 scrofulous affections of the joints 
 
 and other organs, metallic intoxi- 
 cations, female maladies. The 
 season is from May I to Oct. i. 
 
 Neuenhain, close to Soden, near 
 Frankfort-am-Main, has a gaseous 
 chalybeate spring, containing 0^04 
 per litre of bicarbonate of iron. 
 
 Neuhaus, Bavaria, in the valley 
 of the Saale, near Neustadt railway 
 station, and at the foot of the Salz- 
 burg, has cold gaseous common salt 
 wells containing 9-0 to 1-5 per litre 
 of sodium chloride. There are also 
 simple gaseous springs used as 
 table waters ; mud baths are pre- 
 pared there. It is a small bath, 
 chiefly of local interest. Season, 
 middle of May to end of Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 Neuhaus, in Styria, in an agree- 
 able situation at an altitude of i ,200 
 feet, near Tiiffer and the railway 
 station of Cilli, has indifferent ther- 
 mal springs of a temperature of 
 98 F.,and a chalybeate spring. 
 
 Neu-Ragoczi, named after the 
 well-known spring at Kissingen, 
 is situated in the province of 
 Saxony, at an hour's distance from 
 the railway station of Halle-on- 
 the-Saale, and possesses common 
 
280 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS-. 
 
 [PART i. 
 
 salt waters (sodium chloride io'o 
 per litre) containing a little iron 
 and much nitrogen gas. The 
 waters are used for drinking and 
 for baths, and the nitrogen is 
 collected for inhalations. 
 
 Neus tadt - Ebers walde , beauti- 
 fully situated in Mark Branden- 
 burg, Germany, at an altitude of 
 100 feet, is a summer resort, with 
 chalybeate waters poor in carbonic 
 acid gas. 
 
 Niederbronn, in Alsace, on the 
 eastern slopes of the Vosges 
 mountains, at an altitude of 620 
 feet, with a station on the Strass- 
 burg, - Hagenau - Saargemund 
 railway, has common salt wells, 
 only one of which is used, the 
 Niederbronner - mineral - wasser- 
 quelle, of a temperature of 64 F. 
 It contains sodium chloride 3-0, 
 calcium chloride 0-6, and bicar- 
 bonate of iron o'oi per litre. It 
 is said also to contain a small 
 amount of lithium. There are 
 baths in the hotels and private 
 
 houses. The water is also used 
 for drinking, inhaling, and 
 gargling. Niederbronn has an 
 ancient reputation for the treat- 
 ment of gastro-hepatic and intes- 
 tinal troubles, catarrhal jaundice, 
 haemorrhoids, renal and cutaneous 
 affections, scrofula and female 
 maladies. The season is from 
 May i to Oct. i. 
 
 Niederlangenau. See Lange- 
 nau, p. 251. 
 
 Niedernau, in the Wiirtemberg 
 Black Forest, having a station on 
 the Suttgart-Tiibingen-Horb line, 
 is situated in a side valley of the 
 Neckar valley, at an elevation of 
 nearly 1,200 feet, and has several 
 cold chalybeate springs, rich in 
 free carbonic acid, of which the 
 Stahlquelle is the strongest. 
 Franzensbad Moor baths and 
 carbonic acid baths are also 
 provided. It is a small spa, in 
 which are treated cases of anaemia, 
 chlorosis, neurasthenia, and female 
 maladies. 
 
 Oeynhausen, or Rehme-Oeynhausen, now gener- 
 ally known by the former name, is a well-known 
 warm gaseous common salt bath in Westphalia, having 
 much in common with Bad Nauheim. It is situated 
 on the river Werre at an altitude of 230 feet and has 
 a station on the line from Cologne to Berlin, four and 
 a-half hours from the former city. 
 
 It has three warm common salt wells, to which 
 must now be added a fourth, bored in 1898 and 
 named the Kaiser- Wilhelmsprudel. These wells 
 are very rich in free carbonic acid, and vary in tem- 
 perature from 77 to 92 F. They contain per litre 
 31 to 34 grammes of sodium chloride, also sodium 
 and calcium sulphate, about 3 grammes of each, and 
 nearly 1,000 volumes of carbonic acid gas. There is 
 also a cold salt spring, the Biilowbrunnen, containing 
 a large quantity of sodium chloride, which is used 
 for baths and for the extraction of salt and the pre- 
 
SECT. B.] 
 
 OEYNHAUSEN. 
 
 281 
 
 paration of Mutterlauge. Very complete bath 
 arrangements exist there, and by blending together 
 the waters of the different wells and by artificial 
 heating, baths can be given of various strengths, in 
 salt and gas, and of different temperatures. 
 
 The diseases amenable to treatment at Nauheim 
 can also be treated as advantageously at Oeynhausen, 
 where springs of precisely the same composition 
 exist and the same methods of applying them 
 prevail ; therefore the same therapeutic indications 
 apply to both these spas ; but while Nauheim has 
 been diverted to the special treatment of cardiac 
 affections, Oeynhausen has been specialised in the 
 direction of the treatment of diseases of the nervous 
 system. The season is from May i5th to the end of 
 September, but there is also a winter season. 
 
 Oberlahnstein-am-Bhein has a 
 
 gaseous spring, the Victoria- 
 brunnen, containing small 
 amounts of sodium bicarbonate 
 and chloride. It is exported as a 
 table-water, a part of the carbonic 
 acid which has escaped being 
 added to the water on filling the 
 bottles. 
 
 Obersalzbrunn (Bad-Salzbrunn) 
 is situated in Silesia, about two 
 hours by rail from Breslau and 
 six from Berlin. It lies on the 
 River Salzbach, at an elevation of 
 1,320 feet. Its chief spring, the 
 Oberbrunnen, is a cold alkaline 
 spring containing 2-15 grammes 
 of bicarbonate of sodium in a litre, 
 o-oi of bicarbonate of lithium, and 
 0-45 of sulphate of sodium, and a 
 considerable amount of free car- 
 bonic acid gas. Its mild, mountain 
 climate, dust-free air, and forest 
 walks are considered to augment 
 the value of the mineral water. 
 Milk and whey cures are also 
 carried out. Baths, mineral and 
 medicated, massage, gymnastics, 
 and a pneumatic inhalatorium 
 will likewise be found. The 
 
 diseases treated there are catarrh 
 of the respiratory organs, 
 bronchial asthma and emphy- 
 sema, stomach and intestinal 
 catarrhs, gallstones, disease as- 
 sociated with the uric acid 
 diathesis, gout, chronic renal dis- 
 ease, diabetes, obesity. The season 
 lasts from May i to Sept. 30. 
 The much advertised Kronenquelle 
 is a proprietary spring in this 
 resort. It is used chiefly for 
 exportation, and claims to be 
 especially rich in lithium. It is 
 really but feebly mineralised, and 
 only contains O-QI gramme of 
 bicarbonate of lithium in a litre. 
 
 Obladis. See Ladis, p. 250. 
 
 Offenbach-am-Main, four miles 
 from Frankfort, has a cold alkaline 
 common salt spring, containing so- 
 dium bicarbonate 2-4 and sodium 
 chloride i - 2, and lithium bicarbo- 
 nate 0-019 P er litre. It is exclu- 
 sively exported. 
 
 Oldesloe, in the province of 
 Schleswig-Holstein, has cold com- 
 mon salt and sulphur springs and 
 mud baths. 
 
 Olette (Pyrenees Orientales), 
 
282 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART i. 
 
 reached by rail from Perpignan 
 to Prades, thence by carriage 
 drive of about . ten miles, is 
 a sulphur spring containing 
 sodium sulphide. There is a 
 good bath establishment, 2,300 
 feet above the sea-level, with 
 all the appliances usually found in 
 such institutions. The springs, 
 of which there are many, are 
 warm, and vary in temperature 
 from 80 to 170 F. They are of 
 feeble mineralisation, and resemble 
 in their properties and uses the 
 other numerous sulphur springs 
 of that region. Interesting walks 
 and excursions abound. 
 
 The climate is like that of 
 mountain districts generally, there 
 being a considerable difference 
 between day and night tempera- 
 ture. The waters are drunk and 
 used as baths, douches, and in- 
 halations, and are applied in all 
 forms of rheumatism, in respira- 
 tory catarrhal affections, and in 
 gastric and vesical catarrh ; also 
 in surgical cases, especially the 
 consequences of injuries, and in 
 certain neuroses. 
 
 The season is from June i to 
 Sept. 30. 
 
 Ontaneda, a thermal sulphur spa 
 in Spain, in the province of San- 
 tander. 
 
 Orb, a cold gasc.us brine bath in 
 the Prussian province of Hesse- 
 Nassau, five kilometres from the 
 railway station of Wichtersbach, 
 on the Frankfort and Bebra line. 
 It is applied in the same diseases 
 and by the same processes as other 
 waters of the same kind. 
 
 Orezza, in Corsica, has two 
 cold gaseous strong ferruginou s 
 springs, the water of which is 
 largely exported. The village of 
 Orezza is situated in the moun- 
 tains in the interior of Corsica, 
 at an altitude of nearly 2,000 feet, 
 thirty-two kilometres from the 
 railway station, Ponte allaLeccia, 
 on the line from Bastia to Ajaccio. 
 The patients lodge in localities 
 near the springs. These springs 
 are rich in bicarbonate of iron, 
 0-128 per litre, together with 
 small amounts of the bicarbonates 
 and sulphates of lime and 
 magnesia and a very large quan- 
 tity of free carbonic acid. Not- 
 withstanding this large amount 
 of carbonic acid in the water, 
 a portion of the iron is very 
 prone to precipitation. Orezza is 
 resorted to by natives of the 
 island in summer. 
 
 Oriol, a gaseous alkaline earthy 
 chalybeate spring, near Grenoble, 
 in France. 
 
 Pierrefonds, a cold sulphur bath eight and a-half 
 miles' drive from Compiegne station and sixty from 
 Paris (Northern line), lies at the foot of a hill sur- 
 mounted by a castle and near a small lake. It is 
 pleasantly situated at an elevation of 275 feet on the 
 borders of the forest of Compiegne. Its mineral 
 springs resemble those of Enghien in composition, 
 and contain sulphydrate of calcium (0-015 per litre) 
 and a small amount of earthy salts. The waters are 
 used in the same cases as other sulphur springs. 
 Treatment by the application of pulverised water 
 (introduced here in 1856 by Dr. Sales Girons) is 
 
SECT. B.] PIERREFONDS PLOMBIERES. 283 
 
 especially popular ; and a special room in the well- 
 appointed bath establishment is devoted to pulverisa- 
 tion. 
 
 Pierrefonds possesses also a chalybeate spring 
 containing 0*139 of bicarbonate and crenate of iron 
 per litre, a little earthy salts, and traces of manganese 
 and arsenic. The cases treated there are those of 
 chronic pharyngitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, and asthma, 
 also herpetic skin affections, rheumatism, and 
 functional uterine disorders associated with ansemia 
 and chlorosis. 
 
 The neighbourhood of Pierrefonds offers many 
 attractive walks and drives, and it has the advan- 
 tage of being adjacent to the magnificent forest of 
 Compiegne. , 
 
 The climate is rather humid. The season is from 
 June ist to Oct. ist. The waters are exported. 
 
 Plombieres, in the Department of the Vosges, 
 with indifferent thermal springs, is a small, clean, 
 well-built town of 2,000 inhabitants, situated at an 
 elevation of 1,300 feet above the' sea in a beautiful 
 green valley, surrounded by gently sloping hills 
 covered with dense forests of beech and pine. 
 
 It is useless to speak of the antiquity of these 
 baths. Wherever there were hot springs the Romans 
 were certain to turn them to account, and numerous 
 remains of Roman baths are to be found at all these 
 thermal stations. But we find Montaigne visiting 
 Plombieres in the sixteenth century, and since his 
 time it has had many distinguished guests ; some of 
 the family of Louis XV., Stanislas, Duke of Lorraine, 
 Voltaire, Maupertuis, Beaumarchais, la Reine 
 Hortense, Napoleon III., etc. 
 
 The possession of several springs thirty in 
 number, furnishing an enormous quantity of water, 
 and varying in temperature from 55 to over 165 F. 
 has led to the creation of several bathing establish- 
 rnents not far from one another in the town, as well 
 as the new one connected with the Grand Hotel. 
 
284 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART I. 
 
 In one of these, which is partly subterranean, the 
 remains of an old Roman piscine, some feet below the 
 level of the ground, is used as a vapour bath (etuve), 
 and here one may witness some of the characteristic 
 treatment of the place in operation. 
 
 The hot vapour from the natural spring is ad- 
 mitted into this old Roman chamber, and the patient 
 (who is, we will suppose, the victim of chronic 
 rheumatism) is placed in this moist and superheated 
 atmosphere until he perspires freely ; he then passes 
 out and up again into an apartment with several 
 cabinets each containing a couch or bed on which he 
 reposes, well wrapped up, until his perspiration is 
 pretty well over, then he passes into the hands of 
 the masseur, and is submitted to the process of 
 massage ; this over he passes into another apartment 
 devoted to douching, and is finally finished off with 
 a general douche. 
 
 All these springs are very feebly mineralised, the 
 hottest, which are also the strongest, do not contain 
 more than 0*39 of solids per litre. Some of them 
 have an unctuous feeling due to the presence of sili- 
 cate of aluminium and hence termed " sources savon- 
 neuses" They have a faintly alkaline reaction, due 
 probably to the presence of a small amount of 
 sodium bicarbonate. All the springs contain traces 
 of arsenic. There is also a cold ferruginous spring, 
 La Bourdeille, at Plombieres. But the cure there con- 
 sists essentially in the external application of the 
 water; the internal use is quite secondary and sub- 
 ordinate. 
 
 The methods of applying the thermal waters are 
 numerous, viz. the single bath and the large bath, 
 or both, with or without douche or massage ; the hot 
 douche during the bath ; the so-called " submarine 
 douche " (i.e. applied under the surface of the water) ; 
 the cold douche or the Scotch douche ; the vapour 
 bath (etuve) followed by "sudation," with or with- 
 out massage ; ascending douches ; large intestinal 
 " lavages " ; vaginal irrigations ; inhalations, etc. 
 
SECT. B.] PLOMBIERES, 285 
 
 In the next place, what are the diseases espe- 
 cially suited to treatment there and by these 
 methods ? 
 
 First and foremost are all the many painful con- 
 ditions associated with the name chronic rheumatism 
 or dependent on the inherited rheumatic constitution. 
 Sciatica and other forms of rheumatic neuralgia, 
 muscular and articular rheumatism, migraine, and 
 especially those forms of gastfalgia, chronic 
 nervous dyspepsia, and gastric and intestinal 
 catarrh, associated either with constipation or 
 diarrhoea, especially when connected with the rheu- 
 matic constitution, " enteralgia nevralgique et 
 arthritique." The physicians who have been long 
 in practice there claim great success in the treatment 
 of these troublesome affections. Neurasthenia and 
 other functional disorders of the nervous system, 
 particularly when associated with arthritism, uterine 
 neuralgia, irritable uterus, and especially chronic 
 metritis in the neuropathic or rheumatic, are also ad- 
 vantageously treated at Plombieres. So also are 
 some cases of dysmenorrhcea, amenorrhcea, and 
 sterility when due to faulty development of the 
 uterus. Most of these maladies fall under the de- 
 nomination in use there of " rheumatisme nevro- 
 pathique" a mixture of nervous, neuralgic affections 
 with rheumatism ; and under this head are comprised, 
 besides the maladies already mentioned, certain 
 forms of vertigo, spinal irritation, nervous pal- 
 pitations, and superficial neuralgias. 
 
 The successful treatment of habitual constipation 
 is another claim put forward by the physicians 
 at Plombieres ; such cases are treated by daily hot 
 baths of half an hour to an hour and a-half, followed 
 by the rectal douche. 
 
 But of late years it is specially in the treatment 
 of chronic diarrhoea, and particularly of muco- 
 membranous enterocolitis, that Plombieres has be- 
 come celebrated. " Two new establishments and 
 more than sixty special compartments have been 
 
286 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 exclusively reserved for the application ot enteroclyse 
 (intestinal lavage) in the recumbent position." 
 
 The season is from June ist to Oct. ist. The 
 Bain Romain remains open all the year round. 
 
 The duration of the cure is from 21 to 25 days; 
 in exceptional cases, 30 days. 
 
 Plombieres can be reached from Paris via Belfort 
 in seven hours, and from London in sixteen hours 
 via Calais and Chaumont. 
 
 Pougues les Eaux is about four hours from Paris 
 on the Lyons Railway, on the right bank of the 
 Loire, at an elevation of 650 feet, and only eight 
 miles from the interesting town of Nevers. Pougues 
 has been termed the " Paradise of the dyspeptic," 
 and appears to have recovered the popularity it 
 possessed some three centuries ago, when it was 
 much resorted to by some of the chief persons in 
 France. In the reading-room of the casino the walls 
 are covered with portraits of some of its ancient 
 patrons. Its waters may be classified as cold 
 gaseous alkaline earthy springs. 
 
 There are altogether seven springs, but three only 
 of importance the Sources St. Leger, Saint Leon, 
 and Elisabeth. But the interest and importance of 
 Pougues is really concentrated in the Source St. 
 Leger. The chief constituents of this spring are 
 bicarbonate of lime and magnesia, together 2*1 per 
 litre. It also contains sodium bicarbonate 078, 
 small amounts of sodium chloride and sulphate, and 
 minute quantities of bicarbonate of lithium (0*003) 
 and iron. 
 
 These waters are considered to be especially 
 suitable to cases in which the waters of Vichy are 
 too powerful. In atonic dyspepsia and chronic 
 diarrhoea in delicate, nervous subjects ; in the gouty 
 diathesis, with uric acid deposits in the urine ; in 
 feeble persons ; in diabetes, and in some forms of 
 chronic vesical catarrh and renal disorders. 
 
 The presence of a small amount of iron in these 
 
SECT. B.] POUGUES LES EAUX. 287 
 
 waters makes them valuable in the treatment of 
 chlorotic anaemic states associated with menstrual 
 irregularities, and with gastric feebleness. 
 
 It is usual to begin with small doses of the water 
 a quarter, a half, or a whole glass taken in the 
 morning fasting. This is sometimes repeated in the 
 afternoon. The average daily dose for the dyspeptic 
 oscillates between twelve and twenty-four ounces. 
 In certain cases much larger doses are given up to 
 forty ounces even. The methods of hydrotherapy 
 are almost always combined with internal treatment. 
 
 These waters are said to increase the digestive 
 secretions, and therefore improve gastric tone and 
 function ; they are highly diuretic, and promote 
 renal excretion. 
 
 At first, and in small doses, they tend to con- 
 stipate, but in large doses they often prove laxative. 
 In anaemic persons the proportion of oxyhaemo- 
 globin in the blood is said to be increased. At 
 Pougues douches and baths of all kinds can be 
 obtained, as well as massage and Swedish gymnastics. 
 The "Terrain-Kur" and air cure are practicable at 
 Pougues-Bellevue, situated at an altitude of nearly 
 1,000 feet, on the western slope of Mont Givre, 
 about three-quarters of a mile from the St. Leger 
 spring. It has a fine terrace dominating the valley 
 of the Loire, and charming walks in the surrounding 
 woods. 
 
 The season is from June ist to Oct. ist, but the 
 casino does not open till June isth, and closes on 
 Sept. 1 5th. All the amusements and distractions 
 usual at French spas are to be found in the casino 
 at Pougues. The waters are exported. 
 
 Pyrmont is situated at an elevation of about 400 
 feet, in a well-wooded district in a deep valley of the 
 Weser Mountains, in Waldeck-Pyrmont, near Han- 
 over, and is well known for its gaseous chalybeate 
 springs. It is one of the oldest and most celebrated 
 spas in Germany. Besides its iron springs, it also 
 
288 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 possesses common salt springs. It likewise utilises a 
 ferruginous mud, obtained from near the chalybeate 
 spring, which is said to have the same composition 
 as the Franzensbad mud. 
 
 The chief iron spring is the Hauptquelle, a 
 decidedly strong one stronger than those at 
 Schwalbach and St. Moritz but it is not so agree- 
 able to drink, as it contains a small quantity of the 
 bitter sulphate of magnesia. It contains, per litre, 
 bicarbonate of iron o 077, bicarbonate of manganese 
 0-0062, and carbonic acid 1,476 c.c., besides chlorides 
 in small amount and sulphates, chiefly the sulphate 
 of magnesia (0*453). 
 
 There are also three chief salt springs, one of 
 which, with much carbonic acid, is used for drinking ; 
 it contains, per litre, sodium chloride 7-06, sodium 
 sulphate 0*12, magnesium sulphate 0*96, and carbonic 
 acid 954 c.c. The bathing springs contain more 
 sodium chloride, the strongest as much as 32 grammes 
 per litre. There are very complete bath arrange- 
 ments for (i) the chalybeate, (2) the salt, and (3) the 
 mud baths. Besides these there are wave baths, 
 pine-needle and other medicated baths, and massage, 
 gymnastics, electrical treatment, and the whey cure 
 are available. 
 
 Owing to the possession of two distinct groups of 
 mineral springs, the cure at Pyrmont is applicable to 
 a great many morbid conditions, while, it admits of a 
 combined treatment very appropriate to many cases. 
 
 For patients requiring chalybeate waters Pyrmont 
 offers an alternative to such resorts as Schwalbach or 
 St. Moritz ; for those suffering from gastric and 
 hepatic troubles it may take the place of Homburg 
 or Kissingen ; and for many female maladies it offers 
 much the same remedial measures as may be found 
 at Kreuznach. In addition, then, to cases of anaemia, 
 chlorosis, retarded convalescence, functional nervous 
 affections, and scrofula, Pyrmont has been specially 
 advocated for the treatment of certain female com- 
 plaints, particularly with its Sool and mud baths 
 
SECT. 13. J 
 
 PANTICOSA. 
 
 289 
 
 chronic pelvic, periuterine exudations, and those the 
 result of chronic perityphlitis, the cachectic states 
 associated with menstrual disturbances, uterine and 
 vaginal catarrhs, non-malignant uterine tumours; 
 obesity, especially in chlorotic women and associated 
 with sterility in such cases the combined use of the 
 iron and salt waters has been found of much value. 
 
 Pyrmont has a healthy, mild, and agreeable 
 climate. It is rarely too hot in the daytime in 
 summer, but the nights are cool, and warm clothing 
 is always needed. The soil is porous, and the 
 ground dries quickly after rain. The air is very pure 
 and free from dust. 
 
 The season is from the beginning of May to 
 Oct. i st. Accommodation is good, the prices are 
 moderate. The quickest route is by Queenborough 
 and Flushing, eighteen hours Irom London. 
 
 Panticosa (Spanish Pyrenees). 
 This Spanish mountain spa must 
 be classed with the weak sulphur 
 springs, its several sources being 
 very feebly mineralised. It would 
 be an extremely interesting excur- 
 sion for the hardy and enterpris- 
 ing pedestrian and balneologist, 
 to visit this Spanish mountain 
 health resort from Cauterets, and 
 return by Gabas and Les Eaux 
 Chaudes. From Cauterets to 
 Panticosa is an arduous mountain 
 walk of eight hours, crossing a 
 steep col about 8,000 feet high ; a 
 horse can be taken for about the 
 first half of the way ; and a guide 
 is necessary, as the first part of 
 the descent on the Spanish side is 
 rather difficult. It is usually, how- 
 ever, approached on the French 
 side from Les Eaux Chaudes, 
 a twelve hours' journey on horse- 
 back. On the Spanish side it is 
 approached from Huesca, but it 
 is a drive of forty-four miles by 
 carriage from that town, so it is a 
 place difficult of access. It is 
 
 K 
 
 picturesquely situated in the 
 mountains, at an elevation of 
 5,600 feet, near a lake and some 
 waterfalls. The climate is harsh 
 and very cold at night. We have 
 very little reliable information 
 about this Spanish Pyrenean 
 bath. It possesses several springs, 
 which are somewhat quaintly 
 named, according to their uses : 
 "Del Higado " (for the liver), 
 " De los Herpes " (for eruptions), 
 "DelEstomago" (for the stomach), 
 " De la Taquara," etc. Their 
 temperature is about 84 F. Their 
 mineralisation is very feeble, 
 Estomago contains only 0-15 
 grammes to the litre chiefly 
 sodium sulphide and sulphate, 
 with some free sulphuretted 
 hydrogen gas. Higado and 
 Herpes contain much free 
 nitrogen. The springs are used 
 for drinking and for baths. 
 Nitrogen inhalations are also 
 prescribed. Cases treated at Panti- 
 cosa comprise chronic catarrhs 
 of the respiratory passages, 
 
290 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART i. 
 
 phthisis, dyspepsia, rheumatism, 
 and skin diseases. The high 
 mountain climate must be an 
 important therapeutic factor. 
 
 Farad, in Hungary, on the line 
 of rail from Kis-Terenne to Kaal- 
 Kapolna has strong sulphate of iron 
 waters. An alkaline gaseous 
 sulphur spring arises in the 
 neighbourhood and a bicarbonate 
 of iron spring at some distance 
 off. 
 
 Passugg, in Switzerland, about 
 an hour's drive from Coire, at an 
 elevation of a.yiofeet the carriage 
 road turns off from that to 
 Churwalden has cold gaseous 
 alkaline and other springs of some 
 local renown. The most strongly 
 mineralised of these, the Ulricus, 
 is said to contain as much as 5 "669 
 grammes per litre of bicarbonate 
 of sodium, 1-026 of bicarbonate 
 of lime, and 0-0837 f chloride 
 of sodium, and a minute amount 
 of bicarbonate of iron. It has also 
 a cold gaseous and calcareous 
 chalybeate spring, much richer in 
 iron, and a highly gaseous weak 
 alkaline source, suitable for a 
 table-water. The springs are 
 situated at some distance (twenty 
 minutes) from the bath establish- 
 ment, where carbonic acid baths 
 are prepared. These waters 
 should prove of much therapeutic 
 value ; they are resorted to chiefly 
 by cases of dyspepsia and anaemia. 
 The subalpine climate must 
 favour the cure. Season, from 
 June to September. 
 
 Peiden, a Swiss bath in the 
 Orisons, about four miles from 
 Ilanz (between Coire and Dis- 
 sentis), in the Lugnetz valley, has 
 cold calcareous waters, containing 
 3-6 grammes of solids per litre, 
 chiefly carbonate and sulphate of 
 lime (together 1-952), and a little 
 iron, 0-023 of bicarbonate of iron, 
 and free carbonic acid. It also 
 contains some sodium sulphate 
 (0-948) _ and chloride (0-219) and 
 
 magnesium bicarbonate (0-378). 
 May be prescribed in the same 
 cases as other earthy springs. The 
 season is from June 15 to Sept. 15. 
 
 Pejo, in the Pejo valley in 
 the Tyrol, south of the Orteler 
 range, at an elevation of 4, 430 feet, 
 possesses an alkaline chalybeate 
 spring said to contain 0-05 per 
 litre of bicarbonate of iron. 
 
 The nearest railway station, 
 San Michele, is a twelve hours' 
 drive. 
 
 Pestrin, Le, France, Department 
 Ardeche, near Vals, has chalybeate 
 waters. 
 
 Petersthal, in fhe Baden Black 
 Forest, has cold gaseous chalybeate 
 springs, containing bicarbonate of 
 iron about 0-045, bicarbonate of 
 calcium 1-5, and sulphate of so- 
 dium 0-7 per litre. It is situated 
 at an elevation of 1,330 feet, in 
 the Reuchthal, on the western 
 slope of the Kniebis mountains, 
 and is five miles from the railway 
 station of Oppenau. 
 
 Pfaeffers. See Ragatz-Pfaeffers. 
 
 Piatigorsk, in Russia (the 
 Caucasus), has thermal common salt 
 and sulphur waters, of a tempera- 
 ture varying from 83-5 to 117 F. 
 Diluted mud baths are also pre- 
 pared, the mud coming from the 
 neighbouring lake Tambukan. 
 The scenery is said to be very 
 beautiful the place has an eleva- 
 tion of 1,685 f eet - Tne season is 
 from May to September. The 
 Maria Theresa purgative spring 
 arises at Karras, five miles off; it 
 is known as ' ' the bitter water of 
 the Caucasus." 
 
 Pietrapola, in Corsica, in a 
 picturesque situation, has thermal 
 sulphur springs at a tempera- 
 ture of 90 to 137 F., and con- 
 taining 0-02 per litre of sodium 
 sulphide. 
 
 Pitkeathly. See Bridge - of- 
 Earn, p. 131. 
 
 Poretta, in the province of 
 Bologna, Italy, with a station on 
 
SECT. B.] 
 
 POZZVOL1. 
 
 291 
 
 the railway line from Bologna to 
 Pistoja, has thermal common salt and 
 sulphur waters. It lies amongst the 
 Apennines, at an altitude of 1,100 
 feet, in the valley of the Reno, 
 These waters have been known 
 from very ancient date, partly be- 
 cause of the remarkable circum- 
 stance that an inflammable gas 
 (carburetted hydrogen, or marsh 
 gas) is disengaged from the surface 
 of the spring and has been utilised 
 for illuminating purposes. There 
 are as many as nine springs, vary- 
 ing in temperature from 91 to 95 
 F. Besides the mineral constitu- 
 ents, some of them contain an oily 
 or bituminous substance. They 
 have an odour of H 2 S, and a dis- 
 agreeable bitter taste. They are 
 used for drinking, for douches, 
 baths, and inhalations. The Leone, 
 one of those chiefly used for 
 drinking, has 8'o grammes of 
 sodium chloride per litre, with 
 minute amounts of iodides and 
 bromides, traces of arsenic, and a 
 small quantity of free H 2 S, and 
 "marsh gas. These waters are 
 laxative and diuretic, and are given 
 internally in cases of hepatic con- 
 gestion, gallstones, haemorrhoids, 
 and abdominal plethora, and as 
 baths for skin diseases (moist 
 eczema, psoriasis, acne) and 
 rheumatism. Season, June 30 to 
 Sept, 30. 
 
 Pouillon, near Dax, France, has 
 weak common salt waters. 
 
 Pozzuoli, on the Bay of Naples, 
 between that city and Baiae, has 
 weak thermal alkaline common 
 salt waters of ancient historic 
 repute. A half-extinct crater in 
 the neighbourhood, the Sol- 
 fatara, yields sulphurous fumes 
 and a little carbonic acid gas, 
 and in the time of the Romans 
 was used as a natural vapour 
 bath. Above the Solfatara are 
 the hot Pisciarelli springs con- 
 taining sulphate of iron and 
 alum. 
 
 Preblau, in the La van thai, 
 Carinthia, has an alkaline spring, 
 in a beautiful Alpine situation, at 
 an elevation of more than 3,000 
 feet above the sea. .The water is 
 alkaline, containing 2-2. grammes 
 of bicarbonate of sodium per litre. 
 It is cold and gaseous, and is 
 largely exported as a table water. 
 It is also drunk at the source, and 
 prescribed in cases of chronic 
 catarrh of the bladder and 
 urinary tract, in renal calculi, 
 and in certain forms of Bright 's 
 disease. This resort is, however, 
 too distant to have any great 
 interest for English patients. 
 
 Prechacq-les-Bains, a French 
 resort, having thermal waters and 
 mud baths identical with those at 
 Dax, from which place it is only 
 a short distance. Like Dax, it is 
 in the valley of the Adour. The 
 nearest railway station (seven 
 kilometres) is Laluque, on the 
 line between Bordeaux and 
 Bayonne. The chief constituent 
 in the thermal springs is calcium 
 sulphate ; they also contain some 
 free nitrogen, oxygen, and car- 
 bonic acid gases, and an 
 abundance of confervae. They are 
 of a high temperature (140 F.) 
 and of almost unlimited amount. 
 Their action, taken internally, is 
 diuretic, and they have been found 
 very useful in cases of gravel, 
 renal colic, and vesical catarrh. 
 As baths they produce a marked 
 sedative effect on the nervous and 
 muscular systems, and are valu- 
 able in many forms of rheuma- 
 tism, neuralgia (sciatica), gout, 
 and neuritis. The vegeto -mineral 
 mud is used in the same way and 
 for the same cases as the mud at 
 Dax as full baths, half-baths, 
 and as local applications. These 
 baths promote greatly elimination 
 by the skin, and are powerful 
 sudorifics. Chronic rheumatism 
 is the malady for which they are 
 specially employed, and rheumatic 
 
292 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART i. 
 
 sciatica, lumbago, and muscular 
 paresis. Uterine enlargements 
 are also benefited, as by the Moor 
 baths of Franzensbad. Acute 
 conditions are not suitable for this 
 treatment. 
 
 Prechacq has also a cold sulphur 
 spring, which affords an additional 
 resource in certain cases. 
 
 The fine bathing establishment 
 is open from May i to Nov. i. 
 
 Pr^-Saint-Didier, near Courmay- 
 eur, in North Italy, at an altitude 
 of 3,000 feet, has simple thermal 
 springs feebly mineralised, and of 
 a temperature of 95 F. They are 
 used for baths only. 
 
 Prese, Le, in Switzerland (Can- 
 ton Grisons), on the southern or 
 Italian side of the Bernina Pass, 
 close to the Lake of Poschiavo, 
 and about six hours by carriage 
 from Samaden, has feebly mineral- 
 ised cold sulphur waters, and is 
 in a picturesque situation, at an 
 elevation of 3,100 feet. Its total 
 solids only amount to 0-202 per 
 litre, the chief of which is calcium 
 sulphate 0-125, an d magnesium 
 carbonate 0-094. They also con- 
 tain 6 c.c. of H 2 S per litre. They 
 are used for drinking and for baths. 
 Le Prese has a well-arranged 
 bath establishment and comfort- 
 able hotel accommodation. Its 
 moderate elevation and its pro- 
 tection from winds make it a suit- 
 able summer resort for many 
 cases. The waters are applied in 
 the same manner and in the 
 same cases as similarly consti- 
 tuted and similarly situated 
 springs. The season is from the 
 beginning of June to the end of 
 September. 
 
 Preste, La, a thermal sulphur 
 bath in the narrow mountain 
 valley of the Tech, at an elevation 
 of 3,700 feet, in the Pyrenees 
 Orientales, a drive of four and a- 
 half hours from Ceret, a railway 
 station thirty - eight kilometres 
 from Perpignan. Owing to its 
 
 southern latitude and protected 
 situation, the baths are enabled to 
 be kept open all the year round. 
 
 There are four springs, con- 
 taining sodium sulphide, at a tem- 
 perature of 112 F. The total 
 mineralisation is small, 0-13 
 grammes per litre. These waters 
 are allowed to remain exposed 
 to the air before use, when 
 they undergo "degeneration," the 
 sodium sulphide being converted 
 into sulphate and hyposulphite. 
 They are chiefly used internally, 
 but baths, douches, pulverisa- 
 tions, and inhalations are given. 
 From ancient date these waters 
 have been employed in the treat- 
 ment of urinary affections pain- 
 ful catarrh of the bladder, 
 phosphatic and uric acid gravel, 
 chronic nephritis, and nephralgia. 
 They are also used in respiratory 
 affections, in dry skin eruptions, 
 and in rheumatism. The bath 
 establishment contains the hotel 
 and casino. The water is ex- 
 ported. 
 
 Pullna, near Teplitz, has 
 "bitter" purgative waters con- 
 taining sodium sulphate and 
 magnesium sulphate and chloride, 
 chiefly exported. 
 
 Purton Spa, in Wiltshire. The 
 water contains aperient sulphates. 
 
 Puzzichello, in Corsica, pos- 
 sesses cold H 2 S springs, which 
 have a local reputation in the 
 treatment of skin diseases. 
 
 Pystjan, or Postyen, in Hun- 
 gary, on the river Waag, at an 
 elevation of 490 feet, and sheltered 
 by the Carpathian mountains 
 from north - east winds, has 
 thermal sulphur waters varying in 
 temperature from 135 to 146 F., 
 chiefly used for baths. Sul- 
 phurous mud baths are also 
 prepared, and applied generally 
 and locally. The cases chiefly 
 treated there are those of injuries 
 to bones and joints, rheumatoid 
 arthritis, and syphilis. 
 
SECT. B.] RAGATZ-PFAEFFERS. 293 
 
 Ragatz-Pfaeffers, a well-known Swiss bath with 
 simple thermal waters. Ragatz is 1,628 feet above the 
 sea, and Pfaeffers 2,130 feet. The water from the hot 
 springs at Pfaeffers is conducted in wooden tubes to 
 the baths of Ragatz, a distance of about two and a- 
 half miles. The baths of Pfaeffers, situated near the 
 source, a building capable of accommodating 200 
 persons, is so inconveniently placed, shut in as it is in 
 a deep and dark gorge, that most visitors prefer to 
 take these baths at Ragatz, the position of which is 
 far more attractive and convenient, and where there 
 is excellent hotel and bath accommodation. The 
 temperature of the water at its source at Pfaeffers is 
 98-6 F. It loses a few degrees in its transit to 
 Ragatz, where the temperature of the baths is 
 93-5 F. It is an indifferent thermal spring, pro- 
 ducing its effects mainly by its warmth, and resem- 
 bling, in this respect, Teplitz and Wildbad. It is, like 
 the Wildbad waters, rich in nitrogen gas. The cases 
 suitable for treatment here resemble those sent to 
 other " Wildbader," such as Wildbad or Gastein 
 viz. cases of chronic rheumatism, of rheumatoid 
 arthritis, of sciatica, of chronic gouty exudations, of 
 tabes and certain other paralytic conditions, of 
 hysteria and hypochondriasis ; cases requiring careful 
 management on account of their occurrence in 
 persons of sensitive nervous organisation, certain 
 special female maladies, cases of retarded convales- 
 cence, in which the mildly tonic climate and quiet 
 life are advantageous. There are excellent new 
 baths, with a swimming bath, at Ragatz, and 
 appliances for douches, electric baths, hydrotherapy, 
 and Zander's Swedish gymnastics. A continuous flow 
 of the hot mineral water is kept up in the baths, so 
 that they are maintained at an equable temperature. 
 The bath usually lasts half an hour. It is more a 
 bathing than a drinking cure, but some patients are 
 ordered two to four glasses of the water daily. 
 Ragatz has a station on the line between Zurich and 
 Coire, within a few miles of the latter town. 
 
294 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 The season is from the beginning of May to the 
 end of October. July and the first part of August 
 can be very hot at Ragatz. The cure is therefore 
 better taken either before or after this period. 
 
 Reichenhall is an important health resort in the 
 Bavarian highlands, close to the Austrian frontier, at 
 an elevation of 1,571 feet above the sea, fourteen 
 miles by rail from Salzburg, and four hours from 
 Munich, in the midst of the finest scenery, and 
 within a few miles only of Berchtesgaden and the 
 Konigsee. It possesses a variety of curative means. 
 These include treatment by variations of air pressure 
 in the pneumatic chamber, the whey cure, waters of 
 other well-known spas, pine-cone baths, an elaborate 
 inhalatorium for the inhalation of the brine spray, 
 etc. Its subalpine climate is fairly bracing, mild 
 yet invigorating. It is enclosed on three sides 
 by an amphitheatre of mountains, from 4,400 
 to 6,400 feet high. It is the great centre of the 
 Bavarian salt works, and the surplus brine of the 
 Berchtesgaden salt mines is conducted there. It has 
 sixteen salt springs, the chief of which are the 
 Edelquelle (with 220 grammes of salt per litre) and 
 the Karl-Theodorquelle. These are mixed together 
 for the baths, which are sometimes fortified by 
 Mutterlauge containing much magnesium chloride. 
 It also has spacious salt works and graduating-houses 
 (Gradirhauser). The patients promenade near the 
 latter so as to inhale the salt-impregnated air. 
 There are also Gradirwerke in the Kurgarten for 
 the same purpose, with a salt water fountain forty 
 fest high. 
 
 In the inhalatorium it has been calculated that a 
 cubic metre of air contains from six to forty grammes 
 of salt, according to the distance from the apparatus. 
 The inhalation of this brine-spray is found very 
 useful in promoting expectoration in cases of chronic 
 bronchial catarrh. It is also a resort for cases of 
 chronic stationary phthisis, on account of its mild 
 
SECT. B.] RHEINFELDEN, 295 
 
 subalpine climate. It is, however, sometimes very 
 hot in summer. Like other salt baths, this is suitable 
 to chronic, lymphatic, and scrofulous affections ; also 
 cases of asthma and emphysema, as well as chronic 
 catarrhal cases, are treated there by inhalation of 
 compressed air and expiration into rarefied air, and 
 in the pneumatic chamber. Indeed, the cases chiefly 
 and specially treated at Reichenhall are chronic 
 catarrhal affections of the respiratory organs. 
 
 The water of the salt springs has to be diluted for 
 drinking. A laxative " bitter" water has been 
 prepared from the Mutter lauge, and, for drinking, the 
 brine can be obtained impregnated with carbonic 
 acid, diluted and bottled. Artificial gaseous Sool 
 baths are prepared there, in imitation of those at 
 Nauheim, and artificial gaseous chalybeate baths 
 also. Altogether Reichenhall is a very important 
 health resort. 
 
 The season is from May ist to Oct. ist. 
 
 Rheinfelden, in Canton Aargau, Switzerland, on 
 the left bank of the Rhine, nine miles from Bale, is a 
 strong brine bath. The town is charmingly situated, 
 at an elevation of 870 feet, on the northern frontier 
 of Switzerland, separated only by an old wooden 
 bridge from the Grand Duchy of Baden. It is 
 protected to the north by the Black Forest moun- 
 tains, and to the west and south by the Jura chain. 
 Its climate is mild and temperate, rather hot in 
 summer, but on the whole very suitable for a 
 bathing-station of this kind. 
 
 More than half a century ago a vast deposit of 
 salt was discovered a little distance from the town, 
 at a depth of 120 metres, and this led, in course of 
 time, to the establishment of a manufactory of 
 common salt and the formation of a mineral water spa. 
 
 The Rheinfelden brine is practically a saturated 
 solution of salt, and contains 311*6 grammes per litre of 
 sodium chloride, as strong as it is possible to be, and 
 in this respect it resembles the brine of Droitwich. 
 
296 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 The Mutterlauge obtained from it resembles it 
 closely in composition; it contains 310 per litre of 
 sodium chloride, 3 of magnesium chloride, and 2 of 
 calcium chloride. It therefore differs much less in 
 composition from the brine than the Mutterlauge 
 of weaker salt waters. Indeed, the salt water and 
 the Mutterlauge have very nearly the same com- 
 position, and of all the sodium chloride waters 
 Rheinfelden is the strongest. 
 
 It is used in baths of various strengths and of 
 various degrees of temperature as compresses, as 
 lotions, gargles, pulverisations, and nasal and vaginal 
 injections. It is very rarely taken internally, and 
 then very diluted. The soft water of the Rhine is 
 used for diluting the brine for the baths. The 
 methods of hydrotherapy are also employed, and 
 especially the various forms of douches. Other 
 therapeutic measures employed are vapour baths, 
 massage, electricity, hydro-electric baths, pine-extract 
 baths, the use of other mineral waters, especially of 
 the chalybeate group, and the milk cure. 
 
 The cases best suited to treatment there are 
 retarded convalescence from infective fevers ; general 
 debility following nutritional disturbances or ex- 
 haustive discharges ; anaemia and chlorosis ; scrofula 
 in all its forms and manifestations ; chronic affections 
 of the bones and joints unsuitable for surgical opera- 
 tion, and wounds and fistulas the result of such 
 operations ; rickets ; chronic rheumatism ; gout, with 
 certain precautions ; skin affections allied to scrofula, 
 psoriasis, and hypersensitiveness of the surface ; 
 functional affections of the nervous system, neuras- 
 thenia and certain forms of paralysis (in those cases 
 a combination of electricity with the salt baths 
 proves very useful) ; those female maladies usually 
 submitted to treatment by salt baths, etc., including 
 obesity. 
 
 The season is from the middle of May to the end 
 of October. The accommodation is good, and there 
 is a well-managed hospital for poor patients. The 
 
SECT. B.] RlPPOLDSAUi 297 
 
 railway station is on the line between Bale and 
 Zurich. 
 
 Rippoldsau, a chalybeate bath in the Black Forest, 
 in the Grand Duchy of Baden, is one of the Kniebis 
 spas. It is situated in a beautiful, thickly wooded 
 Black Forest valley the Wolfthal at an' elevation 
 of nearly 2,000 feet, and is highly esteemed both for 
 its invigorating subalpine climate and its mineral 
 springs. It lies at the southern foot of the Kniebis 
 mountains. There are numerous and charming 
 promenades and excursions into the surrounding 
 forests and mountains. It is usually approached 
 from Wolfach, a railway station on the Black Forest 
 line, via Strasburg or Cologne and Offenburg. From 
 Wolfach it is a drive of nearly three hours. It has 
 three cold gaseous springs, utilised for drinking, and 
 one for baths. They all contain iron, much free 
 carbonic acid, and much bicarbonate of lime, and a 
 certain amount of sodium and magnesium sulphate, 
 which distinguishes them from a simple chalybeate 
 water like that of Schwalbach. 
 
 The strongest of the springs in bicarbonate of 
 iron (0*094 P er litre) is the Wenzelsquelle, and this 
 also contains sulphates of sodium and magnesium 
 amounting together to 0-952. The Josephsquelle 
 contains much less iron but more of the aperient 
 sulphates (1*117). It ^ s usual at Rippoldsau to 
 prepare from some of the mineral springs the 
 Josephsquelle and the Leopoldsquelle artificial 
 mineral waters, by the addition of sodium sulphate 
 and carbonate and carbonic acid gas to the former, and 
 the same salts, with a little sulphuretted hydrogen, 
 to the latter, in imitation of the Kreuzbrunnen at 
 Marienbad, and the Schwefelbrunnen at Weilbach. 
 The first of these is termed Natroine, and the 
 second Schwefelnatroine. This, of course, ex- 
 tends considerably the range of applicability of the 
 Rippoldsau waters. The chalybeate waters are pre- 
 scribed in the various maladies associated with anemia 
 
298 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART t. 
 
 and chlorosis, and the Natroine is used as a 
 purgative in cases usually treated by such waters, 
 while the artificially produced "sulphur" water is 
 used in such cutaneous, catarrhal, and other affections 
 as are usually sent to sulphur spas. The baths are 
 prepared from one of the weaker iron springs, which 
 is, however, specially rich in free carbonic acid. 
 
 Moor baths are also prepared from moor-earth, 
 obtained directly from Franzensbad, mixed with the 
 iron water. Hydro-electric baths, pine-needle baths, 
 all kinds of douches, massage, hydrotherapy, gym- 
 nastics, and the whey and milk cures can be obtained 
 at Rippoldsau. The season is from May i5th to 
 Sept. 1 5th. 
 
 Roncegno, in the Austrian Tyrol, is a three hours' 
 drive, or about 20 miles, from Trent, on the Brenner 
 line to Venice. It is situated in the picturesque 
 Val Sugana, watered by the river Brenta, at an 
 altitude of 1,750 feet, and now possesses a railwa)^ 
 station on the new Val Sugana line, which brings 
 it within an hour of Trent. It has a Kurhaus 
 capable of accommodating 150 guests, and four or 
 five small hotels. 
 
 The water is remarkable among mineral waters 
 for its large proportion of metallic sulphates. It 
 contains sulphates of iron, copper, manganese, alu- 
 minium, nickel, cobalt, etc., together with a notable 
 amount of arsenic. It is obtained from a mine in 
 the adjacent Mount Tesobo ; it is cloudy at its 
 source and has to be allowed to stand in reservoirs 
 until the sediment is deposited and the clear upper 
 stratum can be removed. It is easy to understand 
 why strong mineral springs like these should enjoy 
 a great heal reputation, but they hardly come under 
 the category of ordinary mineral waters such as 
 foreign visitors might be attracted to, as " water " 
 enters little, if at all, into such a cure, owing to the 
 strength of the spring. The water is exported. 
 
 The water is employed as baths, largely diluted 
 
SECT. B.] ROY AT LES BAINS: 299 
 
 with fresh water, and is also taken internally one or 
 two tablespoonfuls for a dose. Owing to the large 
 amount of arsenic in the water (0*109 of arserrate of 
 sodium and 0*115 of arsenic anhydride) any increase 
 of these small doses must be carefully watched. The 
 muddy sediment from the water is also applied 
 locally like a poultice. The cases considered most 
 amenable to treatment at Roncegno are those of 
 anaemia, neurasthenia, many cutaneous affections, 
 malarial cachexia, chronic muscular and articular 
 rheumatism, chronic bronchial catarrh, early phthisis, 
 and cases of protracted convalescence from acute 
 disease. 
 
 The season is from May ist to the end of Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 Roy at les Bains. The volcanic district of 
 Auvergne is, as might be expected, rich in thermal 
 springs, many of which rise in mountain regions, 
 where picturesque scenery and fine bracing air con- 
 tribute no unimportant addition to the effects of 
 these mineral sources. It is said that there are no 
 less than 500 distinct mineralised springs in 
 Auvergne, while the department of Puy de Dome 
 alone contains over 200. Of the better known and 
 more frequented sources, Mont Dore, La Bourboule, 
 and Royat are the chief. 
 
 Royat has, of late years, attained great popularity 
 and importance. It is finely situated not far from 
 Clermont-Ferrand, 1,460 feet above the sea-level. It 
 has an agreeable refreshing climate, and possesses 
 several springs which in their constitution somewhat 
 resemble those of Ems. 
 
 As to the composition and uses of the waters 
 at Royat, they are described by French authorities 
 as "thermal, alkaline, gaseous, chloride of sodium, 
 iron, arsenical and lithiated," and in other works 
 they are included in the class of " alkaline common 
 salt " waters, of which Royat and Ems may be taken 
 as types. 
 
300 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 At Royat, however, much importance is attached 
 to the presence of arsenic, iron, and lithium in its 
 springs. 
 
 But, apart from the presence of lithium 
 and arsenic in the waters of Royat, they contain 
 other important constituents in considerable quan- 
 tity. The alkaline bicarbonates predominate, as 
 in most of the mineral springs of this district those 
 of soda, lime, and magnesia chiefly and to these 
 must be added chloride of sodium. The Source 
 Eugenie is the most richly mineralised, and contains 
 of solids 5*62 per litre ; of this 3-46 consists of 
 alkaline bicarbonates, 172 of sodium chloride, 0*035 
 of lithium chloride, 0*056 of salts of iron and man- 
 ganese, and in the Source St. Victor 0*0045 f sodium 
 arsenate. The Sources St. Mart and St. Victor 
 are somewhat less richly mineralised, and the Source 
 Cesar is but very feebly mineralised, and as it con- 
 tains a considerable amount of free carbonic acid, 
 it is the best suited for use as an ordinary drinking 
 water. It is by no means unimportant to bear in 
 mind that three of these springs viz. the Eugenie, 
 the St. Victor, and the Cesar contain an appreciable 
 quantity of bicarbonate of iron. There are thus 
 four principal springs at Royat : Eugenie, St. Victor, 
 St. Mart, and Cesar. These are all thermal springs ; 
 the Eugenie is the hottest, and has a temperature 
 of 96 F. ; the St. Victor the coolest, its tempera- 
 ture is 68 F. 
 
 At Royat, as in most other large spas in France, 
 the waters are utilised in every possible manner ; 
 the well-appointed tablissement provides douches 
 of all kinds. To each bath there is a douche, and 
 douching and massage " sous I'eau " i.e. under the 
 water in the bath are applied. Baths and douches 
 of carbonic acid, hydro-electric baths, and baths 
 with running water (a eau courante), in which the 
 water is admitted directly from the spring, and by 
 being kept flowing through the bath a constant 
 temperature is maintained these are highly valued 
 
SECT. B.] ROYAT LES BAINS. 301 
 
 methods of treatment at Roy at. There are also salles 
 d' aspiration, in which the patient sits, fitly attired, 
 and breathes the vapour driven into the chamber 
 from the hot springs themselves, and, after 
 being steamed in this fashion for half an hour, 
 is hurried off to his hotel in a sort of sedan-chair 
 and ordered to repose for an hour. There are also 
 well-appointed salles de pulverisation, in which jets 
 of water are pulverised by being driven with great 
 force against metallic discs, or the water is driven 
 into spray by means of steam. These jets of spray 
 and pulverised water are inhaled, and are the chief 
 treatment employed in affections of the throat and 
 nose. Royat also possesses a fine swimming bath, 
 one of the largest of its kind, furnished with a 
 gymnastic apparatus, and very popular with the 
 French ladies. 
 
 The chief buvette, or drinking fountain that of 
 the Source Eugenie is situated in the tastefully 
 arranged park, and the water is ladled out from 
 the bubbling source itself by female attendants. 
 Before breakfast in the morning the serious 
 dejeuner is at eleven o'clock and again between 
 three and four in the afternoon, are the times 
 appropriated to drinking the waters, the dinner 
 hour being six. It is usual to begin with quite small 
 doses of the water, half a glass twice a day gradually 
 increased. 
 
 The treatment at Royat is specially applicable 
 to what the French authorities term " des arthritiques 
 anemiques" which corresponds with the group of 
 patients who in England are said to suffer from 
 "atonic gout' 1 a combination of joint troubles 
 with anaemia and debility. The arsenic and the 
 iron combined in the Royat waters render them 
 decidedly tonic. It may here be said that they 
 prove less successful with the rheumatic than with 
 the gouty. Atonic dyspepsia in the gouty is also 
 a condition adapted to treatment there. Certain 
 forms of skin disease indeed, nearly all forms having 
 
3 o2 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 direct relation to the gouty constitution are very 
 greatly benefited by this course. 
 
 Acne, it is said, is very amenable to the Royat 
 waters. Gouty eczema i.e. patches of eczema, 
 limited and localised belong also especially to 
 the list of ailments cured there, as well as those 
 cases of troublesome local pruritus connected with 
 the gouty constitution. Diabetes and certain forms 
 of Bright's disease, when associated with gout, 
 especially in the debilitated and anaemic, are suited 
 to Royat ; so are cases of biliary and renal colic 
 of moderate severity in the anaemic. 
 
 Anaemia and chlorosis, and other diseases of 
 women similar to those treated at Ems, are also 
 treated at Royat with success. Diseases of the throat 
 and respiratory organs, chronic bronchial catarrhs, 
 catarrhal asthma, especially when they occur in the 
 gouty, are sent in considerable numbers to Royat 
 for treatment ; and its climate is considered very 
 suitable to such conditions. Cases of chronic 
 laryngitis and pharyngitis in gouty people are greatly 
 benefited there. In these cases the treatment by 
 inhalations proves of much service. Finally, the 
 neurasthenic, the migrainous, the over-worked, and 
 sufferers from those neuroses which are dependent 
 on cerebro-spinal anaemia, may derive benefit from 
 the Royat course. 
 
 The climate of Royat depends partly on its 
 adjacency to the great central mountain chains of 
 Auvergne, the Monts Domes, and the Monts Dore, 
 partly on the porous volcanic soil, and partly on its 
 own particular situation. Lying as it does in the 
 floor of a somewhat narrow valley, surrounded on 
 all sides by mountains, and only open to the east, 
 running, moreover, in a direction exactly east and 
 \vest, and facing the east, it is particularly exposed 
 to the direct heat of the sun. From the moment 
 the sun rises in the east above the mountains of 
 Forez until it sets in the west behind the gigantic 
 mass of the Puy de Dome, Royat lies exposed to 
 
SECT. B.] 
 
 ROY AT LES BAINS. 
 
 303 
 
 its rays ; and it is therefore exceedingly difficult to 
 find any kind of shady walks in the immediate 
 vicinity of Roy at when the sun is up and the sky 
 is cloudless. Generally, however, when the sun 
 goes down, the cooler upper strata of air rush down 
 from the higher plateaux into the valley, and thus 
 you get cool refreshing currents of air playing 
 through the valley on the evenings of even some 
 of the hottest days in summer. 
 
 The invalids" and visitors at Roy at are well 
 provided with amusements ; the presence of two 
 regiments of artillery at Clermont, with a permanent 
 band, provides very good orchestral music. At the 
 casino there is a concert or ball or dramatic per- 
 formance every night, and some of the eminent 
 singers who are following the course of treatment 
 at Royat often take part in these entertainments. 
 
 The season is from May 25th to Sept. 30th. 
 
 Eabbi, in the Val di Rabbi, 
 a branch of the Val di Noce, 
 Tyrol, possesses two strong 
 alkaline chalybeate springs. This 
 small spa is situated at an 
 altitude of 4,100 feet and is 
 distant ten hours from a railway 
 station (San Michele). Its stronger 
 spring is said to contain o'i8 
 bicarbonate of iron and i-o 
 bicarbonate of sodium per litre. 
 The season is from June 15 to 
 Sept. 15. 
 
 Radein, a bath in Styria, too 
 distant to be of much value 
 to English patients. It has 
 a cold gaseous alkaline spring, 
 and also a chalybeate spring. The 
 former is said to contain three 
 grammes of carbonate of sodium 
 and 0-3 of carbonate of lithium in 
 a litre. It is exported as well as 
 drunk at the source. Vapour 
 baths, douches, massage, etc., are 
 applied there. Urinary affections, 
 gravel, catarrh, associated with 
 uric acid (gout), also acid and ! 
 
 catarrhal dyspepsia, are treated 
 there. 
 
 Rajeezfurdo, one hour from 
 the railway station of Sillein, in 
 Upper Hungary, at an elevation of 
 1,374 f eet - nas indifferent thermal 
 waters of a temperature of 91 
 to 95 F. , which are said to con- 
 tain minute amounts of iron and 
 alum. 
 
 Rappoltsweiler, in a valley of 
 the Vosges, Upper Alsace, at an 
 elevation of 920 feet, connected 
 by tram line with its railway 
 station (two and a-half miles off), 
 on the Strasburg-Bale line, has 
 a feebly mineralised calcareous 
 spring, of a temperature of 62 to 
 65 F., the Carolaquelle. The 
 Carolabad, at a little distance from 
 the town, is prettily situated in its 
 own grounds, and here the water 
 is utilised for drinking, for inhala- 
 tion, baths, and douches. It has 
 a large, open swimming bath. It is 
 a pleasant quiet, summer resort. 
 
 Rastenburg and Finneck, in the 
 
304 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART i. 
 
 principality of Saxe- Weimar, on 
 the Lossa the terminus of the 
 Weimar-Rastenburg branch line 
 is a small chalybeate spa with 
 weak iron springs. 
 
 Ratzes, in the Austrian Tyrol, 
 between three and four hours 
 from the railway station Atzwang, 
 is situated at an altitude of 3,900 
 feet, close to the Schlern moun- 
 tains, and has a sulphate of iron 
 spring (0-3 of sulphate of iron to 
 the litre), and a cold, sulphur 
 spring. 
 
 Recoaro, Province of Vicenza, 
 Italy, twenty-six miles from 
 Vicenza station, and connected 
 with it by steam tram to the south 
 of the Alps of Tyrol, has several 
 chalybeate springs, rich in car- 
 bonic acid gas. The most used 
 is the Lelia, and this contains 
 0^046 per litre of carbonate of iron 
 together with a small amount of 
 lime salts (carbonate and sul- 
 phate). Recoaro is situated at an 
 elevation of 1,400 feet, in a pic- 
 turesque neighbourhood, and has 
 good accommodation. 
 
 Rehburg, Germany, Province 
 of Hanover, with a station on the 
 Steinhuder-Meer line, has cold 
 feebly mineralised earthy springs, 
 used only for baths in cases of 
 rheumatism, etc. 
 
 Rehme. See Oeynhausen, p. 280. 
 
 Reiboldsgriin, Saxony, has 
 chalybeate waters and a sana- 
 torium for consumptive patients. 
 
 Reinerz, in the county of Glatz, 
 Silesia, seventeen miles from the 
 town of Glatz, with a railway 
 station at Riickers-Reinerz, and 
 at Nachod (Austria), has nine 
 cold gaseous alkaline earthy chaly- 
 beate springs, one of which con- 
 tains 0-05 per litre of bicarbo- 
 nate of iron. They also contain 
 sodium, calcium, and magnesium 
 carbonates. Three of the springs 
 are used for drinking, and six for 
 the baths. The Lauquelle is 
 used for gargling and inhalation. 
 
 Iodised, ferruginous mud baths 
 are also prepared. Walks adapted 
 to the " Terrain-Kur ' ' are marked 
 out in the pleasant, wooded, hilly 
 country around the spa. The 
 cases treated there are catarrhal 
 affections of the respiratory, 
 gastro-intestinal, and renal organs, 
 anaemia, neurasthenia, retarded 
 convalescence, etc. 
 
 Remoncourt, France, Depart- 
 ment of Vosges, earthy calcareous 
 waters, resembling Contrexeville. 
 
 Renlaigue, Saint Dierry, Depart- 
 ment Puy de Dome, France, a 
 pure strong gaseous chalybeate water, 
 with 0-08 per litre of bicarbonate 
 of iron. 
 
 Rennes les Bains, France, De- 
 partment Aude, at an elevation 
 of 1,040 feet, in a narrow valley on 
 the river Salz, about an hour's 
 drive from the station of Coneza, 
 on the line from Carcasonne to 
 Quillan, has weak thermal springs, 
 the hottest of which has a tem- 
 perature of 124 F. It is usual to 
 speak of some of these as chaly- 
 beate, but the amount of iron is 
 very small, only o'oo2 per litre. 
 There is, however, a cold spring, 
 Du Cercle, said to contain 
 0-015 of sulphate of iron, and 
 others more than this. The water 
 of the river Salz is also utilised, as 
 it contains much sodium and mag- 
 nesium chloride, and sulphates 
 of sodium, calcium, and mag- 
 nesium, derived from salt springs 
 which flow into it. One of these 
 springs is said to contain as much 
 as 56-0 grammes per litre of 
 sodium chloride. 
 
 Cases of anaemia, scrofula, and 
 rheumatism are treated there. 
 
 Reutlingen, Wiirtemberg, on 
 the Echaz, at an elevation of 
 1,110 feet, nine miles east of 
 Tubingen, has cold sulphur waters 
 containing small amounts of 
 sodium and magnesium bicar- 
 bonates. 
 
 Rietbad, a Swiss cold alhalin ' 
 
SECT. B.] 
 
 ROMERBAD RUBIN AT. 
 
 305 
 
 sulphur bath, at an altitude of 
 2,790 feet, in the Lautern valley, 
 connected with the Toggenburg 
 valley, in Canton St. Gall. About 
 three hours' drive from Ebnat 
 station. 
 
 Rio (Elba), has a sulphate of 
 iron spring. 
 
 Rohitsch, or Heiligen-Kreuzbad, 
 in Styria, about an hour and a- 
 quarter's drive from the railway 
 station of Poltschart, has cold 
 alkaline gaseous springs, contain- 
 ing sodium sulphate chiefly, and 
 so allied to such waters as 
 those of Marienbad, only much 
 weaker. Other constituents of 
 these springs are sodium, calcium, 
 and magnesium bicarbonate and 
 sodium chloride. They are em- 
 ployed in cases of dyspepsia, with 
 constipation and gastro-intestinal 
 catarrh. The season is from May i 
 to Oct. 15. 
 
 Rb'merbad and Tuffer, Styria, 
 Austria, on the railway from Graz 
 to Trieste, are close together, at 
 an altitude of about 800 feet, and 
 have simple thermal springs. 
 
 Romerbad is specially noted for 
 the treatment of hysteria and 
 chronic uterine affections. 
 
 Roncas-Blanc, near Marseilles, 
 with which it is connected by a 
 tramway, has a warm common 
 salt spring (as well as sea-baths) 
 at a temperature of 70 F. It 
 contains 20 grammes per litre of 
 sodium chloride and 2 each of 
 magnesium chloride and calcium, 
 magnesium, and sodium sulphates. 
 It is used for drinking and for 
 baths in the same cases as other 
 common salt springs. Roncas- 
 Blanc has the further advantage 
 of the Mediterranean climate. 
 
 Ronneberg. A small chaly- 
 beate spa in the duchy of Saxe- 
 Altenburg. 
 
 Ronneby. A Swedish chaly- 
 beate spa, with an " old " and a 
 " new ' ' spring the latter contains 
 2 -5 of sulphate of iron and 1-5 
 
 of sulphate of aluminium per litre. 
 The " old " spring is much weaker. 
 The stronger spring is used for 
 baths only, the weaker one is 
 sometimes drunk. 
 
 Rosenheim, Upper Bavaria, on 
 the line between Munich and 
 Salzburg, at an altitude of 1,640 
 feet, has brine baths, prepared 
 with brine from Reichcahll (240 
 grammes of sodium chloride per 
 litre) . It has also a weak chaly- 
 beate spring. 
 
 Rothenbrunnen (Switzerland). 
 A weak alkaline chalybeate spring, 
 on the right bank of the Rhine, 
 about midway between Reichenau 
 and Thusis, said to contain a little 
 iodide of sodium. Its elevation 
 above the sea is about 2,000 feet. 
 Spoken of specially as a children's 
 bath. 
 
 Rothenfelde, in Hanover, with 
 a station on the line between 
 Osnabriick and Bruckwede, has 
 a Soolbad. The cold salt springs 
 are rich in free carbonic acid 
 gas and contain 56 grammes 
 per litre of sodium chloride, and 
 also some calcium bicarbonate 
 and magnesium chloride, and, it 
 is reported, some iodides and 
 bromides. A Mutterlauge and 
 " bath salt " are prepared at the 
 salt works, and used to fortify 
 the baths. A weaker water is used 
 for drinking. The brine, besides 
 being uaed for baths, is also em- 
 ployed for gargling and inhala- 
 tions. 
 
 These waters are used in the 
 same cases as other thermal Sool 
 baths. 
 
 The season is from the 
 beginning of May to the middle of 
 October. 
 
 Rouzat, Department Puy de 
 Dome, France, a few miles 'from 
 Riom, at an elevation of 1,300 feet, 
 has cold earthy and common salt 
 springs, containing a little iron. 
 
 Rubinat - Llorach, a Spanish 
 purgative water, coming from a 
 
306 MINERAL SPRINGS [PART I. 
 
 village of the same name, is rich 
 in sodium sulphate (96 grammes 
 per litre), and has a much smaller 
 quantity of sulphates of mag- 
 
 nesium, calcium, and potassium, 
 together 5-3 grammes, and 2 
 grammes of sodium chloride. It 
 is chiefly exported. 
 
 Saint Amand (Department du Nord), France, 
 celebrated for its mud baths, is situated between 
 Lille and Valenciennes and about 160 miles from 
 Paris. It is in a flat country at an elevation of 100 
 feet. It has the advantage of being near a large 
 forest. Fontaine-Bouillon is the nearest railway 
 station to the well-organised Grand Hotel and Eta- 
 blissement Thermal, about two miles from the town, 
 accommodating about 100 patients or guests ; in 
 one part of the building the " mud " baths are given, 
 while the other part is devoted to private baths 
 and douches. The springs, of which there are five 
 (three only are utilised), are moderately warm 
 (79 F.) and feebly mineralised (1*35 of solids per 
 litre). The chief constituents are calcium sulphate 
 (0*612) and magnesium sulphate (0*324) ; there are 
 also present small amounts of chlorides and bicar- 
 bonates. They have been classed amongst the 
 indeterminate thermal springs. Some authors term 
 them " weak sulphate of lime waters." They have 
 a slight sulphurous smell. They are drunk and 
 applied in the form of baths and douches. 
 
 These waters are readily tolerated by the stomach, 
 and when drunk in large quantity aid the action 
 of the mud baths as eliminative agents, by causing 
 very free diaphoresis and diuresis. They augment 
 the discharge of uric acid and urates. 
 
 They exercise a sedative action on the stomach, 
 and are useful as table-waters for gouty and acid 
 dyspeptics. 
 
 In the form of very hot douches and with douche- 
 massage they also aid the action of the mud baths. 
 
 The vegeto-mineral ferruginous mud, which is 
 collected on the spot, is saturated with sulphur water, 
 which it encounters in the soil. 
 
SECT. B.] SAINT AMAND, 307 
 
 Patients are immersed in this black mud from 
 half an hour to five hours at a time, in separate com- 
 partments so arranged that they can read, write, and 
 feed in the bath. After the mud bath the patient 
 is conveyed to the ordinary baths and washed. 
 The mud is also applied in partial baths and as local 
 applications. The mud baths and local applications 
 are given at temperatures varying from 85 to I30F. 
 
 The cases benefited by treatment by the mud 
 baths at St. Amand are those of atonic gout, chronic 
 rheumatism of the muscles and joints, rheumatoid 
 arthritis, obstinate sciatica, some forms of paralysis, 
 chronic diseases of the bones and joints, sprains, 
 gunshot wounds, and some forms of uterine disease 
 (hypertrophy and ulceration). The thickenings 
 and infiltrations associated with chronic phlebitis 
 and varicose veins are greatly benefited ; also 
 those associated with appendicitis. Nervous 
 affections with trembling and inco-ordination and 
 the lightning pains of the tabetic are greatly relieved ; 
 so are certain skin diseases, especially the dry forms 
 associated with the rheumatic and gouty constitution. 
 
 Cases of neurasthenia are especially benefited by 
 the combined mineral water and mud treatment. It 
 must be remembered that at St. Amand a threefold 
 curative agency is applied the hot vegeto-mineral 
 sulphurous mud, the thermal springs, and the forest 
 air. There are beautiful shady walks in the adjacent 
 forests. 
 
 The season is from May i5th to Sept. 3oth. 
 The warm months are most favourable for the mud 
 treatment. 
 
 Saint Christan, in the Basses-Pyrenees to the 
 south of Pau, is situated at the entrance of the 
 narrow valley of Aspe, at an elevation of nearly 
 1,000 feet. It is approached from the station of 
 Oloron, the terminus of a branch line from Pau, and 
 is distant about six miles from the station. Its 
 climate is mild, and is said to be particularly sedative. 
 
308 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 It has five cold springs (three only are utilised), 
 which must be classed amongst the weakly mineral- 
 ised cold earthy waters as there are only 0*2 to 
 0*5 total solids per litre. The peculiarity of the 
 Source des Arceaux is that it has a very small 
 amount of copper 0*0003 P er litre f sulphate of 
 copper ; it also has a little carbonate of iron and 
 manganese (o'ooi). Another spring, Source du 
 Prieure, is tepid, its temperature being about 75 F., 
 and it has a slightly sulphurous smell ; it is more 
 strongly mineralised, and contains more copper 
 than the preceding. Finally, there is the Source 
 du Pecheur, a small spring, cold and sulphurous, 
 and only used for drinking. 
 
 The water is drunk in large quantities, two to 
 ten glasses daily, including that taken at meals. 
 Externally it is employed as general and local baths, 
 fomentations, irrigations, douches, and pulverisations. 
 The latter are especially popular, and form the chief 
 treatment applied to many cases. They are modified 
 and adjusted in every possible way. 
 
 The internal use of the water is attended with 
 very free diuresis, and in gouty subjects with a free 
 elimination of uric acid. 
 
 A speciality of this spa is the treatment or 
 affections of the mouth and tongue : leucoplasia, 
 leucokeratosis, ulcers, fissures, and indurative glossitis 
 often associated with the preceding. Also leucoplasia 
 vulvo-vaginal, chronic blepharitis and conjunctivitis 
 are advantageously treated with the warm, fine 
 pulverisations. 
 
 Certain skin affections, especially eczematous and 
 lichenous forms and acne and psoriasis, are greatly 
 benefited. 
 
 Besides certain forms of glossitis, atrophic or 
 catarrhal, rhinitis and pharyngitis are suited to 
 this treatment. Neurasthenia from overwork is 
 beneficially influenced by the sedative action of the 
 waters and climate. 
 
 The establishment is open all the year, but the 
 
SECT. B.] ST. GERVAIS. 309 
 
 most favourable season is from the beginning of 
 June to the end of September. 
 
 St. Gervais, in the Department of Haute-Savoie, 
 France, is situated amidst grand and picturesque 
 scenery in the immediate vicinity of Mont Blanc. 
 It now has a station on the line which connects 
 Geneva with Chamouni. The tfath establishment 
 is picturesquely placed in a gorge, about 2,000 feet 
 above the level of the sea. The old bath was 
 situated in the narrow gorge of the Bonnant, and 
 was swept away by that torrent in July, 1892, with 
 tragic results. The new establishment has been 
 constructed in a more suitable situation. 
 
 As might be supposed, in an attractive moun- 
 tainous district like this the number of interesting 
 excursions amongst the surrounding valleys and 
 mountains are numerous, and of all varieties of length 
 and difficulty. The climate is said to be very mild 
 and particularly sedative. 
 
 The village of St. Gervais lies higher than the 
 spa (2,680 feet) and gets more sun, and the visitors 
 to the baths can obtain good accommodation there. 
 It is a more suitable place of residence during the 
 heat of midsummer than the baths. Patients who 
 come from Aix les Bains for an after-cure of mi.d 
 mountain air at St. Gervais should choose the village 
 to reside in rather than the baths. 
 
 The waters at St. Gervais have been described 
 by some as common salt and sulphated waters, and 
 by others as common salt, sulphated, and sulphurous 
 waters ; but only one of the three springs can 
 correctly be termed sulphurous, and that is the Source 
 du Torrent, which contains H 2 S. The other two, 
 the Sources de Goutard et de Mey, contain sodium 
 sulphate 1*7 per litre, sodium chloride 17, calcium 
 chloride 0*9, sodium bromide 0*032, and lithium 
 sulphate 0-102. The proportion of lithium is rela- 
 tively large. 
 
 The temperature of these springs varies from 102 
 
310 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 to 1 08 F. As they contain aperient sulphates and 
 chlorides, they are mildly laxative in large' doses. 
 
 They are employed internally and also externally 
 in the various forms of baths and douches now 
 usually found at all such establishments. They are 
 adapted to the treatment of certain chronic skin 
 diseases, especially those occurring in the neurotic, 
 eczema, psoriasis, lichen, prurigo, etc. 
 
 They are given in dyspepsia associated with 
 intestinal atony and constipation, in the gastro- 
 hepatic affections of the gouty, in muco-membranous 
 entero-colitis, in functional nervous disorders, as 
 neurasthenia, neuralgia, and especially sciatica. The 
 sulphur water is also useful in catarrh of the re- 
 spiratory organs, in hepatic and uterine congestions, 
 hemorrhoids, and phlebitis. 
 
 The baths at St. Gervais are especially indicated 
 in those cases in which it is desired to combine with 
 bath treatment the tonic and soothing influences of a 
 mild mountain climate. 
 
 The season is from June ist to Oct. ist. 
 
 St. HonorS, a thermal sulphur bath in the De- 
 partment of the Nievre, is about 190 miles from 
 Paris and ib best reached via Nevers. Its station is 
 Vaundenesse, from which it is distant about six miles. 
 
 It is situated at the foot of the mountains of 
 Morvan at an elevation of about 900 feet above the 
 sea, between two wooded hills, on one of which 
 stands the Chateau de la Montagne. The country 
 around is picturesque and is covered with magnifi- 
 cent woods of great extent most suitable for prome- 
 nades and gentle excursions. The springs, of which 
 there are four, vary in temperature from 80 to 88 F. 
 
 Their mineralisation is extremely feeble ; they 
 contain, however, free sulphuretted hydrogen, nitro- 
 gen, and carbonic acid gases, and a very small 
 amount of sodium sulphide (0*002) and arsenate 
 (0*00 1 to 0*004) They have a distinct though slight 
 odour of sulphuretted hydrogen. 
 
SECT. B.] ST. HONORE. 311 
 
 The waters are administered in various ways, but 
 the chief methods employed at St. Honore, besides 
 drinking the waters, are pulverisations and hot douches 
 to the feet. The latter are much prized there. The 
 natural gases from the waters are also inhaled. 
 Besides the application of the natural thermal springs, 
 courses of hydrotherapy can be followed with ordi- 
 nary \vater coming from the mountains. 
 
 The bath establishment has recently been re- 
 modelled, and provides all the most modern develop- 
 ments for mineral treatment. 
 
 The action of these waters is described as, ulti- 
 mately, a local sedative action on the skin and 
 mucous membranes, and a like general effect on the 
 processes of nutrition, circulation, and on the nervous 
 system. Its therapeutic effects are manifested in the 
 treatment in the first place of diseases of the respira- 
 tory organs, especially in feeble and excitable 
 patients, chronic catarrhs of the nose, pharynx, 
 larynx, and bronchi, bronchial (humid) asthma, and 
 the susceptibility thereto. 
 
 The treatment and the climate, the purity and 
 sedative action of the air, are considered to be 
 especially serviceable in cases in the early stage of 
 pulmonary tuberculosis, if there is not much fever, 
 and if the cure is a prolonged one. 
 
 It is useful, too, in certain skin diseases, especially 
 eczema and impetigo ; also in uterine catarrh. 
 
 Diseases of children are reported to be very 
 favourably influenced by the climate and waters 
 of St. Honore feeble, lymphatic children, with scro- 
 fulous tendencies, with chronic tonsillitis, adenitis, 
 chronic bronchitis, or asthma. Every precaution is 
 taken to prevent the spread of tuberculous infection. 
 The best season for treatment is from June i5th to 
 Sept. 1 5th. 
 
 St. Moritz-Bad, in the Upper Engadine, Switzer- 
 land, at an elevation of 5,800 feet, has chaly- 
 beate springs of undoubted value and importance. 
 
3i2 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART l: 
 
 Although these springs do not contain as much iron 
 as some other well-known chalybeate spas, their 
 richness in free carbonic acid, their digestibility, and 
 the advantage of the fine bracing climate, impart to 
 them special activity as tonic and restorative agents. 
 
 The St. Moritz springs have an ancient reputation, 
 and in the sixteenth century were recommended in 
 the writings of Paracelsus, after whom the principal 
 spring is named ; but they were practically unknown 
 in this country until about the year 1860, when the 
 Upper Engadine began to attract attention on account 
 of its climatic advantages, and in a very short time 
 became a fashionable resort, the popularity of which 
 has gone on steadily increasing until, at the present 
 time, it is one of the most frequented health resorts in 
 Europe. Of its climatic character we shall have to 
 treat fully in Part II. We must now restrict our- 
 selves to an account of the waters of St. Moritz. 
 
 Until about twelve or fifteen years ago there 
 were only two springs utilised at St. Moritz, situated 
 near the Kurhaus. One, the weaker, was termed the 
 Altequelle, and was used chiefly for the baths, and 
 the other was named the Paracelsus, or the Neue- 
 quelle, and was and is the spring chiefly used for 
 drinking. 
 
 In the year 1886 another spring was discovered 
 situated not far from the others the " Fontana 
 Sarpant " rather stronger in iron than the other two. 
 In 1892 a new hotel was opened close to it the 
 Hotel Neues Stahlbad and since then this spring 
 has been utilised both for drinking and for baths. 
 
 The Paracelsusquelle, the one most commonly 
 drunk, contains per litre 0*038 of bicarbonate of 
 protoxide of iron, the Altequelle 0*033. Of sodium 
 bicarbonate the former has 0*181, and the latter 
 0*272 ; of calcium bicarbonate the Paracelsus has 
 as much as 1*301, and the Altequelle 1*226 ; and of 
 magnesium bicarbonate the former 0*202, the latter 
 0*197. They also contain small amounts of sodium 
 sulphate and chloride, and minute and unimportant 
 
SECT. B.-] ST-. MORITZ-BAD. 313 
 
 quantities of various other ingredients. The springs 
 are very rich in free carbonic acid. 
 
 The baths supplied chiefly from the Altequelle 
 are heated by steam, after Pfriem's system, by which 
 the water loses but little of its carbonic acid. Their 
 chief effect is due to the action of the carbonic acid 
 on the skin. For the douches ordinary water is used, 
 flowing down at high pressure from adjacent slopes. 
 This 'is heated by steam. The St. Moritz water is 
 a pleasant refreshing water to drink, owing to the 
 amount of free carbonic acid it contains. The water 
 of the Altequelle is said to prove rather more 
 digestible, with some invalids, owing to the amount 
 of sodium bicarbonate in it. 
 
 The best time for drinking the water is about 
 10 or 1 1 a.m. Some Germans chiefly drink it early, 
 before breakfast ; but this plan does not suit delicate 
 persons, and those who attempt it should warm the 
 water, as drinking this cold water on an empty 
 stomach has produced very depressing effects on 
 some persons. If a glass is drunk at 10.30, another 
 may be taken after a fifteen or twenty minutes' walk. 
 Between 4.30 and 5.30 in the afternoon is another 
 favourite time for drinking between the afternoon 
 walk and the dinner hour. 
 
 The Kurhaus and the baths are situated at a much 
 lower level than the village of St. Moritz (an electric 
 tramway connects them), on the flat ground that 
 extends from the St. Moritz Lake to the Campfer 
 Lake, and many patients prefer living at the hotels 
 on the higher ground at St. Moritz-dorf. The Kulm, 
 rather more than a mile from the baths, has an eleva- 
 tion of 6,100 feet. Many patients also stay at 
 Campfer, which is about the same distance on the 
 other side of the baths, and not quite so high as 
 St. Moritz-kulm. 
 
 The course of waters at St. Moritz is well adapted 
 to the treatment of anemic neurasthenics who have 
 adequate capacities of reaction to the vigorous stimu- 
 lation of the climate. Anaemic patients, with very 
 
314 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 feeble circulation, and little or no latent power of 
 reaction, get chilled and depressed there, and should 
 be sent to lower levels. It is often needful to 
 take aperients while drinking the St. Moritz waters, 
 as the amount of lime they contain is apt to cause 
 constipation. 
 
 For the same reason these waters often prove 
 useful in cases of chronic diarrhoea, dependent on an 
 irritable condition of the gastro-intestinal mucous 
 membrane, and associated with nervous excitability. 
 In such cases they should be warmed before drinking. 
 
 Cases of chlorosis and anaemia in young females, 
 which fail to improve with ordinary ferruginous tonics 
 administered at home, often recover rapidly at 
 St. Moritz under the combined influence of the iron 
 water, the gaseous baths, and the invigorating climate. 
 Menstrual irregularities and catarrhai affections of the 
 pelvic organs are often benefited by treatment at 
 St. Moritz. Sterility due to such causes is said to be 
 often cured. Persons who suffer from functional 
 hepatic disorders, sluggish liver, haemorrhoids, and 
 constipation should avoid the St. Moritz waters. 
 
 It is sometimes advisable, especially with feeble, 
 nervous, and excitable patients, to test their capacity 
 for living in a climate of this kind by directing them 
 to remain a few days at an intermediate station, such 
 as Tarasp-Schuls or Vulpera (where good accommo- 
 dation can be had), or at Churwalden or Bergun, or at 
 Soglio in the Val Bregaglia. As the railway between 
 Thusis and the Engadine is now open, it will be easy 
 to stop at an intermediate station for a few days 
 when good accommodation is provided. 
 
 The season for taking the waters at St. Moritz 
 is from June i5th to Sept. isth. The month of 
 August is generally very crowded, and accommo- 
 dation should always be secured beforehand. 
 
 St. Nectaire (Auvergne, Puy de Dome) is 
 situated at an altitude of 2,500 feet, about half-way 
 between the towns of Issoire and Mont Dore, and 
 
SECT. B.] ST, NECTAIRE. 315 
 
 about two and a-half hours by road from either place. 
 It is usually approached from the railway station of 
 Coudes or from that of Issoire, a drive of about two 
 hours. It is close to some of the finest and most 
 interesting mountain scenery in Auvergne. The 
 romantic and imposing ruins of the Chateau de 
 Murols are only three or four miles distant. 
 
 The numerous springs are divided into two 
 groups those at St. Nectaire le Haut (Mont 
 Cornadore), and those at St. Nectaire le Bas, 
 about three-quarters of a mile from one another. 
 Twelve springs are utilised, having much the 
 same composition, but three are hot, with a 
 temperature of 103 to 120 F., and the rest are 
 cold. These springs belong to the class of alkaline 
 and sodium chloride waters. They contain about 
 2*5 grammes of sodium chloride, 2-2 of sodium bi- 
 carbonate, and ro of calcium bicarbonate per litre. 
 Some of the springs contain a little iron, especially 
 La Source Rouge, and some are said to contain small 
 amounts of lithium and arsenic. 
 
 These waters are used internally, in very varying 
 doses, according to the case. They are also employed 
 as baths of the natural temperature of the springs, or 
 at a lower temperature by admixture of the water of 
 the cold springs. Douches of all kinds are given, 
 including carbonic acid gas douches. An intermittent 
 spring at St. Nectaire le Haut, very rich in carbonic 
 acid, is used as a vaginal douche, for the effect of an 
 alternating gas and mineral water douche. 
 
 Other measures employed are massage, hydro- 
 therapy, and the air cure on the neighbouring 
 mountains. 
 
 A variety of maladies are treated at St. Nectaire, 
 such as chronic rheumatism and neuralgia, and 
 especially sciatica (after the acute period has 
 passed), by the hot douches, etc. ; atonic forms of 
 dyspepsia and chronic gastric catarrh in rheumatic 
 subjects ; functional, uterine, and ovarian troubles in 
 torpid, anaemic, and scrofulous persons. Latterly 
 
3i6 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART r. 
 
 cases of albuminuria have been claimed as suitable for 
 treatment at St. Nectaire, especially cases dependent 
 on gastric and nutritional disturbances, as well as in 
 certain forms of nephritis. The season is rather a 
 short one, from June 2oth to Sept, i5th, as the 
 weather is apt to be boisterous and unsettled in the 
 mountains of Auvergne earlier and later in the year. 
 
 St. Sauveur (Hautes Pyrenees, France), a 
 thermal sulphur bath, situated in the valley of Luz, 
 only a mile from the latter place. Luz is a charming 
 little town ; the meadows around it are remarkable 
 for their greenness, owing to being irrigated by 
 numberless little mountain streams. It has been 
 called " the most Pyrenean spot of the Pyrenees " ; 
 it is the spot from which the tourist visits the Cirque 
 de Gavarnie, the great show^-place of the Pyrenees. 
 A drive of three hours along a road of extraordinary 
 wild and savage grandeur leads to the mountain 
 village of Gavarnie ; but it is still a walk of two 
 hours more before you reach the very depths of the 
 magnificent cirque. 
 
 A good road, planted with trees, connects St. 
 Sauveur with Luz. St. Sauveur is par excellence the 
 ladies' bath of the Pyrenees, and it enjoyed for a time 
 the personal patronage of the Emperor Napoleon III. 
 and the Empress Eugenie. The springs are of com- 
 paratively feeble mineralisation ; but, like those of 
 other Pyrenean spas, are characterised by containing 
 sulphide of sodium, which gives them their charac- 
 teristic odour. 
 
 St. Sauveur has a hot spring, La Source des 
 Dames, of a temperature of 95 R, and a cold one, 
 " La Hontalade." The former has sodium sulphide 
 0*022 per litre, and the latter 0-019. The cold spring 
 is chiefly used for drinking. La Source des Dames 
 contains much barcgine, and feels soft and unctuous. 
 
 These waters are applied especially to the 
 treatment of uterine maladies, and sterility de- 
 pendent thereon, in neurotic, irritable constitutions, 
 
SECT. B.J ST. SAUVEUR. 317 
 
 which need above all things soothing and sedative 
 measures. They also prove useful in cases of in- 
 veterate muscular rheumatism in hypersensitive 
 patients; in gastralgia and dyspepsia of a neurotic 
 type ; in cystitis, when not of uric acid origin. It 
 has a mild mountain climate, being at an elevation 
 of 2,360 feet above the sea. It has rather a high 
 degree of humidity, and is rather subject to mists, but 
 very free from winds. It is considered sedative, and 
 is regarded as specially adapted to females who suffer 
 from pelvic and other maladies into which nervous 
 irritability enters as an important element. The 
 season is from June ist to Sept. 3oth. St. Sauveur 
 is about seven miles from Pierrefitte, which is 
 about fourteen hours by rail from Paris. There is 
 an electric railway between Pierrefitte and Luz. 
 
 Barzun, with a more exciting sulphur water, is only distant 
 three-quarters of a mile (at Luz), and can be used by residents 
 at St. Sauveur if desired. 
 
 Salies-de-Bearn. This is a strong salt bath in 
 the Basses-Pyrenees, twelve hours from Paris by 
 express train. It lies at an elevation of 200 feet 
 amongst the wooded hills that separate the gave ol 
 Pau from that of Oldron. Twenty miles to the south 
 is the chain of the Pyrenees, and at the same dis- 
 tance to the west is the Atlantic, so that its climate is 
 said to partake of the characters both of the moun- 
 tain and of the seacoast soft, temperate, sedative, and 
 tonic. It is sheltered from the cold winds both 
 to the north and east. It has an early spring, a 
 hot summer, and a protracted autumn. The bath 
 establishment is open all the year, but the spring 
 and autumn are the best seasons for the cure. 
 
 The two springs generally used are the Bayaa 
 and the Griffon. Two wells termed Oraas and the 
 eau mre from the neighbouring salt works are 
 also used. 
 
 The Bayaa is highly mineralised., having 256 
 
3i8 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART I. 
 
 grammes of salt to the litre ; it also contains 
 much vegetable organic matter, which imparts 
 an unctuous feeling to it. The Griffon is less 
 highly saturated. 
 
 A natural bath at Salies contains about 80 kilos 
 of alkaline salts, 76 kilos of which are chlorides, 
 4 kilos sulphates and carbonates, 200 grammes 
 bromides and iodides, and the rest silica, alumina, 
 and organic substances. 
 
 The predominating bases are sodium, magnesium, 
 and calcium. Of the eaux meres, the richest con- 
 tains 487 grammes of salt per litre, 10 grammes of 
 which are bromide and i gramme iodide of mag- 
 nesium. The Source Oraas has 301 grammes of salt 
 per litre. 
 
 Baths and douches, general or local, cold, tepid, 
 or hot, and nasal irrigations, all of the pure water, 
 are given. By mixture with ordinary water, in 
 various proportions, baths of various degrees of 
 strength are provided. Or they are modified in 
 their action by the addition of eau mere ; this is 
 also used for compresses and lotions. Massage and 
 out-of-door exercise in this picturesque country are 
 additional means favourable to recovery. 
 
 These waters are regarded as exercising both a 
 sedative and stimulating action on the peripheral 
 nerves and vessels, and thereby producing an im- 
 provement in general tone intestinal congestions 
 are relieved, elimination is promoted, and nutrition 
 is improved. 
 
 The cases most suitable for treatment at Salies are 
 lymphatic children with scrofulo-tuberculous affec- 
 tions of the joints, bones, glands, skin, and mucous 
 membranes. Young persons of nervous and lymphatic 
 temperament with scoliosis, incontinence of urine, 
 amenorrhcea, dysmenorrhcea, anaemia, and chlorosis. 
 Women with uterine troubles causing sterility atony, 
 displacements, chronic inflammations, fibromata, 
 and related nervous troubles. Pelvic and sciatic 
 neuralgias. 
 
SECT. B.] SALINS-DU-JURA. 319 
 
 There are numerous hotels of all kinds and 
 prices, and furnished apartments. There are the 
 usual amusements. 
 
 Salins-du-Jura. A cold salt bath in the French 
 Jura, not far from the Swiss frontier at Pontarlier, and 
 approached by a branch line from Mouchard, between 
 Dijon and Pontarlier, 402 kilometres from Paris. 
 It is situated at an elevation of 1,170 feet, in a valley 
 running north and south amongst mountains of about 
 2,000 to 3,000 feet high, and has a subalpine tonic 
 climate. The nights are cool, and the north-east 
 wind is sometimes troublesome. It has a dry soil, 
 is supplied with an abundance of pure water, and is 
 surrounded by vast forests. 
 
 Its salubrity is reported to be remarkable. Only 
 one spring is utilised (Puits a Muire), and that 
 contains 27 to 30 grammes of solids per litre, of 
 which chloride of sodium forms 23 grammes. It 
 also contains chlorides of magnesium and potassium, 
 sulphate of lime, and a small amount of bromide 
 of potassium (0-03). It has a slightly sulphurous 
 odour. 
 
 The treatment at Salins consists mainly of baths 
 of the salt water, raised artificially to a suitable 
 temperature, and fortified by the addition of eaux 
 meres in varying proportions, according to the nature 
 of the case. The eaux mere obtained, after removal 
 of the sodium chloride, at the salt works, in the usual 
 way, has a total of 317 grammes of salt per litre, 
 158 being chloride of sodium and the rest composed 
 of chlorides of magnesium and potassium, and 2 to 
 3 grammes of bromide of potassium. The water 
 is occasionally prescribed internally to children in 
 doses of a quarter to half a glass mixed with syrup. 
 Salins has the usual bath establishment, with 
 appliances for hydrotherapy, douches, irrigations, 
 etc. 
 
 The eaux meres are also applied as compresses.'-' 
 These waters have the physiological effects 
 
320 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 usually experienced in the application of waters 
 of this type ; they are tonic, and stimulating, and 
 promote the absorption of inflammatory exudations. 
 If drunk they are diuretic and slightly laxative. 
 
 The purity of the air and the salubrity of the 
 climate aid in no slight degree the tonic and 
 remedial action of the waters. 
 
 As at like stations in France, "lymphatism 
 and scrofulo-tuberculous " affections are the mala- 
 dies specially adapted to treatment at Salins : 
 scrofulous affections of the joints, bones, glands, 
 mucous membranes, and skin; rickets; infantile par- 
 alysis ; torpid chronic uterine affections ; fibromata ; 
 old inflammatory exudations ; and certain forms 
 of chlorosis. The treatment at Salins is said to be 
 better tolerated by sensitive and excitable patients 
 than at some of the stronger salt baths. The best 
 part of the season is from June 2oth to Sept. 
 1 5th. 
 
 There are also good hotel accommodation and 
 the usual amusements. 
 
 Salins Moutiers. See Brides les Bains, page 116. 
 
 Salso Maggiore, in the province of Parma, 
 Italy, is approached from the station of Borgo San 
 Donnino, on the main line between Milan and 
 Florence ; from that station it is distant about five 
 miles, and is connected with it by a steam tramway, 
 which traverses the distance in half an hour. The 
 whole journey from Milan to Salso Maggiore 
 occupies about two and a-quarter hours. 
 
 Salso Maggiore is a small Italian town of about 
 1,200 inhabitants, situated at an elevation of nearly 
 500 feet above the sea at the extreme northern limit 
 of the Apennines, where the foot hills join the plain 
 of Lombardy. From the low hills behind the little 
 town there is an uninterrupted view over this vast 
 plain. The surrounding country can hardly be 
 termed picturesque, although some of the visitors 
 
SECT. B.] SALSO MAGGIORE. 321 
 
 take a delight in driving to certain old castles which 
 are to be found on the neighbouring hills. 
 
 Salso Maggiore has become widely known as a 
 health resort on account of the remarkable wells 
 which are found there. They are quite unlike those 
 to be found at any other spa with which we are 
 personally acquainted. It is scarcely correct to 
 term them wells of mineral water, simply, because 
 they are also wells of mineral oil and inflammable 
 gases. 
 
 From these wells, which lie at a considerable 
 depth below the surface, there is pumped up a 
 mixture of strong brine and petroleum, and from 
 this mixture an inflammable gas is given off, so 
 abundantly that it pays to collect it and use it for 
 illuminating purposes. 
 
 The fluid thus pumped up is allowed to flow 
 into reservoirs, where it separates into two strata 
 the upper one consists of a dark brownish liquid, 
 which is petroleum, the lower stratum consists of 
 a strong brine. 
 
 The petroleum is collected and disposed of in 
 commerce, and much of the brine is used, as at 
 other brine wells, in the production of common salt. 
 This is separated from the brine by boiling and 
 evaporation. The less soluble sodium chloride is 
 deposited, collected, and sold, and the more soluble 
 salts remain in the residual liquid, which is termed 
 aqua madre, and corresponds with the mother 
 lye, or Mutterlauge, or eaux meres of other salt 
 baths. 
 
 The gas given off from the mixture of brine and 
 petroleum is collected and stored in gasometers, and 
 used for lighting and heating purposes. " It contains 
 two-thirds methane and one-third ethane with heavy 
 hydrocarbons and carbonic acid gas" (Lancet 
 Commissioner). 
 
 For therapeutic purposes the medical men at 
 the baths used the brine pure, or concentrated, or 
 diluted with plain hot water, or sometimes treated 
 L 
 
322 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 with carbonate of soda before concentration for 
 the purpose of getting rid of the iron and some of 
 the salts of lime and magnesium ; they also make 
 use of the aqua madre in various ways, and they 
 likewise use a mud that is, a soft clay deposit 
 formed in the reservoirs for local application. 
 
 The natural brine, strongly smelling of petroleum, 
 the aqua madre, and the deposited " mud " are, then, 
 the three mineral agents used in the treatment of 
 the cases that come to Salso Maggiore. 
 
 The special peculiarity of the place as a spa is 
 the presence of petroleum in the brine, which renders 
 it unfit for drinking, however much diluted. To 
 what extent the antiseptic properties of the petroleum 
 may promote or enhance the curative effects of the 
 brine it is difficult to estimate. We are disposed to 
 think it is not inconsiderable. 
 
 The analysis of the water recently made in the 
 Lancet laboratory shows it to contain 169*31 
 grammes of solids per litre, 146*29 of which are 
 sodium chloride, and 22*06 other chlorides calcium, 
 magnesium, ammonium, strontium, and lithium. 
 The lithium chloride amounts to about 0*64, or 
 " 5 grains per pint," a relatively large proportion of 
 this salt, but in a water that cannot be drunk the 
 presence of this constituent is, of course, of minor 
 importance. 
 
 The same remark applies to the presence of salts 
 of strontium, of which there are 0*5 of the chloride 
 and 0*48 of the sulphate. 
 
 The brine is also comparatively rich in com- 
 pounds of iodine and bromine, as it contains per 
 litre 0*066 of magnesium iodide and 0*30 of mag- 
 nesium bromide. Its natural temperature is 68 F., 
 and its specific gravity 1 120. 
 
 The brine, as it is collected from the well, is 
 turbid and brownish from precipitation of ferric 
 oxide. 
 
 The composition of the aqua madre, which has 
 become concentrated by evaporation, and relatively 
 
SECT. B ] SALSO MAGGIORE. 323 
 
 much richer in certain constituents from the separa- 
 tion of much of the sodium chloride, has been thus 
 estimated : In the strongest, having a density of 
 1270, there were found, per litre, 369*4 of solids, of 
 which only 4 5 - 8 6 consisted of sodium chloride, while 
 the calcium chloride had increased to 221*55, anc ^ the 
 other chlorides (magnesium, strontium, ammonium, 
 and lithium) to 96*15 ; the magnesium iodide to ro, 
 and the magnesium bromide to 4'835. 
 
 Compared with other waters of the same type, 
 it is exceptionally rich in compounds of lithium, 
 bromine, and iodine. It has been calculated that 
 there are in a pint of this aqua madre ^o grains of 
 lithium chloride, 37 of magnesium bromide, and 8 
 of magnesium iodide. "They are also saturated 
 with gaseous hydrocarbons, and these contain 
 impurities of a bituminous nature and sulphur" 
 (Lancet Commissioner). 
 
 As already mentioned, these waters are only 
 suitable for external use, or for absorption, to what- 
 ever extent is possible, by the inhalation of the 
 fine spray and vapour. 
 
 There are three chief bath establishments, the 
 largest and most perfectly equipped being the 
 "Terme Magnaghi." The baths are prepared of 
 graduated and varying strength, according to the 
 case ; the average strength is obtained by diluting 
 the natural brine, which has a density of 1120, till 
 its specific gravity is reduced to 1096. These baths 
 are ordered to be taken daily or on alternate days, 
 and they can be obtained in the Grand Hotel des 
 Thermes, thus saving the residents the inconvenience 
 of going out for them. The course lasts usually 
 about three weeks. If it is thought desirable to 
 increase the strength of the bath in iodine and 
 bromine this can be done by adding aqua 
 madre. 
 
 In the bath establishment special provision is 
 made on an elaborate scale for treatment by inhala- 
 tion. This is carried out in two ways ; one is the 
 
324 MINERAL SPRINGS [PART i 
 
 inhalation of the spray by means of Seigle's steam 
 atomisers, and the other is by admitting the patients 
 into a special chamber (after the manner at Mont 
 Dore), which is filled, by means of special apparatus, 
 with the vapour and fine spray of the water. In 
 this chamber the patients, enveloped in a suitable 
 covering, sit, or promenade, or engage in gymnastic 
 exercises, as exercise is regarded as promoting the 
 absorption of the saline vapour. " The odour in 
 this room is strongly suggestive of an iodo-organic 
 compound, as well as oily " {Lancet Commissioner). 
 A new building has recently been opened for 
 the extension of this method of treatment. The 
 mud, of which we have spoken, is saturated 
 with the salts of the water, and also contains 
 petroleum, and is applied locally in suitable cases 
 as a kind of poultice, when a powerful local effect 
 is desired. 
 
 Accessories to the mineral-water treatment are 
 provided in the form of an X-ray room, a high- 
 frequency apparatus, and an apparatus for the 
 application of the ultra-violet rays ; there is also 
 adequate provision for skilled massage and for 
 mechanotherapy. Special care is taken to maintain 
 the baths, the linen, and everything used in the bath 
 establishments perfectly clean and aseptic. 
 
 It must be admitted that the authorities have 
 taken remarkable pains to give to Salso Maggiore 
 the most complete possible equipment as a modern 
 spa. 
 
 It only now remains to mention the class of 
 cases that are best suited to treatment there. As 
 in all spas of this type, scrofulous or tuberculous 
 maladies stand in the foremost place, whether affect- 
 ing the bones, the joints, the glands, or the skin. 
 It was in such cases that the beneficial action of 
 these waters was first noted, and also in cases of 
 secondary and tertiary syphilis. It is the custom 
 now to send parties of poor scrofulous patients to be 
 treated at the sanatorium for three weeks at a time. 
 
SECT. B.] SALSO MAGGIORE. 325 
 
 The sequelae of gonorrhceal infection especially of 
 the pelvic organs in women and arthritic troubles 
 are also treated successfully. Chronic inflammatory 
 exudations, peritoneal, pleural, and periarticular, are 
 especially amenable to treatment there. It is 
 believed that there is a considerable absorption of 
 the saline and other substances contained in the 
 water by the mucous membrane of the air passages 
 from the inhalations, and these are found very 
 serviceable in chronic catarrhal affections of the 
 nose, throat, and upper air passages. Chronic bron- 
 chial catarrh and catarrhal asthma are also reported 
 as benefited. The treatment of throat affections 
 occupies a special prominence, and an eminent throat 
 specialist resides there. 
 
 It is doubtful if these baths have any special 
 advantage over others in the treatment of chronic 
 articular affections dependent on gout and rheuma- 
 tism. Every bath, or nearly every bath, claims 
 credit for curing such cases. Doubtless the hot 
 application of the mineral waters and the mineral 
 mud are calculated to relieve some of the joint 
 affections associated with these constitutional states. 
 
 There seems to be a general consent as to the 
 value of this treatment in certain gynaecological cases, 
 such as pelvic peritonitis and cellulitis, endopara- and 
 endoperimetritis, and in menstrual troubles. It is 
 also said to remove the causes of sterility in certain 
 cases. 
 
 Certain anaemic, chlorotic, and neurasthenic cases 
 are said to improve there. 
 
 Traumatic cases old painful cicatrices disloca- 
 tions, fractures, etc., are reported as particularly 
 benefited, especially by the local application of 
 the mud or fan go. 
 
 With regard to some of these maladies it may 
 perhaps be said that, as in many similar resorts, 
 the net has been cast rather too widely, and that 
 the tendency has been to over-estimate the extent 
 of applicability of this spa. 
 
326 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i 
 
 Excellent accommodation can be obtained at 
 the Grand Hotel des Thermes, which is under very 
 capable management. 
 
 The season is from April ist to the end of 
 October, but the most suitable time for English 
 visitors is the spring and autumn April, May, 
 June, September, and October. In July and August, 
 and sometimes in the early part of September, it 
 is unpleasantly hot. 
 
 Salzschlirf. A spa situated in Hesse-Nassau, 
 near Fulda, with a station on the Giessen-Fulda 
 Railway. It lies at an elevation of 820 feet, in 
 an agreeable valley, between the wooded heights 
 of the Vogelsberge and the Rhon mountains. 
 
 It has a cold gaseous common salt spring, the 
 Bonifaciusbrunnen, and some importance is attached 
 to the amount of lithium chloride it contains, 0*21 
 grammes per litre, and to the presence of minute 
 amounts of magnesium bromide and iodide, 0*005 
 of each. Of sodium chloride it contains 10*0 per 
 litre, of calcium sulphate 1-5, and of magnesium 
 chloride ro. 
 
 It is also fairly rich in carbonic acid gas. 
 
 Of the other springs, one, the Templebrunnen, 
 has less lithium but more of the other salts, the 
 Kinderbrunnen is much weaker, and the Schwefel- 
 brunnen also has much less solids, but it contains 
 H.S, six volumes per litre. A purgative water 
 obtained from the neighbouring village, Grossen- 
 luekler, is also used there. Besides sodium chloride 
 (15*4) it contains magnesium sulphate (1*3), and 
 calcium sulphate and carbonate (1*6 each), and a 
 little carbonate of iron. The springs are used as 
 baths, and the Bonifaciusbrunnen is drunk and 
 used for gargles and inhalations. Mud baths are 
 also available. 
 
 The drinking is usually done early in the morn- 
 ing, between 7 and 8 a.m., and you are directed 
 to sip the water, taking a quarter of an hour to 
 
SECT. B.] SALZSCHLIRF. 327 
 
 drink each glass. More water is taken again at 
 
 5 P- m - 
 
 The baths are taken at first for ten minutes at 
 
 a time, and this period is increased by five minutes 
 daily, until the full period of thirty-five minutes is 
 reached. 
 
 These waters are reported as of remarkable value 
 in the treatment of chronic gout and the various 
 manifestations of the uric acid diathesis, and in 
 impaired metabolism and nutrition generally. 
 
 They are also useful in rheumatism, renal and 
 biliary calculus, cystitis from uric acid, gastro-intes- 
 tinal catarrh, obesity, and some female complaints. 
 The St. Boniface spring is said to be the richest 
 of all the spas in Germany in lithium. The water is 
 largely exported. 
 
 The season is from May ist to the end of Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 Schinznach is a popular Swiss thermal sulphur 
 bath, in a very accessible and pleasant situation, 
 being on the Bale-Olten-Zurich Railway. It lies 
 at an altitude of about 1,100 feet, in the valley of 
 the Aar. The rapid current of this river flows 
 along between the bath and the line of railway, 
 and imparts a refreshing movement to the air, even 
 during the hottest seasons. 
 
 The bath establishment is distinct from the 
 village and is surrounded by its own grounds, and 
 has been sometimes termed the " Habsburger-Bad," 
 from the circumstance that the ruined castle of 
 Habsburg is on a neighbouring height Extensive 
 woods are in the immediate vicinity of the spa. 
 Schinznach has a mild and temperate climate, but 
 it can be hot in summer ; the adjacent woods, 
 however, afford cool and shady retreats. 
 
 The temperature of its warm sulphur spring 
 seems to be variable, and to range between about 
 83 and 95 F. It is rich in sulphuretted hydrogen, 
 and of its solid constituents of 2*1 per litre, calcium 
 
3 28 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 sulphate forms nearly one half (ro), and sodium 
 chloride 0*6 ; there is also a minute amount of 
 sulphide of calcium (0*008). 
 
 The bath establishment, which also serves as 
 a hotel, is well provided with the appliances needed 
 to give ordinary baths, or vapour baths, or nasal 
 and local douches, and for the inhalation of the 
 pulverised water, or of the gases given off by it. 
 It has a special building devoted to pulverisation, 
 inhalations, and gargling. 
 
 It is sometimes found necessary to heat the 
 natural water for the baths, which are occasionally 
 ordered of very long duration, especially in certain 
 chronic skin affections requiring long maceration 
 those baths may be prolonged to one and a-half 
 or two hours. The waters are also taken internally 
 before the baths. 
 
 This spa has recently been much recommended 
 in cases of chronic gout and rheumatism, but its 
 established reputation is chiefly in connection with 
 the treatment of chronic, obstinate skin affections, 
 especially eczema. 
 
 The inhalations, etc., are also found useful in 
 chronic catarrh of the respiratory organs, in naso- 
 pharyngeal catarrh, and chronic bronchitis. In 
 syphilis and in metallic intoxications the treatment 
 is also useful. In scrofulous affections and in 
 leucorrhcea and other female maladies it has proved 
 serviceable. The bromo-iodide water of the adjacent 
 Wildegg spring is also employed there. 
 
 The season is from May ist to Oct. ist. 
 
 Schlangenbad (in Nassau) is beautifully situated 
 about midway between Eltville, a port on the Rhine, 
 and Schwalbach. Steam trams run to it from 
 Eltville. It is difficult to imagine a more picturesque 
 spot for a watering-place than Schlangenbad a wind- 
 ing valley, turning upon itself with a sharp bend, 
 so that one end of the village is brought nearly on 
 a line with the other, surrounded by high wooded 
 
SECT. B.] SCHLANGENBAD. 329 
 
 hills, their lower slopes covered with scattered villas 
 surrounded by flower-gardens and bright green lawns 
 such is Schlangenbad. A pretty, quiet, peaceful 
 retreat. It has a Kursaal, with shady walks and 
 seats around, nice clean hotels and three bath-houses, 
 one quite modern, where the patients can live in 
 apartments, some of which are even elegantly fur- 
 nished, at a fixed price. On the ground floor are 
 the baths ; these are extremely well arranged. 
 Those in the modern bath-house are really luxurious. 
 Reclining in one of those sumptuous baths, the water, 
 with its delicious softness and pleasant temperature, 
 seems to envelop the whole body with a sort of 
 diffused caress ; while, from some peculiar property 
 in the water, it gives a singular lustrous beauty to 
 the skin, which seems to be suddenly endowed with 
 a remarkable softness and brilliancy. It certainly tends 
 to put one upon the best possible terms with one- 
 self, and one can readily understand the calming 
 influence which these baths are found to exert over 
 irritable and disturbed states of the nervous system. 
 
 Schlangenbad, 900 feet above the sea, belongs to 
 the group of so-called indifferent earthy baths, and 
 is very feebly mineralised, having only 0*4 of solids 
 per litre, and thus resembles Gastein, Pfaeffers, and 
 Wildbad ; the natural temperature of the water 
 ranges from 81 to 89 F. ; it is raised in the 
 baths to from 87 to 92. Less stimulating than the 
 same kind of water at higher temperatures, as at 
 Teplitz and Gastein, it is therefore more suitable 
 to those sensitive organisations whose nervous 
 systems above all things need a soothing treatment, 
 and its comparatively slight elevation above the sea 
 accords with this indication, for its climate is mild, 
 though fresh and equable. The surrounding woods 
 afford every opportunity for open-air exercise and 
 lounging, and the quiet yet pleasing life there makes 
 this place the type of cheerful repose. It produces 
 a calming and at the same time refreshing effect 
 upon the invalid requiring gentle management, and 
 
330 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 is therefore particularly suited to irritable forms of 
 neurasthenia. Delicate ladies who suffer from 
 hysterical and other forms of nervous excitability 
 and exhaustion and chronic uterine maladies, and 
 who need repose, are especially suited for this spa. 
 
 Painful forms of spinal disease, with loss of 
 muscular power, unable to bear the stimulating treat- 
 ment of the thermal salt baths, are often soothed 
 and benefited by treatment there. Milk and whey 
 cures can also be had. 
 
 The season is from May ist to Oct. ist. 
 
 Schwalbach, or Langen - Schwalbach (Hessen - 
 Nassau), is perhaps the most renowned of all 
 European chalybeate spas. Although Schwalbach 
 is nearly 1,000 feet above the sea, it is much 
 hotter than might be expected in a place of that 
 elevation, owing to its being so much protected 
 by the hills around, so that it becomes very hot 
 in the floor of the valley, during the middle of the 
 day, in the months of July and August. As the 
 visitors to Schwalbach are for the most part anaemic 
 patients, the life there is, as may be imagined, very 
 quiet, and devoted chiefly to drinking the waters 
 and bathing in them. Schwalbach possesses a good 
 Kursaal. The hotels are good, and situated close 
 to the springs and the bath-house, but many persons 
 live in lodging-houses, which are numerous and com- 
 fortable, and in some cases moderate in price. Schwal- 
 bach is especially an iron cure. It is the iron cure of 
 Germany. Its water belongs to the class of simple 
 iron springs in which the iron exists as the chief con- 
 stituent, unassociated with any ingredients which can 
 complicate or interfere with its action. 'It is one 
 of the strongest and purest iron waters in Europe. 
 It also has the advantage of possessing a very large 
 proportion of free carbonic acid, which makes it 
 sparkling and pleasant to drink, increases its diges- 
 tibility, and renders it valuable as a medium for 
 bathing in. 
 
SECT. B.] SCHWALBACH. 331 
 
 There are only two springs that are used for 
 drinking the Weinbrunnen and the Stahlbrunnen. 
 The Stahlbrunnen contains much more iron than 
 'the Weinbrunnen and rather more carbonic acid. 
 The former contains per litre 0*08, and the latter 
 0*06 of bicarbonate of iron. Minute amounts of 
 manganese are said to be also found in these springs. 
 There are many other springs, the water supplied 
 by which is used for the baths, and others which are 
 not utilised at all. 
 
 The bathing arrangements at Schwalbach are 
 good. The chief benefit of the bath being believed 
 to consist in the action of the carbonic acid, which 
 the water contains, on the skin, it is so contrived 
 that as little as possible of this gas shall escape in 
 the conveyance of the water to the bath, while the 
 bath itself is of copper, and is provided with a double 
 bottom. Between the two bottoms is a chamber, 
 into which steam is conveyed for the purpose of 
 heating the water to the required temperature. As 
 the water in the bath becomes heated it gives off 
 myriads of bubbles of carbonic acid gas, and the 
 contact of this gas with the skin is considered to 
 have a beneficial effect upon the superficial vessels 
 and nerves. There can be no doubt that the gas 
 does exercise a distinct influence on the skin, which 
 becomes red and experiences a diffused tingling 
 sensation. 
 
 Peat baths are also given at Schwalbach. The 
 peat is obtained in the neighbourhood, and is mixed 
 with the mineral water and heated by steam in 
 wooden tubs to the temperature required. It is 
 thought best in some cases to commence the treat- 
 ment with the peat baths and follow on with the 
 chalybeate baths. 
 
 The temperature of the iron baths is generally 
 lowered, if the patient can bear it, as the course 
 advances. A period of repose is advisable after the peat 
 bath. Abdominal massage has been found useful in 
 some cases that are constipated by the iron waters. 
 
332 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 The course at Schwalbach is considered especially 
 applicable to cases of bloodlessness, arising as a con- 
 sequence of haemorrhages, or of any exhausting 
 disease, or in retarded convalescence from acute 
 maladies ; also in anaemia, so often associated with 
 disturbances of the nervous system hysteria, etc. 
 In these latter cases, the use of the tonic water, the 
 soothing baths, and the influence of the calm but, at 
 the same time, cheerful surroundings of the place 
 should exercise an undoubtedly curative effect. In 
 leucorrhcea and chronic uterine affections which are 
 often treated with advantage at Schwalbach, vaginal 
 douches of the mineral water are found serviceable. 
 
 The season is from May ist to Oct. i5th. Those 
 who suffer much from heat had better choose the 
 earlier or later parts of the season. 
 
 Soden is one of the several common salt spas 
 which are found on the southern slope of the Taunus 
 mountains. It is connected with the Taunus railway 
 by a branch at Hochst, and so is brought within half 
 an hour of Frankfort. It is about nine miles from 
 Homburg, and is prettily situated, at an elevation of 
 about 450 feet, in a valley bounded to the north by 
 wooded hills, which form, as it were, the base of 
 the two highest peaks of the chain, the Alt Konig 
 and the Feldberg. It lies open to the south, but 
 is protected also by hills of gentle elevation to the east 
 and west. From its protected situation the climate of 
 Soden is essentially a mild one, the air is balmy and 
 soft and still, though the close vicinity of the moun- 
 tain chain often causes a freshness in the evening air 
 w^hich is grateful and invigorating. It is possible 
 there for invalids to spend much time in the open air 
 with advantage, and this they often do, extended in 
 hammocks suspended from the branches of trees. It 
 is found that persons with chronic catarrhal con- 
 ditions of the throat and air-tubes, and cases of 
 consumption that require soothing rather than 
 bracing treatment, do well at Soden. 
 
SECT. B.] SPA. 333 
 
 Cases which require bracing are not suited to it. 
 Cases of purely nervous asthma do not do well there, 
 while the catarrhal cases improve. Soden has a great 
 number of mineral springs, twenty-four altogether, 
 and, although they vary scarcely at all in the nature 
 of their ingredients, they vary greatly in their 
 quantity and in temperature. Their temperature 
 ranges from 52 to 86 F., and their contents of 
 chloride of sodium from 2-4 to 15 grammes per litre. 
 They vary much also in their richness in carbonic 
 acid gas ; some contain scarcely any, others, such as the 
 Champagnerbrunnen, a great deal. There are springs 
 as strong as those of Homburg and Kissingen ; there 
 are others which are as pleasantly mild and gaseous 
 as seltzer- water. The milder springs have been found 
 of great use in cases of chronic bronchial catarrh. 
 Such are the Warmbrunnen and Milchbrunnen, con- 
 taining only 2 to 3 grammes per litre of common 
 salt ; these are largely drunk in catarrhal affections 
 of the respiratory organs. Some of the springs 
 contain an appreciable amount of iron. 
 
 There is one the Soolensprudel used in the pre- 
 paration of gaseous thermal Sool baths which, besides 
 being very rich in carbonic acid gas, contains also 
 a little ELS. A chalybeate spring can be drunk, a 
 short distance from Soden, at Neuenhain. Soden 
 possesses a conveniently arranged bath-house, where 
 douches and many varieties of baths can be given, 
 including salt baths and gaseous salt baths ; it also 
 has inhalation rooms for the treatment of chronic 
 laryngitis and bronchitis. Scrofulous children are 
 said to do well at Soden. Dr. Dettweiler's Kuran- 
 stalt Falkenstein is only about three miles off. 
 
 The season is from May to the end of September. 
 
 Spa, in Belgium, close to the German frontier, is 
 agreeably situated in a valley of the Ardennes, at an 
 elevation of about 1,000 feet above the sea. Having 
 been a popular European resort for centuries, it has 
 had the distinction of giving the name of "spa" to 
 
334 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 all places resorted to for the purposes of treatment 
 by mineral waters. 
 
 Spa is very fortunate in its surroundings. The 
 town itself is beautifully and tastefully laid out, but 
 it is in the beauty of the drives and walks on the hills 
 and high ground around that its real charm is to be 
 found. The country roads are lined with avenues 
 of tall trees, which afford pleasant shade at all 
 times of the day and in the hottest seasons ; and 
 although Spa itself lies in a hollow, the air on the hills 
 around is most fresh and exhilarating. 
 
 The climate, then, of Spa may be said to be that 
 of the surrounding forests and hills or high plateaux ; 
 that is to say, bright and fresh, without being subject 
 to great heat in summer, but, as in all hilly countries, 
 subject to sudden and great changes of temperature 
 occasionally. 
 
 Its springs belong to the class of pure, or almost 
 pure, gaseous chalybeate waters, and contain much 
 free carbonic acid gas. There are eight or nine alto- 
 gether, but only two are found in the town ; the rest 
 are scattered about in picturesque spots on the adja- 
 cent hills. The springs situated in the town, and 
 which are chiefly used, are Ponhon Pierre le Grand, 
 and Ponhon Prince de Conde. It is maintained that 
 these springs contain more iron than any of the other 
 European iron waters, and this may be the case, 
 although the available analyses do not all agree as to 
 the exact amount found in these sources. 
 
 Ponhon Pierre le Grand, the strongest, is said to 
 contain, per litre, 0-112 grammes of bicarbonate of 
 iron; the others to contain 0*08, 0*06, and 0*04 
 per litre. They contain also small quantities of 
 sodium bicarbonate and chloride. But more recent 
 and authoritative, analyses are to be desired. The 
 water is ordered to be sipped, or drunk slowly 
 through a glass tube, in order that the stomach 
 may not be chilled by a large, hasty draught of 
 the cold water. The waters are prescribed in doses 
 of two to five glasses daily of six ounces each, and 
 
SECT. B] SPA. 335 
 
 or persons who are strong enough, and who find 
 it agrees with them to do so, they are ordered to be 
 taken in the early morning, between 6 and 8 a.m. ; 
 but this hour rarely suits English patients, and it is 
 by no means desirable to disturb feeble anaemic 
 persons at that early hour. For such patients about 
 an hour before lunch is a good time ; and again in 
 the afternoon, about an hour and a-half or two 
 hours before dinner. 
 
 Those who drink at the more distant springs can 
 take their second dose of water in their afternoon 
 drive at the Tonnelet, the Marie-Henriette, or the 
 Geronstere. 
 
 There is a well-arranged bath establishment in 
 the town, having a special spring of its own, the 
 Niveze, which arises about a mile and a-half from 
 Spa. These baths, as at Schwalbach, are believed to 
 produce their tonic effect mainly by the action of the 
 carbonic acid on the nerves of the skin. 
 
 At Spa much value is placed on the use of the hip 
 bath of warm running water, so that the temperature 
 is kept constant during the bath. It is prescribed in 
 cases of leucorrhcea and female pelvic diseases, the 
 local action of the water being ensured by the use of a 
 wire vaginal speculum during the bath, which the 
 patient can herself introduce. 
 
 The methods of hydrotherapy, and especially the 
 use or cold water douches, are much in vogue at Spa, 
 and contribute, no doubt, greatly to the tonic effect 
 of the iron waters. 
 
 Mud baths are also in use there. They are made 
 by mixing a turf which abounds in the neighbourhood 
 with the mineral water. 
 
 If the chalybeate waters cause constipation, it is 
 usual to give an imported Hungarian bitter water, 
 such as Apenta, to act as a laxative. 
 
 Next, as to the class of cases treated at Spa : 
 Spa is particularly adapted to the treatment of the 
 many disturbances of health in women more or less 
 closely associated with anwmia and chlorosis, e.g. 
 
336 MINERAL SPRINGS [PART i. 
 
 menstrual irregularities, menorrhagia and tendency to 
 abortion ; vaginal and uterine catarrh and sterility 
 depending on these conditions and on general debility ; 
 in some forms of atonic dyspepsia, with a tendency 
 to diarrhoea, the treatment proves of value ; also in 
 cases of depressed health from prolonged residence 
 in hot climates ; in neurasthenia, migraine, and neu- 
 ralgia, and other nervous affections connected with 
 anaemia. The baths are usually given hot in neuralgic 
 and rheumatic cases. 
 
 The mud baths are found specially useful in 
 chronic gouty and rheumatic affections in cases of 
 stiff joints, in muscular atrophy (combined with 
 massage) ; in tabes ; in the removal of pelvic exuda- 
 tions ; and in some cases of gouty kidney. 
 
 Spa is a very suitable place for an after-cure for 
 patients returning to England from a course of treat- 
 ment at many of the German baths, such as Kissingen, 
 Carlsbad, and Marienbad. 
 
 The season is from May to October. 
 
 Strathpeffer, a Scottish Highland cold sulphur 
 bath in Ross-shire, has come into considerable repute 
 in recent years. Though situated in the north of 
 Scotland, it has a comparatively mild climate owing 
 to its position in a very sheltered valley. Evergreens 
 grow there luxuriously, and plants bloom out of doors 
 as freely as in some mild south of England districts. 
 Indeed, in certain seasons the climate may appear 
 somewhat relaxing. 
 
 There are two kinds of water utilised at Strath- 
 peffer a cold sulphur water, the principal thera- 
 peutic agent of the spa, and a cold weak 
 chalybeate water. 
 
 The sulphur water is feebly mineralised, but 
 contains potassium and sodium sulphide amounting 
 together to -027 per litre, and a variable amount of 
 H 3 S. It also contains sulphates and carbonates of 
 lime and magnesia in small amount, and a little 
 sulphate of sodium. The chalybeate water (" Saint's " 
 
SECT. B.] STRATHPEFFER. 337 
 
 Well) is very feebly mineralised, and contains about 
 0*035 P er n tre of carbonate of iron. The recently 
 utilised Lady Cromartie Well is said to be a stronger 
 sulphur water than that whose composition has just 
 been stated. 
 
 The bath establishment is not a large one, but 
 baths and douches of various kinds are prepared and 
 given there. For the sulphur baths the sulphur water 
 is usually warmed by the addition of one-third of hot 
 rain water. 
 
 Peat baths are prepared from peat brought from 
 adjacent hills, and mixed with warm water to the 
 temperature required. Pine baths are prepared with 
 pine extract obtained from Germany. Brine baths 
 can also be obtained. Friction, massage, and pack- 
 ing are used in suitable cases. The most important 
 part of the treatment is, however, the internal 
 use of the waters. The usual time for drink- 
 ing the waters is about 8 a.m., and again about 
 11.30 a.m. 
 
 The cases mainly treated at this spa are those of 
 chronic gout and rheumatism, and patients are recom- 
 mended not to rest content with a single visit, but to 
 repeat it for at least two seasons. Caution is needed 
 in dealing with cases of gout, as acute attacks are 
 occasionally induced during, or shortly after, treat- 
 ment there. Cases of sciatica are said to be rarely 
 benefited by treatment at Strathpeffer. Certain cases 
 of skin disease do well there, especially those of 
 eczema and psoriasis, particularly if associated with a 
 gouty constitution, or dependent upon gastro-hepatic 
 disorders. Dyspeptic symptoms in the same class of 
 patients are also benefited, and for them the mildly 
 bracing climate is a valuable auxiliary. The hotel 
 accommodation is simple but good. Comfortable 
 lodgings can also be obtained. The season is from 
 May to October, but the spa is open all the year. 
 It is about twenty miles from Inverness and five 
 from Dingwall. The journey from London takes 
 about fifteen hours. 
 
33* 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART i, 
 
 Sacedon, or La Isabella, a 
 simple thermal spa in Spain, Pro- 
 vince of Guadalajara, temperature 
 84 F. 
 
 Sail les Bains, Department 
 Loire, France, has simple thermal 
 feebly mineralised springs, tem- 
 perature 80 to 95 F., also a weak 
 chalybeate and a sulphur spring. 
 It is situated at an altitude of 
 800 feet, forty minutes' drive from 
 the railway station, St. Martin 
 d'Estreaux, between Moulins and 
 Lyons. The water is exported. 
 
 Sail sous Couzan, a French 
 table-water, largely exported under 
 the name of "Couzan" water. 
 The spring is situated in the 
 Department of the Loire railway 
 station between Clermont and St. 
 Etienne. It contains bicarbonates 
 of sodium, calcium, potassium, 
 and magnesium, and a small 
 amount of iron and much free 
 carbonic acid. 
 
 Saint Alban, a French table- 
 water, largely exported ; the 
 springs are situated in the Depart- 
 ment of the Loire, about two 
 hours' (driving) from Roanne, on 
 the line between Moulins and 
 Lyons ; the waters contain bicar- 
 bonates of sodium, calcium, and 
 magnesium, with much free car- 
 bonic acid the Source Cesar con- 
 tains 0-023 P er litre of bicarbonate 
 of iron. In the bath establish- 
 ment special use is made of the 
 carbonic acid gas collected from 
 the springs for inhalations, baths, 
 and local douches. 
 
 Saint Antoine de Guagno, in 
 Corsica, forty miles north of 
 Ajaccio, has thermal sulphur springs, 
 temperature 124 F. The Grande 
 Source contains 0-02 per litre of 
 sodium sulphide. It is used in 
 the treatment of old gunshot 
 wounds and skin affections. 
 There is a military hospital there. 
 Saint Boes, a strong cold 
 (Pyrenean) sulphur spring, only 
 used for exportation. It contains 
 
 sodium sulphide and H 2 S, and is 
 bituminous. It is reported to act 
 beneficially in catarrhal affections 
 of the respiratory and intestinal 
 mucous membranes, and in pul- 
 monary tuberculosis. 
 
 Saint Galmier, a French table- 
 water, largely exported. The 
 springs, of which La Source Badoit 
 is the chief, contains mixed 
 alkaline and earthy bicarbonates, 
 two grammes per litre, and 
 small amounts of sulphates and 
 chlorides and much free carbonic 
 acid. 
 
 Saint Laurent les Bains, in 
 France, Department Ardeche, has 
 simple thermal springs, of a tem- 
 perature of 128 F. It is 
 picturesquely situated, at an 
 altitude of 2,700 feet, six miles 
 from La Bastide railway station. 
 
 Saint Olafs, Norway, close to 
 Modum, a popular resort, with a 
 chalybeate spring and mud baths, 
 picturesquely situated, at an 
 altitude of about 500 feet. 
 
 Saint Pardoux. See Bourbon 
 1'Archambaut, p. 107. 
 
 Saint Vallier, in the Vosges, 
 has earthy waters, like those of 
 Contrexeville. 
 
 Saint Yorre, near Vichy, has 
 strong cold alkaline springs used 
 for exportation. 
 
 Salies du Salut, France, Haute 
 Garonne, with a railway station 
 on the branch line between 
 Boussens and Saint Girons, lies 
 on the Salut stream, at an altitude 
 of 960 feet, and has cold com- 
 mon salt waters, containing 30 
 grammes per litre of sodium 
 chloride and 3 of calcium sul- 
 phate. It also has a cold sul- 
 phur spring containing calcium 
 sulphide o-ii per litre. There is 
 a children's sanatorium, con- 
 nected with the hospital at 
 Toulouse. 
 
 Salins Moutiers. See Brides 
 les Bains, p. 116. 
 
 Saltburn by the Sea, York- 
 
SECT. B.] SALVATOR SAN BERNARDINO. 
 
 339 
 
 shire, has a bath establishment in 
 which brine baths are given, the 
 brine being brought from the 
 brine wells at Middlesbrough. 
 This brine has 250 grammes per 
 litre of sodium chloride. In the 
 same establishment there is pro- 
 vision for various kinds of 
 douches, electric and vapour 
 baths, and sea-water swimming 
 baths. 
 
 Salvator spring in Szinye- 
 Lipocz, near Epiries, in Hungary. 
 It is exported, and belongs to the 
 simple alkaline group. It is cold 
 and gaseous, and is reported to 
 contain 0-3 grammes of bicar- 
 bonate of sodium in a litre, 0-9 
 carbonate of magnesium, 0-9 
 borate of sodium, and 0-2 of 
 bicarbonate of lithium. It has 
 been recommended in renal affec- 
 tions associated with the uric acid 
 diathesis, in gout and rheumatism, 
 and in gastric and bronchial 
 catarrh. 
 
 Salzbrunn. See Obersalzbrunn, 
 p. 281. 
 
 Salzburg, in Transylvania, is a 
 popular brine bath, with brines of 
 various strengths from 50 to 150 
 grammes of common salt per 
 litre containing also sodium 
 iodide o - 8 to 0-25 per litre. It is 
 situated at an altitude of 1,600 
 feet. 
 
 Salzdetfurth, in Hanover, in 
 the valley of the Lamme, amongst 
 the foot hills of the Harz 
 mountains, at an elevation of 500 
 feet, has common salt wells which 
 are used, more or less diluted, 
 for baths, inhalations, gargling, 
 and drinking, in the various 
 maladies in which such waters 
 are applied. Season, May i to 
 Oct. i. 
 
 Salzerbad, Lower Austria, has 
 waters containing common salt and 
 sulphate of sodium : 14-1 per litre of 
 the former and 4/6 of the latter, 
 and 2 - 8 of calcium chloride. It is 
 situated at an altitude of 2,000 feet. 
 
 Salzhausen, a small bath in the 
 Grand Duchy of Hesse, possessing 
 cold salt wells and wells contain- 
 ing iron, lithium, and sulphur, in 
 addition to sodium chloride. The 
 salt wells are weak, containing 
 about ten grammes per litre of 
 sodium chloride and i - o of 
 magnesium chloride, and some 
 free carbonic acid. They are con- 
 centrated, and often fortified by 
 Mutterlauge for baths. 
 
 It is at the foot of the Vogels- 
 berg, at an elevation of 470 feet, 
 and is close to Nidda railway 
 station. 
 
 Salzuflen, in the principality of 
 Lippe-Detmold, with a station on 
 the Herford-Detmold line, has 
 three salt wells, used for baths and 
 drinking for the latter purpose 
 one of the springs is diluted and 
 artificially aerated with carbonic 
 acid. 
 
 Salzungen is in the Duchy of 
 Saxe-Meiningen, Germany, finely 
 situated in the Werrathal, at an 
 elevation of 780 feet, on the south- 
 western slope of the Thuringian 
 Forest. It has a station on the 
 Eisenach-Lichtenfels line, and has 
 salt wells varying in strength from 
 30 to 250 grammes per litre. 
 The Mutterlauge obtained from 
 the salt water is available for 
 fortifying the baths. It contains 
 much magnesium, chloride, and 
 small amounts of magnesium 
 bromide and iodide. Inhalations 
 of the salt-water spray, Moor 
 baths, and douches are also given, 
 and the water of the weaker 
 springs is drunk. 
 
 San Bernardino, in Switzerland, 
 on the southern side of the 
 Bernardino Pass, between Spliigen 
 and Bellinzona, about equally 
 distant from Thusis and Bellin- 
 zona stations, has cold gaseous 
 earthy chalybeate springs with 
 0-035 P er ^tre of bicarbonate of 
 iron, o - oi bicarbonate of stron- 
 tium, and i - 2 sulphate of calcium, 
 
340 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART i. 
 
 Its altitude is 5,320 feet. Cases of 
 anaemia and chlorosis, cases of 
 convalescence, and all such as 
 require bracing mountain air in 
 combination with iron waters, 
 are suitable for this resort. 
 
 Sanct Lorenz, in Upper Styria, 
 with a station on the Rudolfsbahn, 
 has two gaseous alkaline common 
 salt springs, largely exported. The 
 principal spring contains sodium 
 carbonate i - o gramme per litre, 
 sodium chloride 2'j, bicarbonate 
 of iron 0-5, etc. The weaker 
 spring contains only 0-03 of bicar- 
 bonate of iron, and is known as 
 " Austrian Selters" water. 
 
 Sandefjord, in Norway, situated 
 on a small fjord on the North 
 Sea, four or five hours by rail 
 from Christiania, has cold gaseous 
 common salt and sulphur springs 
 used for drinking and bathing ; 
 also a cold weak salt spring, and 
 a chalybeate spring said to contain 
 1-29 per litre of sulphate of iron. 
 Cold and hot sea-water baths can 
 also be had. A sort of sulphurous 
 slime, collected from the fjord, is 
 used for frictions and as hot ap- 
 plications in chronic articular 
 rheumatism. There is also a 
 practice there of applying live 
 jelly fishes as counter-irritants to 
 the skin in neuralgias and chronic 
 rheumatism. 
 
 Sandrock, Isle of Wight, near 
 Blackgang Chine, has a chalybeate 
 spring. 
 
 San Marco, in Central Italy, 
 three miles from Castiglione 
 della Pescaja, has a gaseous 
 alkaline water, largely exported, 
 usually after the addition of more 
 carbonic acid gas. It is reported 
 to contain, per litre, sodium 
 bicarbonate 1-3, magnesium bicar- 
 bonate i 6,and lithium bicarbonate 
 0-26. 
 
 San Pedro do Sul, a Portuguese 
 thermal sulphur bath of high tem- 
 perature, about 159 F. 
 
 San Pietro Montagone, one of 
 
 the " Euganean Thermae," in the 
 neighbourhood of Abano, Italy, 
 has very hot waters, of the same 
 character as those of Abano, and 
 feebly mineralised. 
 
 Santa Agueda, in the North of 
 Spain, Province of Guipuzcoa, 
 has cold earthy sulphuretted hydrogen 
 waters, and an iron spring. 
 
 Santa Catarina, Italy, about 
 seven miles fron Bornio, through 
 the picturesque Val Furva, pos- 
 sesses a strong chalybeate spring. It 
 is 5,700 feet above the sea, in an 
 exceedingly beautiful situation, 
 surrounded by a semi-circle of 
 magnificent snow mountains. 
 Being on the southern side of the 
 Alps, its climate is doubtless less 
 bracing than the same elevation 
 on the northern side (like St. 
 Moritz) would be. 
 
 Santenay, France, the Cote 
 d'Or. A cold sodium chloride water, 
 containing also lithium chloride 
 and sulphates of sodium magne- 
 sium and calcium. Its total min- 
 eralisation amounts to 9 2 gram mes 
 per litre, of which 5-2 is sodium 
 chloride. The lithium salt 
 amounts to 0-092 and the sodium 
 sulphate to 2-15. It is chiefly a 
 drinking cure, but baths, douches, 
 and massage are also employed. 
 It is recommended in cases of 
 gout and gravel, and biliary 
 and renal calculi ; also in func- 
 tional hepatic and gastro-intesti- 
 nal affections attended with con- 
 stipation. It is reached by a 
 branch line from Chaguy, be- 
 tween Dijon and Macon. An au- 
 tomobile conveys patients from 
 the station to the baths. It is dis- 
 tant about seven hours from Paris. 
 
 Saxon, a Swiss bath in the 
 Rhone valley, with a station on 
 the line between Lausanne and 
 Brigue, at an elevation of 1,560 
 feet. Its earthy waters are cold 
 and very feebly mineralised less 
 than one gramme of solids to the 
 litre. They are reputed to con- 
 
SECT. B.] 
 
 SCHANDA USHANKLIN. 
 
 tain small amounts of calcium and 
 magnesium bromides and iodides, 
 but they are found to be absent, 
 intermittently, for short periods 
 the intermittances not exceeding 
 two or three days. Whatever 
 popularity these waters may have 
 had at one time has almost wholly 
 passed away. The place is very 
 hot in summer, and mosquitoes 
 are very active. The water is 
 exported. 
 
 Schandau, on the Elbe, in 
 Saxon Switzerland, at an alti- 
 tude of 400 feet, has a weak 
 chalybeate spring containing, per 
 litre, 0-015 bicarbonate of iron an ^ 
 some bicarbonate of lime, used 
 only for drinking. Various 
 accessory remedies are applied, 
 as Franzensbad Moor baths, arti- 
 ficial brine and carbonic acid 
 baths, pine - needle, electric, 
 vapour, and hot-air baths. 
 Hydrotherapy, fango, massage, 
 and gymnastics. The place is 
 frequented by tourists, and has a 
 station on the Dresden-Bodenbach 
 line. The season is from May i 
 to Oct. i. 
 
 Schimberg, a Swiss cold 
 alkaline and sulphurous bath of 
 the same character as Heustrich, 
 but with rather less sulphur. It 
 is situated on the western slope 
 of the mountain of the same name, 
 at an elevation of 4,670 feet, and 
 about two and a-half hours' drive 
 from the station of Entlebuch, on 
 the Berne-Lucerne line. It has a 
 relatively humid climate for a 
 place of that altitude. Somewhat 
 sudden changes of temperature 
 and a certain amount of fog must 
 also be looked for. It is protected 
 from the north-east winds. It 
 would not seem to be quite 
 a typical resort for chronic 
 catarrhal affections of the respira- 
 tory organs, for the treatment of 
 which its waters are regarded as 
 specially suitable. The sulphur 
 spring is feebly mineralised, 
 
 containing sodium bicarbonate 
 chiefly - this salt forms 0-683 out 
 of a total of 0-773 of solids per 
 litre it also contains sodium 
 sulphide 0-03, and H..S 6-7 c.c. 
 For the baths a spring termed 
 "ferruginous" is utilised. It con- 
 tains the same ingredients as the 
 sulphur spring without the sul- 
 phur. Season, June 10 to Sep- 
 tember 20. 
 
 Schmalkalden, a small bath 
 with a weak common salt spring, in 
 Hesse-Nassau. 
 
 Schmiedeberg, a small town 
 with iron-mud baths, in Saxony, 
 with a station on the Wittenberg- 
 Eilenberg line. 
 
 Schwalheim, dietetic table- 
 waters. See Nauheim, p. 269. 
 
 Schwarzbach, a weak earthy 
 chalybeate spring in Prussian 
 Silesia. 
 
 Schwefelberg, Switzerland, two 
 and a-half hours from Gurnigel, 
 at an altitude of 4,570 feet, has 
 the same kind of cold sulphurous 
 waters as Gurnigel. 
 
 Schweizerhalle, a Swiss brine 
 bath in Canton Bale, near 
 Pratteln railway station. 
 
 Sciacca, in Sicily, twenty-two 
 miles from the railway station 
 Castelvetiano, has hot common salt 
 and sulphur springs, temperature 
 125 F., also hot springs (100 F.) 
 containing iron. Here were the 
 ancient "Thermae Selinuntinae." 
 Near at hand are the natural 
 vapour baths (stufe) of San 
 Calogero. 
 
 Segeberg, a salt bath in Schles- 
 wig-Holstein. 
 
 Sellers Niederselters, Natural 
 seltzer water, an alkaline table- 
 water containing 2-0 grammes per 
 litre of common salt. 
 
 Serneus, a Swiss cold sulphur 
 spring, containing H 2 S. The bath 
 establishment is at an elevation of 
 3,240 feet, in the Praetigau valley 
 on the Landquart-Davos line. 
 
 Shanklin, Isle of Wight, has a 
 
342 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART i 
 
 chalybeate spring with cro68 per 
 litre of carbonate of iron. 
 
 Shap Wells, three miles from 
 Shap, in the centre of Westmor- 
 land, and some distance from a 
 railway station waters containing 
 alkaline and earthy chlorides and 
 sulphates, and a little iron and 
 silica, with similar properties to 
 those of Leamington. 
 
 Siradan, Sainte Marie (Hautes 
 Pyrenees), in a pleasant valley 
 with a lake, a short distance from 
 Salechan, on the line of railway 
 from Toulouse to Luchon, is about 
 twelve miles from the latter place. 
 It has four springs, two of which 
 are ferruginous and cold, and two 
 warm ; the latter resemble greatly 
 in composition, character, and 
 uses those of Contrexeville, but 
 they are more feebly mineralised. 
 They belong to the class of earthy 
 or calcareous waters. They enjoy 
 considerable local popularity. The 
 iron springs are used for cases 
 of anaemia, chlorosis, and general 
 debility. Siradan is well sheltered 
 by mountains, at an elevation of 
 1,350 feet. It has a soft and tem- 
 perate climate, and its season is 
 unusually long from April i to 
 Nov. 30. 
 
 Soden - Salzmunster, gaseous 
 common salt wells, and Sool baths, 
 in Hesse-Nassau, with a station 
 on the Bebra-Frankfurt-am-M. 
 Railway. 
 
 Sodenthal, in northern Bavaria, 
 near Aschaffenburg a small bath 
 with cold common salt wells, which 
 contain a little magnesium bro- 
 mide and iodide. 
 
 Soden a Werra, a cold salt well 
 in Hesse-Nassau. 
 
 Soils, near Tiefenkasten , 
 Grisons, Switzerland, a cold 
 alkaline gaseous spring, contain- 
 ing chiefly sodium sulphate, 
 chloride, and bicarbonate, with a 
 small amount of bromide and 
 iodide, and a little iron. 
 
 Soulzmatt, in a valley of the 
 
 j Vosges, Alsace, between Bale and 
 Strasburg a cold alkaline gaseous 
 table-water, largely exported, as 
 well as used for bathing and 
 drinking at the source chiefly in 
 dyspeptic states. 
 
 Srebernik, in the east ot 
 Bosnia, has a cold spring contain- 
 ing arsenic 0-006 per litre of 
 arsenious acid ; it is also reported 
 to contain sulphuric acid and 
 
 | sulphates of iron, zinc, and alu- 
 
 j minium. Dose at starting, one 
 
 I ounce. 
 
 Stachelberg, Canton Glarus, 
 Switzerland, in the Todi district, 
 in a beautiful situation, at an 
 altitude of over 2,000 feet, has a 
 cold sulphur sparing of feeble 
 mineralisation containing a small 
 amount of H 2 S and sodium sul- 
 phide. It is used at the bath 
 
 establishment in the same cases as 
 are amenable to sulphur treat- 
 ment elsewhere, with the addi- 
 tional advantage here of a fresh, 
 subalpine climate. It is near 
 the railway station of Linththal. 
 
 Stafford has brine baths 
 similar to those of Droitwich. 
 
 Steben, an old-established cold 
 gaseous chalybeate spa and ferrugi- 
 nous Moor bath in Upper Fran- 
 conia, Bavaria, at an altitude of 
 nearly 2,000 feet, the terminus 
 of the Hof-Steben line. The iron 
 springs, containing 50-05 ando - o6 
 per litre of bicarbonate of iron 
 and much carbonic acid, are 
 drunk, used as baths, and ex- 
 ported. Mud baths, artificial 
 salt baths, and pine-needle baths 
 are also prepared. 
 
 The cases treated are chiefly 
 those of anaemia, chlorosis, 
 neurasthenia, and female diseases. 
 
 Stoney Middleton, Derbyshire, 
 has waters similar to the Bake- 
 well waters. 
 
 Suderode, a brine bath in Prus- 
 sian Saxony. 
 
 Suiza, Grand Duchy of Saxe- 
 Weimar (Thuringia) between 
 
SECT. B.] 
 
 TARASP-SCHULS. 
 
 343 
 
 Weimar and Naumburg, on the 
 Ilm, at an elevation of 480 feet, 
 has common salt springs contain- 
 ing, besides sodium chloride and 
 sulphate, small quantities of 
 magnesium chloride and sodium 
 bromide and iodide. Its reputa- 
 tion is almost exclusively local. 
 
 Sulzbach, in the Baden Black 
 Forest, with railway station at 
 Hubacker, on the Appenweier-Hu- 
 backer line, has simple thermal or 
 tepid waters of a temperature of 
 only 70 F. They are given in 
 gout, rheumatism, and nervous 
 affections. 
 
 Sulzbrunn, near Kempten, in 
 Upper Bavaria, a small bath, at 
 an elevation of 2,800 feet, has weak 
 salt springs, containing a little 
 magnesium iodide. 
 
 Swanlinbar, a small village in 
 county Cavan, Ireland, possesses 
 cold sulphur springs, popular in 
 former times. 
 
 Sylvanes, Department of Avey- 
 ron, France, has thermal waters 
 which have been classed amongst 
 the simple thermal and also amongst 
 arsenical waters. Its railway 
 station is Ceilhes-Roqueredonde, 
 on the line between Arvant and 
 Beziers, It is situated in a 
 mountainous country, at an 
 elevation of 1,300 feet. The 
 springs vary in temperature from 
 88 to 97 F. It is one of the 
 rare instances of a hot iron water. 
 The water contains i - o gramme of 
 solids per litre, of which 0-02 is 
 carbonate of iron, and o - oi6 of 
 
 arsenates of iron and magnesium ; 
 it also contains manganese 
 carbonate, calcium carbonate, 
 and sodium chloride. 
 
 The simple gaseous alkaline water 
 ; of Andabre (i -8 gramme of sodium 
 bicarbonate to the litre), only 
 two to three miles off, is some- 
 times drunk at Sylvanes, whose 
 waters are chiefly used for baths. 
 The cases treated there are those 
 of anaemia, neurasthenia, general 
 debility, affections of the respira- 
 tory organs, chronic metritis. 
 
 Szczawnica, on the northern 
 slope of the Carpathians, in 
 Galicia, at an elevation of 1,700 
 feet, has cold gaseous alkaline 
 common salt springs. One of the 
 springs contains as much as 8-4 
 grammes of sodium bicarbonate 
 and 4-6 of sodium chloride. 
 These waters are valuable in the 
 treatment of chronic catarrhal 
 affections of the respiratory pas- 
 sages, the spray being inhaled, in 
 addition to drinking the waters. 
 It is often combined with the 
 whey or koumiss cures. The 
 nearest railway station, Alt- 
 Sandeck, is six hours distant. 
 
 Szkleno, in Hungary, has 
 thermal calcareous waters varying 
 in temperature from 100 to 128 
 F., containing 2 grammes per 
 litre of calcium sulphate. The 
 situation is picturesque, at an 
 elevation of 1,130 feet. The 
 nearest railway station is Guram- 
 Berzenscze, a drive of two and a- 
 half hours. 
 
 Tarasp-Schuls, in the Lower Engadine, Switzer- 
 land, has alkaline aperient saline springs of much 
 the same character as those of Marienbad, being, 
 however, more alkaline and less aperient. If Tarasp 
 be approached from St. Moritz or Samaden, in the 
 Upper Engadine, it is about a five hours' drive 
 from the latter place, descending the valley of the 
 
344 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 Inn through, for the most part, interesting scenery. 
 It has been more usual to travel by rail to Davos 
 and then drive over the Fluela Pass (about six hours) 
 to Tarasp or Schuls, but with the completion of the 
 railway from Thusis to St. Moritz, the route via 
 Samaden in the Upper Engadine is more likely to be 
 adopted. The Kurhaus of Tarasp is built close to 
 the principal springs, and the baths are within the 
 building itself. It is situated at an elevation of 
 3,890 feet on the northern bank of the Inn, which 
 flows close by it. 
 
 A fine Trinkhalle with a covered promenade 
 and a row of shops is built on the right bank of 
 the river close to the principal spring. 
 
 The springs which give Tarasp its chief reputation 
 are its alkaline-saline sources, which rise close to the 
 river, and in the immediate vicinity of the Kurhaus. 
 They are the St. Lucius and St. Emerita springs, 
 which are used for drinking, and the Ursus and 
 New Bath springs, which are weaker, and are 
 only used for baths. The St. Lucius is the most 
 richly mineralised, and, according to the latest 
 analysis (1900), contains, per litre, sodium sulphate 
 2-245 grammes, potassium sulphate 0-334, sodium 
 carbonate 3*045, sodium chloride 3*890, calcium 
 carbonate 1*567, and small amounts of other con- 
 stituents, such as carbonate of iron (0*012), of mag- 
 nesium (0*659), sodium borate (0*884), sodium 
 bromide (0*037), an d lithium chloride (0*055). 
 
 The St. Emerita contains precisely the same 
 constituents, but while the total solids in the St. 
 Lucius amount to 12*834 P er litre, in the St. 
 Emerita they are only 11*339. The former is also 
 richer in free carbonic acid. As compared with the 
 strongest of the Marienbad springs they contain 
 less than one-half the amount of sodium sulphate, 
 but much more sodium bicarbonate and sodium 
 chloride. Compared with the Carlsbad springs they 
 contain rather less sodium sulphate and much more 
 sodium bicarbonate and chloride, and being cold 
 
SECT. B.] TARASP-SCHULS. 345 
 
 they contain more free carbonic acid gas. When 
 warmed the Tarasp springs have much the same 
 characters as the Carlsbad springs, only they are 
 richer in the alkaline sodium bicarbonate and in 
 sodium chloride. They are nearly as rich in sodium 
 bicarbonate as the Vichy springs. 
 
 Owing to the carrrying out of a " new encase- 
 ment" of these springs in 1899 the amount of free 
 carbonic acid gas is said to have increased by more 
 than one-third. 
 
 Tarasp possesses also weak gaseous chalybeate 
 springs ; the one chiefly drunk is the St. Bonifacius 
 spring, situated a little distance from the Kur- 
 haus on the right bank of the Inn. This spring 
 has recently received a " new encasement," and the 
 most recent analysis (1900)* shows that it now 
 contains less iron than it used to, and that its 
 characters rather tend to group it with such alkaline 
 earthy springs as Wildungen and Antogast ; but 
 it is much richer than either in lime salts and in free 
 carbonic acid. It is now used more for its beneficial 
 action on the digestive and urinary organs. The 
 Wyquelle, situated above the neighbouring village 
 of Schuls, is another mild chalybeate spring, and 
 there is a still weaker gaseous iron spring at Schuls, 
 the Sotsass, which is often drunk as a table-water. 
 
 The mineral springs of the neighbouring Val 
 Sinistra are also brought to and utilised at Tarasp. 
 These are gaseous alkaline saline springs, which 
 also contain iron and arsenic, and it is the possession 
 of the latter constituent which confers upon them 
 their chief importance. In a litre of the strongest 
 spring the Ulrichsquelle there is 0*007 f sodium 
 arsenate. It also contains 0*020 of carbonate of 
 iron, and 0*023 of chloride of lithium. In Tarasp 
 a combination of the Val Sinistra waters with the 
 Lucius spring is often prescribed. 
 
 At the Kurhaus gaseous alkaline saline baths 
 
 * By Professor Treadwell, of Zurich. 
 
346 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 are prepared with the waters of the Ursus and the 
 New Bath springs, and the overflow of the Lucius 
 and Emerita springs, and chalybeate baths with the 
 water of the Carola spring. 
 
 Other curative agencies applied at Tarasp are the 
 Battaglia/<2;^6> (mud) baths, the baths prepared with 
 Rheinfelden brine added to the ordinary warm 
 gaseous effervescent baths, massage and medical 
 gymnastics, and the Terrain- Kur. 
 
 The waters are usually drunk early in the morn- 
 ing, beginning with two or three glasses (six ounces 
 each), and increasing gradually to five or six, according 
 to the case, at intervals of a quarter of an hour, 
 gentle walking exercise being taken all the time. 
 Persons who cannot take the water cold before 
 breakfast can have it warmed, or may take a light 
 breakfast two or three hours before drinking. 
 
 Many of the visitors to Tarasp prefer to reside 
 in a higher and more open situation than that 
 of the Kurhaus, and this can be done either at 
 the village of Schuls, in an open situation on the 
 north side of the valley, about twenty minutes dis- 
 tant from Tarasp Kurhaus, or, better still, at Vulpera, 
 a village above Tarasp, on the south side of the 
 valley, at an elevation of about 4,200 feet. At 
 Vulpera two large new hotels have been opened, 
 the Hotel Waldhaus in 1897, an d the Hotel 
 Suisse in 1900. These are both finely situated, and 
 patients by living at Vulpera can combine the 
 advantages of an Alpine climate with treatment by 
 mineral waters. 
 
 The therapeutic affinities of Tarasp are with 
 such mineral waters as those of Marienbad, Carlsbad, 
 and Vichy ; and in certain cases the course at 
 Tarasp may be presented as an alternative to either 
 of these. When warmed the waters of Tarasp may 
 answer the same purpose as the Carlsbad waters, 
 and would be especially suitable to those who find 
 Carlsbad too hot and relaxing. For those who 
 require a rather milder course than that of Marien- 
 
SECT. B.] TARASP-SCHULS. 347 
 
 bad, less purgative and more alkaline, Tarasp is 
 available, and for patients who, besides the alkaline 
 property of the Vichy springs, need an aperient, the 
 combination is found at Tarasp, while the climate 
 is bracing, and not hot and relaxing, as Vichy 
 is apt to be in the summer months. In suitable 
 cases at Tarasp the use of the chalybeate springs 
 can be associated with the alkaline-saline waters. 
 
 The diseases chiefly suitable for treatment at 
 Tarasp may be thus enumerated : chronic gastro- 
 intestinal catarrh, constipation, haemorrhoids, chronic 
 diarrhoea, dyspepsia in the anaemic, congestion and 
 hypertrophy of the liver, commencing cirrhosis, 
 catarrhal and obstinate jaundice and gallstones, 
 obesity and related conditions, diabetes, the same 
 class of cases as are benefited at Carlsbad and 
 Vichy, gouty and uric acid states, renal catarrh 
 and gravel (the earthy alkaline Bonifacius spring 
 is especially adapted to the treatment of these 
 states), chlorosis and anaemia in certain persons, 
 and especially when the consequence of malarial 
 infection and associated with splenic enlargement 
 (the combination of iron and arsenic in the Val 
 Sinestra waters proves valuable in some of those 
 cases) ; catarrhal affections of the respiratory organs 
 in obese persons are also said to be benefited. The 
 season is from June ist to October. 
 
 Teplitz, or Teplitz-Schonau, as it is now called, 
 since it has been united with the neighbouring 
 village Schonau, is the oldest spa in Bohemia. It 
 is usually approached from Dresden via Bodenbach 
 and Aussig, in about four hours and a-quarter. It 
 is celebrated for its hot springs, of which it possesses 
 many. 
 
 It is situated in a somewhat open valley, 750 
 feet above the sea, between the Erzgebirge, which 
 shelter it on the north, and the Mittelgebirge on 
 the south, with a somewhat variable climate. 
 
 There is a hill, the Mont de Ligue, between 
 
348 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 Schonau and Teplitz, commanding a fine view ; 
 and to the east of Schonau there is another admir- 
 able point of view, the Schlossberg, 1,280 feet above 
 the sea, easily ascended in half an hour. Teplitz 
 is surrounded by pleasing country, into which many 
 attractive excursions of various lengths may be 
 made. 
 
 There are excellent hotels and lodging-houses 
 there, some of the best being on the road which 
 connects Teplitz with Schonau. 
 
 The thermal waters are supplied to quite a 
 large number of bath-houses, the most luxurious 
 of which is the Kaiserbad, which belongs to the 
 town, and in nearly all of these bath-houses patients 
 can obtain apartments. The water is pumped up 
 from the springs. 
 
 The springs, on account of their feeble mineralisa- 
 tion, are usually classed amongst the simple thermal 
 waters, but it is also claimed for them that they 
 are alkaline waters ; and so indeed they are, as 
 out of a total amount of 0*7 of -solids per litre (the 
 Stadtquelle), 0*4 consists of sodium carbonate. There 
 are also small amounts of sodium sulphate 
 and chloride, and calcium carbonate, and very 
 minute quantities of lithium and strontium car- 
 bonates. It is therefore a weak alkaline thermal 
 water of a temperature of 115 F. 
 
 There are public baths for the gratuitous use or 
 the poor, and there are also military hospitals for 
 invalid soldiers. Besides the mineral-water baths, 
 Teplitz has also Moor or peat baths. The peat is 
 found in the neighbourhood, and is said to be less 
 stimulating than the Franzensbad peat, as it contains 
 less iron. The Teplitz peat bath is given at a tempera- 
 ture of 99-5 F., and is said to have a very soothing 
 effect. 
 
 Teplitz is the warmest of the " indifferent " thermal 
 baths, and in some cases the baths are given at a 
 high temperature, but this is less the custom than it 
 was formerly. They are also in some cases given 
 
SECT. B.J TEPLITZ. 349 
 
 tepid. Although bathing is the chief part of the treat- 
 ment at Teplitz, it has become the practice recently 
 to prescribe the water to be drunk also in certain 
 cases. In the Kurgarten, mineral waters from all the 
 chief European spas are kept, and are supplied to the 
 patients according to the remedy required. 
 
 The more active thermal treatment is intended to 
 promote the absorption of morbid exudations in 
 persons suffering from chronic gout, rheumatism, and 
 certain forms of paralysis. 
 
 The tepid baths are better suited to sensitive and 
 delicate persons suffering from functional nervous 
 affections, upon whom they often produce a soothing 
 and alleviating effect. 
 
 The cure at Teplitz is recommended in the fol- 
 lowing cases : chronic gout and rheumatism, and 
 related affections, as sciatica, lumbago, and other 
 neuralgias and myalgias ; certain nervous diseases, 
 especially those related to gouty or rheumatic or 
 traumatic conditions or overstrain, and those asso- 
 ciated with metallic poisoning ; also hysterical forms ; 
 in some chronic skin diseases, especially eczema, 
 psoriasis, prurigo, and pruritus, and some forms of 
 secondary syphilis. The mild alkaline water of the 
 baths has an excellent effect in some of these cases. 
 The season is from May to the end of September, 
 but treatment can be obtained there at any part of 
 the year. 
 
 Tunbridge Wells, in a fine situation, at an altitude 
 of 420 feet, on the borders of Kent and Sussex, and 
 surrounded by most attractive and picturesque country, 
 is resorted to largely, and is a popular health resort, 
 not, as formerly, on account of its chalybeate spring, 
 but for its pleasant situation and its tonic and mildly 
 bracing air. It has also the great advantage of being 
 within a very short railway journey of London, about 
 an hour. 
 
 At one time " the Wells " were much frequented by 
 fashionable visitors, who came to " take the waters " ; 
 
350 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART i. 
 
 but that was in the seventeenth and eighteenth 
 centuries. 
 
 The mineral spring is situated at one end of 
 the Pantiles, an old-fashioned paved promenade, 
 having on one side a covered way for protection in 
 bad weather, and a row of shops. The water is 
 dispensed from basins at the springs by persons 
 who are known as "dippers," and at the other 
 end of the Pantiles it is also procurable in a reading- 
 room provided for visitors. 
 
 The water is only used for drinking purposes ; its 
 defect as a chalybeate spring is the absence of any 
 amount of free carbonic acid, the presence of which, 
 in large quantity, gives to the best known Continental 
 iron springs their chief value. We doubt also whether 
 the amount of water obtainable from the springs 
 would be large enough for the constant supply of a 
 large bath establishment. 
 
 An analysis made by Stevenson in 1892 gives the 
 amount of carbonate of iron per litre as 0*06. This is 
 a fair amount of iron for a chalybeate spring. The 
 other constituents are of little or no importance. 
 There is a little sulphate of lime and chloride of 
 sodium, and minute amounts of other sulphates and 
 chlorides. 
 
 These waters are prescribed for patients suffering 
 from anaemia and debility, but the local practitioners 
 consider it needful in severe cases to give ordinary 
 preparations of iron in addition to the waters. Only 
 small quantities of the water are usually prescribed 
 two half-glasses with a short walk between about 
 eleven or twelve in the morning. There is no 
 particular season. 
 
 Tabiano, Italy, three miles 
 from Salso Maggiore and four 
 from Borgo San Donnino railway 
 station, in the Province of Parma, 
 has cold sulphur waters. 
 
 Teinach, a small bath and 
 summer resort, situated in a pro- 
 
 tected valley in the Wurtemberg 
 Black Forest, at an elevation of 
 1,300 feet, in the neighbourhood 
 of pine woods, about one and a- 
 half miles from its railway station 
 on the Stuttgart - Calw - Horb 
 lines, has cold, feebly mineralised 
 
SECT. B.] 
 
 TENNSTEDTTOLZ. 
 
 gaseous springs, some containing 
 a small amount of iron, and 
 therefore termed chalybeate ; others 
 weakly alkaline (small amounts of 
 sodium and calcium carbonate) 
 are used and exported as table- 
 waters. There is a hydro-thera- 
 peutic establishment there, and 
 the natural springs are used for 
 drinking, gargling, and inhala- 
 tions, also for baths and douches. 
 Moor-bath-extract, pine - needle, 
 and electric baths are prepared. 
 The maladies treated there are 
 anaemia, dyspepsia, catarrh of the 
 mucous membranes, neurasthenia, 
 gout, female disorders. The 
 season is from May 15 to 
 Oct. 15. 
 
 Tennstedt, a very small cold 
 snlphhr bath in Saxony, on the 
 Schambach (main line Gotha- 
 Leinefelde) . 
 
 Termini-Imersee, on the north 
 coast of Sicily, has hot springs 
 (108 F.j, said to contain common 
 salt and aperient sulphates. It is 
 a small bath, and little accurate 
 information about its springs is 
 obtainable ; it was the Roman 
 " Thermae Himerenses." 
 
 Thale, a common salt (Sool) bath 
 in Saxony, at the entrance of the 
 Bodethal, in a beautiful situation, 
 at an elevation of 740 feet, in the 
 Lower Harz Mountains. Ter- 
 minus of the branch line 
 Halberstadt-Thale. The saline 
 spring, the Hubertusquelle, 
 arises in an island on the Bode, 
 where the hotel and bath 
 establishment are also found. It 
 is also a summer climatic resort. 
 
 Thonon, a steamboat station 
 on the southern shore of the Lake 
 of Geneva, in Haute Savoie, has 
 cold feebly mineralised waters, like 
 those of Evian, and used in the 
 same cases. The water is said to 
 contain some organic-resinous 
 substances. 
 
 Tiefenkasten, Grisons, Switzer- 
 land, has snip hated alkaline 
 
 chalybeate springs "St. Peter's 
 Well. ' ' The chief constituents are 
 sodium sulphate and chloride, 
 magnesium sulphate, and calcium 
 carbonate, and about 0-03 of 
 bicarbonate of iron. Used chiefly 
 in gastro - hepatic disorders 
 associated with anaemia. 
 
 Tobelbad a simple thermal bath 
 in Styria, at an altitude of about 
 1,000 feet. Temperature of 
 springs 77 to 84 F. 
 
 Tolz, or Krankenheil-Tolz, in 
 Upper Bavaria, on the right bank 
 of the Isar, at an elevation of 
 about 2,100 feet, finely situated 
 on the northern slope of the 
 Blomberg, has cold weakly mineral- 
 ised springs of indeterminate 
 classification. It has a station on 
 the Munich-Holz-Kirchen-Tolz 
 line. It has six springs, which 
 have been termed "iodine, 
 alkaline, common salt wells," 
 containing per litre 0-19 to 0-33 of 
 sodium bicarbonate, 0-03 to 0-29 
 of sodium chloride, and about 
 o-ooi of sodium iodide and a 
 little sulphuretted hydrogen gas. 
 The springs are so far from Tolz 
 that the waters are brought in 
 bottles for drinking, and through 
 galvanised iron pipes for the 
 baths. A great deal of commer- 
 cial enterprise is associated with 
 these weak springs, and " Kran- 
 kenheil Soaps," " Spiritus Sapon- 
 aris , " " Krankenheil Pastilles , ' ' 
 as well as the waters, are pre- 
 pared and exported. Various 
 auxiliary remedies are also em- 
 ployed, as brine and mud baths, 
 pine, vapour, chalybeate, sulphur 
 and other baths, milk and whey 
 cures, and ' ' extracts of mountain 
 herbs. ' ' The fresh mountain air is 
 probably as efficacious as any of 
 these. 
 
 The diseases especially treated 
 are scrofulous affections, skin dis- 
 orders, chronic metritis, catarrh 
 of the respiratory organs. 
 
 Tormisstein, or the Heil- 
 
352 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART i. 
 
 brunnen, near Brohl, on the 
 Rhine, in Rhenish Prussia a 
 highly gaseous alkaline spring 
 sodium bicarbonate 2-5 per litre, 
 magnesium bicarbonate i'6, 
 and common salt i - 4. Used and 
 largely exported as a dietetic 
 table-water. 
 
 Topusco, simple thermal springs, 
 temperature 122 to 135 F., in 
 Croatia. 
 
 Traunstein, in Upper Bavaria, 
 at an altitude of about 2,000 feet, 
 on the Traun, with a station on 
 the line between Munich and Salz- 
 burg, has several cold earthy 
 calcareous springs connected with 
 the Kurhaus Traunstein and the 
 Wildbad Empfing, which is 
 near at hand, containing mag- 
 nesium and calcium carbonate 
 and sodium chloride. It also has 
 brine baths, the brine being 
 brought by pipes from Reichen- 
 hall, and mud baths and pine- 
 needle baths are available. The 
 
 Empfing water is considered 
 valuable in the treatment of 
 certain renal and vesical affec- 
 tions. There are pleasant walks 
 around. 
 
 Trefriw, North Wales, in the 
 valley of the Con way, two miles 
 from the railway station of 
 Llanrwst, has strong iron springs, 
 containing ' ' large quantities of 
 protosulphate of iron and 
 sulphate of aluminum," but 
 ' ' the water varies much in 
 composition from time to time ' ' 
 (Leech). 
 
 Trenczin Toplitz, a Hungarian 
 thermal sulphur spring, with sul- 
 phur-mud baths. 
 
 Trillo, a Spanish (Province 
 of Guadalajara) thermal common 
 salt and iron water, with a smell of 
 H 2 S. Temperature of springs 77 
 to 86 F. Used in rheumatism 
 and skin diseases. 
 
 Tusnad, a chalybeate spring in 
 Transylvania. 
 
 Uriage is a celebrated French spa, with a spring 
 containing, as its chief ingredients, free sulphuretted 
 hydrogen and sodium chloride a sulphur and salt 
 spring. 
 
 Uriage is situated in the Department of the Isere, 
 in a beautiful valley of the mountains of Dauphine, 
 and may be regarded almost as a suburb of Grenoble, 
 It is between seven and eight miles from that remark- 
 able town, the situation of which is certainly one of 
 the most picturesque and striking in Europe. 
 
 The baths of Uriage are situated at an elevation 
 of 1,358 feet above the sea, and although this is not a 
 considerable elevation, it is quite enough, owing to 
 the open character of the valley, to give a distinct 
 freshness to the air, which, even in August, is at 
 times quite cool in the early mornings. 
 
 Uriage also has a chalybeate spring of no great 
 pretensions, but, as we have said, its chief mineral 
 
SECT. B.] URIAGE. 353 
 
 source is characterised especially by the presence in 
 considerable quantity of sulphuretted hydrogen and 
 common salt. The temperature, at the source, is about 
 80 F., but it gets colder before it reaches the buvette, 
 and it has to be heated artificially for the baths. It 
 has a strong smell and taste of sulphuretted hydrogen, 
 and a strong taste of salt also ; but it is not so 
 unpleasant to drink as might be imagined, and one 
 quickly gets accustomed to it. It contains rather 
 more than 10 parts of solid constituents to the litre : 
 of sodium chloride 6 grammes, of calcium, magne- 
 sium, and sodium sulphates 3 grammes, and of 
 sulphuretted hydrogen 7 volumes per 1,000. It 
 is taken in very variable quantities, according to the 
 nature of the case and the constitution of the patient ; 
 and whereas several glasses daily may be ordered to 
 be drunk by some patients, half a glass twice a day 
 is as much as is permitted to others : its alterative 
 or tonic action being especially needed in some cases, 
 its eliminative action in others. In the larger doses 
 it is purgative. 
 
 The cases especially suitable to treatment by the 
 waters of Uriage are those associated with what the 
 French term lymphatisme what used to be termed 
 " scrofula " as well as some forms of chronic rheuma- 
 tism and gout, and particularly certain skin affections, 
 the existence of which may be dependent on these con- 
 stitutional states. The various forms of chronic eczema, 
 especially the moist forms ; the different kinds of 
 acne, boils, chronic urticaria, herpes of the genitals, 
 and tubercular or scrofulous skin affections, are bene- 
 fited by these waters. Some very chronic forms of 
 skin disease, as prurigo and psoriasis, are greatly 
 benefited and sometimes cured. 
 
 Treatment at Uriage has been found very bene- 
 ficial to delicate, scrofulous, and anaemic overgrown 
 children, and is said to act like a "sea bath in the 
 mountains." 
 
 Many other affections of children are reported as 
 suitable for treatment at Uriage, such as scrofulous 
 
 M 
 
354 MINERAL SPRINGS. [-PART i. 
 
 inflammation of the eyelids and similar diseases of 
 the eyes and ears ; chronic nasal and pharyngeal 
 catarrh, glandular swellings, scrofulous diseases of 
 the bones and joints, etc. In all such cases the 
 curative influence of the waters is greatly aided by 
 the healthy, open-air life in this mildly bracing 
 mountain air. 
 
 Chronic rheumatism, as Dr. Doyen, the well- 
 known specialist of Uriage, so well observes, is bene- 
 fited by the judicious use of almost all mineral waters, 
 and he therefore claims no special influence over this 
 malady on the part of the waters of Uriage, but he 
 maintains that they are just as useful as those of 
 many other spas in muscular and articular rheuma- 
 tism, rheumatic neuralgias, and chronic sciatica. 
 
 Chronic uterine inflammations, when associated 
 with lymphatisme, are benefited by treatment there. 
 
 Douche massage is applied in a special manner at 
 Uriage, and was introduced there so long ago as 
 1838. The patient lies on an inclined table, and a 
 single attendant only is needed. Such applications 
 last about fifteen minutes. 
 
 Finally, the treatment of constitutional syphilis 
 is undertaken there in the same manner as at Aix la 
 Chapelle, and with good results. 
 
 The chalybeate spring is occasionally used as an 
 auxiliary remedy, and only for drinking. 
 
 The season begins on May 25th and finishes 
 Oct. 1 5th. June is the best month, July and 
 August the next best. A steam tramway now 
 connects Uriage with Grenoble (twelve kilometres) 
 in thirty-five minutes. Grenoble is 634 kilometres 
 from Paris. The journey takes ten to eleven hours. 
 
 Ueberlingen, in the Duchy of cases of chlorosis, neurasthenia, 
 
 Baden, on the Ueberlingen Lake, and female maladies, 
 
 a bay of the Lake of Constance, j Urberoaga de Alzola, a Spanish 
 
 has an earthy chalybeate spring, bath a few hours' drive from 
 
 which is conveyed to the Bath j San Sebastian, in the Province 
 
 Hotel for drinking and bathing, in ! of Guipuzcoa, with picturesque 
 
SECT. B.] 
 
 VALS. 
 
 355 
 
 surroundings. It has feebly 
 mineralised thermal alkaline earthy 
 waters, of a temperature of about 
 87 F., which are used as baths 
 and drunk, especially in affections 
 of the urinary organs. 
 
 Ussat (Ariege, Pyrenees), situ- 
 ated at an elevation of 1,460 feet, 
 in a picturesque valley, through 
 which the river Ariege flows, 
 within half an hour's drive of 
 Tarascon station, is a popular 
 "ladies' " bath, and is annually 
 resorted to by a great number of 
 invalids suffering from uterine 
 and allied nervous and hysterical 
 affections. There is a fine 
 " Etablissement Thermal," situ- 
 ated in a spacious park, and the 
 bathing arrangements are exceed- 
 ingly good. There is a small 
 hospital for the reception and 
 gratuitous treatment of poor 
 patients. The temperature of the 
 springs is from 90 to 100 F. 
 Their mineralisation is feeble 
 (1-27 grammes to a litre), and 
 
 consists chiefly of small amounts 
 of the carbonates and sulphates 
 of lime, magnesia, and soda. It 
 is classed amongst the indifferent 
 thermal springs. 
 
 These baths, when employed at 
 a moderate temperature, are said 
 to be exceedingly soothing to the 
 nervous system, and of great 
 value in the treatment of chronic 
 metritis, dysmenorrhcea, and 
 pelvic neuralgias, especially in the 
 neurotic. The baths are also 
 found useful in nervous dyspepsia, 
 in cutaneous hyperaesthesia, in 
 chorea, and some forms of 
 paralysis of doubtful causation. 
 One of the specialities of Ussat is 
 the administration of baths of 
 running water, a stream always 
 running through the baths and 
 keeping the water continually fresh 
 and of the same temperature, 
 which can be varied according 
 to the distance of the bath from 
 the source. Season, June i to 
 Sept. 15. 
 
 Vals in Ardeche (sta. Vals les Bains), between 
 Lyons and Marseilles, sixteen hours from Paris and 
 five from Lyons, on a branch line between Vogue 
 and Nieigles-Pendes, is one of the most important 
 spas in France, and were it not for its distance from 
 the capital (434 miles), it would probably be as much 
 frequented by foreigners as Vichy is. Its waters, as 
 exported, are of world-wide reputation, and its popu- 
 larity as a watering place has grown greatly of late 
 years. The little town is picturesquely situated on 
 the right bank of the river Volane, in a valley of the 
 Cevennes, and is surrounded by an amphitheatre of 
 volcanic mountains. It consists of little else than a 
 long street of hotels (twenty or more in number), 
 cafes and maisons meublees. Vals is surrounded by 
 vast and shady parks and most interesting country, 
 rich in picturesque sites of wild and savage beauty. 
 It is situated at an elevation of about 800 feet above 
 
356 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 the sea. Its climate is temperate, and intermediate 
 between that of the Mediterranean and that of the 
 mountainous region in the centre of France. Average 
 summer temperature, 70 F. 
 
 The springs, of which there are fourteen principal 
 ones, are cold, and contain large but varying propor- 
 tions of bicarbonate of soda and large quantities of 
 free carbonic acid. 
 
 Vals possesses two bath establishments. The 
 larger of the two possesses the following sources: 
 Rigolette, Precieuse, Magdaleine, Desiree, Saint Jean, 
 and Dominique : the smaller one has the sources 
 Marquise, Souveraine, Pauline, Chloe, des Conva- 
 lescents, Saint Louis, and Constantine. All these 
 contain considerable but varying quantities of bicar- 
 bonate of soda, except the Dominique, in the larger 
 establishment, and the Saint Louis in the smaller 
 one ; these two are ferruginous and arsenical springs. 
 
 Owing to the large amount of carbonic acid in 
 these springs, even the strongest of them are not 
 unpleasant to drink. The water of some of the 
 sources is largely exported, especially Precieuse, Mag- 
 daleine, and Rigolette. 
 
 We may take the Source Magdaleine as a repre- 
 sentative of the stronger springs, containing, as it 
 does, over 7 grammes of bicarbonate of soda per 
 litre ; and the Source Pauline as a representative of 
 the weaker springs, as it contains only about ij 
 gramme of bicarbonate of soda per litre ; and we 
 have between these several degrees of mineralisa- 
 tion, as, for instance, the Source Desiree, with 6 
 grammes per litre ; the Source Rigolette, with rather 
 more than 5 grammes ; the Source Souveraine, 
 with 2 1 grammes (this spring also contains a small 
 amount of lithium) ; and the Source Chloe, with 
 2 grammes. 
 
 The Rigolette is often warmed for use in the same 
 cases as those suitable for treatment with the hot 
 springs of Vichy. 
 
 The following is the detailed analysis of the 
 
SECT. B.] 
 
 VALS. 
 
 357 
 
 Constantine. 
 
 Pauline. 
 
 7-05300 
 
 I-6II7 
 
 O'OyiOQ 
 
 traces 
 
 0*01075 
 
 ? 
 
 0-43700 
 
 0-0288 
 
 traces 
 
 0*0083 
 
 0-00670 
 
 nH 
 
 0*0090 
 
 IU 
 
 0-15900 
 
 0*1824 
 
 0-28000 
 
 00414 
 
 0*20400 
 
 0*1696 
 
 traces 
 
 traces 
 
 traces 
 
 traces 
 
 2*10000 
 
 1*0820 
 
 Sources Constantine and Pauline (per litre 1,000 
 grammes) : 
 
 Bicarbonate of soda 
 
 potash ... 
 
 ,, lithia ... 
 
 ,, lime 
 
 ,, magnesia 
 
 Carbonate of iron 
 Silicate of alumina, potash, and 
 
 soda 
 
 Chloride of sodium 
 Sulphate of soda 
 Phosphate of soda 
 
 Organic matter 
 
 Free carbonic acid gas 
 
 The Vals waters are richer in bicarbonate of soda 
 than any other known mineral waters, and the 
 graduation in quantity presented by the different 
 sources is of great convenience in their therapeutic 
 application. 
 
 The Vals waters have a large range of applicability. 
 They are useful in the various forms of acid dyspepsia, 
 nervo-muscular atony of stomach and gastric catarrh, 
 in hepatic congestion, jaundice, and gallstones ; in 
 diabetes of the fat and gouty type ; in gravel and 
 renal and vesical calculi, and in prostatic enlargement 
 and irritability of the bladder (in cases with much 
 painful cystitis the cure must be applied with great 
 caution, and only the mildest springs employed) ; in 
 some forms of chronic gout and rheumatism; in splenic 
 enlargements as a sequel of malarial fevers, and in 
 certain anaemic and chlorotic conditions associated 
 with functional uterine and gastric disturbances, or 
 the consequence of chronic malarial cachexia. The 
 combination of the alkaline with the iron and arsenic 
 springs renders the cure valuable in such cases. 
 
 The selection of the particular spring and the doses 
 of the water must be adapted to each individual case. 
 The alkaline and the iron and arsenical baths have 
 their appropriate indications. Inhalations and vaginal 
 douches of carbonic acid gas are also prescribed in 
 
358 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 suitable cases. An establishment for giving vapour 
 baths is also available. 
 
 Alkalinity of the chief sources of Vals estimated as bicarbonate of 
 soda per litre. 
 
 Magdaleine 7-35 grammes 
 
 (a) Desir^e 6-04 
 
 Rigolette 5-80 
 
 (a) Precieuse 5-80 
 
 (6) Impe'ratrice r66 
 
 (b) St. Jean 1-48 
 
 (a) Contains also a considerable amount of bicarbonate of 
 magnesia. 
 
 (?) Used as table-waters. 
 
 Season : May i5th to Oct. ist. 
 
 Vernet les Bains, a thermal sulphur bath in the 
 Pyrenees Orientales, on the river Cady, at the foot 
 of the Canigou, on its western side. It has an 
 elevation of 2,100 feet and a mild, dry, and tonic 
 climate. It is one of the most southerly of French 
 spas, being twenty-one hours from Paris and only 
 a short distance from the Spanish frontier. It is 
 half-an-hour's drive from the station Villefranche cle 
 Conflent, the terminus of the line between Perpignan 
 and Prades. Vernet possesses as many as twelve 
 springs varying in temperature from 100 to 140 R, 
 the dominant ingredient of which is sodium sulphide, 
 O'oi88 gramme per litre. The water also contains 
 some free nitrogen and sulphuretted hydrogen gases. 
 Some of these springs contain a large amount of 
 glair ine, which gives them an unctuous feeling. 
 They have been found very useful in some skin 
 affections and in certain forms of gastro-enteritis. 
 They have also been given, in very small doses, in 
 cases of early phthisis. 
 
 The hotter springs are especially reserved for 
 baths and douches, and are chiefly used in cases 
 of chronic rheumatism and other chronic joint 
 affections, as well as in certain cases of perimetritis. 
 
SECT. B.] VICHY. 359 
 
 The weaker springs are drunk and applied as gargles 
 and inhalations, with benefit, in chronic pharyngitis 
 and laryngitis. 
 
 The three bath establishments are perfectly 
 equipped with all the most modern appliances for 
 the application of thermal waters, and in addition 
 possess special apartments devoted to massage, 
 gymnastics, fencing, boxing, etc. The hotel accom- 
 modation is good, the amusements are varied. 
 
 The best season for treatment is from May to 
 October. 
 
 Vernet, besides its thermal establishment, is well 
 known as possessing a sanatorium for the treatment 
 of consumption on hygienic principles. It is known 
 as the Sanatorium du Canigou. It is quite inde- 
 pendent of the baths. 
 
 Vichy, one of the best known spas in Europe 
 and perhaps the most frequented of all the French 
 spas, is situated on the right bank of the river Allier 
 in the Department of that name, about 240 miles 
 from Paris, between seven and eight hours by fast 
 train. It is situated at an elevation of about 850 feet 
 above the sea. Its immediate surroundings cannot 
 be said to be very picturesque, but agreeable and 
 attractive scenery lies close at hand. 
 
 The buildings devoted to the reception of visitors 
 are of the most elaborate kind. The New Etab- 
 lissement Thermal, only recently opened, is one of 
 the most magnificent buildings of its kind, elabor- 
 ately fitted up and admirably adapted to all the 
 purposes it has to serve. There is provided every 
 kind of bath and douche, all kinds of massage, and 
 all forms of " mecanotherapie." There are several 
 smaller bath establishments. 
 
 Inhalations of oxygen and of carbonic acid are 
 provided. A carbonic acid bath is also employed, 
 and is regarded there as a valuable remedy in 
 certain forms of neuralgia and in cases of gouty 
 irritation of the skin, while inhalations and douches 
 
360 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 of this gas are said to give relief in some forms of 
 dry asthma, of angina, and of chronic coryza. 
 Other accessory methods of treatment such as the 
 curative application of heat, light, electricity, and 
 mechanical appliances are provided. 
 
 The casino is an elegant and luxurious building, 
 providing every imaginable resource to prevent the 
 visitors at Vichy from falling victims to that most 
 terrible of maladies, F ennui. Balls, concerts, and 
 excellent operatic and dramatic performances, in 
 which some of the most distinguished actors and 
 singers in France frequently take part, are daily 
 provided. 
 
 Vichy may be regarded as the type of simple 
 alkaline springs, its richness in bicarbonate of sodium 
 being its chief characteristic. 
 
 Its immediate neighbourhood is extraordinarily 
 rich in mineral springs. Wherever a shaft is sunk 
 within a distance of six or seven miles in the basin 
 surrounding the place, alkaline gaseous springs 
 analogous to those of Vichy are certain to be 
 found. Hence it is that many of the springs 
 are private property and bear the names of their 
 proprietors such, for example, as the Source 
 Lardy, the Source Larbaud, and others, each 
 proprietor naturally claiming special virtues for 
 his own spring. But the springs chiefly employed 
 belong to the State. Now, although all these springs 
 are of the same general character, they differ, many 
 of them, from one another in obvious physical 
 qualities. Some are cold, most are hot ; some con- 
 tain a considerable quantity of free carbonic acid, 
 some contain very little ; some are clear and spark- 
 ling, some are slightly cloudy. 
 
 Moreover, some of the Vichy springs contain 
 iron in appreciable quantity, while others do not, 
 and this fact is made use of to classify these springs 
 into two groups the simple alkaline waters and the 
 alkaline iron waters. It is to the possession of the 
 former, however, that Vichy owes its great reputa- 
 
SECT. B.J VICHY. 361 
 
 tion. The predominating ingredient in all the sources 
 of Vichy is bicarbonate of soda, and it is the chief 
 one in its simple alkaline springs. Of these there are 
 three which are commonly drunk. Two are hot 
 springs viz. the Grande Grille, having a temperature 
 of 106 F., and L'Hopital, having a temperature ,of 
 81*5 F.); the third is a cold spring, the well-known 
 Celestins, so called because of the existence of an 
 ancient convent of that name close to the source. It 
 is a very pleasant water to drink, and has none of the 
 disagreeable alkaline taste which an ordinary solution 
 of bicarbonate of soda has. Its taste is, moreover, quite 
 different from that of the other two springs, although 
 their chemical composition is nearly identical. The 
 difference of temperature and of relative proportions 
 of free carbonic acid in each may, to a certain 
 extent, account for this. 
 
 The mineral constituents found in the Vichy 
 springs amount to about 8 grammes in the litre. 
 Besides bicarbonate of soda, these sources con- 
 tain bicarbonates of potash, magnesia, strontia, 
 and lime, chloride of sodium, and small quanti- 
 ties of sulphate and phosphate of soda. Some 
 of the springs at Vichy contain as much as 5 
 grammes of bicarbonate of soda to the litre ; this 
 fact, together with the relatively high temperature 
 of some of its springs, gives to these waters a very 
 high degree of importance medically. It is worth 
 noticing that these springs contain also a minute 
 quantity of arsenic, two or three milligrammes of 
 arsenate of soda in a litre. This ingredient increases 
 in quantity, and assumes great importance, in some 
 of the neighbouring spas of Auvergne. 
 
 The spring at Vichy which contains the largest 
 amount of iron is the Source Mesdames. It arises 
 about two miles from Vichy, and is conveyed to the 
 town in pipes. Another spring, the Hauterive, which 
 contains a notable amount of iron, and is richest of 
 all in free carbonic acid, arises at a distance of three 
 miles from Vichy, and is, on both these accounts, 
 M* 
 
362 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART I. 
 
 largely used for bottling and exportation. Four 
 springs have been conducted to the "Trink-hall" 
 of the new establishment the Grande Grille, the 
 Mesdames, the Chomel, and the Lucas. 
 
 It need scarcely be pointed out that serious treat- 
 ment by an active agent such as the mineral waters 
 of Vichy imperatively demands constant and ex- 
 perienced medical counsel and supervision. Where 
 there are so many sources having only slight shades 
 of difference in quality and composition, the ad- 
 vantage of prolonged study and experience in 
 determining the selection of one in preference to 
 another is quite obvious. Then there is the question 
 of the quantity of water suitable to each case, the 
 question of baths and of the length of time during 
 which such baths should be taken, the propriety of 
 using douches and the kind of douche to be em- 
 ployed, the length of time the cure should last : these 
 and many other minor questions must be left to local 
 authority and experience to answer. 
 
 Speaking generally, the source prescribed for 
 stomach affections is L'Hopital, that for hepatic 
 disorders the Grande Grille, and that for gout and 
 renal maladies the Celestins. But in each case the 
 temperament, the constitution, and the habits of the 
 individual have to be considered, as well as the nature 
 of the malady. These traditional indications are 
 not, however, always applicable e.g. when the liver 
 is very irritable and readily congested, the Grande 
 Grille should be used with much caution or altogether 
 avoided, and the Celestins must not be given in cases 
 of old-established renal lesions or cases of irritable 
 bladder. L'Hopital is said to be less exciting than 
 any of the other springs, and best suited to feeble 
 and irritable stomachs. The Grande Grille is hotter, 
 more stimulating, more rapidly digested, acts more 
 quickly and energetically, and is especially indicated 
 in cases of hepatic torpor and congestion and in cases 
 of gallstone, with or without jaundice. It is to be 
 preferred in lymphatic and debilitated constitutions, 
 
SECT. B.] VICHY. 363 
 
 and is of especial value in the malarious cachexia 
 often engendered among the French colonists in 
 Africa, taken either alone or mixed with one of the 
 ferruginous springs. 
 
 The Celestins, much preferred for its agreeable 
 taste and sparkling quality, is said to be highly stimu- 
 lating and exciting to the nervous system. The iron 
 springs, the Source Lardy and the Source Mesdames, 
 are especially serviceable in the case of women and 
 children suffering from the after-effects of malarial 
 fevers, and are also well borne by dyspeptics who re- 
 quire iron. The quantity of water to be taken daily 
 varies of necessity with the malady and the individual ; 
 it is no longer the fashion to prescribe the large 
 quantities which were at one time consumed. In- 
 deed, the tendency has sometimes been towards the 
 other extreme, and very remarkable results have 
 been obtained with quite small doses of the thermal 
 springs. In cases of very feeble digestion only very 
 small doses should at first be prescribed. A short 
 time before breakfast and dinner is considered the 
 best time for drinking the water, the dose varying 
 from three to twelve ounces according to the case. 
 The Vichy physicians consider the baths an important 
 part of the cure. They are usually taken daily for 
 half an hour at a time at a temperature of 86 to 
 93 F., the mineral water being mixed with an 
 equal quantity of fresh water. This is said to be 
 an important precaution, the neglect of which may 
 lead to sleeplessness, headache, congestion of the 
 brain, and many febrile and nervous phenomena. 
 The addition of bran to the bath is a method com- 
 monly adopted for diminishing its stimulating effect. 
 
 The douche, tepid or warm, is more suitable to 
 some cases than the bath, especially to the neuras- 
 thenic or nervous dyspeptics, and the irritable gouty 
 and congestive subjects. The cold douche is reserved 
 for torpid anaemia, for certain forms of atonic 
 dyspepsia, and for those cases generally in which it 
 is desired to rouse and stimulate functional activity. 
 
364 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 The douche-massage as applied at Aix les Bains 
 has been introduced at Vichy and found most 
 serviceable in the treatment of the gouty, the 
 rheumatic, the obese, and certain diabetics. The 
 ascending douche has also been largely used, and 
 is highly esteemed at Vichy. The effect of the local 
 application of the douche in cases of gallstone and 
 of engorgement of the liver and spleen is highly 
 spoken of. The cases, then, to which the course 
 of treatment at Vichy is appropriate are those of 
 dyspepsia, gastric and intestinal, when not due to 
 organic, malignant disease, African dysenteries, the 
 sequelae of malarial fevers, congestion of the liver and 
 gallstones, with the jaundice which frequently 
 accompanies these conditions. Hepatic colic is a 
 malady especially amenable to treatment by the 
 thermal springs of Vichy. 
 
 Cases of gastric ulcer (non-haemorrhagic) are said 
 to do well here when treated with the mineral waters 
 combined with a milk diet. The Vichy course proves 
 particularly valuable in gastro-hepatic dyspepsias, 
 cases in which hepatic torpor and inadequacy plays 
 such an important role. 
 
 Lavage of the stomach with Vichy water is not 
 practised so much now as formerly, as cases of a 
 moderate degree of gastric dilatation recover without 
 recourse to this disagreeable proceeding. Some forms 
 of nervous dyspepsia do well here if the course is 
 combined with hydrotherapy. 
 
 Some years ago a violent dispute arose among the 
 doctors of Vichy as to whether gout could or could 
 not be advantageously treated there. The dispute 
 grew so warm that it was referred to the Minister of 
 Agriculture and Commerce, who referred it to the 
 Academy of Medicine, and this body, in turn, refused 
 to give any very definite decision on so delicate a 
 question. The conclusions of one of the greatest 
 medical authorities in Vichy and in France on this 
 subject may be thus summarised : Seeing that gout is 
 a particular error or vice of nutrition, and that the 
 
SECT. B.J VICHY. 365 
 
 maintenance in their integrity of the natural pheno- 
 mena of nutrition is the chief condition that can 
 preserve from gout, and seeing that one of the most 
 manifest effects of the waters of Vichy, properly 
 administered, is the regulation of the digestive and 
 eliminating functions, and to excite in them a special 
 activity, it follows that the waters of Vichy tend to 
 prevent gout or to correct the gouty constitution by 
 maintaining nutrition intact or by re-establishing it 
 when disturbed. It is in this general way, and not as 
 a specific antidote, that the waters of Vichy are 
 valuable in gout. 
 
 While it was imagined that these waters acted as 
 a kind of chemical antidote to gout, they were often 
 administered in excessively large and injurious quanti- 
 ties ; but now that a different and more rational view 
 of their modus operandi is accepted, the use of small 
 doses, the effects of which are carefully watched, is 
 the order of the day. " Of all the diseases treated at 
 Vichy," writes the eminent authority to whom we 
 have already alluded, " gout is the one whose treat- 
 ment requires the greatest amount of precaution and 
 watchfulness." 
 
 Some cases of gouty eczema do well there, and so 
 do cases of acne rosacea and urticaria when dependent 
 on gastro-hepatic disorder. 
 
 With respect to renal calculous affections so 
 constantly treated with so much success at Vichy, 
 it is to be remembered that it is especially in 
 the uric acid forms that it proves serviceable, and 
 that in cases of phosphatic and oxalic gravel it should 
 be avoided. 
 
 In cases of diabetes the course at Vichy has been 
 frequently found of the greatest advantage ; but in 
 these cases, as, indeed, in cases of gout, the Vichy 
 waters must not be regarded in any sense as a specific 
 remedy, but as producing their good effects through a 
 general amelioration of the processes of nutrition and 
 assimilation. It is to the fat and gouty diabetics that 
 these waters do so much good, while they are of no 
 
366 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 service to the young, thin diabetic, whose case is almost 
 always incurable ; nor are they applicable to the 
 pancreatic and nervous forms. 
 
 Vichy is also one of the many spas to which obese 
 persons resort for the cure of obesity. Douche mas- 
 sage is applied to these cases, together with the 
 internal use of the water. Hereditary forms of 
 obesity have not been found to benefit at Vichy. 
 
 Cases of anaemia, pure and simple, would scarcely 
 come to Vichy for a cure ; but cases of cachectic or 
 symptomatic anaemia i.e. anaemia the consequence 
 of other disease, especially of disease of the organs of 
 digestion and assimilation are no doubt frequently 
 benefited to a great extent by the alkaline iron 
 springs which are met with there. 
 
 The high estimation in which the Vichy waters 
 are held in the treatment of the morbid results left 
 behind by malarial disease, is testified to by the fact 
 that a military hospital has been established there 
 with accommodation for 750 soldiers and officers, 
 invalided after service in the French colonies. 
 
 The physiological action of the Vichy waters is 
 thus explained by the medical authorities experienced 
 in its application : The warm, gaseous, alkaline water 
 taken fasting, by its local action on the stomach, 
 relieves gastric pains and discomfort. Its digestion is 
 easy and rapid, and it promotes appetite. It relieves 
 and often cures the symptoms of gastric dyspepsia, as 
 weight, flatulence, and a feeling of distension after 
 food. The urine is increased in quantity ; its acidity 
 is at first increased and subsequently diminished. 
 About the eighth day a discharge of uric acid and 
 urates has been observed, which with some patients 
 will continue throughout the cure. This points to an 
 acceleration of tissue changes and the promotion of 
 the eliminating function of the kidneys. Towards 
 the twelfth day some disturbance of digestion may 
 occur, such as loss of appetite, furred tongue, consti- 
 pation, sometimes diarrhoea. Interruption of the 
 course for two or three days, and a few doses of a 
 
SECT. B.] VICHY. 367 
 
 purgative water, such as Apenta, will usually suffice 
 to remedy this crise thermale. 
 
 The sum of the physiological effects of the cure at 
 Vichy is to regulate the assimilative functions acting 
 on the liver, the kidneys, and the intestinal tract, 
 but especially on the liver. Its alkalinity in part 
 explains its action. Exercising a modifying action 
 on the secretions it is in a special degree the remedy 
 for defects of assimilation. 
 
 The dietetic regime prescribed at Vichy is not a 
 very severe one, nor is it in any way special. A fair 
 and moderate amount of wholesome food and wine is 
 all that is insisted upon. A breakfast at ten o'clock 
 of two or three courses, of which one is usually of 
 cooked fruit and vegetables and frequently carrots 
 for stewed carrots is a speciality of the breakfasts at 
 Vichy a little red wine and water, or tea or coffee 
 for a beverage ; a dinner at half-past five, which 
 differs in no respect from the dinners met with at the 
 tables d'hote of any good French hotel these two 
 meals form the pension at the hotels. Early hours 
 are the rule there. At six o'clock drinking and bathing 
 commence seriously. Half an hour or an hour of 
 absolute repose after the bath is de rigueur. After 
 the ten o'clock breakfast, a lounge in the open air, or 
 a very gentle promenade, or a ride on a donkey passes 
 the time till two or three in the afternoon, when 
 water drinking begins again, and those bathe who do 
 not like the early morning hour. 
 
 Only two miles from Vichy is another town, 
 Cusset, with important mineral springs. It has this 
 advantage over Vichy, that it is two miles nearer 
 to such picturesque scenery as the neighbourhood 
 offers, and it possesses a spring, the Sainte Marie, 
 much richer in iron than any of those at Vichy. 
 In other respects the waters are of the same 
 composition. The season extends from May i5th 
 to Oct. ist. 
 
 The following table gives the analyses of the 
 three principal springs at Vichy La Grande Grille, 
 
368 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART i. 
 
 L'Hopital, Les Celestins, as well as that of the spring 
 containing the largest amount of iron : 
 
 
 La Grande 
 Grille. 
 
 L'H6pita1. 
 
 Les 
 
 Celestirs. 
 
 Mesdames. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 Bicarbonate of soda 
 
 4-883 
 
 5*029 
 
 5'103 
 
 4*016 
 
 ,, potash ... 
 
 0-352 
 
 0*440 
 
 0*3^5 
 
 0*189 
 
 ,, magnesia 
 
 0-303 
 
 0*200 
 
 0*328 
 
 0*425 
 
 ,, strontia... 
 
 0.003 
 
 O*OO5 
 
 0*005 
 
 0'003 
 
 lime 
 
 '434 
 
 0*570 
 
 0*462 
 
 0*604 
 
 ,, oxide of 
 
 
 
 
 
 iron . . . 
 Sulphate of soda 
 Phosphate of soda 
 
 0*004 
 0*291 
 0*130 
 
 0*004 
 0*291 
 0*046 
 
 0*004 
 0*291 
 0*091 
 
 0*026 
 0*250 
 
 traces 
 
 Arsenate of soda and 
 
 
 
 
 
 lithia 
 
 traces 
 
 Chloride of sodium 
 
 0*534 
 
 0*5l8 
 
 0*534 
 
 o*355 
 
 Silicic acid 
 
 0*070 
 
 0*050 
 
 o'o6o 
 
 0-032 
 
 
 7*914 
 
 8*222 
 
 8*244 
 
 7'8ii 
 
 
 Litre. 
 
 Litre. 
 
 Litre. 
 
 Litre. 
 
 Free carbonic acid 
 
 0*908 
 
 1*067 
 
 1-049 
 
 I*908 
 
 Vittel is more or less a rival of Contrexeville, 
 possessing springs of the same character, composition, 
 and uses. It is only three miles off, and has the 
 advantage of a more open and agreeable situation. 
 Its elevation above the sea is, like that of Contrexe- 
 ville, about 1,100 feet, and its climate is temperate 
 but rather cold, and the nights are fresh. Those 
 who object to the " shut-in" situation of Contrexe- 
 ville will find Vittel more to their taste. 
 
 As to the springs at Vittel, thirteen in number, 
 there are only two in general use the Grande 
 Source, which resembles in all essentials the Pavilion 
 at Contrexeville, but is weaker (it contains r6$ 
 grammes of solid constituents in a litre against 
 2' 3 grammes in the Pavilion), and the Source Salee, 
 a more active spring with 275 grammes of solid 
 constituents to the litre. The former is diuretic, and 
 is given in the same cases i.e. affections of the 
 urinary tract, gravel, etc. and in the same manner 
 
SECT. B.J 
 
 VITTEL. 
 
 369 
 
 as the Pavilion, but it is said to be more digestible 
 though weaker. The Source Salee is laxative and 
 applicable to cases -of stomach and liver affection, 
 biliary colic, and to the cure of habitual constipation. 
 These springs are drunk in large quantities six to 
 twelve glasses a day and the same class of cases 
 are sent to Vittel as to Contrexeville. Two sub- 
 ordinate springs are also in use the Source Marie 
 and the Source des Demoiselles. These are all cold 
 springs of a temperature between 52 and 50 F. 
 
 Baths and douches are used in subordination to 
 the drinking cure, and hydrotherapeutic methods are 
 well carried out. But baths and douches are con- 
 sidered to be counter-indicated in cases of gout. 
 What has been said as to the physiological action 
 of Contrexeville waters applies equally to those of 
 Vittel ; and the maladies treated there are the 
 same gout and renal and biliary concretions mainly, 
 diabetes, dyspepsia, and hepatic congestion when 
 dependent on the uric acid diathesis. 
 
 Like the cure at Contrexeville, here also the 
 excretion of urea is augmented and that of uric acid, 
 after a temporary increase (eliminative), is diminished, 
 and so is the total acidity of the urine. 
 
 Valdieri, in North Italy, Pied- 
 mont, has simple thermal waters, 
 one of which, the Sorgente San 
 Lorenzo, has a temperature of 
 156 F. Valdieri lies in the 
 valley of the Gesso, distant five 
 and a-half hours from the railway 
 station of Cuneo, at an altitude" of 
 2,700 feet. Its waters are used 
 for drinking and bathing a slimy 
 mud is collected from the bottom 
 of the springs, composed in part of 
 organic substances, and is used for 
 local or general applications to the 
 surface of the body , like the mud , or 
 fango, at other Italian spas. The 
 diseases treated there are chronic 
 rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, 
 scrofula, and skin diseases. 
 
 Vallacabras, a Spanish pur- 
 gative water, rich in sodium sul- 
 phate. 
 
 Vals, in Switzerland, Canton 
 Grisons, has warm calcareous 
 springs, the temperature not ex- 
 ceeding 77 to 79 F. It is 
 situated in the Valserthal, four- 
 teen miles from Ilanz, at an 
 altitude of 4,100 feet. Its reputa- 
 tion is wholly local, and it is but 
 little frequented. 
 
 Val Sinestra, in Canton 
 Grisons, Switzerland, has springs 
 which may be termed gaseous, 
 ferruginous, and arsenical. The 
 springs are near Sens, in the 
 Lower Engadine, and about three 
 hours distant from Tarasp-Schuls. 
 
370 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 [PART i. 
 
 The waters are brought to Schuls 
 chiefly, and they are also exported. 
 They contain per litre 0-0017 to 
 0-0019 of sodium arsenate, 0-03 
 of bicarbonate of iron, and 1-5 of 
 bicarbonate of lime. 
 
 Vegri di Valdagno, in the 
 vicinity of Recoaro, has sulphate 
 of iron waters. 
 
 Veldes, in Upper Carniola, 
 Austria, on the Lake of Veldes, 
 in the Savethal, at an altitude of 
 1,560 feet, has an indifferent 
 thermal spring of a temperature of 
 80 F. The situation is a fine 
 one, and it is resorted to in the 
 summer for ' ' sun-baths ' ' and 
 hydrotherapy. The railway station 
 at Lees- Veldes is about three- 
 quarters of an hour's drive. 
 
 Vicarello, about sixteen miles 
 from Rome, has simple thermal 
 waters. Temperature 113 F. 
 Said to be the Roman Aqua 
 Apollinaris. 
 
 Vic le Comte (or St. Maurice), 
 France, Puy de Dome, on the 
 line from Clermont Ferrand to 
 Issoire station, three miles from 
 the bath has thermal springs, 
 containing sodium bicarbonate 
 and sodium chloride, of the type 
 of the Royat waters. The Source 
 St. Marguerite is the most 
 important, and contains, per litre, 
 nearly 5 grammes, together of 
 sodium bicarbonate and chloride, 
 O'oo2 of sodium arsenate, and 0-05 
 of bicarbonate of iron. Its tem- 
 perature is 88 F. These waters 
 are exported. 
 
 Vic sur Cere, Department 
 
 Cantal, France, a small bath 
 about twelve miles from Aurillac, 
 at the foot of the mountains of 
 Cantal, in Central France, 
 having cold gaseous chalybeate 
 arsenical waters. They are re- 
 ported to contain, per litre, 
 sodium arsenate 0-008, in addition 
 to sodium bicarbonate i'8, sodium 
 chloride 1-2, and bicarbonate of 
 iron 0-05, and some salts of lime 
 and magnesium. These waters 
 are chiefly exported. 
 
 Vidago, a Portuguese bath, 
 having waters somewhat analagous 
 in composition and therapeutic 
 properties to those of Vichy. The 
 strongest are reported to contain, 
 per litre, sodium bicarbonate 
 4-6, lithium bicarbonate 0-03, 
 calcium bicarbonate 0-9, and 
 bicarbonate of iron o'oi ; also 
 some free carbonic acid gas. The 
 water is bottled for exportation, 
 
 Villach, in Carinthia, has 
 indifferent thermal springs. 
 
 Vinadio, North I,taly, Pied- 
 mont, has thermal common salt and 
 sulphur waters and natural vapour 
 baths (stufe), also fango or hot 
 mud for outward application. 
 It is twenty-two miles from the 
 railway station of Cuneo. 
 
 Viterbo, Province of Rome, has 
 thermal sulphur waters. 
 
 Voeslau, in Lower Austria, 
 about thirty miles south of 
 Vienna, has it-arm, indifferent 
 springs (75 F.), only used for 
 baths in neurasthenic conditions 
 in women. The grape cure is also 
 carried out there. 
 
 Weilbach, a cold sulphur bath in Hesse-Nassau, 
 Germany, is situated between Frankfort and Wies- 
 baden, a short drive from Florsheim station, at an 
 elevation of 440 feet above the sea. It has two 
 springs, known as the Schwefelquelle and the Natrion- 
 lithionquelle. The former is a cold and feebly 
 mineralised spring, but contains sulphuretted hydrogen 
 
SECT. B.] WEISSENBURG. 371 
 
 gas. It is considered to be useful in the treatment 
 of obese persons with a tendency to hypertrophy of 
 the liver and haemorrhoids. The spray and vapour 
 of this water are inhaled in cases of catarrh of the 
 respiratory organs. It is used also for the pre- 
 paration of sulphur baths. 
 
 The water of the Natrion-lithionquelle is an 
 alkaline common salt water, containing sodium 
 chloride i'2, sodium carbonate 1-3, and lithium 
 bicarbonate 0*009. It is applied in the treatment 
 of gouty and renal affections and gastro-intestinal 
 catarrh. 
 
 The sulphur water is used not only in the cases 
 mentioned, but also in metallic poisoning, and in the 
 treatment of constitutional syphilis. 
 
 The season is from the beginning of May to the 
 end of September. 
 
 Weissenburg. A Swiss weakly mineralised 
 slightly warm calcareous or earthy spring in 
 Canton Bern, a three hours' drive from the railway 
 station of Thun. Weissenburg is situated at an 
 altitude of 2,820 feet in a sheltered and well- wooded 
 valley leading out of the Simmenthal in a north- 
 westerly direction. The new bath establishment is 
 a mile and a- quarter from the village. 
 
 The bath establishment is surrounded by dense 
 forests of pine and beech trees, so that there is 
 almost entire freedom from dust and from high 
 winds, while there are many shady and agreeable 
 walks. The mean humidity of the atmosphere is 
 rather high in .summer, and this may be accounted 
 for by the spray from the neighbouring torrent 
 and its cascades, and the influence of surrounding 
 forests. 
 
 The mineral spring has a temperature of about 
 80 F., and is practically only used for drinking. It 
 is feebly mineralised, its total solids per litre only 
 amounting to 1-39, of which calcium sulphate forms 
 0*95. It also contains small amounts of carbonate 
 
372 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 of calcium and magnesium and of sulphates of mag- 
 nesium, sodium, and potassium. This water is 
 diuretic in its action, and at first tends to constipate, 
 but it is said to act later on as a laxative. 
 
 It is usual to commence with very small doses, 
 an ounce or two, which are gradually increased until 
 about twenty ounces are taken daily. If it causes 
 constipation, it is usual to add to the water a little 
 magnesium sulphate. Feeble patients are advised 
 to take the early morning doses of the water in bed. 
 It is said to facilitate expectoration in pulmonary 
 cases. 
 
 The speciality of this spa is the treatment or 
 respiratory affections, catarrh of the respiratory 
 passages, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and the early 
 stages of pulmonary tuberculosis. The water drink- 
 ing has perhaps less curative influence in these latter 
 cases than the soothing and invigorating climate, the 
 regulated, hygienic mode of life, and the calm and 
 restful surroundings with the out-of-door exercise in 
 the pine woods. 
 
 The season is from May i5th to Sept. 3oth. 
 
 Wiesbaden, in Hesse-Nassau, a few miles from 
 Frankfort on the Main, at an elevation of 380 feet, is 
 one of the oldest as well as one of the most popular 
 spas in Germany, and the reputation of its baths 
 reaches back to the time of the Romans. Unlike 
 most of the other spas, it is open all the year round, 
 having a winter season as well 1 as a summer season. 
 So Wiesbaden has grown to be a considerable town, 
 and presents on that account many advantages to the 
 invalid visitor. It has excellent hotels and lodging- 
 houses of all kinds and of all prices. Education is 
 good and not expensive, and the same may be said 
 of its amusements. 
 
 Wiesbaden aims at providing nearly everything 
 that all classes of invalids may require, and possesses 
 special resources for all kinds of special maladies. 
 There are excellent establishments for the application 
 
SECT. B.] WIESBADEN: 373 
 
 of hydrotherapy, with douches, large swimming- 
 baths, etc., and for the application also of electro- 
 therapy. Milk and whey cures are available, cows 
 and goats being fed in a special manner for the 
 purpose ; and the grape-cure is introduced in 
 the autumn. This is particularly recommended as 
 an " after-cure," after a course of the waters. Wies- 
 baden is also well supplied with special medical skill 
 in the shape of oculists, aurists, dentists, etc., so 
 that it forms a sort of invalids' compendium ; while 
 it lays claim to virtues as a winter climate which, 
 it must be admitted, can scarcely be granted it as 
 a summer residence. Surrounded on all sides by 
 hills, except to the south, to which it lies completely 
 exposed, it has the disadvantage of being very hot 
 in summer during the daytime : the early mornings 
 and the evenings are, however, cool, for cold currents 
 of air blow down into the valley from the Taunus 
 mountains after the sun goes down. 
 
 With regard to the springs at Wiesbaden, their 
 virtues are widely known. Their chief charac- 
 teristic is their high temperature, the Kochbrunnen 
 having a temperature of 150 F. ; and their chief 
 constituent is, like so many of the neighbouring 
 spas, common salt. Out of 8*20 grammes of solid 
 ingredients in a litre of the water, nearly seven 
 consist of common salt. There is nothing charac- 
 teristic in the other ingredients, which are for the 
 most part those generally found combined with com- 
 mon salt in other salt springs. There are many 
 other springs, but the only ones used for drinking 
 besides the Kochbrunnen are the Wilhelmsquelle, 
 the Adlerquelle, and the Schutzenhofquelle. 
 
 In what is known and sold as Wiesbaden Gicht- 
 wasser, a considerable quantity of sodium bicarbonate 
 is added to the water of the Kochbrunnen. The com- 
 plaints which are said to be especially benefited by the 
 Wiesbaden springs are those, in the first place, which 
 fall under the category of chronic rheumatism, 
 chronic atonic gout, and neuralgia, old rheumatic 
 
374 MINERAL SPRINGS. ' [PART i. 
 
 and gouty deposits, and thickenings about the joints, 
 as well as muscular rheumatism, and, of neuralgic 
 disorders, sciatica in particular. Cases of paralysis 
 due to chronic inflammation of the coverings of the 
 spinal cord are benefited by the hot baths ; so are 
 diseases of the bones, and especially those resulting 
 from gunshot injuries. Chronic ulcers of the skin 
 and some forms of skin diseases, such as eczema, and 
 scrofulous enlargement of glands, are appropriate to 
 treatment at this spa as well as at other salt spas. 
 Cases of protracted syphilitic infection are treated at 
 Wiesbaden in the same manner as at Aix la Chapelle, 
 and those of inflammation of the female pelvic organs 
 as at Kreuznach. It is generally believed that the 
 high temperature of the baths is the chief special 
 influence which is operative in the Wiesbaden cure, 
 but most of the patients are expected to drink the 
 water as well as bathe in it ; and, regarded as a 
 drinking spring, other ailments must be added to 
 the list of those already named, chiefly catarrhal 
 conditions of the mucous membranes e.g. chronic 
 gastric catarrh, chronic intestinal catarrh, and chronic 
 laryngeal and bronchial catarrh; all these are said 
 to be amenable to cure, or, at any rate, to great 
 amelioration, by drinking the Wiesbaden waters. 
 Inhalation chambers are provided for the treatment 
 of catarrh of the respiratory passages. 
 
 The routine of drinking begins at 6 a.m., and 
 from that hour till eight the young women at the 
 Kochbrunnen are busily engaged in supplying the 
 crowd of applicants for glasses of the steaming hot 
 beverage, too hot to be drunk at a draught, so that 
 it has to be slowly sipped or allowed to cool a little 
 before it can be swallowed. 
 
 The baths are taken either early in the morning 
 or about an hour after breakfast ; patients are 
 required, according to the case, to remain in the bath 
 from twenty minutes to an hour, and a period of 
 complete repose after the bath is earnestly enforced. 
 The water is much too hot to be used as a bath 
 
SECT. B.] WILDBAD. 375 
 
 as it issues from the springs, and it is therefore 
 allowed to cool during the night, either in the baths 
 themselves or in reservoirs connected with the bath- 
 houses. The baths are mostly given in certain hotels 
 and bath-houses. These are for the most part in 
 the neighbourhood of the hot springs. It is un- 
 doubtedly an immense convenience, especially to 
 those who are crippled by their maladies, to be able 
 to get their baths in the hotels they live in. The 
 baths are taken in the form of full baths and douches. 
 A rain douche of moderately cold water must indeed 
 be an excellent method of refreshing the patient after 
 half an hour in these hot baths. 
 
 In connection with the hotel Kaiserhof, a very 
 complete new bath establishment has been erected, 
 the Augusta Victoria Bath, which aims at provid- 
 ing invalids with all the varied resources of " physical 
 therapeutics." It includes mud (fango), hot sand, 
 electric, medicated, and Turkish baths, Swedish 
 gymnastics, inhalations, pneumatic chambers, etc. 
 
 The period of the cure must not be circumscribed 
 by a hard and fast line. The typical twenty-one 
 baths must often be extended to perhaps twice that 
 number. The environs of Wiesbaden are exceedingly 
 agreeable, and many beautiful walks and drives may 
 be taken through the forests which cover the sur- 
 rounding hills. A funicular railway recently made up 
 the Nersberg provides easy access to beautiful views 
 and to the fresh air of the Taunus forests. 
 
 Wildbad, in the Wiirtemberg Black Forest, is 
 the type of indifferent thermal waters, or, as they 
 are termed in Germany, Wildbader. It lies in 
 the narrow but beautiful valley of the Enz, at an 
 altitude of 1,400 feet. The river Enz runs through 
 the little town, and there are pleasant walks in 
 the grounds on both sides of the river, as well as 
 in some gardens about a mile from the town. There 
 are also steep zigzag walks up the wooded slopes 
 of the valley. The climate is mildly bracing, and 
 
376 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PARF i. 
 
 though it may be hot at midday the nights are 
 usually cool. 
 
 The temperature of the hot springs, which are 
 numerous, ranges between 92 and 104 F. Most 
 of the springs are alike in being very feebly 
 mineralised, containing minute amounts of sodium 
 salts, chloride, sulphate, and bicarbonate, and a 
 little lime. The springs chiefly used for drinking 
 are the Eberhardsbrunnen and the Konigsbrunnen. 
 The waters of other spas are often drunk at Wild- 
 bad when an active water is required. 
 
 The characteristic bath the Wildbad given 
 there is an ordinary thermal bath, the water of 
 which bubbles up through a sandy floor, and by 
 means of an overflow pipe is also continually 
 running off, like the French bath a lean courant. 
 In this way the temperature of the bath is main- 
 tained constant. 
 
 Other mineral baths are also provided cold 
 and hot as well as hot air and vapour baths, 
 douches, electric baths, and Swedish gymnastics, 
 with Zander's appliances. 
 
 All the bathing arrangements are commodious 
 and even luxurious. 
 
 The diseases suitable for treatment at Wildbad 
 are such as are sent to other simple thermal spas. 
 They are cases of gouty and rheumatoid arthritis 
 in debilitated subjects, and stiff joints, the result 
 of injury ; cases of retarded convalescence from 
 acute disease, functional nervous disorders, and 
 even organic nervous affections at an early stage, 
 hysteria, hypochondria in irritable subjects requiring 
 reposeful surroundings, neurasthenia, old hemiplegias 
 or paraplegias, cases of over-work, combined with 
 general debility, and needing rest in a moderately 
 bracing and sedative climate. Pleasant walks and 
 drives of almost any distance can be taken in the 
 surrounding forests. The season is from May ist 
 to the end of September. 
 
 The railway station is the terminus of the 
 
SECT. B.] WILDUNGEN. 377 
 
 Pforzheim - Wildbad line ; the usual route from 
 London being Cologne, Carlsruhe, Pforzheim. 
 
 Wildungen, in the principality of Waldeck- 
 Pyrmont, Germany, represents in that country the 
 type of bath of which Contrexeville is the chief 
 representative in France. Its springs are classed 
 amongst the earthy or calcareous waters. Wildun- 
 gen is pleasantly situated at an altitude of nearly 
 1,000 feet, in an open valley, sheltered to some 
 extent from cold winds, and can be reached from 
 Cassel in two hours by the Wildungen-Wabern 
 branch line. The Bad, with its hotels and villas, 
 is at the western part of the town, and it has shady 
 woods close at hand, affording every attraction for 
 out-of-door exercise. The three springs most re- 
 sorted to are the George- Victorquelle, the Helenen- 
 quelle, and the Konigsquelle. The water of these 
 springs is cold and gaseous, and contains chiefly 
 calcium and magnesium bicarbonate (0-5 to 1-3 
 grammes per litre), and some bicarbonate of iron 
 (0*018 to 0*036). 
 
 The George- Victor is the most feebly mineralised, 
 the Konigsquelle contains the most iron, and the 
 Helenenquelle a certain amount of sodium bicar- 
 bonate (0*84), and these two springs each contain 
 about ro per litre of sodium chloride, as well as 
 calcium and magnesium bicarbonate in about the 
 same proportion. 
 
 Other springs occasionally drunk at Wildungen 
 are the Thalquelle, an earthy, chalybeate water, 
 and the Stahlquelle, a gaseous chalybeate spring 
 rich in carbonic acid and containing 0*07 per 
 litre of bicarbonate of iron. Both these springs 
 are at some distance from the town, but the 
 water of the Stahlquelle and of the Helenen- 
 quelle are supplied at the George- Victorquelle. 
 
 The bath-house, where patients can also reside, 
 has a spring of its own. The Konigsquelle has also 
 a bath-house attached to it. 
 
378 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 The speciality of Wildungen, as of its French 
 rival, Contrexeville, is the treatment of maladies of 
 the urinary organs, such as calculous patients, renal 
 or vesical, cases of chronic pyelitis and cystitis, 
 cases of prostatic hypertrophy and its sequelae, cases 
 of uric acid gravel and irritative albuminuria. 
 
 Naturally the majority of the patients are men, 
 but women are also treated there when they suffer 
 from gravel, or vesical irritability from other 
 causes. 
 
 The waters are usually taken in the morning 
 fasting, often again before the midday meal, and 
 occasionally in the afternoon also. It is a usual 
 practice to warm the water before drinking. Mixing 
 a little hot whey or milk with it renders it more 
 digestible and more agreeable to some patients. 
 
 Only a certain section of the patients are ordered 
 to take baths, usually those with renal (uric acid) 
 calculi or gravel, which are given at a temperature 
 varying from 80 to 100 F. 
 
 The Helenenquelle, on account of its greater 
 alkalinity, is usually prescribed in cases of great 
 bladder irritability, with acid urine, and it is often 
 prescribed at the commencement of the course, 
 because it is more readily tolerated by the stomach. 
 The George-Victorquelle is thought more suitable 
 when there is much vesical catarrh with alkaline, 
 phosphatic urine. The Stahlquelle is a useful 
 resource in anaemic cases. 
 
 The diet in the hotels is regulated to the require- 
 ments of the cases treated there ; rich and highly 
 seasoned dishes are avoided, beer is prohibited, and 
 sweets and wine or spirits are only allowed in great 
 moderation. 
 
 Wildungen has been termed a surgical spa, 
 which is a tribute to the surgical skill of its 
 medical men. Surgical methods of treatment are 
 frequently called for and practised, as lithotrity, 
 division or dilatation of urethral structures, etc. 
 It is maintained that the use of these waters often 
 
SECT. B.] WOODHALL SPA. 379 
 
 induces a condition favourable to operative methods. 
 Few other patients than those enumerated seek 
 relief from their maladies at Wildungen, yet the 
 alkaline Helenenquelle is well adapted to the 
 treatment of chronic bronchial catarrh and certain 
 forms of dyspepsia, which, moreover, could not fail 
 to be benefited by the tonic air of the forests and 
 the wholesome diet. 
 
 Though this spa is open to patients all through 
 the year, the season generally chosen for a cure 
 there is between May loth and Sept. 25th. 
 
 Woodhall Spa, near Horncastle, Lincolnshire, 
 37 feet above the level of the sea, has acquired a 
 great reputation on account of its so-called bromo- 
 iodine spring. Woodhall is situated in an elevated 
 part of Lincolnshire, twenty-three miles due west of 
 the coast. Its subsoil is dry sand with iron stone, 
 and the climate is dry and invigorating. The country 
 around is wooded and agreeable. Woodhall Spa is near 
 enough to the sea to be influenced by the sea breezes. 
 It is in a part of England which has the smallest 
 annual rainfall not much more than twenty inches. 
 
 The hotel accommodation is good, and com- 
 fortable lodging-houses near the baths can be found. 
 The water supply is good, being brought from the 
 Wolds, fifteen miles off. 
 
 Dr. Frankland, in his analysis of this water 
 (1891), found that it contained per litre 19*5 sodium 
 chloride, 1*27 calcium chloride, 1-114 magnesium 
 chloride, 0*0635 of sodium and potassium bromide 
 together, and 0*0075 of potassium iodide, and no free 
 iodine and no arsenic. The Woodhall Spa water is 
 therefore a moderately strong common salt water 
 with small amounts of bromides and iodides. Its 
 temperature is 56 F. 
 
 The water when drawn from the well was found 
 by Frankland to be very turbid, and on long standing 
 to deposit reddish matter consisting almost entirely 
 of hydrated peroxide of iron. 
 
380 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 A Mutterlauge, or " mother lye/' is also prepared 
 here by evaporation of the salt water, as at other 
 common salt spas on the Continent, and is used for 
 local compresses and for fortifying the baths. 
 
 Although the amount of bromides and iodides 
 may appear small, it must be remembered that in 
 the large bulk of water required to make a full bath 
 the total amount of these compounds would assume 
 a very respectable figure, and as there seems to be 
 little doubt that iodine compounds, at any rate, can 
 be absorbed by the skin, under favourable conditions, 
 it may be concluded that this is the case in connection 
 with treatment at Woodhall. 
 
 These waters are applied in various ways at the 
 spa as full and partial baths, as douches, with or 
 without Aix massage, as uterine and vaginal in- 
 jections, vapour baths, and as sprays for inhalation 
 and irrigation in chronic nasal, pharyngeal, and 
 laryngeal catarrhs. 
 
 The diseases which have been found especially 
 benefited by treatment at Woodhall are the follow- 
 ing : rheumatism and gout, chronic rheumatoid 
 arthritis, chronic catarrhal states of the mucous 
 membranes, respiratory and genito-urinary, uterine 
 and vaginal leucorrhcea, functional hepatic dis- 
 orders, biliousness, scrofulous and syphilitic affections 
 of the skin, bones, and joints, chronic periuterine 
 inflammatory exudations, and fibroid tumours of the 
 uterus. 
 
 Woodhall Spa is about four hours from London, 
 and the spa is open all the year round, but the 
 summer and autumn months are the most favourable 
 for the cure. 
 
 Warasdin-Teplitz, in Croatia, | Warmbad, near Wolkenstein, 
 
 at an altitude of 920 feet, three 
 hours from the railway station of 
 Csakathurn, has weakly mineral- 
 ised thermal sulphur waters, tem- 
 perature 136 F., said to be the 
 Aquae Jasae of the Romans. 
 
 in the Erz Mountains, Saxony 
 railway station, Flossplatz, on the 
 Chemnitz- Weipert line lies at an 
 elevation of about 1,500 feet, in a 
 well-wooded branch valley of the 
 Zoschopau, and has simple thermal 
 
SECT. B.J 
 
 WA RMBR UNNZA IZON, 
 
 waters (temperature about 80 F.), 
 containing a little sodium chloride 
 and carbonate. They are used 
 for drinking and for baths and 
 douches in cases of nervous affec- 
 tions, rheumatism, gout, gastro- 
 intestinal and female complaints. 
 Season, May i to Oct. i. 
 
 Warmbrunn, on the northern 
 slope of the Riesengebirge, in 
 Prussian Silesia, at an elevation 
 of about 1,100 feet, railway station 
 on the Hirschberg-Petersdorf line 
 (it also has electric railway to 
 Hirschberg), is a summer resort, 
 and has several simple thermal 
 springs with temperatures varying 
 from 77 to 109 F., containing a 
 little sodium sulphate and car- 
 bonate. They are used for 
 drinking and for baths. There is 
 also a swimming bath. A chaly- 
 beate spring is likewise used 
 there, the Victoriaquelle. Mud, 
 carbonic acid, and electric baths, 
 hydrotherapy and massage are 
 also available. The season is from 
 May i to Oct. i. 
 
 Werl, a small brine bath in 
 Westphalia. 
 
 Werne, a thermal brine bath in 
 Westphalia. 
 
 Wildegg, in the valley of the Aar , 
 Switzerland, about two and a-half 
 miles from Schinznach, has a 
 cold spring f belonging to the 
 common salt group, but containing 
 sodium iodide and bromide, 
 together amounting to 0-041 per 
 litre, in addition to sodium 
 chloride 10 grammes, magnesium 
 chloride i'6, and calcium sulphate 
 1-8. It is made use of at the 
 neighbouring spa of Schinznach 
 in scrofulous diseases, and is 
 exported. 
 
 Wimpfen, on the Neckar, has 
 brine baths, the brine coming from 
 the Ludwigs - hable salt works. 
 Franzensbad Moor baths, pine- 
 needle baths, and hydrotherapy 
 are also available. Railway station 
 I on the Heidelberg-Jagstfeld line. 
 
 Wipfeld, in Lower Franconia, 
 ! Bavaria, has cold calcareous 
 | springs, one of which, the 
 Ludwigsquelle, is strongly sul- 
 phurous. It contains i gramme 
 per litre of calcium sulphate 
 and 24 volumes of H 2 S. It 
 i has also weak chalybeate springs. 
 The sulphur water is used for 
 drinking and for preparing sul- 
 i phur mud-baths ; gout and rheu- 
 I matism are the maladies especially 
 i treated. 
 
 Wittekind, a common salt water, 
 near the University town of Halle, 
 in Saxony ; also a sanatorium. 
 The water is aerated with car- 
 bonic acid for drinking and 
 exportation, and is strengthened 
 with Mutter lauge, or bath salt, for 
 bathing. It contains 35 grammes 
 per litre of common salt. 
 
 Yverdon, Canton Vaud, Switzer- 
 land, on the line between 
 Lausanne and Neuchatel, has 
 j feebly mineralised warm sulphur 
 \ waters containing 3-4 volumes per 
 j litre of H 2 S. The bath establish- 
 ment is well equipped for treat- 
 ment by pulverisation and inhala- 
 tion, douches, massage, etc. 
 
 Zaizon, in Transylvania, at an 
 altitude of 2,600 feet, has a -a'cak 
 gaseous alkaline common salt spring, 
 having sodium bicarbonate 1-3 
 and chloride o - 6 per litre. It 
 has also a weak chalybeate water. 
 It is frequented by women and 
 children chiefly. 
 
SECTION C. 
 
 THE APPLICATION OF MINERAL WATERS 
 
 AND BATHS TO THE ALLEVIATION AND 
 
 CURE OF DISEASE. 
 
 IT is exclusively in the treatment of chronic disease 
 that courses of mineral waters and baths are applic- 
 able, and such courses are most commonly resorted 
 to when other remedial measures and methods of 
 treatment have failed to bring the needed relief. In 
 the term " chronic " we include those conditions of 
 debility, retarded convalescence, and other deviations 
 from health which appear as sequelce of acute 
 affections. 
 
 COUNTER-INDICATIONS. 
 
 But there are certain forms and conditions, even of 
 chronic disease, in which mineral-water treatment is 
 counter-indicated. It is customary in the descriptions 
 of different mineral springs, after mentioning the 
 various morbid conditions in which their use is indi- 
 cated, to mention also the " counter-indications " to 
 their use. In these counter-indications there is a 
 remarkable uniformity, and we find the majority of 
 them are of general application. We have, therefore, 
 in the foregoing descriptions, in order to avoid fre- 
 quent repetition, omitted, for the most part, any 
 reference to counter-indications. We propose, how- 
 ever, to mention these now, first, as applying to the 
 use of mineral waters and baths generally, and 
 second, as applying to particular groups of spas. 
 
 At one period, and that not very long ago, it 
 was customary to include all forms of organic heart 
 disease amongst the cases counter-indicated gener- 
 ally in mineral-water courses. At present the 
 tendency is to the opposite extreme, and nearly 
 
SECT, c.j COUNTER-INDICATIONS. 383 
 
 every spa claims to be suitable and beneficial in the 
 treatment of certain forms of cardiac disease. This 
 question will be considered later on, but it may be 
 now stated that the physicians, at nearly all spas, 
 regard advanced cardiac disease, and incompletely 
 compensated valvular lesions, as amongst the counter- 
 indications. Advanced arterio-sclerosis is universally 
 counter-indicated, so are all forms of malignant and 
 serious organic visceral disease. Advanced hepatic 
 and renal cirrhosis are generally counter-indicated, so 
 are all advanced and febrile and cachectic forms of 
 pulmonary tuberculosis and all cases with a tendency 
 to haemoptysis, and, indeed, all maladies with a dis- 
 position to internal haemorrhage. Cases of grave 
 diabetes with great emaciation, all forms of advanced 
 renal degeneration with renal inadequacy, aneurisms, 
 cases of true angina pectoris, are all uniformly regarded 
 as unsuitable to treatment by baths and waters. Grave 
 and recent affections' of the central nervous system, 
 epilepsy, cases of great nervous depression, and old, 
 confirmed cases of paralysis, with chronic contractures 
 and atrophied muscles, incapable of responding to 
 electrical excitation, are counter-indicated. Maladies 
 complicated with pregnancy are unsuited to thermal 
 treatment. 
 
 Besides these general counter-indications, we may 
 point out some special ones.* In some of the sodium 
 chloride springs (Salins du Jura, Santenay, Chatel- 
 guyon), cases of acid dyspepsia, of diarrhoea, of pro- 
 found nervous debility, of irritable neurasthenia, of 
 advanced age are counter-indicated ; and those of 
 the same group that contain iodine are unsuited 
 to the anaemic and cachectic and to states of chronic 
 inflammation of the digestive organs. At La 
 Mouillere the asthmatic and emphysematous are 
 objected to. The class of purgative " bitter waters " 
 are obviously counter-indicated in catarrhal affections 
 of the stomach and intestines with diarrhoea. 
 
 * As testified to by resident physicians. 
 
384 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 In the group of earthy calcareous waters (Con- 
 trexeville, Vittel, Martigny, Capvern) the following 
 cases have been classed amongst the counter-indica- 
 tions : much gastric dilatation, gastric hyperacidity, 
 great irritability of bladder, great prostatic hyper- 
 trophy with retention and stagnation of urine, tight 
 urethral stricture, vesical calculus, advanced 
 pyelitis, with much albumen in the urine. At 
 Contrexeville it is insisted upon that the gouty should 
 not come until at least a month has elapsed since an 
 acute attack. At Martigny the presence of gall- 
 stones is mentioned as a counter-indication. Evian 
 objects to cases of considerable gastric dilatation ; 
 La Malou to all skin affections. Royat declines the 
 scrofulous, the tuberculous, and the plethoric. 
 
 Amongst the sulphur baths, Aix les Bains finds 
 the following counter-indicated : acute attacks of gout 
 and rheumatism, old prostatic cases with partial 
 retention, hepatic and renal calculi, uterine fibromata, 
 with tendency to haemorrhage, exaggerated neuroses 
 and advanced age. Bareges objects to gout in all its 
 forms ; Cauterets, to rheumatoid arthritis, hepatic 
 and renal colic, uric acid gravel, gouty dyspepsia 
 and obstinate constipation ; linage (sulphur and 
 sodium chloride) counter-indicates the plethoric, 
 hepatic, renal, vesical, and prostatic affections and 
 gastric disorders, except atonic cases with constipa- 
 tion ; also hysteria and recent chorea. 
 
 Speaking more generally, sulphur waters are 
 counter-indicated by Continental physicians in all 
 cases of greatly enfeebled digestion, in cases of pro- 
 found anaemia, in functional cardiao disturbances and 
 cardiac irritability, the latter often arising while 
 drinking sulphur waters. 
 
 It is not a matter of importance what order we 
 follow in considering the application of mineral 
 springs to the treatment of various maladies, but we 
 propose to follow the usual course, and to deal first 
 with what are known as " constitutional " affections 
 
SECT, c.] ANEMIA AND CHLOROSIS. 385 
 
 and afterwards with the chronic disorders of particular 
 organs. Some include rheumatic affections under 
 " constitutional " diseases, as we propose to do, others 
 treat of them as " diseases of the joints " ; it is of 
 little practical importance which view is adopted. 
 
 ANEMIA AND CHLOROSIS. 
 
 In bloodless conditions, however induced, whether 
 from profuse or continued loss of blood, or from the 
 functional exhaustion following attacks of acute 
 disease with retarded convalescence, or associated 
 with the developmental and menstrual troubles of 
 puberty in females, or as the consequence of chronic 
 disturbance of the nutritive functions connected with 
 some chronic malady in most such cases we may 
 often be able to promote haemogenesis, or blood re- 
 storation, by prescribing a course of natural chalybeate 
 water, associated with the stimulating gaseous iron 
 baths usually administered at such spas. 
 
 But the success attending such a course will 
 depend very greatly on the choice of a suitable 
 resort, where, besides the presence of a tonic iron 
 spring, the patient will find the climatic, dietetic, 
 social, and other conditions calculated to improve 
 nutrition and adapted to the special circumstances 
 affecting each individual. 
 
 We are more especially prone to advise a course 
 of chalybeate waters in the case of those patients 
 who have presented difficulties in the digestion and 
 assimilation of ordinary iron tonics. Every prac- 
 titioner is familiar with these cases, in which all 
 attempts at tonic treatment, with ferruginous and 
 other drugs, are attended with little or no improve- 
 ment, and it is precisely in these instances that we 
 find recourse to some Continental iron spring, in a 
 cheerful and bracing locality, succeeds as a blood 
 restorative after all home treatment has failed. 
 
 It is generally admitted that one of the most 
 readily assimilable forms of iron is the bicarbonate, 
 
386 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 and when this is held in solution by the presence of 
 an excess of free carbonic acid, as is the case in the 
 best reputed chalybeate springs, it rarely fails to 
 agree with the most sensitive patients. No doubt 
 this result is often greatly due to the combined 
 soothing and stimulating effect of the free carbonic 
 acid on the gastric nerves and mucous membrane. 
 
 Nor should we lose sight of the important contri- 
 butory effect, on the circulation and metabolic activity, 
 of the gaseous steel baths, and their stimulating effect 
 on the peripheral vessels and nerves. In some other 
 spas, the gaseous common salt baths, and in others 
 the ferruginous peat baths, may prove even of greater 
 service, in certain cases, when judiciously applied and 
 supervised. 
 
 In those cases in which we are simply concerned 
 to improve the blood condition to increase its rich- 
 ness in blood cells and haemoglobin and in which 
 we have no collateral morbid conditions to take into 
 account, the purest iron springs are the most suitable 
 for our purpose. The most easily available and best 
 suited to English patients, for social and other 
 reasons, are Schwalbach, Spa, Pyrmont, and St. 
 Moritz. Somewhat similar waters are to be found 
 at Konigswart, near Marienbad, Bocklet, near 
 Kissingen, Imnau, in Hohenzollern, Driburg, in 
 Westphalia, and Steben, in Upper Franconia. The 
 Tunbridge Wells spring in England has the great 
 disadvantage of containing very little free carbonic 
 acid, so that gaseous steel baths cannot be obtained 
 there. 
 
 For those young ansemics, with torpid nervous 
 systems and sluggish circulation, who need the 
 strong stimulation of a highly bracing climate, a 
 course of iron water at St. Moritz, in the Upper 
 Engadine, is especially serviceable. But for older 
 persons and those who are apt to be chilled by the 
 colder air, and for those who need physical rest 
 rather than active physical exercise, the lower resorts, 
 such as Spa or Schwalbach, are more appropriate. It 
 
SECT, c.] ANEMIA AND CHLOROSIS. 387 
 
 is sometimes advisable to begin an iron cure at 
 Schwalbach, and after a certain amount of improve- 
 ment, in strength and activity, has been gained, to 
 finish it at St. Moritz, spending about three weeks 
 at each place. 
 
 In cases complicated with gastro-hepatic disorder, 
 constipation, and a tendency to haemorrhoids, and 
 in malarial cases, with splenic and hepatic enlarge- 
 ments, it is usually desirable to begin the treatment 
 with a saline chalybeate containing some aperient 
 salts, and after the intestinal functions have been im- 
 proved, a pure iron water may be tolerated and prove 
 useful. In some of these cases the sodium chloride 
 and iron waters agree well, as those of Homburg 
 and Kissingen ; in others the combination of sodium 
 sulphate with iron answers better, as in the springs 
 of Elster, Franzensbad, Marienbad, Tarasp, Rip- 
 poldsau, or Petershal. 
 
 It must be recognised that, in all forms of anaemia, 
 it is of the greatest importance that the nutritive 
 changes should be stimulated and the eliminative 
 functions promoted and regulated ; hence the value, in 
 many cases, of waters which contain aperient con- 
 stituents as well as iron, and of gaseous baths, or 
 gaseous and saline baths, which promote cutaneous 
 excretion and improve the peripheral and general 
 circulation by dilating the superficial capillaries, and 
 so lowering vascular tension. (Oeynhausen and 
 Nauheim.) The application of ferruginous peat 
 baths also affords a powerful means of stimulating 
 the cutaneous functions and promoting cutaneous 
 elimination, and they have been found of special 
 service in the treatment of those forms of anaemia and 
 chlorosis which are associated with menstrual dis- 
 orders and affections of the female pelvic organs ; 
 such baths are provided at most of the German 
 chalybeate and other spas. They are an essential 
 part of the course at Elster, Marienbad, Rippoldsau, 
 and many other German resorts. 
 
 Many cases of anaemia, especially in young 
 
388 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 females, require, especially at the beginning of an iron 
 cure, much physical rest, and the aim should be to 
 combine the advantages of a rest cure with those of 
 mineral- water treatment. Later on, when a better 
 state of health has been established, physical exer- 
 cise, carefully graduated so as not to over-tax the 
 returning strength, may help to confirm the cure. 
 
 With regard to the use of the strong arsenical and 
 iron waters like those of Levico and Roncegno, these 
 can be taken, if it is thought advisable, at home or at 
 some suitable home health resort, inland or on the 
 sea coast ; but it is rarely desirable to undertake 
 the fatigue and expense of so long a Continental 
 journey solely for the purpose of drinking such waters 
 at their source. 
 
 Although many of the French mineral springs 
 contain iron, and some in considerable amount 
 (Forges les Eaux), none of them are rich in free 
 carbonic acid, or of the type of such springs as Spa 
 or Schwalbach, and the French physicians often 
 seek in other than chalybeate springs the treatment 
 they consider appropriate to cases of what they term 
 chloro-anaemia. They have much faith in the tonic 
 and blood-restoring influence of the warm salt baths 
 of Salins du Jura (mild mountain air being here a 
 valuable auxiliary), Salies de Beam, La Mouillere, 
 and Bourbonne les Bains, especially in the chloro- 
 anaemia of adolescence. They also send anaemics 
 to drink waters containing sodium chloride with 
 minute amounts of iron and arsenic at Royat and 
 St. Nectaire le Haut or Luxeuil the latter having 
 also a little manganese. To the warm springs of 
 La Malou, containing very small amounts of iron 
 and arsenic, they send neuralgic anaemics. La 
 Bourboule, with a water rich in sodium arsenate and 
 containing also sodium chloride and carbonate, and a 
 bracing mountain climate, is a favourite resort for some 
 forms of anaemia. The French physicians lay much 
 stress on the resemblance between these alkaline 
 sodium chloride waters and blood serum. 
 
SECT, c.] SCROFULA AND TUBERCLE. 389 
 
 Bussang, in the Vosges, serves as an excellent 
 " after-cure " in these cases, with its pleasant gaseous 
 spring, containing minute amounts of arsenate of 
 iron, and its mild mountain air. All these anaemic 
 cases require as long an " after-cure " as possible pre- 
 ferably in a bracing mountain resort, or a suitable 
 seaside station. 
 
 SCROFULA AND TUBERCLE. 
 
 The close relationship, if not identity, of the 
 morbid processes known as scrofulous or strumous 
 with tuberculosis is now generally admitted, although 
 the scrofulous affections are prone to run a more 
 languid and torpid course, and are, no doubt, less 
 actively infective than some other forms of 
 tuberculosis. 
 
 Those " scrofulous " affections of the lymphatic 
 glands, of the joints, bones, skin and mucous mem- 
 branes, of such frequent occurrence amongst poor and 
 " delicate " children, have usually been regarded by 
 authorities on balneo-therapeutics as suitable for 
 treatment at certain mineral springs, more parti- 
 cularly at the common salt baths, and especially 
 at those containing, besides large amounts of sodium 
 chloride, compounds also of iodine and bromine. In 
 this country (when such disease is not best treated 
 by surgical methods, or after such interference), with 
 our extended sea-board and abundance of seaside 
 resorts with every kind and variety of accommoda- 
 tion, the superior attractions and better results 
 obtained from sea- water baths and sea-air are 
 generally recognised, but in the inland districts of 
 the Continent of Europe, remote from the sea, the 
 usefulness of certain mineral springs in the treatment 
 of scrofulous manifestations is widely accepted. 
 
 The French physicians who make use largely of 
 the term " lymphatism " to express the existence 
 of a constitutional tendency to glandular enlarge- 
 ments, advocate the treatment of such tendencies, 
 
390 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 as well as of declared " scrofulous " manifestations, 
 not only by sodium chloride waters and " brine " 
 baths, as at La Mouillere, Salins de Jura, Salies de 
 Beam, Salins Moutiers, Bourbonne les Bains, etc., 
 but also by the stronger sulphur waters such as 
 Luchon, Bareges, etc., or the springs containing both 
 sodium chloride and sulphur, as Uriage, which has 
 been described as " a veritable sulphurous sea-bath 
 in the mountains." The saline and arsenical water 
 of La Bourboule is also prescribed in the same cases, 
 and it is maintained that there are cases of scrofulous 
 disease in which sea air proves too exciting, and which 
 do better under the calming but tonic influence of 
 mild mountain air which can be obtained at most of 
 these spas. 
 
 If we wish to carry out this method of treatment 
 in England, we have many suitable resorts. The 
 bromo-iodine and sodium chloride spring of Wood- 
 hall Spa has a well established reputation for the 
 treatment of these affections. The brine baths of 
 Droitwich and Nantwich, the sodium chloride and 
 sulphur springs of H arrogate, may be applied in the 
 same class of cases. In Germany and Austria there 
 are many baths having a like renown, such as 
 Kreuznach, Aussee (Styria), Hall (Upper Austria), 
 Baden-Baden, Krankenheil-Tolz (Bavaria), and 
 others. Wildegg, in Switzerland, and Salso Maggiore, 
 in Italy, belong to the same group. 
 
 It is believed that the drinking of mild sodium 
 chloride water increases albuminoid metabolisrA, 
 while the brine baths, and other external appliances, 
 exert a stimulating local effect, and those containing 
 iodine and bromine promote absorption of glandular 
 infiltrations. 
 
 PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS. 
 
 With regard to pulmonary tuberculosis, the 
 climatic and sanatorium treatment of this affection 
 will be considered in the second part of this work, 
 
SECT, c.] PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS. 391 
 
 and we shall only, here, refer briefly to those mineral- 
 water resorts that have a time-honoured reputation 
 in the treatment of certain forms of this malady. 
 The success that has attended the " open-air " treat- 
 ment of phthisis, in suitable and well arranged 
 sanatoria, has greatly diminished the interest that was 
 at one time taken in the treatment of these cases 
 by mineral waters. 
 
 The mild sodium chloride waters (Soden) and the 
 alkaline sodium chloride waters (Ems, Gleichenberg 
 in Styria, Obersalzbrunn in Silesia) have been 
 found useful in relieving the catarrhal symptoms 
 associated with chronic, quiescent, torpid forms of 
 phthisis ; Ems enjoyed at one time a considerable 
 reputation in this respect, but its somewhat relaxing 
 climate is now generally regarded as unsuited to cases 
 of phthisis. 
 
 Weissenburg, near Thun, in Switzerland, with 
 warm weakly mineralised calcareous springs, in a 
 sheltered position in a pine forest, at an elevation 
 of nearly 3,000 feet, owes its reputation, in the 
 treatment of early apyretic forms of phthisis, probably 
 quite as much to its favourable subalpine situation 
 as to its mineral waters. 
 
 In France the arsenical springs of La Bourboule 
 and Mt. Dore, and certain of the sulphur springs in 
 the Pyrenees especially, enjoy the reputation of 
 being of value in the treatment of certain forms of 
 pulmonary tuberculosis. 
 
 It is most probable that this reputation rests 
 partly on the anti-catarrh al action of these waters, 
 and partly on the favourable hygienic and climatic 
 influence, to which the patients are submitted in 
 those stations, most of which are situated in 
 salubrious mountainous districts, and at moderate 
 elevations. The suggestion put forward at one time 
 that the sulphur components in these springs, 
 especially sulphuretted hydrogen, exercised an anti- 
 bactericidal effect, has not been sustained. 
 
 It seems clear that in so chronic and progressive 
 
392 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 an affection as pulmonary tuberculosis, a mere 
 course of mineral water, of three to six weeks' 
 duration, could exert but little curative effect, 
 although it might be of service, combined with other 
 measures, in relieving certain symptoms. 
 
 We can understand that the tonic arsenical 
 water of La Bourboule, combining also anti- 
 catarrh al effects (from its relationship to the alka- 
 line sodium chloride springs) with bracing mountain 
 air, may have a remedial influence in the cases for 
 which it is deemed appropriate those, according to 
 the local physicians, are the " pre-tuberculous," or 
 cases in the first stage of the disease, and even more 
 advanced cases when " torpid and of slow evolution." 
 
 Those Pyrenean spas which have been especially 
 recommended in the treatment of this disease are 
 all of them situated in mountainous districts, and most 
 of them at an elevation of 2,000 to 3,000 feet : Ax 
 les Thermes (over 2,000), Eaux Bonnes (about 
 2,300), Cauterets (3,000) ; Amelie les Bains is not so 
 high (900 feet). Allevard, in the Chambery district, 
 is also at an elevation of about 1,300 and St. 
 Honore, near Nevers, nearly 1,000 feet. In all 
 these the indication is for early, torpid, apyretic cases, 
 with a fair amount of constitutional vigour and 
 capacity of resistance to the disease. La Vernet (2,300 
 feet) trusts more to its sanatorium treatment than to its 
 sulphur springs. 
 
 The idea of sending young children with rickets 
 for treatment at mineral springs is not a very 
 feasible one. Suitable dietetic and tonic medicinal 
 treatment, in a country or seaside home, seems far 
 more appropriate. 
 
 SYPHILIS. 
 
 The treatment of constitutional syphilis by 
 mineral waters and baths, and the manner in which 
 they act, has been the subject of much controversy. 
 We shall endeavour to summarise briefly the views 
 now generally accepted. The idea that they exert 
 
SECT. c.J SYPHILISt 393 
 
 any specific effect is no longer entertained, but their 
 usefulness, in many cases, is not doubted. 
 
 It is believed by the physicians at those spas in 
 which syphilitics are especially treated, as Aix la 
 Chapelle, Aix les Bains, Luchon, Bareges, Uriage 
 (combination of sulphur and sodium chloride); etc., 
 that the sulphur water enables the patient to bear 
 much more energetic specific treatment than he 
 otherwise could ; and that this is mainly due to the 
 fact that the mineral-water and bath treatment 
 increases metabolic activity and promotes general 
 nutrition. Not only are mercurial inunctions freely 
 used from two to three drachms of mercurial 
 ointment daily but hypodermic injections of soluble 
 salts of mercury, with or without iodides, are fre- 
 quently administered. The association of tonic 
 mountain, or forest, air with the thermal treatment, 
 as at Bareges, Luchon, Uriage, and other resorts, has 
 doubtless an excellent effect in cachectic cases. 
 
 This has been remarked upon by the physicians 
 at Luchon, who maintain, and we believe rightly, that 
 this combination is a most valuable auxiliary in the 
 cure of syphilis. At Uriage, also, it has been 
 observed that, in its mountain climate, the mineral- 
 water and bath treatment, combined with mercurial 
 frictions and injections (the patient being able to 
 tolerate much larger doses), has proved of great value 
 in some of the most serious cases of syphilitic infec- 
 tion ; as in the pre-ataxic period of tabes, in cerebral 
 syphilis and syphilitic myelitis, and in children the 
 subjects of hereditary syphilis. 
 
 In such cases improved nutrition, increase in 
 weight and strength, disappearance of anaemia and 
 cachexia, have been observed. 
 
 The diagnostic value of treatment by sulphur 
 baths, in revealing the existence of latent syphilis, is 
 no longer generally admitted. 
 
 To sum up, the advantage of sulphur spa treatment 
 in syphilis is that it offers a convenient opportunity 
 for vigorously pursuing specific treatment, and it 
 
 N* 
 
394 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART l, 
 
 appears to favour the tolerance of large doses of 
 mercury and to prevent, or counteract, cachectic 
 symptoms. 
 
 Some authorities think the arsenical waters of La 
 Bourboule and Levico of use in syphilitic cases, and 
 others point to the utility of sodium chloride waters 
 containing iodine and bromine, in tertiary forms ; as 
 Woodhall, Kreuznach, Hall (Upper Austria), 
 Krankenheil-Tolz, etc. Anti-syphilitic treatment 
 is also carried out successfully at Baden-Baden. 
 
 CHRONIC METALLIC POISONING. 
 
 Cases of chronic metallic poisoning (lead, mer- 
 cury, etc.) are benefited by treatment with sulphur 
 \vaters and baths it is believed that the elimination 
 of the poison by the intestines, kidneys, and skin is 
 promoted by mild sulphur waters internally, and 
 w r arm baths. The latter may be of ordinary water 
 or of the indifferent thermal class, and these are 
 probably as useful as sulphur baths. The warm 
 sodium sulphate waters, such as Carlsbad or Brides, 
 may be of use in cases in which stimulation of the 
 liver is especially indicated. 
 
 GLYCOSURIA AND DIABETES. 
 
 We have elsewhere discussed the pathology and 
 general and dietetic treatment of glycosuria and 
 diabetes ; * we have only in this place to consider the 
 value of mineral waters in the treatment of this disease. 
 We accept the view that all more or less permanent 
 forms of glycosuria are cases of diabetes, and exclude 
 only those cases of the occasional or temporary appear- 
 ance of sugar in the urine, which occur in certain 
 persons from the excessive consumption of saccharine 
 substances, which appear to have no serious import, 
 
 * See the Author's " Manual of Medical Treatment," New Edi- 
 tion, vol. ii., p. 531; also "Food in Health and Disease," New 
 Edition, p. 363. 
 
SECT, c.] GLYCOSURIA AND DIABETES. 395 
 
 and which may be termed cases of non-diabetic or 
 alimentary glycosuria. 
 
 It will be convenient, and of some practical 
 importance, especially in connection with the use of 
 mineral waters in this disease, if we recognise three 
 forms of diabetes. First, the slight cases to which 
 the term diabetes is refused by some authorities 
 such forms often occur in fat and gouty persons, 
 and the sugar disappears entirely, or almost entirely, 
 from the urine, when carbo-hydrates are excluded 
 from their diet. Such persons are often restored to 
 health by mineral water treatment and a restricted 
 dietary, but are apt to again become glycosuric on 
 the free consumption of carbo-hydrates. Secondly, 
 the cases of moderate severity, of which there may 
 be several degrees, in which there is a greater or 
 less diminution in the excretion of sugar, when a 
 rigid diet is enforced ; but it does not entirely dis- 
 appear from the urine, and the general S3^mptoms 
 also, although capable of considerable amelioration 
 by treatment, are not wholly recovered, and become 
 aggravated by any deviation from a strict dietary. 
 There are differences of opinion, as we shall see, with 
 regard to the utility of mineral- water treatment in 
 this group ; these cases are, moreover, prone to be 
 attacked by intercurrent maladies, as pneumonia and 
 phthisis, and to pass into the Third or grave form. 
 This form is usually rapidly assumed when diabetes 
 attacks young persons ; in these the glycosuria is 
 maintained, in spite of the strictest dietetic measures, 
 and the patients quickly pass into a cachectic state 
 and generally die of diabetic coma. 
 
 There is a general agreement, amongst all 
 authorities, that these grave cases are not benefited 
 by mineral-water treatment, and even if we are 
 desirous of trying the effect of mineral waters, it is 
 best to do so at home, and not run the risk attending 
 a journey to a foreign spa ; as such patients bear the 
 fatigue of travel very badly, attacks of diabetic coma 
 often supervening on undue exertion. 
 
396 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 The French, in considering the applicability of 
 mineral-water treatment to diabetics, divide them 
 into /at and thin diabetics, or those in which there is 
 diminished and those in which there is increased 
 nitrogenous metabolism. In the latter there is 
 " azoturia " as well as " glycosuria." 
 
 It may, then, be accepted as a sound general con- 
 clusion that only diabetics of the first group and the 
 more vigorous and chronic cases of the second 
 group should be submitted to mineral-water treat- 
 ment. But French authorities are disposed to admit 
 a much wider application of mineral water treatment, 
 even to somewhat advanced cases, than German or 
 English physicians. The waters best suited to the 
 treatment of diabetes are undoubtedly the warm 
 alkaline waters ; the simple alkaline waters (Vichy, 
 Neuenahr), the alkaline and mild sodium chloride 
 waters (Royat), the alkaline sodium sulphate waters 
 (Carlsbad), and the alkaline arsenical waters (La 
 Bourboule). 
 
 The three spas most resorted to by diabetics are 
 Carlsbad, Vichy, and Neuenahr. Carlsbad is par- 
 ticularly adapted to the fat and gouty diabetic who 
 is fairly vigorous; with sluggish hepatic functions, 
 constipation, and a tendency to uric acid deposits, and 
 perhaps a little albumen in the urine. The cold waters 
 of Marienbad, with the same composition as those at 
 Carlsbad, have also been found serviceable for obese 
 diabetics with only a small amount of sugar in the 
 urine. 
 
 Even thin diabetics, beyond middle age, who 
 retain a fair amount of vigour and in whom the 
 disease is very chronic, and who suffer from gouty 
 symptoms, often gain advantage from Carlsbad. A 
 course of four to five weeks annually is desirable, and 
 in some cases good results follow two courses in the 
 same year, with three or four months' interval. 
 
 The same kind of cases also do well at Vichy, 
 but this course is also applicable to a rather more 
 extensive group, comprising those in whom the 
 
SECT, c.] DIABETES. 397 
 
 constitutional symptoms are somewhat more severe, 
 with wasting and azoturia. The excretion of urea is 
 often observed to return to the normal together 
 with a diminution and, in recent cases, a disappear- 
 ance of the sugar from the urine ; at the same time 
 the nervous irritability and the insomnia are relieved, 
 the dryness of the mouth and throat are removed, 
 and exercise can be taken with less fatigue. The 
 cold alkaline waters of Vals are also useful in the 
 fat and gouty cases. 
 
 The warm mildly alkaline and common salt 
 springs of Neuenahr have proved useful to a vast 
 number of diabetics ; they may be prescribed for 
 all cases suitable for spa treatment, and especially 
 for those patients who are not vigorous enough to 
 be sent to Carlsbad. 
 
 Brides les Bains, in Savoy, is suitable to much 
 the same class of cases as Carlsbad, viz. those with 
 a tendency to hepatic congestion and constipation. 
 
 The alkaline arsenical waters of La Bourboule, 
 on account of the arsenic they contain, should be 
 preferred in those cases in which the nitrogenous and 
 phosphatic elimination is increased, and there is 
 progressive wasting. These waters are believed to 
 lessen tissue change and organic waste. They are 
 suited to the thin chronic diabetic who is weak and 
 neurotic, and who needs a more tonic treatment than 
 that of Vichy, the climate being more suitable to such 
 cases ; but it must not be thought that they can be of 
 service to really cachectic patients. Baths are 
 to be avoided in the cases adapted to La Bourboule. 
 
 Contrexeville has been suggested in cases in which 
 glycosuria alternates with attacks of uric acid gravel. 
 It is suited to what the French term " petits 
 diabetiques" gouty cases in which the excretion of 
 sugar does not exceed 600 grains per diem ; as the 
 sugar lessens, the tendency to uric acid gravel 
 increases. 
 
 Royat is regarded as suitable for the more feeble 
 and anaemic diabetics. 
 
398 MINERAL SPRINGS, [PART i. 
 
 In France nearly all the sodium chloride waters 
 are said to be suitable for the treatment of fat 
 diabetics. We may mention the following less well 
 known resorts : 
 
 Bourbonne les Bains (sodium chloride) in gouty 
 cases in which nitrogenous elimination needs stimula- 
 tion. 
 
 Bourbonne TArchambaut (weak alkaline and 
 common salt) for gouty diabetics with tendency to 
 feebleness. 
 
 Chatelguyon (alkaline common salt) for fat 
 diabetics. 
 
 Le Boulou, in the Eastern Pyrenees (cold 
 sodium carbonate), said to be efficacious in diabetes 
 " in general." 
 
 Santenay (sodium chloride and sulphate) for 
 cases with defective nitrogenous metabolism accom- 
 panied with nervous depression. 
 
 Obersalzbrunn, in Silesia (sodium bicarbonate), 
 is recommended in the same class of cases as 
 Neuenahr. 
 
 In our own country good accounts are given of 
 the treatment of gouty diabetics at Harrogate and 
 Llandrindod. 
 
 The combination of warm baths with the drinking 
 cure is of service in promoting a healthy action of 
 the skin, in many cases of the fat and gouty type, 
 but it must be borne in mind that such baths prove 
 injurious to those cases in which there is marked 
 azoturia, as they tend to increase the tissue waste, 
 and aggravate the emaciation, and must therefore be 
 avoided. 
 
 In all cases in which a mineral-water cure is 
 found to agree, we shall find a great diminution of 
 the sugar in the urine, or its entire disappearance, a 
 removal of the thirst and dryness of the mouth, 
 an improvement in the general nutrition and ability 
 to assimilate normally a certain amount of carbo- 
 hydrates, an increase of weight, in the emaciated, and 
 a renewed capacity for muscular exercise. In those 
 
SECT, c.] DIABETES. 399 
 
 who are too fat to take much exercise, Swedish 
 gymnastics and massage may prove useful auxiliaries, 
 in promoting oxidation and a more normal meta- 
 bolism. 
 
 It is probable that much of the benefit derived 
 from treatment at a well-organised spa is referable 
 to a well-ordered diet and regimen, a cheerful life, ' 
 free from care and anxiety, amidst picturesque and - 
 healthy surroundings, with a due amount of out-of- 
 door exercise. Residence in an establishment under 
 medical dietetic supervision is a great advantage. 
 Some recommend, in anaemic cases, that a course of 
 chalybeate water and baths at Schwalbach, Spa, or 
 Pyrmont should succeed the treatment with 
 alkaline waters ; an after cure in some restful and 
 moderately bracing place is certainly desirable. 
 
 The general use, at home, of gaseous table waters 
 containing sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride 
 is to be commended in all cases of glycosuria ; Vichy 
 and Vals waters are too alkaline to be drunk with 
 food, but may be taken at bed time or on rising in 
 the morning. Giesshiibel and Apollinaris are best 
 suited for table and general use. 
 
 Apollinaris has much the same composition as 
 Neuenahr water, and when mixed with a little hot 
 water may be regarded as almost identical and 
 quite as useful for home consumption. 
 
 GOUT AND THE URIC ACID DIATHESIS. 
 
 There is no chronic disease in which recourse is 
 so commonly had to treatment by mineral springs as 
 gout ; and nearly every kind of mineral spring has, in 
 its turn, been advocated as a remedy for this disease. 
 The acute arthritic forms of gout are, of course, 
 altogether unsuited to spa treatment, and it is to the 
 various ' manifestations of chronic gout that treat- 
 ment by mineral waters is applicable. In all such 
 cases we have mainly two things to consider : (a) 
 the treatment of the general gouty state the 
 
400 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART I. 
 
 disturbances of normal metabolism, the excessive 
 production of uric acid, and the need for its 
 elimination ; (fr) the treatment of the particular 
 local affection or affections attending it, due to 
 the influence of the excess of uric acid on the 
 joints, muscles, viscera, and other structures. 
 
 1. Of the various kinds of mineral springs and 
 baths that are available, and that have been 
 advocated, in the treatment of these morbid 
 states, we may mention first the large group of 
 simple alkaline waters which occupy a very im- 
 portant place in the treatment of gout. Vichy 
 and Vals are perhaps the most important repre- 
 sentatives of the stronger waters of this group. 
 
 These springs, especially when warm, are 
 applicable to the treatment of gouty states asso- 
 ciated with acid dyspepsia and chronic gastric 
 and intestinal catarrhs ; or with biliary and renal 
 gravel and calculi ; or with hepatic congestion in 
 feeble persons; or with vesical catarrh and pros- 
 tatitis associated with excessively acid urine. In 
 the latter condition a course at Vichy is often 
 exceedingly useful. 
 
 Other springs of this class are Neuenahr (the 
 only warm alkaline spring in Germany), Ober- 
 salzbrunn in Silesia, Fachingen, Bilin, Assmanns- 
 hausen, especially rich in lithium, and many 
 more of less importance. These waters produce 
 free diuresis and promote renal elimination. 
 They also, by diluting the bile, promote its free 
 discharge and so favour hepatic elimination. 
 
 They are all of special value in the treat- 
 ment of the intercurrent attacks of renal and 
 bladder irritation to which the gouty are prone. 
 
 2. The warm alkaline %.T\& sodium chloride springs 
 are applicable to much the same class of cases as 
 the preceding, but they are especially suitable to 
 the treatment of catarrhs of the respiratory 
 organs in the gouty. The presence of a small 
 amount of common salt increases the expectorant 
 
SECT. c..l GOUT. 401 
 
 properties of these waters, and acts also as a 
 stimulant to digestion in the frequently co-existing 
 dyspeptic states. Ems and Royat belong to this 
 class ; Royat is especially useful in atonic forms 
 of gout, and has a wide application in the 
 treatment of gouty states in feeble persons. 
 
 3. Another group of alkaline waters of great 
 importance in the treatment of the gouty is 
 the aperient alkaline sodium sulphate waters ; they 
 combine an active aperient and eliminative effect, 
 together with the alkaline action of the simple 
 alkaline springs. Carlsbad and Marienbad, in 
 Bohemia, are the most remarkable and the most 
 highly-reputed representatives of this class, Carlsbad 
 being hot and Marienbad cold. 
 
 At these spas the hot mineral mud and 
 vapour baths, together with the application of 
 massage, gymnastics, and electricity, give an 
 additional value to the treatment. Elimination 
 and excretion, which are defective and disturbed 
 in most gouty persons, are powerfully stimulated 
 and promoted by the employment of these 
 mineral waters and baths. The excretory func- 
 tions of the skin, kidneys, and intestinal canal 
 are brought into greatly increased activity, 
 complete and normal nutritive metabolism is 
 restored, and waste products are eliminated. 
 
 This treatment is especially indicated in fairly 
 vigorous patients in whom active eliminative 
 treatment is called for, and in whom the hepatic 
 and intestinal functions are especially sluggish. It 
 is counter-indicated in atonic cases, in cases of 
 advanced arterio-sclerosis, or where cardiac 
 debility is pronounced. Recent gouty deposits 
 in the neighbourhood of joints will often dis- 
 appear after treatment of this kind. 
 
 The cold springs of Marienbad Jiave not so 
 wide a range of application as those of Carlsbad. 
 They are well adapted to the treatment of con- 
 stipation in the gouty, and to cases complicated 
 
402 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 with obesity, and where the disturbances of nutrition 
 and excretion are not so serious as in those treated 
 at Carlsbad. 
 
 They are suitable to all those gouty cases in 
 which migrainous headaches, dyspepsia, loss of 
 appetite, and other troublesome symptoms are 
 associated with torpor of the intestines. 
 
 Tarasp, in the Lower Engadine, is another 
 spring belonging to this group. Its situation at 
 an elevation of 4,000 feet is bracing, and it is 
 especially suited to those cases of gout in which 
 we desire to combine tonic with eliminative 
 influences. 
 
 In France, Brides les Bains falls under this 
 class, and has been termed "the French 
 Carlsbad." It may be recommended to those 
 gouty patients who suffer from hepatic and 
 intestinal torpor. 
 
 4. The class of common salt springs are largely 
 used in the treatment of certain forms of chronic 
 gout. The weaker springs, such as Homburg and 
 Kissingen, are drunk, and also used as baths. 
 
 The strong brine springs, such as Droitwich, 
 Rheinfelden, Salso Maggiore, and many others, are 
 mainly used for external treatment. 
 
 The cold drinking springs, as represented by 
 Homburg* and Kissingen, are especially applicable 
 to gouty dyspeptics with tendency to constipa- 
 tion and hepatic congestion. They are often 
 found somewhat tonic in their action ; and as 
 they are highly impregnated with free carbonic 
 acid, they are usually easily digested, and, in 
 cases of atonic gout, prove somewhat stimulating, 
 and improve the assimilative functions. Some of 
 the Homburg springs contain an appreciable amount 
 of iron. 
 
 In many cases, however, they are not so well 
 tolerated as the alkaline springs. The brine baths, 
 the hot salt springs and the gaseous salt springs 
 (Wiesbaden and Nauheim) are chiefly applicable 
 
SECT, c.] GOUT. 403 
 
 to the treatment of the chronic joint affections 
 of the gouty ankyloses, deformities, thickenings 
 and exudations, and neuralgias of the large nerve 
 trunks, etc. 
 
 They exercise a stimulating effect on the 
 joints, especially the gaseous salt springs : when 
 applied generally or locally they are found to 
 promote the absorption of gouty exudations, 
 and tend, when associated with mechanical treatment, 
 to restore mobility to the stiffened and crippled 
 articulations. 
 
 5. The simple thermal baths are largely em- 
 ployed in the treatment of chronic articular gout 
 and for the removal of gouty exudations. Bath, 
 Buxton, Wildbad, Gastein, Ragatz, Teplitz, are 
 examples. They are applied to the removal of 
 gouty exudations and in the treatment of peri- 
 pheral paralyses and neuralgias of gouty origin. 
 Their efficacy is usually augmented by massage, 
 gymnastics, and electricity. 
 
 6. The large class of sulphur springs are greatly 
 used in the treatment of the chronic articular, 
 and especially of the chronic cutaneous and respira- 
 tory, affections of the gouty. 
 
 The cold sulphur springs (Allevard, Heustrich) 
 are especially useful in the treatment of chronic 
 gouty catarrhs of the pharynx, larynx, trachea, 
 and bronchi. They are drunk usually in small 
 quantity, previously warmed, and are also used as 
 sprays, gargles, and inhalations, as well as in the form 
 of warm baths. 
 
 Gouty eczema is especially benefited by the 
 baths at Harrogate and Strathpeffer. 
 
 The chronic articular forms of gout are 
 especially benefited by hot sulphur baths. They 
 are found useful in the removal of periarticular gouty 
 exudations, in restoring mobility to crippled limbs, 
 and in relieving certain forms of gouty neuralgias, 
 sciatica, lumbago, etc. At Aix les Bains the vigorous 
 and skilful method in which these springs are applied, 
 
404 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 their thermality, and the warm dry climate, all con- 
 tribute to the good effects obtained. Baden, near 
 Vienna, enjoys a similar reputation. 
 
 The calcareous or earthy springs are of great value 
 in the renal and vesical affections of the gouty, uric 
 acid gravel and calculi, vesical catarrh, prostatitis, 
 etc. (Wildungen, in Germany, Contrexeville and Vittel 
 in France). The very feebly mineralised waters of 
 Evian, on the Lake of Geneva, have been found 
 valuable in the same class of cases. It is difficult 
 to understand the precise manner in which these 
 waters act as solvents of uric acid and other urinary 
 concretions, but at these baths, as a rule, very large 
 quantities of the springs are drunk, and a certain 
 amount of mechanical flushing of the urinary pas- 
 sages may probably account for a great part of their 
 action. 
 
 At many of these resorts for the gouty, additional 
 remedial influences are brought to bear on the mani- 
 festations of this malady in the shape of local or 
 general baths of mineral mud, peat, pine-needle 
 infusions, hot sand, etc. ; and, as has already been 
 stated, massage, gymnastics, and light, dry heat, and 
 electrical treatment are obtainable at most. 
 
 Another most important remedial agency, which 
 can hardly be over-estimated, is the extremely careful 
 dietetic management which is applied in such resorts 
 as Carlsbad. 
 
 We must bear in mind, also, that there is an im- 
 portant condition common to most of these courses of 
 treatment and that is the regular daily consumption 
 of water, a solvent and eliminative agent of great 
 potency. 
 
 Amongst our British resorts we have no repre- 
 sentatives of the simple alkaline, or the alkaline and 
 sodium chloride springs, but we have at Harro- 
 gate strong sulphur waters and chloride of sodium 
 springs, applicable to the treatment of chronic articu- 
 lar gout, gouty neuralgias, and gouty skin affections ; 
 as well as of cases of intestinal and hepatic torpor. 
 
SECT; c.] LITHIASIS. 405 
 
 Bath and Buxton are examples of thermal springs, 
 useful in the treatment of articular and neuralgic 
 forms of gout. Strathpeffer is useful in the same 
 cases, and has proved very efficacious in the treatment 
 of gouty eczema. Cheltenham and Leamington 
 springs are applicable to much the same kind of 
 gouty manifestations as Homburg or Kissingen, viz. 
 disturbances of hepatic and renal elimination. 
 Woodhall Spa can be utilised for the same class of 
 gouty cases as those that are sent to Kreuznach or 
 Salso Maggiore ; and Llandrindod Wells has cold saline, 
 sulphur, and chalybeate springs which admit of 
 being largely utilised in the treatment of gouty 
 affections. 
 
 LITHIASIS, OXALURIA, PHOSPHATURIA. 
 
 Lithiasis, the deposition of uric acid and urates 
 in the urine, is closely allied to the gouty state, and 
 commonly arises from like causes, viz. too liberal 
 consumption of rich food and alcoholic beverages, 
 too little ingestion of pure water, insufficient exercise, 
 and consequent hepatic inadequacy and tendency to 
 constipation. It is very amenable to treatment by 
 mineral waters, and with the exception of the sul- 
 phur waters, most of the waters that are suitable for 
 the gouty are suitable for the subjects of lithiasis 
 and with the same qualifications. Those of robust 
 habit of body, with a tendency to obesity and con- 
 stipation, should be sent to take the alkaline aperient 
 sodium sulphate waters, such as Carlsbad, Marienbad, 
 Tarasp, or Brides. The warm springs (Carlsbad, 
 Brides) are best suited to those cases attended with 
 hepatic congestion. The simple warm alkaline 
 waters (Vichy, Neuenahr) or the cold gaseous 
 alkaline springs (Vals, Fachingen, Apollinaris), are 
 more suitable to feeble persons or those with a 
 tendency to diarrhoea. The Royat springs, containing 
 some sodium chloride and minute amounts of arsenic 
 and lithium, are especially suited to atonic, feeble 
 
406 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 patients. The very feebly mineralised water of 
 Evian is largely prescribed for these cases. The sodium 
 chloride waters of Kissingen, Harrogate, Homburg, 
 Chatelguyon, etc., are considered well adapted to 
 thin dyspeptic persons with defective nutrition and 
 appetite. The calcareous waters of Wildungen, in 
 Germany, and of Contrexeville and Vittel, in France, 
 are also employed in the treatment of these cases ; 
 and in cases in which there are symptoms pointing 
 to the probable presence of concretions in the kidney 
 they may be preferred, especially in the case of 
 patients who find alkaline waters depressing. These 
 earthy waters are usually prescribed in much 
 larger doses than the alkaline waters. At home 
 much good may be derived from the regular use 
 of the alkaline effervescent table waters, such as 
 Apollinaris, Johannis, Selters, Giesshubel, etc. The 
 utility of these waters in lithiasis depends chiefly on 
 their diuretic influence, and not so much on any 
 solvent effect, but this may not be without some 
 influence, as their alkalinity certainly is in many 
 cases. The flushing of the urinary passages is, how- 
 ever, a very important part of their beneficial effects. 
 Careful regulation of diet is an essential auxiliary 
 to these mineral water cures. 
 
 The presence of oxalate of lime crystals in 
 the urine (pxaluria) is often found associated with 
 symptoms of dyspepsia and nervous depression. 
 Recourse to suitable mineral waters where the spa 
 is situated in a bracing climate, with quiet but 
 pleasant and cheerful surroundings, often proves 
 effectual in restoring health to such patients. The 
 gaseous alkaline waters, as Giesshubel, the weaker 
 Vals springs, Neuenahr and Apollinaris may be 
 freely drunk, not necessarily at their sources, but in 
 any convenient health resort where the surroundings 
 might be more congenial and appropriate. 
 
 Evian is a suitable resort cheerful and quiet, and 
 with appropriate springs. Pougues les Eaux has 
 been found useful in these cases. Some authorities 
 
SECT. c.J PHOSPHATURIA. 407 
 
 think the earthy calcareous waters the best, as those 
 at Contrexeville, Vittel, or Wildungen. The slightly 
 alkaline and mildly tonic waters of Bussang, most 
 appropriately situated in the Vosges, may be 
 recommended. 
 
 Phosphaturia is apt to occur in the over- 
 worked student or man of business, and is 
 dependent probably- on too sedentary a life and 
 insufficient exercise in the open air. It often dis- 
 appears with " change of air," increased physical 
 exercise; and a cheerful out-of-door life. It is rarely 
 advisable to prescribe a mineral-water course unless 
 other symptoms or conditions are present which 
 render this desirable. 
 
 If atonic dyspepsia or a tendency to constipation 
 co-exist, the sodium chloride waters of Kissingen 
 or Homburg may be recommended, and if there is 
 decided anaemia the gaseous iron waters of Schwal- 
 bach or St. Moritz, or the mild iron and arsenical 
 water of Bussang. Some advise the calcareous 
 waters of Contrexeville. 
 
 OBESITY. 
 
 The appropriate mineral -water treatment of 
 obesity will depend, to a great extent, on the nature 
 of the conditions which accompany the obesity. 
 
 There are the plethoric obese, with abundant 
 muscular activity ; there are the pale, feeble, and 
 anaemic obese, with ill-nourished, feeble muscles ; 
 there are the young obese and the old obese ; there 
 are the gouty obese with feeble fatty hearts and 
 diseased arteries ; and there are the diabetic obese. 
 The mineral-water treatment suitable to the two 
 latter groups has already been discussed. The 
 object of treatment in most of these cases is to pro- 
 duce a diminution in adipose tissue without causing 
 any loss in the nitrogenous tissues a waste of 
 albumen. 
 
 In all cases we need the co operation of dietetic 
 
408 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 measures and of suitable exercises, which may take 
 the form of massage or Swedish gymnastics. 
 
 It is generally admitted that the best results are 
 obtained from the alkaline sodium sulphate waters, 
 as Carlsbad, Marienbad, Tarasp, Franzensbad, Elster, 
 and others. Good results also follow the use of the 
 " bitter waters," containing magnesium and sodium 
 sulphates, as Apenta, ^Esculap, Rubinat, but these 
 are exclusively for home use ; waters containing 
 sodium chloride as well as the aperient sulphates, 
 such as Brides les Bains, are also very useful. 
 
 The cold sodium chloride waters of Kissingen and 
 Homburg are applicable to many cases. 
 
 In France sodium chloride waters are much used 
 in the treatment of obesity; they are believed to 
 stimulate defective metabolism and to promote 
 oxidation. The stronger ones are used only as 
 baths (La Mouillere, Safins de Jura, Salies de Beam), 
 the weaker springs (Chatelguyon, Santenay) also as 
 drinking cures. It is also maintained, by the Vichy 
 authorities, that the course there is efficacious, if a 
 suitable diet is at the same time adhered to. 
 
 Some discrimination is needed in the recom- 
 mendation of these different cures. 
 
 The plethoric obese are best treated by the cold 
 alkaline sodium sulphate waters of Marienbad or 
 Tarasp ; they are less exciting to the vascular system 
 than the thermal waters of Carlsbad, which are, how- 
 ever, to be preferred in the gouty and diabetic obese. 
 
 Marienbad is especially indicated in cases 
 originating in excess of food, and in hereditary cases, 
 also in those cases occurring in women at the 
 climacteric period, and in cases associated with 
 abdominal stasis and haemorrhoids. Normal meta- 
 bolism and oxidation are promoted by the free 
 action of the liver, intestines, and kidneys induced 
 by the waters. It must be seen to that free diuresis 
 accompanies the water-drinking, and that vascular 
 pressure is not raised. The course should be of four 
 to eight weeks' duration. 
 
SECT, c.] RHEUMATISM. 409 
 
 The treatment at Brides les Bains is suited to 
 gouty cases and to lymphatic and anaemic cases with 
 defective oxidation ; it is also recommended in 
 cases of abdominal plethora with fatty heart and 
 the earlier stages of arterio-sclerosis. In cases refer- 
 able to over-feeding, the use of the water is supple- 
 mented by douche massage, the induction of free 
 perspiration, and a " Terrain-Kur." 
 
 The fat ancemics are difficult cases to deal with. 
 Some are best treated with water containing a 
 combination of iron and sodium sulphate, as at 
 Franzensbad (Stahlquelle), Elster (Marienquelle) ; 
 some by the less energetic cold common salt 
 springs containing iron, as at Homburg and 
 Kissingen ; or Tarasp, with its more tonic climate and 
 combined iron and alkaline sodium sulphate spring, 
 may be tried. Such cases are undoubtedly benefited 
 by being much in the open air in a bracing situation. 
 
 The various baths employed at these different 
 spas may greatly promote the desired effect in many 
 cases, but they are not to be applied indiscriminately, 
 and it should first be ascertained that the heart is 
 sound and the arteries free from disease. 
 
 Vapour baths, warm peat and brine baths, gaseous 
 brine baths, gaseous steel baths, are all of value in 
 appropriate cases. By stimulating the action of the 
 skin and promoting free cutaneous excretion, they 
 further oxidation and healthy metabolism. 
 
 Electric light or radiant heat baths are useful for 
 the same purpose. 
 
 RHEUMATISM CHRONIC, ARTICULAR, AND MUS- 
 CULAR. RHEUMATIC NEURALGIAS (SCIATICA, 
 
 LUMBAGO). " RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS." 
 
 We include "rheumatoid arthritis," so called, 
 in this group of maladies, not because we think 
 its relation to rheumatism a close one, but 
 because the term is one generally employed, and 
 
410 MINEPAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 because the impression is so widely diffused that it 
 is intimately related with rheumatism and gout. So 
 far as we have been able to observe, its closest patho- 
 logical affinities are with neither, and we have had 
 reason to think that the term is often wrongly applied 
 to some forms of chronic articular gout and rheu- 
 matism, and inferences drawn with regard to its 
 treatment which are not to be relied upon. The 
 French pathologists use largely the word 
 " arthritisme" a term of very vague signification, 
 which is made to cover a vast number of morbid 
 conditions that are believed to be associated with 
 an original constitutional tendency to the develop- 
 ment of affections of the joints, just as they employ 
 the term " herpetisme " to signify a constitutional 
 tendency to cutaneous affections. Patients afflicted 
 with "rheumatoid arthritis" are therefore grouped 
 by French authorities with the rheumatic and gouty, 
 under the vague designation of " arthritiques " ! 
 
 In approaching the consideration of the treatment 
 of rheumatic affections by mineral waters and baths, 
 the first thing to be noted is that nearly every spa, 
 especially if it possesses thermal springs, claims to 
 be a remedy for these maladies. It would be diffi- 
 cult to mention a single spa, in Great Britain, which 
 does not include chronic rheumatism amongst the 
 complaints for which it is suitable, and in France the 
 same may be said of fully sixty per cent, of its 
 mineral-water resorts. A similar reflection applies 
 to Germany, Italy, and Switzerland. We may con- 
 clude, from these facts, that all hot baths, and the 
 auxiliary mechanical and other treatments associated 
 with them, are more or less beneficial to most forms 
 of chronic rheumatism. 
 
 It is a question whether patients slowly recover- 
 ing from attacks of acute rheumatism, with or without 
 implication of the cardial valves, should be submitted 
 to mineral-water treatment. The tendency in the 
 present day is to answer this question in the 
 affirmative, and to direct such patients to those 
 
SECT, c.] RHEUMATISM. 411 
 
 common salt baths which are rich in free carbonic 
 acid gas. We shall have to refer to this matter again 
 when dealing with the subject of the treatment of 
 cardiac disease by mineral waters, but we may say 
 now, that we see no good reason for sending these 
 convalescents to foreign spas, so long as well-arranged 
 artificial warm gaseous salt baths, or warm artificially 
 aerated sea-baths, can be obtained in pleasant and 
 healthy resorts in this country. Indeed, it seems to 
 us much better to spare such patients the fatigue and 
 possible risks of foreign travel ; more particularly do 
 we think this view is the correct one in all cases 
 which tend to a protracted subacute course, with 
 occasional slight rises of temperature. It can scarcely 
 be right to remove such a patient to an overcrowded 
 popular German spa. If, however, in such cases there 
 is an entire absence of fever, but certain joints 
 remain stiff and swollen, gentle thermal and 
 mechanical treatment, at one of our own baths, may 
 be useful such as Buxton, Bath, or Woodhall Spa, 
 or at the seaside, according to circumstances. 
 
 In France the spas recommended for these con vales- 
 cents are the warm weak sodium chloride springs 
 of Bourbon Lancy, Bourbon I'Archambaut and La 
 Motte les Bains, the simple thermal baths of Neris 
 and Plombieres, and the hot sulphur baths of Vernet 
 in the Eastern Pyrenees, where the climatic condi- 
 tions are considered to be very favourable. In 
 Germany the gaseous salt springs of Nauheim and 
 Oeynhausen are most popular. 
 
 But it is in those cases of chronic rheumatism 
 which, probably, have but little pathological affinity 
 with the acute disease, that spa treatment is so 
 greatly resorted to. 
 
 In chronic articular and muscular rheumatism the 
 following classes of mineral springs are commonly 
 used, sometimes one, sometimes the other, according 
 to individual requirements, place of residence, degree 
 of severity and chronicity, or past experience in 
 particular cases, and often because of the perfection 
 
412 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 of the methods, thermal and auxiliary, put into 
 practice at the particular resort. 
 
 1. Simple thermal springs (Bath, Buxton, 
 Wildbad, Gastein, Ragatz, Plombieres, Bormio). 
 
 2. Thermal sulphur baths ; if cold, the springs 
 are artificially heated (Harrogate, StrathpefTer, Aix 
 la Chapelle, Aix les Bains, Luchon, Schinznach, 
 Acqui). 
 
 3. Thermal salt or brine baths or cold waters 
 heated (Droitwich, Woodhall, Bourbonne les Bains, 
 Wiesbaden, Nauheim, Rheinfelden, Salso Maggiore). 
 
 4. Thermal peat and mud baths (^StrathpefTer, 
 Dax, St. Amand les Eaux, Franzensbad, Elster, Bex, 
 Battaglia). 
 
 The object of these baths is to promote 
 absorption of effusions and exudations by stimulating 
 metabolism ; to excite and increase the cutaneous 
 functions, and promote elimination by the skin ; to 
 influence favourably the circulation by causing dilata- 
 tion of the capillaries, while the warm temperature of 
 the bath is soothing to the peripheral nerves. It is usual 
 to endeavour to maintain the stimulating action on 
 the skin, by removal, after the bath, to a warm bed, 
 where perspiration is encouraged. The diaphoretic 
 action is further promoted, in the case of the simple 
 thermal baths, by giving the patient some of the hot 
 mineral water to drink. 
 
 In nearly all cases the baths and local or general 
 douches are associated with some mechanical treat- 
 ment, such as massage or Swedish gymnastics. Vapour 
 baths, sand baths, electric light baths, pine-needle 
 baths, and local applications of peat, mineral mud, 
 or " fango," after the manner of poultices, are also 
 employed and prove serviceable in the treatment of 
 these very chronic and often obstinate maladies. Hot 
 compresses, together with friction, have been found 
 useful in relieving the pain referred to particular 
 spots, in lumbago and other forms of muscular pain. 
 
 The thermal sulphur and the thermal salt baths 
 are more stimulating- than the simple thermal baths, 
 
SECT, c.] RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. 413 
 
 and are usually found more serviceable in obstinate 
 cases of articular rheumatism. 
 
 Sciatica and neuralgia of other large nerves is 
 often of a rheumatic or gouty nature, and the mineral- 
 water treatment of such affections is practically 
 identical with that of chronic rheumatism. Apart 
 from those acute cases (neuritis) that require absolute 
 rest, douching and massage, either with the hottest 
 of the simple thermal waters (Bath, Dax, Teplitz), 
 or the thermal sulphur waters (Aix les Bains, Harro- 
 gate), or the hot common salt springs (Droitwich, 
 Bourbonne les Bains, Wiesbaden), are most appro- 
 priate. Sensitive patients who require baths of 
 rather a lower temperature and more sedative may 
 be directed to Buxton, Ragatz, Wildbad and Gastein. 
 
 All those patients require an " after-cure " in as 
 dry and sunny a station as can be conveniently 
 obtained, and to prevent relapses they should, if 
 possible, choose a residence in a dry, sunny district, 
 with a sub -soil of gravel and sand, and good 
 natural drainage. It is good for such patients to be 
 much in the open air, and hence the value of a 
 climate where this kind of life can be followed with- 
 out risk of chill. 
 
 The subject of the treatment of rheumatoid 
 arthritis or osteo-arthritis by mineral waters is one 
 of some difficulty, and a great difference of opinion 
 exists amongst authorities as to the value of such 
 treatment in these cases. Those who believe this 
 disease to be a microbic infection of the joints, 
 having no direct relationship with rheumatism, 
 maintain, and we think justly, that the proper treat- 
 ment of those cases is a tonic and supporting one, and 
 that change to a dry and bracing climate, and to cheer- 
 ful and hygienic surroundings, is of great importance, 
 and most serviceable; while little direct benefit 
 can be expected, or is actually found, to accrue from 
 any special action of mineral waters. This has been 
 more particularly observed in chronic cases, in which 
 permanent good results from spa treatment must not 
 
414 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 be expected. In such cases massage, electricity, baths, 
 douches, and passive movements, perseveringly 
 applied, may prevent further deformity and secure 
 some increase of mobility in the affected joints, 
 especially when aided by general tonic influences, 
 such as good air, plenty of sunshine, and a generous 
 diet. In the acute and painful stage, however, rest 
 is essential, even a splint may be needed ; but we 
 must, at the same time, bear in mind that some 
 precautions have to be taken to prevent and counter- 
 act the great tendency there is to fixation of joints 
 and consequent deformity in this disease, so that, even 
 in the acute stage, occasional passive movements may 
 be indicated. 
 
 In early cases the application of the Dowsing 
 hot-air treatment has been strongly advocated, 
 either locally to the joints affected, or to the whole 
 body, and even in chronic cases good results appear 
 sometimes to follow this method, which is now 
 instituted at many English and Continental spas. 
 It has been suggested that where thermal baths are 
 attended with benefit it is wholly due to the heat of 
 the water, and it is to be noted that in France, where 
 bath treatment of these cases is in some repute, it 
 is to the hotter the " hyperthermal " waters that 
 these cases are sent ; the authorities at these spas, 
 however, require that the cases should be in the early 
 stage, and do not pretend to cure or permanently 
 benefit the advanced, chronic forms. 
 
 At Aix les Bains good results are reported in 
 cases that come under treatment at the early stage, 
 and repeated courses are sometimes found to " arrest 
 the evolution of the disease," but success is uncertain. 
 The hot calcareous waters and the cheerful surround- 
 ings and favourable climate of Bagneres-de-Bigorre 
 the hot sulphur springs of Barbotan and Bareges 
 the latter having also its bracing mountain climate 
 as an auxiliary the hyperthermal but feebly 
 mineralised springs of Evaux les Bains the alkaline 
 arsenical waters and mild mountain climate of La 
 
SECT, c.] MALARIAL CACHEXIA. 415 
 
 Bourboule the hot gaseous common salt springs of 
 Bourbonne les Bains the very hot common salt 
 springs of La Motte the hot alkaline and mild 
 common salt waters of Bourbon I'Archambaut, 
 containing also minute amounts of arsenic and iodine 
 (this place claims " frequent cures in forms of rapid 
 evolution in young subjects ") and the hot muds of 
 Dax and St. Amand les Eaux these are the principal 
 spas to which cases of rheumatoid arthritis are sent 
 in France. 
 
 In this country recourse may be had to the 
 experience and skill, in the treatment of this affec- 
 tion, of the physicians at Bath, Buxton, Harrogate, 
 Woodhall Spa, Llandrindod, etc. 
 
 CHRONIC MALARIAL AFFECTIONS. 
 
 MALARIAL CACHEXIA. 
 "IMPALUDISM" OF FRENCH WRITERS. 
 
 These affections, gastro-intestinal, hepatic, and 
 splenic, associated commonly with an anaemic state, 
 and occasionally with febrile recurrences, the result 
 of residence in tropical climates, are often very 
 favourably influenced and not unfrequently cured by 
 recourse to mineral waters. 
 
 It is a distinct advantage if we can find suitable 
 springs, for this purpose, in moderately bracing sub- 
 alpine districts with tonic air and cheerful, picturesque 
 surroundings. It should, however, be borne in mind 
 that many of these patients are highly sensitive to 
 cold, and apt to become chilled if exposed to too low 
 a temperature, and even in a warm resort like Vichy 
 it is found that such patients often do best in the 
 warmest part of the season. 
 
 When there is considerable enlargement of the 
 liver and spleen, and much sluggishness of the 
 hepatic functions, with a tendency to constipation, 
 the warm alkaline aperient (sodium sulphate) waters 
 answer best, as Carlsbad or Brides les Bains 
 (aperient sulphates with sodium chloride). The 
 
416 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 Tarasp waters are also very useful in such cases as 
 will tolerate its bracing mountain climate. They 
 are, however, cold, which is perhaps a disadvantage. 
 Saint Gervais, with its warm springs of sodium 
 chloride and mixed sulphates and its mild mountain 
 climate, is also a suitable resort. In such resorts the 
 hepatic and splenic enlargements are often much 
 reduced and the blood conditions improved. 
 
 The simple warm alkaline waters of Vichy also 
 enjoy in France "a great reputation in the treat- 
 ment of these affections" after a prolonged course 
 the gastro-hepatic troubles are usually greatly 
 relieved if not entirely cured. The waters of Vals 
 have a like reputation. Royat is also resorted to 
 for its arsenical, alkaline, and sodium chloride springs, 
 and is found especially suitable to the anaemic forms. 
 
 Le Boulou, in the Eastern Pyrenees, with cold 
 sodium carbonate springs, is resorted to by the same 
 class of cases. 
 
 Arsenical waters are especially indicated in the 
 febrile and anemic cases, and good results are 
 obtained from the alkaline arsenical waters of La 
 Bourboule. 
 
 The feebly mineralised thermal waters of 
 Plombieres have been found serviceable in the treat- 
 ment of the more delicate patients, and French 
 authors seem inclined to refer their utility to the 
 very small amount of arsenic they contain. 
 
 The arsenical waters of Val Sinestra, near Tarasp, 
 can be taken, at the latter place, together with or 
 supplementary to the saline springs. 
 
 Some consider the simple thermal waters of value 
 when situated in bracing localities, as at Gastein. 
 
 In cases in which anaemia is the predominating 
 symptom, the sulphate of iron waters have been 
 thought to be indicated, such as those at Mitter- 
 bad (Tyrol), Parad (Hungary), and Hermannsbad- 
 Muskau (Prussia), and when there is a tendency to 
 febrile recurrences the arsenical iron waters such as 
 Levico, Roncegno, Trebernik and Recoaro. 
 
SECT, c.j DYSPEPSIA. 417 
 
 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 
 
 DYSPEPSIAS. 
 
 The same difficulties which we encounter in 
 the home treatment of the various forms of dis- 
 ordered digestion, will meet us also when we 
 endeavour to apply mineral - water treatment to 
 their relief. 
 
 The obstacles which arise in our endeavour to 
 ascertain the real causes, or to determine, with pre- 
 cision, the true nature of the gastric disorder, impart 
 an element of uncertainty to the results to be expected 
 from the particular course prescribed. The French 
 physicians attempt to establish a marked distinction 
 between what they term dyspepsia from hyper- 
 chlorhydrie, i.e. an excessive formation of hydrochloric 
 acid in the stomach, and dyspepsia from hypochlor- 
 hydrie, a defective secretion of that acid. They also 
 recognise a ' hyper sthenique and a hyposthenique 
 form, but they advocate the same mineral-water treat- 
 ment in both these last forms. In a semi-official 
 pronouncement as to the applicability of the Vichy 
 springs to the treatment of dyspepsia, it is said, " Painful 
 or hypersthenic dyspepsias, simple or complicated with 
 hyperchlorhydrie . .' atonic flatulent or hyposthenic 
 dyspepsias . . are usually cured or advantageously 
 modified "* by treatment there. But they commonly 
 distinguish between the waters suitable for cases 
 of " hyperchlorhydrie " and those indicated in cases 
 of " hypochlorhydrie." 
 
 We are accustomed, in this country, to recognise 
 chronic gastric catarrh as a dyspeptic state often 
 induced by the abuse of food, alcohol, tobacco, and 
 other irritating agencies. We recognise atonic forms 
 of dyspepsia in the debilitated, as a sequel of acute or 
 chronic illness, in the neurotic (the " nervous dyspep- 
 sia," which is the most difficult of all to deal with), in 
 
 * Index Medical des principales Stations Thermales et Climatiques 
 de France, Paris, 1903. 
 
418 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 the neurasthenic, as the consequence of over-work and 
 worry ; and we are familiar with what is perhaps the 
 most common form, the acid dyspepsia the hyper- 
 chlorhydrie of the French often intermittent in 
 occurrence, and provoked, in the predisposed, by 
 slight dietetic errors. 
 
 In determining the fitness of a particular spa for 
 the treatment of particular cases of dyspepsia, we 
 shall be assisted chiefly by a consideration of the 
 accompanying conditions, the individual constitution, 
 the probable causation, and the co-existence of other 
 maladies. The comparatively robust, vigorous, gouty 
 dyspeptic will usually require different treatment from 
 that suited to the feeble neurotic dyspeptic. 
 
 But in prescribing a course of mineral waters, at a 
 Continental spa, we shall be prescribing conditions, 
 other than the mere water drinking, which are calcu- 
 lated to be beneficial to nearly all dyspeptics. Change 
 of habits of life and of climatic conditions, release 
 from work and home worries, inducements to exercise 
 in the open air, the regulation of diet and the constant 
 medical supervision, the tonic as well as soothing 
 influence of baths and douches all these influences 
 tend to the restoration of gastric tone and healthy 
 functions. 
 
 The following are the different classes of mineral 
 waters that are prescribed for the treatment of 
 dyspeptic states : 
 
 i. The simple alkaline waters, such as Vichy, 
 Vals, and Neuenahr. Vals has the advantage of 
 possessing a great number of springs differing in 
 degree of alkalinity, and having, therefore, a wide 
 range of applicability. Neuenahr has very useful 
 warm alkaline springs, but they are very mild, and 
 are suitable to those who do not bear strong alkaline 
 remedies. 
 
 The Vichy waters are strong alkaline waters, and 
 some of the Springs are warm and others cold. They 
 are adapted to the treatment of many forms of 
 dyspepsia, but especially to cases of excessive gastric 
 
SECT. c.J DYSPEPSIA. 419 
 
 acidity and of chronic gastric catarrh. They are of 
 comparatively little use to the neurotic dyspeptic 
 with an insufficient secretion of gastric juice. They 
 are very serviceable in cases of intestinal as well as 
 gastric catarrh, in which constipation and diarrhoea 
 often alternate ; but they are not so useful, as certain 
 other springs, for dyspeptics who are the subjects of 
 habitual constipation. 
 
 2. The alkaline weak common salt waters are 
 suitable to a more limited class of dyspeptics ; to 
 those cases of chronic gastric catarrh associated with 
 general debility ; and to dyspeptic states in the thin, 
 neurotic, and sensitive, who require very mild and 
 soothing treatment. Ems, Royat, Gleichenberg, are 
 examples of this group of waters, the two former 
 being warm, the latter cold. Dyspeptic symptoms, 
 in the subjects of atonic gout, are likely to be relieved 
 by these waters. Royat is suited to the treatment of 
 gastric atony and dyspeptics with insufficient secre- 
 tions of gastric juice, the " hypochlorhydric." The 
 presence of a small amount of arsenic in the water 
 gives it a tonic effect, and the situation is not relax- 
 ing like that of Ems. 
 
 3. The gaseous common salt springs, such as 
 Kissingen and Homburg, are largely prescribed in 
 the treatment of certain forms of dyspepsia. Those 
 springs only are suitable which contain but a moderate 
 amount of sodium chloride and a large amount of free 
 carbonic acid ; the Rakoczyquelle at Kissingen is the 
 type of this class. 
 
 The dyspeptic cases suited to these spas are those 
 of chronic gastric catarrh with defective secretion, 
 associated with gastric atony ; some cases also of 
 " nervous dyspepsia " improve much at Kissingen, in 
 others the results are disappointing, as is the case 
 with all remedies in these very troublesome neurotic 
 cases. 
 
 Soden, near Frankfort, Neiderbronn in Alsace, and 
 Chatelguyon in France, are also suitable places of 
 resort for these patients. 
 
420 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 4. The alkaline aperient sodium sulphate waters 
 Carlsbad, Marienbad, Tarasp, Bertrich are examples ; 
 with these may be classed the laxative waters of 
 Brides les Bains, St. Gervais, and Leamington. 
 
 To these resorts may be sent the large class of 
 dyspeptics, often gouty, often gross feeders, often 
 alcoholic, who, with catarrhal stomachs, have also 
 congested livers, are constipated, suffer from haemor- 
 rhoids, lithiasis, and generally from defective elimina- 
 tion and hyperacidity. 
 
 The warm alkaline waters of Carlsbad are more 
 suitable to the catarrhal cases, and those of Bertrich, 
 which are much milder, to those sensitive, delicate 
 patients who might find the waters of Carlsbad too 
 strong. Marienbad is adapted to the obese and 
 robust, Tarasp to those who require the tonic influence 
 of mountain air. Brides is very useful in cases of 
 habitual constipation, and in those gastro-hepatic 
 troubles induced by residence in hot climates. 
 
 Leamington may be recommended to those who 
 desire to avoid the fatigue of travel. 
 
 There are a few other mineral- water resorts, which 
 cannot well be included in either of the preceding- 
 classes, which, however, are in repute for the treat- 
 ment of the class of cases we are considering. There 
 is Harrogate, with its Kissingen well, adapted to the 
 treatment of the same class of dyspeptics as the fourth 
 of the preceding groups. There is Evian, with its 
 very feebly mineralised spring, which is recommended 
 in cases of " hyperchlorhydrie," and Pougues, near 
 Nevers, with its gaseous alkaline carbonate of lime 
 water, which is resorted to in cases of gastric atony, 
 and dyspeptic states in the neurotic and neurasthenic 
 with defective gastric secretion. In most of these 
 cases the waters that are cold should be warmed at 
 the commencement of the course. 
 
 The uncertainty as to some of these waters being 
 well tolerated by dyspeptic patients is so great, that 
 Kisch has very wisely suggested " the tentative use, 
 for a few days at home, of the mineral water that 
 
SECT, c.] CONSTIPATION. 421 
 
 is under consideration, in order to determine whether 
 or not it is well borne."* 
 
 Home treatment by mineral waters can also be 
 satisfactorily instituted and applied in the milder forms 
 of dyspepsia. The gaseous mildly alkaline table 
 waters, such as Apollinaris, Bilin, or Giesshiibel are 
 well suited for this purpose. The first of these, mixed 
 with one-third as much hot water, is an effective 
 substitute for Neuenahr water, and can be taken, in 
 any desirable quantity, half an hour -before break- 
 fast or lunch. 
 
 Co-existing constipation can be similarly treated 
 by mixing five or six ounces of Apollinaris water 
 with three or four ounces of Apenta or Friedrichshall 
 and drinking this, in two doses, some time before 
 breakfast. Or one or two tumblerfuls of the imported 
 Carlsbad water can be taken at this time. 
 
 Many authorities recommend the treatment of 
 cases of gastric nicer at some of these resorts, but we 
 hardly think it desirable, under any circumstances, 
 to send cases of ulcer of the stomach away from 
 home for treatment by mineral waters. 
 
 HABITUAL CONSTIPATION. 
 
 Habitual constipation is often associated with 
 gastric disorders especially with gastro-intestinal 
 catarrh, and in treating appropriately the dyspeptic 
 conditions, we have to adopt such measures as will 
 remove the constipation, as we have just seen. 
 Constipation may, however, exist without any 
 notable dyspepsia, and recourse to mineral waters 
 may be had for its relief. The Hungarian " bitter" 
 waters, containing the aperient sulphates of magne- 
 sium and sodium and also some chloride of sodium 
 are largely used at home for this purpose ; and 
 the spas visited for the treatment of habitual 
 constipation are those which contain springs rich 
 
 * Mineral Waters and Their Uses. "Cohen's System of 
 Physiologic Therapeutics," vol. ix., p. 478. 
 
422 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 either in these aperient sulphates or in sodium 
 chloride. The gaseous chloride of sodium springs of 
 Homburg and Kissingen are found efficient in some 
 cases, while they entirely fail in others. The alkaline 
 sodium sulphate waters of Marienbad, Franzensbad, 
 and Tarasp are usually found much more effective, 
 but these will wholly fail and even cause constipation 
 in some patients; in such instances we have lound the 
 waters of Brides les Bains more uniformly succeed 
 in remedying this condition. In persons advanced in 
 life, and in stout women of sedentary habits, the 
 constipation is often due to muscular torpor of the 
 large intestine ; in such cases abdominal massage, 
 combined with a course of laxative waters, proves of 
 great value. 
 
 The chloride of sodium and magnesium waters of 
 Chatelguyon are valued in France as a remedy for 
 habitual constipation. 
 
 Haemorrhoids often co-exist with habitual con- 
 stipation, and are relieved by the same means. 
 
 CHRONIC DIARRHCEA AND MUCO-MEMBRANOUS COLITIS. 
 
 The employment of mineral waters in the treat- 
 ment of chronic diarrhoea is naturally only had 
 recourse to in those cases, and they are not rare, in 
 which ordinary medicinal and dietetic treatment has 
 failed. 
 
 In those cases of intestinal catarrh, in which 
 frequent mucous discharges have been the result of 
 previous constipation, or dietetic errors, and con- 
 sequent irritation of the intestinal mucous membrane, 
 the warm alkaline sodium sulphate waters of Carlsbad 
 have often proved of great service, and the same has 
 been observed when the diarrhoea has been traceable 
 to disturbed hepatic functions. But this treatment 
 needs the most careful and skilful supervision, and 
 the mildest possible , course, at starting, is usually 
 
SECT, c.] CHRONIC DIARRHOEA. 423 
 
 desirable. In cases where there is a probability that 
 portions of irritating faecal matter are still retained in 
 the bowels, an initial dose of castor oil is sometimes 
 prescribed.* 
 
 The somewhat analogous waters of St. Gervais, 
 in Savoy, have also been employed successfully in - 
 cases of painful " enteritis and the dysenteric 
 diarrhoeas of hot climates," and the tonic, subalpine 
 climate must be a valuable aid to the recovery of such 
 cases at St. Gervais. 
 
 The Vichy course has always been regarded by 
 French authorities as of great service in cases of 
 " gastro-intestinal dyspepsia with alternation of con- 
 stipation and diarrhoea, and in simple or muco-mem- 
 branous enteritis." Dujardin Beaumetz maintained that 
 in the case of chronic diarrhoea originating amongst 
 Europeans in tropical countries, the only efficacious 
 treatment consisted in restricting the patients to a diet 
 of milk mixed with Vichy water. Le Boulou, in the 
 Eastern Pyrenees, with waters belonging to the same 
 group as those of Vichy, are resorted to in similar 
 cases. 
 
 The very feebly mineralised waters of Evian and 
 Alet have also been found beneficial for the same 
 class of patients. But the soothing influence of the 
 warm baths, of intestinal irrigations, and of a carefully 
 ordered dietary, are probably of far more concern than 
 the drinking of these feebly mineralised waters. 
 This observation is suggested by a consideration of 
 the great success which has attended the treatment 
 of cases of chronic diarrhoea and muco-membranous 
 colitis at Plombieres. This spa has acquired quite a 
 special reputation in this respect, and the drinking 
 cure is there regarded as altogether secondary to the 
 influence of the warm baths and the local application 
 of the warm water to the irritated intestine ; the 
 intestinal douche or " intestinal lavage " forming an 
 important part of the treatment. 
 
 * " Carlsbad, its Thermal Springs and Baths, and How to Usg 
 Them," by Dr. J. Kraus, 
 
424 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i; 
 
 In " lymphatic" and anaemic cases, with general 
 debility of the mucous membranes, Plombieres is not 
 suitable, and more tonic waters are to be preferred, 
 viz. those iron waters containing lime salts (Forges- 
 les-Eaux, Schwalbach, St. Moritz), or earthy cal- 
 careous waters containing iron (Driburg, Antogast, 
 Wildungen). Waters containing sulphate of iron or 
 sulphate of iron and arsenic (Alexisbad, Levico) have 
 been recommended for the diarrhoea of anaemic and 
 feeble children. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND BILE DUCTS. 
 
 Mineral waters are found of great service in the 
 treatment of hepatic disorders. 
 
 Congestion of the liver, whether due to over- 
 feeding, to alcoholism, to insufficient exercise, or to 
 malarial influences, is especially amenable to mineral- 
 water treatment. The springs which are found most 
 useful in the treatment of this condition are the warm 
 alkaline sodium sulphate springs (Carlsbad, Brides), 
 or the cold ones, in obese, vigorous patients with 
 constipation (Marienbad, Tarasp), or the gaseous 
 common salt waters (Kissingen, Homburg) : these 
 last are more suitable to thin and feeble persons. 
 The simple alkaline waters are also very useful, and 
 those of Vichy are frequently prescribed with benefit 
 in the less vigorous malarial, alcoholic, and gouty 
 patients, more particularly if there exists a tendency 
 to diarrhoea rather than to constipation. In anaemic 
 cases the presence of a little iron in the sodium sulphate 
 waters of Elster or Franzensbad renders them more 
 appropriate ; and in very sensitive persons the warm 
 alkaline and weak common salt springs of Ems may 
 prove of value. 
 
 The same class of waters are applicable to the 
 treatment of the large fatty liver of the obese. The 
 purgative "bitter" waters are also suitable for the 
 treatment of these cases, but they can be, and are, 
 usually drunk at home, The waters of Harrogate, 
 
SECT. C.J HEPATIC DISORDERS. 425 
 
 Llandrindod, Leamington, and Cheltenham can be 
 prescribed for the same purpose. Chatelguyon in 
 Auvergne, and St. Gervais in Savoy, are prescribed 
 for the same class of patients. 
 
 Early cases of cirrhosis, with much hypertrophy 
 in the obese alcoholic, are often very greatly benefited 
 by one or more courses at Carlsbad or Brides or 
 Marienbad, or at one of the other resorts of this 
 class that have been named. 
 
 Cases of gallstones^ biliary sand, or inspissated 
 bile, are treated with advantage at a very great 
 number of mineral-water resorts. One of the indi- 
 cations in these affections being the dilution of the 
 bile so as to promote its free flow along the bile 
 ducts, it is obvious that many mineral springs may 
 rightly claim to have this property. Their free, pro- 
 longed, systematic administration is one of the reasons 
 for drinking them at their source rather than at home. 
 The warm alkaline sodium sulphate waters (Carlsbad) 
 stand first in repute for this purpose, and the warm 
 simple alkaline waters (Vichy, Neuenahr) are of 
 nearly equal importance. The great number of 
 sufferers from gallstones who resort annually to 
 Carlsbad or Vichy bear testimony to the repute in 
 which these springs are held. 
 
 The earthy or calcareous waters, such as Con- 
 trexeville, Vittel, and many others, are also advocated 
 for the treatment of these cases when they occur in 
 the gouty ; they are usually administered in very 
 large doses. The same may be said of the feebly 
 mineralised waters of Evian. The springs of Ems 
 and Royat (alkaline and weak common salt springs) 
 are also used for the treatment of the slighter cases. 
 
 It is generally considered desirable that the course 
 of mineral waters should be repeated annually for a 
 few years to prevent a return of the malady. 
 
 A suitable treatment for these cases can be insti- 
 tuted at home (if the patient will consent to the 
 adoption at the same time of an appropriate diet and 
 regime] by drinking several glasses daily, at prescribed 
 
426 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 hours, of a mixture composed of one-third of one of 
 the aperient bitter waters, such as Apenta or Fried- 
 richshall, made hot, and two-thirds of an effervescing 
 alkaline water, such as Bilin, Apollinaris, or one of 
 the weaker Vals springs. 
 
 Chronic forms of jaundice, when believed to be 
 due to catarrh of the bile ducts, or associated with 
 biliary concretions, require the same kind of mineral- 
 water treatment as that pointed out above for the 
 treatment of gallstones, the warm alkaline springs or 
 the warm alkaline sodium sulphate springs being the 
 most appropriate. 
 
 In certain of these chronic forms of jaundice, it 
 will occasionally happen that the disease is due to 
 obstruction of a malignant nature which has not been 
 diagnosed, and such cases may become rapidly worse 
 when sent for treatment to a Continental spa at a 
 distance from home. Such an event often leads to 
 ' much discontent, and discredit is cast both on the spa 
 and on the medical attendant, and pains should always 
 be taken to avoid, if possible, such an occurrence. 
 
 Warm peat poultices have been found serviceable 
 in some forms of hepatic enlargement of gallstones, 
 and of catarrhal jaundice. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 
 
 There are certain chronic diseases of the respira- 
 tory organs which are specially suited to treatment 
 by mineral waters, and these are catarrhal affections 
 of the upper air passages, such as chronic rhino- 
 pharyngitis, pharyngo-laryngitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, 
 and certain forms of chronic bronchial catarrh. 
 Pulmonary emphysema, when not too advanced, is 
 benefited as a result of the relief afforded to the 
 bronchial catarrh with which it is commonly 
 associated, and also by the co-operation of pneumatic 
 treatment, which can usually be obtained in the 
 localities in especial repute for the treatment of 
 respiratory affections. The forest air and mildly 
 
SECT. c.J RESPIRATORY AFFECTIONS. 427 
 
 tonic mountain air, at the moderate elevations at 
 which many of these resorts are situated, undoubtedly 
 prove valuable accessories. In asthma, especially 
 bronchial asthma, i.e. when the attacks are associated 
 with a tendency to chronic bronchial catarrh, 
 excellent results are frequently obtained by such 
 systematic treatment as is applied, for instance, at 
 Mont Dore. 
 
 The mineral springs most commonly resorted to 
 for the treatment of these affections are, in the first 
 place, the warm alkaline weak common salt waters, of 
 which Ems may be regarded as the type ; secondly, the 
 warm mild simple common salt waters, of which Soden 
 is a good example ; thirdly, the warm sulphur springs, 
 especially the sodium sulphide springs, as exemplified 
 at Eaux Bonnes in the Pyrenees ; and the warm 
 sulphur and common salt springs such as those of Aix 
 la Chapelle. In a few special cases, as we shall 
 presently see, the alkaline aperient sodium sulphate 
 waters (Carlsbad, etc.) are recommended. 
 
 The petrolated common salt waters of Salso 
 Maggiore have also recently been strongly recom- 
 mended in the treatment of certain of these 
 maladies. 
 
 It is needless to say that in the treatment of 
 these chronic respiratory affections, it is often of 
 much consequence that we should select a spa with 
 suitable climatic surroundings and where the methods 
 applied, especially in connection with inhalatory 
 treatment, are of the best and newest. 
 
 We shall now pass on to consider the mineral- 
 water treatment of these diseases somewhat more in 
 detail. 
 
 Cases of rhino-pharyngitis, of chronic pharyngitis, 
 and chronic laryngitis and tracheitis are all amenable 
 to the same forms of mineral-water treatment. The 
 influence of local spraying and douching, which are 
 practised at all the resorts where these affections 
 are treated, and the passing of some considerable 
 time daily in chambers specially arranged for the 
 
428 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 inhalation of the vapour and spray, at certain of these 
 spas, contribute greatly to the good results obtained. 
 
 These measures tend to soften, fluidify, and 
 detach the sticky adherent mucus and mucous crusts 
 that are prone to adhere to the mucous membrane in 
 these chronic maladies ; they also soothe the irritated 
 mucous membrane, and some doubtless exert a 
 cleansing, antiseptic action and destroy or diminish 
 bacterial activity. 
 
 The alkaline chloride of sodium waters most 
 frequently prescribed for these affections are Ems, 
 Gleichenberg, Royat, La Bourboule, and Mont 
 Dore (the three last containing arsenic also) ; these 
 are especially suitable when the secretion from the 
 mucous membrane is scanty and there is an irritative 
 cough the catarrhe sec of French writers. The 
 waters are drunk warm, as well as applied locally 
 as spray or gargle, and favour expectoration by their 
 solvent action on mucus. The arsenic in the Bour- 
 boule and Royat springs has also a tonic effect. 
 
 If we also consider a mild moist climate indicated 
 we should choose Ems ; where a more bracing 
 influence is desirable we may select Royat, La 
 Bourboule, or Mont Dore. 
 
 A great number of professional speakers and 
 singers priests, actors, operatic artists resort to 
 Mont Dore, Royat, and La Bourboule the last- 
 named is also specially prescribed by French physi- 
 cians for " lymphatic " and " herpetic " subjects by 
 " herpetic " is meant those patients who also have a 
 marked tendency to cutaneous eruptions. Royat and 
 Mont Dore (but particularly Royat) are considered 
 most useful when these affections occur in the gouty. 
 
 The simple mild chloride of sodium springs, such 
 as Soden, Baden-Baden, Woodhall Spa, Reichenhall, 
 are less useful in these throat maladies than the 
 preceding, and are more frequently used for bronchitic 
 affections. 
 
 The warm sulphur springs, so serviceable in the 
 treatment of these diseases, are especially abundant 
 
SECT, c.] RESPIRATORY AFFECTIONS. 429 
 
 in France and particularly in the Pyrenees ; Cauterets, 
 Eaux Bonnes, Luchon, Le Vernet are perhaps the best 
 known. Other sulphur spas in France, frequented for 
 the same purpose, are Marlioz, close to Aix les Bains, 
 Challes, Allevard, near Grenoble, St. Honore, and 
 Enghien, close to Paris. Weilbach, in Hesse-Nassau, 
 and Neundorf, near Hanover, are cold sulphur 
 springs, and these and the warm sulphur and common 
 salt springs of Aix la Chapelle are recommended 
 for the treatment of these affections, but they are 
 not so specially adapted for the purpose as those we 
 have already named. 
 
 In Switzerland the cold alkaline sulphur 
 springs of Heustrich, near the Lake of Thun, have a 
 special reputation for the treatment of these throat 
 affections, and in a less degree the warm sulphur 
 springs of Schinznach. 
 
 Most elaborate methods have been established at 
 Salso Maggiore for the treatment of the same class of 
 cases, and the mixed vapour and spray of its petrolated 
 salt water has proved of much service to many 
 sufferers from these troublesome chronic throat 
 catarrhs. 
 
 CHRONIC BRONCHIAL CATARRH, ETC. 
 
 Perhaps the most serviceable waters in this disease 
 are the alkaline common salt waters, such as Ems, 
 Gleichenberg, Royat, La Bourboule (arsenical also), 
 Mont Dore, etc. In some cases the mild, moist 
 climate of Ems, in others the dryer climate of Royat, 
 and in others the more bracing mountain air of La 
 Bourboule or Mont Dore will be indicated. The 
 moister climate is advantageous in those cases with 
 scanty secretion and irritative cough. 
 
 The local effect of the warm spray of these 
 waters and the influence of the warm alkaline 
 drink are alike beneficial. 
 
 The mild sodium chloride waters (or the stronger 
 ones diluted) are better suited to cases with profuse 
 secretion, as Soden, Baden-Baden, Reichenhall, 
 
430 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 Kissingen, Ischl. Besides the brine spray inhaled, 
 the adjacency of pine woods and the co-existence of 
 pneumatic and inhalatory treatment at some of these 
 resorts are useful aids. 
 
 Weissenberg, in Switzerland, not far from Berne, 
 with tepid earthy calcareous springs, has an 
 established reputation in the treatment of these cases 
 of chronic bronchial and laryngeal catarrh, but the 
 mildly bracing mountain air, and the adjacency of 
 pine woods, exercise probably as much, or more 
 influence, than the earthy waters, in the good results 
 obtained. 
 
 The sulphur and the sulphur and salt waters have 
 hardly so great a reputation in the treatment of chronic 
 bronchial catarrh as they have in that of catarrh of 
 the pharynx and larynx ; they have, however, their 
 application in the cases of long standing bronchial 
 catarrh of a torpid nature, accompanied with abundant 
 secretion the catarrhe humide of the French. Re- 
 course can be had to such springs as Luchon, Cauterets, 
 Eaux Bonnes, Amelie, St. Honore, Heustrich, Schinz- 
 nach, Aix la Chapelle, and the like. 
 
 Inhalations of sulphuretted hydrogen are applied 
 at some sulphur spas to allay irritability of the respira- 
 tory mucous membrane. Inhalations also of nitrogen, 
 obtained from some of the earthy and calcareous 
 springs (Lippspringe, Inselbad) have been advocated 
 as beneficial in the treatment of chronic bronchial 
 catarrh, but it is difficult to understand how they can 
 produce any curative effect. 
 
 The addition of a little hot milk or whey to 
 many of these waters renders them more pleasant to 
 drink, and seems also often to promote their bene- 
 ficial effects. 
 
 In cases of chronic bronchial catarrh occurring in 
 the obese and plethoric, in free livers, and those 
 addicted to alcohol, with a tendency to pulmonary 
 and hepatic engorgement, the alkaline aperient sodium 
 sulphate springs (Carlsbad, Marienbad, Tarasp, Brides) 
 or the active sodium chloride waters (Kissingen or 
 
SECT, c.] ASTHMA. 431 
 
 Homburg) may prove the most useful by causing 
 intestinal derivation and unloading of the portal 
 circulation. 
 
 The stimulating and invigorating tonic effect on 
 the skin of warm brine baths, followed in young 
 subjects with friction with cold brine, is believed to 
 prevent relapses by diminishing the sensitiveness of 
 the surface to chill. 
 
 For home use, both in acute and chronic catarrhal 
 affections of the air passages, the cold gaseous, 
 alkaline sodium chloride waters of Apollinaris, Bilin, 
 Selters, etc., mixed with a little hot milk or whey, 
 are extremely beneficial on account of their solvent 
 action thinning and promoting the expectoration of 
 viscid mucus, and so allaying cough. 
 
 Chronic emphysema can only be benefited by 
 mineral waters through their curative influence on 
 co-existing catarrhal states, and to those cases the same 
 indications apply as already set forth. It is, how- 
 ever, a decided advantage, in dealing with such cases, 
 to have the aid of suitable pneumatic treatment, such 
 as is practised at Reichenhall, and the adjacency of 
 pine woods, at moderate elevations, is also a gain. 
 
 Asthma. We have entered so fully into the 
 question of the treatment of asthma at Mont Dore 
 in our account of that spa, that it is not necessary to 
 dilate on that subj ect now. We may add that the bron- 
 chitic cases, associated with pulmonary emphysema, 
 are often treated with advantage at the sulphur springs 
 of Luchon, Cauterets, Eaux Bonnes, and Amelie les 
 Bains. Treatment of catarrhal asthma is also under- 
 taken at Inselbad, close to Paderborn, and good 
 results have been reported. 
 
 A suitable " after-cure "is of great importance in 
 all these respiratory catarrhal cases. Places of moderate 
 elevation, with a fairly dry, sunny climate, and 
 in the neighbourhood of pine woods, or places on the 
 sea coast which are protected from cold winds and 
 get much sunshine, are specially indicated. A still 
 atmosphere, with abundant sunshine, is what is needed. 
 
432 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i 
 
 DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 
 
 Until within comparatively recent years it used to 
 be taught that cardiac maladies were counter-indicated 
 at all baths. But in former times all valvular cardiac 
 diseases were looked upon with much greater concern 
 than in the present day, and it was the custom to 
 give a far graver prognosis of some forms of cardiac 
 disease than would now be thought justifiable. With 
 a much truer appreciation of the nature and course of 
 such affections, a much more hopeful view of their 
 therapeutic management has gained ground, so that 
 remedial appliances are now highly valued in cardiac 
 therapeutics which would have been regarded as 
 attended with great risk less than half a century 
 ago. 
 
 Not only are cardiac patients sent to drinking 
 cures for the relief of collateral disturbances of health, 
 whether they are dependent or not on the heart 
 affection, but certain baths are now largely resorted 
 to for their special influence in relieving morbid con- 
 ditions referable directly to cardiac defects, functional 
 and organic. Not only so, but such natural baths 
 are now imitated artificially, and largely and success- 
 fully applied at or near home. 
 
 In the selection, however, of cases for thermal bath 
 treatment, the modern tendency has been to go to the 
 other extreme and to submit nearly all cases of cardiac 
 disease to bath treatment and the mechanical methods 
 associated with it, and serious results have naturally 
 followed such indiscriminate action. Moreover, there 
 has grown up a tendency, in connection with the 
 popularisation of these therapeutic methods, to dis- 
 cover the presence of heart disease where none exists, 
 and many persons, within our own knowledge, have 
 been persuaded to undergo treatment by baths and 
 " resisted movements " for the relief of cardiac affec- 
 tions which had no existence ! neurotic persons 
 readily lending themselves to these minutely detailed 
 and introspective methods. 
 
SECT, c.] CARDIAC DISEASES. 433 
 
 In considering the usefulness and applicability of 
 mineral springs to the treatment of cardiac affections, 
 it will be convenient to refer, in the first place, to 
 those waters which are not credited with any special 
 influence over these maladies, but are prescribed for 
 their beneficial effect in the removal of collateral 
 functional disturbances, apt to be associated with 
 cardiac disease. 
 
 In cases of cardiac hypertrophy, in free livers with 
 threatened arterial changes, and in cases of right- 
 sided hypertrophy and dilatation, associated with 
 chronic pulmonary emphysema, in which our object 
 is to relieve blood stasis and promote the regular 
 distribution and circulation of the blood, by unloading 
 the intestinal veins, and so lessening the labour of 
 the heart, we may have recourse to the cold laxa- 
 tive alkaline sodium sulphate waters of Marienbad, 
 Tarasp, or Brides, or the cold sodium chloride waters 
 of Harrogate, Homburg, or Kissingen. The cold 
 springs are thought more suitable than warm ones, 
 because the warmth of the latter may excite cardiac 
 action and may lead to over-filling of the blood 
 vessels. It is also thought desirable to get rid of any 
 free carbonic acid there may be in the water by 
 stirring briskly or pouring from one glass to another, 
 again for fear of over-stimulating the action of the 
 heart. 
 
 The above mentioned waters may be appropriate 
 also in compensated valvular lesions when symptoms 
 of venous stasis in the abdominal viscera seem to 
 show that compensation is in danger such as gastro- 
 intestinal catarrh, hepatic enlargement, haemorrhoids, 
 and menstrual abnormalities dependent on abdominal 
 stasis. 
 
 When there is much cardiac excitement with 
 heightened blood pressure, and when it is important 
 to subdue quickly co-existing symptoms of portal 
 engorgement, the purgative bitter waters are often of 
 much service for home use, as Apenta, Friedrichshall, 
 Piillna, etc. 
 
434 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 In many of these cases where aterio-sclerosis is 
 imminent it is highly important to further hepatic 
 and intestinal elimination as well as to promote renal 
 excretion ; for this purpose we may combine the use 
 of bitter waters with the use of alkaline common salt 
 waters, as Ems, Neuenahr, Apollinaris. They lessen 
 the work of the heart by promoting diuresis and 
 intestinal activity. They should be freed from 
 gaseous carbonic acid, and in mild cases the alkaline 
 water may be given in much larger quantity than the 
 bitter water, one dose daily of the latter being often 
 sufficient. 
 
 In certain cardiac neuroses the etiological con- 
 dition may indicate the use of mineral waters. The 
 palpitations associated with anaemia and chlorosis at 
 puberty may be benefited by iron waters, such as 
 those of Spa, Schwalbach, Bocklet, and Pyrmont, 
 while the same symptom coming on at the 
 climacteric period, or dependent on intestinal torpor, 
 may be benefited by the aperient sodium sulphate 
 waters of Marienbad, Brides, or Tarasp. 
 
 Hitherto we have referred only to the drinking of 
 mineral waters in these cases, but it is to the in- 
 fluence of thermal baths in the treatment of cardiac 
 disease that attention has been chiefly directed of 
 late years, and especially to the gaseous thermal 
 brine baths of Nauheim, which are exceptionally 
 rich in pure carbonic acid. 
 
 Similar springs are found at Oeynhausen and 
 Rehme, and somewhat similar ones at Salins Moutiers 
 in Savoy. 
 
 There can be no doubt of the beneficial effect of 
 these thermal gaseous salt springs in certain cases 
 of cardiac disorder. The following are the cases 
 which have been shown by experience to be most 
 benefited by bath treatment at Nauheim : 
 
 i. Cases of dilatation of the heart unaccompanied by 
 hypertrophy and not associated with any cardiac lesion, 
 beyond weakness of the heart muscle, brought about 
 either by excessive physical effort or over-work 
 
SECT, c.] CARDIAC DISEASES. 435 
 
 (heart-strain) ; or occurring as the result of toxic 
 action, as in the post-in fluenzal cases ; or following 
 attacks of rheumatic endocarditis in young people. 
 These are the cases that do especially well at 
 Nauheim. 
 
 2. Valvular disease, in the early stage and in 
 young people, in which compensation has not been 
 thoroughly established or in which it appears, for 
 some reason, to have become temporarily disturbed. 
 
 3. It has been stated by those who have had 
 large opportunities of observing cases of convalescence 
 from attacks of acute rheumatism, that during the 
 prolonged period of rest which should always be 
 enjoined after such illnesses a course of Nauheim 
 baths will, at this period, do more than rest alone 
 to prevent the occurrence of valvular lesions ; that 
 while undergoing this treatment murmurs will be 
 observed to disappear. But it must be borne in mind 
 that, in these recent cases, murmurs will also dis- 
 appear under suitable treatment at home. 
 
 Physical examination appears to show that in 
 cases of simple dilation from muscular asthenia, and 
 in dilation the result of valvular lesion, imperfectly 
 compensated, the baths determine a diminution in the 
 size of the heart by restoration of muscular tone, and 
 this result is explained by the following considera- 
 tions : The effect of the bath is at first to cause 
 constriction of the cutaneous vessels and a consequent 
 rise of blood pressure, which quickly passes away and 
 is succeeded by flushing of the skin through dilata- 
 tion of superficial aterioles this change is referred to 
 the stimulating effect on the skin of the constituents 
 of the water, especially the free carbonic acid and 
 the sodium and calcium chlorides, the latter salt 
 being credited with a highly exciting effect. It is 
 argued that this freer distribution of blood to the skin 
 must lead to a withdrawal of blood from the deeper 
 seated tissues and therefore to an acceleration of the 
 circulation through them ; that by the dilatation of 
 the peripheral vessels the strain on the heart is 
 
456 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PAPT i 
 
 lightened, the over-distension of its cavities is 
 removed, and it is rendered fitter for the work 
 it has to do as a consequence the heart beat is 
 strengthened and slowed, and the area of cardiac 
 dulness is often notably diminished.* The slowing of 
 the heart beat, notwithstanding the vascular dilatation, 
 has been hypothetically explained by referring it to a 
 reflex stimulation of the cardiac regulator nerves. 
 
 4. This treatment is also stated to have been 
 found useful in certain cardiac neuroses, especially in 
 cases of pseudo- or vaso-motor angina, due to arterial 
 spasm, and occurring often in gouty subjects from the 
 presence of irritating substances in the blood. The 
 heart is assumed to be sound, but submitted to 
 sudden and severe strain by more or less suddenly 
 increased arterial resistance in these cases the 
 Nauheim bath acts, as has been seen, by dilating the 
 superficial arterioles and so diminishing excessive blood 
 pressure. 
 
 It is, however, very doubtful if this treatment 
 should ever be applied to cases of true angina; in 
 such cases it is best to avoid all spa treatment and 
 the fatigue of long journeys, and even in the vaso- 
 motor forms the greatest possible caution is needful, 
 and it is questionable whether other spas are not 
 more suitable to these cases than Nauheim. 
 
 At Nauheim and elsewhere, where artificial 
 Nauheim baths are used, it is the custom to apply 
 also what are 'termed " resistance exercises," which 
 we have described elsewhere.t These are applied 
 either during or after the course of baths. We are not 
 satisfied that these are of any great use and it has 
 been recorded by those who had experience of the 
 Nauheim treatment, before these movements were 
 introduced, that as good results were obtained then 
 as now. 
 
 * We have shown that the effect on the respiration has, in many 
 instances, a marked influence in diminishing the area of cardiac 
 dulness on percussion. " Manual of Medical Treatment," new 
 edition, vol. i., p. 398. 
 
 f " Manual of Medical Treatment," new edition, vol. i., p. 400. 
 
SECT, c.] CARDIAC DISEASES. 437 
 
 It must also be borne in mind that all baths con- 
 taining much free carbonic acid such as the gaseous 
 chalybeate baths exercise a powerful stimulating 
 effect on the skin : they promote diuresis and general 
 metabolism, and so exert a tonic effect on the heart 
 and tend to relieve cardiac dilatation. 
 
 Gentle stimulation of the surface and promotion 
 of the cutaneous circulation by simple thermal baths, 
 cautiously applied, has proved of service in cases 
 where the heart has been left weak and irritable 
 after attacks of acute rheumatism attended with 
 myocarditis, endocarditis, or pericarditis. 
 
 But the value of the Nauheim treatment has been 
 seriously questioned by such eminent authorities as 
 Huchard, of Paris, who states that he has seen most 
 grievous consequences result from its indiscriminate 
 application. These carbonic acid baths, he maintains, 
 are dangerous in certain cases, and he instances death 
 from apoplexy as occurring not rarely as a conse- 
 quence of this treatment. He continues, " Even 
 this year* I have seen three patients affected with 
 arterial cardiopathy whose condition was consider- 
 ably aggravated by the Nauheim cure, and who died 
 in Paris, two from morbid conditions due to vaso- 
 constriction and arterial hypertension, and the third 
 from a violent attack of acute cedema of the lung." 
 He refers these serious consequences to the action 
 hypertensive of the carbonic acid baths an effect 
 which has been observed to last for one or two hours 
 or even longer after the bath. He therefore urges 
 that in the condition he terms " presclerose " and 
 in all " arterial cardiopathies " characterised by hyper- 
 tension, the Nauheim treatment is formally counter- 
 indicated, and he very pertinently points out that 
 this treatment is quite without any anti-toxic or 
 eliminative action. He would reserve its application 
 for cases of valvular disease with persistently low 
 arterial tension. 
 
 * " La Medication Hypertensive." Rev ue du Therapeutique Medico- 
 Clrirurgicale { 1903. 
 
438 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART r. 
 
 Huchard, however, advocates thermal baths in 
 the treatment of cardiac affections, and considers 
 that they exercise an important influence on the 
 central organs of the circulation by their thermality 
 causing hypersemia of the skin and having a vaso- 
 dilator effect on the peripheral circulation ; he also 
 thinks it important to select a resort having waters of 
 high or varied temperature, which, when taken inter- 
 nally, exert an anti-uricsemic action, and so lower 
 arterial tension. He considers the springs of 
 Bourbon Lancy especially indicated in these cases of 
 arterial hypertension. 
 
 There are many other spas in France which 
 claim to be of use to the cardiac invalid, and 
 especially Aix les Bains, where they specify the 
 following cases as suitable for thermal treatment : 
 
 (1) Endocarditic lesions at their onset, if possible 
 in the month following the acute attack. 
 
 (2) Cases of recent origin a few months to a 
 year that are subject to frequent recurrences of acute 
 or sub-acute articular rheumatism, and which are 
 therefore constantly threatened with fresh cardiac 
 mischief. 
 
 (3) Older cases with good and regular compensa- 
 tion. But no cases with endarteritis, or degeneration 
 of the cardiac muscle, or with visceral complication 
 from failing compensation, or over sixty years of 
 age, should be sent there. 
 
 At Aix, in addition to the douche massage for 
 which it is noted, artificial Nauheim baths are pre- 
 pared, and mechanical exercises, according to the 
 Zander system, are made use of. 
 
 This combined method is reported to have yielded 
 excellent results in cases of recent origin. 
 
 At Uriage cases of recent endocarditis are said to 
 be favourably modified, especially in children. The 
 same remark applies to La Motte. 
 
 At Bagnols, with warm sulphur baths, at an 
 elevation of about 2,500 feet, they treat the same 
 class of cases as at Aix, but they extend the indica- 
 
SECT, c.] CARDIAC DISEASES. 439 
 
 tion to cases of arterio-sclerosis at its commencement, 
 to cases of commencing failure of accommodation, and 
 to cases of fatty heart. 
 
 At Aulus, which is situated at about the same 
 elevation as Bagnols, they treat early cases of 
 arterio-sclerosis and the " renal " heart, and also 
 cardiac neuroses and the fatty heart. 
 
 At Ax les Thermes they treat arterio-sclerosis, 
 phlebitis, and varicose veins, and the first of these 
 diseases is also treated at Evian. At Bagnoles de 
 1'Orne the various forms of phlebitis and diseases of 
 the veins are specially treated. 
 
 Brides les Bains, with its laxative eliminant water, 
 combined with the adjacent gaseous salt baths of 
 Salins Moutiers, possesses a combination of resources 
 of undoubted value in certain forms of circulatory 
 disorders the commencement of arterial-hyperten- 
 sion and arterio-sclerosis cases, with threatened failure 
 of compensation, cases of fatty heart in the obese 
 with symptoms of abdominal plethora, enlarged liver 
 and portal engorgement. 
 
 It will be seen by the foregoing and by reference to 
 the descriptions in Section B of the spas here alluded 
 to, that mineral waters and baths have come to take 
 a place of some importance in cardiac therapeutics, 
 and that the presence of compensated valvular lesions 
 does not necessarily counter-indicate the prescription 
 of chalybeate warm baths for co-existing anaemic 
 states, or of aperient eliminative waters for hepatic or 
 abdominal venous congestion, or of alkaline diuretic 
 waters in states of uricaemia. We claim also that in 
 cases of arterio-sclerosis the eliminant laxative and 
 diuretic springs are of value in that they not only get 
 rid of toxic substances that may be circulating in the 
 blood, but by unloading the intestinal veins they 
 tend to relieve vascular tension and promote a better 
 distribution of the circulating fluid, especially when 
 aided by the stimulating influence of thermal baths 
 on the peripheral circulation. When we have to deal 
 with these cases in the obese and muscularly vigorous 
 
440 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART I. 
 
 patients the alkaline sodium sulphate waters are 
 indicated (Marienbad, Tarasp, Brides), but in the 
 thin and less vigorous the sodium chloride waters of 
 Kissingen or those of Bourbon Lancy may be more 
 appropriate. In all cardiac cases much caution is 
 needed, and it is desirable to have some experience 
 of the patient's capacities of re-action and the degree 
 of compensation which exists, before determining 
 whether or not the case is suitable to thermal 
 treatment. It should also be remembered that some 
 nervous cardiac patients are particularly sensitive 
 to thermal baths, and feel much exhaustion after 
 their use when this is the case it is advisable not to 
 prescribe them. 
 
 RENAL AND URINARY DISORDERS. 
 
 Mineral waters prove of great utility in the treat- 
 ment of many affections which fall under this head. 
 The earthy calcareous waters come into especial 
 prominence in the treatment of urinary concretions 
 and the morbid conditions of the bladder and urinary 
 passages associated therewith. 
 
 Contrexeville, Vittel, Martigny, Wildungen are 
 largely resorted to by sufferers from these maladies. 
 The very feebly mineralised waters of Evian have 
 also a great reputation in the same class of cases. 
 
 The class of simple alkaline waters, as exemplified 
 by Vichy, Vals, and Neuenahr, retain the popularity 
 they have for many years enjoyed in the treatment 
 of urinary concretions, and although at one time the 
 idea of an "alkaline cachexia" being attributable to 
 the too free use of Vichy waters, advanced by Trous- 
 seaux, led to their replacement largely by waters of 
 the earthy calcareous class, this idea is no longer 
 believed to be tenable, and their ancient reputation 
 has been quite regained. 
 
 The alkaline and mild sodium chloride waters, 
 like those of Ems and Royat, are preferable in certain 
 cases requiring very mild treatment, while in others 
 
SECT, c.] RENAL DISEASES. 441 
 
 the alkaline and sodium sulphate waters of Carlsbad, 
 Marienbad, or Tarasp are to be preferred. In selecting 
 a suitable spring, much must necessarily depend on 
 the constitution of the patient, the cause of the 
 malady, and the co-existence of other morbid states. 
 The occurrence of uric acid gravel and calculi, asso- 
 ciated with the gouty constitution, often depends on 
 a disorder of the hepatic functions, and the appro- 
 priate treatment must include measures directed to 
 restore healthy action of the liver. For such cases 
 the alkaline sodium sulphate waters (Carlsbad) or the 
 warm simple alkaline waters (Vichy) may be most 
 appropriate, the former when there is a tendency to 
 constipation and haemorrhoids. 
 
 The free use of the alkaline waters, and also of 
 the calcareous springs in case of renal gravel and 
 calculi (uric acid), often leads to the passage of 
 numerous concretions, and this is dependent not on 
 any solvent action of the water, as was at one time 
 supposed, but on its diuretic action and a mechanical 
 flushing of the urinary passages. The alkaline waters 
 also tend to reduce the acidity of the urine and 
 maintain it neutral or slightly alkaline, and to prevent 
 the re-formation of concretions. The action of the 
 stronger alkaline waters should be carefully watched, 
 so that the urine may not be rendered too alkaline 
 and the risk of phosphatic precipitation be incurred. 
 
 The alkaline waters are also most useful in the 
 treatment of catarrhal conditions of the renal pelvis, 
 and of the urinary passages, when caused by uric acid 
 deposits and hyperacidity of the urine, for, as has 
 been pointed out, the " abundant and long continued 
 drinking of those waters " renders the urine neutral 
 or alkaline, lessens the irritation of the acid urine, 
 liquefies the mucus, and influences favourably the 
 diseased mucous membrane. 
 
 But when the mucous secretion is profuse and the 
 disease very chronic (chronic pyelitis), the earthy 
 calcareous waters may prove more serviceable (Wild- 
 ungen, Driburg, Contrexeville), and, indeed, they can 
 
4*2 MINERAL SPRINGS [PART i. 
 
 always be regarded as an alternative to the alkaline 
 waters, and preferable to them in all those cases that 
 do not well tolerate alkaline remedies. The use of 
 Evian water applies to the same cases. It is appro- 
 priate to those individuals in whom we desire to effect 
 a simple flushing of the urinary tracts and a dilution 
 of the urine. 
 
 In cases of great irritability of the vescial mucous 
 membrane, prolonged simple thermal baths (Wildbad, 
 Ragatz) combined with the internal use of some 
 mild gaseous alkaline water (Bilin, Apollinaris, 
 Giesshubel) has a sedative and soothing effect. 
 
 Neither the alkaline nor the earthy waters should 
 be prescribed in cases of phosphate concretions, but 
 springs rich in free carbonic acid, and containing only 
 nominal quantities of sodium bicarbonate and sodium 
 chloride (Selters, Johannis, Bussang) are useful. 
 
 In the case of concretions of oxalates we may 
 prescribe the free consumption, for long periods, of 
 the mild gaseous simple alkaline waters (Bilin, 
 Apollinaris, Giesshubel), and in the home treatment 
 of uric acid deposits these or the weaker Vals springs, 
 with occasional aperient doses of a " bitter water," 
 prove of great service. 
 
 The imported water of Luhatschowitz, containing 
 bicarbonate and chloride of sodium and much free 
 carbonic acid, has been strongly recommended for 
 home use in these cases. 
 
 Prostatic irritation and hypertrophy, when asso- 
 ciated with uric acid deposits, is sometimes greatly 
 relieved and reduced by a Vichy course. 
 
 Albuminuria. Although mineral waters prove so 
 useful in the case of renal gravel, calculi, and in 
 catarrhal conditions of the urinary passages, we must 
 not expect much benefit from their use in cases of 
 albuminuria dependent on renal disease. 
 
 In cases of gouty kidney (interstitial nephritis} in 
 the early stage, with slight albuminuria, mineral-water 
 treatment, directed to the relief of the gouty state, 
 may be of service, and by correcting the gouty state 
 
SECT, c.] ALBUMINURIA. 443 
 
 may cause the albumen to disappear ; but any such 
 treatment must be carried out with great care and 
 caution, and we must see that the mineral water 
 ingested is freely excreted by the kidneys, for if this 
 is not the case there is the risk of increasing arterial 
 pressure, which we should do our best to avoid in 
 these cases, as arterio-sclerosis is often present, and 
 almost always impending. 
 
 In albuminuria, dependent on digestive disturb- 
 ance (a condition not so common as some seem to 
 imagine), mineral waters directed to the relief of the 
 dyspeptic condition may be useful. 
 
 French physicians seem to have much confidence 
 in the usefulness of mineral waters in albuminuria. 
 Functional albuminuria is reported to be cured at 
 St. Nectaire le Haut, and at Pougues not only 
 functional forms, but nephritic cases are claimed as 
 appropriate for treatment at those spas. Of other 
 French spas which claim to be indicated in certain 
 forms of albuminuria, we may mention Royat, Evian, 
 Brides, Martigny, and Chatelguyon. 
 
 The waters of Contrexeville have been reputed as 
 useful in the nocturnal incontinence of urine in 
 children. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 There are many diseases of the nervous system 
 which are obviously quite unsuited to treatment by 
 mineral waters and baths, and to these we need not 
 refer ; there are others in which bath treatment is 
 permissible, but not very hopeful, and still a few 
 others in which treatment at natural thermal baths 
 proves advantageous. 
 
 In most of these cases it is the bath treatment the 
 external treatment and not the internal use of the 
 mineral waters that is mainly relied upon, and there 
 can be no doubt that much of the benefit experienced 
 at the spas to which these cases resort is to be 
 attributed to the accessory means there applied 
 
444 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 to the electrical appliances, the mechanical measures, 
 such as massage, re-educating movements, regulated 
 exercises, and proper periods of rest, and the appro- 
 priate diet as well as to the co-operation of a suitable 
 tonic and sedative climate. It is to the whole system 
 of detailed attention and skilful supervision and 
 management, and the perfection of the physical 
 resources at the disposal of the physicians at these ^ 
 resorts, that the good results, not unfrequently ob- 
 tained, must be referred. 
 
 Even in certain chronic cases of structural nervous 
 lesions, where little or no permanent benefit can be 
 looked for, the patient, and the patient's friends, are 
 naturally not content to relinquish all hope of 
 amelioration, and when it is clear that no harm can 
 accrue from bath treatment, it is permissible to allow 
 such cases the satisfaction of some hopeful anticipa- 
 tions, and the feeling that nothing has been left 
 untried. We shall now mention, briefly, the principal 
 nervous affections in which bath treatment has been 
 recommended. 
 
 Chronic paralysis and painful contractions follow- 
 ing cerebral haemorrhage. These cases are not very 
 hopeful ones, and it is generally admitted that bath 
 treatment should not be undertaken until several 
 months have elapsed since the acute attack. The 
 object of treatment is to maintain nutrition and tone 
 in the affecte 4 d muscles, to allay nervous and 
 circulatory irritability, to relieve painful spasm, and to 
 promote the general health. The indifferent or simple 
 thermal springs and the mild sodium chloride springs 
 are those mainly resorted to. In France, Neris 
 (simple thermal) has a special reputation, so has 
 Bourbon 1'Archambaut (mild warm sodium chloride). 
 In the latter it is suggested that the original lesion 
 should not be severe, and that the case should not be 
 sent there until after the inflammatory stage has 
 disappeared, and before atrophy and definite contrac- 
 tions have set in. The somewhat stronger warm 
 sodium chloride springs of Balaruc, close to Cette, on 
 
SECT, c.] PARALYSIS. 445 
 
 the Mediterranean coast, also enjoys a reputation for 
 the treatment of such cases ; it is, however, pointed 
 out that the "cure" must be directed with "ex- 
 treme prudence " on the part of the medical attendant, 
 and should not be undertaken till long after the 
 haemorrhagic attack, and when all risk of recurrence 
 is absent. 
 
 Cases of the same kind are also treated at 
 Gastein, Ragatz, Wildbad, and Teplitz. 
 
 Cases of cerebral hypercemia with " apoplectic 
 tendencies" are not very suitable subjects for spa 
 treatment, but the aperient " bitter waters " or the 
 alkaline sodium sulphate waters have been recom- 
 mended as "intestinal derivatives" but these can 
 be taken at home. 
 
 Paralysis referable to spinal disease, and 
 especially when due to " cold " or rheumatic affec- 
 tion of the spinal meninges, or the sequel of acute 
 disease ; paraplegia, recent, and particularly when 
 due to chronic myelitis of rheumatic origin, and 
 spasmodic paraplegia ; these are treated at such 
 simple thermal baths as Buxton, Bath, Neris, Plom- 
 bieres, Ragatz, Gastein, Schlangenbad, and also at 
 some thermal common salt and gaseous common 
 salt baths, Bourbonne, Balaruc, Nauheim, according 
 as sedative or stimulating effects are desired also at 
 the feebly mineralised warm springs of La Malou 
 and Bagneres-de-Bigorre. 
 
 At Neris it is maintained that the "cure " there is 
 beneficial to cases of general paralysis at its onset, 
 and to those of progressive muscular atrophy if 
 adopted at the earliest manifestations. But it may 
 be doubted if these diseases are ever greatly bene- 
 fited by thermal treatment. 
 
 Locomotor ataxy or tabes is claimed to be 
 amenable to thermal treatment at many Continental 
 spas. La Malou, in France, has a very widespread 
 reputation for the treatment of this affection, 
 which was greatly contributed to by the advocacy 
 of the late Professor Charcot. It is maintained by 
 
446 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 the local physicians that the painful symptoms 
 the lightning pains, the visceral crises, the loss of 
 power of the sphincters and the greater part of the 
 trophic disturbances and the general debility are 
 efficaciously dealt with there, and that the motor 
 inco-ordination is beneficially modified by the thermal 
 treatment combined with the re-education exercises. 
 
 It is mainly ito the influence of the external 
 application of the waters that the good effects are 
 referred, and the internal use of the waters is quite 
 secondary. Neris also claims that the sedative action 
 of its baths exercises a very beneficial effect on those 
 cases of tabes in which the painful and excitable 
 symptoms predominate. 
 
 Bagneres-de-Bigorre has been recommended in 
 cases of incipient tabes. 
 
 The simple thermal waters of Ragatz, Gastein, 
 and Wildbad have also been found useful. Re-educa- 
 tion exercises, to remedy the motor inco-ordination, 
 are practised at most of these spas. 
 
 In early cases, but when the painful manifestations 
 have ceased, the warm sodium chloride springs, and 
 even the stimulating gaseous sodium chloride waters, 
 have been found of service at Bourbon 1'Archam- 
 baut, Bourbonne les Bains, Balaruc, Droitwich, 
 Nauheim, and Oeynhausen. 
 
 The warm mud baths of St. Amand have been 
 found useful in relieving the lightning pains of tabes 
 in many instances. 
 
 In cases that can be distinctly referred to 
 syphilis, much benefit may be derived from treatment 
 at the thermal sulphur and salt baths, as at Aix la 
 Chapelle and Uriage, combined with specific treat- 
 ment, which can be applied so much more freely at 
 these spas. We may say here that all affections of 
 the nervous system of syphilitic origin, like other 
 manifestations of constitutional syphilis, can be 
 advantageously treated at these spas and by the same 
 methods. 
 
 Neuritis (and consequent loss of muscular power), 
 
SECT, c.] NEURITIS AND. NEURALGIAS. 447 
 
 peripheral and multiple, due to alcoholic, metallic, 
 or other intoxication, or to cold (rheumatic) or to 
 injury, may be benefited by suitable thermal treat- 
 ment. The simple thermal baths in cases that 
 require sedative treatment Buxton, Bath, Neris, 
 Ragatz, Schlangenbad ; in those requiring more 
 stimulating treatment we may prescribe warm sulphur 
 baths, as Aix les Bains, Aix la Chapelle, and others, 
 or warm sodium chloride baths at Droitwich, Bour- 
 bonne les Bains, Kissingen, etc. In the cases due to 
 metallic intoxication (lead, mercury, etc.) the warm 
 sulphur or sulphur and sodium chloride baths are 
 especially indicated. 
 
 Chronic neuralgias of various origin, whether due 
 to toxic affections, to constitutional states, to anaemic 
 conditions, or to inflammation of the great nerves or 
 their sheaths, are frequently submitted to thermal 
 treatment, and sciatica perhaps more frequently than 
 any other form. Massage, douching, and electricity 
 are employed as auxiliary influences in many 
 instances. Cases of rheumatic, gouty or syphilitic 
 nature are usually sent to thermal sulphur baths 
 Aix les Bains, Aix la Chapelle, St. Sauveur, Acqui 
 or to the thermal salt baths, Bourbonne les Bains, 
 Balaruc, Droitwich, Wiesbaden. 
 
 Cases requiring more soothing treatment are 
 directed to simple thermal baths, as Bath, Buxton, 
 Gastein, Ragatz, Plombieres, Neris, or to the feebly 
 mineralised thermal baths of La Malou or Bagneres- 
 de-Bigorre. The mud baths of Dax have been found 
 serviceable in some cases. 
 
 The anaemic forms may be treated with the baths 
 and chalybeate waters of Spa, Schwalbach, or 
 Franzensbad. 
 
 In some cases of sciatica associated with habitual 
 constipation and abdominal stasis the laxative waters 
 (with hot mineral or mud baths) of Carlsbad, Brides, 
 Marienbad, or Kissingen may be most appropriate. 
 
 Cases of infantile paralysis are not frequently 
 submitted to spa treatment, but it is stated that 
 
448 MINERAL SPRINGS [PART t. 
 
 benefit is derived from the methods applied at 
 Bourbon 1'Archambaut, Bourbonne les Bains, and 
 Bareges. 
 
 The various neuroses and functional nervous dis- 
 turbances are usually best dealt with at spas situated 
 at moderate elevations in mountainous or forest 
 regions, where a soothing as well as mildly bracing 
 treatment can be applied. 
 
 Hysteria and its chronic manifestations, paralysis, 
 contractions, etc., neurasthenia, insomnia, some forms 
 of chorea and professional spasm, as writer s cramp, 
 etc., are often beneficially affected by treatment 
 at St. Gervais, St. Sauveur, Evian, Plombieres, 
 Buxton, Gastein, Schlangenbad, Bagneres-de-Bigorre, 
 La Malou, and others. 
 
 CUTANEOUS DISEASES. 
 
 There are many mineral springs which have a con- 
 siderable reputation for the treatment of skin diseases, 
 especially the sulphur springs, warm and cold, as 
 Luchon, Schinznach, Strathpeffer, Harrogate, and the 
 sulphur and sodium chloride springs, as Uriage, Aix la 
 Chapelle, Acqui, Herculesbad ; also the arsenical 
 and alkaline springs of La Bourboule and Royat, and 
 the iron and arsenical water of Levico ; and in a 
 minor degree the simple thermal or thermal earthy 
 spas, as Bath, Schlangenbad, and particularly Leuker- 
 bad. When for the accompanying constitutional state 
 or disorder alkaline or saline waters are indicated, the 
 French physicians prescribe such spas as Vichy, 
 Royat, and Le Boulou, or Evaux and La Mouillere. 
 In some cases the mud baths of St. Amand are 
 thought useful. 
 
 It is, of course, important to consider any co- 
 existing constitutional disease or tendency which may 
 be of etiological importance; for instance in some 
 gouty cases the alkaline sodium sulphate waters of 
 Carlsbad may be indicated. 
 
 Many skin diseases are associated with the 
 
SECT, c.j CUTANEOUS DISEASES. 449 
 
 rheumatic and gouty constitutions, and it will be 
 noted that many of the spas which are recommended, 
 in the treatment of skin affections, are precisely those 
 which are found useful in the treatment of chronic 
 rheumatism and gout. 
 
 To many others scrofula is believed to have a 
 causal relation, and for these the sodium chloride, and 
 the sulphur and sodium chloride, baths are considered 
 most appropriate. 
 
 It is not improbable that in certain forms of skin 
 disease some of these baths, and particularly the 
 sulphur ones, may exert an anti-bacterial influence. 
 
 It is naturally the chronic, intractable forms of 
 cutaneous disease that are sent to mineral-water 
 resorts. 
 
 In some resorts, as at Leukerbad, prolonged 
 maceration of the skin, by immersion for many hours 
 at a time, is obviously an important physical agency 
 which has the effect of cleansing the skin of adherent 
 secretions and washing away old epidermal scales, 
 and of exerting a tonic and sedative effect on the 
 cutaneous peripheral nerves. 
 
 We shall now mention briefly the spa treatment 
 suitable to the chief and most prevalent forms of 
 skin disease. 
 
 Eczema. This is one of the commonest of skin 
 affections, and one that is most frequently benefited 
 by bath treatment. Uriage may be taken as the 
 type of bath which is most universally applicable to 
 the cure of eczema. The moist forms are the most 
 favourably influenced, and the course seems to be 
 equally useful in the lymphatic, the scrofulous, the 
 gouty, and the anaemic. The favourable climatic 
 situation, at a moderate elevation (about 1,400 feet 
 above the sea), with much sunshine, in the mountains 
 of Dauphine, no doubt is an effectual aid to its 
 mineral springs. 
 
 Other sulphur baths that enjoy a reputation for 
 the cure of this malady are Strathpeffer (in gouty 
 cases), Harrogate, Schinznach, Luchon (especially the 
 
450 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 humid forms), Enghien (the dry forms and those 
 requiring stimulating treatment), Challes (scrofulous 
 forms), Bareges, St. Gervais, St. Honore, Ax les 
 Thermes (all forms), Allevard (the impetiginous form), 
 Lenk, in Canton Berne (moist form), Aix la Chapelle, 
 Acqui, etc. 
 
 In scrofulous forms with tendency to glandular 
 enlargements the following sodium chloride waters 
 have been recommended La Mouillere (Besangon), 
 Salins - du - Jura, Kreuznach ; also the arsenical 
 waters of La Bourboule. In diabetic forms, Vichy, 
 Royat, Neuenahr, La Bourboule ; these are also 
 useful in certain gouty and rheumatic forms. 
 In certain nervous, irritable forms the simple 
 thermal springs prove soothing and beneficial, as 
 Neris, Plombieres, Gastein, Schlangenbad, Ragatz ; 
 in very Chronic forms maceration of the skin by 
 prolonged baths at Leukerbad, or at Bath, may be of 
 great use. Leukerbad is said to be especially useful 
 when the nails are the seat of the disease. 
 
 The arsenical and iron water of Levico is 
 prescribed in some anaemic forms. For gouty sub- 
 jects with hepatic inadequacy the Carlsbad waters 
 often prove of service. 
 
 Psoriasis. This most rebellious of skin affections 
 is often ameliorated, but seldom or never cured, by 
 mineral baths. The skin is often cleansed and freed 
 from scales and crusts, and " whitened " for a time by 
 thermal sulphur, with vapour, or sulphur and sodium 
 chloride baths (Uriage, Luchon, Aix les Bains, 
 Strathpeffer, Harrogate), or by prolonged maceration 
 in such baths as Leukerbad, or in other simple 
 thermal baths. 
 
 The arsenical waters of La Bourboule, Levico, and 
 Roncegno are sometimes prescribed. 
 
 Acne. Uriage (pulverisations), Challes, Allevard, 
 Cauterets, Schinznach, Luchon, Enghien, Bareges, the 
 mud of St. Amand. The accompanying constitutional 
 states may need alkaline waters (Vichy, Royat, Ems), 
 or common salt waters (in scrofulous cases) or chaly- 
 
SECT, c.] CUTANEOUS DISEASES. 451 
 
 beate waters in the anaemic, or the laxative waters of 
 Marienbad, Tarasp, etc., in the hepatic, gouty forms 
 with constipation. 
 
 Prurigo and Pruritus. Harrogate, Strathpeffer, 
 Enghien, Aix les Bains, Luchon, Schinznach, or the 
 sedative springs of Neris, Plombieres, Evaux, Ragatz, 
 Gastein, Buxton, the prolonged baths at Leukerbad, 
 the alkaline arsenical baths of La Bourboule, Mont 
 Dore, Royat. The constitutional states must be care- 
 fully considered and appropriately treated. 
 
 Lichen. Enghien, St. Gervais, Luchon, La Bour- 
 boule, Schlangenbad. 
 
 Pityriasis. Simple thermal waters to allay irri- 
 tation (Buxton, Plombieres, Ragatz, Neris). In very 
 chronic torpid cases the sulphur waters of Aix la 
 Chapelle, Uriage, Enghien, Schinznach, St. Honore. 
 
 Chronic Furunculosis. Harrogate, Llandrindod, 
 Lenk, Schinznach, Uriage, La Bourboule. The con- 
 stitutional condition and its appropriate treatment is 
 of chief consideration. 
 
 Urticaria. The constitutional disorder should be 
 the chief object of treatment. The alkaline waters 
 (Vichy, Vals, Royat) may be of use in the gouty or 
 rheumatic. The simple thermal sedative baths (Neris, 
 Gastein, Schlangenbad, Buxton) in the neurotic. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE FEMALE GENITAL ORGANS. 
 
 Chronic disorders of the female sexual organs 
 have been largely dealt with at certain mineral 
 springs : disorders of menstruation amenorrhcea, 
 dysmenorrhcea, menorrhagia ; disturbances of health 
 attending the menopause ; catarrhal conditions of the 
 vagina and uterus (vaginal and uterine leucorrhcea) ; 
 the results of inflammatory affections of the pelvic 
 viscera metritis, endometritis, perimetritis, para- 
 metritis ; pelvic cellulitis, inflammatory exudations, 
 fibroid tumours ; tendency to abortion ; the causes 
 of sterility. All these conditions, when no longer 
 attended by acute inflammatory symptoms, have 
 
452 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART r. 
 
 been beneficially influenced by mineral-water treat- 
 ment. 
 
 Certain spas have obtained a great and special 
 reputation for the treatment of these maladies ; Ems, 
 Baden-Baden, Franzensbad, Kreuznach, Woodhall 
 Spa, St. Sauveur, and Luxeuil are all well known 
 in this connection. 
 
 We will first refer to disorders of menstruation, 
 and in these, as in all other cases, we must, of course, 
 always pay careful attention to etiological con- 
 siderations and constitutional tendencies. 
 
 Amenorrhwa. In cases dependent on anaemia the 
 chalybeate baths and waters are indicated Spa, 
 Schwalbach, St. Moritz, Pyrmont. If associated with 
 constipation and dyspeptic states, or due to passive 
 uterine congestion, the sodium chloride waters (Hom- 
 burg, Kissingen, Chatelguyon, Baden-Baden, Salins 
 Moutiers), or the gaseous thermal salt waters (Nau- 
 heim, Oeynhausen), may be more useful. 
 
 If intestinal torpor and tendency to abdominal 
 stasis are very prominent features, the Moor baths and 
 the aperient sodium sulphate and iron waters of 
 Franzensbad, Elster, Tarasp, and Marienbad are indi- 
 cated, as they are also in those cases that occur 
 towards the menopause, often combined with gouty 
 and rheumatic symptoms and a tendency to obesity. 
 
 The French school also recommend the sulphur 
 and sodium chloride waters of Uriage, and those of 
 Bourbon I'Archambaut for their stimulating action in 
 lymphatic, torpid constitutions, while for sensitive, 
 nervous cases, requiring sedative treatment, they pre- 
 scribe such spas as St. Sauveur and Ussat. 
 
 In some of these spas local applications in the 
 form of douches of dry carbonic acid gas, peat 
 poultices, and packing the vagina with peat are 
 employed. 
 
 It is always an advantage to select an attractive 
 and bracing or soothing climate (according to the 
 individual needs), where the patient can be tempted 
 to be much in the open air. 
 
SECT, c.] DISEASES OF WOMEN. 453 
 
 Dysmenorrhcea. In obstinate chronic cases the 
 Moor baths and the ferruginous sodium sulphate 
 waters of Franzensbad and Elster promise the best 
 results. 
 
 In neuralgic and ovarian cases a protracted course 
 of simple thermal baths (Plombieres, Bagneres-de- 
 Bigorre, Gastein, Wildbad, Ragatz), for their sedative 
 effect, is useful ; or it constipation is a prominent 
 feature treatment may be begun at Elster or Franzens- 
 bad, and concluded at a simple thermal bath. 
 
 The congestive form, with enlarged uterus coming 
 on after abortion or uterine gestation, may be treated 
 at sodium chloride springs (Bourbon I'Archambaut, 
 Kissingen, Chatelguyon, Salins Moutiers), or alkaline 
 sodium chloride springs (Ems in particular). In the 
 neurotic and irritable the sedative springs of Ussat, 
 St. Sauveur, Eaux Chaudes, and Luxeuil are service- 
 able. 
 
 It is generally recommended that a prolonged 
 period of bath treatment should be prescribed 
 eight to ten weeks during which period the restful 
 life in such pleasantly situated resorts, as most of 
 those mentioned, could not fail to be advantageous. 
 
 In the membranous form a prolonged course at 
 Ems or Baden-Baden (alkaline sodium chloride), or at 
 one of the simple thermal baths mentioned, is usually 
 prescribed. 
 
 Menorrhagia. In some cases a long course of 
 chalybeate waters proves useful (Spa, Schwalbach, 
 St. Moritz, Pyrmont) ; in others the waters and 
 baths of Franzensbad, followed by a long after-cure 
 at a moderate elevation. 
 
 In France a course at Chatelguyon or Salins 
 Moutiers (sodium chloride) is often prescribed with 
 advantage. 
 
 The troublesome symptoms associated with the 
 menopause gastric, hepatic and nervous are often 
 benefited by a course of mineral- water treatment. 
 
 In those case with a tendency to constipation and 
 obesity the sodium sulphate and iron waters of 
 
454 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART I. 
 
 Marienbad, Franzensbad, and Elster prove very 
 useful. In thin subjects the sodium chloride waters 
 (Homburg, Kissingen, Baden-Baden or Chatelguyon) 
 are more suitable. The sulphur and sodium chloride 
 waters of Uriage, applied according to the methods 
 of hydrotherapy, prove most beneficial in certain 
 cases, in which also the somewhat similar springs of 
 Harrogate and Llandrindod may be prescribed. 
 
 In delicate, neurotic subjects the soothing springs 
 of Luxeuil or Eaux Chaudes, or the simple thermal 
 waters of Gastein, Ragatz, Wildbad, or Buxton may 
 be most appropriate. 
 
 A prolonged after-cure in an agreeable seaside or 
 mountain resort, of moderate elevation, is essential in 
 these cases. 
 
 Leucorrhcea. Vaginal leucorrhcea is perhaps best 
 treated with the alkaline sodium chloride water of 
 Ems. St. Nectaire le Haut, in Auvergne, has also a 
 reputation to the same effect ; its source inter mittente, 
 which contains much free carbonic acid, is applied as 
 a " natural ascending vaginal douche." If anaemia is 
 a prominent feature the iron waters (Spa, Schwal- 
 bach, etc.) are suitable, and if there is habitual con- 
 stipation the sodium chloride waters (Kissingen, 
 Homburg, Salins Moutiers). In uterine leucorrhcea 
 mineral water treatment is not so successful, but 
 co-existing abdominal congestion may be relieved by 
 the sodium chloride waters, or the alkaline sodium 
 sulphate waters of Franzensbad or Elster. If pain and 
 tenderness are prominent features, the simple thermal, 
 or the gaseous sodium chloride, springs may be 
 applied. The sulphur and sodium chloride waters of 
 Uriage have been found useful in the torpid, 
 lymphatic, and strumous ; and the sulphur waters of 
 Luchon and Enghien have also proved useful, applied 
 by means of vaginal injection, or with the aid of the 
 wire bath speculum. 
 
 Chronic inflammatory affections of the uterus and 
 its annexes and their consequences are frequently 
 submitted to bath treatment cndometritis, metritis, 
 
SECT, c.] DISEASES OF WOMEN. 455 
 
 perimetritis, parametritis, pelvic cellulitis, etc. and a 
 great variety of spas are resorted to for this purpose. 
 Perhaps the most popular are certain sodium chloride 
 waters, as Kreuznach, Woodhall Spa, Kissingen, 
 Reichenhall, Ischl, Chatelguyon, Bourbon 1'Archam- 
 baut, La Mouillere, Salins-du-Jura, Salins de Beam, 
 La Motte, etc. ; or the alkaline sodium chloride 
 springs, as Ems, Neuenahr, Royat, St. Nectaire le 
 Haut, combined with long periods of repose. 
 
 Drinking cures with the laxative sodium sulphate 
 or sodium chloride waters (Marienbad, Franzensbad, 
 Elster, Kissingen, Homburg, Tarasp) are often useful 
 to relieve hyperaemia and stimulate absorption, by 
 lowering blood pressure in the abdominal vessels and 
 relieving co-existing constipation. Uriage has been 
 found useful in chronic debilitated cases with absence 
 of acute symptoms. In chronic painful metritis, and 
 cases requiring soothing treatment, the more sedative 
 springs should be advised, as Ussat, Eaux Chaudes, 
 St. Sauveur, Luxeuil, and Plombieres. In anaemic 
 forms an after-course of iron waters may prove 
 beneficial. 
 
 Uterine fibroids. It must not be expected that 
 mineral waters will cause the disappearance of these 
 tumours, although very confident statements have 
 occasionally been made to this effect ; but no doubt 
 great benefit and relief to symptoms have been found 
 to attend treatment at certain spas, especially the 
 strong thermal sodium chloride springs at Kreuznach, 
 Ischl, Woodhall Spa, Salins-du-Jura, Salins de Beam 
 (occasional cures are claimed at this spa), La 
 Mouillere (Besan9on), Salins Moutiers, La Motte les 
 Bains, etc. Good effects have also been claimed from 
 treatment at Luxeuil. 
 
 Tendency to miscarriages. In anaemic cases chaly- 
 beate waters, with' long periods of rest, may prove use- 
 ful. In suspected syphilitic cases the usual specific 
 treatment at sulphur baths may be prescribed. In 
 neurotic cases the sedative baths and climate of 
 Eaux Chaudes and St. Sauveur have been advised, A 
 
456 MINERAL SPRINGS. [PART i. 
 
 prolonged after-cure in a soothing and bracing resort 
 is always essential. 
 
 Sterility. Many and diverse spas have been 
 credited with the cure of sterility the iron waters of 
 Schwalbach, Pyrmont, Spa, St. Moritz the sodium 
 chloride springs of Homburg, Kissingen, Baden- 
 Baden the alkaline sodium chloride springs of 
 Ems the sulphur baths of St. Sauveur the simple 
 thermal springs of Gastein, Ragatz, Luxeuil and 
 others. Ems has a very great reputation in this 
 respect. Mineral waters can only act by causing the 
 disappearance of material or functional defects. 
 Chronic leucorrhcea and acidity of the vaginal secre- 
 tions may be removed : by the application of vaginal 
 douches the circulation and nutrition of the uterus 
 may be improved ; iron tonics and a bracing climate 
 may improve the general health and tone. But 
 doubtless one of the most influential circumstances is 
 the long separation of husband and wife and the 
 consequent tonic effect on both. 
 
II. 
 
 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC 
 RESORTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 CLIMATE AND CLIMATES. 
 
 WHAT do we mean by climate ? What is the kind 
 of information we require when we ask the question 
 what kind of climate has any particular place ? 
 We generally mean by a question of this kind that 
 we desire to know how the natural conditions and 
 surroundings of a particular place affect the life and 
 well-being of its human inhabitants. That, practically, 
 is what we want to know when we make inquiries 
 about climate ; with the geographical distribution of 
 plants and animals, or with any other considerations 
 connected with climate, we are only now concerned 
 in so far as they affect the well-being of mankind. 
 
 It is evident that the climate of a place must 
 depend, first and chiefly, on the conditions and char- 
 acter of its atmosphere its aerial cloak * which may 
 be hot or cold, moist or dry., still or agitated, pure or 
 foul, uniform or variable, etc. ; and, second, on the 
 nature of its surface, which may be land or water, low 
 or elevated, level or broken, barren or cultivated, 
 sand, clay, rock, marsh, wood, meadow, country, or 
 town, etc., and these conditions also act through their 
 influence on the atmosphere. 
 
 * " The term climate, in its broadest sense, implies all the 
 changes in the atmosphere which sensibly affect one's physical 
 condition." Humboldt. 
 
458 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 The characters and quality of the atmosphere differ 
 considerably in different places on the surface of the 
 globe. The atmosphere over Manchester differs from 
 the atmosphere over a Yorkshire moor or a Swiss 
 mountain ; the atmosphere over the table-lands of Cen- 
 tral Asia differs from the atmosphere over the Indian 
 Ocean ; the atmosphere over the plains of Lombardy 
 differs from the atmosphere in the Upper Inn Valley ; 
 and although these differences are not so considerable 
 as to actually interfere with the maintenance of 
 human life, they may be sufficient to materially in- 
 fluence the health and well-being of men, at certain 
 times and under certain circumstances: 
 
 The chief conditions of the atmosphere that affect 
 the climate of a place are these : i, its temperature ; 
 2, its movements (winds) ; 3, the amount of aqueous 
 vapour and its precipitation as rain or snow ; 4, its 
 electrical conditions ; 5, its purity ; 6, its density or 
 pressure ; and 7, its composition. 
 
 And these conditions depend mainly on the 
 following influences : 
 
 ist, and chief, distance from the equator ; 
 
 2nd, adjacency to, or remoteness from, seas or 
 
 other large tracts of water; 
 3rd, elevation above the sea ; 
 4th, the prevailing winds ; and 
 5th, strictly local influences, such as configuration 
 and inclination of surface, relation to mountain 
 chains, nature of soil and vegetation, absence or 
 presence of plantations, cultivation, aspect, 
 drainage, population, manufactures, etc. 
 The most important factor in the determination 
 of climate is undoubtedly temperature, and the 
 temperature of a place is, with certain qualifications 
 which will immediately be stated, dependent on its 
 distance from the equator. 
 
 Those countries are hottest upon which the sun's 
 rays fall vertically, or almost vertically, and the 
 warmest climates are therefore those of the inter- 
 tropical regions. The further we go from the equator 
 
INFLUENCE OF LATITUDE. 459 
 
 the more and more obliquely the sun's rays fall on 
 the surface, and for that reason the same amount of 
 solar-rays are spread over an increasing extent of 
 surface, while they also have to traverse a greater 
 mass of air. The nearer we approach the poles, the 
 less the amount of heat received from the solar rays, 
 and these climates therefore are the coldest. 
 
 The influence of distance from the equator is 
 well shown in some European countries in the 
 difference of time in the flowering or ripening of 
 widely-distributed plants. At Naples (N. lat. 40 5') 
 the elm comes into leaf at the beginning of February, 
 at Paris (N. lat. 48 5') not until late in March, and in 
 the centre of England (N. lat. 52 5') not until the 
 middle of April. In the South of Italy ripe cherries 
 may be gathered about the beginning of May, in 
 northern France and central Germany at the end of 
 June, but not in England usually till three or four 
 weeks later. 
 
 Were it not, then, for counteracting influences we 
 might say that, universally over the surface of the 
 globe, temperature is regulated by latitude. But this 
 statement is by no means of universal application ; 
 indeed, places which are on the same parallel of lati- 
 tude rarely enjoy exactly the same temperature, and 
 in some instances there are wide divergences. 
 
 If, for example, we compare London and 
 Labrador, which coincide in latitude, we find that 
 while in both the summers are mild, in England 
 the winters are not very cold, while in Labrador they 
 are excessively so. 
 
 By means of numerous thermometric observations 
 taken at various parts of the world, at different times 
 and seasons, it has been possible to construct maps 
 upon which lines are drawn through all places having 
 the same temperature at the same season, or the same 
 average annual temperature, and these isothermal 
 lines as they are called show the general distribution 
 of temperature over the globe. 
 
 Isothermal lines, or lines of equal temperature, are 
 
4<5o CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 named after the degrees of temperature they express, 
 e.g. "the isotherm of 60 " means the line drawn 
 through all the places on the map which have the 
 average annual temperature of 60. 
 
 Now it is found that these isothermal lines, drawn 
 round the globe, instead of following the parallels of 
 latitude, bend up and down, and these bendings are 
 determined by the place of continents and oceans. 
 They are noticed to be least irregular over the wide 
 expanse of ocean in the southern hemisphere, while 
 they show the greatest deflections across North 
 America, the Atlantic, Europe, and Asia. It is thus 
 seen that temperature is more uniform and more 
 directly dependent on latitude in the oceanic parts of 
 the globe than in the continental, or where the 
 oceanic and continental come together as they do 
 in the basin of the Atlantic. 
 
 If we take the isotherm of 50 (mean annual 
 temperature), viz. that passing through London, it 
 continues in nearly a straight line westward toward 
 the coast of Wales ; it then bends south-westward, and 
 crosses to the west coast of Ireland. If we trace it 
 to the opposite side of the Atlantic, we shall find that 
 in crossing the ocean it bends much further south, and 
 reaches the coast of America, near New York, so that 
 the mean annual temperature of London and New 
 York is the same, though New York is as far south 
 of London as Madrid. 
 
 On reference to a map of isothermal lines, it will 
 be seen that these divergencies of belts of equal heat 
 from the same parallels of latitude are determined by 
 the manner in which the great areas of land and sea 
 are grouped. 
 
 '" Land gets sooner heated by the sun's rays than 
 the sea, and also gives off its heat again sooner. The 
 sea, though it does not get so hot as the land does, 
 retains its heat longer, and is enabled by virtue ol 
 its liquidity and motion to diffuse it. Hence the in- 
 fluence of the sea tends to mitigate both the heat and 
 the cold of the land. Its warm currents heat the air 
 
THE GULF STREAM. 461 
 
 resting on them, and so give rise to warm winds 
 which blow upon the land, while its colder waters 
 in like manner temper the air, which reaches the 
 land in cooling breezes, or it may be in cold, damp 
 winds and fogs. Thus, in the basin of the North 
 Atlantic, a warm ocean current, called the Gulf 
 Stream, issues from the Gulf of Mexico, and, 
 augmented by the surface-drift of warm water 
 which is driven onward by the prevalent south- 
 west winds, flows across the Atlantic to the shores of 
 Britain, and even of Spitzbergen. It brings with it the 
 supplies of heat which make the climate of the west 
 of Europe so much less cold than it would naturally 
 be. On the other hand, an icy stream of water 
 coming out of Davis Strait brings a chill to the coasts 
 of Labrador and Newfoundland. The ocean, there- 
 fore, by its cold currents is depressing the tempera- 
 ture in America along the same latitudes, where in 
 Europe, by its warm currents, it is raising it."* 
 
 Again, the influence of a large tract of land situated 
 in high latitudes lowers the temperature below what 
 it would be if the same regions were occupied by 
 sea, because it allows of the accumulation of vast 
 masses of snow and ice ; and a similar tract of land 
 in low latitudes, by exposing a broad, motionless, and 
 quickly-heated surface to the tropical rays of the sun, 
 gives rise to a far higher temperature than would be 
 observed over a tract of ocean in the same region. 
 
 But we must not conclude that two places which 
 have the same average yearly temperature have the 
 same climate. Take, for instance, Dublin and Munich, 
 which have nearly the same annual means of tempera- 
 ture, viz. 48 to 49 F.; but the winters at Munich are 
 9 colder than in Dublin, and the summer about 6 
 warmer. 
 
 In order, then, to compare the climate of different 
 places on the surface of the globe, it is necessary not 
 only to know the mean annual temperature, but also 
 
 * Geikie's " Physical Geography," p. 61. 
 
462 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 how the temperature is distributed through the 
 different seasons, and maps are prepared for this 
 purpose, with isothermal lines showing the distribu- 
 tion of temperature for each month or season. 
 
 " Range maps " have also been constructed, en- 
 abling us to contrast different localities with regard to 
 the extent of variation, or range, of temperature 
 which they experience in the year, which is a very 
 important factor in the determination of climate. 
 
 These " range maps " show that : 
 
 (a) The range increases from the equator towards 
 the poles, and from the coast towards the interior of 
 a continent : (b) the regions of extreme range in the 
 northern hemisphere coincide approximately with 
 the districts of lowest temperature in winter : (c) the 
 range is greater in the northern than in the southern 
 hemisphere : (d) in the middle and higher latitudes 
 of both hemispheres, with the exception of Greenland 
 and Patagonia, the western coasts have a less range 
 than the eastern : and (e) that in the interior of 
 the continents the range in mountainous districts 
 diminishes with the height above the sea. 
 
 On inspection of such a map, the influence of the 
 sea in moderating extremes of climate is unmistakable, 
 "but even more decidedly do the agencies of pre- 
 vailing winds and prevailing currents show their 
 effects. Where the prevailing winds are westerly, the 
 so-called anti-trades, and where the ocean currents are 
 flowing from the equator into higher latitudes, the 
 cold of winter is mitigated, and the curves of equal 
 range bent polewards. On the other hand, on the 
 eastern coast of America, and even more so on that 
 of Asia, the prevailing winds are northerly and cold, 
 so that the temperature in winter falls very low, while 
 the summer is comparatively warm, and the contrast 
 between the opposite seasons is very marked."* 
 
 We thus see how temperature is regulated, and 
 the effect of distance from the equator modified by 
 the distribution of sea and land. 
 
 * Scott's " Meteorology," p. 342. 
 
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. 463 
 
 The temperature of the air is also regulated, and 
 the effect of distance from the equator modified, by 
 the elevation of a region, by its height above the sea. 
 It is a matter of common observation that in ascend- 
 ing mountains the air gets cooler the higher we go. 
 
 It may be taken as a somewhat rough average 
 that the decrease of temperature with elevation is 
 about i Fahrenheit for every 300 feet of ascent ; so 
 that height above the sea is an important element in 
 climate. There is an apparent exception to this 
 observed in very cold, calm weather, when, in a 
 valley, the cold, heavier air sinks to the lowest level, 
 and the warmer and lighter air rises on the hill sides, 
 so that a residence on a slight eminence, or on the side 
 of a hill, secures immunity from the greatest severity 
 of the frosts. Evergreens suffer less in such situations 
 than in low-lying bottoms. 
 
 Before we consider the important influence of the 
 movements of the atmosphere, i.e. of the prevailing 
 currents of wind on climate, it will be desirable to 
 consider shortly the influence of atmospheric pressure 
 or density, and of atmospheric humidity, as it is on 
 them that the movements of the air are dependent. 
 
 The use of the barometer to foretell changes of 
 weather is founded, as everybody knows, on the fact 
 that variations in atmospheric pressure give rise to 
 winds and storms, and all those movements of the air 
 upon which weather depends. 
 
 But if we ask, in the next place, what causes these 
 variations of atmospheric pressure, we shall be told 
 that they are greatly affected, first by temperature, 
 and secondly by aqueous vapour. 
 
 We can readily understand how temperature acts. 
 Air when heated expands, when cooled it contracts ; 
 therefore cold air is heavier than warm air, and warm 
 air ascends while cold air descends. 
 
 The ascent of warm air must necessarily diminish 
 atmospheric pressure. When a broad tract of the 
 earth's surface, such for instance as the centre of Asia, is 
 
464 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 greatly heated by the sun's rays, the hot air in contact 
 with the ground rises and flows over into the sur- 
 rounding regions. Hence the atmospheric pressure 
 is lowered there during the hot months of the 
 year. 
 
 The influence of the presence of water-vapour on 
 the pressure of air is due to the circumstance that 
 water-vapour is very much lighter and has less pressure 
 than air ; so that air saturated with vapour of water 
 is lighter than dry air, and the difference in weight 
 increases with the temperature, because the warmer 
 the air, the more water-vapour can be dissolved in it. 
 For instance, a cubic foot of perfectly dry air at 32 F. 
 weighs a grain and a-quarter more than a cubic foot 
 of air saturated with vapour at the same temperature, 
 whereas a cubic foot of perfectly dry air at 80 F. weighs 
 six and a-half grains more than air saturated with 
 moisture at the same temperature. 
 
 The amount of aqueous vapour in the air is con- 
 stantly varying ; the addition of a large volume of 
 vapour to the atmosphere lowers its pressure and 
 causes the mercury to fall ; the removal of this 
 vapour, by its condensation into rain for instance, 
 restores the pressure, and the mercury rises. 
 
 How these changes in the volume of vapour in 
 any part of the atmosphere are brought about is still 
 unknown. 
 
 Every surface of water exposed to the air gives off 
 vapour into the atmosphere so long as this remains un- 
 saturated ; when the air reaches its point of saturation, 
 evaporation ceases, and the higher the temperature of 
 the air, the greater its capacity, as we have seen, 
 of absorbing moisture. Wind greatly favours evapo- 
 ration, for it blows away the vapour from the surface 
 of the water as it is formed, and brings other and dryer 
 air to absorb and carry off the fresh supplies. 
 
 It is clear, then, that more vapour of water must 
 be added to the air during the warmer day than 
 during the colder night, and during the summer than 
 in winter, during a brisk wind than in still weather, 
 
ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY. 465 
 
 and in far greater amount in warm tropical regions 
 than in temperate or cold ones. 
 
 The water which passes into the air in the form of 
 this invisible vapour is condensed, and reappears in 
 such visible forms as dew, rain, snow, clouds, and 
 mists. 
 
 The presence of this water-vapour in the atmo- 
 sphere has a very important influence on the tem- 
 perature of the surface of the earth. It surrounds the 
 earth with a kind of cloak, sometimes invisible, 
 sometimes in the visible form of cloud, and by lessen- 
 ing the diathermancy of the air it serves to protect it 
 from the too great intensity of the solar rays during 
 the day, and from the too rapid loss of heat by 
 radiation into cold space during the night, when the 
 influence of the sun is removed. " If it could be 
 removed for a little from around us, we should 
 be burnt up by day and frozen hard at night." 
 
 It is well known that when water passes into the 
 state of vapour it absorbs a considerable amount of 
 heat which is rendered latent or imperceptible, and 
 that when the vapour is again condensed into water, 
 the latent heat is again given out and becomes 
 sensible. Every pound of water which is condensed 
 from vapour liberates heat enough to melt five pounds 
 of cast iron*. When, then, in nature, the vapour of 
 the air is converted into water on a large scale, the 
 temperature of the air is thereby considerably raised. 
 Rainfall is dependent on the amount of aqueous 
 vapour which passes into the air, and its subsequent 
 condensation ; it is therefore usually greatest in tropical 
 regions, where the amount of evaporation is greatest, 
 and it diminishes in amount as the temperature falls 
 towards the poles. This rule is, however, subject to 
 important exceptions, dependent on the distribution 
 of sea and land, and on the great aerial currents. 
 
 As condensation is more active over land than 
 over sea, the rainfall also is greater over land than 
 sea, and over the northern hemisphere, much of which 
 is land, than over the southern hemisphere, most of 
 
466 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 which is water. Most of the vapour of the atmosphere 
 being furnished by the ocean, it follows that the 
 condensation of vapour into rain upon the land is 
 greatest at the coast-line, so that the sea-board of a 
 country may be rainy while its interior is compara- 
 tively dry. Rainfall is much influenced by the form 
 of the surface ; as mountains act as condensers, they 
 are therefore much wetter than plains. " Places which 
 lie in the path of any of the regular air-currents are 
 wet when they cool the current, and dry when they 
 warm it. Hence winds blowing towards the equator, 
 since they come into warmer latitudes, are not usually 
 w r et winds ; but when they blow towards the poles 
 they reach colder latitudes, and are chilled and there- 
 fore rainy. 
 
 " Some of these laws are well illustrated in the 
 British Islands, where the rains are chiefly brought by 
 the south-westerly winds, which have come across the 
 Atlantic. The coast-line facing that ocean is more 
 rainy than the east side looking to the narrow North 
 Sea. In the former part of the country, away from 
 the hills, the amount of rain which falls in a year 
 would, if collected together, have a depth of from 30 
 to 45 inches. On the east side, however, the average 
 annual rainfall does not exceed 20 to 28 inches. 
 Where the western coast happens to be mountainous, 
 an excess of rain falls ; hence the wetness of the 
 climate along the north-west coast of Scotland and in 
 the lake district of England, where the annual rain- 
 fall ranges from 80 to 1 50, and sometimes even more 
 than 200 inches."* 
 
 Owing to the enormous evaporation which goes on 
 between the tropics, a constant stream of vapour is 
 rising into the upper regions of the atmosphere, and, 
 becoming chilled there, falls in the form of heavy and 
 frequent rains. 
 
 If a high mass of land, in these rainy regions, lies 
 in the path of the warm, moist air-currents, the rain- 
 
 * Geikie's " Physical Geography," p. 77. 
 
MOVEMENTS OF THE AIR. 467 
 
 fall is still greater ; thus, in India, on the Khasi range 
 of hills, the annual rainfall reaches the enormous 
 amount of 500 to 600 inches. 
 
 On the other hand, a tract of country lying behind 
 a high mass of land upon which moist winds blow 
 may be almost rainless. 
 
 When it happens, as it does in some countries, that 
 in one part of the year the wind blows in one direction, 
 and in another part of the year in the opposite, we 
 shall find that these periodical winds are usually ac- 
 companied with rain when they blow from warm to 
 colder regions, and with dry weather when they blow 
 from a cold to a warmer region ; therefore in these 
 countries rainy seasons alternate with dry ones. 
 
 Great irregularity of rainfall is characteristic of 
 North- Western Europe, but as a rule there is more 
 rain at the end of autumn and in winter than in 
 summer. 
 
 So far as the health of human beings is concerned, 
 the cleansing effect of rain on the air is important, for 
 a downfall of rain washes the air and carries away 
 suspended and other impurities which, in dry weather, 
 are blown about and diffused by the aerial currents. 
 
 The influence of prevailing winds on climate has 
 already been mentioned, and it has been shown that 
 the movements of the air are produced by differences 
 of pressure. The following is the law which governs 
 the direction of these movements : Air always flows 
 in spirally from areas of high pressure into areas of 
 low pressure. It is clear that this must be the case, as 
 low pressure indicates a deficiency, and high pressure a 
 surplus of atmosphere. The column of air is heavier 
 in the latter case than in the former, consequently, 
 obeying the universal law of gravitation, the heavier 
 column must necessarily flow out at the base to supply 
 the deficiency in the lighter one. 
 
 A familiar and instructive illustration of the in- 
 fluence of temperature in producing currents of air 
 can be observed on the sea coast of any country, 
 
468 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 where the days are warm and the nights cool. The 
 surface of the land during the day, under the influence 
 of the sun's rays, becomes much warmer than that of 
 the sea, and thus heat is communicated to the air 
 resting on it, which becomes hotter than that resting 
 on the sea. The hotter air on the land expands, its 
 pressure is diminished, and being lighter it ascends, 
 while the cooler air from the sea streams in towards 
 the land to take its place ; thus a light breeze, blowing 
 from the sea on to the land, is developed, which 
 increases in force as the day advances. This is the 
 familiar sea breeze ! As the sun disappears it dies 
 away, for as soon as the sun is set the land parts with 
 the heat it has absorbed during the day by radiation 
 into space, and it does so much more readily than the 
 sea does ; thus the air over the land becomes cooler, 
 and therefore denser than that over the sea, and this 
 denser air moves towards the sea to take the place of 
 the ascending lighter current now flowing upwards 
 from its surface ; and thus a land breeze arises. This 
 increases in force, as the difference in temperature 
 between the air over the land and that over the sea 
 increases by continued radiation from the former ; 
 it again dies away towards morning, when the sun's 
 heat again becomes felt on the land, and the tempera- 
 ture of the air over land and sea becomes equalised. 
 
 A somewhat similar illustration may be observed 
 in mountainous districts ; during the day the air on 
 the mountain sides, heated by the sun's rays, ascends, 
 and a breeze blows up the mountains from the valley ; 
 while at night the cold, heavy air on the mountains 
 flows down as a cool breeze into the valleys. 
 
 The large masses of land in the northern hemi- 
 sphere interfere considerably with the regular distribu- 
 tion of the aerial currents as they are observed over 
 the broad unbroken expanse of ocean presented by 
 the southern hemisphere. " In January the high 
 and cold table-lands of Central Asia become the 
 centre of a vast area over which the pressure of the 
 air is high. Consequently, from that elevated region 
 
LOCAL WINDS. 469 
 
 the winds issue on all sides. In China and Japan 
 it appears as a north-west wind. In Hindostan it 
 comes from the north-east. In the Mediterranean 
 it blows from the east and south-east. But in July 
 matters are reversed, for then the centre of Asia, 
 heated by the hot summer sun, becomes part of a vast 
 region of low pressure, which includes the north- 
 eastern half of Africa and the east of Europe. Into 
 that enormous basin the air pours from every side. 
 Along the coasts of Siberia and Scandinavia it comes 
 from the north. From China, round the south of the 
 Continent to the Red Sea, it comes from the Indian 
 Ocean, that is, from south-east, south, and south- 
 west. Across Europe it flows from the westward. 
 Hence, according to the position of any place with 
 reference to the larger masses of sea and land, the 
 direction of its winds may be estimated." * 
 
 Monsoons is the Arabic name (meaning any part 
 or season of the year) given to the summer and winter 
 winds on the shores of the Indian Ocean. We have 
 seen that the air is drawn in towards the centre of 
 Asia in summer, and flows out from the centre in 
 winter ; so in India the winter wind is the north-east 
 Monsoon, which corresponds to the north-east Trades 
 of the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans ; 
 whereas the summer wind is the south-west Monsoon, 
 which is a complete reversal of the natural course of 
 the Trade Wind, owing to the enormous indraught 
 caused by the low summer pressure over Asia. On 
 the Chinese coast the winter wind is a north-west 
 Monsoon, and the summer wind a south-east Monsoon. 
 Something similar occurs in North America, for in 
 the Southern States the winter wind comes from the 
 north-east, the summer wind from the south-west. 
 
 There are certain well-known local winds which 
 blow in certain countries, and which have received 
 local names, of which the following are the chief. 
 
 * Geikie's " Physical Geography," chap, xi., " The Move- 
 ments of the Air." 
 
470 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS 
 
 If these winds come from a tract over which the 
 pressure is high and the temperature low, to a region 
 where the pressure is lower and the temperature 
 higher, they come as cold blasts condensing the hu- 
 midity in the air of the warmer region into torrents 
 of rain. But if the area of low pressure surrounds hot 
 desert regions, like Africa and Arabia, it draws out 
 towards it the hot air lying over these burning sands ; 
 such a wind is that known in Italy as the Sirocco a 
 hot, moist wind, causing extreme languor to men 
 and animals. In Spain it is known as the Solemo, 
 and it sometimes brings with it to this country, 
 across the Mediterranean, fine hot dust from the 
 African deserts. This wind from the desert is known 
 in Africa and Arabia as the Simoom, and it sometimes 
 blows with such violence as to whirl up clouds of 
 sandnn which whole caravans have been buried. A 
 similar hot wind is encountered on some parts of the 
 West Coast of Africa (Guinea), in December, January, 
 and February, blowing from the interior out to sea ; 
 this is t\\eHarmattan. In Egypt there is a similar wind 
 called Khamsin (fifty), a hot and very dry wind laden 
 with fine sand ; it is the prevailing wind for about fifty 
 days in spring. The Fohn is a warm and dry wind 
 frequently met with in the north-eastern cantons ot 
 Switzerland, and is generally very much dreaded on 
 account of the physical and mental depression it 
 produces. It " blows down from the crest of the Alps 
 with great violence from a south-easterly, southerly, 
 or, less frequently, from a south-westerly direction." 
 Some difference of opinion exists as to its source and 
 origin. The view that it comes from the desert of 
 Sahara and gets laden with moisture by its contact 
 with the surface of the Mediterranean, and that this 
 moisture becomes precipitated in its passage over the 
 Alps, so that it is felt in Switzerland as a warm and 
 dry wind, is disputed by Professor Hann, who argues 
 that it " must come down from aloft, from the summits 
 of the Alps, to replace that which has been removed 
 from the valleys," and that " its high temperature is 
 
INFLUENCE OF WINDS. 471 
 
 explained by the law . . . that a mass of air, 
 descending to levels where the pressure is greater, 
 warms at the rate of i C. for every 100 metres."* 
 
 The numerous names and other significations 
 given to local winds on the Mediterranean coasts 
 will be referred to in the chapter on the Riviera. 
 
 Winds often serve a useful purpose in distributing 
 temperature and moisture. A wind blowing from a 
 warm or mild region raises the temperature of the 
 district to which it conies. The prevailing west and 
 south-west winds of Great Britain, for example, are 
 warmed by their passage over the Gulf Stream, and 
 keep our climate much milder than, from its latitude, 
 it would otherwise be. But when a wind blows from 
 a colder to a milder region it produces a depression of 
 temperature ; thus it is that the winds that blow from 
 the vast cold expanse of elevated land in central Asia 
 westward into Europe, make the weather in winter 
 and spring colder and drier there than when west 
 winds blow. 
 
 Winds also distribute the moisture of the atmo- 
 sphere, and if it were not for them the condensed 
 vapour of the air would be discharged upon the same 
 area from which it had been evaporated ; but the 
 winds convey vapours from the sea, and these become 
 condensed on the land, so that, speaking generally, 
 the wetness or dryness of any place will depend 
 on the direction from which its prevalent winds come. 
 If they come over a wide and warm expanse of sea 
 they will bring moisture, if they come from the 
 interior of the continent they will be dry, and hot 
 or cold according to the temperature of the regions 
 from which they come. 
 
 The preceding considerations show how climate, 
 generally, is influenced : i, by distance from the 
 
 * For the facts and arguments in support of this view, see 
 " Handbook of Climatology," by Professor Hann, translated 
 by Ward, chap. xix. Macmillan : New York, 1903. 
 
4/2 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 equator ; 2, by nearness to or distance from the sea ; 
 3, by elevation above the sea ; 4, by the prevailing 
 winds ; 5, by atmospheric humidity and its influence 
 on the intensity of solar radiation; and 6, by less general 
 local conditions ; and that in estimating the climate 
 of any particular place we have to take into consider- 
 ation the temperature, not only its annual mean and 
 annual range, but its seasonal and even its daily 
 variations, and not only the air temperature in the 
 shade, but also the intensity of solar radiation ; the 
 rainfall and not only its annual amount, but the 
 manner of its precipitation, whether in short and 
 sudden torrents, or prolonged over considerable 
 periods, and its distribution in the different seasons and " 
 months ; the average atmospheric humidity, amount 
 of cloud and mist ; the elevation above the sea ; the 
 direction of the prevailing winds, during the different 
 seasons of the year ; and, finally, local conditions such 
 as the presence or absence of protecting hills, forests 
 and mountain chains, the shape and position of the 
 ground, its relation to adjacent masses of water, sea, 
 lake or river, the nature of its soil, whether porous 
 and absorbent or the reverse, cultivation, vegetation, 
 population, etc. etc. 
 
 It will also be seen from the foregoing that the 
 elementary division of climates into insular or oceanic 
 and continental is well founded. Owing to the fact 
 that water absorbs heat more slowly, and parts with 
 it more slowly than land does, the ocean and other 
 large masses of water act as store-houses of heat which 
 they absorb slowly during the hot seasons, and give 
 out again slowly during cold seasons to the air lying on 
 their surface ; it follows, therefore, that the climates 
 of the sea and sea-coasts are much moister and more 
 equable than those of the interior of continents, and 
 that in proportion as places are distant from the sea, 
 their climates become more extreme. An insular and 
 oceanic climate is one where the difference between 
 summer and winter temperature is reduced to a 
 minimum, and where there is a copious supply of 
 
ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE. 473 
 
 moisture from the large water surface. A conti- 
 nental climate is one where the summer is hot, the 
 winter cold, and where the rainfall is comparatively 
 slight. This difference is well brought out by the 
 fact that such evergreens as the Portugal laurel, 
 aucuba, and laurustinus grow luxuriantly even in the 
 north of Scotland (57 5' N. lat.), while they cannot 
 withstand the severe cold of the winter at Lyons 
 ( 45 4i'N.lat,). 
 
 Little more need be said on these points. With 
 regard to that important element of climate, the 
 prevailing winds, we have seen that winds which 
 come from a cold region are cold, and those from a 
 warm region warm. Sea winds are usually moist, 
 those from the land generally dry. Sea breezes are 
 not subject to the same extremes of temperature as 
 those from the land. They serve to cool the heat 
 of summer and diminish the cold of winter ; whereas 
 winds from the interior of a continent are usually 
 hot and enervating in summer, bitterly cold and dry 
 in winter. We have also seen that winds which come 
 from lower into higher latitudes, or from warmer to 
 colder regions, deposit their moisture in the form of 
 rain and are therefore wet winds, while those which 
 come from higher to lower latitudes, or from cold to 
 warm regions, are dry winds. 
 
 Of local influences, one of the most important is 
 the nature of the soil. Where the ground is wet and 
 marshy the mean temperature is lowered, for the 
 water absorbs and conveys downwards the heat which 
 would otherwise be retained on the surface and warm 
 the soil ; when such ground is properly drained the 
 mean annual temperature is found to rise. This rise of 
 temperature from efficient drainage has been known, 
 in our own country, to raise the annual average as 
 much as 1*5 to 3 F., which is as great a change as if 
 the ground had actually been transported 100 to 150 
 miles further south. 
 
 A sandy desert presents the greatest extremes of 
 climate, for while the dry surface readily absorbs the 
 
474 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 sun's heat so as to rise even to 200 F. during the 
 day, it cools rapidly by radiation, and during a clear 
 night may grow ice-cold. 
 
 The presence or absence of vegetation is also an 
 important local element of climate. When the surface 
 is covered with vegetation the heating effect of the 
 sun's rays on the soil is necessarily diminished, at 
 the same time that the radiation of heat, during the 
 night, from the surface into space is hindered, so that 
 the soil is neither heated nor cooled as much as it 
 would be if it were bare ; and as leaves never become 
 so hot as the soil, the presence of vegetation is an 
 equaliser of temperature. The influence of a large 
 forest on the local climate is, therefore, to moderate 
 both the heat of day and the cold of night. 
 
 The adjacency of lakes and other large inland 
 surfaces of water also exercises a similar equalising 
 effect. As the temperature of the water on the surface 
 becomes lowered by the cold of winter, this cold sur- 
 face water descends to the bottom, and the deeper, 
 warmer water rises to the surface ; as this becomes 
 cooled in its turn, it sinks and allows another portion 
 of warmer water to take its place. The temperature 
 of the air lying over the water is thus raised above 
 that lying on the adjacent land, and the colder, heavier 
 air over the surrounding land flows down on to the 
 surface of the water, displacing the warmer air and 
 becoming itself warmed in turn. Thus it is that deep 
 lakes, which do not freeze over in winter, serve as 
 reservoirs of warmth to keep the temperature of the 
 surrounding ground higher than that of places only a 
 short distance away. The reverse happens during 
 summer, when the water cools the air on its surface 
 and so lessens the heat of the locality. 
 
 We have seen how the neighbourhood of hills and 
 mountains may act on local climates, either by serving 
 as a screen or protection from prevailing winds, or 
 by cooling the upper air and precipitating rain, or in 
 causing local currents of air moving alternately up 
 and down valleys, or in generating cold gusts of 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF CLIMATES. 475 
 
 wind which rush down from the hills on to the 
 plains. 
 
 There are also local influences affecting the com- 
 position of the air, which have an undoubted influence 
 on the well-being of men. It is well known that the 
 air on the sea-coast and in the open country is purer 
 and richer in oxygen than it is in the densely 
 crowded districts of populous cities ; whether its 
 salubrity is associated with the presence of ozone, as 
 used to be generally admitted, is now regarded as 
 debatable. Professor Hann observes "it cannot 
 be doubted that the presence of ozone in air shows 
 that this air has active oxidising properties, whether 
 this fact is to be ascribed to the more active form 
 of oxygen which is called ozone, or to the presence 
 of peroxide of hydrogen. When ozone is present in 
 considerable quantity in the atmosphere, it is a sign 
 that the air is free from organic impurities and pro- 
 ducts of decay ."* 
 
 The presence or absence of floating organic par- 
 ticles in the air has, no doubt, a great influence on its 
 salubrity. Dr. Angus Smith has calculated that in 
 Manchester the air that a man breathes in ten hours 
 contains 37,000,000 spores ! Whereas, the air over 
 the sea and in high mountain regions is usually 
 remarkably free from these organic impurities. 
 
 Various attempts have been made to classify 
 climates, with more or less want of success ; for, in 
 most instances, what has been gained in precision has 
 been lost in accuracy. 
 
 We may, however, as we have said, accept as 
 well grounded the fundamental division into : 
 
 A. Sea or insular climates. 
 
 B. Inland or continental climates. 
 
 The suggested subdivision of climates into 
 (a) humid climates and (b) dry climates, rather indi- 
 cates approximately the characters of the climate of 
 
 * " Handbook of Climatology," p. 80. New York, 1903. 
 
4 ;6 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 different places, than affords a basis for accurate 
 classification, and the following division is partly 
 comprised in the foregoing : (a) climate of plains ; 
 (b) climate of altitudes. 
 
 No less imperfect is the classification founded on 
 the annual distribution of temperature into i, hot ; 
 2, cold ; and 3, temperate climates, although it has 
 a certain practical value, when qualified by a know- 
 ledge of the seasonal and diurnal variations of 
 temperature. 
 
 A. Sea or insular climates are represented by 
 the climate of the open sea, of small and moderate- 
 sized islands, and of sea coasts. These have much 
 in common, although they, of course, vary according 
 to latitude and to those other determining conditions 
 of climate which we have considered. 
 
 They agree in possessing the following characters : 
 
 1. Their atmosphere is usually freer from organic 
 and inorganic impurities than that of inland plains. 
 
 2. Owing to the constant evaporation from the 
 surface of the sea their atmosphere is comparatively 
 moister than that of inland regions, and the amount 
 of atmospheric humidity is less variable. 
 
 3. Their temperature is more equable than that 
 of inland climates, there is less difference between 
 summer and winter and day and night temperatures. 
 
 B. Inland or continental climates differ from 
 sea and coast climates in being less equable and more 
 exposed to extremes, to great heat in summer and 
 severe cold in winter. The east coast of continents 
 usually shares in these extremes. 
 
 The difficulty attending the further subdivision of 
 climates is at once seen when we consider that the 
 suggested classifications of climates into (a) humid 
 and (b) dry climates very nearly coincides with the 
 preceding, humid climates being usually sea or 
 insular or coast climates, and dry climates being 
 ordinarily continental or inland climates. There are 
 of course exceptions determined by local conditions. 
 Then, again, in the division into (a) climate of plains 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF CLIMATES. 477 
 
 and (b) climate of altitudes, it is obvious that the first 
 of these will coincide with sea or coast climates if the 
 plains are adjacent to the sea, and with continental 
 climates if situated inland. 
 
 In the next chapter the characters of sea and 
 mountain climates will be more fully discussed. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 SEA OR MOUNTAIN ? 
 
 THE CHARACTERS AND RESTORATIVE ACTION 
 OF SEA AND MOUNTAIN AIR. 
 
 WE must, in the first place, realise that there is much 
 in common in the properties of sea and mountain air. 
 The presence of ozone, or some active oxidising 
 agent, in sea air in greater proportion than in the air 
 of inland plains is well established. This is a pro- 
 perty which it shares with mountain air. Its greater 
 abundance on the sea-coast depends, in all probability, 
 on the influence of sunlight, which is one of the most 
 important sources of ozone. It purifies the air, 
 especially by determining the oxidation of decom- 
 posing organic substances. The excess of this active 
 oxidising agent in sea air is, therefore, one of its most 
 important properties, as it is also one of the most 
 important properties of mountain air. 
 
 Another hygienic property which sea air shares 
 with mountain air is the absence in it of organic dust. 
 This applies with especial force to the air of the open 
 sea, or on small islands, or to points of land standing 
 well out into the sea. As the sea presents an ever- 
 moving fluid surface, no impurities in the shape of 
 organic dust can rest upon it, so as to be again 
 blown about, in mischievous activity, with every fresh 
 breeze. 
 
 Equableness of temperature is another charac- 
 teristic of sea air, and one to which it owes much of 
 its beneficial influence in many cases. In this respect 
 it is contrasted with the air of elevated regions, in 
 which the diurnal variations of temperature are often 
 very considerable. The temperature of the sea-coast 
 
OCEANIC CLIMATES. 479 
 
 is warmer in winter and cooler in summer than that 
 of inland districts. This admits of easy explanation. 
 In the first place the rapid cooling of the surface 
 of the land by radiation into space, after the sun has 
 gone down, is checked by the amount of moisture 
 in the air. The aqueous vapour which is abundant in 
 sea air absorbs the heat given off from the soil during 
 nocturnal radiation, and acts as a kind of screen to 
 retard the loss of heat in this way. Hence great 
 variations between the day and night temperatures 
 are rarely observed at the seaside. 
 
 " Wherever the air is dry " (Tyndall) " we are 
 liable to daily extremes of temperature. By day, in 
 such places, the sun's heat reaches the earth unim- 
 peded, and renders the maximum high ; by night, 
 on the other hand, the earth's heat escapes un- 
 hindered into space, and renders the minimum low. 
 Hence the difference between the maximum and 
 minimum is greatest where the air is driest." 
 
 During the heat of the day the air over the sea 
 is always cooler than that over the land ; for the 
 surface of the land gets rapidly heated and com- 
 municates its heat to the superjacent strata of air ; 
 but when the sun's rays fall on water they are not, 
 as in the case of land, arrested at the surface, but 
 penetrate to a considerable depth, so that water is 
 heated much more slowly by the sun's rays, as well 
 as cooled more slowly by nocturnal radiation than 
 the land. Moreover, the evaporation which is always 
 going on at the surface of the sea, and going on 
 rapidly where the sun's rays are powerful, carries 
 away some of the heat of the surface-water, and helps 
 to keep the air in contact with it cool. 
 
 We have already referred (Chap. I.) to the re- 
 freshing currents of air produced by the inequality 
 in the heating and cooling of the atmosphere on the 
 land and over the sea. 
 
 On account of their equableness of temperature, 
 oceanic climates the most equable of all climates- 
 are said to afford almost absolute immunity from 
 
480 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 colds.* It is only on board ship that such a climate 
 in its perfection can be found. A very near approach 
 to it, however, may be obtained on small islands 
 situated at some distance from land. 
 
 The chief characteristics of sea air an equable 
 temperature and a high degree of humidity are 
 soothing rather than bracing properties, and if it were 
 not for the currents of air induced on the sea-coasts, 
 as has been explained, they might be found actually 
 relaxing, and this is no doubt the case in warm and 
 cloudy weather on our own south-western shores. In 
 these respects, therefore, sea air offers a great contrast 
 to mountain air. The same is the case with regard 
 to its density. The absolute density of sea air is, of 
 course, greater than that of the air at any higher level, 
 and it must therefore contain, bulk for bulk, more 
 oxygen ; and it follows that in breathing sea air we 
 take more oxygen into the lungs in a given time than 
 in the air we breathe at places above the level of the 
 sea ; that is, supposing in both cases we breathe with 
 equal frequency and equal amplitude. But it does 
 not necessarily follow, because an absolutely larger 
 quantity of oxygen exists in a given volume of sea air 
 than in the same volume .of mountain air, that more 
 oxygen, on that account, is taken into the blood at the 
 seaside than on higher ground. In the first place, 
 the oxygen may be, for aught we know, in a more 
 active form in mountain than in sea air ; its chemical 
 energy may be greater, and therefore the nutritive 
 changes dependent on respiration may be accelerated, 
 though the air be thinner, and poorer in its absolute 
 quantity of oxygen ; or, in the second place, the res- 
 piratory act may be so much increased in frequency on 
 the mountains, that although less oxygen is taken into 
 the lungs at each breath, yet by deeper and more 
 frequent inspirations much more may be received 
 into the organism in a given time. 
 
 * It has also been observed that, after a sea voyage, on 
 landing, there is much greater proneness to take cold, and 
 extra precautions are necessary to guard against it. 
 
MOUNTAIN A 1^ 48! 
 
 Another important point to be attended to is 
 the great and frequent variations of barometric 
 pressure met with on the sea and on sea-coasts. 
 Now it has been shown by careful experiment that 
 all rapid variations in atmospheric pressure increase 
 the activity of the circulatory and respiratory organs, 
 and that the perfection of organic life depends on 
 these alternations of excitement and repose. 
 
 It has also been shown that the barometric 
 variations at the seaside, besides being greater in 
 amount than inland, occur with far more regularity, 
 a circumstance which is regarded as tending to pro 
 mote the accommodation of the organism to these 
 conditions. 
 
 These, then, are the most important properties of 
 sea air : i, Excess of what has been known as 
 " ozone " ; 2, excess of aqueous vapour and conse- 
 quently greater equability of temperature ; 3, great 
 purity and absence of organic particles ; 4, maximum 
 density and great but regular variations of barometric 
 pressure. Of minor importance are the presence of 
 saline particles suspended in the air, which, of course, 
 vary greatly in amount, according as the sea is calm 
 or agitated, and probably exercise a mildly stimulat- 
 ing effect on the respiratory mucous membrane. The 
 small amount of iodine and bromine diffused in sea 
 air may not be without a real influence on some 
 organisms. 
 
 In the next place let us examine the character- 
 istic properties of mountain air. And here, at the 
 very outset, we come upon a very remarkable contrast. 
 There was no need to define what we meant by sea 
 air, although its effects may be greatly modified by 
 circumstances of locality. But are we always sure 
 what we mean when we use the teFm mountain air ? 
 In Scotland and Wales we speak of mountain air at a 
 few hundred feet above the sea, considerably below 
 the level of the towns of Lucerne or Geneva. In Ger- 
 many we hear of mountain air at 1,200 and 1,500 feet 
 above the sea, and in the Engadine at 6,000 feet, in 
 Q 
 
482 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Mexico at 12,000 ! Now if we think only of one 
 quality of mountain air, viz. its rarefaction, it is quite 
 clear that we must be using the same term to express 
 very different things. But if we are thinking only of 
 the general bracing effects and hygienic qualities of 
 mountain air, we may find these, no doubt, at very 
 various elevations, and we may even find them in 
 great perfection at comparatively low levels. An 
 open plateau in a temperate climate at an elevation 
 of 2,000 or 3,000 feet above the sea will certainly 
 possess a more bracing air than a close valley, in a 
 hot climate, at twice that height. 
 
 If we confine our attention to the continent of 
 Europe we may take the Upper Engadine (5,000 
 to 6,000 feet) as the extreme limit of a permanently 
 inhabited mountain district. For all practical pur- 
 poses of comparison we may take an elevation of 
 6,000 feet as the limit in one direction of a habit- 
 able European mountain climate, and in the other 
 direction such elevations as Glion, above Montreux, 
 2,900 feet ; and Seelisberg, 2,400 feet, on the Lake of 
 Lucerne. Places at a lower elevation than these, 
 although they may have many advantages as health 
 resorts, can scarcely be admitted into the category 
 of mountain climates. Of localities such as these, 
 then, ranging between 2,000 and 6,000 feet above the 
 sea level, we have, within tolerably easy access, a great 
 number to choose from ; while there are a few, for 
 exceptional needs and for short periods of residence 
 (in the summer season), between 6,000 and 8,000 feet. 
 
 There seems good reason to believe that at higher 
 elevations than these the air reaches a degree of rare- 
 faction which is inconsistent with the maintenance of 
 vigorous health. 
 
 Diminution of atmospheric pressure is, then, one 
 of the chief properties of mountain air. It has 
 been calculated that at an elevation of 2,500 feet 
 we lose about one-eighth of the atmospheric pressure, 
 at 5,000 a sixth, at 7,500 feet a fourth, and at 16,000 
 a half. 
 
MOUNTAIN AIR. 483 
 
 Another important property of mountain air is its 
 lower temperature. It is well known that the 
 temperature of the air diminishes in proportion to 
 the altitude. From observations made in the Alps of 
 Switzerland the medium loss of temperature was found . 
 to be i '8 F. for every 520 feet of elevation during 
 summer, and for every 910 feet in winter. Whence 
 it follows that the tops of mountains are relatively 
 warmer in winter than in summer. It has, however, 
 been pointed out that there are extraordinary modi- 
 fications, amounting frequently to subversions of the 
 law, of the decrease of temperature with the height, 
 owing to the circumstance that " the effects of radia- 
 tion will be felt in different degrees and intensities 
 in different places. As the air in contact with 
 declivities of hills and rising grounds becomes cooled 
 by contact with the cooled surface, it acquires greater 
 density, and consequently flows down the slopes and 
 accumulates on the low-lying ground at their base. 
 It follows, therefore, that places on rising ground 
 are never exposed to the full intensity of frosts at 
 night ; and the higher they are situated relatively to 
 the immediately surrounding district the less they are 
 exposed, since their relative elevation provides a ready 
 escape downwards for the cold air almost as speedily 
 as it is produced." Hence a southern slope at a con- 
 siderably greater elevation may have a higher night 
 temperature than a neighbouring valley. " On the 
 other hand, valleys surrounded by hills and high 
 grounds not only retain their own cold of radiation, 
 but also serve as reservoirs for the cold heavy air 
 which pours down upon them from the neighbour- 
 ing heights." And at the numerous meteorological 
 stations in Switzerland it is observed that " in calm 
 weather in winter, when the ground becomes colder 
 than the air above it, systems of descending currents 
 of air set in over the whole face of the country. 
 The direction and force of these descending 
 currents follow the irregularities of the surface, 
 and, like currents of water, they tend to converge 
 
484 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 and unite in the valleys and gorges, down which 
 they flow like rivers in their beds. Since the 
 place of. these air-currents must be taken by others, 
 it follows that on such occasions the temperature of 
 the tops of mountains and high grounds is relatively 
 high, because the counter currents come from a greater 
 height and are therefore warmer." So the " gradual 
 narrowing of a valley tends to a more rapid lowering 
 of the temperature, for the obvious reason that the 
 valley thereby resembles a basin almost closed, being 
 thus a receptacle for the cold air-currents which 
 descend from all sides. The bitterly cold furious 
 gusts of wind which are often encountered in 
 mountainous regions during night are simply this 
 out-rush of cold air from such basins."* 
 
 Considerations such as these are of importance in 
 determining the hygienic character of any particular 
 mountain health resort. 
 
 The question of the humidity or dryness of 
 mountain air is one not easy to resolve. The air on 
 the summits of high mountains is no doubt dryer than 
 the air at lower levels. But at intermediate levels, 
 considerations other than those of altitude alone 
 determine the relative humidity or dryness of the 
 atmosphere ; so that each mountain station must, to 
 a great extent, be judged of by itself with regard to 
 this very important point. Perhaps, as a general rule, 
 one may say that the higher the locality the less rain 
 falls ; but, on the other hand, we have to face the 
 startling tact that twice as much rain and snow fall 
 at the St. Bernard and St. Gothard stations as at 
 Geneva ! Much will, however, necessarily depend on 
 the configuration of the ground, as well as its aspect. 
 A mountain ridge facing the direction from which 
 moist winds habitually blow will condense their 
 moisture and precipitate it in the form of rain or 
 snow on its sides, or on the valleys or plains at its 
 
 * Article "Climate," "Encyclopaedia Britannica." New 
 edition 
 
MOUNTAIN AIR. 485 
 
 base ; while more remote summits of the same 
 mountain chain and the higher mountain valleys on 
 the other side of the chain may be thus protected and 
 screened from heavy and prolonged rainfalls. 
 
 Thus the moist Atlantic winds blowing against the 
 western ranges of Scotland and Cumberland determine 
 the great rainfall in these regions ; and the town of 
 Santa Fe de Bogota in the Andes, at an elevation of 
 8,600 feet, is visited with almost incessant rain, owing 
 to its situation at the foot of a mountain on the sides 
 of which the warm trade-winds of the South Pacific 
 Ocean become cooled, and condense their moisture. 
 
 The presence or absence of vegetation will also 
 exercise a determining influence as to the relative 
 humidity of the atmosphere. We must, therefore, 
 bear in mind that certain topographical conditions 
 will frequently induce, in stations of considerable 
 altitude, a moister atmosphere than is found on the 
 neighbouring plains. But if we consider the effect of 
 altitude alone, it is easy to understand how the air ol 
 elevated regions must be, cwteris paribus, dryer than 
 that of lower situations. 
 
 In the first place, the lower the atmospheric pressure 
 the more rapid is the process of evaporation, and hence 
 the boiling-point of water is 28*3 F. less on the top 
 of Mont Blanc than at the sea level. 
 
 Secondly, the energy of the sun's rays, and there- 
 fore their drying effect on the atmosphere, is greater 
 the less the thickness and density of the layer of 
 air they have to traverse. The slope of the soil, the 
 absence of vegetation at great heights,, and the greater 
 intensity of the aerial currents all tend to promote 
 dryness of the atmosphere. 
 
 Mountain air differs, then, from sea air in three 
 main particulars : i, In its diminished density ; 2, in 
 its lower temperature ; 3, in containing less humidity. 
 The temperature is not only lower than that of sea 
 air, it is also less equable. Owing to the clearness of 
 the air, the absence of moisture, and the energy of the 
 sun's rays, very great differences between the day 
 
486 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 and night temperature are constantly found at great 
 elevations. There is but little aqueous vapour in the 
 air to prevent nocturnal radiation into stellar space 
 from the surface of the soil, greatly heated during the 
 day by the solar rays ; thus there is usually a rapid 
 fall of temperature when the sun goes down. In 
 summer a difference of 40 to 50 F. between the day 
 and night temperatures will sometimes be registered. 
 There is often also a very great difference between the 
 sun and shade temperatures during the day. 
 
 Mountain air resembles sea air in containing an 
 excess of ozone, in its freedom from organic and 
 other impurities, in being cooler in summer than the 
 air of inland plains, and in the fact that its monthly 
 and annual variations of temperature are less than on 
 inland plains. 
 
 The study of mountain climates has hitherto 
 taken the form, chiefly, of an investigation into the 
 physiological effects of diminished atmospheric 
 pressure on the human organism. Since different 
 individuals are very variously endowed with the 
 power of accommodating themselves to altered 
 external conditions, it is not to be wondered at 
 that some discrepancies are to be found in the 
 statements of different observers as to the effects 
 upon themselves and others of alterations of atmo- 
 spheric pressure. 
 
 Jourdanet maintains that persons who are not 
 accustomed to a rarefied atmosphere begin to suffer 
 inconvenience when they attain an elevation of be- 
 tween 6,000 and 7,000 feet. Most of those who have 
 reported their experiences of mountain ascents in 
 Europe have not experienced any noticeable incon- 
 venience until they reached nearly 10,000 feet. 
 Soldiers going to Himalayan stations at 7,500 feet 
 complain at first of shortness of breath, and have a 
 quicker and more feeble pulse ; but these effects are 
 temporary. Of the serious effects of exposure to the 
 highly rarefied air of very considerate elevations we 
 have most valuable evidence ia the records of 
 
MOUNTAIN SICKNESS. 487 
 
 Glaisher's balloon ascents. Acceleration of the 
 pulse was one of the first effects noted. At 1 6,000 
 feet it had risen from 76 to 100. Between 18,000 and 
 1 9,000 feet both Glaisher and his companion suffered 
 from violent palpitations, with difficulty of breathing ; 
 then their lips and hands became of a deep blue colour. 
 As they continued to ascend their respiration became 
 more laborious. On another occasion, at 27,000 feet, 
 Glaisher became unconscious. The attack came on 
 with indistinctness of vision, inability to move arms 
 or legs, though he could move his neck ; then he lost 
 his sight completely, though he could still hear his 
 companion speak, but he could not answer him. 
 Then he became wholly unconscious. He also 
 describes a feeling of nausea, like sea-sickness, coming 
 on at great elevations. 
 
 The following are the various symptoms of 
 " Mountain Sickness" that have been recorded by 
 many different observers as occurring durine the 
 ascent of lofty peaks or on elevated plains. Great 
 loss of muscular power, palpitations, quick and 
 laborious respiration, bleeding from the nose or 
 gums, drowsiness, severe headache, nausea and 
 vomiting, great thirst, mental depression, enfeebled 
 senses, and impaired memory. The superficial veins 
 become distended, the face pale and bluish. These 
 symptoms were aggravated by exertion and mitigated 
 by rest. Another significant symptom, reported on 
 good authority, both in mountain and balloon 
 ascents, is increasing coldness of the body beyond 
 what would be accounted for by the lower tem- 
 perature of these elevations. 
 
 It seems certain, then, both from the evidence of 
 these actual observations, and from the experimental 
 researches of the late M. Bert in the laboratory 
 of the College de France, that when the rarefaction 
 of the air reaches a certain degree, the due oxy- 
 genation of the blood is interfered with, and we 
 get symptoms developed which point to oxygen- 
 starvation, and to obstruction in the circulation 
 
488 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 through the lungs. In M. Bert's experiments it 
 appeared that slight degrees of diminution of atmo- 
 spheric pressure did not lessen the affinity of the 
 aerial oxygen for the blood corpuscles ; but when 
 that diminution approached, or reached, one quarter 
 of the whole atmospheric pressure, perceptible dis- 
 turbances ensued. 
 
 M. Jourdanet * believed that the oxygenation 
 of the blood is not injuriously affected by residence 
 at an elevation below 7 6,500 feet, but that above this 
 elevation the respiratory functions become disturbed, 
 and the due oxygenation of the blood is interfered 
 with. Lombard also states that the monks of 
 St. Bernard, after several years' residence there, 
 present various signs of anaemia, and that these are 
 occasionally so grave as to necessitate a removal to 
 the plains. 
 
 Not less important than its rarefaction is the 
 dryness of mountain air. Dryness of the air has an 
 important influence on the activity of the bodily 
 functions. _ Herbert Spencer has pointed out that 
 " other circumstances being alike, there will be more 
 bodily activity in the people of hot and dry localities 
 than in the people of hot and humid ones," and 
 that in tracing the progress of different races of man- 
 kind " we get strong reasons for inferring a relation 
 between constitutional vigour and the presence of an 
 air which by its warmth and dryness facilitates 
 the vital' actions." 
 
 Mountain air is not only dryer than sea air and 
 the air of inland plains, but, as we have seen, it 
 is also colder. Now this lowering of temperature 
 tends, to a certain degree, to compensate for the 
 deficiency of oxygen dependent on its elevation. 
 For instance, in a given volume of air at 1,400 
 feet above the sea, at a temperature of 32 F., there 
 is as much oxygen as in the same volume of air at 
 the sea level at 60 F. So that such virtues as are 
 
 * " Influence de la Pression de 1'Air sur la vie de 1'Homme." 
 
RESORTS FOR CONVALESCENTS. 489 
 
 lessened in mountain air by its elevation are, in part, 
 restored by its coldness. 
 
 Having now considered the properties of sea 
 and mountain air, having noted in what particu- 
 lars they agree and in what important points they 
 differ, we . are prepared to approach the con- 
 sideration of the following highly practical questions : 
 Who should go to the mountains ? who should go to 
 the sea ? and who should go to neither ? There 
 is no greater mistake made than that very general 
 one of sending all convalescents to the seaside, 
 except the still greater one of actually embarking 
 them on a sea voyage ! It arises from the very 
 natural desire to hasten convalescence after acute 
 disease. But these unwise attempts to hasten 
 convalescence are the very frequent cause of 
 serious relapses. In the general debility which 
 follows a fever, or an acute inflammation, all the 
 organs share the organs of nutrition, the secretory, 
 the circulatory, the eliminatory organs, are all 
 feeble and unable to do much work without 
 exhaustion. If an attempt is made to over- 
 stimulate them, if an appetite is induced before 
 digestive power has been regained, a feverish state 
 is frequently re-excited, and the very effort that 
 has been made to hasten recovery retards it. 
 
 Sea and mountain air are alike too stimulating 
 and exciting for many such cases. They arouse to 
 premature activity when the organism can best 
 strengthen itself by absolute repose. Pure, unexciting 
 country air, in a locality where the patient can 
 be much in the open air while thoroughly pro- 
 tected from cold winds that is the safest and 
 best place for the invalid to slowly, but steadily, 
 regain health after severe acute disease. Sea or 
 mountain air may, however, be beneficial later 
 on, when a stronger tonic influence is needed. 
 
 Speaking generally, those who seek health in high 
 mountain districts should be capable of a certain 
 amount of muscular activity. Those who suffer from 
 
490 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 great muscular debility as well as general exhaustion, 
 and who need absolute or almost absolute repose, are 
 unsuited for mountain climates. These climates are 
 too changeful, and too exciting ; and such persons, 
 when they find themselves in cold, rarefied, exciting 
 mountain air, are apt to become chilled, depressed, 
 and dyspeptic. Much repose at an agreeable seaside 
 resort, with a residence at a little distance from the 
 sea, is more suitable to such persons. 
 
 There are others, however, who, w r ith vigorous 
 frames and much actual or latent power of muscular 
 activity, become mentally exhausted by the strain of 
 incessant mental labour, anxious cares, or absorbing 
 occupations. Mental irritability usually accompanies 
 this exhaustion, great depression of spirits, with unrest 
 of mi ad and body. These are the typical cases for the 
 mountains, which both stimulate to and afford oppor- 
 tunity for muscular exertion, the bracing atmosphere 
 rousing the physical energies and re-awakening the . 
 sense of powers unimpaired and unexhausted, while 
 the soothing effect of the quiet and stillness of high 
 mountain regions brings rest and renovation to the 
 over- worn mind. 
 
 For convalescents after surgical operation, where 
 the processes of tissue-change require hastening with- 
 out necessitating any activity in the patient himself, 
 the seaside is best. 
 
 Sea air is better suited than mountain air to 
 persons who cannot bear great and sudden changes 
 of temperature, as is the case with most of those who 
 suffer from grave chronic maladies. 
 
 A certain morbid sensitiveness to cold, or rather 
 to " taking cold," is often greatly lessened by a 
 residence in the bracing rarefied air of elevated 
 localities, and the same good effects are also to be 
 obtained from exposure to a bracing sea air, especially 
 if accompanied by sea-bathing. 
 
 Speaking within very wide limits, mountain air is 
 less suitable to persons advanced in years than sea air. 
 The very stimulus to muscular exertion which moun- 
 
RESORTS FOR CONVALESCENTS. 491 
 
 tain air produces is to persons much past middle life 
 often a pitfall and a snare. Qui va doucement, va loin, 
 is especially applicable to this period of life, and the 
 state of feverish activity which is sometimes induced 
 in aged persons in the mountains is not by any means 
 for their good. 
 
 We must not forget to consider that the effects 
 of sea air vary very much with locality. The very 
 bracing effects which German physicians observe 
 in the isle of Norderney would not be found in the 
 often warm, moist air of some parts of our own south- 
 western coast. The former locality is, no doubt, 
 much under the influence of the cold, dry, continental 
 east winds. The watering places on our east coast 
 enjoy a much more bracing and less humid atmosphere 
 than those on our west and south-west coasts, and 
 those on the north coast of France and Belgium 
 have a dryer air than either. 
 
 In the following chapters we shall pass in review 
 the sea-coast and mountain resorts which are of 
 chief interest to invalids. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 SEASIDE RESORTS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 /. England and Wales. 
 
 IT will be convenient to describe our own seaside 
 resorts in the following order ; passing westward from 
 the mouth of the Thames, round the Land's End to 
 the north-west coast of Cornwall and north coast of 
 Devon ; then the Welsh coast and the north-west 
 resorts of England and, leaving Scotland for the 
 present, return by the north-east and east coasts again 
 to the mouth of the Thames. 
 
 Herne Bay is the nearest seaside resort to London 
 on the Kentish coast. It is sixty-three miles irom 
 London and eight from Canterbury, and is reached in 
 rather less than two hours by the South Eastern and 
 Chatham Railway. It is situated on a fine bay on 
 the estuary of the Thames, with a beach of shingle, 
 and like the neighbouring resorts, Westgate and 
 Margate, it has a north-eastern aspect, and is open 
 to the breezes from the North Sea, and its climate, 
 like that of those places, is tonic and stimulating. 
 There is a good promenade, a mile long, where are 
 the baths, and it has an iron pier. The surrounding 
 country is flat, and there is little protection from pre- 
 vailing winds. Its rainfall is said to be below and 
 its amount of sunshine above the average. Fog is 
 rare. 
 
 Birchington- on-Sea, which has recently come into 
 notice as a seaside resort, is sixty -nine miles from 
 London and only three and a-half from Margate.. It 
 is situated on elevated ground and is bounded on 
 the sea-coast by bluff cliffs. It has a sandy beach. 
 The village, about three-quarters of a mile in length, 
 lies on the old London and Canterbury road. It is a 
 
WESTGATE, MARGATE. 493 
 
 quiet resort, well suited to those who are seeking rest 
 and retirement. Its climate is dry, windy, cold and 
 breezy. There is a fair amount of sunshine, a 
 relatively small rainfall, and but little fog. 
 
 Westgate-on-Sea has grown rapidly into popu- 
 larity as a health resort. It is one and a-half miles 
 irom Margate, of which parish it once formed a part. 
 It is in an open situation facing north without much 
 protection from winds. It enjoys a good deal of 
 sunshine, and the soil dries rapidly after rain. Good 
 roads have been made and sea walls built round the 
 curves of St. Mildred's and Westgate Bays, forming 
 two promenades over a mile in length, from which by 
 steps the sands or cliffs are easily accessible. Gardens 
 also have been made on the cliffs, where there is a 
 marine drive two miles in length. The air is bracing 
 and pure, and the water supply is pure, abundant, 
 and continuous. The sea bathing is good and safe, on 
 a sandy bottom. 
 
 Westgate is a salubrious and convenient seaside 
 resort for families with children who require good 
 bracing sea air and pleasant, quiet sea bathing. 
 
 Margate is one of the most bracing of our seaside 
 resorts, within two hours' railway journey of London, 
 and within about five hours by river steamer. It must 
 not be forgotten, in estimating the special qualities of 
 the climate of Margate, that its aspect is north or 
 north-east. In this respect it differs entirely from 
 the neighbouring coast town of Ramsgate, which is 
 so placed in an indentation of the coast-line as to look 
 south-east. From this difference of aspect it not un- 
 frequently happens that the local weather differs 
 considerably in these two places, only a few miles 
 apart, for a storm may be raging at Margate which is 
 scarcely felt at Ramsgate. It happens also from this 
 northerly or north-easterly aspect of Margate that 
 during the prevalence of the north-easterly winds of 
 spring it is one of the very lew conveniently accessible 
 seaside resorts where, during that season, pure sea air 
 can be obtained. For the prevailing north-east winds 
 
494 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 blow directly over the North Sea and the northern 
 portion of the British Channel on to Margate and the 
 line of coast of which it forms a part, whereas during 
 the same season the prevailing winds at the resorts 
 on the southern coast are land-winds, and blow off 
 the land out to sea, driving off, as it were, the sea 
 air hence probably the great value which Margate air 
 is known to possess in scrofulous affections. 
 
 It has a chalk subsoil, and the ground quickly 
 becomes dry alter rain. The water supply is abundant 
 and pure. 
 
 The best residential part of the town is at 
 Cliftonville ; it lies much higher than the rest of 
 the town. 
 
 Margate is too windy for ordinary cases of chest 
 disease, except in the summer months, but it is 
 especially beneficial to cases of scrofulous disease in 
 children and to those of convalescence after surgical 
 operations. This fact has led to the establishment 
 there of that excellent institution, " The Royal Sea- 
 Bathing Infirmary, or Royal National Hospital for 
 Scrofula." 
 
 The air of Margate is excellent for promoting the 
 progress of slowly healing wounds and ulcers, and it 
 is valuable in cases of debility from inherited feeble- 
 ness of constitution. 
 
 Its autumn climate is often very fine. 
 
 Margate is celebrated for its sands, which are very 
 extensive owing to the shallowness of the water. 
 They are therefore the delight of children. Its 
 relative humidity varies between 80 and 90, the 
 mean being 82. The average annual rainfall is about 
 23 inches, and the number of rainy days about 170. 
 The average winter temperature (October to March) 
 is reported to be 42*1 F., and in January, the coldest 
 month, 38-9 F. 
 
 Broadstairs is a quiet little seaside town, 
 especially the resort of young children, who can 
 bathe and amuse themselves all day long on its 
 sheltered sands. It is built on the cliffs about 
 
RAMSGATE, ST. MARGARETS BAY. 495 
 
 half-way between Ramsgate and Margate, and looks 
 almost due east. 
 
 The climatic characteristics of the place are 
 the same as at the other resorts in the Isle of 
 Thanet. The subsoil is chalk. The greater part 
 of the district is from 120 feet to 150 feet above 
 the level of the sea. Some of the residential parts 
 enjoy much protection from winds, except from 
 the south-east. 
 
 Ramsgate (and St. Lawrence, its north-western 
 surburb), unlike Margate, has a south-eastern aspect. 
 It is somewhat warmer than Margate, and is more 
 protected from northerly and north-easterly winds. 
 Its air is, however, bracing and tonic, and, like 
 Margate, it has fine sands for bathing. Its climate 
 has been described as " relatively warm, relatively 
 equable, and moderately dry sky moderately free 
 from cloud rainfall and number of rainy days 
 smaller than those of the great majority of stations in 
 England."* The drainage and water supply are good. 
 
 The harbour and town lie between two cliffs, 
 the east and west, where most of the visitors reside. 
 Ramsgate may be reached by rail in two hours from 
 London. There are steamers also from London 
 Bridge in six hours. The five preceding resorts 
 are in the Isle of Thanet and partake of the 
 characters of its climate, which are mainly due 
 to its chalky soil and its exposure to winds. Owing 
 to the flatness of the country it gets a great amount 
 of sunshine. 
 
 St. Margaret's Bay, situated between Deal and 
 Dover, is a small and quiet seaside retreat that 
 has much to recommend it, but so long as it remains 
 three miles from a railway station (Martin Mill) its 
 development is likely to be slow. A portion of the 
 residential part is built on the shingly beach and 
 a portion on the chalk cliff, which rises to a great 
 
 *" Climates and Baths of Great Britain." Published for 
 the Med. Chirurgical Society. Macmillan & Co. 
 
49^ CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 height above the sea, and the two portions are 
 connected by a very steep path. The lower portion 
 enjoys considerable protection from the cliffs behind 
 it. The climate is " dry and bracing, and is particularly 
 adapted for all kinds of pulmonary disease and 
 cases of nervous exhaustion. The effect of the 
 air in cases of phthisis, attended by debility, etc., is 
 remarkable."* 
 
 Dover has many merits as a health resort. Its 
 climate is, for the most part, dry, tonic, and 
 invigorating. It is not, however, to be recommended 
 at all seasons of the year. It is very cold in 
 January, very windy in March, and very hot in 
 July. It is usually pleasant in May and June, and 
 again from August to the end of October. The 
 winter is often mild up to January. Dover is a 
 good deal exposed to sea fogs. The cases that are 
 said to do well at Dover are those of early 
 phthisis ; of bronchial catarrh in young people, with 
 sensitive nervous systems and languid circulations ; 
 of nervous dyspepsia, of chronic diarrhoea from 
 residence in tropical climates; of insomnia; of 
 scrofulous disease in children. Most of the houses 
 at Dover are built with a southern or south-eastern 
 aspect, and are exposed to the direct influence of the 
 sea breezes blowing from the Straits. It is protected 
 by the chalk hills behind it, to some extent, from 
 winds coming from the north, the north-east, and 
 the north-west. Its subsoil is chalk, but most of 
 the houses are built upon the beach, i.e. on shingle, 
 flint, and sand overlying the chalk. The soil is, 
 therefore, porous, and rain rapidly drains off the 
 surface. The water supply is good and pure. 
 
 Folkestone, with its excellent service of trains, 
 and situated so conveniently on the great highway 
 of Continental traffic, possessing, moreover, attrac- 
 tions in itself of no mean order, has naturally become 
 one of the most popular ol health resorts. 
 
 * " Climates and Baths of Great Britain." Macmillan Co. 
 
FOLKESTONE, SANDGATE. 497 
 
 The town is built on a lofty, porous cliff of green- 
 sand, and seen from the sea, or from the cliffs to 
 the east of the harbour, it has a most picturesque 
 appearance. The " Lees," on the west cliff, form a 
 fine extensive promenade, high above the sea, com- 
 manding a vast sea-view up and down the Channel ; 
 on the high ground Folkestone is rather exposed, 
 especially to south-westerly winds, but the chalk hills 
 at the back protect it somewhat from the northerly 
 land winds. The houses built on the lower part on a 
 level with the harbour enjoy much protection from 
 the high, cliff which is directly behind them. A 
 hydraulic lift connects this part and the pier with 
 the Lees. The open chalk downs behind the town, 
 and the many attractive country roads, afford 
 abundant resources lor horse and carriage exercise. 
 The water supply is good, pure, and abundant, 
 and the drainage has been most carefully provided 
 for. The annual rainfall is said to scarcely exceed 
 twenty-five inches, which is very small for a town 
 on this coast. 
 
 The climate is considered suitable to many forms 
 of chest disease, to cases of early phthisis, to cases 
 of chronic catarrhal tendencies in the over sensitive 
 and scrofulous, to some forms of asthma. It is also 
 highly useful in cases of depressed nervous tone, 
 with irritability, sleeplessness, loss of appetite, and 
 hypochondriacal tendencies, also in cases of pro- 
 tracted convalescence after attacks of acute disease. 
 
 One drawback, irom the point of view of sea- 
 bathing, is the rather rough shingly beach ; but baths 
 of all kinds, including a large tepid sea- water swim- 
 ming-bath, can be obtained at the Bath Establish- 
 ment. On the east cliff is built the St. Andrew's 
 Convalescent Home for poor patients. 
 
 Sandgate is about a mile west of Folkestone ; it 
 stretches for some distance along the coast, with a 
 fine sandy beach in front, furnishing great facilities 
 for bathing, and a range of hills behind, affording 
 protection from the north. 
 
498 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Shorncliffe Camp lies on a plateau above, and on 
 the north side of Sandgate. There are pleasant walks 
 and drives towards Folkestone, or Hythe, or Shorn- 
 cliffe, and the promenade in front of the sea forms an 
 agreeable and sunny lounge. Sandgate has the same 
 character of climate as the lower part of Folkestone, 
 but it is quieter and less expensive, and the sea- 
 bathing is decidely better. There is a sea-wall and 
 parade between Sandgate and Hythe, which is two 
 or three miles further west, and has the same climate 
 and character as a health resort as Sandgate. 
 
 Hythe is now much resorted to for its excellent 
 golf links and its well-managed hotel on the sea 
 front with a fine garden. 
 
 Littlestone-on-Sea, between Dungeness and Dym- 
 church, is also frequented for its golf links. 
 
 Hastings and St. Leonards, sixty-two miles from 
 London, have a complete southern aspect, and they 
 are protected to the north and north-east by high 
 cliffs, and hills at the back ; but there is little or no 
 protection at St. Leonards from winds blowing due 
 east ; these enfilade the promenade along the shore 
 with considerable force. 
 
 These adjoining towns appear to have a remark- 
 ably equable temperature, both in winter and summer, 
 and on that account they are considered suitable to 
 cases of pulmonary disease. The air is warmer along 
 the shore than on the hills behind the town, where 
 it is said to be cool during the warmest summer 
 months. Pulmonary invalids are recommended to 
 choose the former, and convalescent patients, 
 suffering from debility and want of tone, the 
 latter situation. 
 
 The soil is porous and sandy, and the rain that 
 falls is rapidly absorbed, so that the air is free from 
 the humidity which might arise from evaporation of 
 water retained on the surface. Hastings enjoys 
 great immunity from land fogs, but sea fogs are 
 not uncommon in the spring. Its relative proportion 
 of sunshine is large. The system of drainage, and 
 
HASTINGS, EASTBOURNE. 499 
 
 of disposal of sewage, is excellent. The mean annual 
 temperature is 49*4, for the winter quarter 39*6, the 
 spring 45-9, and the summer 59*9. The mean daily 
 range is 10*4. The mean relative humidity is 83*8. 
 There is a mean annual rainfall of 30 inches and 
 183 rainy days. 
 
 Hastings is resorted to in the winter on account 
 of its relatively nlild diniata by persons who are 
 subject to chronic bronchitis and to catarrhal throat 
 affections, and by cases of chronic stationary phthisis 
 and by feeble and sensitive invalids generally, in 
 search of winter sunshine. 
 
 Hastings has a very fine pier with a large 
 covered pavilion, St. Leonards also has a pier. 
 On the esplanade are very convenient glass-covered 
 shelters. There are numerous places of beauty and 
 interest to be visited in the neighbourhood. There is 
 an extensive public park St. Andrew's Park in a 
 sheltered valley at the back of the town. 
 
 Bexhill-on-Sea lies between St. Leonards and East- 
 bourne, about six miles from the former place. 
 It is somewhat less sheltered from the north 
 and north-east than Hastings, but it has a full 
 southern exposure. The beach, composed of shingle 
 and sand, affords good sea bathing. Its drainage and 
 water supply are good. Bexhill has made much 
 progress in the last few years. 
 
 Eastbourne is a highly popular and attractive 
 health resort. The roads and streets have been 
 skilfully planned and laid out, on a uniform 
 system, so as to secure abundance of space and free 
 ventilation, and trees are planted throughout 
 the streets of the town. Moreover, the streets 
 and other residential parts of the town are not 
 all huddled together, close to the shore, as in some 
 resorts, but spread out over a considerable tract 
 of land, stretching towards the magnificent downs 
 behind the town, for some distance from the sea- 
 shore. So that a choice of residence is provided 
 either close to the sea or some distance from it. 
 
500 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Eastbourne is situated on the coast of Sussex, 
 between St. Leonards and Brighton, at a distance of 
 sixty-five miles from London ; its train service is 
 good, and the fast trains accomplish the journey 
 in little more than an hour and a-half. 
 
 The old town of Eastbourne is a mile inland ; 
 the new town, which has naturally been built 
 towards the sea, has a south-eastern aspect. 
 There is a level frontage to the sea, with three 
 parallel promenades at different elevations > extending 
 from the pier westward for nearly three miles till it 
 ends in the steeply rising ground reaching to the 
 magnificent promontory of Beachy Head. There is 
 an extensive sandy beach, affording admirable sea- 
 bathing. Between the sea front and the downs 
 are very fine golf links. 
 
 The sanitary arrangements are as complete as 
 they can well be made. The salubrity of the town 
 has led to the establishment of a great number of 
 high-class schools there for both sexes. The death- 
 rate is low. 
 
 During the summer, phthisical patients often do 
 extremely well at Eastbourne, especially if they begin 
 their stay by living away from the sea. The dryness 
 of the air is in certain fine seasons very notable, and is 
 said to be due to the fact that the upper parts of 
 Eastbourne lie on chalk and the lower on alluvial soil 
 of a very porous nature. 
 
 Cases of torpid scrofula, of slow convalescence 
 from surgical operations or injuries, cases of anaemia 
 and general want of tone, cases of depressed function, 
 nervous or digestive, are all suited to this place. In 
 houses built to the west of the town, and with rising 
 ground between them and the east, the winter tem- 
 perature is not unpleasantly low, and they get more 
 than the average amount of sunshine. But those 
 parts of the town which are unprotected from the 
 east suffer much from the prevailing winds in spring. 
 January and Febuary are the coldest months, with a 
 mean average temperature of 397. July and August 
 
SEA FORD, BRIGHTON. 501 
 
 are the hottest months, with a mean average tem- 
 perature of 60*2. The mean annual daily range 
 is io'i. Mean annual rainfall, 30*6 inches. Mean 
 annual relative humidity, 83-0. 
 
 Seaford is nine miles west of Eastbourne, the 
 range of chalk cliffs and downs, of which Beachy 
 Head forms the culminating point, lying between 
 them. It is thiee miles from the port of New- 
 haven. 
 
 The air is pure and bracing, and there are fine 
 downs (with golf links) stretching up to Beachy Head, 
 which is six miles distant. The climate has much 
 in common with that of Eastbourne, except that the 
 great mass of cliff which intervenes between the two 
 places affords a great protection from the east ; it is, 
 however, fully exposed to the south-west, and has 
 but little protection from the north. The beach is 
 shingle. 
 
 Brighton is too familiar a resort to need detailed 
 description. No seaside place is so accessible to 
 those who live in London. Its strong sea-air, coming 
 from a wide open sea-board, is most invigorating to 
 many, but for others it is too irritating ; and 
 it is important to recognise a form of dyspepsia 
 with torpidity of liver which becomes developed in 
 certain constitutions at Brighton as well as in some 
 other seaside places and does not disappear so long 
 as the patient remains there. Brighton is also not at 
 its best when the north-east spring winds prevail, for 
 then the wind is off the land, and the smoke, etc., from 
 the town is blown down over the esplanade, and, 
 instead of pure sea-air, we breathe not very pure land- 
 air. South-south-west and westerly w r inds bring the 
 best air to the shores of Brighton. 
 
 But the climate of Brighton differs considerably 
 in different parts of the town. The houses in the 
 King's Road, for example, are much more under the 
 influence of the sea than those high up, near Mont- 
 pellier Square ; and the high east cliff (Kemp Town) 
 is more bracing and has altogether finer air than the 
 
502 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 low western side, which is, however, more sheltered, 
 and far more frequented and popular. 
 
 Under the east cliff, and extending along its 
 whole length, a fine summer promenade has been 
 made, which is completely sheltered from the north 
 and north-west, but the east and north-east winds are 
 felt there keenly ; this is the so-called " Madeira 
 Walk." 
 
 The soil of Brighton is exclusively chalk. In the 
 spring the winds are variable, in summer they come 
 most frequently from the west, in autumn and winter 
 from the south-west. It has a good and abundant 
 water supply. 
 
 The sea-bathing is good, the water is clear, and 
 the bottom is sandy. There are numerous private 
 bathing establishments, where hot and cold sea-water 
 baths can be obtained ; as well as Turkish baths and 
 massage. The South Downs, which stretch along 
 the back of the town, are a great and valuable 
 resource for healthful exercise. 
 
 Brighton is especially serviceable in cases of 
 retarded convalescence, especially after surgical 
 operations, and also after some acute febrile maladies. 
 It is useful in cases of anaemia, and general loss of 
 tone induced by over- work, by chronic illnesses, or 
 by other depressing agencies. It is of value in giving 
 vigour to delicate young people, especially when of 
 scrofulous constitution, during the most trying periods 
 of rapid growth and development. Its bracing sea- 
 air and sea-baths are also beneficial, in diminishing that 
 sensitiveness of skin and mucous membranes upon 
 which the prevalent tendencies to catarrhal and 
 rheumatic affections depend. The autumn up to the 
 end of November is the best and healthiest season at 
 Brighton. 
 
 The mean annual temperature is 49*4. January 
 is the coldest month, 39-3. August the hottest, 6i'2. 
 The mean annual daily range is 12*0. The 
 mean annual rainfall is 30*4 inches, and the number of 
 rainy days 163. The relative humidity, 78. Brighton 
 
WORTHING, LITTLEHAMPTON. 503 
 
 has rather less sunshine than Hastings and East- 
 bourne. 
 
 Worthing is about twelve miles to the west of 
 Brighton, and fifty-two miles from London. It is a 
 much more quiet resort than its popular neighbour, 
 and enjoys much the same climatic character. It has 
 been said, however, that while the climate of 
 Brighton is keen and bracing, that of Worthing is soft, 
 mild and equable, and the character of the vegetation, 
 and the testimony of the inhabitants seem to support 
 this statement; but the meteorological data do not. 
 
 The town is clean and well laid out, and the drainage 
 is good. It is a very suitable station for sea-bathing, 
 as the sands are firm and good. There is an 
 esplanade facing the sea about a mile long, composed 
 chiefly of lodging-houses ; there is also a good pier. 
 West Worthing is built at a little distance from the 
 sea, to the west of Worthing, and is an attractive 
 residential neighbourhood, consisting chiefly of villa 
 residences with their gardens. Worthing is sur- 
 rounded by agreeable country, with some charming 
 rural scenery, a few miles from the shore, amongst the 
 South Down hills. 
 
 Littlehampton, on the Sussex coast, is sixty-two 
 miles by rail from London, ten from Worthing, four 
 from Arundel, and eleven from Chichester. It is re- 
 sorted to on account of its bracing air, its comparative 
 retirement, its excellent sea bathing, firm and clean 
 sands, and its adjacency to the fine scenery around 
 Arundel. When the tide is low the sands are left 
 firm and dry, affording delight to young children. 
 The town is situated at the mouth of the river Arun, 
 and as this river flows across the sea front it stops all 
 possibility of going westward except by ferry a most 
 uncomfortable feature of the place. The water supply 
 and drainage are good. 
 
 Littlehampton is a suitable resort for families and 
 children requiring sea change in the summer months, 
 but it is otherwise without attractions, and is at times 
 very bleak and cold. 
 
504 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Bognor, on the Sussex coast, is about sixty-three 
 miles from London, twenty miles west of Brighton, 
 and twenty-five east of Portsmouth. It is a quiet 
 resort, and having a firm, clean, level, sandy beach, is 
 well adapted for sea-bathing. The air is pure arid 
 mild. The elevated downs lying behind it afford a 
 protection from the north winds. There is a fine 
 pier. Bognor is a very suitable resort for delicate 
 children and convalescents. 
 
 Hayling Island has only recently come into repute 
 as a seaside resort, and for those who like to get 
 away from the beaten track, it has much to recommend 
 it. It is reached by a short branch of the London, 
 Brighton, and South Coast Railway from Havant, the 
 journey from London taking a little less than three 
 hours, or it can be approached from Southsea by 
 crossing the ferry at Fort Cumberland, from which 
 it is distant about half-a-mile. Numerous good villas 
 and a commodious hotel have recently been built 
 there. Pure air, fresh breezes from the open sea, 
 excellent sands and good bathing, exceedingly well 
 suited to children, good golf links, and the absence of 
 a fashionable crowd these are the attractions of 
 Hayling Island. 
 
 Southsea has many attractions. It is within two 
 hours by rail of London, and within half-an-hour of 
 the Isle of Wight. It looks due south, has a fine 
 common facing the sea, two piers, and, from its ad- 
 jacency to a great military and naval arsenal, constant 
 social activity and interests, and frequent military and 
 naval displays. The beach is shingle, and is not so 
 pleasant as sand for bathing from ; the extensive 
 Common lies between it and the town. 
 
 As a winter residence Southsea has been highly 
 commended. A six years' resident testifies : " We have 
 much less rain than inland, and the ground, except in 
 . one low-lying" part, rapidly dries when a fall does 
 occur, the soil being gravel and shingle. In the 
 winter house-rent is very moderate." The death-rate 
 is low. One of the medical authorities of the place 
 
ISLE OF WIGHT. 505 
 
 states that " more people come now in winter who 
 have delicate chests, and they do well here if they 
 live on the Common. Speaking roughly, our average 
 temperature is, in winter, 5 or 6 F. higher, and in 
 summer 5 or 6 F. lower, than at Kew. ' Southsea 
 enjoys considerable protection from the north from 
 the Portsdown hills behind it. There is a good 
 system of drainage and a good supply of water. 
 
 Southsea brings us to the neighbourhood of the 
 Isle of Wight. This island is about twenty-three 
 miles in length from east to west, and about thirteen 
 miles wide at its widest part, from north to south. A 
 range of high chalk downs stretches right across the 
 island, near the middle, from Bembridge Down, not 
 far from the extreme eastern part of the island, to the 
 extreme western part. There are other chalk downs 
 at the southern end of the island. 
 
 Its chief places are Newport, Ryde, West and 
 East Cowes, St. Helens, Sandown, Shanklin, Ventnor, 
 Yarmouth, Alum Bay, and Freshwater. Newport, 
 the capital, is situated in the centre of the island, and 
 does not, therefore, concern us in this place. 
 
 Cowes, chiefly associated with yachting meetings, 
 is divided by the river Medina into East and West 
 Cowes. Of these, West Cowes is the more resorted 
 to by visitors, and is the more fashionable ; its houses 
 are less crowded together. During the yachting 
 season, and especially in the regatta week, Cowes is 
 crowded with visitors, but it really possesses little 
 interest as a health resort. Its aspect is due north. 
 
 Ryde is a pleasure resort rather than a health 
 resort, and is the most fashionable place in the island. 
 Its long pier is a well-known and popular lounge, and 
 military bands play there during the season. It is a 
 great centre for yachting and boating, and for excur- 
 sions into the interior and around the island. 
 
 The town occupies the face of a hill which slopes 
 mainly in a north-easterly direction, but partly also 
 in a north-westerly direction. It lies on the steep 
 north-easterly slope, and is much exposed to the 
 
506 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORT Si 
 
 north-east winds. The most elevated part of the 
 town is 155 feet above the sea. The highest part of 
 the whole district, at its boundary, is 193 feet. The 
 subsoil at the lower and northerly parts is clay, with 
 here and there gravel and sand, and a little stone. 
 At the higher parts the subsoil is brick-earth, with 
 gravel and some sand. Owing to its north-easterly 
 exposure, and its open and comparatively unpro- 
 tected situation, Ryde is only adapted for a summer 
 resort, and for this purpose it is cool, cheerful, and 
 attractive. 
 
 St. Helens is the name of a district stretching for 
 about three miles to the east of Ryde. The slope 
 and summit of the hill at its western extremity are 
 largely built over, and there are two villages along 
 the shore Spring Vale, about a mile, and Sea View 
 about three miles, east of Ryde. Sea View is a very 
 quiet little bathing-place much resorted to by families 
 with children. It has a steamboat pier. 
 
 Sandown is about fifteen minutes by rail from 
 Ryde. It is built on the shore of a fine open bay, which 
 affords great facilities for bathing and boating. The 
 town is delightfully placed on the slopes of a low 
 hill, and these stretch with a gradual iall towards the 
 sea at the south-east. To the north-east a sea-wall 
 protects the low marsh land from incursions of the 
 sea. The streets, which are many feet above the 
 sea-level, are wide and well laid out, and the houses 
 have gardens attached to them. The subsoil of a 
 great part of the town is clay, but the westerly and 
 upper third is built on sand. The town is well 
 drained. Public walks and pleasure grounds have 
 been laid out at great expense. 
 
 The surrounding country is attractive, and ex- 
 cursions to various parts of the island can readily be 
 made from it. 
 
 Sandown is a pleasant, quiet, picturesque, sea- 
 bathing resort, much frequented in the summer by 
 families with young children, but is too exposed and 
 windv for invalids in winter. 
 
SHANK LIN, VENT NOR. 507 
 
 Shanklin is about three miles by road and five 
 minutes by rail from Sandown, and is situated in a 
 valley stretching inland from the shore of the bay of 
 Sandown. Like Sandown, it has a firm sandy beach. 
 The air is fresh and pure, and bracing on the higher 
 ground. Shanklin Chine is a beautiful rocky glen 
 covered with luxuriant verdure. The walk from 
 Shanklin to Bonchurch is considered one of the most 
 beautiful in the island, passing, as it does, through 
 the romantic Chine of Luccombe. There is also a 
 fine walk across the high downs to Ventnor. 
 
 The houses at Shanklin are built on the sloping 
 sides of a hill which, at its highest part, is 200 feet 
 above the sea. It has for the most part a sandy 
 subsoil. 
 
 Shanklin is a resort of great beauty and attractive- 
 ness ; its sea-bathing is excellent, and the excursions 
 which can be made from it, both by sea and land, 
 are most varied and delightful. It has a chalybeate 
 spring and a thermal bath establishment. 
 
 Ventnor is situated at the most charming part of 
 the southern side of the island, and is built in a 
 series of terraces on the wooded rocky slopes of the 
 1 eautiful and celebrated Undercliff. It is sheltered 
 from the north and north-east winds by a steep range 
 of limestone rocks, and the downs to the north rise to 
 a height of 400 to 800 feet above the sea. It is greatly 
 sheltered also from the north-west, west, and south- 
 west winds, but is open to the south and south-east. 
 Owing to its protected situation, it has become a 
 popular resort for pulmonary invalids ; on this 
 account it has been selected as the site of the 
 National Hospital for Consumption. There is a 
 large open piece of ground between the Hospital and 
 the sea, where patients can sit or take exercise in the 
 open air. Very good results are, as might be expected, 
 obtained there. 
 
 Besides the winter season, which begins in No- 
 vember, Ventnor has also a summer season from June 
 to September. It has good sea-bathing in deep, clear 
 
508 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 water, with sandy bottom. There is an esplanade by 
 the sea and a fine pier. 
 
 Ventnor has different climatic characters in its 
 different parts, some houses being close to the water 
 and others stretching up the face of the cliff in terraces 
 reaching to 500 feet above the sea, while some are 
 more exposed to the sun's rays, and for a longer time, 
 than others ; and some, again, are nearer the shelter 
 of the rocks, while others are in more open and airy 
 situations. 
 
 The climate of Ventnor partakes of that of the 
 whole Undercliff, the name given to the curious land- 
 slip which forms a kind of terrace six miles in length 
 on the south-eastern coast of the island, stretching 
 from near Bonchurch to Black Gang Chine. This 
 district enjoys protection from the north, north-east, 
 north-west, and west. The character and luxuriance 
 of its vegetation bear striking testimony to its mild 
 winter climate. The rain that falls is rapidly absorbed 
 by the chalk and sandstone rocks, so that the iground, 
 which is almost wholly rocky, is generally dry. There 
 is plenty of space for out-of-door exercise, and the 
 warmth of the sun is reinforced by reflection from 
 the cliffs, and in some parts by reflection from the sea. 
 The mean temperature at Ventnor during the coldest 
 winter months (January and February) is 41*8, the 
 mean relative humidity 87, the mean sunshine 129 
 hours for the two months ; 4-6 inches of rain and 29 
 rainy days in these two months. Average rainfall 
 for the whole year, 27-53 inches, with 164 rainy days. 
 
 The climate, then, is mild and equable, but at the 
 same time fairly dry and tonic, and is adapted to 
 cases of early phthisis and to those who have reason 
 to fear they may become phthisical, to chronic 
 catarrhal throat affections, to scrofulous and anaemic 
 and debilitated persons, and to conva'escents from 
 acute diseases. 
 
 Ventnor, being built on a series of terraces stretch- 
 ing up the steep cliff, has the drawback that there are 
 no level walks except on the beach. Bonchurch, its 
 
BOURNEMOUTH. 509 
 
 eastern suburb, is better off in this respect, and is 
 preferred by many as a residence on this account and 
 for its better protection from the east. 
 
 Yarmouth, on the north-west coast of the island, 
 and Freshwater and Alum and To bland Bays on the 
 western, come under the influence of the Atlantic, 
 and in the three latter, especially, fine breezy sea air, 
 and the adjacency of high downs, can be enjoyed, in 
 comparative quiet and seclusion, during the hot months 
 of summer. 
 
 Milford-on-Sea, on the south coast of Hampshire, 
 is situated between Lymington and Bournemouth, 
 fourteen miles to the east of the latter place. Its 
 nearest station is New Milton, on the direct B ourne- 
 mouth line. It lies just opposite the Needles, and is 
 close to the borders of the New Forest. It has golf 
 links finely situated, and is well placed for pure sea 
 air and for walks and drives amidst beautiful scenery. 
 It is rather exposed to prevailing winds, and is a 
 summer rather than a winter resort. 
 
 Bournemouth is well known as a winter resort for 
 persons with delicate chests and others, and it is 
 also a suitable place for summer visitors. Indeed, 
 there is no reason why a place of winter resort at 
 the seaside should necessarily be unfit for summer 
 resort, as is popularly supposed, for the possession 
 of an equable climate, which renders such a place 
 warmer than inland districts in winter, often also 
 renders it cooler than those places in summer. 
 
 As a winter resort Bournemouth has many ad- 
 vantages. The houses chiefly occupied by visitors 
 are situated on the higher ground to the east and 
 west of the sheltered depression occupied by the 
 older part of the town. Many of the villas are built 
 in the midst of the pine trees, which here cover a 
 considerable tract of the sandy soil. These pine 
 forests not only afford a certain protection from 
 winds, but they also exert a salutary influence on the 
 atmosphere, and embalm the air with their aromatic 
 exhalations. The soil, composed of sand and sand- 
 
5 io CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS 
 
 stone, is dry and absorbent, so that the rain falling on 
 the surface rapidly drains away, and the atmosphere 
 is left dryer than it would be were the water retained 
 longer on the surface of the ground by a less readily 
 permeable soil. 
 
 There is fair shelter from the north and north- 
 east, and, to a less extent, from the east winds ; but 
 the surrounding hills are low, and the protection they 
 afford must be at times very imperfect. Bournemouth 
 is, however, much exposed to the west, south-west, 
 and south winds. There is more shelter from cold 
 winds on the eastern than on the western cliff. 
 Compared with Torquay it is somewhat less sheltered, 
 but is dryer and more bracing. It has a moderate 
 rainfall, and a medium degree of atmospheric humidity. 
 
 Taking the two coldest winter months (January 
 and February), the mean temperature is 397, and the 
 mean relative humidity 87. The mean annual 
 rainfall is 27*26 inches, and the number of rainy 
 days 158*3. The drainage and water supply are 
 good. 
 
 The adjacency of many interesting and picturesque 
 places of resort ought to add to its popularity as a 
 summer resort. 
 
 "The smooth hard sands, and the almost uniform 
 height of the tide, permit the bathing to be peculiarly 
 safe and agreeable." 
 
 Boscombe is merely an extension eastward of 
 Bournemouth. 
 
 Southbourne-on-Sea is three and a-half miles east 
 of Bournemouth. It is built on a plateau surmounting 
 a sandy cliff, and is less sheltered than Bournemouth, 
 but more bracing. It is a good summer and autumn 
 resort, quiet and invigorating. 
 
 Swanage is the chief place in the " Isle of 
 Purbeck," and is reached in about four hours by fast 
 train from London. It can also be approached by 
 steamers from Poole, Bournemouth, or Wey mouth. 
 Its situation is charming. It lies quite open to the 
 east or south-east, and is pleasantly cool in summer. 
 
SWAN AGE, WEY MOUTH. 511 
 
 It commands extensive and varied views of the coast 
 of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, which is only 
 fifteen miles off. It has smooth and fine sands, with 
 excellent bathing. There is a pier from which the 
 steamboats land and take up passengers. 
 
 To the north the cliffs are precipitous, and rise 
 to a height of nearly 600 feet above the sea. The 
 surrounding country is very interesting, and a variety 
 of agreeable excursions can be made into it ; especially 
 to Corfe Castle, St. Aldhelm's Head, Lulworth Castle, 
 etc. 
 
 Swanage is particularly appropriate as a seaside 
 resort to persons requiring qiret and soothing sur- 
 roundings in a cool and somewhat sedative atmo- 
 sphere, and opportunities for exercise in the open air 
 amidst pleasing rural scenery. 
 
 Weymouth, distant three and a-quarter hours by 
 rail from London, is a popular resort on the Dorset- 
 shire coast, which here runs out towards the south, 
 and bending a little eastward forms a wide, open bay, 
 which looks to the east. A projection of the shore 
 divides this bay into two parts, Weymouth Bay and 
 Portland Roads. The new part of the town is built 
 along the curving shore of the bay, and commands a 
 fine view of the coast to the east as far as St. 
 Aldhelm's Head. There is an esplanade and a 
 pier of stone and wood, and these afford good pro- 
 menades by the sea. 
 
 The reputation of Weymouth as an invigorating 
 seaside resort dates from the end of the eighteenth 
 century. Its chief attractions are its wide open bay and 
 its smooth, level sandy shore, affording great facilities 
 for sea-bathing. 
 
 Lyme Regis, on the Dorsetshire coast, is five 
 miles and a-half from Axminster station, which is 
 about four hours from Waterloo by fast train. It is 
 most picturesquely situated, being built on the slopes 
 of a hollow on a wild, rocky coast. Miss Austen said 
 of it : " He .must be a very strange stranger who does 
 not see charms enough in the immediate vicinity of 
 
512 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Lyme to make him wish to know it better." It is 
 sheltered from the north and east winds, so that its 
 winter climate is mild, while the sea-breezes make it 
 cool and fresh in summer. There is good bathing on 
 pleasant sands. The place is quiet, and the surround- 
 ing scenery is charming. 
 
 Sidmouth is the first seaside resort of any con- 
 sequence we come to on the south coast of Devon. Its 
 reputation as a winter resort has been growing rapidly 
 of late years. It is between four and five hours from 
 London by rail (S.W.R.). It is situated at the mouth 
 of a valley running at nearly right angles to the coast, 
 and enclosed especially on the north and east by lofty 
 hills terminating seawards in the sheer precipices of 
 Salcombe and High Peak, about 500 feet above the 
 sea. The coast view from the beach is admirable, 
 owing to its situation in the centre of the Great Bay, 
 which is bounded to the east by the Isle of Portland, 
 and to the west by Start Point. " The characteristic 
 features of the sea view are the blood-red cliffs, which 
 rise to a height of about five hundred feet above the 
 beach." The air is mild and at times moist and 
 relaxing. The amount of winter sunshine is said to be 
 greater than at south coast resorts generally. 
 Numerous interesting excursions can be made 
 amongst the neighbouring hills and valleys. 
 
 It is a very suitable resort for cases of chronic 
 bronchitis, catarrhal asthma, cardiac debility, and con- 
 valescents from acute disease. The Nauheim system 
 of baths for cardiac weakness is applied there. Good 
 accommodation can be obtained a little distance from 
 the sea as well as on the beach. 
 
 Exmouth, between ten and eleven miles (railway) 
 from Exeter, is a popular watering-place on the Devon 
 coast. Budleigh Salterton, five miles from Exmouth, 
 is much more sheltered, and has a warmer climate, as 
 it is placed in a narrow valley, and is well protected 
 from cold winds. 
 
 Dawlish is about midway between Exmouth and 
 Teignmoulh. It is a pleasant and popular resort, 
 
DAWLISH, TEIGNMOUTH. 513 
 
 with many attractions to recommend it. It is in a 
 sheltered valley on a sunny coast, with neat, well-built 
 houses, some facing the sea, others built round publfc 
 gardens ; and it has very picturesque rural scenery 
 surrounding it. It has a bright and cheerful aspect, 
 which is not a little enlivened by the railway running 
 across the mouth of the valley close to the sea. 
 
 There is a fine esplanade by the side of the line 
 of railway. There is safe and pleasant bathing on 
 beautiful and extensive sands. The climate is, perhaps, 
 as mild as that of Torquay and as equable, and living is 
 quieter and. less expensive. The cliffs of the bay are 
 of bright red sandstone, and some of them assume 
 fantastic forms. 
 
 Dawlish can certainly be commended as a charm- 
 ingly quiet, and yet bright and cheerful, resort, with a 
 mild climate, cooler in the hottest part of summer 
 than most of the seaside resorts near London, and 
 with a sedative, and at times somewhat humid, relaxing 
 atmosphere. It is well suited to delicate invalids 
 and children who do not tolerate a too bracing 
 seaside climate. The drainage and water supply 
 are good. 
 
 Teignmouth is a pleasant town on the south coast 
 of Devon, only three miles from Dawlish, and fifteen 
 from Exeter. It is situated on the estuary of the 
 river Teign, Shaldon being on the opposite side. Like 
 Dawlish and Exmouth, it faces a minor depression in 
 the west of that large bay, which is bounded on the 
 east by the Bill of Portland, and on the west by the 
 Start Point ; adjacent to this depression in the coast, 
 and west of it, is the much deeper indentation known 
 as Torbay. 
 
 Teignmouth looks south and south-east, and is 
 protected to the north by somewhat distant hills. 
 
 The surrounding scenery, like that adjacent to 
 most of this coast, is exceedingly picturesque and 
 varied ; the rich red soil is most productive. 
 
 The climate of this district is characterised by 
 milder winters and cooler summers, and by greater 
 
5 14 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS-. 
 
 equability of temperature, than is found inland or 
 further east. 
 
 The following are some meteorological facts, 
 founded on an average of ten years' observations, 
 applying to the coldest and hottest months in the 
 year, and which afford a very fair criterion of the 
 climatic elements which are found on this part of 
 the south coast. 
 
 January Mean temperature 41-8 F. per cent. 
 
 Humidity, 9 a.m 88'o 
 
 Mean total rain in inches ... 3*40 
 
 number of wet days ... 16-0 
 
 July Mean temperature ... ... 6i'8 F. per cent. 
 
 Humidity 76*0 
 
 Mean total of rain in inches ... 2-33 
 
 ,, number of \vet days ... 13*0 
 
 March is the dryest month, with a mean of twelve 
 wet days and a rainfall of 1-98 inches ; the next 
 dryest is May, also with twelve wet days, and a rainfall 
 of 2-3 inches. The wettest month is October, with 
 eighteen wet days, and a rainfall of 477 inches. 
 
 There are 180 wet days, distributed pretty equally 
 over the whole year, and 37 inches of rainfall 
 annually. 
 
 The defects of this climate are very evident from 
 these data, viz., a high degree of atmospheric humidity 
 a large proportion of wet days often a cloudy sky, 
 which, together with its equability of temperature, 
 form a rather relaxing climate, modified somewhat 
 by the tonic effect of the sea-air. 
 
 Torquay is one of the'most popular and fashionable 
 winter resorts in England. It enjoys a magnificent 
 situation, facing one of the finest bays on any part of 
 our coast. It is encircled by hills, which shelter it 
 from the north and north-w r est, and, to some extent, 
 from the north-east. North-east winds are, however, 
 sometimes felt there severely. 
 
 Villas stretch up these hills at various elevations 
 above the sea up to 450 feet. 
 
TORQUAY. 515 
 
 The air of Torquay is said to be dryer than at any 
 other place on this coast ; but different parts of the 
 town differ greatly, the nearer the sea the more 
 sedative and relaxing the air, the higher up the hills 
 the more bracing it becomes. 
 
 The luxuriant growth of sub-tropical plants testifies 
 to the general mildness of the climate. Its climate is 
 no doubt very equable, more so even than that of 
 Teignmouth, but, like neighbouring resorts on this 
 coast, there is frequently a great deal of humidity 
 in the air. The rainfall is considerable, and the num- 
 ber of rainy days very great. If, for instance, we 
 compare the rainfall and the number of rainy days at 
 Torquay and at Bournemouth, we find that at Torquay 
 the rainfall is 35 inches, at Bournemouth it is 27-6 ; 
 while the rainy days at Torquay are 187, and at 
 Bournemouth 153. The mean temperature in the 
 two coldest months (January and Febuary) is 41*4 
 and the mean relative humidity 8 6' 6. 
 
 It is claimed for Torquay that it is much cooler in 
 summer than the seaside resorts further east. Bathing, 
 boating, yachting, and sea fishing can be pursued with 
 great advantage at Torquay, and beautiful excursions 
 into the surrounding picturesque country, extending 
 even to the wild hills of Dartmoor, can easily be 
 made. 
 
 The water supply is very good, and so is the 
 drainage. 
 
 The town appears to be exceedingly healthy, and 
 the death-rate is low. The cases w T hich appear to do 
 well at Torquay are those of chronic bronchitis in old 
 people, some forms of chronic phthisis, with tendencies 
 to catarrhal attacks, some irritable throat affections ; 
 also young and delicate children during the trying 
 periods of rapid growth and development, and some 
 elderly people, who find themselves more comfortable 
 in a moderately mild and soft climate rather than in a 
 dry and bracing one. 
 
 Torquay can now be reached in four and a-half 
 to five hours from London, by express trains. 
 
Si6 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Salcombe, about eighteen miles west of Dartmouth, 
 and nine miles west of Start Point, lies on a protected 
 inlet in the southernmost part of the coast of Devon. 
 It is not well known, although by its position it is so 
 sheltered as to be one of the warmest coast towns in 
 Britain. 
 
 Falmouth, on the south coast of Cornwall, is 
 beautifully situated on the shore of one of the finest 
 harbours in England. The town itself is not very 
 attractive, but from the ramparts there are grand 
 views of the adjacent coast, and a great variety 01 
 interesting excursions about this picturesque coast can 
 be easily made. Although so far from London 
 eight hours by express train its reputation as a sea- 
 side resort is rapidly growing, especially as a residence 
 for bronchial invalids during winter and spring, on 
 account of its mild climate. 
 
 Many houses and handsome detached villas have 
 been built on the heights above the old main street 
 of the town. 
 
 The village of Flushing on the opposite side of the 
 harbour looks west, and is more sheltered. The mean 
 temperature in the two coldest winter months (January 
 and February) is 4 2 9, more than 3 warmer than Bourne- 
 mouth, and the relative humidity is 84-5. But it has 
 a large annual rainfall, 44 inches, and 2 1 2 rainy days. 
 The mean daily range of temperature is 8-5. 
 
 Penzance is the westernmost of seaside resorts on 
 our coasts. It is 321 miles from London, but there 
 is one fast train in the day which is timed to accom- 
 plish the journey between Paddington and Penzance 
 in a little over eight hours. 
 
 The town is built on the west side of Mounts Bay, 
 so that it has a south-east aspect. It commands a 
 fine view across the bay, and the long, low line of 
 coast to the Lizard. It is sheltered by a lofty 
 plateau on the west and north, but is fully exposed 
 to winds from other quarters. Notwithstanding this 
 exposure to the winds, its temperature is remarkably 
 equable, like that of the Stilly Islands, forty-two 
 
PENZANCE, WESTWARD HO. 517 
 
 miles further west. These possess " the most equable 
 temperature in the British Islands, if not in all 
 Europe." St. Mary's, Stilly, is warmer than 
 Penzance, the mean winter temperature for four 
 years was 47*9 ; the mean maximum, 50*5 ; the 
 mean minimum, 44*5 ; the mean daily range, 6 ; 
 the mean monthly range, 187; the mean relative 
 humidity, 89; number of rainy days, 107; rain in 
 inches, 17*13 ; winds from north and east, 56 days ; 
 from south and west, 90 days. The mean tempera- 
 ture in the two coldest months of winter (January 
 and February) is 45*3, while at Penzance it is 
 
 43. 
 
 Penzance is 5 warmer than London in winter ; 
 
 i warmer in spring ; 2 warmer in autumn ; and 2 
 cooler in summer. It has rather a large annual rain- 
 fall, 43 inches, and a large number of wet days. 
 
 There are many interesting excursions to be made 
 from it both by land and sea. 
 
 For persons whom a mild, equable, somewhat 
 humid climate agrees with, Penzance, like Falmouth, 
 is well suited. The place is sedative, and the preva- 
 lence of winds from the sea must confer upon it a 
 certain tonic element. 
 
 Turning round the Land's End to the north coast of 
 Cornwall, we come to St. Ives, Newquay, and Bude. 
 These, with Tintagel and Boscastle, all have a more or 
 less northern exposure, and, although well adapted for 
 summer and autumn visitors, are unsuited as winter 
 resorts for invalids. We now reach the north coast 
 of Devon ; the first of the picturesque resorts on this 
 coast which we come to is Clovelly. This charmingly 
 romantic fishing village can scarcely be called a health 
 resort, and must not detain us now. 
 
 We soon, however, reach Westward Ho. This is 
 a comparatively new resort twelve miles east of 
 Clovelly. The coast immediately around it is flat 
 and not very interesting, but very beautiful scenery is 
 not far distant. It is a quiet retreat, with fine bracing 
 air, and a long reach of tolerably firm sands. Its golf 
 
Si8 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 links are said to be " only surpassed by those of 
 St. Andrews and Musselburgh." 
 
 Ilfracombe, on the north coast of Devon, offers 
 great attractions to the lovers of the picturesque, 
 situated as it is in a part of England unrivalled, 
 perhaps, for the beauty of its scenery. It has a very 
 fine swimming-bath, filled at every tide. 
 
 It is chiefly a summer resort, but its winter climate 
 has also been recommended for invalids who can bear 
 a certain amount of bracing wind, as its winter tem- 
 perature compares favourably with other well-known 
 winter resorts ; in the coldest month (January) its 
 mean maximum temperature was 47*2 (Ventnor 
 45*7) an d its mean minimum 39-4 (Ventnor 37*4), so 
 that it is warmer than Ventnor and nearly as warm 
 as Falmouth, for which resort the corresponding tem- 
 peratures are 47-3 and 39*8. It is reputed, however, 
 to suffer much from boisterous winds from the east 
 and west. 
 
 The promenades and excursions are numerous 
 and attractive. 
 
 Ilfracombe is six hours by express train from 
 London. 
 
 Lynton and Lynmouth, only seventeen miles by 
 coach-road from Ilfracombe, are amidst the most 
 exquisite scenery of the North Devon coast. Lynton 
 is built on hilly ground, at an elevation of 430 feet 
 above the sea, while Lynmouth lies on the sea-shore, 
 at the mouth of the Lyn. 
 
 Lynton has the disadvantage of being separated 
 from the sea by one of the steepest of hills, which is 
 traversed by zig-zag paths ; but the grand prospects 
 that it offers, of which perhaps the loveliest is that 
 of the gorges through which the East and the West 
 Lyn flow, more than compensate for this drawback, 
 and the provision of a water-balance railway up the 
 cliff is a great convenience to those who object to 
 the hill. There is no flat sandy beach, and the 
 place for bathing is rocky and limited in extent. 
 Owing to its hilly character, this country is not 
 
WESTON-SUPER-MARE, TENBY. 519 
 
 altogether suitable for invalids or weakly persons. 
 The one way to see the locality is on foot ; those 
 who cannot walk will miss some of the most charm- 
 ing features. The drainage arrangements and the 
 water supply are alike excellent. There is one train 
 daily from Waterloo via Barnstaple, in about seven 
 hours. 
 
 Westpn-super-Mare and the adjacent resorts, 
 Minehead and Clevedon, on the shore of the Bristol 
 Channel, have the disadvantage of large muddy sand- 
 fields at low water, and their climate is rather 
 relaxing than bracing. Weston is, however, greatly 
 frequented for sea air and sea bathing by the inhabi- 
 tants of some of the large towns in the west of 
 England, Bristol, Bath, etc., as well as by people 
 from the Midlands. The season lasts from July to 
 October. 
 
 Passing now to the opposite Welsh coast, Penarth, 
 close to Cardiff, and the Mumbles, near Swansea, are 
 well situated and pleasant summer coast resorts. 
 
 Tenby is the most important and the most popular 
 seaside resort on the south coast of Wales. It has a 
 decided sea climate, mild, and fairly dry, and is about 
 seven hours by fast train from London. The town 
 stands upon the western side of Carmarthen Bay, on 
 the south-west coast of Pembrokeshire. It is built 
 upon the point and north-eastern margin of a rocky 
 peninsula, composed of mountain limestone, rising to 
 nearly 100 feet above the sea, with fine land and sea 
 views. The sands, which are not surpassed at any 
 watering-place in the kingdom, are most extensive. 
 The bathing is therefore very good and free from 
 danger. Sea fishing can be had all the year round. 
 
 Tenby has its summer and its winter season. As 
 a winter resort Tenby is becoming more and more 
 popular as a residence for invalids suffering from pul- 
 monary and cardiac affections. The mildness of the 
 climate, the absence of frost, and the sheltered situa- 
 tion, render it very suitable for such cases. It has 
 about i, 700 hours of bright sunshine in the year. 
 
520 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Aberystwith, on Cardigan Bay, is one of the chief 
 resorts on the west coast of Wales. It is sheltered 
 by hills from the north and east, but it is exposed to 
 the west, south-west, and north-west. Its climate is 
 somewhat mild and humid, and the rainfall is large, 
 46 inches in the year. But it is said to prove both 
 soothing and invigorating to those whose nervous 
 systems have become irritable and enfeebled by over- 
 work. It has a mild and equable temperature in 
 winter. The beach is shingle, and is considered very 
 safe for bathing. The drainage is good, and the water 
 supply is abundant and pure. 
 
 A few miles to the north of Aberystwith, on an 
 arm of the bay, is Aberdovey, a small seaside resort 
 of recent growth, with a southern aspect and mild 
 climate. 
 
 Another neighbouring and popular resort on this 
 coast is Towyn, with very firm safe sands for bathing. 
 
 Barmouth is, like Aberystwith, on the shores of 
 Cardigan Bay, but some little distance further north. 
 It has much the same climate, the same protection 
 from the north and east, and the same exposure to the 
 west. Owing to the nearness to Barmouth of some 
 of the finest of the mountain scenery of Wales, it is a 
 favourite summer resort, but it has the disadvantage 
 of large muddy sand-fields at low water. Its winter 
 climate is very equable. It is said to be dry and 
 mild, and suitable as a winter residence for pul- 
 monary invalids who are not over- sensitive to cold 
 winds. The soil is sandy, and the rainfall is soon 
 absorbed. 
 
 The town is situated on a rocky eminence, facing 
 southwards, and the houses are mostly built in 
 terraces one over the other on the slope of this hill. 
 The bathing is very good. The beach is sandy, with 
 no shingle. The best time to visit Barmouth is in the 
 early summer. In August the heat is apt to be 
 oppressive, and there is an unpleasant glare from the 
 sands. 
 
 Criccieth and Pwllheli are in sheltered positions 
 
LLANDUDNO. 521 
 
 on the north coast of Cardigan Bay, and are pleasant 
 summer resorts. 
 
 Beaumaris, on the Menai Straits, fully exposed to 
 the east, has fine bracing air and beautiful sea and 
 mountain scenery ; the prospect is further enlivened 
 by the frequent passage of shipping. 
 
 Bangor, Penmaenmawr, and Conway, adjacent 
 resorts facing north, are much resorted to in summer. 
 
 Llandudno, on the north coast of Wales, occupies 
 an exceptional position, and enjoys an exceptional 
 climate, owing to the protection it receives, chiefly 
 from the Great Ormes Head, rising to an elevation of 
 678 feet above the sea, which shelters it from the west, 
 north-west, and north. It is also protected by a lower 
 range connected with the Little Ormes Head, to the 
 south and east. 
 
 The town lies in a valley formed by these two 
 elevations, and this valley opens at both ends to the 
 sea to Llandudno or Ormes Bay on the north, and 
 Con way Bay on the south-west. 
 
 As a summer resort Llandudno is highly and 
 justly popular on account of the freshness of its 
 atmosphere, its two beautiful bays, and the admirable 
 facilities for bathing enjoyed there in almost all 
 weathers. 
 
 The Ormes Head Marine Drive is one of the 
 great attractions of the place. From end to end this 
 is about five miles in length. Its air a combination 
 of sea and mountain air is pure and exhilarating, 
 the views are varied and attractive. 
 
 Llandudno has also been recommended as a winter 
 resort, especially for invalids who can support a certain 
 amount of windy weather. Its annual rainfall 
 31*14 inches is somewhat below the average rain- 
 fall of England and Wales, which is 35 inches. 
 The mean humidity of the air in winter is 82^,, so 
 that it has a drier winter atmosphere than some of 
 our south-west coast resorts ; this is partly due to 
 the porousness of its subsoil, which is mostly gravel 
 and sand. 
 
522 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Colwyn Bay, a few miles east of Llandudno, is 
 also a popular resort, and affords excellent sea bathing 
 and many picturesque excursions inland. 
 
 Rhyl is only twenty-four miles west of Liverpool, 
 and six and a-half miles east of Llandudno. It has 
 little that is attractive beyond its pure sea air and 
 firm and extensive sands. 
 
 New Brighton, at the mouth of the Mersey, and 
 close to Birkenhead, with a north-west aspect, look- 
 ing partly out to sea, and partly over the opposite 
 Lancashire coast, is one of the most accessible sea- 
 side resorts for the inhabitants of Liverpool, by whom 
 it is much frequented. 
 
 Southport, on the Lancashire coast, is a popular 
 seaside resort for some of the large towns of the 
 north of England, as it is only eighteen miles by rail 
 from Liverpool, and thirty-seven from Manchester. 
 
 Southport has a fine Marine Promenade, raised 
 well above the level of the sands, a most exhilarating 
 and inviting place for exercise. 
 
 The pier is one of the longest in England. The 
 water goes out a great distance, but leaves behind it 
 broad and firm sands. 
 
 Southport has an Art Gallery, a Free Libraiy, 
 Winter and Botanical Gardens, a Public Park, and a 
 Convalescent Hospital and Sea-Bathing Infirmary. 
 
 The climate of Southport seems well suited to the 
 various classes of invalids who require the tonic and 
 alterative influence of bracing sea air. 
 
 Blackpool, on the Lancashire coast facing the 
 Irish Sea, has become a very popular resort in the 
 north of England. It lies about midway between 
 the mouth of the Ribble and-Morecambe Bay. It is 
 only sixteen miles from Preston, and is also quickly 
 reached from Manchester and Liverpool. 
 
 Blackpool lies fully open to the westerly winds 
 which prevail on this coast. It has a fine sea-port, 
 bracing air, and miles of good sands for bathing. 
 
 It is said that the easterly winds of spring are felt 
 to be less trying there than further south. 
 
MORECAMBE. 523 
 
 The promenade and carriage drive runs for a 
 length of nearly four miles, and from it and the 
 two piers a series of remarkably fine views can 
 be obtained. The drainage and water supply are 
 satisfactory. 
 
 The rainfall is moderate, and averages 32 inches 
 per annum. 
 
 From the middle of July to the middle of 
 September Blackpool is crowded with visitors. 
 
 Morecambe and Grange, both on the coast of 
 Morecambe Bay, have considerable attractions as 
 seaside resorts for those who inhabit the great 
 manufacturing towns in this part of the north of 
 England. Morecambe commands fine views of the 
 Bay and the Lake hills. It has a good pier, from 
 which extensive views of the Lake mountains can be 
 obtained in clear weather. 
 
 Grange is popular as a seaside resort on account 
 of the beauty of the adjacent scenery and the pro- 
 tection it obtains from the lofty crags around it, which 
 renders its climate a mild one and suitable for winter 
 residence. 
 
 St. Bees and Silloth, further north, are quiet, 
 pleasant sea-coast resorts in Cumberland. 
 
 Crossing to the eastern coast of England, the 
 most northern of the watering-places on the Yorkshire 
 coast is Redcar, which faces a fine open sea, and has 
 extensive sands ; but it is too near the manufacturing 
 town of Middlesbrough to make it an attractive 
 resort to visitors from the south. 
 
 Saltburn-on-the-Sea, only a few miles from 
 Redcar, enjoys a fine position on the coast between 
 it and Whitby. Two picturesque wooded glens run 
 down to the sea. There are beautiful sands for 
 bathing, and the fine, bold, lofty cliffs afford admir- 
 able promenades and fine sea views. Saltburn is very 
 picturesquely situated, the town is well built, and 
 offers very considerable attractions as a bracing, 
 healthy, seaside resort. It has brine baths, the brine 
 being obtained from wells at Middlesbrough. 
 
524 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Whitby is situated about midway between Salt- 
 burn and Scarborough, and is reached in about seven 
 hours from London by Great Northern Railway. It 
 depends for its prosperity greatly on its fisheries. It 
 is also famous for the manufacture of jet ornaments, 
 the material of which is found in the neighbouring 
 cliffs. 
 
 Whitby is a pleasant, bracing, summer resort. 
 The sea view is enlivened by the frequent passage 
 of large ships close to the piers, of which there are 
 two east and west. Boating is a favourite amuse- 
 ment. There is good sea fishing, and there is also 
 good salmon and trout fishing in the river Esk. 
 The sea bathing is very good ; the sands generally 
 are firm and smooth. 
 
 The water supply is excellent pure and abun- 
 dant. The beautiful grey ruins of St. Hilda's Abbey 
 form an interesting feature on the cliff. 
 
 There are many pleasant villages and woods within 
 a short distance of Whitby. Robin Hood's Bay, a 
 village of considerable antiquity, lies to the south. 
 
 August to November is considered the best season 
 for Whitby. July is sometimes rainy, and the spring 
 months are to be avoided. Its fine weather comes 
 late in the season. 
 
 Scarborough, the most popular of northern sea- 
 side resorts, is situated in the N. Riding of Yorkshire, 
 at a distance of five hours and a-quarter from London 
 (G.N.R.). 
 
 The greater part of the town is built upon a 
 site elevated more than 100 feet above the level 
 of the sea, surmounting a range of precipitous cliffs. 
 The Castle Hill on the north-east of the town rises 
 to an altitude of 285 feet, it juts out into the sea, and 
 serves to divide the town into two parts, the North 
 Bay and the South Bay. It is on the borders of the 
 latter that most of the attractions of Scarborough are 
 situated. 
 
 Oliver's Mount, more to the south, is, at its 
 summit, 500 feet above the sea. 
 
FILEY, HUNSTANTON. 525 
 
 Scarborough is healthfully situated, and as it 
 is well looked after, from a sanitary point of view, 
 by the local authorities, it has high claims to favour- 
 able consideration as a tonic and exhilarating sea- 
 side resort. For the health-seeker, pure and simple, 
 it is perhaps a little too fashionable, too gay, and 
 at times a little noisy. 
 
 Its mean temperature for January is 38 F. and 
 for July 59-3. The mean annual rainfall is 28 inches. 
 
 The water supply is good, and comes from springs 
 nearly four miles from the town, and the sewage 
 arrangements are very satisfactory. There are fine 
 sands for bathing, and there are chalybeate and saline 
 springs at the Spa. 
 
 The walks and drives in the neighbourhood are 
 numerous and attractive. 
 
 Filey, eight miles from Scarborough, has the same 
 fine bracing climate as the larger town, without its 
 noise and excitement. It stands on an elevated posi- 
 tion above the sea, has excellent bathing, and many in- 
 teresting walks in its neighbourhood. The death-rate 
 is reported to be very low, and to those who desire a 
 healthy and quiet but bracing seaside resort without 
 the gaiety of a fashionable populous town, Filey will 
 prove more attractive than Scarborough. 
 
 Separated from Filey Bay by the bold promontory 
 of Flamborough Head is Bridlihgton Quay, with fine 
 cliffs and good sands, only three miles from Filey. 
 
 Hunstanton, on the southern side of the mouth 
 of " The Wash," is a popular seaside resort for the 
 adjacent towns of the Eastern Counties. It stands 
 near a fine cliff, a mile long, and sixty feet high at its 
 highest point. It commands an extensive sea view, 
 and there is a firm sandy beach for sea bathing. It 
 is a quiet resort, and shares in the dry bracing climate 
 of this coast. 
 
 Cromer, in a fine, bracing situation, on the north- 
 east coast of Norfolk, now reached by express train 
 from London in about three hours, lias, of recent 
 years, become very popular and fashionable, chiefly 
 
526 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 on account of the high estimate which has been 
 formed of its salubrity by the medical profession. 
 For those who are seeking a bracing summer seaside 
 resort it certainly possesses great attractions. It is 
 surrounded by fine country, affording admirable 
 drives to places of interest at varying distances ; 
 it has high cliffs on each side, reaching to some 
 200 feet above the beach ; and on the gorse-covered 
 Lighthouse Hills to the east of the town there are 
 very fine golf links, with a club-house and two finely- 
 situated adjacent hotels. There are extensive firm 
 sands for bathing, and a fine pier, at the end of which 
 a large enclosure, with glass-panelled shelters, capable 
 of accommodating a large number of persons, has 
 been erected. The shelters are so arranged as to afford 
 protection from the wind from whatever quarter it 
 may blow. Shelters are also provided on the fine 
 parades adjoining the pier. 
 
 As to the climate, it is essentially a bracing one. 
 Cromer is said to enjoy fine weather in the late 
 spring, and May and June are often very agreeable 
 months. In the summer it is cooled by breezes from 
 the North Sea, and is rarely oppressively hot as are 
 some of the southern resorts. Autumn is a fine 
 season, with much sunshine, little rain, and ex- 
 ceptionally few fogs. In winter it is said to be 
 warmer than a few miles inland. In 1902 the rain- 
 fall for the second half of the year was only 9*5 
 inches, and of these 2*9 fell in August, the wettest 
 month of the year. During the same six months 
 there were 782 hours of sunshine. The mean 
 maximum temperature for the summer three months 
 was 64 F., and the mean minimum 50 F. It is 
 said to be one of the dryest and healthiest places in 
 England. Its death-rate is low, only 8*4 per 1,000 
 for 1902, and an average of 11*5 for the last eight 
 years. The town is well drained and well supplied 
 with w r ater. There is an excellent isolation hospital 
 three miles from the town, to which infectious cases 
 can be sent. Cromer is often very full during the 
 
EAST COAST RESORTS. 527 
 
 summer season, and proportionately costly ; it has 
 therefore been recommended that visitors who are 
 able to do so, and who have to study economy, 
 should come early in the year, before the summer 
 season sets in, or later, after it is over. 
 
 Sheringham, only four miles to the west of 
 Cromer, has similar attractions and a like climate. 
 It has fine high cliffs and beautifully situated golf 
 links (18 holes). It is quieter than Cromer, and less 
 expensive in the height of the season. 
 
 Mundesley, which is situated a few miles on the 
 other side of Cromer, has a sanatorium for the treat- 
 ment of consumptive patients, built in a protected 
 situation, looking south, and with high ground between 
 it and the sea, affording a protection from the more 
 prevalent winds. 
 
 Great Yarmouth, on the coast of Norfolk, facing 
 nearly due east, is 121 miles from London, rather 
 more than three hours by fast train. There is also 
 regular steamboat communication with London 
 during the summer season. It is one of the great 
 seats of the herring fishery. It has extensive sands 
 for bathing, and the sea air is fresh and bracing. It 
 is, however, at certain seasons of the year much 
 exposed to violent winds, which blow the sand from 
 the surface into the air, and make out-of-door exercise 
 unpleasant. 
 
 There are a great number ot cheap lodging-houses, 
 which are filled during the summer months by visitors 
 chiefly from the poorer districts of London. 
 
 Gorleston-on-Sea, close to Yarmouth, but rather 
 quieter, has the same climatic characters. 
 
 Lowest oft, about ten miles from Great Yarmouth, 
 on the Norfolk coast, is a very popular seaside resort 
 Like Yarmouth, it looks nearly due east, and has 
 good bracing sea air ; it is, however, quieter than 
 Yarmouth, and is resorted to by a better class ot 
 visitors. 
 
 It has a fine harbour, a good pier, and a good 
 beach, partly sand, partly shingle, with excellent 
 
528 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 bathing. It has a public park with fine views of the 
 sea. Its adjacency to the Norfolk Broads makes the 
 neighbourhood attractive to yachting men and 
 anglers. 
 
 It has excellent accommodation for visitors. 
 
 Southwold and Aldeburgh, quiet summer resorts, 
 are situated between Lowestoft and Felixstowe. 
 
 Felixstowe, upon the Suffolk coast, about twelve 
 miles from Ipswich, has a southerly aspect, and its 
 merits as a health resort have made it deservedly 
 popular. The air is bracing and dry, its cliffs being 
 sixty feet above the sea level. There are some 
 well-sheltered spots, which are suitable to chest 
 cases even in the winter months. The weather 
 in most seasons is generally delightful until the end of 
 February. .The colder months of the year are March, 
 April, and perhaps May ; the prevalent east winds are 
 then, as elsewhere, trying, although the high crag cliffs 
 much shelter the houses along the under-cliff. The 
 water is very pure, though hard, and contains some 
 iron derived from the iron pyrites in the red crag. 
 The bathing is safe, and excellent in every respect. 
 A Convalescent Home, on a large scale, has been 
 established there. The medical men of the surround- 
 ing neighbourhood think highly of Felixstowe as a 
 health resort. 
 
 Felixstowe is within two and a-half hours from 
 London, by rail. The warrens at Felixstowe are 
 used as golf links. One of the largest golf clubs 
 in England has established itself there. 
 
 Harwich, well known as an important port for the 
 steamers of the Great Eastern Company, and as an 
 ancient fishing town, is also a great resort during the 
 sea-bathing season for excursionists from London, 
 who come in great numbers by steamboat and by 
 rail. Dovercourt, which is a kind of suburb of 
 Harwich, has better sea bathing. It has fine firm 
 sands, and is altogether a pleasant place to reside in. 
 
 Walton-on-the-Naze and Clacton-on-Sea, near 
 one another, on the Essex coast, have become very 
 
SEASIDE RESORTS CLASSIFIED. 529 
 
 popular of late years as good bracing seaside 
 resorts, providing facilities for bathing on a sandy 
 shore, and conveniently accessible by steamboat or by 
 rail from the East End of London. They are usually 
 cheaper than the more fashionable resorts on the 
 south coast. 
 
 Southend, on the north bank of the estuary of the 
 Thames, finishes our survey of the watering-places on 
 our English coast. It has the merit of being readily 
 accessible, and is a convenient resort for the inhabi- 
 tants of the crowded districts at the east of London. 
 Though at the mouth of the river, its adjacency to 
 the eastern coast obtains for its climate a certain 
 bracing character, and it has extensive sands for 
 bathing and for recreation. 
 
 Classification of English and Welsh Seaside 
 Resorts. 
 
 From the point of view of climate the foregoing 
 seaside resorts on the English coast admit of a some- 
 what rough classification, according to their situation. 
 Those on the west coast are warmer and moister than 
 those on the east coast, owing to their contact with a 
 warmer sea, and owing to the prevalence of compara- 
 tively warmer and moister winds. In winter, when 
 this difference of temperature is chiefly manifested, 
 there may be an increase of from 3 to 6 F. of 
 warmth on the west coast over that on the east. But 
 from January to May this gradually decreases, and as 
 summer advances, owing to the sun heat and the 
 prevalence of warm winds from the continent on the 
 east coast, the conditions of temperature may be 
 reversed. 
 
 It has also been noticed, especially in the resorts 
 on the Norfolk and Suffolk coasts, that in autumn, 
 often up to November or December, owing to the 
 comparative absence of easterly winds, and the slighter 
 influence of westerly and south-westerly gales over 
 the eastern counties, the weather is warmer and 
 
530 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 dryer and sunnier than at any other part of the year, 
 or than the weather on the west and south-west 
 coasts. 
 
 The east coast towns are much dryer than those 
 on the west or south-west coasts, the easterly winds to 
 which the former are exposed being continental and 
 dry w r inds, and blowing over a comparatively narrow 
 expanse of sea. 
 
 It follows that the climate of the seaside resorts 
 on the east coast are, generally speaking, dryer and 
 more bracing than those on the west and south 
 coasts, and less suited for residence in winter, and 
 especially in spring, during the prevalence of easterly 
 and north-easterly winds ; whereas their superior 
 dryness and sometimes even greater warmth make 
 them valuable in summer and autumn. 
 
 Of course, the further north we go on the east 
 coast, the colder and more bracing the climate of the 
 sea coast becomes, except in localities which enjoy 
 some exceptional amount of shelter, or, from indenta- 
 tions of the coast-line, some unusual aspect. 
 
 A great drawback to the resorts on the west and 
 south-west coasts is their large rainfall, which is 
 spread over a great number of rainy days, and the 
 associated humidity and dulness of their atmosphere. 
 Such conditions are the opposite of bracing, and 
 these places may be said to possess a sedative and 
 somewhat relaxing climate, modified, no doubt, in 
 certain places by strictly local conditions of shelter 
 from prevailing winds, nature of soil, etc. 
 
 On the west coast, as on the east coast, latitude 
 makes itself felt in lowering temperature as we 
 proceed north, but less so, owing to the warmth of 
 the Atlantic currents. 
 
 The resorts on the south coast have been grouped 
 into three main sub-divisions, according as they 
 approach its eastern or western extremity. 
 
 Those situated furthest east from Westgate to 
 St. Leonards are considered to partake somewhat of 
 the character of the east coast resorts ; to be dryer 
 
SEASIDE RESORTS IN IRELAND. 531 
 
 and more bracing than those further west, while they 
 are warmer in winter than those east of them. 
 
 Those furthest west from Wey mouth to the 
 Land's End are especially moist and warm (in 
 winter), more equable both in winter and summer, 
 and for these reasons more sedative and relaxing. 
 
 A third or intermediate group, extending from 
 Eastbourne to Weymouth, and including the Isle of 
 Wight, are fairly warm and dry, less relaxing and 
 moist than those further west, less bracing than those 
 further east. 
 
 This classification is by no means free from 
 defects, as strictly local conditions constantly come 
 into play, greatly determining the bracing or relaxing 
 influence of particular places. 
 
 //. Ireland and Scotland. 
 
 Of popular seaside resorts in Ireland and Scotland, 
 the following, beginning with Ireland, are the chief : 
 
 Queenstown, in the Cove of Cork, the most 
 popular winter resort in Ireland, has a southern aspect. 
 It is built in terraces on the side of a hill rising from 
 the sea, completely open to the south, and well 
 protected from the north and east. Its climate is re- 
 markably mild and equable, if somewhat humid and 
 relaxing. 
 
 Its mean annual temperature is 51 '9 F. 
 winter 44-2 
 
 spring ,, 50-17 ,/ 
 
 Its annual rainfall is 34 inches. 
 
 It would seem to be somewhat warmer than 
 Hastings, Bournemouth, or Ventnor, and to have 
 about the same temperature as Torquay. It has a 
 good sandy beach for sea bathing. 
 
 Tramore, with its bay, is also on the south coast, 
 not far from Waterford, and is frequented as a summer 
 bathing resort, but has not acquired a reputation as a 
 winter residence. 
 
532 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Glengarriff, on Bantry Bay, has also a southern 
 aspect, and enjoys considerable protection from cold 
 winds by mountains which protect it on the north, 
 east, and west. It has a mild and equable climate, 
 like that of Queenstown, but slightly warmer, and 
 is surrounded by beautiful scenery. The coast around 
 is very interesting and rom antic. Thackeray wrote of 
 it as " a country the magn'ficence of which no pen 
 can give an idea." It merits to be better known and 
 more frequented as a winter resort for persons with 
 delicate chests. Its mean winter temperature is 
 45 F. The luxuriant vegetation testifies to the 
 mildness of its winter climate. 
 
 There are many beautiful spots on the south- 
 west coast of Ireland with a comparatively mild 
 winter temperature, but the rainfall is large and the 
 atmosphere extremely humid, so that they are not 
 attractive or suitable as winter resorts. At Valencia 
 the mean annual rainfall is as much as 55*8 inches, 
 and it has been stated that in certain places as much 
 as 90 inches have been recorded in the year ! 
 
 Other picturesque resorts on this coast to which 
 the above observations apply are Parknasilla, on the 
 northern shore of the Bay of Kenmare, with, a com- 
 bination of mountain, woodland, and sea views. 
 Waterville, Dingle, Tralee, Ballybunnion at the 
 mouth of the Shannon, Kilrush on its estuary, Kil- 
 kee, Co. Clare the two last have good sands for 
 sea bathing and a healthy climate, but they are 
 necessarily much exposed to Atlantic gales and not 
 rarely enveloped in fog and mist. 
 
 Milltown-Malbay lies north of Kilkee, and is 
 resorted to in the summer for bathing and fishing. 
 Still further north on the shores of Clew Bay are 
 the summer resorts of Westport, Newport, and 
 Mallirany. To the north of Clew Bay is Achill. 
 
 Bundoran, on the Bay of Donegal, is one of the 
 most popular summer resorts on the north-west 
 coast, as is Buncrana, on Lough Swilly, on the north 
 coast. 
 
SEASIDE RESORTS IN IRELAND. 533 
 
 Portrush has been called the " Brighton " of 
 Ireland, its proximity to Giant's Causeway making 
 it a very frequented resort. It is situated near the 
 extreme north of Co. Antrim, and has very grand 
 coast scenery. It has a fine sandy beach, but the sea 
 is rather rough and the air keen and bracing. It has 
 rather a large annual rainfall, about 47 inches, but the 
 soil, being porous, dries rapidly after rain. It is cold 
 during the winter, from its exposed situation. The 
 accommodation for visitors is good. 
 
 Port Stewart, three miles from Portrush, has 
 similar climatic characters. 
 
 Bangor is a very popular summer resort, being 
 only ten miles from Belfast on the Co. Down 
 side of the Lough. It has a history extending back 
 to earlier than the ninth century, when the Danes 
 destroyed an abbey there. Situated on the southern 
 shore of Belfast Lough, it enjoys very fine and bracing 
 air. 
 
 Hollywood is practically a suburb of Belfast, 
 from which it is distant only five miles. 
 
 Donaghadee, a small seaside resort in Co. Down, 
 twenty-two miles by rail from Belfast, and only 
 twenty-one miles from the nearest port in Scotland 
 (Port Patrick). It has a fine harbour and a lighthouse. 
 It is sheltered from the south and west winds but 
 open to the east and north-east, which gives it a 
 bracing summer climate. There are good public 
 promenades and gardens. There are excellent public 
 baths and good bays for sea bathing adjacent to the 
 town. 
 
 Rostrevor, a beautiful summer resort on Carling- 
 ford Bay, at the southern extremity f Co. Down. 
 It is protected from the north and east by the 
 Mourne mountains, and lies open to the south. It 
 is a delightful quiet retreat, the valleys covered with 
 verdure and enclosed by rugged mountain summits. 
 Its protection from the north-east makes it a most 
 agreeable resort in spring. Good accommodation is 
 provided for visitors in the hotels and lodging-houses. 
 
534 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Rail from Dublin or Belfast to Warrenpoint, a distance 
 of two miles (tramcar). Many pleasing excursions 
 can be made in the neighbourhood. The drainage 
 and water supply are good. As the subsoil is sandy 
 the surface dries quickly after rain. There is in the 
 neighbourhood a sanatorium for the open-air treat- 
 ment of consumption. 
 
 Newcastle, in Dundrum Bay, Co. Down, is 
 about twenty miles from Rostrevor, and, like it, is a 
 favourite summer resort. It is beautifully situated at 
 the foot of the highest of the Mourne mountains, and 
 has a fine sandy beach. There are numerous attractive 
 walks and drives in the country around, with a 
 combination of sea and mountain air. There is a 
 recently erected bathing establishment. The accom- 
 modation for visitors is good. 
 
 Malahide, on the east coast, is near Dublin, and 
 Howth is still nearer, both a little to the north of 
 the capital. They are popular summer resorts. 
 
 Kingstown is really a suburb of Dublin, being but 
 a few miles distant, and on the southern shore of the 
 beautiful Bay of Dublin. This district has the smallest 
 rainfall in Ireland, but is much exposed to east winds 
 in spring. 
 
 Bray, on the coast of Wicklow, is only fourteen 
 miles from Dublin, and is very picturesquely situated 
 with the Wicklow mountains behind it. Bray Head 
 reaches to 650 feet above the sea. Bray is an extremely 
 popular summer resort owing to its nearness to the 
 capital and its great physical attractions. Greystones, 
 a little further south, is a much quieter resort. 
 
 Scotland has so many attractions in its mountains, 
 lochs, and rivers that its seaside resorts sink into 
 minor significance, and are not numerous. 
 
 Rothesay, on the west coast, the capital of the 
 Island of Bute, at the mouth of the Firth of Clyde, is 
 popular both as a winter and as a summer resort. 
 The climate is moist and mild, the scenery very fine, 
 and the bathing good. The island, which is only 
 
SEASIDE RESORTS IN SCOTLAND. 535 
 
 eighteen miles in length, and four or five in breadth, 
 is almost surrounded by the lofty hills of the opposite 
 coast. Its climate is characterised by great equability ; 
 the temperature rarely falls below freezing point, and 
 rarely rises above 70 F. ; for the winter three 
 months it is 39*3 F. ; the mean annual rainfall is 40 
 inches. The difference in temperature between 
 Glasgow and Rothesay is sometimes as much as 
 10 or 15. 
 
 The Isle of Arran, in the Firth of Clyde, is 
 resorted to by great numbers in the summer for 
 its sea bathing and fine scenery. 
 
 There is very little accurate information to be 
 obtained as to other resorts on this coast, but there 
 are probably many with almost similar advantages of 
 mildness and equability to those of Rothesay. One 
 of these 
 
 Ardrossan, on the coast of Ayrshire, is certainly 
 popular. It is frequented chiefly for its sea bathing. 
 It has cool, humid, and equable summers, and mild 
 winters, with rather much rain, however. The 
 amount of humidity and cloudiness of this district in 
 winter makes it unsuitable to most invalids. 
 
 Other small resorts on the same coast are Wemyss 
 Bay, Millport, Largs, Tunellan, Dunoon, etc. 
 
 Oban, on the coast of Argyllshire, is a very popular 
 summer resort, and serves often as the starting point 
 for tours in the Western Highlands. Much yachting 
 and boating takes place- there. It has a moist climate, 
 and a large annual rainfall (52 inches). Its mean 
 January temperature is 39*8, and for July and August 
 
 57*3 F. 
 
 The following are the chief seaside resorts on the 
 east coast : 
 
 North Berwick, twenty-two miles from Edinburgh, 
 at the mouth of the Firth of Forth, is a pleasant 
 seaside resort in summer, and is much frequented by 
 visitors from Edinburgh and adjacent towns for sea 
 bathing on its excellent sands. It also has extensive 
 Links, for golf players, between the sea and the 
 
536 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 town. It has a fine sea view, enlivened by the 
 constant passage of ships. Its climate is tonic and 
 invigorating. 
 
 Largo, in the bay of that name, Grail, Elie with 
 Earlsferry, are seaside resorts on the Fifeshire coast. 
 
 St. Andrews, on the coast of Fifeshire, forty-four 
 miles by rail from Edinburgh, is situated on the 
 small bay of St. Andrews. From its position on 
 the bay it is exposed to the north-east winds, which 
 are the prevailing winds in spring. For fairly strong 
 persons, however, the climate is bracing and healthy. 
 The city stands on a high cliff or rock, forming a 
 peninsula jutting into the North Sea between the 
 bay on one side, and the Burn of Kinness, or Nether 
 Burn, a small stream skirting the town, on the 
 southern and eastern sides. To the north-west of the 
 town stretch the celebrated Links uneven downs 
 formed by the sea. These are nearly two miles in 
 extent, and there are similar downs south-east of the 
 town. St. Andrews is the headquarters of the old 
 Scottish game of golf, and for the sake of this 
 game, as well as for fine bracing sea air, it is much 
 resorted to in the fine months of summer. There 
 are many antiquities and objects of interest in this 
 ancient town, and there are the ruins of an old 
 castle on a cliff on the bay, the foundation of which 
 dates back to the thirteenth century. 
 
 Broughty Ferry, situated at the mouth of the 
 Firth of Tay, may be regarded as a seaside suburb of 
 Dundee, and is greatly frequented in the summer. 
 
 Stonehaven, on the coast of Kincardineshire, 
 sixteen miles south of Aberdeen, is very picturesquely 
 situated near the mouth and on both sides of the 
 river Carron, and is popular as a bathing-place. It 
 is a pleasant, cheerful, summer resort, with fine 
 bracing sea air. 
 
 Aberdeen. There are magnificent sands at Aber- 
 deen for sea bathing, on the coast just to the north 
 of the port, but they are a little distance from the 
 city. A large bathing establishment has been built 
 
SEASIDE RESORTS IN SCOTLAND. 537 
 
 near the sea. The north-east coast of Scotland gets 
 a fair amount of sunshine, and has a comparatively 
 small rainfall. 
 
 Dornoch, the chief town of Sutherlandshire, has 
 golf links and good sea-bathing. 
 
 Cruden Bay, thirty miles from Aberdeen, has 
 recently become popular as a bracing seaside resort 
 with excellent golf links, and good bathing from a 
 firm sandy beach two miles in length. It is six and a- 
 half hours from Edinburgh. Good hotel accommo- 
 dation. 
 
 Nairn is the county town of Nairnshire, and is 
 situated on the left bank of the river Nairn, near its 
 confluence with the Moray Firth, about eighteen 
 miles north-east of Inverness. It is much frequented 
 for sea bathing on account of its good sands and its 
 accessibility. It has also been recommended as a 
 winter resort, as its climate has been stated to be 
 much warmer owing to local conditions (having the 
 Highlands to its windward) than might have been 
 expected from its latitude. The mean temperature 
 for January is 37-1 F., for July 57-3 F. ; and the 
 mean annual temperature is 46*2 F. Its rainfall is 
 relatively small, the annual mean being 24*53 inches. 
 Owing to the porousness of the subsoil it dries rapidly 
 after rain. 
 
 Having now passed in review the chief seaside 
 resorts on our own coasts, we propose in the next 
 chapter to describe briefly the chief resorts of this 
 kind which are frequented on the Continent. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 CONTINENTAL SEASIDE RESORTS. 
 
 IT will be convenient to consider, first, the neigh- 
 bouring resorts on the other side of the English 
 Channel, together with those on the North Sea coast, 
 beginning with the French resorts. 
 
 Passing from east to west, the first we encounter 
 is Dunkirk, an old Flemish town of 33,000 inhabitants, 
 situated in the midst of barren downs. It is an 
 important fortress and garrison town, as well as a 
 commercial port. 
 
 As a sea-bathing place, Dunkirk is chiefly fre- 
 quented by visitors from the country round about. 
 It has a large number of English residents, life there 
 being cheap and pleasant. 
 
 There is a railway from Calais to Dunkirk. There 
 is also communication with London by steamboat, 
 every few days. 
 
 Calais is not attractive as a sea-bathing station ; 
 the beach is shingle, and the resources for visitors 
 are very limited. 
 
 Boulogne-sur-Mer is one of the most popular 
 French watering-places. The old town stands on a 
 hill on the right bank of the river Liane, and is con- 
 nected with the new town, lower down and nearer 
 the port, by the Grande Rue, a handsome thoroughfare, 
 with good shops. The great attraction of Boulogne 
 is its fine sandy beach for bathing. 
 
 The climate is fairly dry and bracing. Dryer and 
 sunnier than on the opposite English coast. 
 
 Berck-sur-Mer, a few miles west of Boulogne, is 
 noted for its sanatoria for scrofulous children. The 
 city of Paris has established a vast sanatorium there 
 capable of accommodating 700 to 800 children. There 
 
LE CROTOY, DIEPPE, 539 
 
 is a great extent of fine sands, and the air is decidedly 
 bracing. 
 
 Le Crotoy is close to Berek, and on the right bank 
 of the Somme, opposite Saint Valery. It is resorted 
 to greatly by Parisians on account of the excellent 
 sea bathing on its fine sandy beach. 
 
 It has a large Etabiissement des Bains, with an 
 extensive terrace facing the sea, and on the other side 
 a large garden. 
 
 It has much the same climate as Boulogne, but it 
 is much quieter. 
 
 Saint Valery-sur-Somme, at the mouth of the 
 Somme, and on its left bank, is connected by rail with 
 Abbeville, from which place it is distant about forty 
 minutes. 
 
 It is a clean, neat, agreeable town, with many 
 ancient monuments of interest. William the Con- 
 queror is said to have sailed from this port when he 
 invaded England. 
 
 The bathing here is not so good as at Le Crotoy, 
 as the water is generally sandy, except at high tide. 
 
 The next well-known resort on this coast is Le 
 Treport. It is about two hours from Longpre, a 
 station between Amiens and Abbeville. It is at the 
 mouth of the river Bresle, and consists of an old 
 town half-way up the cliff, and a new town extending 
 to the beach, where the Etabiissement des Bains, and 
 many elegant villas and chalets have been erected. 
 
 Bathing (at high tide on shingle, at low tide on 
 sand) is carried on in three different reserved spaces ; 
 that on the right being for ladies only, the next for 
 families, and that on the left for men only. 
 
 Close by is a hydropathic and warm sea-bath 
 establishment. 
 
 The population is exclusively composed of 
 fishermen. 
 
 Dieppe is the most popular of seaside resorts on 
 this coast, and justly so. It is reached in about four 
 hours from Newhaven. It is picturesquely situated 
 between two ranges of hills, forming on both sides 
 
540 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 high white cliffs, visible from a considerable distance. 
 The harbour divides the town into two parts, Dieppe 
 proper on the west, and a suburb (Le Pollet) on the 
 east, where the fishermen and sailors live. 
 
 Dieppe, during the bathing season, is full of life 
 and gaiety. The beach is more than two-thirds of 
 a mile in length. The Casino and Etablissement 
 des Bains are united in the same building. A 
 theatre has been added to the Casino ; it is an 
 elegant house, with room for 800 people. 
 
 Behind the Casino is a fine, carefully laid-out and 
 well-kept garden, a special portion of which has been 
 set apart for children. It also contains a gymnasium 
 and a hydropathic establishment. 
 
 There is an establishment, in the Rue de 1' Hotel 
 de Ville, where warm seabaths can be taken. It is 
 open all the year round, and comprises reading, 
 billiard rooms, and a fine concert room. 
 
 Excursions into the beautiful country around 
 Dieppe are numerous and interesting. 
 
 Veules is a very picturesque little seaside resort 
 on the line from Paris to Fecamp. It is rapidly 
 becoming popular, on account of its good beach for 
 bathing and its charming situation. It is on the river 
 Veule, in the valley of which there are lovely walks. 
 
 Saint Valery en Caux, a little further west on this 
 coast, and about two and a-half hours by rail from 
 Rouen, is situated at the end of a small bay between 
 two high cliffs. It is a place resorted to greatly during 
 the season by families desirous of a quiet and inex- 
 pensive life and good sea bathing, which its firm, 
 sandy beach affords. 
 
 Fe'camp is an active sea-port, with one of the 
 safest harbours on this coast. It is a town of 12,000 
 inhabitants, two and a-half hours from Rouen by 
 express train. It is built in a picturesque, winding, 
 narrow valley, and has a simple, quiet, and peaceful 
 aspect. 
 
 The beach is of shingle, and a little distance from 
 the town. There is a very grand Etablissement des 
 
FECAMP, YPORT, ETRETAT. 541 
 
 Bains de Mer, "one of the finest buildings oi the 
 kind ever constructed." It contains a very good 
 hotel, theatre, concert-hall, and reading and recreation 
 rooms. 
 
 Warm seabaths are a speciality at Fecamp, 
 where the custom is to line the bath with a thick layer 
 of seaweed. This has the effect of imparting to the 
 water the peculiar properties of the weed, so rich in 
 bromine and iodine. The mean temperature of the 
 air in the hottest summer month (August) is 63-6 F. 
 
 Good hotels and pretty villa residences are 
 found on the cliffs behind the Casino. 
 
 A cliff, 300 feet high, rises to the north of 
 Fecamp, with a chapel seven centuries old on its 
 summit. It is visited by a number of pilgrims on 
 the 25th of March. There are some curious grottoes 
 in* the cliff. 
 
 Yport, four miles west of Fecamp, is another of 
 those small picturesque fishing villages on this coast 
 which have of late years become converted into 
 fashionable seaside resorts. The beach (all sand), 
 sheltered by two high cliffs, is somewhat small, and 
 bathing can only take place at low tide. There are 
 very few stations on the coast more pleasantly situated 
 than this one, as on no other point are trees to be 
 found so near the sea. The forest of Hogues slopes 
 down almost to the very edge of the cliffs. 
 
 Not far from Yport is the pretty sand beach of 
 Les Petites Dalles, generally resorted to by families. 
 
 Between Fecamp and Havre is Etretat, situated 
 between two cliffs, 270 feet high, and renowned 
 for the beauty and picturesqueness of its landscapes. 
 It is one of the most frequented sea-bathing places 
 on the Channel coast. 
 
 It is unlike any of the other watering-places ; its 
 aspect is striking and original in the highest degree. 
 The ground, lower than the water at high tide, is 
 protected by a barrier of fragments of rocks which 
 has often been destroyed by the waves. An old 
 custom, derived from this peculiar position, still 
 
542 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 prevails. On Ascension Day the local clergy, in a 
 curious ceremony, including the benediction of the 
 waves, bid the sea not to come beyond its limits, and 
 to respect the little village. 
 
 Etretat has been a favourite resort for artists and 
 literary men. 
 
 The Casino is erected on the highest and most 
 central point of the beach. From the terrace the 
 view of the country around is magnificent. 
 
 The environs of Etretat are most charming, and 
 abound in beautiful w^alks. 
 
 Le Havre, the chief port on the north of France, 
 has also bathing stations in that part of the bay which 
 extends from the North Jetty to Ste. Adresse ; the 
 most important are the well-known Etablissement 
 Frascati and that of Ste. Adresse at the foot of the 
 hills. The beach is pebbly, and bathers require 
 shoes. 
 
 Honfleur, on the left bank of the Seine, opposite 
 Le Havre, can scarcely be called a health resort ; 
 its beach is muddy, and the sea bathing is not there- 
 fore attractive to visitors ; it has, however, many 
 points of interest for the tourist. Steamers go from 
 Newhaven to Honfleur twice a week. 
 
 Villerville, six miles from Honfleur by a pic- 
 turesque and shady road skirting the sea, is a small 
 bathing-place, with a fine sandy beach and a bracing 
 climate. 
 
 Trouville and Deauville form practically but one 
 town ; they are five and a-half hours by express train 
 from Paris. Small steamboats also ply between 
 Trouville, Le Havre and Honfleur. 
 
 Trouville is one of the most fashionable and most 
 pleasant watering-places on this coast. 
 
 The situation of the town is particularly fine. It 
 stands at the mouth and on the right bank of the river 
 Touques, at the foot of a pleasant hill studded with 
 pretty villas and gardens. 
 
 The Casino of Trouville is composed of several 
 detached pavilions, in front of which is a wide terrace, 
 
TROUVILLE, HOULGATE. 543 
 
 communicating with the beach by a flight of steps. 
 The interior decoration of the Casino, and particularly 
 of the "grand salon," is of great beauty and richness. 
 
 The bathing season extends from June ist to the 
 middle of October. The beach, a very fine sandy 
 one, is divided into three separate parts the first on 
 the left being reserved for ladies, the second for ladies 
 and gentlemen, and the third for gentlemen only. 
 Trouville is also provided with a very good hydro- 
 pathic establishment. 
 
 A fine stone bridge connects Deauville with 
 Trouville. 
 
 The country around is very picturesque and well 
 wooded, and there are a number of interesting places 
 to be visited. 
 
 Five miles west of Trouville and Deauville is 
 Villers-sur-Mer, which is now connected with the 
 main line of railway from Paris to Caen. It is much 
 quieter than its fashionable neighbours, and it is less 
 expensive. It is therefore a popular resort for families, 
 who come in great numbers in the summer months 
 to enjoy its cool sea breezes and to bathe on its 
 excellent sands. It is most charmingly situated at the 
 opening of a wide valley, and has most agreeable and 
 picturesque surroundings. 
 
 A few miles further west we come to Houlgate and 
 Beuzeval, connected together by a street bordered 
 with pretty houses. Houlgate, with its beautiful villas, 
 splendid hotels, and admirably appointed Casino, is an 
 aristocratic and fashionable bathing-place. The sands, 
 sloping gently towards the sea, are lined with rows 
 of bathing-machines or cabins ; and large umbrellas, 
 firmly set in the ground, afford excellent shelter 
 against the overpowering rays of the sun. Bathing 
 at Houlgate is very convenient, and there is, besides, 
 a very complete hydropathic establishment, where 
 baths and douches of all descriptions can be taken at 
 all times. 
 
 Beuzeval, on the other side of the small stream 
 which separates it from Houlgate, is essentially a 
 
544 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 quiet place, a family bathing station, where all the 
 visitors know each other. Its proximity to Houlgate 
 enables the residents, who feel so inclined, to share in 
 all the amusements going on there, without experi- 
 encing the disadvantages inherent to fashionable 
 watering-places. 
 
 Still further west, close to the little town of 
 Dives, and on the left bank of the river of that name, 
 at its mouth, is 
 
 Cabourg, with a fine sandy beach four or five 
 miles in length, where bathing can be indulged in at 
 any state of the tide. A pleasant, smaller and 
 quieter bathing-place, Home-Varaville, is only two 
 and a-half miles from Cabourg ; and many prefer it 
 on account of its greater quiet and retirement. 
 
 A number of small watering-places succeed one 
 another on the coast of Calvados, west of the mouth 
 of the river Orne. The first of these is Lion-sur-Mer, 
 a little distance from the sea, with a small bathing 
 establishment. Next comes Luc-sur-Mer, about two 
 miles from the former. It is frequented in summer 
 by bathers, chiefly from Caen. Here the celebrated 
 belt of rocks the rocks of Calvados commences. 
 Next we have Langrune-sur-Mer, with a small 
 bathing establishment ; then, about a mile further 
 west, Saint Aubin-sur-Mer, where, as most of the 
 houses are on the beach, visitors can take their sea- 
 bath from their own door a plan both convenient and 
 economical. Three miles further still is Courseulles, 
 a small port at the mouth of the Seulles, with pro- 
 ductive oyster beds and a small bath establishment. 
 
 These and others adjacent are all pleasant, quiet 
 seaside resorts where good sea bathing and pure sea 
 air can be obtained, and where living is simple and 
 inexpensive. 
 
 S. Vaast la Hogue is a small seaport with a fine 
 bay looking east, on the Normandy coast. Previous 
 to the rise of Cherbourg it was the chief port of the 
 Cotentin. It has good sea bathing, and fine coast 
 views can be obtained from the country around. 
 
BA RFLE URCA NCA LE. 54 5 
 
 Barfleur, on the same coast and with the same 
 aspect as the preceding, is only seven miles from it. 
 It is about a mile from the extreme point of the Cap 
 de Gatteville, where there is a fine lighthouse 271 
 feet above the sea. 
 
 Fifteen miles west of Barfleur is Cherbourg, the 
 principal naval port of France ; it is situated in the 
 centre of a bay at the north extremity of the 
 peninsula of the Cotentin. It is nearly opposite 
 Portsmouth, from which it is distant seventy miles. 
 There is good and safe bathing on the sands to the 
 end of the avantport and jetee, where there is a 
 bathing establishment, with a casino for balls, 
 concerts, etc. In front the Casino has a garden and 
 fine terrace, with a beautiful view over the harbour 
 and pier. 
 
 At Cap de la Hague the coast line turns again 
 sharp to the south, and at nearly the end of this 
 indentation of the coast line we find the seaport of 
 Granville, situated at the foot of a rocky promontory, 
 projecting into the British Channel. It is about 
 twenty-five miles from Cherbourg by land. It is a 
 busy trading town, and many ships are built there. 
 
 The baths lie close under the cliff, and can only 
 be approached through a breach in the rocks. There 
 is a fine expanse of smooth, broad sands, quite shut 
 out from the town. Instead of using machines the 
 bathers are enclosed in canvas cases, carried like 
 sedan-chairs. 
 
 About two miles from Granville is St. Pair, a 
 pretty little bathing place, on a creek or bay, with 
 excellent sands, and much frequented in the summer. 
 
 Avranches, a few miles from the coast, but with a 
 fine view over the sea and opposite Mont St. Michel, 
 is a favourite resort, and has many English residents. 
 
 Cancale is three hours by sea from Granville, across 
 the bay of St. Michel. It is celebrated for its rocks 
 and its oysters, and is beautifully situated on the east 
 of the fine bay of Cancale, at an elevation from which 
 a grand panorama is commanded. To the south of 
 
54$ CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 the town is the port named La Houle ; this is in- 
 habited almost exclusively by the oyster fishers. 
 The view from this port comprises not only the 
 whole of the bay, but also, in the distance, Mont St. 
 Michel and Mont Dol. 
 
 St. Malo is about six miles from Cancale. There 
 are steamers twice a week to and from Jersey, in 
 about three hours. The town is built on a peninsula, 
 connected by a causeway with the mainland. The 
 situation is very picturesque, and the town and its 
 neighbourhood present many objects of interest to the 
 visitors. It is much frequented for its sea baths, as 
 well as for the beauty and interest of its surroundings. 
 The beach, which is covered with fine sands, descends 
 gently to the sea. From the terraces of the Casino 
 fine views are obtained. 
 
 It is a most attractive, healthy, and pleasant sea- 
 side resort in summer. 
 
 Dinard is on the opposite side of the estuary of 
 the Ranee to St. Malo, and a steam-ferry plies hourly 
 between them. The sea bathing here is good, and 
 some prefer it as a residence to St. Malo. 
 
 It is only about fourteen miles steamers make the 
 journey by river to the most romantically situated 
 town of Dinan, amidst the most beautiful scenery in 
 Brittany. Numbers of English families are settled 
 there. 
 
 The Channel Islands (49 10' 49 42' N. lat), 
 belonging to Great Britain, lie at a short distance off 
 this part of the Norman coast. Jersey is only 
 fourteen miles distant. They are usually, however, 
 approached from Southampton (133 miles) or Wey- 
 mouth (95 miles). Those who do not dread a 
 long and boisterous Channel passage may find at 
 Jersey (St. Helier's) or Guernsey (St. Peter's Port) a 
 milder and more equable winter climate than any- 
 where on the English coast, while in the fine 
 weather of summer the air is somewhat cooler, and 
 these islands offer many attractions to visitors. 
 
 The climate of these islands is a decidedly marine 
 
PA 1MPOLROSCOFF. 547 
 
 one moist and equable but much exposed to winds. 
 Vegetation is very luxuriant, and bears witness to a 
 genial and moist climate. The mean temperature for 
 the winter season is 43 F. The islands get more 
 sunshine than the sunniest of our coast resorts. 
 Their mean relative humidity is high, from 82 to 
 89 per cent. ; the mean annual rainfall, 32 to 34 in., 
 with 170 to 1 80 rainy days. The w r inds are usually 
 from the south-west or west, but in the spring north 
 and north-east winds make themselves unpleasantly 
 felt. The climate is said to favour growth in the 
 young and promote longevity in the aged ; to be 
 useful for scrofulous children, for cases of torpid 
 phthisis in adults, and for aged persons with bronchial 
 catarrh, who find themselves more comfortable in a 
 mild, moist climate than in a dry one ; but in winter 
 the rough Channel passage is a serious drawback ! 
 
 Paimpol, Treguier, Roscoff, are three small towns 
 on the coast of Brittany, situated in the midst of 
 romantic land and coast scenery and associations, 
 near the mouth of the Channel, too much out of the 
 " beaten track " ever to become popular resorts. The 
 climate of Roscoff is exceptionally equable, as it is 
 much under the influence of winds from the sea, 
 in consequence of which the soil is of extraordinary 
 fertility, and early fruits and vegetables are sent from 
 Roscoff in abundance to Paris and to the English and 
 Dutch ports. 
 
 It must be remembered that the whole Depart- 
 ment of Finistere is much exposed to storms from the 
 Atlantic, which bring a large rainfall, and at times a 
 good deal of mist and fog. 
 
 Before passing round to the west or Atlantic coast 
 of France, we must complete our review of seaside 
 resorts on the coasts nearer and opposite to our ow f n, 
 viz., those to the north of the Straits of Dover, on the 
 coasts of Belgium and Holland. These somewhat 
 resemble in their climate the resorts on our own east 
 coast. They are generally dryer and more bracing 
 than those further west, and have a less equable 
 
548 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 climate ; they are quite out of the reach and influence 
 of the warmer Atlantic winds and currents, and the 
 continental winds which blow from the east and 
 north-east are colder in winter and spring, and 
 warmer in summer and autumn, than they are further 
 west. 
 
 Between Dunkirk and Ostend, and but a short 
 distance from the latter, is Nieuport Bains, with a fine 
 sandy beach and excellent sea bathing. It is rising 
 in importance as a seaside resort, and deserves a visit 
 from those who think Ostend too fashionable and ex- 
 pensive. Other still small but pleasant resorts are 
 Middle Kerke and Maria Kerke. 
 
 Ostend is one of the most popular seaside resorts 
 in Europe, commending itself to persons of nearly all 
 nationalities who require good sea bathing in fine 
 bracing air. The mean temperature in July is 64*8 F. 
 as compared with 60-5 F. at Brighton. The sands 
 of Ostend are very extensive, and every facility for 
 sea bathing is afforded there. Being so popular and 
 fashionable, it is consequently a very expensive resort, 
 and only suited to persons who can afford to be some- 
 what indifferent to the cost of accommodation. 
 
 There are abundant amusements provided, and its 
 undoubted character as a resort of pleasure distinctly 
 detracts from its value as a health resort. 
 
 Blankenberghe, near Bruges, about eleven miles to 
 the east of Ostend, on the Belgian coast, has a finer 
 seaside promenade than Ostend, and even more ex- 
 tensive sands ; and it had, at one time, the advantage 
 of affording a quieter life and more simplicity than 
 its fashionable neighbour, but it has now become very 
 nearly as gay and costly as Ostend. 
 
 Heyst, only five, and Knocke, seven miles further 
 east, afford quite as good sea bathing as either of the 
 preceding resorts, while the life at them is much 
 more quiet and simple. The summer climate at 
 these Belgian resorts is rather more bracing and dryer 
 than on our own south coast. 
 
 Scheveningen, three miles from The Hague, on the 
 
NORTH SEA RESORTS. 549 
 
 coast of Holland, has many attractions. The hotel 
 accommodation is good. The sea view is very fine, 
 and the extensive sands are beautifully white and 
 clean and afford the most admirable sea bathing. 
 " The gently-sloping beach makes it a paradise 
 for children." The air has been described as "fine 
 and elastic, with a softness in it which makes it 
 delicious." The mean midday temperature in July 
 is 69-8 F. 
 
 It is certainly an advantage at Scheveningen that 
 the most interesting places of this interesting country, 
 the picture galleries, the antiquities, and the many 
 objects of interest, are within easy reach. The Hague, 
 with its deer-park and promenades, its picturesque 
 buildings, its galleries, its canals, is within two or 
 three miles. It is only twenty minutes from The 
 Hague to Delft ; it is a short hour from Scheveningen 
 to Haarlem, and twenty minutes from Haarlem to 
 Amsterdam. 
 
 Zandvoort, north of Scheveningen, and distant 
 twenty minutes by rail from Haarlem, is a smaller, 
 recently developed seaside resort. Close to Haarlem 
 is a beautiful spot Bloemendaal, with a new resort 
 Duin-en-Dal, separated from the coast by high dunes 
 or sand hills. 
 
 There are many, more or less popular, seaside 
 resorts on the German coasts of the North Sea, with 
 good sea bathing and fine, bracing, tonic sea air. 
 
 Some of these are small islands in the North Sea 
 near the mainland, as Borkum, Norderney, Baltrum, 
 and Wangeroog ; Heligoland, ceded by England to 
 Germany, forty-six miles from the mouth of the 
 Elbe ; and some are on the adjacent coast, as 
 Cuxhaven, at the mouth of the Elbe, Busum, Dangast, 
 Wilhelmshaven, and others. 
 
 Westerland, in Sylt, one of the Schleswig Islands, 
 is a favourite resort of North Germans. 
 
 Heligoland is much frequented, and is connected 
 by regular steam communication with Hamburg and 
 
550 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Bremen. It consists of a sand-stone rock, a portion 
 of which, the foreland, is level, and another portion 
 elevated, the latter being reached by an ascent of 
 nearly 200 steps. 
 
 Heligoland, being a small island, has the advantage 
 of presenting an entirely insular or sea climate, almost 
 as completely so as in a ship anchored out at sea. 
 From whatever quarter the wind may blow it must 
 come over sea. Much the same applies to the island 
 of Norderney. This island is very accessible, being 
 only about half an hour from the mainland. It has 
 an establishment for warm seabaths and a large 
 marine sanatorium for poor, feeble, and scrofulous 
 children. The mean temperature in July is 60*2 F. 
 
 There are several seaside resorts on the German 
 coast of the Baltic, which do not possess much 
 interest, except for those who live within easy reach 
 of them. As sea bathing places they have this 
 peculiarity, that the water contains very little salt. 
 At some the water contains less than one-third the 
 amount of salt contained in the Atlantic. The 
 presence of brine springs in many of these resorts 
 allows of the preparation of " Sool " baths, which 
 may take the place of sea baths. The chief of these 
 are : 
 
 Travemtinde, which is conveniently near to 
 Liibeck, and has beautiful shady walks. 
 
 Heiligen Damm, close to Doberan, in Meck- 
 lenburg-Schwerin. 
 
 Warnemiinde, the port of Rostock; it has fine 
 white sands, but lacks shade. 
 
 Sassnitz, with fine forests close at hand, is finely 
 situated on the island of Ruegen, where there are 
 many other resorts. 
 
 Heringsdorf and Swinemiinde, on the island of 
 Usedom, are conveniently near Stettin. 
 
 Heringsdorf is very fashionable, and is said to bs 
 the " Ostend of the Baltic." 
 
 Misdroy and Berg-Dievenon are also not far from 
 Stettin. 
 
BALTIC RESORTS. 551 
 
 Kolberg and Ragenwalde lie further east. 
 
 Zoppot and Westerplatte are popular resorts 
 close to Danzig. 
 
 Kranz, near Konigsberg, is the most easterly of 
 German Baltic resorts. 
 
 The mean July temperature at Swinemunde is 
 63*3 F v and this may be taken as typical of the 
 region. The climate is less bracing and less windy 
 than that of the North Sea coast. The Baltic is a 
 non-tidal sea, and is liable to be frozen in the winter. 
 
 These are excellent cool summer resorts, most of 
 them in the neighbourhood of beautiful forests, but 
 with little that can be called truly " marine " in their 
 climate. 
 
 Returning now to the west or Atlantic coast of 
 Brittany and France, we find there several summer 
 sea bathing stations. The first we come to after 
 passing Brest is Douarnenez, usually reached from 
 Ouimper, from which it is distant fourteen or fifteen 
 miles. It is pleasantly situated on a fine bay of the 
 same name. Its chief industry is catching and pre- 
 serving sardines. The beauty of its bay attracts a 
 certain number of bathers in the season, but the 
 baths are situated in the hamlet of Riz, more than a 
 mile from the town. 
 
 Some twelve miles from Douarnenez is Audierne, 
 on an extensive bay, which is much exposed to the 
 fury of the Atlantic gales. Its shores are of fine sand, 
 with a few small scattered rocks, and afford good 
 bathing in .calm weather. The spot has the most 
 sublime grandeur, not surpassed by any scene of the 
 kind in France, and bearing comparison with the sea- 
 cliffs on the west coast of Ireland and the precipices 
 of a Norwegian fjord. The sea around is almost 
 always tempest-tossed, and the shore of the Baie des 
 Trepasses, so called from the number of dead bodies 
 washed upon it, is perpetually covered with wrecks. 
 
 Some few miles further south, in a rather deep 
 indentation of the coast, is Concarneau, a town the 
 
552 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 inhabitants of which are devoted to the sardine 
 fishery ; but its chief point of interest is the posses- 
 sion of a great aquarium and marine laboratory for 
 the study of marine natural history, which is open to 
 all comers who are interested in this branch of natural 
 science. The situation is a fine one. 
 
 Le Croisic, situated on a point of this coast just 
 before we reach the mouth of the Loire, is a popular 
 resort in summer for sea bathing and for its fine sea 
 air. It has the usual Etablissement des Bains, and 
 several lodging-houses. 
 
 There are two beaches from which baths are 
 taken, one close to the Etablissement, and another 
 about half a mile distant. The rocks of the adjacent 
 shore are worn into most curious and fantastic shapes, 
 and are well worth visiting. 
 
 Many interesting excursions can be made from 
 Le Croisic. 
 
 Pornic, near the mouth of the Loire, on the 
 opposite side to Croisic, and on the shore of the Bay 
 of Biscay, is prettily situated, and has some interesting 
 objects in the neighbourhood. Steps cut in the rock 
 connect the upper with the lower part of the town. 
 It is much resorted to as a sea bathing place by the 
 inhabitants of the adjacent city of Nantes. 
 
 Les Sables d'Olonne and La Tremblade are also 
 frequented summer resorts on this coast. A little 
 further south is 
 
 Royan, situated at the mouth of the Gironde, 
 where it pours its waters into the Atlantic. It is 
 a small seaport town twenty-seven miles from 
 Rochefort. It has a bathing establishment, and is 
 much resorted to in the summer for sea baths. The 
 surrounding country is flat and uninteresting. 
 
 Arcachon is a popular summer resort for sea bath- 
 ing, especially for the inhabitants of Bordeaux and the 
 neighbourhood, from which it is distant about thirty- 
 five miles. It is situated on the south shore of a large 
 land-locked basin or inlet from the Bay of Biscay. 
 This is the Bassin d' Arcachon, which communicates 
 
SPANISH AND ITALIAN RESORTS. 553 
 
 with the open sea by a channel about two miles wide 
 that runs for some miles in a southerly direction 
 before it opens westward into the bay. This pro- 
 tected basin with its shelving beach affords a con- 
 venient place for sea bathing, especially for families, 
 as some of the houses facing it have gardens running 
 down to the beach, and protection from the Atlantic 
 rollers makes bathing much safer than at Biarritz. 
 
 The merits of Arcachon as a winter resort will be 
 dealt with in a subsequent chapter, as also those of 
 Biarritz. It is only necessary to say now that 
 Biarritz is a very popular bathing station, and is 
 thronged with Spanish visitors during the hot months 
 of summer. It is too hot to be attractive to those 
 who live further north. 
 
 It is not necessary to do more than mention the 
 sea bathing resorts on the coast of the Spanish 
 peninsula, for they are only of local interest, and 
 although they may appear as comparatively cool 
 retreats to those who live in the adjacent inland 
 towns, they are far too hot in summer to be healthful 
 or attractive to other European visitors. The coolest 
 of these resorts are those on the Spanish coast of the 
 Bay of Biscay, as they are the furthest north and 
 have a northern aspect. The chief of these are San 
 Sebastian, Santander, and Corunna. On the coast of 
 Portugal there are Oporto and Lisbon ; -on the Medi- 
 terranean coast of Spain, Cartagena, Alicante, Valencia, 
 and Barcelona. 
 
 Sea bathing can be had at nearly all the coast 
 towns of the French and Italian Riviera. Via Reggia, 
 between Spezia and Leghorn, is said to be better 
 adapted than many of them for this purpose owing to 
 the adjacency of large pine- woods affording shade 
 and shelter from the sun's heat. 
 
 Bathing on the Lido is very popular during the 
 summer months with vast numbers of the inhabitants 
 of the inland towns in central, eastern, and south- 
 eastern Europe, who come to Venice and other ports 
 on the Adriatic for this purpose. 
 
554 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Trieste also has a fine sandy beach, and is 
 greatly frequented for sea baths during June, July, 
 and August. 
 
 This completes our survey of fairly accessible sea- 
 side resorts at home and abroad. Many minor resorts 
 of merely local interest have not been mentioned, 
 but none have been passed over that can claim any 
 great attractiveness or usefulness to visitors from 
 other countries. Many southern health resorts 
 especially adapted to winter residence will be con- 
 sidered in the chapter on Winter Quarters, and also 
 in that on the Western Riviera. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 MOUNTAIN CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 ST. MORITZ AND THE EXGADINE DAVOS PLATZ, AND THE 
 MOUNTAIN-AIR CUKE FOR CONSUMPTION. 
 
 IT is fit that we should commence our survey of 
 mountain climates and mountain resorts with the 
 familiar resorts of the Upper Engadine and Davos ; 
 for not only are they of great practical importance to 
 us from their therapeutic value and their accessibility, 
 but also because they were the first resorts to call 
 forth that great interest in the curative and restorative 
 action of mountain air which is now so universal. 
 
 Si. Moritz. 
 
 The medical interest of English physicians in 
 St. Moritz was at first chiefly centred in its chalybeate 
 springs, and it was, perhaps, hardly realised then 
 how great a share in the good results obtained from 
 the course of mineral waters and baths was, in 
 reality, due to the invigorating effects of the pure and 
 tonic mountain air. 
 
 Germans, Swiss, and Italians had long known of 
 the virtues of its waters or of its mountain air, or of 
 both together, and annually came in considerable 
 numbers to go through the regulation cure ; but a 
 book by Mrs. Freshfield, entitled " A Summer Tour 
 in the Grisons, and in the Italian Valleys of the 
 Bernina," which was published in 1862, was one of 
 the first publications which drew the attention of 
 English tourists to the, at that time, unfrequented 
 upper valley of the Inn. 
 
 Somewhat later H. Weber called attention to the 
 good results obtained in the treatment of phthisis 
 at these altitudes. 
 
 St. Moritz is the highest village in the Upper 
 
556 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Engadine, and the projecting ridge of rock upon 
 which it is built is on this account termed the 
 Engadiner Kulm. The highest part, where the Kulm 
 Hotel stands, is placed at an altitude of 6,100 feet 
 above the level of the sea, the general bed of the 
 valley being about 300 feet lower. Green meadows 
 slope from the village to the north-west shore of the 
 beautiful little lake, the St. Moritzer See, which 
 stretches across the valley to the wooded foot of 
 the Piz Rosatsch, a huge mountain mass, which rises 
 steeply on the opposite shore of the lake, its base 
 covered with larch and pine trees, and its summit 
 overhung by a great glacier mass. 
 
 Behind St. Moritz, to the north-west, rises the Piz 
 Nair, a mountain very easily ascended ; and con- 
 tinuous with this, towards Samaden, rise the neigh- 
 bouring summits of Piz Padella and Piz Ot. In the 
 opposite direction, towards Campfer, is seen the 
 triangular pyramidal summit of the Piz Munteratsch, 
 a mountain which rises on the eastern side of the 
 Julier Pass. 
 
 The village of St. Moritz is built in an irregular, 
 scrambling way, along the hillside, with narrow 
 streets and a terribly rough and jolty pavement. 
 The springs and Kurhaus are about a mile from the 
 village ; an electric tram connects them. 
 
 One of the chief characteristics of the climate of 
 the Upper Engadine is very sudden and great diurnal 
 variations of temperature. The thermometric varia- 
 tions, in the same day, are often so very considerable 
 that, in summer, a temperature below freezing-point 
 will be registered, and on the same day a temperature 
 of from 40 to 50 above freezing-point ; while a 
 westerly wind in the winter will sometimes cause the 
 thermometer to mount from 13 F. to + 42 F. ! 
 a range of 55. These sudden changes are ad- 
 mitted by the resident physicians to induce, even in 
 the acclimatised, attacks of inflammation of the lungs, 
 of pleurisy, of chronic rheumatism, and of catarrhal 
 fever, if they are not carefully guarded against. 
 
THE UPPER ENGADINE. 557 
 
 The early morning is generally cold and damp, as 
 there is a heavy dew-fall ; but the damp fogs which 
 are common in the lower Swiss valleys are almost un- 
 known at this great elevation. The midday is often 
 very hot, as the sun's rays act very powerfully, owing 
 to the perfect clearness of the sky, and the dia- 
 thermacy of the air. The evenings again are cold ; 
 but on some few nights in the height of summer, 
 when the south wind comes over the mountain-passes 
 from the plains of Italy, the air becomes positively 
 warm. 
 
 Speaking generally, there is in the Engadine a 
 short and temperate summer, and a long and very 
 cold winter. Formerly, owing no doubt to the 
 occurrence from time to time of excessively cold 
 seasons, very exaggerated ideas were current as to 
 the cold of the Upper Engadine in summer, and 
 many persons brought back with them accounts of 
 the rigour of its summer climate which a longer ex- 
 perience could not fail to have modified. We have 
 known invalids who have passed some portion of 
 nearly every day in July and August reclining on a 
 couch in the open air. Of course in order to do this 
 it was necessary to wrap up warmly. 
 
 From a series of meteorological observations, con- 
 tinued over many years, at Bevers, near Samaden, 
 by M. Krattli, the following facts have been taken : 
 
 The mean annual temperature of the Upper En- 
 gadine is 36*5 F. The mean for the three summer 
 months of June, July, and August, 50*8 F. ; for the 
 three winter months of December, January, and 
 February, 17*5 F. ; for the three months of spring, 
 March, April, and May, 35-4 F. ; for the three 
 months of autumn, September, October, and Novem- 
 ber, 37'S F. The two extremes of temperature 
 observed by M. Krattli were - 25-8 F., or 57-8 F. 
 of frost in February, and 79*7 F. in July. 
 
 In November and December there are occasion- 
 ally thick fogs, but the three first months of the year 
 are generally calm and clear. 
 
558 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 For five months in the year the snow covers the 
 ground to the depth of two or three feet, and the 
 lakes are covered with ice several feet in thickness ; 
 snow, as we have said, occasionally falls in summer. 
 We have seen the valley covered with a foot of 
 snow in August ! 
 
 The extreme dryness of the air renders the cold 
 in winter less insupportable than it otherwise would 
 be. The normal barometric pressure is considerably 
 diminished, owing to the greater rarity of the air at 
 this elevation : it ranges between twenty-four and 
 twenty-five inches. 
 
 St. Moritz is certainly more favourably situated 
 than most of the other villages of the Upper Engadine ; 
 it is sheltered on the north and north-west by the 
 Julier chain of mountains, and on the east by a 
 wooded elevation which projects as a spur from the 
 mountains at the back, and so forms the eastern 
 boundary of the St. Moritzer See. The declivity 
 upon which it is built has also a southern aspect* ; 
 but the drawback to nearly the whole of the Engadine 
 is the great height and nearness of the mountains 
 bounding it to the south, so that they intercept a 
 great deal of the sun's light and heat during some 
 hours of the day. 
 
 Of the salubrity, then, of the climate of St. Moritz 
 in summer and in fine weather, there can be no 
 difference of opinion. The air is perfectly pure, clear, 
 dry, and bracing. There is an absence of that 
 oppressive heat, even in the hottest weather, which 
 makes the lower valleys almost unendurable; for 
 wherever there is shade in the Engadine there is also 
 coolness. The freshness of the air, moreover, induces 
 an increased capacity for muscular exertion, and the 
 author of "The Regular Swiss Round" (the late Rev. 
 Harry Jones) mentions that he has known some 
 
 * Owing to the favourable position of the Kulm Hotel its 
 winter temperature is many degrees higher than at the low- 
 lying Kurhaus. 
 
THE UPPER ENGADINE. 559 
 
 people come there " who have been so indisposed as 
 to feel scarcely able to make the journey from London 
 to Paris, and after a time have been able to make a 
 twelve hours' excursion on the glacier." 
 
 This statement goes more to the root of the matter 
 than the writer of it probably thought at the time 
 he penned it, for this kind of climate is especially 
 useful to those who have been strong, but by some 
 accident or other, such as over-work, or illness, or 
 trouble, have become weak : to those who possess a 
 latent power of reaction. It is less advantageous to 
 the essentially weak person, to whom " twelve hours 
 on a glacier " always has been, is, and ever will be, an 
 utter impossibility. 
 
 Owing to the want of this power of reaction the 
 Engadine does not suit persons advanced in )-ears, 
 unless they retain considerable bodily vigour. 
 
 St. Moritz as a winter resort will be referred to 
 later on. Its mineral springs and their uses have 
 been described in Part I. 
 
 Other Resorts in the Upper Engadine. 
 
 What is most characteristic of the Upper 
 Engadine is its great extent as well as its great 
 elevation.- Nowhere else in Europe is there a valley 
 of the same elevation, and of the same magnitude, 
 and with the same number of permanently inhabited 
 villages. 
 
 There are nearly thirty miles of broad valley 
 and good level carriage road, traversed daily in 
 various directions by postal diligences, and now 
 penetrated by a railway, at an average elevation 
 equal to that of the Rigi Kulm ; while some of its 
 villages are situated at an elevation of over 6,000 feet 
 above the sea. The direction of the valley is from 
 south-west, where it commences at the low pass of 
 the Maloja, to north-east, where it terminates in the 
 bridge Punt Auta ; its natural boundary is, however, 
 some three or four miles east of this. 
 
560 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Just beyond St. Moritz a ridge crosses the valley 
 leaving only a narrow gap through which the foaming 
 waters of the Inn force their way ; this forms a sort 
 of natural division of the Upper Engadine into two 
 portions, which differ considerably in aspect and 
 character. The upper half, viz. that between the 
 Maloja and St. Moritz, is narrower, its mountain 
 boundaries on each side are grander and wilder, and 
 much loftier, and their summits are covered with 
 extensive glaciers and snow-fields ; while the floor of 
 the valley is occupied by a series of small but beautiful 
 lakes linked together by the stream of the Inn, which 
 flows through them. The lower half, that which 
 extends from the ridge above mentioned to the 
 termination of the Upper Engadine, has a very 
 different appearance. Here there are no lakes, the 
 floor of the valley is much wider, and is occupied by 
 broad stretches of meadow-land, through which the 
 Inn quietly and tamely flows along. The mountains 
 on each side are of lower elevation, they all rise in 
 gentle slopes from the floor of the valley, and present 
 no bold or striking features of form or outline. 
 
 In the upper half of the valley, viz. between the 
 Maloja Pass and the Baths of St. Moritz, there are, 
 besides the well-known Maloja Kursaal, three well- 
 known villages which are resorted to by visitors to 
 this district in the summer months ; these are Sils, 
 Silva Plana, and Campfer. In the lower half of the 
 valley, Cresta, Celerina, Samaden, and Pontresina are 
 the only villages which can be said to have any 
 vogue as resorts for strangers. The village of Zuz, 
 has, however, developed into a Luftkurort, and must 
 therefore be reckoned amongst the health resorts of 
 the Upper Engadine. 
 
 Sils. This is one of the most characteristic and 
 picturesque villages in the Upper Engadine ; or 
 rather there are two villages of that name. One, in a 
 bleak windy situation on the north side of the valley, 
 is called Sils Baseglia, and the larger and better- 
 built village is termed Sils Maria this is on the 
 
THE UPPER ENGADINE. 561 
 
 south side of the valley, in a protected situation, at 
 the commencement of the ravine which leads into 
 the beautiful Fex valley. 
 
 Sils Maria certainly commands some of the finest 
 views in the Upper Engadine. The Silser See, close 
 to which it is built, is the first and finest of the lakes 
 encountered in this upper part of the valley, and, 
 indeed, is the largest lake in the Alps at this eleva- 
 tion, being three miles in length, and a mile in breadth 
 at its broadest part. The village of Sils Maria is 
 5,880 feet above the sea ; it is clean and well built, 
 and possesses two very good hotels. It is especially 
 well adapted to those who desire to lead a very quiet 
 life, as it is far away from the more frequented spots, 
 such as St. Moritz, Samaden, and Pontresina ; and as 
 it is well protected from the prevailing winds, it 
 serves as a good summer station for cases of early 
 phthisis and other invalids. 
 
 - Numerous pleasing walks and excursions into the 
 adjacent Fex valley, and to many picturesque spots 
 along the wooded hills which adorn the southern 
 shore of the lake, are quite within the powers of 
 invalids. 
 
 Silva Plana is a village of considerable size, about 
 three miles from Sils and five from St. Moritz. It is 
 very pleasantly situated at the foot of the Julier Pass, 
 in the centre of the lake scenery of the upper part of 
 the valley, having the Silva Plana lake on one side of 
 it and the Campfer lake on the other. 
 
 Many families pass the whole summer very 
 pleasantly and comfortably there, and so avoid the 
 crowd of visitors at St. Moritz and at Pontresina. 
 Silva Plana is most conveniently situated for making 
 many of the popular mountain excursions in this 
 district. 
 
 Campfer is the next village we come to, and is 
 about midway between Silva Plana and St. Moritz. 
 Its immediate surroundings are exceedingly pictur- 
 esque, and it possesses excellent hotel accommoda- 
 tion, the " Julier " hotel being a favourite with 
 
562 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 English visitors. It is a convenient abode for those 
 visitors to the Baths of St. Moritz who desire a quiet 
 residence ; it is as near the Kurhaus and the baths as 
 the village of St. Moritz itself. The walk through 
 the woods on the right bank of the river, between 
 Campfer and the Kurhaus, is infinitely preferable for 
 pedestrians to the hot, steep, and dusty road which 
 leads from the latter to the village of St. Moritz. 
 The wooded and grassy mountain slopes around the 
 village afford facilities for quiet rambles which are 
 not to be found in the more frequented parts of the 
 valley, while for exploring the attractive lake region 
 of the upper part of the valley, it is far more con- 
 veniently situated than St. Moritz, Samaden, or 
 Pontresina. 
 
 Campfer has an elevation of 5,950 feet above the 
 sea, and from the position of the surrounding moun- 
 tain-ridges it enjoys considerable protection from the 
 prevailing winds ; its warm and sunny situation, and 
 the many easily accessible walks around, rendering 
 it a very suitable summer station for invalids. 
 
 Passing now to the lower half of the Upper 
 Engadine beyond St. Moritz, the first village we 
 arrive at is Cresta, and a few minutes farther on we 
 reach the village of Celerina, to which parish the 
 adjacent village of Cresta belongs. Celerina is 
 situated about midway between St. Moritz and 
 Samaden, where, at present, is the terminus of the 
 Engadine Railway ; but between St. Moritz and 
 Celerina we have to descend in steep zigzags the high 
 ridge which here stretches across the valley and forms 
 a natural protection to St. Moritz from the north- 
 east. Beyond Celerina the valley continues at an 
 almost unbroken level to its termination. These two 
 villages, Cresta and Celerina, look particularly neat, 
 with their limewashed walls, green shutters, hand- 
 some old doorways, and windows filled with flowers. 
 Celerina is 5,600 feet above the sea, rather more than 
 400 feet lower than St. Moritz Kulm. 
 
 Samaden, the capital of the Engadine, rather 
 
SAMADENPONTRESINA. 563 
 
 more than three miles from St. Moritz, is situated 
 just at the spot where the Upper Engadine begins to 
 be almost ugly. It has a certain prestige as the 
 capital of the valley, and as the largest and most 
 central village in it. It has long served also as a kind 
 of reservoir for the reception of the stream of visitors 
 waiting for accommodation at Pontresina and St. 
 Moritz, being about equi-distant from both. 
 
 There is one fine view from Samaden, and that is 
 the view of the snow-clad summits of the Bernina 
 group, which is well seen from the terrace of the 
 salle-a-manger of the Bernina Hotel. 
 
 There are many pleasant and invigorating walks 
 along the meadows which cover the lower slopes of 
 the mountains, on the north side of the valley, between 
 Samaden and Celerina ; and on a warm summer 
 day, when the high road is exceedingly hot, dusty, 
 and fatiguing, the cool air on these grassy slopes, 
 where there are good paths, 300 or 400 feet above 
 the level of the valley, is often very refreshing and 
 grateful. The mountain-paths along these alps, 
 between Celerina and Samaden, form one of the 
 pleasantest walks in the Upper Engadine ; the 
 bracing character of the air there being particularly 
 noticeable. There are also pleasant walks through 
 the pine-woods, on the same side of the valley, but 
 in the other direction, viz. towards Bevers. 
 
 But the most popular and interesting excursion 
 from Samaden is that to the Bevers valley, at the 
 entrance to which trie village of Bevers is situated. 
 This valley is one of the most picturesque and 
 beautiful of the whole of this region. Samaden is 
 nearly 5,700 feet above the sea. 
 
 Pontresina, the most frequented of Engadine 
 villages, lies about three miles from Samaden, 
 along the road which turns to the south-west 
 and goes to the Bernina Pass. Its situation 
 is exceedingly picturesque, 'and it possesses several 
 excellent hotels. It is about 5,900 feet above the 
 sea. It is, moreover, the most convenient station for 
 
564 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 exploring the high mountains, the valleys, and the 
 glaciers of this portion of the Upper Engadine. It is 
 close to the foot of Piz Languard, the Rigi of the 
 Engadine, and it is about an hour nearer the glaciers 
 of the Morteratsch and the Roseg than either St. 
 Moritz or Samaden. It has been said to have a milder 
 climate than St, Moritz. From its situation, in a 
 wide open space, at the junction of two lateral valleys 
 with the main one, it is much exposed to the direct 
 rays of the sun for many hours during the day ; and 
 around and near the village the sun-heat is sometimes 
 great. But for the same reasons it is to be expected 
 that the nocturnal cold would be greater than at St. 
 Moritz, and it is so situated as to receive directly the 
 cold gusts of air blowing down the Roseg valley. 
 
 To those who are vigorous enough to devote 
 themselves daily to mountain and glacier excursions, 
 Pontresina is undoubtedly the best resort in the Upper 
 Engadine, but it is not so well adapted for the 
 quieter life of an invalid as some of the other resorts 
 we have mentioned. It is certainly a convenience, 
 to those who need the extremely bracing and tonic 
 influence of glacier air, to be tolerably near, as one is 
 at Pontresina, to so large and accessible a glacier as 
 that of the Morteratsch. 
 
 Most visitors to Pontresina make at least one 
 excursion to the hospice on the summit of the 
 Bernina Pass, a drive of about two hours ; and this 
 hospice has been occasionally resorted to as an air 
 cure by those who have felt that they needed an 
 extraordinary and exceptional amount of bracing ! It 
 is more than 1,500 feet higher than St. Moritz Kulm, 
 and the air is there wonderfully keen and cold, 
 especially after sunset. For quite exceptional cases 
 and exceptional constitutions, the extremely rigorous 
 bracing climate of the Bernina may, for a time, be 
 suitable ; but it is of extremely limited applicability 
 as a health resort, even to those exceptional cases. 
 
 The only other village in the Upper Engadine that 
 can be spoken of as a health resort is the village of 
 
THE LOWER ENGADINE. 565 
 
 Zuz, about eight miles below Samaden. it has about 
 the same elevation as Samaden, 5,680 feet, and is 
 raised somewhat above the floor of the valley at this 
 part. The scenery around is pleasing. 
 
 Tarasp-Bad, is the only place of any great 
 interest in the Lower Engadine. Its claims as a 
 mineral-water resort have been dealt with in 
 Part I. 
 
 Many of the visitors to Tarasp prefer to live either 
 at Schuls, the principal place in the Lower Engadine 
 and about a mile from the Tarasp Springs, or at the 
 Hotel Waldhaus, Vulpera, situated in a fine position, 
 several hundred feet above the Kurhaus on the right 
 side of this valley. 
 
 As to the climate of Tarasp and Vulpera. This 
 district, situated at an elevation of between 4,000 and 
 4,500 feet above the level of the sea, possesses all the 
 invigorating characteristics of an Alpine climate, while 
 it has the advantage of being much less severe and 
 rigorous than that of the Upper Engadine. There 
 are here fewer sudden changes of temperature, and an 
 unexpected fall of snow in the summer months, by no 
 means an uncommon occurrence at St. Moritz, is at 
 Tarasp quite an exceptional event. The milder 
 character of the climate is indicated by the much 
 greater luxuriance of vegetation ; rye and flax are 
 extensively cultivated in this district, and fruit-orchards 
 flourish near Schuls, while the local flora is exceed- 
 ingly rich and diversified. 
 
 As well as being milder, the air is less dry and 
 rarefied than in the Upper Engadine. 
 
 The mean atmospheric temperature in the months 
 of July and August ranges from 56 to 60 F. The 
 maximum and minimum temperatures noted in the 
 same months were 82 and 37*5 F. It will thus be 
 seen that the climate of the Tarasp district especially 
 commends itself to those cases in which it is thought 
 desirable to try the influence of mountain air, without 
 incurring the risk of exposure to the sudden changes of 
 
566 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 temperature, the highly rarefied air, and often the 
 continuous cold of the Upper Engadine. 
 
 Also, on leaving the Upper Engadine, Vulpera 
 offers an admirable intermediate point where patients 
 may break the suddenness of their descent into the 
 lower lying resorts of Italy, Switzerland, and the Tyrol. 
 
 Davos PlatZj and the Mountain- Air Cure for 
 Consumption. 
 
 Davos is situated in a mountain valley in 
 the Grisons, which run's parallel with the Upper 
 Engadine, at a distance of about twenty miles 
 north of it. It is about 5,070 (Davos Dorf Sana- 
 torium) feet above the level of the sea. But it is not 
 its particular elevation alone which gives to Davos its 
 special suitability as a mountain resort. We must 
 seek in other local conditions for the characteristic 
 qualities of the climate of Davos. So far as purity 
 and rarefaction of the air are concerned, it is in 
 almost precisely the same position as the adjacent 
 Engadine valley. It is probably only in the greater 
 stillness of its atmosphere, and in protection from the 
 prevailing local winds, that Davos presents any 
 special advantages in winter over such resorts as St. 
 Moritz, Pontresina, or Samaden. Dr. Frankland 
 (Proceedings of the Royal Society, vol. xxii., p. 317) 
 writes : 
 
 The summer climate of Davos is very similar to that of 
 Pontresina and St. Moritz in the neighbouring high valley of 
 the Engadine cool and rather windy; but as soon as the 
 Priittigau and surrounding mountains become thickly and, for 
 the winter, permanently covered with snow, which usually 
 happens in November, a new set of conditions comes into play, 
 and the winter climate becomes exceedingly remarkable. The 
 sky is, as a rule, cloudless, or nearly so ; and as the solar 
 rays, though very powerful, are incompetent to melt the snow, 
 they have very little effect upon the temperature either of the 
 valley or its enclosing mountains, consequently there are no 
 currents of heated air, and as the valley is well sheltered from 
 more general atmospheric movements, an almost uniform calm 
 Prevails until the snow melts in spring. 
 
THE DAVOS VALLEY. 567 
 
 And the late Mr. J. A. Symonds, speaking from long 
 personal experience, said of the winter climate of 
 Davos : 
 
 The position of great rocky masses to north and south is 
 such that the most disagreeable winds, whether the keen north 
 wind or the relaxing south, known by the dreaded name of 
 fohn, are fairly excluded. Comparative stillness is a great 
 merit of Davos ; the best nights and days of winter present a 
 cloudless sky, clear frost, and absolutely unstirred atmosphere. 
 March is apt to be disturbed and stormy, and during the 
 summer months there is a valley-wind, which rises regularly 
 every morning and blows for several hours. 
 
 The direction of the valley is from north-east to 
 south-west. It is only about half a mile broad, and 
 protecting mountains rise on each side to the height of 
 from 2,000 to 5,000 feet above the level of the valley, 
 About three-quarters of a mile above Davos Platz, to 
 the north, is Davos Dorfli, a sunnier spot than Davos 
 Platz, but perhaps not so well protected from wind. 
 Still farther north is the Davoser See, or the Lake of 
 Davos, which affords good skating in winter until it 
 becomes too thickly covered with snow. 
 
 At the south-west extremity the valley is also well 
 protected and closed in by high mountains, and there 
 are no extensive glaciers and snow-fields in the 
 immediate vicinity of Davos as at Pontresina. 
 
 The winter snowfall in the Davos valley, as well 
 as in the Engadine, usually begins early in November. 
 An early and heavy snowfall of three or four feet is 
 considered to promise a good winter. The snow 
 continues to fall through November and a part of 
 December. In the roadways it gets beaten down to 
 a depth of three or four feet. In good seasons, fine 
 settled weather, with absence of snowfall, sets in 
 before the end of December. The atmosphere be- 
 comes still and calm, the air intensely cold and dry, 
 and absolutely clear. At night the brilliant starlight, 
 or the cold silvery moonlight streaming over the 
 snow-mantled valley, gives it an aspect of singular 
 beauty. The temperature at night often falls very 
 
568 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 low, frequently some degress below zero. The days 
 are cloudless, with an intensely blue sky, and an 
 amount of heat from solar radiation which enables 
 invalids to pass many hours sitting in the open air ; 
 and the brilliancy of the sunshine in mid- winter makes 
 umbrellas and sunshades necessary for protection. 
 The instant, however, the sun is withdrawn the 
 intense coldness of the air makes itself felt, and a fall 
 of 50 or 60 F. is common immediately after sunset. 
 Of course all delicate invalids should be indoors before 
 this hour. Owing, however, to the great dryness of 
 the atmosphere, and the absence of wind, the extreme 
 cold at night is by no means so much felt as might 
 be expected. " There are no patients," says one of 
 the local physicians, " who cannot, if they are so 
 inclined, sleep with safety with an open window 
 during the winter." Patients are advised to be in the 
 open air from sunrise to sunset. 
 
 Unfortunately, weather at Davos is fickle some- 
 times, as it is elsewhere, and a remarkably fine winter 
 may be preceded or followed by a remarkably bad 
 one, and a really bad winter will often prove disas- 
 trous to many invalids. 
 
 The relaxing south wind, the /ohn, will some- 
 times prevail to a great extent, in consequence of 
 which the snow is thawed at times in mid-winter, 
 and colds, which are rarely caught at Davos, are then 
 common. In really good winters, however, " wonder- 
 ful recoveries " are numerous. There is then almost 
 an entire absence of wind, the air is remarkably dry 
 and bracing, and for months there may be almost 
 uninterrupted sunshine and clear unclouded skies. 
 
 Owing to the absence of aqueous vapour in the 
 clear dry air of this elevated region, the intensity of 
 solar radiation on perfectly clear days is remarkable ; 
 and, according to Frankland, at Davos Dorfli, on the 
 2ist December, 1873, at 2.50 p.m., the "mercurial 
 thermometer with a blackened bulb /;/ vacua" 
 recorded 113 F., and on the same day at Greenwich 
 the maximum reading, obtained by the same method, 
 
CLIMATE OF DAVOS. 569 
 
 was 71*5, giving a difference in favour of Davos of 
 4 1 '5 F. But a maximum of solar radiation amount- 
 ing to 153 F. was obtained on the 3ist January, 
 1 88 1, while on the same day the maximum 
 temperature of the air in the shade was 42*5, and 
 the minimum 18 F. So that the difference between 
 sun and shade temperature is enormous. The lowest 
 temperature recorded during the winters 1879-80 and 
 1 880-8 1 was 167 F. below zero on 9th December, 
 1879. The mean daily minimum for the same month 
 was 5*5 F., and the mean daily maximum 23 '13. The 
 maximum sun temperature 138 F. This was during 
 a month of the finest Davos winter weather ; the 
 amount of aqueous vapour in the air being exceed- 
 ingly small, and the readings of the hygrometer very 
 low. 
 
 The mean winter temperature at Davos varies 
 between 20 and 30 F. 
 
 Davos has flourished greatly and deservedly as a 
 winter resort for consumptives, while as a summer 
 resort its manifold attractions have not met with the 
 esteem they merit. We have found it in summer a 
 most agreeable residence, and preferable to many 
 other mountain stations for its quiet restfulness. 
 
 On the other hand, while St. Moritz has not 
 become the great winter resort for the phthisical that 
 Davos has, its summer renown has progressed 
 uninterruptedly. 
 
 St. Moritz has been tried and found to answer ex- 
 ceedingly well as a winter resort in a certain number and 
 class of cases. No doubt it is not so well suited as Davos 
 to the feebler class of pulmonary invalids, who are 
 also the victims of more advanced disease. But to 
 many of the stronger patients, and to those in whom 
 the disease is in its earliest stage, or very limited in 
 extent, or to those who are suffering only from 
 general loss of tone, St. Moritz may prove as useful, 
 or even more so than Davos. Moreover, at the 
 Kulm and other hotels at St. Moritz, patients will 
 find winter sanatoria, furnished with all the 
 
5/0 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 conveniences which invalids require, and no effort is 
 spared to make the winter life of an invalid cheerful 
 and comfortable. The Kulm hotel possesses an 
 excellent covered terrace for sitting out, and a skating- 
 rink is also close at hand. 
 
 St. Moritz is within easy reach of Davos, so that a 
 patient who finds the climate of the Upper Engadine 
 unsuitable can easily remove to the Davos valley. 
 On the shortest day in the Engadine the sun rises at 
 10.45 a.m. and sets at 3 p.m., and there is a sudden 
 chill when the sun goes down. 
 
 We must now enter into a little detail as to the 
 treatment of consumptive patients in these high 
 mountain v illeys. 
 
 At one period cases of phthisis in too advanced 
 a stage were not unfrequently sent to winter at Davos 
 or St. Moritz. This was not altogether the fault of 
 medical men, but because patients with advanced dis- 
 ease insisted on trying a cure of which so much was 
 being said. The following extract from a letter from a 
 medical man who was also a patient at Davos at that 
 time calls attention to this : 
 
 Among the twenty-five to thirty-five guests at the Hotel 
 
 there were several deaths, some of them people who 
 
 certainly came much too far gone, but one or two in which it 
 
 seemed that the peculiar air brought on an increase of disease. 
 
 After giving the particulars of a case in which a 
 severe and fatal illness appeared to have been induced 
 by " the exceptional excitement, etc. of the climate," 
 he adds : 
 
 Other deaths in the house were very sudden, and I knew of 
 some cases of sudden attacks of haemorrhage. In one or two 
 cases where there was no disease, but weakness and want of 
 stamina, people seemed to have gained considerably when 
 they left. I am sure for dyspepsia the climate is a wonderful 
 remedy. 
 
 It would be disingenuous not to admit the fact 
 that other experiences of winters at Davos have been 
 
ALTITUDE CURE FOR CONSUMPTION. 571 
 
 by no means imchequered by calamities, and some 
 fatal occurrences there have been very sad and 
 unexpected. The better results now obtained are 
 certainly to a great extent due to a more careful 
 selection of cases, to the existence of suitable 
 sanatoria and to the acceptance of the teaching 
 that the altitude cure for consumption has its 
 limitations. 
 
 The success which has been obtained in recent 
 years, in the treatment of consumptives in sanatoria 
 at various elevations, and in many countries, em- 
 phasises the well-known fact that immunity from 
 consumption does not follow any particular level of 
 elevation. It was originally thought that the altitude 
 of immunity from phthisis varied in various latitudes, 
 descending in proportion as we passed from the 
 equator to the poles. In the tropics it was necessary 
 to ascend to an elevation of between 8,500 and 9,000 
 feet. In the Peruvian Andes patients were sent to 
 mountain valleys reaching an altitude of nearly 10,000 
 feet In Mexico to valleys 6,500 and 7,000 feet 
 above the sea-level. On the other hand, in the 
 Pyrenees, we w^ere assured that at elevations varying 
 from 1,760 feet (Bagneres-de-Bigorre) to 4,580 feet 
 (Gavarnie) phthisis was equally rare. 
 
 In Switzerland some localities not more than 
 3,000 feet above the sea appeared to be as free from 
 phthisis as others of twice that elevation. In the 
 Black Forest and in the Harz mountains of Germany, 
 it was stated that consumption was extremely rare at 
 the comparatively moderate height of 1,400 to 2,500 
 feet ; while Brehmer asserted that in the neighbour- 
 hood of Gorbersdorf, in Silesia (1,700 feet), he had 
 never seen phthisis among the inhabitants. 
 
 These statements pointed clearly to the con- 
 clusion that the freedom which any particular locality 
 appeared to enjoy from this disease was independent 
 of mere elevation, and due in part to other con- 
 ditions, and this contention has received remarkable 
 confirmation by the success that has attended the 
 
572 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 " open air cure/' when carried out at suitable sana- 
 toria at home and abroad. 
 
 We know that the air of large, densely-populated 
 cities and towns is filled with impurities, both organic 
 and inorganic, and doubtless in many localities this 
 floating dust is largely composed of filthy putrescent 
 organic matter, or infective particles, capable under 
 certain circumstances of exciting or conveying disease. 
 It is amongst those who have to live in the worst 
 parts of this unwholesome town atmosphere that 
 phthisis is most rife and fatal ; and therefore to the 
 absence of these impurities in the air of elevated 
 regions, as well as in that of the open sea, we may 
 reasonably attribute their beneficial influence in 
 preventing or arresting tubercular disease. 
 
 M. Miquel's observations at the Observatoire de 
 Montsouris show how comparatively free the air is 
 from organic impurities over extensive tracts of water, 
 as well as at great elevations ; in his examinations as 
 to the presence of bacteria in the air he found none 
 at elevations of two to four thousand metres ; he 
 found on the surface of a small lake like that of Thun, 
 in 10 cubic metres 8 a o bacteria only ; on the shores 
 of the lake (near the Hotel Bellevue) 25-0, and in the 
 Rue de Rivoli, Paris, 55,000*0 ! 
 
 Most of the localities which enjoy an immunity 
 from tubercular disease of the lungs are characterised 
 by a pure and dry atmosphere, a dry subsoil, and a 
 scanty population. 
 
 And it has been shown that in certain favoured 
 localities in our own country, where these conditions 
 of dryness of subsoil, thinness of population, and 
 purity and dryness of the atmosphere co-exist, there 
 also the occurrence of cases of phthisis is very rare. 
 
 If consumption be a disease engendered by city 
 life, by overcrowding, by breathing a damp contami- 
 nated atmosphere, we should expect it to disappear 
 in localities where all these conditions are reversed. 
 
 It may be interesting to enquire briefly into the 
 nature of the evidence which was originally relied 
 
ALTITUDE CURE FOR CONSUMPTION. 573 
 
 upon in support of the view that elevated districts 
 were those best suited to phthisical patients. 
 
 Before we were in possession of all the evidence 
 that has been derived from the results of the past 
 thirty years' experience at Davos and elsewhere, the 
 strongest and the most unequivocal was that derived 
 from the experience of medical practitioners resident 
 in the large towns at the base of the Peruvian Andes, 
 and in similar tropical stations. 
 
 In these localities consumption is very rife, and it 
 had long been the established mode of treatment there 
 to remove the patients so afflicted, as early as possible, 
 to one or other of those sheltered valleys at great 
 elevations which the slopes of the Andes afford in 
 abundance. Dr. Archibald Smith, of Lima, was one 
 of the first to call the attention of the medical pro- 
 fession to this method of treatment. He stated that 
 in the Peruvian Andes immunity from phthisis was 
 commonly observed at an elevation of between 7,500 
 and 8,500 feet. No plan of treatment could be more 
 rational than to remove the consumptive patient 
 from the hot, damp, unwholesome atmosphere of the 
 densely-populated town in which he had been 
 attacked, to the pure, clear, dry, invigorating air of 
 the adjacent mountain valleys. It is very well known 
 that, in temperate climates, some moderately elevated 
 regions enjoy a greater immunity from tubercular dis- 
 ease than others of perhaps twice their altitude. Local 
 conditions, therefore, other than the single one of mere 
 elevation determine the suitability of each particular 
 district. Protection from strong winds appears to be 
 one of these conditions. One important fact appeared 
 to come out of the inquiry so far as it had at that 
 time advanced, viz. that a moderate elevation of 1,500 
 to 3,000 feet was as useful in some parts of the world 
 as an altitude of from 7,000 to 10,000 feet in others. 
 
 After wintering at these altitudes, one of the 
 difficulties always has been what to do when the tran- 
 sitional season of spring sets in, and the snow begins 
 
574 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 to melt. " When the snows melts/' a patient writes 
 from St. Moritz, " winds of icy coldness blow on the 
 snow, surpassing English east winds in their fierce 
 bitterness, making existence barely tolerable in March 
 and April." Some, however, boldly face the incon- 
 venience and remain where they have wintered, and, 
 so far as we can learn, without taking any particular 
 harm. But some springs are much more trying and 
 disagreeable than others, and, no doubt, there is a. 
 craving for a little change when spring, with its un- 
 pleasant weather, reaches the snow-covered valley. 
 To return to England at once seems scarcely advisable, 
 knowing what our own spring weather is like. To 
 seek some other intermediate mountain station, of 
 lower elevation, for a few weeks before descending to 
 the sea-level would perhaps be the best thing to do, 
 if such suitable stations were easily, found. But there 
 are difficulties in doing this. Many of the summer 
 resorts between 2,500 and 3,500 feet above the sea are 
 not open and available at this season, and in those 
 that are available the accommodation is perhaps not 
 such as invalids require. Moreover, even if a suit- 
 able intermediate station is found, it will occasionally 
 happen that pulmonary invalids find themselves worse 
 for the change, and begin to think they have been ill- 
 directed in their choice ; whereas they should bear in 
 mind that the spring is a difficult season everywhere, 
 especially for those who suffer as they do. 
 
 Thusis, 2,448 feet above the sea, is convenient and 
 accessible from the Engadine, but little is known 
 about its spring climate, and, from its situation, it 
 would, we fear, be draughty in spring. Fair accom- 
 modation can be obtained there, and it has the 
 advantage of being on the way homeward. 
 
 Seewis, nearly 3,000 feet above the sea, a village 
 in the Prattigau, quite close to'Landquart, is exceed- 
 ingly conveniently situated, in a picturesque position, 
 with a good sunny aspect, and, we are assured by 
 those who have spent a whole winter there, has good 
 but limited accommodation. 
 
MOUNTAIN CLIMATES. 575 
 
 Glion, above Montreux on the Lake of Geneva, 
 about 2,300 feet above the sea, is a pleasant, sunny 
 station with very good accommodation and most 
 picturesque and cheerful surroundings ; but it is 
 rather out of the way for those who are returning to 
 England from Davos or the Engadine. 
 
 Heiden, 2,660 feet above the sea, near Rorschach, 
 .on the Lake of Constance, is also conveniently acces- 
 sible and in a pleasant situation, but it would pro- 
 bably be found dull and unprepared for spring visitors. 
 
 The Dolder Hotel, close to Zurich, is finely 
 situated, and conveniently placed on the home- 
 ward route. 
 
 In conclusion, two questions must be briefly dealt 
 with : First, what class of invalids may fairly expect 
 to derive benefit from resorting to these high moun- 
 tain valleys ? and, secondly, what are the curative 
 agencies at work there ? 
 
 It is of the first importance to remember that these 
 mountain climates are by no means adapted to the 
 treatment of many well-defined forms of consump- 
 tion ; that cases have to be selected with great care 
 and discrimination ; and that regard must be had as 
 much to the constitution and temperament of the 
 individual as to the extent of local disease. 
 Hereditary predisposition, other circumstances being 
 favourable, offers no counter-indication to the suit- 
 ability of these stations. But their remedial power is 
 especially manifested in persons wjio have become 
 accidentally the subjects of chronic lung disease, and 
 who were the possessors of an originally sound con- 
 stitution, and have obvious reserve stores of physical 
 vigour. It is the universal experience of physicians 
 that the phthisical constitution is the most difficult 
 of all to control ; consumptive patients are for ever 
 committing indiscretions which are perilous to them- 
 selves, and in the last degree exasperating to their 
 doctors. Cautions against over-excitement and over- 
 exertion are therefore specially needed in climates 
 
5;6 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 such as we have been considering. Hence the value 
 of treatment in sanatoria. The following summary 
 of cases suitable to these high mountain health 
 resorts is founded on a long practical experience in 
 one of them, collated with that of the author. 
 
 1. Where there is an obvious and well-ascertained 
 predisposition to consumption, and when perhaps a 
 slight hcemorrh age has occurred without the manifest- 
 ation of any definite local disease, as a preventive 
 measure a residence for two or three seasons in a high 
 mountain station is to be recommended. 
 
 2. In catarrhal forms of consumption, in the early 
 stage, without much constitutional disturbance, or rise 
 of temperature, the best results may be looked for. 
 But cases with much fever from the commencement, 
 and of nervous and excitable temperament, must not 
 be sent to high altitudes. 
 
 3. Chronic inflammatory induration and infiltration 
 of limited portions of the lung, often the result of acute 
 congestion and inflammation, are especially suitable ; 
 not so, however, if a considerable extent of lung is 
 the seat of tuberculous disease, or if, owin-g to the 
 extent of lung involved and consequent changes in the 
 sound lung, there is much dyspncea. 
 
 4. Cases of chronic bronchial catarrh in young 
 people ; that is to say, those cases of tendency to 
 repeated attacks of " cold on the chest," often left 
 behind in children after whooping-cough, measles, 
 and other maladies. But this does not apply to the 
 chronic winter coughs of persons more or less 
 advanced in life, or to cases where there is much 
 permanent shortness of breath. The young patients 
 of this class should begin the mountain-air cure before 
 the end of the summer season, and continue it through 
 the succeeding winter, so as to become gradually 
 adapted to the change of climate. 
 
 5. The results, in the shape of thickenings and 
 adhesions, of former attacks of pleurisy, to which, 
 too often, the development of serious subsequent lung 
 disease can be traced. The pulmonary gymnastics 
 
THE MOUNTAIN-AIR CURE. 577 
 
 excited by treatment in high altitudes prove of great 
 value in those cases. 
 
 6. Many cases of purely nervous asthma in young 
 subjects have been cured in these resorts. 
 
 7. Apart from cases of pulmonary disease, many 
 other ailments, such as general loss of power, not 
 dependent on organic disease, cases of nervous 
 exhaustion, over-work, retarded convalescence in 
 otherwise vigorous constitutions, certain forms of 
 dyspepsia and hypochondriasis, and other less strictly 
 definable maladies of a neurasthenic or anaemic form, 
 not seldom find restoration to health and strength 
 from prolonged residence in the pure bracing air oi 
 these Alpine stations. 
 
 Next, what are the curative agencies at work in 
 these resorts ? This question is by no means an easy 
 one to answer decisively. When we reflect that cases 
 of consumption are arrested in their course and 
 apparently cured, as they certainly have been, in such 
 a climate, for instance, as that of Arcachon, on the 
 coast of the Atlantic, and in the many " open air " 
 sanatoria in our own country, and arlso in such an 
 apparently utterly different climate as that of Davos, 
 we are led to the conclusion that we must seek for 
 some special relation between the individual to be 
 cured and the particular climate that will suit him. 
 And it is sometimes only by actual trial that such 
 relation can be discovered. 
 
 Purity and stillness of atmosphere are two 
 important, and probably the most important, condi- 
 tions at work. Elevation in itself, as has already been 
 said, may also be of some importance, but it cannot 
 be an essential ; it brings with it other conditions, 
 however, such as dryness and purity of air, which are 
 of great consequence. The Tartar steppes, where 
 the Russian physicians send their consumptive 
 patients, and where, we are told, they are cured, are 
 sometimes below and not above the sea-level. It is 
 not the low temperature alone that is the cause of 
 immunity from phthisis in these mountain valleys, 
 
578 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 for in some of the coldest parts of Russia the mortal- 
 ity from phthisis is more than 20 per cent, of all 
 deaths ; but the cold, in these places, is probably 
 associated amongst the poorer peasantry with over- 
 crowding and other insanitary conditions of life, to 
 which thfe mortality from phthisis is doubtless due. 
 Cold, when associated with dry, calm, pure air, gives 
 tone to the organism and stimulates appetite. 
 
 It used to be thought that an equable temperature 
 was of great importance in the treatment of consump- 
 tion ; and within certain limits, and if associated with 
 certain other qualities, equability of temperature is an 
 advantage in a climate ; but, unless dryness of the air 
 is associated with it, equability of temperature is not 
 of so much value. Indeed, a too equable temperature 
 may lead to loss of tonic property, and so diminish 
 nutritive activity. We find, for example, that in 
 Ceylon, which has a remarkably equable climate, 
 consumption is exceedingly common. On the other 
 hand, at Quito, in Ecuador, which is 10,000 feet above 
 the sea, its immunity from phthisical disease is con- 
 sidered to be greatly due to its equable temperature ; 
 the mean temperature for the year being 60 F., and 
 " in a large room, with doors and windows open day 
 and night, the temperature varied between 57 and 
 60 only ! " But it is obvious that the climate of 
 Quito possesses not only equability, but the other 
 conditions dependent on great elevation. 
 
 It has been suggested, and with much reason, that 
 the immunity from phthisis observed in certain places, 
 and at certain elevations, may perhaps be due to the 
 fact that the inhabitants are all agricultural or 
 pastoral, and live out-of-door lives, and also to the 
 relative scantiness of population. 
 
 But, as we pointed out some years ago, the chief 
 curative agency at work in these elevated districts is 
 probably the aseptic quality of the air. It has 
 been shown that there is an almost entire absence in 
 these localities of those organic impurities which 
 play such an important part in the production of 
 
THE MOUNTAIN-AIR CURE. 579 
 
 disease. To this fact may be added the stimulating 
 and tonic properties of the cold pure air, promoting 
 the desire for muscular activity, as well as increasing 
 the power for the same, by inducing increased 
 activity in the functions of nutrition. Another 
 valuable condition is the rarefaction of the air, which 
 necessitates greater activity of the respiratory organs. 
 The respirations are necessarily more frequent and 
 more profound ; the air breathed is relatively richer 
 in active oxygen than the air of the plains ; a more 
 complete aeration of the blood is secured ; all the 
 portions of the lungs which are capable of admitting 
 air are called into full play and activity ; the air-cells 
 are more completely dilated ; the functions of all the 
 healthy portions of the lungs are roused and 
 thoroughly engaged in the work of respiration. 
 There is, in short, hyper-ventilation of the lungs. 
 We find that the chest expands considerably during 
 residence in these resorts, and portions of lung 
 ordinarily little used in breathing (and these are the 
 parts specially liable to be attacked in phthisis) become 
 actively engaged, and so a compensatory activity in 
 the sound parts makes up for the inactivity in parts 
 which have become spoiled by disease. The increased 
 activity of the circulating functions, the more complete 
 penetration of all the tissues of the lung by the more 
 active blood currents, promote repair and recovery 
 from the damage inflicted by disease. The low 
 temperature of the air inhaled also has a tendency 
 to diminish fever. The energetic action of the solar 
 rays, the intensity of the insolation, is also a most 
 important factor. 'These may not be all the influences 
 at work in the restoration to health of the pul- 
 monary invalids who pass their winters in these 
 snow-covered regions, but we doubt not that they are 
 the chief. 
 
 Davos has some excellent sanatoria for the re- 
 ception and treatment of consumptive patients, 
 in addition to a vast number of good hotels and 
 tensions. Dr. Turban's sanatorium has a wide 
 
580 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 reputation, and at Davos Dorf there are Dr. 
 Dannegger's and others. Then there are the German 
 and Swiss sanatoria for assisted patients belonging 
 to the working classes, conducted on the same system 
 as that proposed for adoption in the projected Queen 
 Alexandra Sanatorium. There is also the Schatz-Alp 
 Private Sanatorium in an admirable situation per- 
 haps the finest in Europe, 1,000 feet above the Davos 
 Valley, where it must get more sunshine, especially in 
 the short winter days, than is possible in the valley. 
 
 The report of the German Sanatorium states, as a 
 result of a year's experience, that of 143 patients who 
 left the institution during the year, 83*2 per cent, had 
 improved and 54*6 per cent, were able to resume full 
 work, results which appear particularly good when it 
 is borne in mind that only 30 per cent, of these cases 
 were in the first stage. 
 
 Comparing results obtained at these high altitude 
 stations with those resulting from treatment in low- 
 lying sanatoria, Prof. Erb remarks : " I cannot quite 
 understand how people in some places appear to think 
 and say that similar results have been obtained in the 
 mountains of medium height, in the low countries, 
 on the Rhine and in the lowlands of North Germany ; 
 and that the treatment of consumption depends much 
 less upon the climate than upon the special hygienic 
 and dietary conditions. It seems to me indubitable 
 that, on most people, the high mountain climate has 
 a particularly invigorating and strengthening effect, 
 and that it is just a change of climate that is needed 
 to obtain a powerful and climatic effect ; even though 
 the high mountains need not always be called into 
 requisition. Why should we withhold from consump- 
 tives, who need it most particularly, this advantage 
 of a change of climate and especially of a high 
 mountain climate, and leave and treat them in their 
 own home, and in the climate to which they have 
 been accustomed so long ? "* 
 
 * Clinical Lecture on " Winter Cures in the High Moun- 
 tains," Leipsic, 1900. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 OTHER MOUNTAIN HEALTH RESORTS I FOR 
 WINTER AND SUMMER CURES. 
 
 A MOUNTAINOUS country like Switzerland naturally 
 presents many other stations suitable for the 
 mountain-air cure, both in winter and summer, as 
 well as the Engadine and Davos. There are some 
 in the immediate neighbourhood of Davos as 
 Clavadel, at an elevation of 5,400 feet, in the Sertig 
 Valley. It lies on a sunny slope and has a Kurhaus 
 with a residential physician (Dr. Frey). It is well 
 suited to patients who wish to be in a quieter 
 resort than Davos, and the climatic conditions are 
 practically the same. 
 
 Wiesen, 4,770 feet above the sea, only eleven 
 miles from Davos Platz, in the same valley (the 
 Landwasser), is often resorted to in spring, after 
 wintering at Davos, and sometimes also as a prepara- 
 tion for the winter season at that place. It is in a 
 dry and sunny situation, on sloping ground, about i ,000 
 feet above the river, and is surrounded by very 
 pleasing mountain scenery. It is somewhat better 
 sheltered from cold north winds than Davos. It gets 
 sunshine in the shortest days from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m., 
 which is more than is possible at Davos, as Wiesen is 
 more open towards the south. 
 
 Of course the same society and amusements 
 cannot be obtained there, but some may not think 
 this altogether a disadvantage. A patient, a medical 
 man, who stayed there, described it as " more sheltered 
 than any other high Alpine health resort." 
 
 Arosa, with a sanatorium for consumptives 
 6,090 feet above the sea, is a small hamlet at the head 
 
582 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 of a valley which opens to the west, opposite Lang- 
 weis, the last village in the Schanfigg Thai, the valley 
 which leads from Coire to the Strela Pass, the most 
 direct way for walkers from that town to the Davos 
 valley. It is about five hours from Coire by carriage 
 road. 
 
 In the summer it is a pleasant walk of about five 
 hours from Arosa, over the Strela Pass, to the Davos 
 valley. Arosa has of late years developed consider- 
 ably as a winter resort an alternative to its neighbour 
 Davos on the other side of the mountains. 
 
 Many visitors of all nationalities now spend the 
 winter there. It is much more sheltered by high 
 mountains than Davos ; the surface of the ground is 
 broken and irregular and the scenery more picturesque 
 and less monotonous. 
 
 Owing to this shelter it enjoys more pro- 
 tection from winds, and the dreaded Fohn is 
 much less troublesome than at Davos and Wiesen. 
 Its mean relative humidity is lower than that 
 of Davos, being only 60*3 in January. It is, how- 
 ever, rather colder owing to its greater elevation 
 (about 800 feet), and for the same reason the snow 
 melts later, which is thought to be an advantage, as it 
 enables patients to remain there till later in the 
 spring. The variations or the range of temperature is 
 less. This also is an advantage. Arosa also has 
 rather less cloudiness. 
 
 Arosa is reported to get twenty-eight and a-half 
 more hours of actual sunshine in the three winter 
 months than Davos Platz ; it also has a longer period 
 of possible winter sunshine than either Davos or St. 
 Moritz, but this is more than neutralised by its faulty 
 distribution, for the sun rises earlier in the day and sets 
 earlier, so that during six or seven weeks in winter 
 the sun sets before 3 p.m. ! 
 
 The mean temperature for the three winter months, 
 December, January, and Feburary, is 22-4, 24-1, and 
 277 F. 
 
 Arosa is a much quieter place than either Davos 
 
AROSA LEYSIN-, 583 
 
 or St. Moritz, although it has altered greatly recently 
 in the increased number of winter visitors. It has 
 now many good hotels, pensions, and villas, an 
 English toboggan club (!), and six resident physicians. 
 As a summer resort Arosa has many attractions ; it is 
 a spot of great natural beauty, with many mountain 
 walks of various distances. 
 
 Leysin (4,783 feet) is at a rather lower elevation 
 than those winter mountain resorts we have just 
 noticed. It is also in western or French-speaking 
 Switzerland, while they are in eastern Switzerland. 
 
 This mountain resort, beautifully situated in the 
 Vaudois Alps, is mainly devoted to the sanatorium 
 treatment of phthisis. The sanatoria are built on a 
 plateau, 600 feet above the village of Leysin, protected 
 from the cold north and north-east winds by moun- 
 tains covered with pine forests, and with a full 
 southern aspect looking across the Rhone valley 
 and facing the Dent du Midi and the majestic moun- 
 tain peaks which surround Mont Blanc. It would 
 be difficult to find a place more admirably adapted to 
 the purpose for which it has been chosen, viz. the 
 " open air " sanatorium treatment of tuberculosis. 
 There are three large sanatoria : ist, the Sanatorium 
 Grand Hotel, the dearest ; 2nd, the Sanatorium Mont 
 Blanc, with prices rather less ; and 3rd, the Sanatorium 
 Chamassain, with quite moderate prices (8 to 13 francs 
 a day, inclusive terms). There are also two charitable 
 institutions the Popular Sanatorium and a small 
 sanatorium for children. 
 
 It is wisely insisted upon that winter patients should 
 " come in September, or, at the latest, October, and 
 not in November only, as many do to their disadvan- 
 tage ; they should arrive before the cold weather 
 comes on in order to become acclimatised by degrees." 
 The mean whiter temperature at Leysin is 2876 F., 
 while that at Davos is 19*6 ; the annual range or 
 variation is also reported to be less at Leysin than at 
 Davos. "The absolute minimum has been 4*9 F. 
 (January 7, 1895) ; at Davos, on the same day, it 
 
584 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 was 14*8; the absolute maximum is substantially 
 the same, 80*6 F." 
 
 The average variation from day to day is not great, 
 viz. about 3*8 F. in winter and 3*6 in spring. The 
 mean relative humidity is small, being 61 per cent, in 
 winter, while at Aigle, in the valley, it is 77 per cent. 
 It has more sunshine in winter than Davos or Arosa, 
 owing to the distance of the opposite mountains ; in 
 December (the darkest month) it may reach seven and 
 a-half hours in the day. The mean amount of sunshine 
 for the winter quarter is 50 per cent, of the possible 
 sunshine.- Fog is rare, occurring usually in the sum- 
 mer. As to wind, it is claimed for Leysin that it is 
 " one of the best-sheltered stations in the Alps." 
 
 Leysin is very accessible, being reached by electric 
 railway in an hour from Aigle station in the Rhone 
 Valley. There are good paths through the pine 
 woods, and skating and ski-ing are popular in the 
 winter. English patients have not been numerous, 
 hitherto, at Leysin, perhaps because of the absence 
 of an English doctor, probably also because English 
 patients do not like the restrictions of sanatorium 
 life ; but to the real invalid they are distinctly 
 advantageous. 
 
 Montana (5,010 feet) is at no great distance from 
 Leysin. It is situated high up on the mountain range 
 which forms the northern boundary of the Rhone 
 Valley, and therefore has a full south aspect. It is 
 reached by carriage road in about two hours from 
 Sierre, and nearly faces the grand peak of the 
 Weisshorn and the opening of the Val d'Anniviers. 
 The country around the hotel has been rightly 
 described as a kind of natural park, with beautiful 
 spacious green lawns and grand pine trees, and a 
 number of small shallow lakes which give the im- 
 pression of humidity. We think it better suited for 
 a quiet, moderately bracing summer retreat than a 
 winter residence. 
 
 There are certain other resorts in Switzerland of 
 less altitude, but which are also frequented in 
 
LES AVANTS CAUX. 585 
 
 winter by invalids, which we must briefly notice. 
 Three of these are in the same district as Leysin, in 
 the Alps of Vaudois, viz. Mont de Caux, Les Avants, 
 and Glion. 
 
 Of these, Les Avants (3,212 feet) has been estab- 
 lished for some years, and has acquired a well- 
 merited reputation as a winter resort. It is in a 
 beautiful situation open to and facing the south 
 looking over the upper part of the Lake of Geneva 
 and on to the Dent du Midi. It is almost 2,000 
 feet above the lake and has the disadvantage of all 
 such elevations, in the immediate vicinity of lakes, 
 that mists will occasionally hang over it for hours in 
 the early part of the day. But apart from this it 
 has much to recommend it. 
 
 Its situation is very advantageous both on account 
 of its accessibility and its protected character, and also 
 because of its beautiful and varied walks on the 
 wooded mountain sides. 
 
 It lies at the foot of the Col de Jaman, and is 
 enclosed .by mountains on all sides except to the 
 south-west. It has much sunshine and a somewhat 
 milder winter climate than the higher mountain 
 resorts ; the snow melts earlier, and may have dis- 
 appeared at the beginning of March, so that the 
 spring is a much more agreeable season than at some 
 of the higher resorts, for the sloping inclination of the 
 ground allows of the free draining away of the water 
 from the melting snow. 
 
 The accommodation there is very good, and the 
 plac? is v.ery accessible, being connected with Mon- 
 treux by a funicular railway, the transit occupying 
 about three-quarters of an hour. Les Avants is also 
 very popular as a summer resort, when it is often 
 crowded with visitors. 
 
 Caux or Mont de Caux (nearly 4,000 feet) is very 
 near Les Avants less than an hcur's walk but it 
 stands in a more open situation, the hotels being 
 built on a small plateau which projects from- the 
 mountains behind it towards the Lake of Geneva ; it 
 
586 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 therefore enjoys much less protection from prevailing 
 winds, and although it is a winter as well as a summer 
 resort, the managers of its palatial hotels (Grand 
 Hotel and Caux Palace Hotel) announce that it 
 " cannot be recommended to persons attacked by 
 serious maladies, and, contrary to what is done at 
 other alpine stations, those suffering from TUBER- 
 CULOSIS OR PHTHISIS WILL IN NO CASE BE RE- 
 CEIVED." The cases they claim as suitable are, 
 " weak and ana?mic persons, convalescents, and those 
 suffering from nervous disorders and heart affection." 
 
 The magnificent new Palace Hotel is fitted up 
 with hydr other apeutic, medical, and electric baths. 
 While constructing this new hotel a terrace was also 
 made nearly three-quarters of a mile in extent " com- 
 manding one of the finest views in the world," and 
 suitable for the sun cure, and as a promenade and 
 bicycle track. This terrace is lit up by electric lamps. 
 
 Caux is situated directly above Territet and Glion, 
 and between the latter place and the Col de Jaman 
 and the Rochers de Naye, where there is a mountain 
 hotel, open in the summer, at an elevation of nearly 
 6,500 feet. 
 
 Both Caux and Les Avants have the advantage 
 over resorts situated in inhabited valleys, traversed by 
 carriage roads, in that they enjoy complete freedom 
 from dust in summer. 
 
 Caux, like Les Avants, is a most popular summer 
 resort, and is often very crowded in July, August, and 
 September. A cog-wheel railway ascends from 
 Territet, on the lake, to the Rochers de Naye, with 
 stations at Glion, Caux, and Jaman. 
 
 Glion is only 2,400 feet above the sea, and although 
 open both winter and summer it may be associated 
 more closely with Montreux, and has none of the 
 special characters of an altitude resort. It is es- 
 pecially useful as a transition resort in spring and 
 autumn. 
 
 Quitting the Canton de Vaud, a few other 
 mountain resorts of no great elevation, which are 
 
ANDERMATTST. BEATENBERG. 587 
 
 open for the reception of winter visitors, must be 
 mentioned. 
 
 The most elevated of these is Andermatt, on the 
 old St. Gothard road and also on the Oberalp route, 
 about 4,700 feet above the sea. Although it has 
 been open as a winter resort for some years it has 
 never attained any great reputation, and it must be 
 admitted it is not so well placed as, and has not any 
 advantages which would lead to its selection in pre- 
 ference to, the other winter resorts we have referred 
 to. It has, however, the convenience of being close 
 to a station on an international line of railway 
 (Goschenen). This circumstance, and its situation 
 in the immediate neighbourhood of some of the 
 grandest Swiss scenery, have made Andermatt a very 
 suitable bracing summer resort, and it may be recom- 
 mended to those who do not wish to go so far as the 
 Engadine, or who prefer the scenery of Lucerne and 
 the Oberland. It is also most convenient for those 
 who propose to continue their journey into Italy. 
 
 Adelboden (4,660 feet) is both a winter and a 
 summer resort, but " all the hotels and pensions have 
 agreed collectively to take no cases of tuberculosis." 
 It has a large skating rink, which is found very 
 attractive in winter. The nearest railway station is 
 Frutigen, from which it is a three hours' drive. It 
 is near the Wildstrubel. 
 
 St. Beatenberg (3,750 feet) has a Kurhaus open 
 for the reception of winter as well as summer guests. 
 It lies on a sort of long natural terrace on the north 
 side of the Lake of Thun, well protected by the 
 mountains behind it from the north and east, and 
 cpen to the south and south-west. It commands a 
 fine view over tha highest peaks of the Oberland, 
 looks over the Lake of Thun, and faces the opening of 
 the Simmenthal. It can be reached in about three 
 hours by carriage from Interlaken or by funicular 
 railway in fifteen minutes from Beatenbucht on the 
 Lake of Thun. 
 
 Its climatic characters are not those of a high 
 
588 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 mountain station and it must not be regarded as com- 
 peting in any way with these. It differs from them 
 in being mild and equable and having more cloud and 
 more agitation of the air in winter. When the sky 
 is clear the insolation in winter is intense. Its air 
 is soothing, as well as tonic, and the possession of a 
 nearly horizontal promenade, about three miles in 
 length, offers a great boon to feeble persons who 
 cannot climb, but who require much gentle exercise 
 in the open air. 
 
 In winter it may be utilised as a resort for rest 
 and convalescence, and as it has an early spring the 
 snow melting rapidly in the places exposed to the 
 sun it may be convenient as an intermediate station 
 between high altitudes and the plains. As a resort in 
 summer it is valuable in cases of chronic catarrh of 
 the respirative mucous membrane, in those of predis- 
 position to phthisis, or in .its early stage without the pre- 
 sence of fever, and in slow convalescence from pleurisy 
 and pulmonary affections generally. In winter its 
 action is more tonic, and it may be resorted to by 
 young patients of tuberculous or scrofulous families, 
 or by those suffering from anaemic or neurotic con- 
 ditions. It is also suitable to some forms of cardiac 
 diseases the air being mildly tonic and not exciting. 
 It is a very popular summer resort. 
 
 Gossensass (3,600 feet), on the southern side of 
 the Brenner Pass, with a station on the railway, 
 about two hours from Innsbruck, has recently advanced 
 claims to be considered a suitable winter resort for 
 the same purposes and the same class of cases as 
 Davos, with what amount of success we are not yet 
 aware. It certainly appears to have some attractions 
 as a summer subalpine resort for those who happen 
 to be in the neighbourhood of Innsbruck or who are 
 coming from Italy in that direction the accom- 
 modation is good, the charges are moderate, and 
 the surroundings attractive. 
 
 There are many distant mountain sanatoria and 
 winter and summer resorts out of Europe. We shall 
 
SUMMER MOUNTAIN RESORTS. 589 
 
 reserve the consideration of such of these as are of 
 chief interest until we have concluded our survey of 
 the most popular and useful summer mountain resorts 
 to accessible districts in Europe. 
 
 Summer Resorts. 
 
 If there are but few European mountain stations 
 suitable for conversion into winter sanatoria, there are 
 a very great number adapted for resort in summer. 
 In the remainder of this chapter we shall endeavour to 
 mention most of these and to describe briefly the 
 chief of them. 
 
 It may be convenient to group these roughly into 
 those having an elevation of over 6,000 feet, and pos- 
 sessing therefore a highly bracing climate ; those with 
 an elevation of between 5,000 and 6,000 feet, and 
 having a decidedly bracing climate ; those between 
 3,000 and 5,000 feet, and having a moderately bracing 
 climate ; and finally those below 3,000 feet, which still 
 possess in some respects the character of mountain 
 climates, but whose bracing quality depends much 
 upon latitude, aspect, and surroundings, which is 
 indeed more or less the case with all these resorts, 
 as has been already explained. 
 
 The elevated winter resorts in the Engadine and 
 elsewhere in Switzerland have been already described. 
 Of summer resorts the hotel on the Riffelberg, the 
 Riffelhaus, now connected with Zermatt by a 
 mountain railway, is one of the highest in Europe, 
 being 8,427 feet above the sea. The accommodation 
 is fairly good, but the hotel is apt to be overcrowded 
 in fine weather. 
 
 A more suitable place for the ailing in mind and 
 body is the RifFel-Alp, about 1,000 feet lower. This 
 hotel is in a magnificent position and is greatly 
 resorted to by clergymen, schoolmasters, and pro- 
 fessional men who need refreshment and rest from 
 their labours. It is generally found too high for 
 persons with feeble circulation and weak hearts 
 
590 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 and who are subject to attacks of congestion of the 
 liver. 
 
 The hotels on the Gornergrat (10,250 feet) and at 
 the Schwarzsee (8,490 feet) are too high for any 
 invalids. 
 
 The hospice on the Bernina Pass (7,650 feet), 
 about three hours from Pontresina, is one of the 
 highest spots in Europe where any one has made 
 a prolonged residence solely for the sake of health.* 
 The food and accommodation there are both very fair, 
 and there is a good carriage road which passes by the 
 hospice, providing fairly level walks for those who do 
 not wish to climb. The air is extremely dry and 
 bracing, but the nights, as the writer can testify, are 
 even in summer sometimes excessively cold, and one's 
 very bed feels as if it had been " iced." 
 
 The Hotel Weisshorn, above Vissoye, in Val 
 d'Anniviers (7,690 feet), is in an exposed situation 
 with very little shelter. 
 
 On the Eggischhorn, the Hotel de la Jungfrau, 
 7,362 feet above the sea, offers good accommodation 
 to those who desire to pass a few weeks in fine 
 bracing air, close to one of the largest glaciers the 
 Aletsch in the Alps. It is approached from Viesch, 
 in the Rhone Valley, by a safe and not very steep 
 bridle-track, in about three hours. Within ten 
 minutes of the hotel is one of the finest panoramic 
 views in the Alps of the great peaks around Zermatt. 
 It is also the best starting point for excursions on the 
 Aletsch glacier, and for the ascent of some of the 
 higher peaks of the Oberland. 
 
 The hotel on the Bell-Alp, on the opposite side of 
 the Aletsch glacier to the Eggischhorn, is 7,153 feet 
 above the sea. It is usually approached from Brieg, 
 the terminus of the Rhone Valley Railway, by a mule- 
 path, in four or five hours. The path is steep in 
 points, and the ascent fatiguing to only moderate 
 
 * See " Safe Studies," by the Hon. Lionel Tollemache. 
 Article on " The Upper Engadine." 
 
SUMMER MOUNTAIN RESORTS. 591 
 
 walkers. Its nearness to a railway station makes it, 
 perhaps, the most accessible high mountain resort in 
 Switzerland, and it is a favourite resort of the English. 
 The drawback, so far as invalids are concerned, is the 
 difficulty of finding level walks. Excursions on the 
 glacier involve a very steep descent in going and a 
 very fatiguing ascent on returning. The ascent of 
 the Sparrenhorn, a pyramidal summit (9,889 feet) 
 rising just behind the hotel, is a walk of two and a- 
 half hours, and from the summit there is a magnificent 
 near view of the great Aletschhorn, and a glorious 
 panorama of the peaks to the south of the Rhone 
 valley. 
 
 There is a hotel at a rather lower elevation, the 
 Rieder Furka (6,820 feet), and another on the Rieder 
 Alp, 6,388 feet above the sea ; the latter can be reached 
 in two and a-half hours from the hotel on the Eggisch- 
 horn. It can be ascended from Morel, in the Rhone 
 valley, in three hours. It is better adapted for inva- 
 lids who wish to make a protracted stay in a high 
 mountain resort than its higher neighbours. 
 
 There are two hotels on Mount Pilatus, but 
 neither quite suited to invalids. The highest, the 
 Hotel Bellevue, 6,790 feet above the sea, is situated 
 on the ridge between the two highest peaks, and is 
 only eight minutes' walk from the summit. The 
 other, the Hotel Kleinsenhorn, 5,935 feet,is built on the 
 saddle connecting two of the other peaks the Ober- 
 haupt and the Kleinsenhorn. 
 
 There is a very obvious objection to all resorts in 
 isolated situations on or near mountain peaks, that in 
 bad or misty weather there are no facilities for taking 
 exercise such as can be had in great mountain 
 valleys like the Engadine or at Davos. 
 
 There is a fair inn on the Great Scheideck (6,434 
 feet), reached in three hours from Grindelwald. 
 
 The Hotel Jungfrau on the Wengern Alp has 
 good accommodation (6,184 feet). 
 
 The hotel on the Engstlen Alp (6,033 fe _ et ) offers 
 a pleasant resting-place amidst beautiful surroundings 
 
592 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 and the grandest mountain scenery. It is on the road 
 from Meiringen to Engelberg by the Joch Pass, and 
 is about five hours from the former place. 
 
 Arolla (6,572 feet), with a fair hotel (Hotel du 
 Mont Collen), is about three and a-half hours from 
 Evolena by a bridle-path, and is situated at the top of 
 the Val d' Kerens in a fine position opposite the 
 grand pyramid of Mont Collen. It is surrounded 
 by a wood of " Swiss " stone-pines, here called 
 " arolla." 
 
 It is a fine bracing locality, fairly accessible, about 
 eight or nine hours from Sion railway station, and well 
 suited to those who wish for exercise in mountain air 
 with quiet surroundings. 
 
 Chandolin (6,340 feet) is in a fine situation above 
 St. Luc in the Val d'Anniviers. 
 
 On the southern side of the Alps, near Airolo, on 
 the St. Gothard Railway, the Hotel Piora (6,000 feet), 
 in the valley of that name, offers a charming mountain 
 retreat. It is built on a hill, in a sheltered position to 
 the left of a sequestered lake Lake Riton in the 
 vicinity of pine woods, and with fine views close at 
 hand. It is about three hours' walk from Airolo. 
 
 Sulden (6,050 feet), a pleasant mountain resort with 
 good accommodation in the Suldenthal, in the Ortler 
 district, a valley branching off from the Stelvio road 
 near Trafoi. 
 
 Many mountain inns not suitable for a prolonged 
 stay we have not mentioned. 
 
 There* are many resorts to choose from, amongst 
 the next group, at an elevation of between 5,000 and 
 6,000 feet. 
 
 Perhaps the best know r n of these are the several 
 resorts on the Rigi, which vary in elevation from the 
 Hotel du Rigi Kulm, about 5,800 feet, to the Hotel du 
 Rigi Kaltbad, 4,728 feet. At intermediate elevations 
 are the Rigi Scheideck, 5,400 feet, the Rigi Staffel, 
 5,200 feet, and the Rigi First, 4,750 feet. These resorts 
 are so well known that they do not need to be 
 
SUMMER MOUNTAIN RESORTS. 593 
 
 described. The Scheideck is perhaps the most suitable 
 for invalids. 
 
 The Rhone Glacier Hotel, at an elevation of 5,750 
 feet above the sea, is nearly as high as that of the Rigi 
 Kulm. It is well managed, and affords excellent 
 accommodation for visitors, with the opportunity 
 of breathing fine glacier air. Standing at the 
 junction of the Grimsel and Furka Passes, it is apt 
 to be overcrowded in the height of summer, and is, 
 perhaps, too much resorted to by the passing tourist 
 to be altogether suitable for the prolonged residence 
 of invalids. 
 
 Santa Catarina (5,700 feet), in Val Furva, seven 
 miles from Bormio. possesses, like St. Moritz, a fairly 
 strong gaseous iron spring. Its situation is exceedingly 
 beautiful, surrounded as it is by a semicircle of 
 grandly shaped snow mountains. Situated on the 
 southern side of the Alps and enclosed on nearly all 
 sides by lofty mountains, its climate is less bracing 
 than many resorts of less altitude, 
 
 The village ofMtirren, 5,348 feet above the sea, 
 is connected with Lauterbrunnen by funicular and 
 electric railways. 
 
 It is very finely situated, opposite the precipitous 
 western face of the Jungfrau, and is surrounded by 
 very grand mountain scenery. It has good accom- 
 modation for a prolonged stay, and is very popular 
 as a bracing resort in summer, owing to the protec- 
 tion it gets from high mountains close to it. 
 
 It is not so dry and bracing as might be expected 
 from its elevation ; but it is well adapted for such as 
 find a somewhat mild mountain air best suited to them. 
 
 On the south side of the Bernardino Pass, about 
 thirty-six miles from Thusis, we find the village and 
 baths of San Barnardino, at a height of 5,334 feet 
 above the sea. It possesses a chalybeate spring, which 
 is taken internally and used for baths. The place is 
 much frequented by Italians during July and August. 
 The hotel accommodation is fair, and the surrounding 
 scenery is attractive. 
 
594 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. . 
 
 Zinal (5,500 feet), in the Val d'Anniviers, is a 
 favourite summer resort, reached in six hours from 
 Sierre. 
 
 Zermatt, 5,315 feet above the sea, is well known 
 to all mountaineers. It is in the midst of some of the 
 finest mountain scenery in Europe ; but it is more 
 suitable for the active and hardy tourist than for the 
 valetudinarian, unless he be a muscular one only 
 needing rest of mind, in fine invigorating air and 
 amidst grand scenery. It is readily accessible by a 
 branch line from the Rhone Valley Railway. 
 
 Gressonay-la-Trinite (5, 3 70" feet), and Gres- 
 sonay St. Jean, nearly 1,000 feet lower, on the 
 Italian side of Monte Rosa, are beautifully situated, 
 and are favourite summer resorts of the Italians. 
 
 Ceresole Reale (5,290 feet), with chalybeate 
 springs, is described in Part I. 
 
 In the Adamello district of the Italian Tyrol, near 
 Pinzolo, at an elevation of about 5,000 feet, in a 
 beautiful situation, is the Hotel of La Madonna di 
 Campiglio, close to the pilgrimage church of the same 
 name. It is much resorted to in summer, and there 
 are fine views and attractive excursions around. 
 
 Trafoi (5,080 feet), on the Stelvio road, has good 
 accommodation. 
 
 The Karrersee (5, 580 feet), in a most picturesque 
 situation in the Dolomites of the Fassa, five hours 
 from Botzen, has excellent accommodation, and is 
 near shady woods. 
 
 There are a very great many resorts which have 
 to be included in the next group, viz. those between 
 3,000 and 5,000 feet above the sea. 
 
 Macugnaga (4,354 feet), in the Val d'Anzasca, 
 one of the most beautiful of the southern valleys of 
 the Monte Rosa chain, affords excellent accommoda- 
 tion amidst the finest scenery. Lying on the south 
 side of this great Alpine chain, it enjoys a milder 
 climate than places of the same elevation on the north 
 of it, and is well suited to those invalids who require 
 
SUMMER MOUNTAIN RESORTS. 595 
 
 a mildly bracing climate with, however, decidedly 
 tonic properties. 
 
 Some of the highest of this group are found in the 
 Dolomites. These are rather hot in mid-summer, and 
 are better suited for the earlier or later part of the 
 season. They can scarcely be recommended to 
 invalids from England ; but for those who are already 
 in Italy, and who do not wish to travel north, they 
 may serve as useful summer quarters. The accom- 
 modation, of course, varies, but is very good in 
 many. 
 
 Schluderbach (4,730 feet), Hbhlenstein (4,615 
 feet), and, considerably lower, Cortina (3,970 feet), 
 in the Ampezzothal, are all on the high road from 
 Belluno, through the Val d'Ampezzo, to Toblach, in 
 the Pusterthal. 
 
 In a beautiful situation, looking into the Primiero 
 valley, is the Hotel San Martino di Castrozza (4,800 
 feet), in a sheltered position, with shady woods in 
 the heart of the Dolomites. 
 
 The Lago Mesurina(5,76o feet), near Schluderbach 
 and Monte Cristallo, has a good modern hotel. 
 
 Toblach (4,080 feet), Wildbad Innichen (4,370 
 feet), Niederdorf (3,800 feet), are all in the Puster- 
 thal. In the beautiful Pragserthal are Alt-Prags, New 
 Prags, and the Pragser-Wildsee, between 4,320 and 
 4,910 feet. 
 
 Heiligenblut, in Carinthia (4,600 feet), is an 
 interesting and attractive resort. Weissenstein, with 
 an old Schloss restored and converted into a hotel 
 and pension (3,410 feet), with mineral baths, and 
 near Windisch-Matrei, is suitable for a prolonged 
 stay. 
 
 On the Brenner line, besides Gossensass, 
 already mentioned, there are Brennerbad (4,390 
 feet), Gries (3,810 feet), and Steinach (3,430 feet); 
 Ladis (3,880 feet), and Obladis (4,530 feet), near 
 Landeck, in the Inn valley. The latter has been 
 described as " one of the best sanitary establishments 
 in the Tyrol." 
 
596 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Lengenfeld (3,820 feet), with sulphur waters in 
 the beautiful Oetzthal. 
 
 Gastein (3,430 feet), described in Part I. 
 
 The Semmering Hotel (3,280 fest), near the 
 Semmering Station, a favourite resort of Austrians. 
 
 Hospenthal, near Andermatt, on the St. Gothard 
 road, between 4,700 and 4,800 feet, bracing and 
 extremely accessible, offers very great facilities for 
 interesting excursions in all directions. 
 
 The Hotel Alpenclub (4,790 feet), in the beauti- 
 ful Maderaner-Thal, is in an admirable situation for 
 a quiet health resort. It can only be approached by 
 bridle-path ; it has fine pine woods close to it, 
 affording both shade and shelter. 
 
 Pralognan (4,670 feet), in Savoy, is beautifully 
 situated, and within a three hours' drive of Brides- 
 les-Bains (see Part L, p. 116). It is open only in the 
 summer, and is much out .of the beaten track. It is 
 well suited for an after-cure for those who have been 
 taking the cure at Brides or Salins Moutiers. 
 
 The Baths of Leuk, at the foot of the Gemmi (4,600 
 feet), described in Part L, p. 234, afford excellent 
 hotel accommodation in a situation easy of access. 
 
 Morgins (4,628 feet) is situated in the Vald'Illiez, 
 and is approached by a good carriage road from 
 Monthez, in the Rhone valley, near St. Maurice. It 
 is not far from Champery, but it is more than 1,000 
 feet higher. It is well protected from wind, and is 
 freer from mist and fog than the somewhat lower 
 elevations, and its air is decidedly bracing. It has 
 a chalybeate spring, referred to in Part I., p. 268. It is 
 too much enclosed to be bright and cheerful, and 
 there is no distant view of snow mountains. It may 
 be as well to notice Champery (3,450 feet), in 
 connection with Morgins, as it is also in the Val 
 d'llliez, and is reached from Monthez in three and 
 a-half hours. It is the highest village in this valley 
 (Morgins being in a side valley which opens to the 
 west), and has a beautiful and cheerful situation. 
 There are fine points of view in the neighbourhood, 
 
SUMMER MOUNTAIN RESORTS. 597 
 
 especially of the Dent du Midi. There are several 
 good hotels and pensions, and these are much fre- 
 quented by English people. 
 
 Champery can be recommended as a bright, 
 cheerful, and accessible mountain resort ; but the 
 climate is not very bracing, and mists occasionally 
 settle there for a few hours at a time, especially in 
 wet seasons. 
 
 Evolena, 4,521 feet above the sea, is approached 
 from Sion in the Rhone valley by carriage road 
 through the Val d' Kerens (six hours). It has a good 
 hotel (H. de la Dent Blanche) and is picturesquely 
 placed in a broad, grassy valley, surrounded by pine- 
 clad hills, beyond which are snow-fields and glaciers. 
 There are several glacier and mountain excursions to 
 be made from Evolena. 
 
 Adelboden (4,450 feet), already mentioned 
 amongst winter resorts. 
 
 Comballaz (4,416 feet), three miles from Sepey and 
 fifteen miles from Aigle, in the Rhone valley, is an 
 easily accessible mountain resort, and has good 
 accommodation for visitors making a long stay. 
 Beautiful excursions can be made in the neighbour- 
 hood. 
 
 Not far from Comballaz (about six miles) is 
 Ormond Dessus, five hours from Aigle by diligence. 
 It lies lower than Comballaz (3,832 feet). It has a 
 good hotel and pension (Des Diablerets), and affords 
 the most convenient head-quarters for exploring this 
 interesting neighbourhood. 
 
 In a fine situation, about three hours' walk from 
 Brunnen, on the Lake of Lucerne, is the Stoos Hotel 
 and Kurhaus (4,342). The accommodation is fairly 
 good, the air clear and bracing, the surroundings 
 extremely beautiful. About an hour nearer Brunnen 
 is the well-known Kurhaus Axenstein (2,330 feet), 
 and a little lower the Hotel Axenfels. These command 
 one of the finest views of the Lake of Lucerne. 
 
 Weissenstein (4,213 feet), in the Swiss Jura, is a 
 very accessible mountain resort, being a three hours' 
 
598 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 drive from Soleure station. There is a large Kurhaus 
 there, surrounded by woods and pastures. It is 
 generally full in the summer. It has a very bracing 
 climate, owing to its open situation. 
 
 " No spot commands a better view of the whole 
 Alpine chain from Tyrol to Mont Blanc." 
 
 Villars sur Ollon (4,166 feet) is approached 
 from Aigle. There is a diligence daily, which takes 
 three to four hours to perform the journey. It 
 commands fine views of the Rhone valley and the 
 surrounding mountains, and has pleasant park-like 
 grounds around, which offer many agreeable excur- 
 sions. It is built on a plateau open to the south and 
 protected by wooded hills from the north. It is 
 somewhat exposed to mists in wet seasons, but is a 
 most agreeable and bracing resort in fine ones. 
 
 A little below Villars there is good hotel accom- 
 modation at Chesiere (3, 970 feet), which commands a 
 beautiful view. 
 
 The Schrbcken (4,134 feet) is in a wild and grand 
 situation in the Vorarlberg, between Bregenz and 
 Arlberg. Numerous interesting excursions can be 
 made into the mountains which surround it. 
 
 Courmayeur (3,986 feet), on the southern side of 
 Mont Blanc, at the head of the Val d'Aosta, may be 
 approached from Chamounix by mule-track, a journey 
 which usually takes three days, and forms part of the 
 "tour du Mont Blanc." It can also be reached by a 
 good carriage road across the Little St. Bernard from 
 Bourg St. Maurice in the valley of the Isere. From 
 the south it would be reached easily via Aosta. It 
 affords excellent hotel accommodation, it is sur- 
 rounded by the grandest scenery, and its climate is 
 mild, equable, and fairly dry. It is protected from 
 the north by the Mont Blanc range. It is sometimes 
 very warm in the height of summer, but the mornings 
 and evenings are cool, and the dryness of the air 
 renders the mid-day heat less oppressive. It is much 
 frequented by Italians for its mineral waters and its 
 mountain air. 
 
SUMMER MOUNTAIN RESORTS. 599 
 
 Patients with chronic bronchial catarrh often find 
 the summer climate of Courmayeur extremely agree- 
 able and useful to them. 
 
 The hotel on Monte Generoso (3,970 feet), situated 
 between the Lakes of Lugano and Como and ap- 
 proached by mountain railway from Capo-Lago, a 
 port on the Lake of Lugano and a station on the St. 
 Gothard line, is a pleasant summer resort and useful 
 as an after-cure for those who have been taking baths 
 in the vicinity or in Italy. 
 
 Alagna (Hotel Mbnte Rosa, 3,953 feet) is a 
 mountain resort in the Val Sesia, one of the southern 
 valleys of Monte Rosa, much frequented by the 
 Italians, in a beautiful situation, eight hours from 
 Macugnaga, over the Turlo Pass. It is easily reached 
 from the south from Varallo. 
 
 Bad Gurnigel (3,783 feet), with important mineral 
 springs, is fully described in Part I., p. 196. 
 
 St. Beatenberg (3,750 feet), above the Lake of 
 Thun, is described amongst winter resorts, p. 587. 
 
 The Schlucht, with a hotel (French) on the sum- 
 rait (3,775 feet) and another (German), the Hotel 
 Altenberg (3,300 feet), on the Alsatian side of the 
 frontier, is a pass in the Vosges, between the French 
 valley of Gerardmer and the Alsatian valley of 
 Minister. It has very picturesque surroundings, and 
 commands fine views of the Vosges mountains, and 
 may be frequented as an after-cure by patients 
 from Contrexeville and other spas in the vicinity. 
 
 The Waldhaus-Flims (3,620 feet), about ore and 
 a-half miles from Flims in the Vorder Rhein Thai, 
 is beautifully situated in the midst of pine and beech 
 woods, the walks through which are numerous and 
 interesting. There is a small lake a few hundred feet 
 below the Kurhaus where boating and bathing can be 
 indulged in. It is well adapted as an after-cure for 
 patients who have gone through a serious course of 
 mineral waters. Some sixteen miles higher up the 
 valley is Dissentis (3,773 feet). It has the disadvan- 
 tage of being on the high road. 
 
6oo CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 The village of Gryon (3,632 feet), seven miles from 
 Bex, in the Rhone valley, is accessible by carriage road. 
 It is situated on a sunny slope with fine views, 
 
 Chateau d'Oex (3,498 feet), accessible from Bulle 
 by diligence in four and a-half hours eighteen miles. 
 It has several good hotels and pensions, and is a 
 pleasant and popular summer resort, in a green open 
 valley. It is moderately bracing. It is only seven 
 miles from Chateau d'Oex to Saanen (Gesseney), 3,556 
 feet above the sea, with moderate accommodation, in 
 the centre of the Gruyere cheese manufacture. 
 
 The baths of Lenk (3,630 feet) are described in 
 Part I., p. 233. 
 
 Chaumont (3,845 feet), in the Jura Mountains, is 
 reached in a drive of two hours from Neuchatel. A 
 forest of fir trees stretches down to the shores of the 
 lake. There are nice level walks around the hotel, 
 and good accommodation. It is protected towards 
 the north, but is somewhat exposed to the east and 
 west. The weather is sometimes cold and foggy, 
 and the north-east wind occasionally makes itself 
 felt unpleasantly. 
 
 Soglio (3,569 feet) is in a fine situation in the Val 
 Bregaglia, above Promontogno, which is nearly 1,000 
 lower (2,681 feet). It should serve as a good transi- 
 tion resort between the Upper Engadine and the 
 Italian lakes. 
 
 Chamounix (3,445 feet) is too much overrun by 
 tourists to render it an eligible resort for invalids. Its 
 climate is tolerably bracing, and in December and 
 January many visitors go there for tobogganing, 
 sleighing, and winter sports. 
 
 Grindelwald, in the Oberland (3,468 feet), lies 
 in a healthy and sheltered situation, but has the 
 drawback of being constantly overcrowded during 
 the summer season. It gets a good deal of the Fohn 
 wind in spring and autumn. It is much frequented 
 in winter for skating and other winter sports. 
 
 St. Cergnes (3,460 feet), at the foot of the Dole, the 
 highest summit of this part of the Jura chain, is 
 
SUMMER MOUNTAIN RESORTS. 60 1 
 
 about six miles irom Nyon, on the Lake of Geneva. 
 Its accessibility and its picturesque situation have 
 rendered it a very popular mountain resort in summer, 
 especially for the Genevese. It is also the spot from 
 which the Dole is ascended, the ascent taking about 
 three hours. 
 
 St. Cergnes is built at the bottom of a gorge ex- 
 posed to the east, and is surrounded with pine woods. 
 Its climate is " essentially tonic, but too irritating for 
 persons impressionable to cold winds." 
 
 Hochenschwand (3,326), in the Black Forest, is 
 one of the highest villages in the Duchy of Baden ; it 
 has good accommodation, a cool, refreshing climate 
 in summer, and commands a magnificent view of 
 the Alps. It is twelve or thirteen miles from Alb- 
 bruck station on the Bale-Waldshut railway. 
 
 Engelberg ("3,315 feet) has much to recommend 
 it as a mountain health resort, having a mild but, at 
 the same time, somewhat bracing climate, adapted 
 especially to nervous invalids who cannot support the 
 exciting air of higher regions for any length of time. 
 It is very accessible, being connected by a mountain 
 railway with Stanstadt on the Lake of Lucerne (forty 
 minutes from Lucerne by steamboat). 
 
 The hotel accommodation is excellent. Engelberg 
 lies in a bright green valley almost completely sur- 
 rounded by high mountains, and therefore much pro- 
 tected from winds. The valley is six miles long and 
 about a mile broad. It is often resorted to by patients 
 who have wintered in the south, and who require a 
 mildly bracing climate for the summer months. 
 
 Les Avants (3,212 feet) is described with winter 
 resorts, p. 585. 
 
 Klosters (4,190 feet the highest point) and Bad 
 Fideris (3,580 feet), the latter referred to also in Part 
 I., are easily accessible summer resorts in the Prat- 
 tigau valley with stations on the railway between 
 Landquart and Davos. 
 
 Seewis, about 3,000 feet above the sea, is in the same 
 valley as the preceding, but nearer Landquart. This 
 
602 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 resort ought to be very serviceable for residence 
 during the snow-melting time, in spring and* early 
 summer, for those who have passed the winter at 
 Davos or in the Engadine. For the former it is very 
 accessible. 
 
 The village has a complete southern exposure, and 
 commands an extensive view over the lower half of 
 the Prattigau. It is built on the southern slopes of 
 the Vilan, which descend very steeply into the valley 
 below Seewis, thus affording most perfect surface 
 drainage during snow-melting or after heavy falls of 
 rain. Pleasant walks through meadow and forests 
 stretch up the mountain and around the village on all 
 sides. 
 
 It is protected from the north and east by the 
 Scesaplana, a mountain 10,000 feet high, and it has 
 a mild and equable climate exceedingly free from 
 wind. 
 
 There are a vast number of other health resorts at 
 about 3,000 feet or lower in Switzerland, in the Tyrol, 
 in Germany, especially in the Black Forest, and 
 elsewhere, but although many of these are admirably 
 bracing resorts, they scarcely present the special 
 qualities of mountain climates, or only in a very 
 modified degree. 
 
 The following list presents a choice of such 
 resorts : 
 
 Gais, in Canton Appenzell, a pretty village, devoted in 
 summer to the milk cure, and having an elevation of 3,060 
 feet. 
 
 Schonfels and Felsenegg, above Zug. 3,000 feet. 
 
 Achensee, a beautiful lake in North Tyrol, about sixty 
 miles from Munich, with an hotel (Achensee-hof) much fre- 
 quented in summer. About 3,000 feet. 
 
 Schluchsee, in the Black Forest, nine miles from St. Blasien ; 
 prettily situated in the midst of a pine forest, and popular as a 
 summer resort. It has a bath establishment for warm baths. 
 Elevation, 2,958 feet. 
 
 Magglingen, on the slope of a mountain, above Bienne and 
 its lake. 2,900 feet. 
 
 Uetliberg Hotel, above Zurich. 2,860 feet. 
 
 Burgenstock, with a fine view over the lake, on the Lake of 
 
SUMMER MOUNTAIN RESORTS. 603 
 
 Lucerne, with funicular railway ; good hotel and shady walks. 
 2,850 feet. 
 
 Seelisberg, a well-known and popular resort above the 
 Lake of Lucerne. 2,770 feet. 
 
 Frohburg, near Olten. 2,770 feet. 
 
 Vorder-Todtmoos, in the Black Forest, about ten miles from 
 St. Blasien, in a picturesque situation. It has a pilgrimage 
 church much resorted to. 2,693 feet. 
 
 Weissbad, three-quarters of an hour from Appenzell. 2,680 
 feet. 
 
 Obertsdorf, nine miles from Southofen station, and about 
 fourteen from Immenstadt, in the Bavarian Alps ; a favourite 
 summer resort. 2,666 feet. 
 
 Heiden, above Rorschach, on the Lake of Constance. Milk 
 cure in summer. 2,645 feet. 
 
 Vorauen, at the foot of the Glarnisch, and about eight miles 
 from Glarus, on a beautiful little lake, the Klonsee, and 
 amidst fine scenery. 2,640 feet. 
 
 Walchensee, a small village near the shore of the extremely 
 picturesque lake of that name in the Bavarian Tyrol. It may 
 be approached from Munich or Innsbruck. 2,630 feet. 
 
 Schliersee, on the lake of that name in the Bavarian Alps, 
 between Innsbruck and Munich, and thirty-eight miles by rail 
 from the latter ; a beautiful spot, frequented in summer. 
 2,588 feet. 
 
 Waidring, four and a-half miles from the St. Johann station, 
 on the Salzburg-Tyrol railway, and on the high road between 
 Worgl and Reichenhall ; much frequented in summer. 2,562 
 feet. 
 
 Appenzell. Milk cure in summer. 2,550 feet. 
 
 St. Blasien, in the Black Forest, sixteen miles from Alb- 
 bruck and twenty from Waldshut stations ; a popular summer 
 resort in a protected situation, surrounded by pine-clad hills ; 
 open also in winter ; fine views. 2,532 feet. 
 
 Zell-am-See, on the railway between Salzburg and Worgl, 
 a beautiful retired situation on the shore of the Zellersee. 
 2,469 feet. 
 
 Thusis, three hours from Chur, at the entrance to the Via 
 Mala. 2,450 feet. 
 
 Monnetier, on the Saleve, near Geneva. 2,336 feet. 
 
 Schonbrunn, a hydropathic establishment near Zug. 2,300 
 feet. 
 
 Triberg lies in the heart of the Black Forest; it has a 
 station on the railway between Offenburg and Constance. 
 There is a fine waterfall close at hand. It is a pleasant and 
 popular summer resort. 2,245 feet. 
 
 Charnex, beautifully situated above Clarens. 2,231 feet. 
 
 Gerardmer, a popular and pleasant resort in the French 
 Vosges, with a pretty lake and a hydropathic establishment, 
 
604 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 much resorted to by the people of Nancy and neighbouring 
 towns, and as an after- cure by patients from adjacent spas. 
 2,200 feet. 
 
 Hohwald, in the Vosges, nine miles by carriage-road from 
 Barr railway station, in a sheltered and picturesque situation ; 
 much frequented in summer. 2,198 feet. 
 
 The Geissbach Hotel, above the Lake of Brienz, and near the 
 celebrated falls, with good accommodation, but overcrowded 
 with tourists. 2,166 feet. 
 
 Kochel, on the Kochelsee, in the Bavarian Alps. 1,963 feet. 
 
 Starnberg, 'on the lake of that name (also called Wiirmsee) ; 
 about seventeen miles from Munich by rail ; crowded in sum- 
 mer. 1,945 feet. 
 
 Cheimsee Hotel, fifty-six miles from Munich and sixteen from 
 Rosenheim, on the line of railway between Munich and 
 Salzburg. 1,745 feet. 
 
 Divonne, three and a-half miles from Coppet, on the Lake 
 of Geneva, a well-known hydropathic establishment. 1,543 
 feet. 
 
 Distant Mountain Resorts. 
 
 Out of Europe there are several elevated resorts 
 for the treatment of consumption and other maladies 
 which, though distant, are becoming well known, and 
 are resorted to occasionally by European invalids. 
 In the Peruvian Andes, near the city of Lima, there 
 are some elevated resorts which have afforded some 
 of the best results that have ever been obtained from 
 the climatic treatment of phthisis. It must be 
 remembered that in regions near the equator, even 
 elevations of 7,000 or 8,000 feet have a temperature 
 in winter as high as our own summer temperature, 
 and higher elevations than these have often to be 
 resorted to. 
 
 The Valley of the Jauja river, in the Peruvian 
 Andes, reaches an elevation of from 8,000 to 10,500 
 feet. The towns of Turma, Jauja, and Huancayo are 
 the chief resorts for consumptive patients from Lima. 
 At Huancayo (or at Jauja, which is cooler) the sky is 
 said to be always clear and sunny, the atmosphere 
 always pure and bracing, and the temperature very 
 equable, the annual range not exceeding 10 or 12 F. 
 Invalids are enabled to take much out-door exercise 
 and to be constantly in the open air. 
 
DISTANT MOUNTAIN RESORTS. 605 
 
 Other resorts in the Andes or the Cordilleras 
 which have been found well suited to the treatment 
 of consumption, actual or threatening, are the 
 following : 
 
 Santa Fe" de Bogota, the capital of the United 
 States of Colombia, lies on a plateau at an elevation 
 of 8,665 feet, and is in much local repute ; as also is 
 Quito, the capital of Ecuador, at about the same 
 elevation. 
 
 Cuzco, the ancient capital of Peru, is higher, 
 11,400 feet; and La Paz, in Bolivia, still higher, 
 12,200 feet. 
 
 But none of these resorts is so suitable for 
 European invalids as many others that are more 
 accessible. 
 
 Consumptive patients in Brazil are usually sent 
 to the high resorts in the Cordilleras. Other moun- 
 tains of the Argentine Republic offer many suitable 
 sites for sanatoria for pulmonary invalids. 
 
 These mountain districts extend, at higher or 
 lower elevations, from the province of Cordoba to the 
 valley of Rimac. 
 
 The mountains of Cordoba are preferable for 
 consumptive patients to the Andine heights of Bolivia, 
 as they contain a greater variety of objects to divert 
 the attention and amuse. 
 
 The ancient city of Mexico lies on an extensive 
 plateau from 6,000 to 8,000 feet above the sea level, 
 surrounded by mountains, and having a temperate 
 and agreeable climate, well suited to the treatment of 
 pulmonary tuberculosis. The same may be said of 
 the city of Puebla, seventy-six miles east-south-east 
 of Mexico, which is also situated on a high plateau, 
 7,215 feet above the sea. 
 
 The Rocky Mountains, in Colorado, United States, 
 possess several elevated stations which are used as 
 sanatoria for consumptive patients. Denver is the 
 best known of these to Europeans. It is situated at 
 an elevation of 5,280 feet, and has a cool, dry, and 
 stimulating climate. The rainfall there is small, the 
 
606 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 annual mean being 14^ inches, and Denver also has 
 many clear days, 42 per cent, as compared with 27 in 
 New York, allowing therefore of much out-door exer- 
 cise; Its mean annual temperature is 47 F. September 
 and October are the best months lor commencing 
 residence there ; the patient then gets gradually 
 acclimatised to the cold in winter, which is at times 
 very severe. The days are warm and bright, but the 
 nights are very cold, and indeed are cool all the year 
 round. There is not much snow, and that falls 
 mostly in early spring. There is a good deal of dis- 
 agreeable wind during the spring months. From the 
 middle of September to the middle of April there is 
 scarcely any rain. Changes of temperature are often 
 sudden and extreme, and precautions have to be taken 
 against chill. The city of Denver stands about 
 fifteen miles east of the 'foot of the mountains. One 
 of the drawbacks to Denver as a sanatorium for 
 invalids is the fact that it is a populous city, with the 
 amusements and excitement inseparable Irom such a 
 place. It possesses good hotels and lodging-houses, 
 and there are many sanatoria for consumptive 
 patients. The lower part of the city has a damp 
 soil. To those who need not only a cure, but an 
 occupation or a career, Denver may furnish one. 
 
 There is also an excellent sanatorium at Boulder, 
 in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, at an elevation 
 of 5,500 feet, twenty-five miles north-west of Denver. 
 It is the seat of the Colorado State University. 
 
 Seventy-five miles south of Denver is Colorado 
 Springs, a city with 21,000 inhabitants. It is 
 situated on a plateau five miles from the foothills of 
 the Rocky Mountains and six from the base of Pike's 
 Peak, at an elevation of 6,000 feet above the sea. So 
 that while Denver is about the altitude of Davos, 
 Colorado Springs is about the altitude of St. Moritz 
 Kulm. Its situation is a very sheltered one, and the 
 town being built over a large area, there is plenty 
 of ground around most of the dwelling-houses. 
 The streets are wide and lined with shady trees. The 
 
ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESORTS. 607 
 
 ground has a very gentle slope from north to south. 
 There is a top soil of two feet resting on seventy feet 
 of sand and gravel, which is very porous, so that there 
 is a perfect natural drainage. A supply of pure water 
 is obtained from the mountain-side six miles off. The 
 air is dry, the relative humidity in winter being 50 per 
 cent. The mean annual rainfall is 15! inches. There are 
 high winds in March and April. There are two good 
 sanatoria there, and camping out in tents is practicable 
 during a considerable part of the year. There are 
 several good boarding-houses and comfortable villa 
 residences. Farm produce is good and of moderate 
 price, but luxuries are dear. There are plenty of 
 horses and carriages to be hired, and the rides and 
 drives around are numerous and interesting. There is 
 no lack of pleasant society, or of churches, schools, 
 and places of entertainment. But there is no saloon 
 or public bar in the town, the sale of liquor being 
 prohibited. 
 
 There are some other less frequented altitude 
 resorts in the Rocky Mountains. The following may 
 be mentioned : Canon City at an elevation of 5,360 feet, 
 situated south of Pike's Peak. It has hot mineral 
 springs used in the treatment of rheumatism. It is 
 warmer and dryer than Denver or Colorado Springs. 
 
 Glenwood (5,600 feet), 160 miles west of Denver, is 
 an excellent winter resort on account of its sheltered 
 position. It lies in a protected valley on the western 
 slope of the Rocky Mountains. It is much less windy 
 and dusty than the resorts on the eastern slope. 
 Glenwood has many thermal springs. 
 
 Estes Park (7,300 feet), Manitou Park, San Lui 
 Park, and many others are as yet undeveloped as 
 resorts for invalids. 
 
 In these Rocky Mountain resorts there is great 
 variation between sun and shade and day and night 
 temperature ; but they have very many clear days 
 and great dryness of atmosphere. The most agreeable 
 seasons are autumn and early winter ; the spring is 
 windy and changeable, and the summer rather too 
 
608 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 hot ; but during the hot summer months invalids camp 
 out or go to higher resorts. 
 
 Comparing these with the Swiss altitude resorts, it 
 has been pointed out that the latter are more enclosed 
 and less open, with a colder and rather moister climate, 
 but with less wind and dust. Owing to the very few 
 days in winter during which snow lies on the ground 
 at Colorado Springs the visitors escape the disagreeable 
 snow-melting period in the spring which is so trying 
 in the Swiss resorts. 
 
 There is more possible and more actual sunshine in 
 winter at Denver and Colorado Springs than at Davos 
 or St. Moritz. On the other hand, Colorado Springs 
 has occasionally very disagreeable dust storms, accom- 
 panied by a very dry and electric state of the atmo- 
 sphere. 
 
 For those who like a sea voyage and who do not 
 fear a long and somewhat rough land journey; the 
 South African highlands present many attractions with 
 their very dry and bracing climate, hot summers, and 
 cold winters. But it is difficult to write about South 
 African resorts at present, and until the country 
 gets more settled. We may, however, say that 
 Bloemfontein, 4,700 feet above the sea, has a con- 
 siderable reputation as a sanatorium for persons with 
 delicate chests. Its climate has proved very valuable 
 in arresting phthisis. It is very dry, having a moun- 
 tain range between it and the Indian Ocean to the 
 east, and having an extensive plateau of dry, open 
 country to the north and west. Its summers are very 
 hot, its winters very cold, but the dryness of the air 
 ' enables invalids to bear these extremes of temperature 
 without suffering any injury. 
 
 There are many other elevated resorts in South 
 Africa, in the Orange River Colony, and in the Trans- 
 vaal, but it is clear that they can only be suited at 
 present to a very limited class of invalids, and, in 
 the present somewhat unsettled condition of these 
 countries, it is better to await developments. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 WINTER QUARTERS. 
 
 A Review of some Winter Health Resorts. 
 
 IN searching for a winter health resort, what do we 
 desire to avoid, and what do we desire to find ? There 
 are three things which we desire to avoid, especially 
 when they are found combined, as in our own 
 winter climate, and these three things are damp, 
 cold, and variability. It is the combination of these 
 three conditions which makes the winter climate of 
 England so unsuitable to many persons. It is respon- 
 sible for the catarrhal conditions which are so common, 
 and which often lead to greater disturbances of health. 
 To it is due the prevalence of chronic rheumatism, and 
 of many forms of neuralgia, and not unfrequently its 
 chilling influence determines in delicate persons the 
 occurrence of serious inflammation of internal organs. 
 The combination of climatic conditions necessarily 
 associated with a clouded and sunless sky produces 
 also a depressing effect on the mind and spirits. The 
 more sensitive the organisation, the more acutely will 
 these unfavourable conditions be felt. 
 
 What we seek, then, in a winter climate is the 
 opposite of these conditions, viz. dryness, warmth, 
 and equability. But it is always difficult to get all we 
 want ; besides, as a matter of fact, while some invalids 
 require a combination of warmth and moisture, others 
 need warmth and dryness, while others do better in a 
 combination of cold and dry air ; but no one wants 
 a combination of cold and damp, and all desire sun- 
 heat, a clear sky, and as much of it as possible ; and 
 we shall find, as a rule, that the value of a winter climate 
 depends on the number of clear and sunny days, or 
 the number of days and hours during which an invalid 
 
6io CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 can take exercise or be in the open air. The mere 
 absolute amount of rainfall seems of small importance, 
 provided the nature and inclination of the soil are such 
 that the water drains off rapidly from the ground, 
 and that there are long or frequent intervals of 
 clear, sunny skies. Indeed, occasional heavy rains 
 often have a salubrious effect in cooling and cleansing 
 the atmosphere. It seems also clear that diurnal 
 variability of temperature, even within wide limits, 
 does not render a climate unhealthy even to invalids, 
 if it is also a dry climate and the invalid learns to 
 protect himself from the danger of sudden chill. 
 Nor does humidity, when accompanied with moderate 
 warmth, seem to be necessarily unwholesome, especi- 
 ally in marine climates. In all these matters individual 
 peculiarities have to be taken into account. There 
 are many other details which cannot be considered 
 here. With regard to the expense attending a change 
 of winter quarters, we are content to quote the 
 words of Dr. Samuel Johnson : " Sir, your health is 
 worth more than it can cost." 
 
 Within the limits at our disposal an exhaustive 
 survey of the whole series of winter health resorts 
 would be impossible. It will be expedient, therefore, 
 to confine our attention to those which are tolerably ' 
 accessible. We have, in other chapters, entered fully 
 into the question of the utility and scope of high 
 mountain health resorts in winter. 
 
 We will now give our attention, in the first place, 
 to Egypt, which has, since the British occupation, 
 become a very popular winter resort, its climate re- 
 sembling in some respects the climate of high moun- 
 tain vallej^s. It is dry and exhilarating, and it 
 presents a wide range between day and night tem- 
 peratures, depending upon the powerful heating effects 
 of the sun's rays during the day, and the great and 
 rapid radiation, after sunset, of the heat absorbed 
 during the day, into clear cloudless space. The 
 climate of Upper Egypt is, however, on the whole a 
 more reliable climate than that of any high mountain 
 
EGYPT-. 6n 
 
 .valley, and less subject to variations. The objections 
 to Egypt are its distance, and the expense attending 
 the journey ; and, moreover, whichever route you 
 select, it is impossible to avoid a sea voyage of at 
 least three days. 
 
 There is only one period of the year when Egypt 
 is visited as a health resort, and that is from the 
 middle of November to the beginning of April, when 
 it is considered to have the " finest climate in the 
 world." There are several routes from England to 
 Egypt. The shortest is that through Italy to 
 Brindisi. From Brindisi to Port Said is a three 
 days' voyage by steamer. In this way the journey 
 to Egypt is accomplished in five or six days. The 
 longest but least fatiguing for those who do not mind 
 a sea voyage, is that by P. and O. boat from London 
 to Port Said, which takes twelve or thirteen days. 
 There is a third route via Marseilles, at which port 
 all the large P. and O. steamers call. This is, 
 perhaps, the most popular and convenient route. It 
 is important to leave Egypt before the heat becomes 
 too great i.e. not later than the middle of April 
 and as the transition from the climate of Egypt to 
 that of England should not be abrupt it is undesirable 
 to return to England before the end of May. The 
 interval may be conveniently spent in a variety of 
 places of interest, in Syria, Italy, Greece, or some of 
 the islands of the Mediterranean. If it is thought 
 best to remain later in Egypt, Ramleh, near 
 Alexandria, in Lower Egypt, is the most suitable 
 place at this period of the season. 
 
 The chief characteristic of the climate of Egypt 
 is its dry ness. 
 
 " In the richly wooded districts of the equatorial regions 
 of Africa, where the numerous affluents of the Nile take 
 their rise, almost continuous rains prevail ; but in the deserts 
 of Nubia and Upper Egypt, through which the great rivei 
 flows in its course to the sea, sometimes years pass without 
 a single shower. The absence of rain and absence of vegeta- 
 tion are obviously related to one another, The Mediterranean 
 
612 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 coast and the Delta are less dry than the upper parts of. 
 the country, and Cairo occupies an intermediate position. " 
 
 (Flower.) 
 
 We have the authority of the same writer for the 
 statement that in an exceptionally wet season there 
 were only eleven days out of one hundred and fifty in 
 which rain fell, and on some of these it was scarcely 
 more than a few drops. The days, as a general rule, 
 are much like one another, fine, clear, bright, and 
 sunny. Another characteristic of the winter climate 
 of Egypt is the warmth or heat of the day (70 to 
 75 F. in the shade, and very much higher in the 
 sun), as contrasted with the coldness, freshness, and 
 heavy dews of the nights. In the night the ther- 
 mometer often falls to 40 F. or lower, seldom quite 
 to freezing-point, so that there is a very considerable 
 range between the day and night temperature, as 
 there also is between sun and shade temperature. It 
 has been justly observed that this is an advantage to 
 many constitutions that a sultry night following a 
 hot day often induces languor and depression, and 
 that the freshness of the Egyptian night and early 
 morning is invigorating and bracing, and enables one 
 better to bear the fatigues and heat of the day. 
 Persons with delicate chests must be careful to 
 protect themselves by appropriate clothing, and by 
 retiring before nightfall, to avoid the sudden change 
 from the day to the night temperature, which they 
 might otherwise find trying or injurious. The air of 
 the desert that is., all the country above the level 
 of the autumnal overflow of the Nile is universally 
 admitted to be most invigorating ; a refreshing breeze, 
 in winter at least, generally tempers even the heat 
 and glare of the mid-day sun, and in the morning and 
 evening it is decidedly cool. Nowhere, on land, is 
 air so pure, as nowhere else is there such complete 
 absence of all decomposing organic matters in the 
 soil ; it has been well compared with the air of the 
 open sea. 
 
 The thing of chief importance for the invalid in 
 
EGYPT. 613 
 
 Egypt is to breathe as much of the desert air as 
 possible. It has been objected to Cairo * that the 
 hotels and all the modern houses are built on low 
 ground, which, until reclaimed, used to be subject to 
 the overflow ; and that the whole of the ancient 
 city, with its crowded population and filthy streets, 
 is between them and the desert ; that the prevailing 
 winds, being from the north, blow directly across the 
 Delta. "This, and the great amount of not very 
 clean dust which fills the air of a great city full of 
 people and animals, form the principal drawbacks to 
 Cairo as a residence for invalids." But it is not 
 necessary for the invalid to live in Cairo, for the 
 hotel at the Pyramids (Mena House) is within half 
 an hour by electric tram of the city, and affords 
 excellent accommodation in purer, fresher, and dryer 
 air than at Cairo. Mena House is one of the best hotels 
 in Egypt, and is open from Nov. ist to May i5th. 
 It is built at the foot of the Pyramids, and has golf 
 links close by and a large swimming bath, facilities 
 for quail shooting, and other attractions. Or the 
 invalid can find suitable quarters at Helouan les 
 Bains. Of its sulphur baths we have already given an 
 account in Part I. (p. 203) ; it is therefore only neces- 
 sary to add a few words with regard to its climate as 
 compared with that of Cairo. Helouan is about 
 sixteen miles to the south of Cairo, and about three 
 miles from the Nile and 144 feet above it. It is 
 built on a desert plateau at the foot of the Tura 
 Hills. It has good hotels and a great number of 
 villas, and frequent trains connect it with Cairo, the 
 journey taking about half an hour. It has good golf 
 
 * It is interesting to note what Professor Peterson, of New 
 York, says of Cairo. " In winter one may spend some very 
 miserable, cold, damp days in Cairo. I experienced about 
 Christmas time last year four most uncomfortable rainy and 
 cold days in succession in Cairo." The same writer observes : 
 " The desert is sometimes piercing cold at night. Water in a 
 shallow dish will occasionally freeze on exposure to a desert 
 night wind," 
 
614 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 links, and is well provided with distractions. It is 
 surrounded by desert, and its air is therefore very 
 free from organic or other impurities. On an average 
 it has nearly eight hours of daily sunshine during 
 the winter months, and its atmosphere seems to be a 
 little warmer, as well as dryer and freer from dust 
 than that of Cairo. Its relative humidity in winter 
 varies between thirty and sixty per cent. ; in Cairo it 
 is 63*2. 
 
 Many invalids will doubtless prefer to go on, by 
 rail or Nile steamer, to Upper Egypt, and pass the 
 winter at Luxor or Assouan.- Others will take the 
 costly Nile voyage in a dahabeeah, and a few may 
 determine to camp out in the desert. 
 
 Luxor, 450 miles from Cairo, is reached by Nile 
 steamer in five and a-half days, or by rail (express 
 sleeping cars) in sixteen to seventeen hours. The 
 latter is best for most invalids, especially if they 
 arrive late in the season. Luxor has an admirable 
 climate from November to the middle of March, 
 when it gets too hot. It is warmer, dryer, and 
 sunnier, and has less wind, than Cairo and its suburbs. 
 It is practically rainless one or two brief showers 
 being all that has been observed in the winter 
 months. 
 
 Invalids can be in the open desert air for a great 
 number of hours daily, and its effects are most tonic 
 and stimulating. 
 
 The prevailing wind is from the north. The 
 drawbacks to Luxor are that, being close to some of 
 the most interesting monuments of Egypt, its hotels 
 are, in the height of the season, overcrowded, and 
 the place is overrun by swarms of tourists. Invalids 
 should arrive early in the season, before the end of 
 November, so as to make sure of good accommoda- 
 tion, which should be engaged beforehand. 
 
 Assouan is 130 miles south of Luxor, and close to 
 the first cataract. It is connected by rail with 
 Luxor. The town stands high above the river. It 
 
EGYPT. 615 
 
 is drier and warmer than Luxor, but is said to be 
 more windy. Overcrowding in the height of the 
 season was at one time complained of, but hotel 
 accommodation has been, of late years, greatly in- 
 creased. Assouan has all the characters of the 
 Egyptian climate in a very marked degree, viz. 
 warmth, dryness, almost uninterrupted sunshine, and 
 purity of air from the desert. Its mean minimum 
 temperature in winter, occurring just before sunrise, 
 has been found to be 6 or 7 F. higher than at Luxor 
 or Cairo, a fact of importance to certain invalids. 
 
 " The relative humidity is so low that dew never 
 falls, and the annual rainfall is hardly measurable." 
 Risk of chill at nightfall to the invalid is said to be 
 much less than at other Egyptian resorts. 
 
 Of the Nile voyage, made in a dahabeeah, little 
 need be said here in the way of description. 
 
 "It is a perfect rest from nearly all the little cares and 
 troubles of the world ; the weather is almost always fine, so 
 that nearly the whole day may be spent on deck, and the 
 variety and exercise of a walk on shore can generally be got 
 at some time or other in the twenty-four hours ; the life on 
 board a dahabeeah is generally a healthy one. It is essen- 
 tially an out-of-doors, country life. The air, though perhaps 
 not equal to that of the higher parts of the desert, is pure and 
 bracing ; for, owing to the narrowness of the strip of fertile land 
 on the sides of the river, the air is practically that of the desert. 
 On the first subsidence of the water, after the autumnal over- 
 flow, the banks are muddy and damp, so it is well not to take 
 to the water until December, by which time they are well dried 
 by the sun, though January, February, and March are the best 
 months. The higher the river is ascended, so the salubrity 
 increases. The nights are generally clear, bright, and cool, 
 and warm clothing is essential." (Flower.) 
 
 As to camping out in the Nubian desert under 
 tents, Sir Hermann Weber testifies that in his ex- 
 perience it has given results "in several advanced 
 cases of consumption altogether superior to any 
 obtained from any health resort, or from any other 
 treatment." 
 
616 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Egypt as a winter resort has, then, the following 
 advantages : i. It is almost rainless, especially in 
 upper Egypt ; at Cairo the rainfall is a little over one 
 inch annually. There are heavy dews at night along 
 the Nile and in the desert near the Nile. 2. It has 
 a generally dry and clear atmosphere ; attended, it 
 is true, with great changes of temperature in the 
 twenty- four hours, a circumstance which proves in- 
 vigorating rather than otherwise, if the invalid is 
 careful to protect himself from the sudden fall or 
 temperature at sunset, as well as through the cold 
 nights. 3. Extreme cold, as marked by the ther- 
 mometer, is excessively rare. The mean winter 
 temperature at Cairo is about 58 F., that of the 
 coldest month (January) is 53*6 F., and it rarely 
 falls below freezing-point. 4. Its climate allows or 
 constant exercise in the open air, and exposure, there- 
 fore, to the tonic effect of fresh air and sunlight. The 
 climate of the desert has been found to be dryer and 
 to have a much smaller daily range than that of 
 adjacent towns. 
 
 Invalids doing the Nile voyage should be careful 
 not to expose themselves, on coming down the river, 
 to the cold north wind when it blows strongly, as it 
 does sometimes for days together, and as there is a 
 great fall of temperature 'at sunset they should always 
 retire to the saloon a little before sun-down. 
 
 The climate of Egypt then is tonic and stimulating, 
 and is useful in a great variety of chronic ailments, 
 the chief of which are the following : In cases of 
 early phthisis or in those cases of torpid phthisis 
 which have a tendency, even in this country, to run 
 a protracted course ; it is of great value in chronic 
 gout and rheumatism, and in those vascular and 
 renal changes which gout induces ; catarrhal condi- 
 tions find relief and cure there, so that cases of 
 chronic bronchial, laryngeal, and pharyngeal catarrh 
 get well in Egypt, as do also some cases of asthma. 
 Certain forms of anaemia, persons suffering from 
 exhaustion of the nervous system from too great 
 
EGYPT. 61; 
 
 excitement, worry, or undue application to business 
 or study, are precisely the cases for the Nile voyage. 
 The same may be said of those numerous cases of 
 intractable dyspepsia associated with over- work or 
 worry. Cases of Bright's disease, when not too far 
 advanced, are often greatly benefited by the warm, 
 dry air of Upper Egypt. 
 
 The climate of Egypt is not limited simply to the 
 cure of early phthisis, but advanced chronic cases 
 often do well there, though it is considered inex- 
 pedient that they should venture on the Nile voyage 
 or go beyond the neighbourhood of Cairo. Cases of 
 febrile phthisis with a tendency to rapid progress in 
 irritable or highly nervous constitutions must not, 
 however, be sent to so exciting a climate. The 
 same remarks apply to cases with a tendency to 
 haemorrhage. 
 
 As the journey to Egypt is long and costly, it is 
 desirable that invalids should not undertake it without 
 realising clearly the nature of its climate ; we there- 
 fore wish to recapitulate and enforce certain draw- 
 backs to be encountered, and certain precautions to 
 be taken. 
 
 Although a warm climate, it is one in which in- 
 valids may feel uncomfortably cold, and there is always 
 danger of chill at sunset. Sensitive persons will tell 
 you they " never felt so cold anywhere as in Egypt," 
 which is owing to frequent cold high winds and the 
 great difference between sun and shade, and day and 
 night, temperature ; this is especially the case round 
 Cairo, and on the Nile, and in the months of 
 December and January. The cold felt is quite out 
 of proportion to the temperature registered by the 
 thermometer. Coining down the Nile, facing the 
 north wind, the cold, after sunset, is intense. It 
 follows that invalids need more warm clothing there 
 than at home, and should bring their furs ; they 
 should be indoors before sunset, and should not go 
 out till two hours after sunrise ; they should avoid 
 over-fatigue in sight-seeing. The steamboat voyage 
 
6i8 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 on the Nile is unsuited to invalids ; it is attended with 
 too much wind and too much exposure to unavoid- 
 able changes of temperature. Invalids whose destina- 
 tion is Upper Egypt should get there fairly early in 
 the season, and not remain at Cairo after the middle 
 of December, indeed, it is better to leave Cairo and 
 the Pyramids until the return journey after the 
 middle of February ; between these periods it may 
 be cold, windy, and in some seasons even rainy there, 
 while before December it is apt to be damp, on 
 account of the recent inundation of the plains of 
 Lower Egypt. Then there are always mosquitoes in 
 Cairo, while they are absent in the desert but in 
 March and April the flies are a torment all over the 
 country. 
 
 Then there is the hot Khamseen wind, which blows 
 in the spring and is depressing to most people, and is 
 laden with fine dust that proves very irritating to the 
 lungs. This wind begins in February and blows for 
 a day or two at a time till the middle of April. 
 
 The diseases that are apt to be induced by chill are 
 diarrhoea, dysentery, and pneumonia, and if great care 
 is not taken in consuming only perfectly pure water, 
 to these may be added typhoid ! As to the cases 
 that should not be sent to Egypt, it ought not to 
 be necessary to say that no cases of advanced or- 
 ganic disease should be sent there ; cases of tabes do 
 not do well there, nor do hypochondriacal neurotics, 
 nor persons troubled with habitual insomnia not due 
 to worry or over-work. 
 
 Beyrout and Haifa, on the coast of Syria, have been 
 recommended as winter resorts ; especially the slopes 
 of Lebanon above Beyrout, which afford an excellent 
 climatic resort for those who have wintered in Egypt 
 and who do not wish to return at once to Europe. 
 Brumana and Alai have been mentioned as suitable 
 places in the neighbourhood of Beyrout. " The 
 valleys of Lebanon offer attractions unsurpassed by 
 mountain scenery in any part of the world. Haifa 
 
MADEIRA. 619 
 
 is quieter than Beyrout and less civilised. There is a 
 German colony there. The adjacent monastery of 
 Carmel is an attraction." 
 
 Haifa is about ten miles from Acre, and twenty- 
 two from Nazareth. As a winter resort it combines 
 comfort with economy. " It is impossible to conceive 
 a more agreeable climate during the winter months 
 than it offers. The climate of Carmel is exceptionally 
 bracing and healthy ; while the beauty of its situation, 
 commanding a lovely view of the Bay of Acre and 
 the encircling hills of Palestine, over-topped by the 
 snow-clad Hermon, is remarkable. An Austrian 
 Lloyd's steamer touches there once a fortnight, either 
 from Beyrout or Alexandria."* 
 
 The tonic and stimulating climates of Davos and 
 Upper Egypt on the one hand, and the soft soothing 
 climate of Madeira on the other, may be regarded as 
 at the two extremes of winter health resorts for 
 European invalids. Madeira has been overrated and 
 underrated. It is apt to suffer from those violent 
 oscillations of medical opinion to which all health 
 resorts are liable. It suffered, when it was believed 
 that all consumptives should winter in the high 
 mountains ; and when it was shown that many con- 
 sumptives did remarkably well at Teneriffe, Madeira 
 shared in a measure the popularity of Orotava. Now, 
 we are informed, it has suffered greatly through the 
 popularity of open-air sanatoria at home ! 
 
 Situated between 32 and 54 N. lat., in the 
 Atlantic Ocean, about 500 miles from the west coast 
 of Africa, it is a typical representative of a warm and 
 humid marine climate. The beauty and diversity of 
 its landscapes and the richness of their colouring give 
 this island a special charm for artistic natures. 
 
 Writing of Madeira, the late Dr. Lambron, of 
 Luchon, calls it " la premiere residence hivernale du 
 monde,"t and the late Dr. Andrew Combe wrote : 
 
 *Blackwood's Magazine. f " Choix d'une residence d'hiver." 
 
620 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 " If I must go abroad, I shall most likely return to 
 Madeira, on the simple ground that, if I must forego 
 the pleasures of home, it is better to resort at once 
 to the most advantageous climate," etc. It is now, we 
 believe, sufficiently well understood that the climate 
 of Madeira is only suited to a limited and carefully 
 selected class of cases ; but for the proper cases it 
 is a climate of the greatest utility. If we bear this 
 fact in mind, we shall be able to reconcile the wide 
 discrepancies which we find in authoritative and 
 evidently unprejudiced statements about this island. 
 Madeira is the type of what is termed an oceanic 
 climate, i.e. a climate essentially soft and equable. 
 It is also moist and sedative, and, no doubt, to 
 persons with considerable constitutional vigour it 
 seems relaxing and depressing. But to certain 
 persons in a state of great debility, with much feeble- 
 ness in the organs of circulation ; in cases of irritative, 
 chronic bronchitis with scanty secretion, and com- 
 plicated with emphysema ; in some cases of advanced 
 consumption, and particularly those complicated with 
 repeated attacks of bronchitis, even cases that have 
 seemed quite hopeless, a prolonged residence in the 
 climate of Madeira has been attended often with 
 most remarkable amelioration. The feeble flickering 
 lamp burns longer there than in a more stimulating 
 and tonic air, and now and then it seems to gather 
 renewed power and burns up again with some of 
 its old lustre. The sedative atmosphere allays cough 
 in cases of irritable respiratory mucous membrane, 
 but it often causes loss of appetite and bilious dis- 
 turbance in persons predisposed to such disorders. 
 It would seem to be more useful in cases of chronic 
 laryngeal and bronchial catarrh, and emphysema, 
 than in phthisis. It is also suitable to persons of 
 feeble circulation, who cannot bear bracing treatment, 
 and who enjoy a sea climate. 
 
 Funchal, the capital of the island, is the principal 
 resort (there are also some hill stations available) ; it 
 is built in the form of an amphitheatre, and looks 
 
MADEIRA- 621 
 
 very beautiful from the sea. It is surrounded 
 by luxuriant vegetation, and tropical fruits ripen 
 there all the .year round. It is protected by 
 mountains, which rise to nearly 6,000 feet, from 
 winds from the north, north-east, and north-west. 
 One drawback, however, is the difficulty of getting 
 level walks. 
 
 The climate of Funchal is extraordinarily equable. 
 The mean annual temperature is about 65 F. The 
 night temperature scarcely ever descends below 
 48 F., and the day temperature scarcely ever rises 
 above 86 F. The mean winter temperature is 
 61, the mean spring temperature 62, the mean 
 summer temperature 69, the mean autumn tem- 
 perature 67, and the mean difference between the 
 day and night temperature is only 9 F. The tem- 
 perature of the sea varies between 63 and 75 F. 
 As might be expected, there is considerable humidity 
 of atmosphere, the mean humidity being from 70 to 
 74 F. ; but this varies greatly with the changes in 
 the air currents. There are on an average fifty rainy 
 days in the winter six months, eighty-five in the whole 
 year. Funchal is occasionally visited by violent storms 
 of wind, but as it is protected by mountains from the 
 prevailing wind, the north-east, the atmosphere is 
 generally calm from 7 to 9 a.m. ; then breezes blow 
 in from the sea till 8 or 9 p.m. ; and the land wind 
 sets in late at night. The air, though humid, is not 
 felt by many to be unpleasantly so, while it is pure 
 and free from dust. 
 
 The climate, then, though very equable, is not felt 
 to be relaxing except by a few persons, and it must 
 be remembered that there are great differences of 
 climate to be found in different parts of the island. 
 There are villas to be procured at various altitudes 
 adapted for winter or summer quarters, so that there 
 is no necessity for the invalid to leave the island 
 during the hot summer season. The hotel keepers 
 are always willing to make arrangements to provide 
 invalids with such summer quarters. 
 
622 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 The autumnal rains set in at Funchal in October, 
 and last till the end of the year. The rain is not 
 continuous, but, like our heavy April showers, with 
 intervening sunshine. Usually some heavy gales are 
 felt about the beginning of the year from south-south- 
 west. Then continuous fine weather sets in in Feb- 
 ruary, and winter is over. It is usual to sleep with 
 open windows at Funchal, for there is an entire 
 absence of that chill at sunset so commonly expe- 
 rienced in the south of France, and there is no dew- 
 fall. 
 
 Besides the maladies I have already named, the 
 climate is said to be particularly suitable to cases of 
 chronic dysentery and malarial fever. Visitors 
 usually live in hotels. There are villas also for 
 families. There is an English club and a good library ; 
 good horses are also to be obtained. Steamers leave 
 London and Southampton for Madeira weekly. 
 There is a tendency to suffer from diarrhoea on 
 first arriving in the island. 
 
 The Azores, a group of islands (3 8 30 N. lat.jin the 
 Atlantic Ocean, 800 miles from the coast of Portugal, 
 possess a climate resembling that of Madeira. There 
 is even greater humidity of atmosphere, however, for 
 " paper hangings will not adhere to the wall, and the 
 veneering of furniture strips off." The principal 
 island, St. Michael, has two chief places of resort, 
 Ponta Delgada and Villa Franca. In the island of 
 Fayal there is also Horta as a place of resort. These 
 islands have frequently been visited by earthquakes. 
 St. Michael possesses numerous hot springs which 
 are renowned for the treatment of cases of chronic 
 rheumatism, skin diseases, and syphilis. Accommoda- 
 tion is very limited. 
 
 The Canary Islands (28 15' N. lat.), possess a 
 warmer and dryer climate than Madeira or the 
 Azores. These islands, under the name of " The 
 Fortunate Islands," have been renowned since ancient 
 times for their beauty and salubrity, but the main 
 interest of invalids will naturally be directed to those 
 
LAS PALM AS. 623 
 
 places in them that have been chosen and frequented 
 in recent times as health resorts. Of these the chief 
 are Las Palmas in Grand Canary, and Orotava in 
 Teneriffe, and in the latter island also the port of 
 Santa Cruz, and some elevated resorts, as Laguna, 
 Guimar, Tacaronta, and Vilaflor. La Palma, one of 
 the most westernly of the islands, is occasionally 
 visited for its beautiful scenery, and has a fair hotel 
 at its port Santa Cruz but it is not a resort for 
 invalids. 
 
 Las Palmas, three and a-half miles from the 
 port of Grand Canary, is the nearest of these 
 resorts to the African coast, being only 120 miles 
 from the desert of Sahara and about fifty miles from 
 Teneriffe. The island is very mountainous, rising in 
 its centre to an elevation of 6,000 feet, so that moun- 
 tain as well as coast climate can be found there for 
 summer residence. Hotel accommodation can be 
 obtained at an elevation of 1,300 feet. 
 
 Las Palmas has a dry, almost African climate, and 
 it is sufficiently distant from the mountainous centre 
 of the island to be unaffected by the clouds which 
 collect over the central summits, so that it has 
 habitually a clear sky and much sunshine ; the mean 
 temperature in the coldest month of the year 
 (January) is 61 F., as compared with 49*5 at 
 Mentone. The average daily range of temperature 
 for the winter months is about 10 F. which is very 
 moderate. The mean relative humidity for the 
 winter months is about 67 per cent., and dew is rare. 
 The average yearly rainfall is under ten inches, and 
 two-thirds of this falls at night. "Day after day 
 during the winter a bright, bracing air is experienced, 
 with a blue sky, blue sea, white trade wind clouds, 
 and many hours of sunshine" (Milland). The east 
 coast of Grand Canary, where Las Palmas is situated, 
 is cooler and dryer than Teneriffe, as it gets almost 
 constantly the dry and tonic breezes of the north- 
 east trade wind. Las Palmas has a fine, sandy beach 
 four miles long, affording excellent bathing. Here 
 
624 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 between the town and the port is the English 
 quarter witli two good hotels in their own grounds, 
 the Santa Catalina and the Metropole. 
 
 It has been reported to us that in very dry and 
 windy weather the wind blows up much fine dust 
 in this situation, which proves very irritating to some 
 chest patients. 
 
 Above and behind the hotels, in an open, breezy 
 situation are the golf links. Inland, as the ground 
 rises, the rainfall increases considerably, as is testified 
 by the vegetation. Occasionally when a south-west 
 wind is blowing from the tropics, the air becomes 
 warm, damp, and relaxing. The south-easterly wind 
 blowing from the African desert is also a disagreeable 
 one. Known as the Levante, it causes the air to be 
 hot, dry, and irritating, with considerable difference 
 between day and night temperature, needing care to 
 avoid chill. The winter climate of Las Palmas is 
 breezy and fairly dry at times, perhaps rather too 
 exciting for a certain class of invalids. 
 
 Visitors to Teneriffe land at the port of Santa 
 Cruz, fifty-two miles from Las Palmas and 256 from 
 Madeira. Santa Cruz is on the south side of the 
 island, while Orotava is on the north. To reach the 
 latter a six or seven hours' drive over the mountains 
 is necessary, passing through Laguna at an elevation 
 of about 2,000 feet ; here in winter it is sometimes 
 cold, windy, and wet, and the invalid must be pro- 
 tected with warm wraps. 
 
 Orotava is situated in a valley facing the Atlantic 
 with a mountain protection behind it and on both 
 sides, so that it has a very sheltered position. Its 
 surroundings are very beautiful, and Humboldt spoke 
 of it as " one of the most charming spots in the 
 world." Its mean monthly temperature for the 
 coldest month in the year (January) is 61-2 F., and 
 it varies little for the next three months, that for 
 April being 64 F., while that for the hottest month 
 (August) is only 73' 3 F., while the mean daily range 
 is 13-8 ; it has, therefore, a very equable temperature. 
 
OROTAVA. 625 
 
 The sea temperature in January is 657 F. The 
 mean annual rainfall is about 16 inches, there 
 is rarely any dew, and fogs are almost unknown. 
 There are about sixty rainy days in the year, and 
 in half of these the rain falls at night. 
 
 December and January are the wettest months, 
 but in the summer, i.e. from April to October there 
 is rarely any rainfall. The prevailing winds in winter 
 are off the sea and from the north ; they are light, 
 refreshing breezes. In summer cool N.E. trade winds 
 exercise a cooling influence. There is always a 
 " parasol of clouds " surrounding " the Peak " which 
 intercepts a certain amount of sunshine and moderates 
 the summer heat. There is an average of about five 
 hours' sunshine daily during the three winter months, 
 December to February. Seasons, of course, vary at 
 Teneriffe as well as elsewhere, and occasionally a 
 very wet April may be experienced. We have heard 
 of " drenching rain daily for a week," and nearly 
 three weeks without sunshine. On an average, 
 Orotava appears to be 1-5 F. warmer than Las 
 Palmas, and 3 warmer than Madeira. Although 
 Las Palmas is actually warmer than Madeira, it feels 
 cooler on account of the refreshing north-east trade 
 wind, and its temperature is not quite so equable. A 
 literary friend, not an invalid, a very needful distinc- 
 tion in weighing evidence as to climate, writes of 
 Orotava as " an enervating Eden, a climate which 
 diffuses over one a deliciously dreamy languor." In 
 the month of January he experienced " a positively 
 prostrating warmth." He preferred Las Palmas, as 
 he found it more bracing "the Canarian climate, 
 the Canarian air," he thought " beyond comparison 
 and beyond description." No doubt the more 
 vigorous invalids who prefer a climate with a 
 decidedly bracing element in it should choose Las 
 Paimas. 
 
 Comparing the climate of the Canaries with 
 that of Madeira, we find the latter is moister, 
 with a greater rainfall and more wet days ; but 
 
626 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 we are advised, as a set-off against this, that 
 at Madeira the food is better, the accommodation 
 more varied, and the dust absent ! 
 
 A few words must be added as to the less 
 frequented resorts in Teneriffe. Santa Cruz is the 
 port of arrival, and a sanatorium has been estab- 
 lished there, and competent observers have reported 
 of it as the best climate in the island for the months 
 of January, February, and March. 
 
 " It has a southern aspect, the clouds which 
 gather round the high mountains do not intercept so 
 much of the sunshine as at Orotava," and it has 
 more protection from cool north and east winds. 
 Its mean daily temperature is higher, and its rainfall 
 less. 
 
 Laguna, five and a-half miles from Santa Cruz, with 
 an elevation of 1,840 feet and beautiful surroundings, 
 is utilised as a cool and refreshing retreat in summer, 
 and might suit some cases in winter. 
 
 Guimar, at an elevation of 1,200 feet, has a 
 sanatorium for the open-air treatment of tuberculosis, 
 under the experienced medical supervision of Dr.. 
 Salmond. A limited number of patients are received 
 and treated on the Nordrach system. Guimar is 
 very favourably situated, being on the south side of 
 the island, twenty miles from Santa Cruz and three 
 miles from the sea by a rather rapid descent. It is 
 reported to be dryer, with less rain and more hours of 
 sunshine, than any other resort in Teneriffe, while 
 it is entirely sheltered from northerly winds by a 
 range of mountains 6,000 feet high. 
 
 Tacaronta, 1,700 feet above the sea, is twelve miles 
 from Laguna, between it and Orotava. 
 
 Vilaflor, at an elevation of 4,335 feet, is the highest 
 village in the Canaries, and has been indicated as an 
 excellent summer resort, but it is difficult ot access, 
 and we have not heard of any satisfactory accom- 
 modation there for invalids. 
 
 The journey to Teneriffe or Las Palmas takes from 
 four and a-half to eight or nine days, according to the 
 
MOGADOR. p 627 
 
 line of steamers selected. There is a considerable 
 choice, the faster boats being more expensive than the 
 slower ones. 
 
 Mogador, on the coast of Morocco, in nearly the 
 same latitude as Madeira, but a little more to the 
 south (31 30' N. lat.), has been highly praised by 
 French authorities as a winter resort for consumptives 
 on account of its warm and very equable climate. It 
 is protected from the hot desert winds by the Atlas 
 range of mountains. The prevailing winds are from 
 the north-east, and these blow over the Atlantic, but 
 a low rocky island lies opposite the town and shelters 
 it from all winds but the west- south- west. The 
 mean winter temperature is about the same as that 
 of Madeira, 61 F. The mean daily range of tempera- 
 ture has been stated to be only 5 F., which is exceed- 
 ingly small. The relative humidity is fairly high, 78 
 per cent., but the rainy days are few, an annual mean 
 of about 45 days. 
 
 There is only a difference of about 10 F. between 
 the summer and winter mean temperature. There 
 is usually but little cloud, the sky being nearly always 
 clear. 
 
 The town is reported as very clean and in good 
 sanitary condition, but the surroundings are not 
 picturesque. Consumption is said to be almost un- 
 known amongst the inhabitants, and the climate has 
 exercised a remarkable curative effect on consumptives 
 who have resorted to it. These exceptional climatic 
 conditions have been attributed mainly to the influence 
 of the north-east trade wind, which prevails there a 
 great part of the year. There are not half-a-dozen 
 days in the year that may not be spent agreeably out 
 of doors. The air is charged with minute particles of 
 salt from the breaking of the Atlantic waves on the 
 reefs near the town. Europeans can find accommoda- 
 tion at the Palm Tree House Hotel, on the hill behind 
 the town. 
 
 Tangier is the only town in Morocco that is likely 
 
628 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 to prove an attractive winter resort to English invalids, 
 as it is only thirty-five miles from Gibraltar three 
 hours by steamer. Situated in 35 42' N. lat., close 
 to the coast both of the Atlantic and the Mediterra- 
 nean, it has a very moist, warm, and equable climate. 
 Its mean winter temperature has been stated to be 
 from 57 to 62 F. All its winds are moist winds, 
 coming either over the Atlantic or the Mediterranean, 
 and we are told that nothing dries there spon- 
 taneously by mere exposure to the air. The annual 
 rainfall is from 30 to 32 inches, but it has few 
 rainy days, not more than 35 to 40 in a year. 
 Although an interesting and picturesque spot, the 
 climate is too moist and windy for many invalids ; but 
 when the temperature ranges above 70 F. the air 
 is not unwholesome, even when nearly saturated with 
 vapour, though it lacks the crisp, tonic effect of dryer 
 air. Sea bathing can be had all the year round. The 
 most serious drawbacks, however, to living in Tan- 
 gier, are the absence of drainage, the dirt, the bad 
 smells, and the want of roads. The unsettled state 
 of the country is also a disturbing factor. Fairly 
 good accommodation is to be obtained at the hotels 
 there. Those invalids who are not deterred by 
 these drawbacks will find there a warm, moist, fairly 
 sunny winter resort, a place where, owing to the 
 moderate heat of summer, they can remain all the year 
 round. It is suitable to certain cases of early phthisis 
 and to those of bronchial catarrh and asthma, espe- 
 cially when there is scanty secretion. Early cases of 
 chronic Bright 's disease often do well there and 
 convalescents from acute diseases who long for an 
 entire change of entourage might find life there both 
 interesting and beneficial. 
 
 Algiers may be recommended to many who are 
 in search of winter quarters, and who do not dread 
 a sea passage of twenty-six to twenty-eight hours. 
 The great interest of the town itself, and the 
 variety of interesting excursions in the neighbourhood, 
 are attractions for many of those who have to spend 
 
ALGIERS. 629 
 
 each recurring winter out of their own country. The 
 Transatlantic steamers leave Marseilles on four days 
 in the week at i p.m., and the whole journey from 
 London to Algiers may be accomplished in fifty-two 
 hours. Algiers has its admirers and its detractors, 
 which may be taken to prove that it has its bad sea- 
 sons a.nd its good seasons. Much rain falls during the 
 winter months, and many invalids have complained of 
 having encountered very wet seasons ; authorities 
 differ as to which are the wettest months. All, how- 
 ever, seem agreed that March and April are the best 
 months. The winter temperature of Algiers is, on a 
 general average, about 10 F. higher than that of the 
 Riviera. The mean temperature for the coldest 
 month (January) is 54 F. The difference between 
 the day and night temperature is not so marked as on 
 the Western Riviera ; but as soon as the sun sets 
 the air becomes highly charged with moisture, and 
 heavy dews fall. The thermometer very rarely de- 
 scends to the freezing point ; one observer found it 
 only do so twice in twelve years. There are winters in 
 Algiers when the rain falls in great quantity, " nearly 
 daily, and often all day," in the months of November, 
 December, January, and February. On an average 
 there are forty to fifty rainy days during the 
 winter season. The mean annual rainfall is 32 
 inches. 
 
 The prevailing wind is the north-west, a cold 
 wind, blowing across the Mediterranean. The Sirocco 
 blows but seldom, perhaps for three or four hours 
 during four or six days in a month ; but it is exces- 
 sively disagreeable while it lasts, for, coming across 
 the great desert of Sahara, it is laden with a fine 
 penetrating dust, and feels hot and burning like a blast 
 from an oven. The climate of Algiers, less exciting 
 and milder and more equable than that of the 
 Riviera, is not humid and relaxing like Madeira ; it 
 seems, therefore, capable of exercising a tonic, sooth- 
 ing, and bracing influence in many cases of chest 
 disease, as well as in other chronic maladies. The 
 
630 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 combination of tonic and sedative climatic influences 
 is peculiarly suitable to cases of protracted convales- 
 cence after attacks of pleurisy and pneumonia, and 
 to cases of early phthisis in somewhat feeble, 
 lymphatic constitutions, or in cases where the exist- 
 ence of nervous excitability would counter-indicate a 
 residence on the Riviera. 
 
 Persons, however, subject to bilious disturbance, 
 complain that after a little time the climate of Algiers 
 makes them very uncomfortable, and that they are 
 compelled to leave it. Some forms of chronic Bright' s 
 disease and certain cases of chronic heart disease do 
 well in Algiers. The climate also suits cases of 
 chronic bronchitis and laryngeal catarrh in the gouty 
 with scanty secretion. 
 
 An oft-repeated objection to Algiers is the 
 unhealthy and foul- smelling state of the picturesque 
 old part of the town ; and the hotels in the town 
 have not been considered as very safe dwelling- 
 places. But these objections to the town of Algiers 
 do not apply to the suburb of Mustapha Superieur, 
 W 7 hich consists of villa residences surrounded by their 
 own gardens and beautifully situated on the slopes of 
 the hills to the south-west of the town. In the 
 selection of a villa it is important that the house 
 and garden should be exposed as much as possible 
 to the sun all the day ; for in the shade and in wet 
 weather the atmosphere is often very damp and 
 chilly. It is also very important to inquire care- 
 fully into the drainage and water supply. 
 
 It should be remembered that you do not get 
 " desert air " in Algiers, for, as Mr. Otter pointed out 
 in " Winters Abroad," " the soil is, in fact, deep, rich, 
 and damp, and there is no desert within 100 miles. 
 It is strange," he adds, " how much even slightly bad 
 weather is felt in Algiers ; the cold wind seemed 
 more trying, and the rain colder and wetter, and to 
 leave a damper feeling in the air, than in any other 
 country which I ever visited." 
 
 There is usually pleasant English society in 
 
HA MM A M R'IRHA . 631 
 
 Algiers, and there are beautiful walks, rides, and 
 drives into the surrounding country. 
 
 Excellent hotels exist at Mustapha Superieur, and 
 every foot one rises on the hill of Mustapha one gains 
 in climate. There is, perhaps, more wind on the top 
 of the hill, but there is more sun also, and no damp. 
 The upper level also has an incalculable advantage : 
 once there, the visitor can walk for miles amidst lovely 
 scenery, on level ground, whereas, lower down there 
 is nothing but ascent and descent on high-roads. 
 
 It has been recommended, in cases of early or 
 threatening consumption, to spend two winters and 
 the intervening summer in Algeria without returning 
 to Europe ; for it has often been observed that the 
 good obtained by wintering there is counteracted by 
 the fatigue and chill inseparable from a visit to 
 England in summer. The summer can be passed in 
 the highest part of the hill at Mustapha, where it has 
 often been noted that the thermometer has not ex- 
 ceeded 80 F. for more than ten days the whole 
 summer. 
 
 Hammam R'Irha, with thermal springs and a bath 
 establishment which have been described in Part I. 
 (p. 198), is situated in a depression of the Lesser 
 Atlas range, at an elevation of 2,000 feet above 
 the level of the sea. It is about sixty miles west- 
 south-west of Algiers. There is first a journey by 
 rail of three and a-half hours to Bon Medfa, and then 
 a drive of eight miles to the baths. Hammam 
 R'Irha can also be reached from Gran in nine 
 hours. The place is surrounded and protected on 
 nearly all sides by mountains, and there is an ex- 
 tensive pine wood about a mile and half to the 
 north-west, and ash, oak, olive, and eucalyptus trees 
 flourish on the hills around. Roses, violets, and 
 geraniums bloom throughout the winter. There 
 is, however, a defect in the mountain protection to 
 the place in the shape of a cleft which lets in the 
 stormiest wind in Algiers the north-west which 
 blows at times very fiercely. 
 
632 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS.^ 
 
 The hotel accommodation is good, and there are 
 pleasant excursions and walks in the country around. 
 Records of its winter temperature make this place 
 about 5 F. colder than Algiers, and it has many 
 rainy days. It is a suitable climate station in the 
 spring when Algiers gets too warm, and it is resorted 
 to also in summer for its coolness and freshness. 
 
 The air is no doubt pure and bracing, and is said 
 to resemble the mountain air of Scotland in the 
 summer months, only it is dryer. In winter frost and 
 snow are not unknown. 
 
 It is a suitable resort in winter also for those who 
 are recovering from protracted illness, and for those 
 who, having broken down from worry, anxiety, or 
 over-work, require a quiet place of rest where the 
 air is mild, yet pure and exhilarating. It certainly 
 does not appear to be a suitable winter residence 
 for delicate invalids. 
 
 Hammam Meskoutine is another Algerian thermal 
 station which, like Hammam R'Irha, can be resorted 
 to in winter by those who are seeking for treatment 
 by hot baths when the European spas are closed. It 
 is not so accessible, nor has it been as yet so fully 
 developed as a health resort, as Hammam R'Irha. It 
 is a long and tedious railway journey of twenty-six 
 hours from Algiers, as it lies in the centre of a 
 triangle formed by the cities of Philippeville, 
 Constantino, and Bone. It is best reached, from 
 Europe, via Philippeville, Bone, or Tunis. 
 
 From Tunis it can be reached in eleven hours by 
 rail, and from Bone in three or four hours, and in 
 either case there is a rather tedious sea-voyage. The 
 invalid must be very vigorous, or very restless, who 
 can contemplate such a journey for the purpose of 
 getting hot baths. Once there, the climate and the 
 baths are likely to prove very useful in cases of 
 chronic rheumatism, muscular and articular, in tabes 
 and constitutional syphilis, in sciatica and other 
 neuralgias, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and 
 some skin affections. It is not thought useful, but 
 
BISKRA. 633 
 
 the contrary, in phthisis, heart disease, gout and 
 congestive conditions. 
 
 It has a warm winter climate, the thermometer 
 rarely falling below 50 F. ; but March is often a 
 stormy month. There are several springs, one the 
 Grande Cascade is very hot, 205 F., nearly that 
 of boiling water, and has a strong odour of sulphu- 
 retted hydrogen, which it loses as it cools. 
 
 There is another spring not quite so hot which 
 contains a little iron, and is used when cool for 
 drinking. It also contains a good deal of sulphate 
 and bicarbonate of lime, and is regarded as similar in 
 effect to the Contrexeville water. 
 
 It is a quiet, restful place, with interesting and 
 picturesque surroundings. 
 
 Biskra. This Algerian winter resort consists ot 
 several villages, in an oasis of the Saharan desert, on 
 the south side of the Lesser Atlas mountains, at an 
 elevation of about 400 feet. It lies in 34 55' N. lat., 
 nearly two degrees south of Algiers, and about ten 
 degrees south of Nice. 
 
 Its climate is practically that of the desert, very 
 dry and sunny, but not so equable as Algiers. The 
 rainfall is very small, about 6^ inches in the year, 
 but it has the great drawback of being very windy 
 and draughty, and the wind storms bring clouds 
 of dust. It is also fatiguing for the invalid to get at, 
 as it is a twenty -two hours' railway journey from 
 Algiers ; it is best, however, to break the journey at 
 El Guerrah (3,000 feet above the sea) and sleep there, 
 and so avoid the fatigue of night travelling. There is 
 an alternative route by sea to Bona or Tunis which 
 shortens considerably the railway journey. There 
 is an overcrowded Arab settlement at Biskra with 
 the usual insanitary surroundings, which tend to 
 diminish the purity of the desert air. The winter 
 temperature at Biskra is said rarely to exceed 80 F. 
 or to fall below 60 F. There is a thermal sulphur 
 bath about four miles from Biskra which is largely 
 resorted to by the Arabs, and is used in the treatment 
 
634 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 of those maladies for which hot sulphur springs are 
 usually employed, viz. pharyngeal, laryngeal, and 
 bronchial catarrh, chronic syphilitic, rheumatic, and 
 cutaneous affections. With suitable sanatoria, Bis- 
 kra ought to prove a valuable climatic winter resort 
 for pulmonary invalids who are vigorous enough and 
 well enough to bear the fatigue of the long and 
 tedious journey, but this, together with the absence- 
 of an English 'doctor and chemist and the doubtful 
 food and draughty dwellings, renders it unfit at present 
 for delicate, feeble English invalids. Chronic rheu- 
 matic cases should do well at the baths, and cases of 
 syphilitic cachexia. Those suffering from over-work 
 and brain fag may find the dry, bracing, clear desert 
 air, the very beautiful and interesting scenery around, 
 and the entire change of entourage refreshing and 
 restorative. 
 
 The winter resorts on the Western Riviera are 
 of such great importance to dwellers in Northern 
 Europe, from their accessibility and natural attractive- 
 ness that we prefer to devote the w r hole of the next 
 chapter to their consideration. Speaking generally, 
 the climate of the Western Riviera is tonic, stimulat- 
 ing, and exciting, specially useful in cases where the 
 vital energy is drooping and wants flogging into 
 renewed activity. It often proves injurious to persons 
 of a nervous and irritable temperament, and to cases 
 which have a tendency to febrile excitement. It is 
 on this account often ill borne by many hysterical 
 persons and hypochondriacs. 
 
 We pass on now to consider the resorts on the 
 Riviera di Levante the Riviera to the east of Genoa. 
 These are not so popular as winter residences as 
 those to the w T est of that famous city, and, indeed, 
 their winter climate is not, on the whole, so suitable 
 to invalids, especially to those who suffer from chest 
 affections. The Riviera di Levante is colder and 
 wetter than the Riviera di Ponente. It is not so well 
 protected from the north ; the sheltering mountains 
 
NERVI. 635 
 
 are not so high, they are usually further off, and gaps 
 occur in the chain which admit cold currents from the 
 north and north-east. 
 
 The rainfall is considerably greater, and the relative 
 humidity greater. 
 
 Genoa and its immediate neighbourhood is pecu- 
 liarly unsuited to pulmonary invalids, as its climate is 
 very changeable and often cold, windy, and rainy ; 
 but between Genoa and Spezia there are many spots 
 on the Italian Riviera well suited for winter residence 
 to those who are simply looking for a milder climate 
 and more sunshine than can be found within our own 
 shores. A very few are sufficiently sheltered from 
 the prevailing winds to be adapted to delicate invalids 
 in winter ; one of these is 
 
 Nervi, which may be regarded as almost a suburb 
 of Genoa, from which it is only six miles distant ; it lies 
 in 44 22 ' N. lat. It is well sheltered towards the 
 north, and fairly so towards the east, but it is more 
 exposed to the north-east and north-west. The south- 
 east or Sirocco is of frequent occurrence, and renders 
 the climate, for the time, somewhat damp and 
 relaxing. Owing to the steepness of its mountain 
 boundaries, and the absence of good roads, there are 
 but few walks and possible excursions, so that it is 
 only suited to invalids seeking repose and quiet. 
 Its climate is less tonic and exciting than the resorts 
 in the Western Riviera, it is less windy, more humid, 
 and has a greater number of rainy days. 
 
 The town of Nervi has some good hotels. 
 Gardens with orange and lemon orchards occupy the 
 level space between the town and the sea-shore, 
 giving to the town a very picturesque aspect. A 
 sunny and sheltered promenade has been cut along 
 the rocky shore, and is admirably suited for invalids, 
 as they can enjoy there a temperature twenty or 
 more degrees higher than in the shaded streets of the 
 town. 
 
 There are, on an average, about fifty-four rainy 
 days from December to April, and a rainfall during 
 
636 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 the six winter months, November to April, of 25 \ 
 inches. 
 
 It would seem to be much cooler in spring than 
 Mentone and the other western resorts ; but in 
 winter it would appear, in some seasons at any rate, 
 to be warmer. There can be no doubt as to the 
 mildness of its climate, as is evidenced by the 
 growth of standard lemon-trees and an abundant sub-, 
 tropical vegetation. Living is less costly at Nervi 
 than at most of the western resorts. The place is 
 much affected by Germans. 
 
 Santa Margherita, ten miles from Nervi, is beau- 
 tifully situated in a sheltered bay a little more than a 
 mile from Rapallo, its more popular neighbour. 
 
 Rapallo is well sheltered from the north, in the 
 same bay as Santa Margherita. It has a very sunny 
 aspect, facing south-east. The little bay has a very 
 narrow entrance, so that it is much shut in by a pro- 
 montory to the west and another to the east. These 
 two promontories are connected towards the north 
 by a semicircle of hills ; this natural protection from 
 the access of cold winds gives Rapallo a very mild 
 climate. Olive, chestnut; and fig- trees cover the 
 lower hills ; the more distant ones to the north-east 
 rise to between two and three thousand feet above 
 the sea. 
 
 The accommodation is good, and the prices are 
 moderate. There are a number of beautiful walks 
 along the coast and inland, which give it an advan- 
 tage over Nervi. It has a sandy beach, which is 
 another advantage. Its climate is no doubt warm 
 and rather moist. It has been said to resemble that 
 of Pisa ; but its situation and surroundings are far 
 more attractive. Its air is not so dry as at the 
 resorts on the French Riviera, but the temperature 
 is more equable. Altogether Rapallo has much to 
 recommend it as a winter resort, and is growing in 
 popularity with English invalids. 
 
 Sestri Levante, half-way between Genoa and 
 Spezia, is in a very picturesque but somewhat 
 
SPEZIA. 637 
 
 exposed situation, and has a very sunny and equable 
 climate. 
 
 Spezia is a town with a famous arsenal, and is built 
 at the north-west angle of a magnificent deep bay or 
 gulf, formed chiefly by the projection of a rocky pro- 
 montory to the west, about four miles in length. 
 There are delightfully quiet valleys and sheltered 
 bays to the east of the town, well suited for walks 
 and excursions. 
 
 The western coast of the gulf is rugged and hilly, 
 but the northern and eastern part is comparatively 
 level for about three miles, and this is utilised for 
 walks and drives. The town and gulf are open to 
 the south and south-east, but they are protected to 
 the north and west by steep and high mountains, 
 whose spurs stretch down into the sea. Its climate 
 is a mild one, its mean winter temperature is 40*6 F., 
 but the town and bay are not protected from the 
 prevailing wind, which is from the south, nor from 
 the Sirocco which not unfrequently blows from the 
 south-south-east. The climate is moderately warm, 
 moderately moist, calm, and tolerably equable, and 
 the air is free from dust. There are good hotels. 
 
 Spezia may be commended to the robuster sort of 
 invalid who is not greatly dependent on protection 
 from wind, who prefers a somewhat moist to a very 
 dry climate, and who desires to meet with facilities 
 for sailing, boating, riding, and a tolerably active life. 
 Its air is said to be soothing and comforting to those 
 who suffer from sleeplessness in the resorts of the 
 dryer and more exciting Western Riviera. It has a 
 fine public garden and promenade, the Marina, a 
 great boon to invalids. 
 
 Viareggio is the only other place on this coast 
 which need be here mentioned, situated between 
 Spezia and Leghorn. Having a fine sandy beach, 
 it has hitherto been chiefly known as a summer 
 bathing-station ; but its mild climate, and the 
 immediate adjacency of large pine woods affording 
 both shade and shelter, tend to bring it into favour 
 
638 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 as a winter resort. It is, however, somewhat exposed 
 to mists. 
 
 It is scarcely necessary to allude to Pisa, only a 
 few miles from the coast, except to mention its 
 former reputation as a winter resort. 
 
 There is another group of winter resorts, which, 
 although littoral stations like those on the French 
 and Italian Riviera, have very different climatic 
 characteristics. They are the comparatively seda- 
 tive stations of the south-west coast of France 
 Arcachon, Biarritz, St. Jean de Luz, and the adjacent 
 Spanish town, San Sebastian ; and with these littoral 
 climates we may associate the neighbouring inland 
 health resorts of Pau and Dax. 
 
 Arcachon, as an example of a sedative, yet not a 
 relaxing climate, no doubt possesses advantages for 
 the treatment of certain maladies. Ten miles from 
 the Atlantic coast (44 f N. lat.), from which it is 
 separated by high sand dunes covered with pine 
 forests, it is protected to a great extent from the fury 
 of the west and south-west winds by the dense forest, 
 which also offers a protection from the winds coming 
 from the east and south-east. To the north of the 
 town lies the great sea basin, a harbour many miles 
 in extent, inclosed on all sides, only communicating 
 with the Atlantic by a narrow channel running almost 
 due south. The north and north-east winds must 
 pass over this basin, and they become thus somewhat 
 warmed in winter and their irritating dryness 
 diminished, while it is maintained that they also 
 bring from the surface of this unusually salt sea 
 water, and from the vast extent of sands exposed by 
 the retreating tides, an appreciable amount of saline 
 and other marine emanations, to give a special 
 efficacy to the air in certain scrofulous conditions. 
 Arcachon shares also in the equable temperature 
 which belongs to moist, marine littoral climates. 
 The air contains much moisture, owing to the 
 west and south-west winds which blow in from the 
 
ARC AC HON. 639 
 
 Atlantic and bring much rain and mist ; but, owing 
 to the extreme porosity of the soil, which for miles 
 and miles is wholly sand, the water is drained 
 off from the surface as soon as it falls, so that there 
 can never be any stagnant water on the ground. 
 The air of the forest is impregnated with the 
 balsamic emanations from the pine trees, peculiarly 
 grateful to some forms of chest affections ; and, 
 moreover, it is found to be very remarkably rich in 
 ozone. 
 
 Arcachon contains two quite distinct parts : the 
 Plage, a level tract on the south shore of the Bassin, 
 which is occupied by somewhat closely packed streets 
 and houses, and is, in summer, crowded with sea- 
 bathers ; and the Ville d'Hiver, separated from the 
 former by a high sand-hill, and consisting of numerous 
 villa residences actually built in the forest ; each house 
 being surrounded on all sides by pine trees. The pre- 
 vailing winds, north-west, west, and south-west, 
 being sea winds, are not cold like continental winds ; 
 but they often blow with great violence, and were it 
 not for the protection of the lofty pine trees, over the 
 tops of which they blow, they would form a serious 
 drawback to the climate. There is less sudden transi- 
 tion from day to night temperature than in the Riviera. 
 The mean winter temperature is 44*5 F., the mean 
 relative humidity 85 per cent., the annual rainfall about 
 35 inches, and there are 103 rainy days. The climate 
 is, in short, moderately mild and soothing, and it 
 is especially suitable to cases of irritative bronchial or 
 laryngeal catarrh, to cases of early phthisis with 
 tendency to congestion or inflammatory complica- 
 tions, and to persons of nervous temperament. It is 
 not suited to persons of a lymphatic and torpid habit, 
 who do better in the tonic and stimulating air of the 
 Western Riviera. Cases of consumption and of other 
 chronic lung diseases have certainly been arrested at 
 Arcachon, and dyspeptic persons, in whom the 
 dyspepsia has been complicated with hysteria, hypo- 
 chondriasis, and nervous irritability, have derived 
 
640 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 great benefit from its climate. Arcachon is reached 
 in eight hours from Paris by express train. 
 
 Biarritz (43 29' N. lat.) has in some respects 
 the same qualities as Arcachon ; but as it lies com- 
 pletely exposed to the Atlantic winds, with no pro- 
 tection like the pine forests of Arcachon, it is more 
 bracing and less mild, and by no means so suit- 
 able to cases of chest disease. It is, however, well 
 suited to some forms of nervous exhaustion and 
 irritability. Its mean winter temperature is 45*6 F., 
 mean relative humidity 80 per cent., and annual 
 rainfall 49 J inches. 
 
 Its climate is bright and exhilarating for a great 
 part of the year ; the relative humidity is rather high, 
 but owing to the dryness of the soil, the heavy falls 
 of rain are rapidly absorbed, and the air is rarely felt 
 to be damp. As a winter resort it is most suitable to 
 hypochondriacal persons and to those who suffer from 
 depressed states of the nervous system. Old Anglo- 
 Indians are said to find it suitable to the ailments they 
 are prone to suffer from. In the spring it is a pleasant 
 place for a change for those who find benefit from a 
 sea climate with a fair amount of bright sunshine. 
 
 Some asthmatics, and invalids who require no 
 special protection from strong winds, do well there. 
 
 The town is built in a commanding position on 
 bold and lofty cliffs which dominate from a consider- 
 able height the Bay of Biscay, and form a part of the 
 eastern shores of the Atlantic. The broken rocky 
 coast there is very picturesque, and Biarritz has many 
 attractions both as a winter and a summer resort. The 
 winter season, during which it is chiefly occupied by 
 English visitors, extends from November to the end of 
 March. There are beautiful sands for bathing and these 
 are crowded in the summer and autumn. It has also 
 a well appointed thermal bath establishment supplied 
 by the natural salt springs of Briscous, eighteen kilo- 
 metres from Biarritz. 
 
 The climate of Biarritz is a sedative one, and is in 
 this respect contra-distinguished from the somewhat 
 
*$AN SEBASTIAN. 641 
 
 exciting climate of the Mediterranean littoral. It is 
 also bracing as well as sedative ; it could scarcely be 
 otherwise with the strong Atlantic winds blowing over 
 its towering cliffs and its mighty waves dashing 
 against their feet. It is this combination of bracing 
 and sedative properties that makes the climate of 
 Biarritz valuable to so many chronic invalids. It is, 
 however, too blustering and humid a climate for many 
 forms of chest disease, and it is on that account rarely 
 resorted to by the consumptive. Some invalids who 
 find the resorts on the Riviera too exciting, and who 
 become sleepless and feverish there, are benefited by 
 being transferred to Biarritz. By the Sud-express it 
 is reached in ten hours from Paris. 
 
 St. Jean de Luz, a little to the north of the 
 last westward spurs of the Pyrenees, as they stretch 
 toward the Atlantic, is beautifully situated in a 
 fine bay a few miles south of Biarritz, with the 
 climate of which it has much in common. It is, how- 
 ever, more protected from winds, being surrounded by 
 hills to the north-east and south-west, and better 
 suited therefore to pulmonary invalids. Owing to 
 its vicinity to the western Pyrenees, many interesting 
 excursions can be made from it. St. Jean de Luz, 
 though duller than its attractive neighbour, Biarritz, 
 has the advantage of being cheaper and of offering 
 greater quiet and retirement for those who seek 
 them. 
 
 About eight miles from St. Jean de Luz is Hendaye, 
 the last French village, with a fine beach and a 
 sanatorium for feeble children. 
 
 San Sebastian, the Spanish resort, only ten miles 
 by rail from Hendaye, certainly shares the mild 
 sedative character of the adjacent health resorts on 
 the south-west coast of France, while it would in 
 all probability be found warmer and more sheltered, 
 and therefore better suited to pulmonary visitors. It 
 is, however, chiefly resorted to in summer for its 
 sea bathing, and has not yet been much frequented 
 by English health-seekers. 
 
642 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Pau. The climate of Pan (43 20' N. lat.) has 
 often been the subject of much controversy, and has 
 had its admirers and its detractors ; the variability 
 of the different seasons, which is found in all European 
 health resorts, affording ample support to both parties. 
 It appears to be generally admitted, however, that its 
 climate is sedative, and that an unusual stillness of 
 atmosphere has often been observed to prevail there 
 for long periods at a time. It is well protected from 
 the north by a series of plateaux rising behind the 
 town, and the Pyrenean chain, at a distance of 
 fifteen miles, affords a barrier from the enervating 
 south winds. It is unprotected, however, to the 
 west and east, and it is occasionally visited by severe 
 storms. The prevailing winds are from the north 
 and w r est. Its average winter temperature, from 
 November to April, is 43*2, but little higher than 
 that of London. Its relative humidity is about 82 
 per cent., its annual rainfall 43 inches, and there are 
 119 rainy days in the year. The sandy, porous soil 
 rapidly absorbs the rain as it falls. Frost and snow 
 and cold nights are not uncommon in winter. 
 
 Compared with the French health resorts on the 
 Riviera, it is moister, its rainfall and number of rainy 
 days are greater, it has less sunshine and sunheat, 
 and periods of cold weather are more common. On 
 the other hand its temperature is more equable, and 
 it is much freer from winds. The climate of Pau is 
 sedative, not bracing, and it is most suitable to 
 irritable nervous persons having a tendency to febrile 
 excitement. To such persons, when suffering from 
 chronic chest affections, spasmodic asthma, emphy- 
 sema, bronchial catarrh, active forms of chronic 
 phthisis with tendency to haemorrhage and laryngeal 
 irritation, the sedative climate of Pau may be recom- 
 mended, but it is not suited to relaxed lymphatic 
 persons, nor to sufferers from loss of nerve tone. 
 
 A small sanatorium, the Trespcey Sanatorium for 
 Consumptives, has been built on a hill, half an hour's 
 drive from Pau, at an elevation of about 700 feet ; it 
 
MALAGA. 643 
 
 is open from the middle of October to the middle of 
 May. 
 
 Many patients who pass their winter at Pau 
 remove in the summer to one of the adjacent Pyre- 
 nean resorts, Bagneres-de-Bigorre or Eaux Bonnes, 
 where they escape the summer heat of the town, 
 and where they can avail themselves, if so disposed, 
 of a course of treatment at the mineral springs. 
 
 The town of Pau is splendidly situated, facing the 
 entire chain of the Pyrenees at an elevation of 650 
 feet above the sea. It contains some very excellent 
 hotels, a good English club, and many other social 
 attractions. The season is from November to May. 
 Many charming excursions can be taken from Pau 
 as a centre. It is only a few hours to Biarritz and 
 the shores of the Bay of Biscay, and most beautiful 
 and interesting tours of any length can be made int-o 
 the Pyrenees in the fine days of spring. 
 
 Dax, in the Department of the Landes, about 
 midway between Pau and Arcachon, with thermal, 
 mud, and mineral baths, is described in Part I., page 159. 
 
 Passing to the other extremity of the Iberian 
 peninsula, we find but a very few places in the South 
 of Spain suitable for winter quarters ; the chief of 
 these are Malaga, Gibraltar, San Lucar, Huelva, and 
 Seville. 
 
 These are all in the southern portion of Andalusia, 
 and situated between 36 8' (the most southern 
 Gibraltar) and 37 26' (the most northern Seville) 
 north latitude. San Lucar and Huelva are on the 
 Atlantic south-western coast, Gibraltar and Malaga 
 on the Mediterranean south-eastern coast of Spain, 
 and Seville is about forty miles inland from the 
 former. 
 
 Malaga (36 44' N. lat.) is the only one of 
 these Spanish southern stations that has ever been 
 much frequented by English invalids. 
 
 The serious defect of Malaga as a resort for 
 invalids, notwithstanding its admirable climate, is 
 
644 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 that it is a large, densely populated, and not very 
 healthy town, but of late years, since the improve- 
 ment in the water supply, many villas have been 
 built in the suburbs. The city is built on a flat sandy 
 plain, and its streets are narrow and close. Its climate 
 is, however, one of the most equable on the Continent, 
 and it is also very dry. The rainfall is small, and 
 there are on an average only 40 rainy days in the 
 year ; so that in some seasons the drought is very 
 serious, and the absence of water, no doubt, at times 
 contributes to its defective sanitary condition. 
 There are great variations, however, in the rainfall in 
 different years. The water supply is good and 
 abundant. 
 
 It is doubtful if this constant sunshine and absence 
 of moisture would prove invigorating and health- 
 giving to the majority of invalids, unless they could 
 at the same time live in fresh country air, which 
 appears to be impossible there. Winter, as we under- 
 stand that word in England, is almost unknown at 
 Malaga, or is very excsptional, the mean winter 
 temperature being 56 F. ; and a whole winter may 
 pass without the thermometer sinking to 50 F., even 
 at night. 
 
 It is sheltered from the north, and to some extent 
 from the east, by mountains which rise behind the 
 town to the height of 3,000 feet. It lies open to the 
 south and to the sea. The winds are occasionally 
 trying, especially the prevalence in winter of the 
 land-winds or " Terrals," which gain access to Malaga 
 through a defect in the protecting hills to the north, 
 and, from passing over the snow-covered sierras, are 
 cold and dry to a degree which proves very irritating 
 to some invalids. 
 
 Owing to the mildness of the climate, the sugar- 
 cane and most tropical plants flourish there, and the 
 eucalyptus has been introduced with success, and 
 has, to some extent, improved the sanitary condition 
 of the portions of the town where it has been planted. 
 The orange groves are particularly fine. 
 
GIBRALTAR. 645 
 
 There is, then, much in the climate of Malaga 
 and the adjacent coast to recommend it as suitable 
 winter quarters for invalids who desire to find 
 warmth and bright sunshine in winter ; but the 
 drawbacks to Malaga, on other grounds, are very 
 great. These are the discomforts of the hotels, the 
 difficulty of getting well-cooked food, the absence 
 of objects of interest in the town, and the im- 
 possibility of invalids getting any accommodation 
 outside the town. To these must be added the 
 trouble of getting there and the difficulty of 
 getting away. There is either a very long land 
 journey, twenty-six hours from Paris to Madrid, 
 twelve hours from Madrid to Cordova, and six and a- 
 half hours from Cordova to Malaga ; or there is the 
 sea voyage of four or five days by P. & O. steamer 
 to Gibraltar, and another short sea trip from 
 Gibraltar to Malaga, which is very trying in the 
 small Spanish boats ; the large boats of the Com- 
 pagnie Generate Transatlantique are, however, good. 
 
 Malaga is an important summer resort for sea 
 bathing. 
 
 Most travelled Englishmen are acquainted with 
 Gibraltar (36 7' N. lat.), and of late years a certain 
 number of the robuster class of English invalids have 
 passed some part of the winter there. It has been 
 written of as " an uncomfortable fortress where, every 
 way the traveller turns, he finds a hill, and a different 
 temperature at every corner of its stuffy streets." It 
 is, however, for those who are fairly strong, and only 
 require a little southern warmth and sunshine, a fairly 
 healthy and pleasant place of residence from Novem- 
 ber to May, but its attractions are limited and cir- 
 cumscribed, and the majority of visitors begin to get 
 tired of it after about two months, and want to go 
 elsewhere. Then it is to be avoided in seasons 
 when the " rock fever " is prevalent, the fear of which 
 shortens the stay of many visitors. Its mean winter 
 temperature is given as 54*5 F. The annual rain- 
 fall is 32 inches. One drawback to the climate 
 
646 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 of Gibraltar is the occasional prevalence of easterly 
 wind, the Levanter, which proves irritating arid very 
 trying to most persons. The hotel accommodation 
 has improved of late years. 
 
 Of San Lucar very little need be said. It is 
 situated at the mouth of the Guadalquivir, where 
 this famous river pours its waters into the Atlantic. 
 It enjoys a very hot climate, but it is a dull town, 
 situated in a treeless, sandy, undulating country. It 
 can be reached by river steamer from Seville. 
 
 Huelva, a few miles to the north of San Lucar, on 
 the same coast, has much more to recommend it as a 
 winter resort. It has a fine situation at the confluence 
 of the Rivers Odiel and Tinto, and the famous Rio 
 Tinto mines are about twenty miles distant. It is the 
 seat of a small English mining colony, and is also 
 important on account of its sardine fisheries. The 
 water supply is excellent. 
 
 Huelva has a moist, warm, and equable winter 
 climate, and snow has never been known there. Its 
 mean winter day temperature is. 67 F., and night 
 temperature 56*30 F. Good hotel accommodation 
 has been provided there. 
 
 Seville (37 24' N. lat.) is not exactly a health 
 resort, and yet it affords an agreeable and suitable 
 residence in winter for certain delicate persons who 
 require more warmth and sunshine than they can 
 find at home. Ice and snow are said to be unknown 
 there ; and although it has occasionally a wet winter, 
 the climate is usually dry, bright, and sunny. Its 
 mean temperature in the coldest month of winter 
 (January) is 52-2 F. The mean annual rainfall 
 is about 29 inches, with 34 rainy days. It is 
 scarcely necessary to add that it is a city full of 
 objects of interest, and that the hotel accommodation 
 is lair. 
 
 The Italian cities of Rome and Naples, although 
 winter resorts greatly frequented on account of the 
 objects of interest they present to the visitor, can 
 
ROME, NAPLES, CASTELLAMARE. 647 
 
 scarcely be regarded as suitable health resorts for 
 invalids. Indeed, the excitement and fatigue of sight- 
 seeing in Rome has often done much injury to invalids 
 who have been unwise enough to yield to its attrac- 
 tions. Its winter climate is very variable, the cold " tra- 
 montana" is the prevailing wind, and the warm, moist, 
 depressing " sirocco " occasionally blows. The relative 
 humidity in winter is 72 per cent., and in some 
 seasons there are many wet days. No doubt the city 
 of Rome is in a much better sanitary condition than 
 it used to be, and one rarely hears now of " Roman 
 fever," but the country immediately surrounding 
 Rome is still malarious. 
 
 The spring March, April, and part of May is the 
 best season for visitors. To the mental invalid who 
 needs distractions and pleasant occupation, Rome 
 may be useful. 
 
 . Naples, like Rome, has much improved of late 
 years in matters of sanitation ; but it cannot be said 
 to have a very suitable climate for invalids. Its mean 
 winter temperature is 48-1 F. ; it is much exposed to 
 the cold " tramontana," one of the most prevalent 
 winds, and a good deal of rain falls, especially in 
 November and December. Indeed, it is often very 
 cold in winter. The higher part of the city, the 
 neighbourhood of Posillipo, is best suited for the 
 residence of visitors. Castellamare di Stabia, 
 Sorrento, and Amalfi are popular resorts in the 
 immediate vicinity of Naples. 
 
 Castellamare is about seventeen miles from 
 Naples by rail ; it is a port on the Bay of Naples, 
 and as it faces north-west it is not well suited as a 
 residence for invalids in winter, but it is well adapted 
 for a spring and summer resort, as its aspect tends 
 to keep it cool in the hot season. It is apt at times 
 to be damp and cloudy. It has sulphur and other 
 mineral springs. 
 
 Sorrento is seven miles south-west of Castella- 
 mare, by a fine carriage drive. It is splendidly 
 situated, with grand views over the Bay of Naples, 
 
648 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Vesuvius, and the island of Capri. It is a warm and 
 sunny resort, but is exposed to north-west winds. 
 There is good hotel accommodation there. 
 
 Amalfi, on the Gulf of Salerno, is twenty-four 
 miles south-east of Naples. It is a most beautifully 
 situated and interesting town. It faces south, and 
 it is much more sheltered from the cold north wind 
 than the preceding resorts. It is the best and sunniest 
 winter resort in this neighbourhood, and the accom- 
 modation is good. These resorts are useful in the 
 spring for invalids returning to Europe from Egypt 
 and other African resorts. 
 
 Abbazia (45 20' N. lat.) is an Austrian winter re- 
 sort, and has been termed " the Nice of the Adriatic," 
 and "the Austrian Mentone." It is situated on the 
 eastern shore of the peninsula of Istria at the head 
 of the beautiful Gulf of Fiume, and is much frequented 
 for its mild winter climate by those who wish to 
 escape from the cold of Vienna, Prague, Buda-Pesth, 
 and other towns of Austro-Hungary. It is also a 
 popular sea bathing resort in summer. It is a drive of 
 about four miles from Mattughi station, thirteen hours 
 by rail from Vienna, and three hours from Trieste. 
 It can also be reached by small steamer from Fiume 
 in eighty minutes. 
 
 It enjoys complete shelter from the west by the 
 Monte Maggiore behind it, more than 4,000 feet high, 
 but it is imperfectly protected from the dreaded "bora" 
 or north-east wind, and it is often visited by the 
 sirocco, which blows there as a hot and rainy wind. 
 It has a sunny south or south-eastern aspect, with a 
 fine view over the Straits of Quarnero, at the top of 
 the Adriatic, the islands of Veglia and Cherso, and 
 the coast line of Croatia. Its mean temperature for 
 the coldest month (January) is 40-6 F., and for the 
 winter 42-8 to 44*6 F. The annual rainfall is large, 
 66 inches, snow falls on an average about five da)^s 
 in the winter, and severe frosts are not uncommon. 
 Its relative humidity in winter is also rather high, 
 80 per cent. It will thus be seen that it is much 
 
CORSICA. 649 
 
 less warm and dry than the resorts on the Western 
 Riviera, and cannot, therefore, be attractive to 
 English invalids in winter, but it affords the dwellers 
 in the Austro- Hungarian cities a comparatively 
 pleasant climate during some of the winter months. 
 The vegetation is rich and varied there are good 
 hotels, with beautiful gardens and many charming 
 walks, including a promenade of three miles along 
 the sea coast. It is said that there are no mosquitoes 
 there in summer. 
 
 There are many interesting and valuable climatic 
 resorts in some of the islands of the Mediterranean. 
 
 In Corsica the only really available winter resort 
 is the beautifully situated town of Ajaccio (41 54' 
 N. lat.), on a fine bay facing south-west and protected 
 from the north and the east by high mountain ranges. 
 It is thus greatly sheltered from cold \vinds, but is 
 exposed to the south-west. It has a great number 
 of bright sunny days, but it is undoubtedly a 
 more humid climate than the French Riviera. Its 
 mean humidity is 80 per cent., its average winter 
 temperature 54 F., and spring temperature 59 F. 
 There is a moderate but not excessive daily range 
 of temperature. 
 
 On an average there are thirty-five rainy days 
 during the winter and spring months. A great 
 advantage is the absence of dust and mosquitoes. 
 The scenery is magnificent and the country interest- 
 ing. Some who have spent a winter season there 
 speak of it with enthusiasm, especially sufferers from 
 asthma. There are beautiful drives and walks 
 along well-kept roads, the vegetation is luxurious, 
 and odorous shrubs and flowers are abundant, so that 
 the whole island is fragrant with them. 
 
 Steamers belonging to the Compagnie Trans- 
 atlantique, from Marseilles, perform the journey in 
 fitteen hours, and from Nice in ten hours. There are 
 also steamers from Leghorn to Bastia the least 
 stormy part of the Mediterranean in six hours. 
 
650 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 There is a railway from Bastia to Ajaccio passing 
 through very fine scenery. 
 
 The climate of this place is no doubt of great 
 value in cases of protracted convalescence from acute 
 disease ; in some cases of chronic rheumatism and 
 gout, requiring a mild and sunny winter climate and 
 not too stimulating an atmosphere ; in cases of 
 chronic chest disease without any tendency to active 
 symptoms, and where there is plenty of reserve force ; 
 while it would seem to be very beneficial to certain 
 asthmatics. It must be remembered that it is a more 
 equable and moister climate than that of the Riviera, 
 and warmer, and being more sedative it is more 
 suitable to certain cases of neuralgia and insomnia. 
 There are comfortable villas built round the town, 
 where good accommodation can be obtained, and 
 there are also good hotels situated at an elevation of 
 some hundred feet above the sea. 
 
 The well-known gaseous chalybeate springs of 
 Orezza are about eighty miles distant among the 
 mountains in the north-eastern part of Corsica. The 
 village of Orezza is situated about 2,000 feet above 
 the sea and has an hotel and bath establishment. It 
 is a place of summer, not winter resort. 
 
 In the island of Sicily there are four places that 
 have been commended as winter resorts : Palermo, 
 Taormina, Catania, and Acireale. 
 
 Catania ai.d Acireale do not offer any great 
 attractions to English health-seekers, and but very 
 little need be said of them here. As a change from 
 Palermo, when one is tired of that place, either of 
 these towns, or both, may be visited. 
 
 Catania is a modern, popular, and busy town. 
 Its mean winter temperature is 53'8, and its daily 
 range of temperature 14*5. There is less humidity 
 of atmosphere and less equability of temperature 
 than at Palermo, and there is a considerable difference 
 between the day and night temperature. There is 
 often a great deal of wind and dust, particularly in the 
 months of December and April. The east winds are 
 
CATANIA, ACIREALE, TAORMINA. 651 
 
 disagreeable, and the sirocco blows at times. Catania 
 has only 40 rainy days in the year. The low tem- 
 perature at night is doubtless due to the adjacency 
 of the snow fields of Mount Etna, at the base of 
 which this town lies. The environs, composed of lava, 
 are bare and desolate, and the place, though warm 
 and sunny, is not suited to delicate invalids. 
 
 Acireale is ten miles north of Catania and nearer 
 Messina, from which town it is about two hours by 
 rail. It is 560 feet above the sea, on the southern 
 slopes of Mount Etna. It possesses warm mineral 
 springs, which are much frequented in summer, and a 
 fine bath establishment and hotel " Grand Albergo 
 dei Bagni " which is surrounded by gardens and has 
 fine views. It has been found " cold and desolate " in 
 winter, and is too exposed and windy for invalids. 
 Its climate resembles that of Catania ; but owing to 
 its elevation, its atmosphere is no doubt fresher. 
 
 Taormina, from the beauty and salubrity of its 
 situation, is a very attractive winter resort. It lies 
 on the eastern coast of Sicily between Messina and 
 Acireale, and is approached from the Giardini railway 
 station by a drive of two or three miles up a very 
 steep hill on which it is built, at an elevation of about 
 400 feet above the sea. It commands magnificent 
 views over the sea and the opposite coast of Italy, 
 and of Mount Etna, which lies to the south-west. 
 It is reached from Naples in about fourteen hours. 
 As to its climate, it is reported to have great equability 
 of temperature and much sunshine, allowing of many 
 hours being passed daily in the open air, in protected 
 situations, from January to April. December is a 
 rainy month. There are some famous ruins of a 
 Greek theatre there. Excellent hotel accommodation 
 is provided. It is a popular resort with Germans. 
 
 Palermo (38 6' N. lat.) is one of the most 
 beautiful winter stations to be found in Europe. Its 
 situation is one of great beauty, surrounded by an 
 amphitheatre of mountains forming at each extremity 
 an arm of the beautiful bay which thfc town faces. 
 
652 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Between the town and the mountains a richly culti- 
 vated plain rises gradually for about four miles till it 
 reaches their base ; this, from its shell-like form, has 
 been named the Concha d'Oro. The town itself is 
 finely built, and beautiful public and private gardens 
 and luxuriant vegetation surround it. There is a 
 fine promenade by the sea, the Marina, commanding 
 magnificent views, and there are varied excursions, 
 and objects of much interest in and around the city. 
 There are steamers from Naples daily in about twelve 
 hours ; by this route Palermo can be reached in three 
 days from London. 
 
 A sanatorium for invalids (the Villa Igeia) has 
 been built in a fine situation on the coast to the 
 north of the city, with a southern aspect and good 
 protection from the north. The visitors all have 
 south rooms facing the sea. 
 
 The winter climate of Palermo is warm, but it is 
 also damp and moist. It has a good many rainy 
 days, although its rainfall is not great. November 
 is usually a very wet month, and visitors for the 
 winter should not arrive before December. It has a 
 warmer and moister winter climate than the Western 
 Riviera, more equable and freer from those sudden 
 and great transitions between the day and night 
 temperature. It is a good deal exposed to winds 
 from the north, north-east, and north-west ; these, 
 however, blow across the Mediterranean before they 
 reach Palermo, and thus become somewhat warmed 
 and charged with moisture. It is also subject, with 
 the rest of the island, to occasional visitations of the 
 African sirocco, which, no doubt, serves to raise the 
 average winter temperature, and is felt, while it 
 prevails, as a most pernicious influence dry, hot, 
 and exhausting. 
 
 The mean temperature for the coldest winter 
 month (January) is 5i'6F. The mean daily range 
 is about io*5F. The soil is damp in parts, and the 
 glare of the sun is often found very trying to the 
 eyes. 
 
MALTA. 653 
 
 Apart from the trouble of getting to Palermo for 
 those who dread a long land journey to Naples and 
 then twelve hours of sea, it is not well suited for 
 invalids requiring delicate care and protection from 
 winds, or for those whom a moist and warm climate 
 unduly relaxes and depresses ; so also, like Algiers, it 
 seems not to be suited to persons who are predis- 
 posed to bilious disorders. Its climate is somewhat 
 of an intermediate one between that of Madeira and 
 that of the Riviera. It is colder and dryer than 
 Madeira, warmer, moister, and more equable than 
 the Riviera. We may expect to find this climate 
 suitable to those cases of chronic or sub-febrile phthisis 
 for which a dryer and less equable climate is too 
 exciting, or which suffer from a tendency to haemor- 
 rhage or to dry catarrh of the hrynx and trachea ; 
 also to the gouty bronchitic with tenacious, scanty 
 secretion ; it is suitable to irritable neurasthenics and 
 to those exhausted from over- work or worry, who are 
 likely to derive benefit from the life of brightness 
 and the many objects of interest to be found in a 
 large historic city in the midst of beautiful surround- 
 ings. It is not likely to suit the bronchial or 
 asthmatic patient with profuse secretion so well 
 as the dry air of Egypt or the Riviera. It is too 
 damp and windy also for the rheumatic. 
 
 It has been said to be " one of the great advantages 
 of Malta (35 53' N. lat.) as a health resort that 
 invalids can so easily get away from it ! " But it is 
 very doubtful if invalids in the strict sense of the 
 word ought ever to go there. A low island, nowhere 
 rising above 600 feet from the sea' level, without 
 protection from mountains or forests, in the centre 
 of the Mediterranean, exposed to every wind that 
 blows, with frequent and abundant rain in the 
 winter such a place can scarcely be a suitable 
 resort for delicate invalids, whatever social attrac- 
 tions its official society may seem to present. The 
 climate of Malta is a very equable one, the difference 
 between the night and day temperature not being 
 
654 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 more than 4 or 5 F. in winter ; and this quality may 
 be serviceable to some who are very sensitive to 
 changes of temperature, and who find they avoid 
 catarrhal attacks in such a climate. The relaxing 
 effects of such an equable climate are certainly 
 counteracted, to some extent, by the bracing in- 
 fluences of the sea winds, but in still conditions of 
 atmosphere it must be very enervating. It should be 
 borne in mind that seasons vary greatly at Malta, so 
 much exposed as it is to weather, and in fine seasons 
 it has been found a very pleasant winter resort. 
 The mean winter temperature is 56 F. 
 
 As all the gardens are inclosed by high stone 
 walls, to protect the trees and shrubs from the 
 winds, the island has an unusually barren and formal 
 appearance. 
 
 A stay of two or three weeks at Malta, in con- 
 nection with a short sea voyage by a P. & O. 
 steamer to the Mediterranean and back, may be 
 recommended in certain cases of over-work or over- 
 strain, where temporary repose in a soothing and yet 
 moderately bracing climate, with cheerful surround- 
 ings, is needed. 
 
 The Island of Corfu, in the Ionian Sea (39 q 30' 
 N. lat.), a few miles from the coast of Albania, owing 
 to its somewhat inconstant and changeable winter 
 climate, is not exactly suited for the more serious 
 class of invalids to winter in. 
 
 From the situation of the town facing the coast 
 mountains of Albania, which are eight or ten miles 
 distant it is very insufficiently sheltered from the 
 continental winds which, in winter, blow over the 
 snow-topped mountains opposite it. When the wind 
 comes from the north-east, which it frequently does, 
 it must be unpleasantly cold ; and when from the 
 south-east, which is also a prevailing wind, it must be 
 disagreeably relaxing. The mean temperature in 
 January and February is said to be about 50 F., and in 
 April about 60 F., so that it has a decidedly southern 
 climate so far as average temperature is concerned. 
 
CORFU AND CAPRI. 655 
 
 The mean relative humidity varies between 70 and 
 80 per cent, so that it is also rather a moist climate, 
 and there is a considerable rainfall, chiefly in the 
 early part of the winter, with about 72 rainy days 
 between November and April. 
 
 The island is moreover subject to fogs which often 
 last some time ; but on the other hand it is very free 
 from dust. 
 
 Corfu is a suitable resort for the more robust class 
 of invalids who are able to lead a fairly active life, 
 who require plenty of exercise and sport, if it can 
 be got, and who would be able to avail themselves of 
 the attractive excursions for sport and pleasure which 
 this charming island affords. As a change for a month 
 in spring from some other southern winter resort, as 
 in the transition from Egypt to Europe, it is highly 
 to be commended. 
 
 The town, together with the bay, lies open to the 
 south and south-east. There is always some move- 
 ment in the air, a breeze blowing in from the sea 
 till three in the afternoon when the land breeze 
 sets in. The streets of the town are lively and 
 attractive, and filled with varied picturesque costumes 
 showing that it is a sort of link between the east and 
 the west. The principal hotels are good, and the 
 roads all over the island excellent. 
 
 It can be reached by steamer either from Trieste 
 in two days or from Brindisi in twelve hours. 
 
 The beautiful island of Capri (40 32' N. lat.) 
 in the magificent bay of Naples, and twenty-one miles 
 from that city, is one of the most attractive of winter 
 resorts. 
 
 The island is, for the most part, surrounded by 
 precipitous cliffs affording only two landing places, 
 one on its north and the other on its south side. 
 The town of Capri, with its white-washed, flat- 
 topped houses, its dark covered archways, and its 
 palm-trees, has quite an Oriental aspect. Its hilly 
 slopes are covered with vineyards and olive 
 groves. 
 
656 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 It is usually approached from Naples by steamboat 
 touching at Sorrento on the way. 
 
 Capri affords a delightful winter climate, and a 
 most comfortable residence for invalids who are not 
 very weak or delicate, but who retain a considerable 
 amount of physical vigour, and are able to take a 
 good amount of exercise out of doors up and down 
 hill. 
 
 Its insular position gives it quite a sea climate ; 
 it has been compared to a ship in mid-ocean, and 
 the effects of a residence there has been likened to a 
 sea voyage without its accidents and discomforts. It 
 has the equable temperature of sea climates, and one 
 is not exposed there to that chill, when the sun goes 
 down, which is encountered in the Riviera, and even 
 at Naples only twenty miles off. But Capri has also a 
 dry climate. Much less rain falls there than on the 
 shores of the Bay of Naples, or on the island of 
 Ischia at the other horn of the bay. The clouds pass 
 over the island and break on the heights behind 
 Naples, so that there is often a great dearth of water 
 at Capri. Owing to the amount of clear blue sky, 
 and the reflection from the surrounding sea, this 
 little island is very bright and sunny. On account of 
 its form (it is somewhat saddle-shaped), the central 
 depression, where the town is situated, enjoys con- 
 siderable protection from east and west winds by 
 the elevated ground at each end. It is ex- 
 posed to the winds from the north and south ; the 
 invalid can, however, choose either side of the island 
 for his walks. When the north wind is blowing he 
 can confine himself to the southern side of the 
 island, and when the wind is from the south, to the 
 northern. 
 
 Capri has good hotel accommodation at a 
 moderate price. 
 
 There is much to commend Capri to the more 
 active and robust class of invalids, who desire to 
 escape from the northern winter and. get winter sun- 
 shine in combination with beautiful scenery, pure air, 
 
MONTREUX. 657 
 
 and comfortable entertainment. The drawbacks are 
 its distance from home, and the difficulty and trouble of 
 crossing to and from Naples in bad weather, so that 
 one may be detained several days at either place ; 
 also the very few roads and paths, and the absence of 
 English doctors. It is not suited to cases of advanced 
 consumption, but may be recommended in early or 
 stationary cases with but a small amount of disease 
 and plenty of physical strength. 
 
 We have yet to notice a few climatic winter 
 resorts, most of them on, or adjacent to, large lakes, 
 as Montreux on the Lake of Geneva, Locarno on 
 Lago Maggiore, Lugano on the lake of that name, 
 Riva on the Lago di Garda, the adjacent resort 
 Arco, and the not far distant Meran and Innsbruck. 
 None of these has what can be called a warm 
 climate, in winter some of them are decidedly cold, 
 and some have a fair amount of moisture ; but 
 they respond, some of them, to local needs, and 
 are also adapted to satisfy the idiosyncrasies of 
 certain invalids, who dislike what they term the 
 " glare " of the Mediterranean coast or the winds 
 of the Atlantic or the dust and flies of Egypt 
 and of certain other stations. Their intermediate 
 character often renders them useful as transition 
 resorts in spring and autumn. 
 
 Montreux is situated on the north-eastern shore 
 of the Lake of Geneva. The district known as 
 Montreux really comprises several villages, stretch- 
 ing from Clarens to Veytaux. 
 
 The village of Montreux itself enjoys a more 
 sheltered position than any of the others. The 
 indentation of the lake, which is here called the Bay 
 of Montreux, is protected by the mountains around 
 from the north and east winds, and in some degree 
 from the north-west winds. The " bise " the cold 
 north-east wind is not nearly so much felt at 
 Montreux as at Geneva, and the temperature is 
 more equable. 
 
658 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Montreux, though open, dry, and sunny, and with 
 a considerable number of clear days, has a large rain- 
 fall, and', as has been said, must not be regarded as a 
 warm winter climate. Its mean winter temperature 
 is 36-5 F. 
 
 There are about 140 rainy days in the year; 
 and the rainfall is considerable, much greater than 
 at adjacent stations, the mean annual quantity being 
 46 inches. 
 
 The atmosphere is of medium humidity (annual 
 mean 73-2 per cent.), and in some winters fogs are 
 not unknown. Owing to its protection from winds, 
 the air is usually calm and still. 
 
 In an average winter a good deal of cold weather 
 must be expected at Montreux, as its mean winter 
 and spring temperature is some 5 F. lower than 
 that of Ventnor ; but in favourable seasons, on the 
 other hand, a good many bright, clear, sunny days 
 may be expected and comparatively few rainy ones. 
 In November, however, there are often many cold, 
 damp days. The average amount of sunshine in 
 ths winter is much lower than in many other 
 resorts, only 56-3 hours in December, and 66-9 
 in January. The amount of possible sunshine is 
 small in the shortest day of winter, at Veytaux 
 only 5 hours. 
 
 In spring the weather is often very variable. 
 There are perhaps some very fine days, and then 
 a sudden and unexpected return of cold with rain 
 or snow ; so that invalids need to take great 
 precautions at this season. Patients often ascend 
 to Glion at this period of the year. Few people 
 spend the summer at Montreux, on account of 
 the heat, but the autumn is a fine season up to 
 the middle of October, when storms of rain fre- 
 quently set in and there is occasionally a passing 
 snow-fall. 
 
 It is an advantage at Montreux to have such 
 mountain stations as Glion, Les Avants and Caux 
 readily accessible ; for in some seasons there is 
 
LOCARNO AND LUGANO. 659 
 
 much more sunshine to be found at the higher resorts 
 than at the lower one. 
 
 The climate of Montreux is, on the whole, some- 
 what sedative, and seems to suit excitable people 
 who find they do not sleep well on the Riviera. The 
 influence on the climate of the adjacency of a 
 large lake, is like that of the sea on the sea- 
 coast it increases its equability moderates the 
 cold of winter and the heat of summer. It is a 
 well-known station for the grape cure in autumn. 
 
 Locarno (46 16' N. lat.) is at the north or Swiss 
 end of Lago Maggiore, and reached by a branch line 
 from Bellinzona on the St. Gothard Railway. Being 
 on the western shore of the lake, it has an eastern 
 aspect. Its elevation above the sea is about 700 feet. 
 The little town is well protected by high mountains 
 to the north and south, less so to the west. The 
 winds from the east and south-east are broken by 
 the mountains which separate this lake from the 
 Lake of Lugano. It has a rich, sub-tropical vege- 
 tation. Its winter climate is mild and sunny, with a 
 large proportion of clear skies. The adjacency of 
 the lake moderates the temperature of the air by 
 its temperature (44*24 F. in winter), and by re- 
 flection of sun-heat from its surface. The mean 
 temperature of January the coldest month is 
 35 F. There are on an average in the winter six 
 months, about 40 days, when rain falls. Snow is 
 rare, but there is a heavy rainfall in the autumn. 
 Mists occasionally appear, but are of brief duration. 
 There is but little wind in winter, and the atmo- 
 sphere is very still. The winter climate may be 
 described as sedative, mild and equable, with little 
 wind, no dust, and much sunshine. It is a suitable 
 intermediate station for such cases as are sent to the 
 South chiefly chronic affections of the respiratory, 
 circulatory, and renal organs seeking a quiet, restful 
 resort, free from excitement and gaiety. 
 
 Lugano (46 N. lat), most picturesquely situated 
 on the lake of that name, with a station on the 
 
66o CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 St. Gothard Railway, is, like Locarno, a very 
 suitable intermediate resort for those who have 
 wintered in the South, or are about to do so. Its 
 protection from prevailing cold winds is not 
 very complete, its rainfall is considerable, and it is 
 rather humid. Its mean temperature for the coldest 
 winter month (January) is 34-5 F., rather colder 
 than Locarno, and its relative humidity for the 
 same month is 81 per cent. There is, however, a 
 large daily average of sunshine, viz. 4.15 hours in 
 January. Rain is rare in winter, but heavy falls 
 usually occur in autumn and late spring. 
 
 The climate is sedative, rather humid, with much 
 sunshine. It is suitable to some forms of bronchial 
 catarrh, cardiac affections, rheumatism and nervous 
 dyspepsia, and to convalescents to those who find 
 the Riviera district too exciting. 
 
 Riva (45 54' N. lat.), in Austria, is in a fine 
 situation at the north end of the Lago di Garda, with 
 beautiful country for excursions around. It is too 
 little protected from the cold north and south-east 
 winds to afford a suitable winter residence for delicate 
 invalids. The period of sunshine in winter days is 
 short, and the atmosphere is often damp and misty. 
 The mean temperature for the three winter months 
 is 38-8 F. It is better suited for a stay in autumn 
 than, in winter. On the western shore of the Garda 
 lake, in a more protected and sunny situation, there 
 are some resorts frequented chiefly by Germans in 
 the winter : the best known of these is Gardone- 
 Riviera, which has a mild, equable climate, with but 
 little wind and dust, and is frequented by convales- 
 cents from acute disease, chronic pulmonary invalids, 
 and neurasthenic cases. 
 
 Arco, another Austrian winter resort much 
 frequented by Germans, is situated only three 
 miles from Riva to the north-east, in the Sarca 
 Valley. It has much the same winter temperature as 
 Riva, but it is better protected from cold winds by 
 surrounding mountains. As a winter climate it enjoys 
 
MERAN. 66 1 
 
 much protection from prevailing winds, has a 
 moderate degree of humidity and much sunshine. 
 Arco has been developed by the Austrians as a 
 winter resort, and is provided with institutions for 
 applications of hydrotherapy and inhalation treat- 
 ment. It is visited as an alternative to the warmer 
 southern resorts by patients \vho, for various reasons, 
 may not desire or be able to visit the latter. 
 
 Meran (46 41 ' N. lat), once the capital of Tirol, 
 is situated about eighteen miles by rail from Botzen 
 on the line of rail connecting Innsbruck and Verona. 
 The situation of Meran is exceedingly picturesque, 
 placed as it is on the southern slopes of the Alps of 
 the Austrian Tyrol, at an elevation of from 920 to 
 i, 1 80 feet above the sea, on the banks of the Passer, 
 about half-a-mile above its confluence with the Adige. 
 Its position is a very sheltered one, as it is sur- 
 rounded on all sides by mountains, except towards 
 the south, towards the w r ide and extensive valley of 
 the Adige, where it lies fully exposed to the southern 
 sun as well as to the full fury of the south wind, which 
 occasionally blows with considerable violence ; but it 
 is protected to a great extent by lofty mountains, 
 some rising as high as 10,000 feet, to the north, the 
 east, and the west. 
 
 It is to this exceptionally protected situation 
 that it owes its peculiar climatic advantages. 
 
 In the first place it is an exceptionally dry 
 climate. It has an average of only 52 rainy days 
 in the whole year, and only 13 during the \vinter. 
 On an average it has seven days of snow in the 
 winter, so that it is not a w r arm climate, its mean 
 temperature for the coldest month (January) being 
 32*6 F. Meran has a dry and cold \vinter climate ; 
 but the cold is much better borne, is more tonic and 
 far less depressing than in a place which is damp as 
 well as cold. The cold is also better borne because 
 of the absence of wind, the protecting girdle of moun- 
 tains keeping off all winds except that from the south. 
 The sun heat, owing to its exposure to the south, is 
 
662 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 very considerable, especially at mid-day, and there are 
 an unusual number of bright sunny days in winter. 
 
 Owing to the dry ness of the air, the intensity of 
 solar radiation, and the absence of winds, invalids are 
 able to remain in the open air at lower temperatures 
 than would otherwise be possible. For the same 
 reasons the difference between sun and shade tem- 
 perature at mid-day is often considerable, as much as 
 27 F., so that while it is freezing in the shade, you 
 may have a pleasant temperature of about 60 F. in 
 the sun. The mean annual relative humidity is 
 67*8 per cent. 
 
 A medical correspondent, writing in January, 
 remarks : " Skating has been in full swing here since 
 early in December ; and invalids and ladies are daily 
 seen sitting on the bank looking on, and shielding 
 themselves from the sun with shades and fans ! Most 
 people wear during the mid-day only a light over- 
 coat ; and some, none at all. The morning and the 
 evening, after sunset, are cold, and then feeble invalids 
 keep within the houses, which are comfortable and 
 well warmed." There is an excellent Kurhaus with a 
 resident physician, a staff of nurses, baths of various 
 kinds, " pneumatic " chambers, reading rooms, 
 restaurants, theatre, etc., etc. There are numerous 
 good hotels and pensions there, as well as at the 
 villages of Untermais and Obermais on the opposite 
 bank of the Passer. 
 
 Patients often move further south about the end 
 of February, when troublesome unsettled spring 
 weather is apt to set in and to continue through 
 March, with occasional dust storms. Its summer 
 climate is oppressively hot, but in the autumn 
 it is, like Montreux, a favourite locality for the 
 grape cure. 
 
 The class of invalids to whom the climate of 
 Meran seems best suited are those suffering from 
 pulmonary disease, who find by experience that a 
 dry' and bracing climate suits them better than a 
 warmer moist one, and who can bear a certain 
 
INNSBRUCK. 663 
 
 amount of cold in winter without being made 
 uncomfortable by it, e.g. certain cases of chronic 
 bronchial catarrh, of asthma and of emphysema, 
 especially when treatment in the pneumatic 
 chambers is desired ; certain forms of chronic 
 phthisis before the lung has broken down and where 
 there is no tendency to haemorrhage ; and many 
 other forms of chronic derangement of health, 
 neurotic, anaemic, rheumatic, or scrofulous. 
 
 Innsbruck (47 18' N. lat), the capital of the 
 Tirol, possesses many attractions as a winter resort 
 for those who are not exactly invalids but who are 
 lacking in tone and vigour, or who need to take 
 preventive measures against morbid tendencies by 
 seeking in winter a dryer, clearer, and sunnier climate 
 than our own. It is an advantage also to many to 
 be able to get these benefits in a bright, cheerful 
 university town surrounded by beautiful mountain 
 and river scenery, and with those social, educational, 
 and artistic resources which such a capital affords ; 
 and it is not too large, as it has only about 30,000 
 inhabitants, while it is only thirty hours from London. 
 There is excellent accommodation for visitors in 
 winter, when the hotels are much less crowded than 
 in summer. Its elevation is about 1,900 feet ; owing 
 to its protection from cold north winds, and its clear, 
 sunny atmosphere, it has a warmer winter climate 
 than might be expected from its situation and eleva- 
 tion, its mean temperature in the coldest month 
 (January) being 24*9 F. Its mean humidity in 
 winter is 76*2 per cent. The weather is often 
 changeable and unpleasant in October, when the 
 winter snowfall takes place, but from November to 
 February the sky is usually clear, the atmosphere 
 still, and the insolation considerable. In short 
 Innsbruck has most of the advantages of the high 
 mountain resorts without their drawbacks. 
 
 The Grape Cure. Montreux, Meran, Arco, as well as other 
 resorts, are on account of the suitable quality and abundance 
 
664 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 of the grapes grown there, associated with what is known as 
 the " grape cure," 
 
 The nutritive value of grapes is not very great, but they 
 contain much sugar and salts of potash, and are, to many, an 
 agreeable food, while they also possess some medicinal quali- 
 ties. Although attended with aperient effects, usually it is 
 essentially a dietetic cure, but should be taken with modera- 
 tion, as the excessive quantities at one time consumed were 
 not beneficial. It is best to begin with small quantities, which 
 may be gradually increased. About three pounds a day is 
 a moderate dose ; two pounds is enough for pulmonary 
 patients. As to the cases suitable for this cure, constipation 
 is often advantageously modified by three or four pounds of 
 grapes taken in the twenty-four hours. But, according to 
 Prof. Lebert, cases of obstinate and aggravated constipation 
 of long standing often resist the cure, and in such exceptional 
 cases he has given up to five or six pounds, according to the 
 eftect and tolerance of the cure. 
 
 Lebert found a thoroughly laxative dose of grapes (five 
 or six pounds a day), to be very salutary in hasmorrhoidal 
 affections without much loss of blood, also in cardiac diseases 
 when not much advanced, and when the venous circulation 
 began to be troubled, giving rise to pulmonary, renal, hepatic, 
 and intestinal congestions ; and further that the calculous 
 diathesis, renal and hepatic, was sometimes modified very 
 advantageously by grapes. He thought the cure useful also, 
 combined with the open air life, for those who are neither ill 
 nor well, who are fatigued by a too exciting and somewhat 
 intemperate life, or who lead habitually a too sedentary and 
 too laborious existence. 
 
 This cure should not be attempted except under competent 
 and experienced medical supervision. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 THE WESTERN RIVIERA. 
 
 A Study of its Climate and a Survey of its Principal 
 Resorts. 
 
 THE many picturesque towns that lie scattered along 
 the beautiful Mediterranean coast of France and Italy 
 have long been the favourite winter resorts of the 
 inhabitants of Northern Europe. Some of these 
 have enjoyed a reputation as winter health resorts 
 for a very long period, while others have quite re- 
 cently grown into popularity and renown. 
 
 Passing from west to east, the health resorts of 
 the Western Riviera may be said to begin at Hyeres, 
 a few miles from the important arsenal of Toulon, 
 and to end at Pegli, a few miles west of Genoa. 
 Between these, its western and eastern limits, we have 
 the well-known French stations, St. Raphael, Cannes, 
 Antibes, Nice, Beaulieu, and Mentone, the princi- 
 pality of Monaco, with Monte Carlo ; and the Italian 
 resorts, Bordighera, Ospedaletti, San Remo, and 
 Alassio, besides certain smaller and less known places 
 on the coast between these. 
 
 In geographical strictness, Hyeres is not included 
 in the Western Riviera, the Riviera di Ponente, since 
 the mountains of the Esterels, to the west of Cannes 
 and many miles east of Hyeres, form its western 
 boundary ; but as a health resort this town naturally 
 falls into the group just indicated, with which it has 
 much in common. 
 
 Before considering the distinguishing character- 
 istics of each of the principal health resorts of this 
 region, it will be convenient to discuss briefly the 
 general characters of the climate of the whole district 
 of the Western Riviera. The Riviera is a land of 
 
666 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 sunshine and a land of winds. It is a land of intense 
 brilliant sunshine, and of cold chilling shade. The 
 very intensity of its sun-heat is to some extent the 
 cause of its manifold local currents of air. The air is 
 scarcely ever still, although, of course, some localities 
 are much more protected from prevailing winds than 
 others. The climate of the Riviera, then, has con- 
 spicuous merits and conspicuous defects. But a perfect 
 climate in winter is to be found nowhere, neither on 
 the Riviera nor elsewhere. 
 
 We have pointed out in previous chapters that in 
 exa nining the climate of any district the chief points 
 to be considered are i. Its temperature, with its 
 variations. 2. The relative proportion of sunshine 
 and cloud ; of clear skies and of skies that are over- 
 cast. 3. The amount of rainfall and the number of 
 rainy days. 4. The average humidity of the air. 
 5. The prevailing winds, and the amount of exposure 
 to or protection from them afforded by local con- 
 ditions. 
 
 And first as to the temperature of the Riviera. 
 
 The several health resorts of the Western Riviera 
 lie between 43 and 45 N. lat., while London lies 
 at 51 30' ; therefore from latitude alone the tempera- 
 ture would be higher, and the intensity of the sun's 
 rays greater ; hence the difference between sun and 
 shade temperatures is considerable. In a room 
 looking south and exposed to the brilliant sunshine 
 it is summer ; in a room in the same house, facing 
 north and in the shade, it is winter. And similarly, 
 out of doors, there is a great risk of chill in passing 
 from sun to shade. It behoves all visitors to the 
 Riviera constantly to bear, in mind that if they would 
 benefit by the great heat of the sun, they must take 
 care to protect themselves against the corresponding 
 chill of the shade. 
 
 The Riviera in winter is not a hot climate, as some 
 persons seem to expect it should be ; and, indeed, if 
 it were altogether a hot climate it would be a far less 
 valuable climate than it is. Still it is a climate in 
 
THE WESTERN RIVIERA. 667 
 
 which the inhabitants of Northern Europe may in the 
 winter find, on an average, much more warmth than 
 at home. The mean winter and spring temperature 
 of the Riviera (between October and May) is from 8 
 to 10 F. higher than that of England. 
 
 But it is not to its latitude alone that the Western 
 Riviera owes the relative mildness of its winters, for 
 both Genoa and Florence are within the same latitude, 
 and they do not possess by any means the same mild 
 winter climate. It is also to the protection from 
 northerly winds afforded by the chain of Maritime 
 Alps, which extends along nearly the whole of this 
 coast, and at a sufficient elevation to prevent the cold 
 winds that blow from Northern Europe, and over 
 the snowy Alps of Switzerland and Savoy, from 
 reaching the resorts lying along this part of the 
 northern coast of the Mediterranean. Some of these 
 resorts are better and more completely protected than 
 others, from northerly blasts, by reason of the relative 
 nearness to them of this mountain wall, and by the 
 unbroken nature of the barrier it forms ; while at 
 other parts the existence of gaps in the chain, or its 
 distance from the coast, diminishes the protection it 
 affords, and renders some of these localities unsuited 
 for winter resort. Thus many of the places along 
 that part of the coast which extends from San Remo 
 to Genoa, owing to the greater remoteness from them 
 of the higher chain of Maritime Alps, and the com- 
 paratively low elevation of the mountains behind, 
 are much more accessible to northerly winds than 
 the more western towns, and much less suited for 
 the reception of invalid winter visitors. 
 
 Another cause of the mild winter temperature 
 of the Riviera is its southern exposure along the 
 shores of a sea the water of which is unusually warm. 
 It has been calculated that the temperature of the 
 Mediterranean off this coast is 20 higher than that 
 of the Atlantic at the same depth and in the same 
 latitude ; and that the temperature of the surface of 
 the sea (off the coast of Cannes) has a mean excess 
 
668 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 of about 12 F. over the minimum temperature of 
 the air, and a mean excess of 9 F. over that of the 
 sea on our own southern coast (Falmouth). Hence 
 it follows that the atmosphere on this coast of the 
 Mediterranean must obtain a considerable addition 
 of heat during winter from that which has been 
 stored up in the sea during summer, and which is 
 slowly diffused through the air during the colder 
 season. 
 
 It is generally known that there is a great fall of 
 temperature on the Riviera at sunset, and that owing 
 to this fact the time of sunset and the hour or 
 two which follow it are particularly dangerous to 
 invalids and other sensitive persons. This fall of 
 temperature at sunset is easily accounted for, and 
 is always encountered whenever, owing to the 
 absence of aqueous vapour in the air and the presence 
 of clear cloudless skies, solar radiation is very powerful ; 
 for when the sun is withdrawn the whole surface of 
 the country is plunged in shade, the air no longer 
 derives any heat from the direct solar rays, and the 
 temperature of the whole air is a shade temperature. 
 But this is not the only cooling agency that comes 
 into operation at sunset. When the sky is free from 
 cloud and the atmosphere clear, as soon as the 
 sun sets, the heat, which has been absorbed by the 
 surface of the earth during sunshine, is rapidly lost 
 by radiation into space, the air in contact with or 
 near the ground is rapidly cooled, and the moisture it 
 contains becomes precipitated in the form of dew, 
 and thus the lower strata of the air become damp as 
 well as cold at and after sunset. When the sky is 
 overspread with clouds, these prevent the radiation 
 of heat from the earth's surface into space and reflect 
 it back to the earth, so that the chilling of the surface 
 at sunset is not nearly so great when the sky is cloudy 
 as when it is clear ; it is therefore especially during 
 clear cloudless weather that invalids must be cautious 
 of exposing themselves to the fall of temperature and 
 deposit of dew which occur at sunset. 
 
THE WESTERN RIVIERA-. 669 
 
 The temperature rises again two or three hours 
 after sunset, and again falls to the minimum of the 
 twenty-four hours towards sunrise, so that it is less 
 dangerous to be out of doors three or four hours after 
 sunset than at the time of sunset itself 
 
 In the second place, as to the relative proportion 
 of sunshine and cloud ; the excess of sunny days 
 during the winter in the Riviera over that of our 
 winter is remarkable. If we compare Nice with 
 London we find that during the six winter and spring 
 months, i.e. between October and May, there are on 
 the average ninety-seven clear cloudless days at Nice, 
 and only twelve in London ! We are justified, then, 
 in saying that the Riviera is a land of sunshine. 
 
 Next, with regard to rain. It may be said, speak- 
 ing generally, that it is a land of heavy rainfalls and 
 few rainy days. But much more rain falls at the 
 eastern end of the Riviera di Ponente, i.e. about 
 Genoa, than at the western end, i.e. around Nice ; 
 e.g. the mean annual rainfall of Genoa being 1317 
 millimetres, that at Nice is 811, and that at Hyeres 
 only 746 ; while the rainy days from November to 
 April, both months inclusive, number 67 at Genoa, 
 43-5 at Mentone, 36*2 at Nice, 45-8 at Cannes, and 
 37-5 at Hyeres. 
 
 Compared with England, the climate of the Riviera 
 is undoubtedly a very dry one ; for a few days in 
 autumn and spring there are torrents of rain, so that 
 the total average rainfall may nearly equal that of 
 the west coast of England ; but the number of fine 
 days is immensely greater, both in summer and 
 winter, than in almost any other part of Europe. 
 
 If we compare the rainfall at Nice during the five 
 winter months, between October and April, with that 
 of London and that of Torquay during the same 
 months, we find that Nice has 16-92 ins., London 
 9-51 ins., and Torquay 12-28 ins., so that nearly 
 twice as much rain falls at Nice during the winter 
 as in London. But if we compare the number of 
 rainy days during the same period, then we have 
 
6 7 o CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 at Nice only 30*5 rainy days, while in London 
 there are 76-5, and at Torquay 98. 
 
 It is rare to encounter continuous broken weather 
 on the Riviera, still it does occur occasionally. 
 
 As a rule the winter rainfall is distributed in the 
 following manner : it is common to have a heavy fall 
 of rain in October ; as many as 13 inches will often 
 fall in that month. The next greatest rainfall is 
 in November, then December. Next comes March ; 
 and January and February have the lowest rainfall. 
 In April there are heavy falls of rain again, as in 
 October. 
 
 But the Riviera, like every other locality, is sub- 
 ject to great variations in different seasons, and in the 
 same months in different seasons, e.g. the rainfall in 
 Mentone has been known to be as little as 0*27 
 inches in the November of one year, and as much as 
 io*i2 inches in the same month in another winter. 
 
 Taking the average of a succession of winters, the 
 Riviera is a very dry climate, the number of rainy 
 and cloudy days being very few compared with the 
 number of dry and clear days ; but it has exceptional 
 seasons, and some are very wet and disagreeable. 
 
 In the next place, if we compare the records of 
 the humidity of the air during winter, as observed in 
 certain stations on the Riviera, with those obtained 
 from similar observations at certain stations at home, 
 we get decided evidence of the superior dryness of 
 the atmosphere of the former. Saturation being 
 represented by 100, we get the relative humidity of 
 the Riviera (Cannes and Mentone), as compared with 
 London and Falmouth, represented by the following 
 figures : 
 
 Cannes and Mentone London Falmouth 
 
 72-4 88 84-4 
 
 It is not an easy task to describe the winds of 
 the Riviera. They are legion. The mistral, the 
 sirocco, the Greco, the tramontana, the sea wind, 
 the land wind, etc. Indeed, certain exposed locali- 
 
WINDS OF THE WESTERN RIVIERA. 671 
 
 ties on the Riviera are rendered wholly uninhabitable 
 on account of these tormenting winds ; and the 
 relative merits of its various health resorts chiefly 
 depend on the greater or less protection afforded 
 them against the prevailing winds by the surrounding 
 mountains. 
 
 The mistral is a wind which blows from the west 
 and north-west. It is a very dry wind, and a wind 
 which generally brings fine clear weather, although it 
 is always attended with a falling barometer. It is a 
 wind which blows with great fury, and owing to its dry- 
 ness, raises clouds of dust. The air loses its humidity 
 and becomes dry, cold, penetrating, and irritating. 
 The dryness of this wind is accounted for by its 
 losing all its moisture as it sweeps over Central 
 France. It is especially the torment of the more 
 westerly stations, such as Hyeres and Nice, but it is 
 also felt at times, usually with diminished violence, as 
 far east as San Remo. 
 
 It blows more frequently in March than in any 
 other of the winter and spring months. 
 
 The sirocco is a south-east wind, a hot African 
 wind, which only reaches the northern shores 
 of the Mediterranean after having crossed this sea 
 and so become laden with moisture ; hence it is a 
 wet wind warm, wet, and enervating. It brings to 
 this coast the heaviest and most prolonged rains. 
 But these rains do not usually appear until after it 
 has blown violently for a day or two. The spring 
 and summer are its favourite seasons, but it may 
 occur for two or three days in any of the winter 
 months. 
 
 The east wind, which frequently blows in spring 
 and summer, is not very often encountered in winter, 
 and in this region it is not the formidable and dreaded 
 wind that it is with us. It is frequently followed by 
 rain, and is most common from March to May, when 
 it occasionally blows with great force. 
 
 A very disagreeable wind is the north-east wind, 
 or Greco. It is bitingly cold, and not unfrequently 
 
672 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 brings with it sleet, hail, and even snow. Fortu- 
 nately it does not blow often. It is more felt and is 
 more frequent and severe along the eastern portions 
 of the Riviera di Ponente than along its western parts, 
 and Genoa owes much of the bitterness of its climate 
 to its exposure to this wind. 
 
 The Tramontana is the name given to the north 
 wind. Most of the health resorts along this coast are 
 sheltered from it by the chain of mountains which 
 rises behind them, and forms a more or less complete 
 protection from winds coming from this quarter. 
 The northerly winds are either completely arrested 
 by this mountain barrier, or they blow over the tops 
 of the mountains, and are only felt at some distance 
 from the coast. But the barrier is in some localities 
 not so perfect and effective against these winds as at 
 others. Where long valleys run down in a direction 
 due north and south, as at Ventimiglia, the north wind 
 may have free access, and, owing to the lower eleva- 
 tion of the near hills, the district east of San Remo 
 is less protected from northerly winds than the 
 western portion of the same coast. Nice, also, as we 
 shall see, is but imperfectly protected from these 
 northerly winds. 
 
 Occasionally a strong wind is felt from the south- 
 west. A wind also often blows with considerable 
 violence from the west ; this and the south-west 
 wind are regarded by some as really " deflected 
 mistrals." 
 
 It is well known that on sea coasts generally, in 
 sunny weather, there is a breeze which blows from 
 the sea on to the land during the day, while at night 
 the reverse takes place, and a breeze is found blowing 
 off the land on to the sea. We have explained this 
 fully in former chapters. This wind from the sea is 
 very much felt all along the Riviera, even as far as 
 a mile from the sea, especially on sunny days. It 
 begins to blow about 1 1 a.m., and continues till 3 or 
 3.30 p.m. 
 
 The foregoing is a brief account of the principal 
 
HYERES. 673 
 
 winds which the visitor to the Riviera must expect to 
 encounter from time to time. The greatest number 
 of calm days occur in January and December, and 
 the windiest months are March, April, May, and 
 October. The strongest, as well as most frequent, 
 winds are from the east and the south-west. 
 
 Having thus briefly considered, from a general 
 point of view, some of the chief characters of the 
 climate of the Western Riviera, wfc now propose to 
 pass in brief review the principal resorts on this 
 coast. 
 
 Hyeres is one of the oldest health resorts on the 
 French Riviera. It is not actually on the coast as are 
 the other health resorts of this region, but it is about 
 three miles distant from the sea, a plain of this extent 
 stretching between the town and the coast. So that 
 the exciting influence of the sea is not experienced at 
 Hyeres, and this is considered to be one of its ad- 
 vantages. It feels the sea breeze less than other 
 resorts on the coast, not only because of its distance 
 from the sea, but also because of the protection from 
 the sea winds afforded by the islands off the coast 
 the lies d'Hyeres. 
 
 The town itself is built along the base of a steep 
 rocky hill, having a southern or south-eastern aspect. 
 This hill forms part of a small and picturesque chain 
 of mountains which bounds the valley of Hyeres to 
 the north ; mountains to the east and north-east 
 close in the plain of Hyeres in that direction, and 
 project as a promontory into the sea, protecting it 
 quite sufficiently from the north-east, but less com- 
 pletely from the east winds. On the opposite side of 
 the valley, that is to the west and south-west, a 
 series of hills rises and forms a kind of screen between 
 Hyeres and the roadstead of Toulon. The situation 
 of the town is admirably chosen for gaining all the 
 advantages possible from the heat of the sun. 
 
 Owing especially to its protection from sea 
 breezes, and also from the north and north-east 
 w 
 
674 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 winds, and to the infrequency or mildness of the 
 east wind, at this distance from the coast, the atmo- 
 sphere at Hyeres is sometimes exceedingly still and 
 calm, unlike the other health resorts on this coast, 
 where perfect stillness of atmosphere is rare. And the 
 air of Hyeres is neither so dry nor so keen as at 
 Cannes or at Nice, and its climate is therefore less 
 exciting and more soothing. It has one serious draw- 
 back. The valley is completely exposed, in its whole 
 length, to the mistral, which from February on- 
 wards blows with great force and frequency. 
 
 The temperature records show that the climate, 
 apart from the winds, is a very mild one. The tem- 
 perature is about ten degrees warmer than in England. 
 It seems also to be more equable than at some of the 
 other stations. In the depth of winter the thermo- 
 meter rarely falls below 44 or 45 F. The mean 
 winter temperature is 50*6 F. There would seem to 
 be a great difference between the valley and the 
 town. " The town is warm, but the valley, at four 
 hundred yards from the town, is cold." The relative 
 humidity of the air in winter is 73 per cent. 
 
 As to the rainfall at Hyeres, it would seem to 
 be from 28 to 30 inches in the year, and the 
 mean for the winter six months is 16*9 inches, with 
 an average of 41 rainy days. The winter and 
 spring months are probably somewhat dryer than at 
 other health resorts on the Riviera. The average 
 amount of sunshine in winter is large 136 days of 
 bright sunshine in the winter six months. The water 
 supply is good, the sanitary conditions of the town are 
 satisfactory. Invalids and visitors live for the most part 
 in hotels, of which there are several good ones, the 
 cost of living at them being somewhat less than at the 
 best hotels at Cannes or Nice. There are many 
 charming and picturesque promenades, as well as 
 longer excursions, and in this respect Hyeres is much 
 better off than most other resorts on the Riviera. It 
 is suited to persons of nervous temperament who dis- 
 like the seaside, and who find resorts like Mentone 
 
HYERES; SAINT RAPHAEL. 675 
 
 and Cannes too exciting. It is good for nervous, feeble 
 children, and for some forms of gout and rheumatism. 
 It is not bracing and stimulating enough for scrofulous 
 cases. Scrofulous children do better on the sea-shore, 
 and there is a sanatorium for such children (150 beds) 
 on the peninsula of Giens, a few miles to the south of 
 Hyeres. 
 
 Other cases that do well in the winter at Hyeres 
 are convalescents from acute disease anemic, debili- 
 tated, and neurasthenic cases the early stages of 
 gouty, renal, and arterial changes ; cases of cardiac 
 weakness, of chronic catarrh of the respiratory 
 passages, and cases of early or of chronic torpid 
 phthisis. The climate is said to be too irritating for 
 laryngeal phthisis, and for the highly neurotic. 
 
 Costebelle, two miles south of Hyeres and only a 
 mile from the sea, is by many much preferred to 
 Hyeres, especially by English visitors. It is built on 
 the southern slope of a pine-covered hill (Mont des 
 Oiseaux), and is more protected than Hyeres from 
 the mistral ; it is also more wooded, less dusty, being 
 away from high roads, but not quite so dry. It is 
 thought to be more tonic and bracing than Hyeres, 
 being more open to the sea. Two sanatoria are in 
 course of construction in this district for patients of 
 the middle class one, the Sanatorium du Mont des 
 Oiseaux for adults (150 beds), and another, de San 
 Salvador (150 beds), for children. Costebelle con- 
 sists mainly of three excellent hotels, all under the 
 management of M. Peyron. There are golf links at 
 Hyeres. The branch line from Toulon to Hyeres 
 leaves the main line at La Pauline. 
 
 Saint Raphael and Valescure are at the eastern 
 end of the Bay of Frejus, separated from Cannes and 
 the Bay of Napoule by the chain of the Esterels. It 
 is in rather a windy situation, and the ground 
 between the coast and Valescure is low lying and 
 damp in parts. Valescure itself is but little raised 
 above the sea level, and its horizon is very limited ; 
 it has also the drawback of being greatly exposed to 
 
676 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 the mistral. There are no doubt charming excursions 
 to be made into the valleys of the Esterels, and many 
 prefer the quiet, almost rustic life of this retreat to 
 residence in a more fashionable resort ; but it cannot 
 be said to offer any great attraction to sensitive 
 invalids. 
 
 Cannes. From Napoule, which is situated at the 
 eastern base of the Esterels, and gives its name to 
 the bay, we get a magnificent view of Cannes as 
 it lies facing south, bathed in sunshine, stretching 
 along the eastern end of the bay, its countless villas 
 spreading far and wide on the undulating rising 
 ground which lies between the sea and the lower 
 hills, with the range of snowy Alps for the distant 
 background. Cannes is rather the name of an 
 extensive district than of a small coast town. 
 Unlike any of the other health resorts on the 
 Riviera, it is scattered over a wide tract of land, 
 so that its eastern and western limits are some 
 miles apart ; and its attractions and beauties are not 
 limited to and concentrated on one particular spot, 
 but are varied and widespread. There is no sense 
 of restraint and imprisonment in a place like Cannes, 
 where the landscape is wide, open, and free. 
 Corresponding with this great range and variety 
 of territory there is a corresponding range of 
 climate. 
 
 With regard to the climate of Cannes, in the first 
 place, if we consider the whole district, there can be 
 no doubt that it is less protected from winds than 
 some of the other resorts on the Western Riviera, 
 and that Cannes, on the whole, must be considered a 
 rather windy place. 
 
 The protecting chain of high mountains to the 
 north is removed to some considerable distance 
 from the coast, and scarcely offers so complete a 
 screen from northerly currents as it does when 
 close to the town, as at Mentone. The Esterels 
 present a considerable barrier to the approach of the 
 mistral ; but the protection from this wind is not 
 
CANNES. 677 
 
 complete ; there is more or less of a gap between 
 the hills to the west and those to the north-west, 
 through which this wind is able at times to reach 
 Cannes. The mountains to the east and to the north- 
 east are not sufficiently high to afford a complete 
 protection from winds coming from those quarters. 
 The prevailing winds at Cannes come from the 
 east, varying from north-east to south-east. A wind 
 from the north is rare, and always feeble. Still more 
 rare in winter is a wind blowing directly from the 
 south. 
 
 The neighbourhood of Cannet, a village about two 
 miles from the sea, presents many most favourable 
 and protected sites for dwellings and for promenades ; 
 and delicate persons, especially those who suffer from 
 chest affections, or those of sensitive, nervous tem- 
 perament, who find the neighbourhood of the sea too 
 exciting, are strongly recommended to settle in the 
 valley of Cannet. 
 
 On an average the mean winter temperature at 
 Cannes is about 8 higher than that of London ; and, 
 compared with other stations on this coast, Cannes 
 is not so warm as Mentone or Sari Remo, while it is 
 somewhat warmer than Nice. 
 
 There is a considerable rainfall at Cannes, 
 about 32 inches during the winter-time (November 
 to April), and about 58 rainy days. As else- 
 where on the Riviera, there are heavy falls of rain, 
 lasting often several days, in November and March ; 
 in the former month the rains have been known to 
 last for three weeks ! The winds which bring these 
 rains are usually warm winds, coming from the south- 
 east and the south-west. Between these periods rain 
 is rare, and lasts but a few hours. Snow appears 
 about once every two or three years, and never lies 
 on the ground more than a few hours. A fog is a 
 still greater rarity. 
 
 Occasionally a very wet or a very cold season is 
 encountered. 
 
 The following reference to one of the worst 
 
678 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS; 
 
 winters at Cannes may afford some idea of what a 
 bad season there is like : 
 
 " We have had dreadful weather. On the 8th we woke up 
 to find the place in deep snow, from a foot and a-half to two 
 feet, down to the water's edge. Before this had time to melt, 
 more fell, with a hard frost, the thermometer sometimes at 
 23 F. The evergreens were broken down by weight of the 
 snow. Lemon and orange trees are killed by the frost ; even 
 the olive trees have been frozen. The snow lay on the ground 
 till the i yth, when a heavy rain, following a hail-storm, made 
 it disappear." 
 
 The country around Cannes is exceedingly 
 beautiful, and in the number, variety, and attractive- 
 ness of the possible drives and excursions into the 
 surrounding neighbourhood, it possesses eminent ad- 
 vantages. 
 
 One great drawback to the pedestrian, especially 
 in the central part of Cannes, is the dustiness of the 
 roads, and the absence of cross-roads by which to 
 pass from one district to another. 
 
 Cannes is provided with many excellent but ex- 
 pensive hotels, and numerous elegant villas. There 
 are plenty of good shops where all the necessaries 
 and even the luxuries of life may be procured. 
 
 In considering what cases are best suited for this 
 climate, it must be remembered that Cannes is 
 a bracing place, that its air is tonic and stimulating, 
 and to some nervous and sensitive organisations excit- 
 ing and irritating. But many who need a calmer and 
 softer climate during the winter months are benefited 
 by the change to the more tonic air of Cannes in the 
 spring the end of March and the beginning of April. 
 -It must be borne in mind also that at Cannes you can 
 avail yourself of two somewhat different climates, 
 according as you choose a residence in the neighbour- 
 hood of the sea-shore, or inland in the valley of 
 Cannet for example. 
 
 All invalids, except those who suffer from scro- 
 fulous or lymphatic conditions, are advised to keep 
 away from the shore. The extreme heat of the 
 
CANNES. 679 
 
 Boulevard de la Croisette, the fierce sunshine, 
 the sea air, the wind, excite but do not fortify, 
 and induce a feverish condition in a certain class 
 of invalids. 
 
 Speaking very generally, it may be said that all 
 scrofulous affections, especially in children, as well 
 as all the milder forms of glandular affection and 
 cases of retarded development, derive very great 
 benefit from the climate of Cannes. These are cases 
 in which the forces of growth, repair, and nutrition 
 require flogging into activity, and the stimulating 
 climate of the sea-shore, the air, the brilliant sun- 
 shine, the restless winds, are all needed to rouse the 
 sluggish temperament into the vigour of health. 
 
 Nearly all cases of anaemia improve greatly at 
 Cannes, especially if they lead a prudent and careful 
 life, and take as much out-of-door exercise as pos- 
 sible ; even cases of cerebral anaemia in the aged 
 mend rapidly ; these persons, however, must reside 
 inland, away from the sea, and avoid too much 
 exposure to direct sunshine. The same remark 
 applies to cases of slow convalescence from acute 
 disease. Of cases of chest disease, those of simple 
 chronic bronchial catarrh do well by the sea-shore. 
 Asthmatics, on the contrary, should avoid the sea, 
 and live as far inland as possible. Cases of em- 
 physema, of chronic pleurisies, and of chronic 
 laryngitis also improve there. Cases of chronic con- 
 sumption, under certain conditions, do exceedingly 
 well at Cannes ; and even in very advanced stages 
 its climate will often help to prolong life for many 
 years. But a number of minute details have to be 
 carefully attended to in these cases, which it would be 
 out of place to enumerate here ; it is only necessary 
 to say they must avoid the sea-shore. Certain forms 
 of chronic gout and rheumatism, and of Bright's 
 disease, are benefited by wintering at Cannes. 
 
 Hysterical and nervous maladies, and neuralgias, 
 associated with general nervous irritability, should 
 avoid Cannes, where their sufferings are often 
 
68o CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 aggravated by the too exciting and irritating effects 
 of the climate. 
 
 Grasse, which it will be convenient. to notice in 
 this place, is situated about nine miles from Cannes, 
 nearer the mountains, on the southern slope of one of 
 which it is built, at an elevation of about 1,000 feet 
 above the sea. It possesses a large and well- 
 appointed hotel, the Grand. The climate of Grasse 
 differs somewhat from that of the towns on the 
 coast. Its mean temperature is less than that of 
 Cannes, owing to its elevation, and to its comparative 
 nearness to the snow-covered Alps ; but it has 
 greater protection from cold winds, and its southern 
 aspect ensures it abundance of sunshine, so that 
 many winter visitors are attracted to it. Its tempera- 
 ture is said also to be more equable than that of 
 Cannes. The richness of its vegetation testifies 
 sufficiently to the mildness of the climate. The 
 town is surrounded by immense gardens of odorous 
 plants, the jasmine, rose, violet, orange-flower, jon- 
 quil, etc. etc. ; the fabrication of perfumery being 
 its chief industry. Its mountain air, and its distance 
 from the sea, render it popular with those invalids 
 who find the sea-shore unsuited to them, especially 
 those who suffer from neuralgia, asthma, or rheu- 
 matism when on the coast. It also serves as a good 
 transition station in the spring when the resorts on 
 the coast become too hot. It is reached from Cannes 
 by rail in three-quarters of an hour. It is connected 
 also by rail with Nice. 
 
 The railway going east from Cannes first skirts 
 the Golfe Jouan, the fine bay which is bounded on 
 the west by the Cap de la Croisette and the lies des 
 Lerins, and on the east by the peninsula formed by 
 the Cap d'Antibes, which stretches far out- into the 
 sea, and forms the western limit of the wide bay at 
 the eastern end of which lies the town of Nice. 
 
 Antibes has a growing popularity amongst winter 
 visitors to this coast, and many who have passed a 
 winter season there regard it with great partiality. 
 
NICE. 68 1 
 
 Living there is somewhat cheaper than at Nice or 
 Cannes, but its climate, though an agreeable one, is 
 not well suited to delicate invalids, as it has very 
 little protection from winds. 
 
 After passing Antibes, the line running nearly 
 due north along the western shore of the Baie des 
 Anges, the traveller finds opened out to him a very 
 grand and extensive view of the Mediterranean, and 
 of the Riviera coast as far east as Bordighera, while 
 to the north he obtains a fine view of the snowy Alps 
 behind Nice. After crossing the river Var the train 
 soon reaches Nice, which is twenty miles east of 
 Cannes. 
 
 Nice is resorted to as much for pleasure as for 
 health ; it is a bright and lively town of 100,000 in- 
 habitants, and there is much gaiety there during the 
 winter months. Its winter climate partakes of the 
 defects as well as of the advantages of the climate of 
 the Riviera generally; it has an abundance of sunshine 
 in winter, consistently clear, blue, cloudless skies, and 
 remarkably dry, bracing air, often a little too exciting 
 for many invalids. There are fewer rainy days than 
 at some of the other resorts on this coast, but there 
 are occasional heavy downpours, more especially 
 in the autumn and spring, which are the rainy 
 seasons. The not infrequent keenness of the winds 
 at Nice is well known, and in some seasons the wind 
 and dust are very trying, more particularly along the 
 sea front. As a set-off against the disadvantages of 
 its incomplete protection from prevailing winds we 
 must place the advantages, social and educational, of 
 a large city and the undoubted beauty of its position 
 and its surroundings, and especially the accessibility 
 of its fashionable suburb Cimiez, which enjoys much 
 greater shelter and protection from the mountains to 
 the north of the town. This suburb is now largely 
 resorted to, and it has some of the best and most 
 attractive hotels in Nice, besides many beautiful villa 
 residences. Nice itself is very imperfectly screened 
 by surrounding mountains from the north and north- 
 w * 
 
632 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC BESOITTS, 
 
 easterly winds, nor has it -any shelter 'or protection 
 to the west 
 
 The meteorology -of Nice has 'been OTdtilly 
 studied, Its mean annual temperature is 60-3 F., 
 nearly the same as that of Pisa and Rome. The 
 sea temperature at Nice varies between 53 and 
 61 F. The mean winter temperature is 48 F., that 
 of January, the coldest month, 47*1. Falls of the 
 barometer are almost always caused by the dry 
 north-west wind, and rains " only cause the mercury 
 to sink gradually and almost imperceptibly." The 
 relative humidity at Nice is small, the annual mean 
 at 2 p.m. being 59-6. The mean proportion of sunny, 
 cloudy, and rainy days in winter (181 days) is 88 
 days of sunshine, 60 days of partial sunshine, 33 
 days of cloud all day, and 36 rainy days. The 
 mean annual rainfall is 32*43 inches, and 19*45 for 
 the six winter months (November to April). Most 
 rain falls, as elsewhere on the Riviera, in October 
 and April ; and the winds that bring rain are, 
 according to some observers, the east, the south- 
 west, and the north-east, while others maintain that 
 the heaviest and longest rains come from the south- 
 east. It has been calculated that for the whole 
 year there are 83-4 days of strong wind, 258*8 of 
 gentle wind, 22*8 of complete calm. March, April, 
 and May are the windiest months. The east wind 
 is the most common of the stormy winds, and 
 blows 45 days in the year. The south-west wind 
 is also a violent wind, especially at the time of 
 the autumn equinoctial rains. The north-east wind, 
 sometimes brings hailstorms and snow. The mistral 
 blows (from north-west or west) chiefly in February 
 and March, and is accompanied with clouds of 
 dust. The magnificent Promenade des Anglais, one 
 of the finest promenades in Europe, running along 
 the sea-shore, is especially exposed to the mistral, as 
 is also the adjacent quarter of the town ; more 
 protected from this and other winds is the Carabacel 
 quarter, situated about a mile inland from the 
 
NICE; BEAULIEU. 683 
 
 shore, and therefore^ more under the protection of 
 the northern hills. 'Still further north, about two 
 miles from the sea, is the suburb of Cimiez, which 
 has a much better and less exciting climate than 
 Nice itself, and many invalids with chest complaints 
 do well there, especially those with chronic bron- 
 chitis and asthma. Cimiez is much more sheltered 
 from the north and other winds owing to its getting 
 under the shelter of the high mountains to the 
 north. It of course escapes the exciting sea winds 
 and the stimulating saline emanations on the shore, 
 and with its complete southern exposure gets all the 
 advantage possible from the sunshine, without the 
 reflection and glare from the sea. 
 
 The reflection of the sun's rays from the white 
 soil contributes also to raise the temperature of 
 the air. Cimiez is connected with all parts of 
 Nice by an excellent service of electric trams, and 
 has grown of late years immensely in popularity. 
 It is undoubtedly a very attractive resort. 
 
 The environs of Nice are very beautiful, especially 
 the drive eastward, to the Observatory and the 
 Corniche road, and on to Beaulieu. The climate of 
 Nice is useful in many cases it is beneficial to feeble, 
 anaemic, or scrofulous children, whose growth and 
 nutrition require stimulating. It is a good resort for 
 cases of senile debility with a tendency to catarrhal 
 attacks ; for cases of over-work, or chronic dyspepsia, 
 or those with torpid livers, and tendency to mental de- 
 pression ; but it is too exciting for irritably nervous, 
 sleepless cases. Cases of anaemia in young people 
 requiring abundance of air and sunshine, in bright and 
 stimulating surroundings, do well there. Cases of 
 chronic catarrh of the respiratory passages, and cases 
 of asthma often gain very great benefit by residing 
 at Cimiez. It is suitable also to some forms of cardiac 
 and renal disease, and to cases of chronic muscular 
 rheumatism. 
 
 Beaulieu, only four miles from Nice and connected 
 with it by electric tram as well as by railway, is 
 
684 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 one of the best protected and warmest resorts on the 
 Riviera, and has undergone rapid development of late 
 years in the provision of hotel and villa accommoda- 
 tion. Being so near Nice and within six miles of 
 Monte Carlo, and on the high road between them, it 
 has become popular for its beauty and accessibility, 
 as well as a resort for invalids on account of 
 its climatic advantages. These latter advantages have 
 gained for it the title of "La Petite Afrique," for 
 owing to its protection by high mountains on the 
 north, north-east, and to some extent on the north- 
 west, and to the reflection of the powerful rays of the 
 sun by the gray rocks around the small area on which 
 it stands, between the sea and the high rocks, it is so 
 warm and sheltered that lemon, orange, and olive 
 trees and many flowers flourish in great luxuriance. 
 Many villas (including that of the Marquis of Salisbury) 
 have been built on the surrounding heights, and some 
 on the peninsula of St. Jean and Cap Ferrat, which, 
 stretching out into the sea between Villefranche and 
 Beaulieu, affords most delightful promenades on 
 nearly level ground. 
 
 The mean winter temperature at Beaulieu is 
 stated to be 51 '8 F., the minima are relatively 
 high, and the difference between night and day 
 temperature is comparatively small. The air is fairly 
 dry, the relative humidity varying between 60 and 
 70. Fog is practically unknown. The mistral is 
 rarely felt, and then its severity is much modified. 
 The prevailing wind is from the south-east. Beaulieu 
 is a suitable resort for all those who require Lest in a 
 pure, dry, tonic air, with abundance of sunshine, and 
 a fairly constant and mild temperature for aged 
 persons and delicate children ; for those subject to 
 chronic catarrhal affections of the respiratory passages ; 
 as a prophylactic in cases predisposed to pulmonary 
 tuberculosis, or in the pyretic forms of that disease in 
 the early stage (patients in more or less advanced 
 stages are objected to). 
 
 Some cases of bronchial asthma (not the nervous 
 
MEN TONE. 685 
 
 forms), cases of neurasthenia from over-work, 
 with nervous and vascular depression, not excitable 
 cases ; certain forms of gout, and early stages of 
 Bright' s disease, chronic rheumatism, anaemia, and 
 neuralgia do well there ; but excitable neurotic cases 
 should not be sent there. The electric tramway is 
 now continued to Mentone. 
 
 Eze, the next station to Beaulieu, is in a well 
 sheltered situation, and the Eden Hotel, at Cap d'Ail, 
 only three miles from M onte Carlo, is an attractive 
 and convenient residence. 
 
 Monaco and Monte Carlo, although enjoying an 
 admirably protected situation, are less resorted to by 
 invalids than other less favoured resorts, and for 
 obvious reasons. It is stated that the mean annual 
 temperature of Monaco is 2 higher than that of 
 Mentone, and 3 higher than that of Nice, and as a 
 proof of the greater mildness and equability of its 
 climate it is also stated that during the exceptional 
 winter of 1870-71, when at Cannes and at Nice the 
 frost destroyed a number of plants recently acclima- 
 tised, the same plants at Monaco did not surfer at 
 all, although in the open air and without shelter, 
 and that the lemon-trees, which were severely in- 
 jured at Mentone, were not at all affected at 
 Monaco. 
 
 Mentone is but five miles east of Monaco. The 
 bay, on the shores of which the town of Mentone is 
 built, is bounded on the west by the low-lying Cap 
 St. Martin, covered by forests of olive-trees, and on 
 the east by the Cap de la Mortola. From cape to 
 cape this bay is about four miles across, and has a 
 south-easterly aspect. As at Cannes, the old town is 
 built on a ridge which projects into the sea and 
 divides off a portion of this bay to the east, this forming 
 the smaller and eastern bay, the western division 
 being much wider. The division of Mentone into an 
 east bay and a west bay represents a very essential 
 difference in climate ; for the Mentone district is 
 bounded, behind and on each side, by a sort of semi- 
 
686 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 circle of high limestone mountains, some of them 
 reaching an elevation of over 4,000 feet, and the lowest 
 depression or gap in them being not less than 2,500 feet 
 above the sea. The chief part of this mountain wall 
 opposite the western bay is at a distance of about three 
 miles from the town, but hills and ridges of lower 
 elevation, from 400 to 700 feet, run down from it at 
 right angles to the shore. Between these ridges, three 
 principal valleys, with their torrents, stretch down 
 from the higher mountains and open behind the 
 western bay. Through these valleys currents of air 
 descend from the north, and so produce a certain 
 ventilation and movement of the atmosphere in this 
 part of Mentone. 
 
 It is quite different with regard to the eastern 
 bay. In the first place it is a much deeper indentation 
 of the coast than the western bay, so that its curve is 
 almost a semicircle. Then the hills come so close to 
 the shore that there is scarcely any room for the town, 
 which consists here of little more than a road and a 
 row of houses and hotels squeezed in between the base 
 of the mountains and the sea-shore ; the mountains, 
 however, recede a little, farther east, towards where 
 the road ascends to the Italian frontier. Nor are 
 there any considerable valleys opening into the eastern 
 bay to bring cool currents of air down from the 
 mountains. It follows that the temperature of this 
 bay is from 2 to 3 F. higher than that of the western 
 bay, owing to the reflection of the sun's rays by day 
 from the surface of the bare limestone rocks which 
 rise directly behind it, and to the gradual giving up at 
 night of the heat absorbed during the day. There 
 is also less movement in the air. There is said to be 
 more humidity in the air of the east bay than in that 
 of the west. The east bay, then, is very sheltered and 
 very picturesque, but it is found to have a relaxing 
 effect on some people, who also complain of a sense of 
 being " shut in " there, and that on bright sunny days, 
 which often succeed one another with an almost 
 wearying monotony, the heat and glare of the sun 
 
MENTONE. 687 
 
 become really distressing.* Then there is only one 
 level walk, and that is along the dusty high road. 
 But for invalids whose chief care is to lounge through 
 the winter in a warm and comparatively still atmo- 
 sphere, the east bay of Mentone is well suited ; while 
 the villas and houses built in the wider eastern part of 
 the east bay no doubt enjoy the warmest and most 
 protected situation in Mentone. In the western bay 
 it is quite different ; here the higher mountains fall 
 back, as has already been said, to some distance 
 behind the town, and the houses not only stretch along 
 the bay, but extend, in a more or less scattered way, 
 over the gradually sloping territory which reaches 
 from the bay to the foot of the lower ridges and the 
 sides of their intervening valleys which come down to 
 the north of the town. So that the west bay is not so 
 much protected from winds as the east bay ; it is more 
 open to the south-west and to the west, and con- 
 sequently gets more wind and is somewhat cooler and 
 more bracing. The mistral is occasionally felt at 
 Mentone, especially in the west bay. Of other 
 winds, the east is felt chiefly along the shore, and 
 shelter from this wind can always be obtained in the 
 walks and drives along the valleys behind the west 
 bay. South- south -west and south-east winds, all 
 coming across the sea, have free access to Mentone, 
 but these are not, as a rule, cold winds, although 
 they may blow at times with considerable violence. 
 From the north wind it is completely protected. 
 
 By comparing the means of the temperature 
 'records of different observers at Mentone, the 
 following figures are obtained. Mean temperature 
 foj the months from October to May : 
 
 Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March. April. May. 
 
 East Bay 65-3 55-3 50*55 49-9 50*6 53-9 587 6576 
 West Bay 62*2 55-6 50-69 49-12 49-46 51-1 57-64 63*1 
 
 * " The eastern bay is simply a sun trap, almost intolerable 
 all the noontide hours. Often have I sought the old town and 
 plunged into its dark street, as into a bath, from the glare of that 
 faint mile of great hotels and villas." Dean Alford's" Riviera." 
 
688 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 It will be noticed that during the months in which 
 there is least wind, December and January, there is 
 scarcely any difference in the temperature of the two 
 bays, but in the windy spring months the greater pro- 
 tection enjoyed by the east bay is shown by its higher 
 temperature. The lowest temperature recorded dur- 
 ing ten consecutive winters was 25-5 F. in March, 
 and the highest 77 F. in November. The mean 
 daily range of temperature was found to be least in 
 December, 9*2, and greatest in April, 12-5. The 
 average rainfall from October to May inclusive is 
 25*61 inches, but if we omit October and May, for the 
 remaining six months it is only 17*87 inches. The 
 corresponding number of rainy days is 63*8 if we 
 include October and May, 45*15 excluding them. 
 January and February are the finest months, and 
 have the smallest rainfall and the fewest rainy days. 
 October is the wettest month. The average number 
 of very fine days for the six winter months, from 
 November to April inclusive, seems to be about 94*5, 
 rather more than fifteen in each month. Considered 
 generally, the climate of Mentone may be taken as a 
 favourable example of the Riviera climate, and it has 
 the great advantage of possessing, as it were, two 
 climates, suited to different classes of invalids. For 
 those who especially desire warmth and shelter and 
 a-quiet indolent life, with plenty of sunshine and sun- 
 heat, and who like to live close to the sea, there is 
 the mild and sedative climate of the east bay, with 
 its southern exposure and its almost complete pro- 
 tection from strong winds."* For those, on the other 
 hand, who find advantage from a more bracing 
 air, who like to have the sun-heat tempered by 
 cooling winds, who cannot feel at ease without 
 " ample space and room enough " to wander free 
 over hill and valley, or who are irritated by the 
 
 * " There is hardly a fairer scene of languid repose to be 
 found in all this resty land. . . . There is no edge in the breeze, 
 no sea-air breathing from the waves." Alford's " Riviera." 
 
MENTONE; BORDIGHERA. 689 
 
 monotonous beat of the tideless sea against the 
 shore, or to whom the saline emanations from the 
 sea prove exciting and discomforting for such there 
 is the west bay with hotels and villas, some on the 
 sea-shore, some a little removed from it, some, and 
 those the newest and best, far removed from the sea 
 and high up on the hillside. The value of a climate 
 of this kind in many forms of pulmonary affections, 
 in certain chronic gouty and rheumatic conditions, in 
 states of anaemia, in convalescence from many acute 
 diseases, and in the many infirmities to which old 
 age is exposed, is incontestible. 
 
 There are some very beautiful walks and drives 
 around Mentone, but, unfortunately for the delicate, 
 the walks are nearly all of them steep and fatiguing, so 
 that, unless he is able to climb, the invalid's walks 
 will probably be restricted to the somewhat windy 
 " Promenade du Midi." This is not the case, how- 
 ever, at the excellent hotel at Cap Martin, where 
 many level and shady walks may be had. In the 
 adjacent valley of Gorbio, forty minutes' drive from 
 Mentone station, a French sanatorium has been 
 erected for the treatment of cases of tuberculosis. It 
 is in a protected situation, facing south, at an eleva- 
 tion of over 800 feet, and distant two miles from the 
 sea. The buildings and the accommodation are well 
 arranged, and offer all the needed facilities for a 
 satisfactory open-air cure in a beautiful situation with 
 a sunny and tonic climate. It is known as the 
 " Sanatorium de Gorbio." 
 
 Bordighera is the next health resort eastward 
 from Mentone, from which it is distant about ten 
 miles, being three miles from the Italian frontier 
 town of Ventimiglia. Bordighera is a conspicuous 
 object nearly all along the Western Riviera as it 
 lies glittering in the sunshine, its houses clustered 
 together on a promontory that projects far out into 
 the sea. It is the only health resort on this coast 
 that occupies a position on a promontory ; all the 
 others being built round bays or depressions in the 
 
*fk)o CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS, 
 
 coast. It is naturally, therefore, much exposed to 
 winds, that is to say, to all those winds that can 
 reach it in blowing across the sea ; the east, the 
 south-east, the south-west, and the west winds can 
 all blow freely upon this promontory. But it is well 
 protected by mountains to the north, north-east, and 
 north-west, whence the coldest winds come. More- 
 over, it is to be remembered that all the winds that 
 reach it must, on account of its position, come to it 
 from the sea, and impregnated with saline emanations. 
 And this is the sole distinguishing characteristic of 
 tthe climate of Bordighera as compared with that of 
 neighbouring stations ; the predominating influence 
 of sea air rendering it essentially bracing and tonic. 
 For this reason, also, its temperature is probably 
 rather more equable warmer in the winter and 
 cooler in the summer than at other places on this 
 coast. 
 
 The old town of Bordighera is built partly on the 
 promontory itself, and this commands a fine view 
 westward of the Riviera coast, Cap Mortola, the 
 mountains round Mentone, the Tete de Chien above 
 Monaco, and even, on a clear day, the Esterels, west 
 <of Cannes ; eastward the view is not very remarkable, 
 the chief objects being the two capes which form the 
 eastern and western boundary of the Bay of San 
 Remo (Capo Nero and Capo Verde), and the little 
 bay and village of Ospedaletti. The new town has 
 been built on level ground to the west of the 
 promontory, on each side of the main carriage- 
 road. This plain, thickly covered with dense olive 
 groves, stretches for a distance of three miles in 
 the direction of Ventimiglia, and for about a 
 quarter of a mile inland from the shore, till it 
 reaches the base of the hills forming its eastern and. 
 north-eastern boundary. Here some of the princi- 
 pal hotels and villas are built. The possession of 
 this level tract of land near the shore, thickly 
 covered .with vegetation, gives quite a peculiar and 
 attractive aspect to the western side of Bordighera, 
 
BORDIGHERA. 691 
 
 "Nowhere else can you get such delightful strolls 
 under the dense shade of the old olives without a 
 fatiguing climb." (Dean A If or d.) 
 
 Bordighera is also celebrated for its palm groves. 
 These give a remarkably Oriental aspect to the 
 place. The largest groves are to the east of the 
 promontory, but they abound on all sides. 
 
 Bordighera is one of the most equable of the health 
 resorts of the Western Riviera. The new town, by its 
 position under the cape, is greatly protected from the 
 east and south-east. It is well protected also from 
 the north, and fairly so from the north-west, though 
 the mountains in this direction are distant. But it is 
 completely exposed to the west and to the south- 
 west. At Bordighera the mistral is a west wind, 
 being turned completely in that direction by the mass 
 of mountains behind Monaco, and from being forced 
 to blow over the sea it loses somewhat of its dry and 
 cold character. Bordighera naturally feels the local 
 sea-breezes, which are not strong winds, more than 
 its neighbouring resorts, and it would seem to suffer 
 from the stronger winds in about the same proportion 
 as these. 
 
 Its mean temperature differs very little from that 
 of the other resorts on this coast. For the whole 
 winter it is the same as that of Nice, a little lower 
 than at Cannes, still lower than at Mentone. Its 
 position on a promontory jutting out into the sea 
 would certainly tend to make it cooler than its 
 neighbours in the hot spring months, and would seem 
 to point to it as a good locality for invalids to move 
 to in order to escape the heat of this season before 
 returning northward. As to the rainfall and number 
 of rainy days at Bordighera, it would seem to be 
 neither better nor worse off than its neighbours in 
 this respect. It is especially suited to invalids who 
 want sea air ; to cases of torpid phthisis in its early 
 stages, without any tendency to haemorrhage ; to 
 cases of throat and bronchial catarrh ; to cases of 
 chronic pleurisy ; those of convalescence from acute 
 
692 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 diseases, cases of anaemia, and many other conditions 
 of constitutional feebleness. Its climate is too 
 exciting for the very nervous and sensitive. The 
 special facility it affords for a variety of level, shady 
 walks cannot fail to make it attractive to a large class 
 of invalids. 
 
 Ospedaletti. As we continue eastward from 
 Bordighera the interest and beauty of the coast 
 begin to diminish. A drive of three or four miles 
 along the coast brings us to the pretty little bay and 
 village of Ospedaletti, shut in and protected on 
 almost all sides by its olive-clad hills. Ospedaletti 
 is in an advantageous situation, and is much 
 resorted to by Germans. 
 
 San Remo. Just beyond Ospedaletti we arrive 
 at one of the most thriving of winter stations, the 
 old Italian coast town of San Remo. The special 
 recommendation of the climate of San Remo seems 
 to be that it is less exciting than some of the resorts 
 further west, and on that account better suited to 
 nervous and sensitive organisations. Invalids who 
 cannot sleep at Nice and Cannes can often sleep 
 at San Remo. Its temperature records, compared 
 with those of the other health resorts on this coast, 
 show it to be as warm in winter as the warmest 
 of them, somewhat more equable, with less difference 
 between day and night temperature, and less differ- 
 ence between summer and winter temperature. 
 Owing to the greater equability of its temperature, 
 visitors can remain later at San Remo without 
 feeling the weather unpleasantly hot and relaxing as 
 in some other of the towns on the Riviera. The 
 Italians use it in the summer as a sea bathing station. 
 It is exceedingly Well protected by a triple barrier of 
 mountains from northerly winds, which blow over the 
 town and are only felt far out at sea. The east wind 
 is the strongest and most felt there, owing to the low 
 elevation of Capo Verde and the absence of any other 
 protection in this quarter. This and the south-east 
 are the prevailing winds. The north-east wind blows 
 
SAN REMO; ALASSIO. 693 
 
 occasionally in winter, and is a biting cold wind. 
 The mistral, too, is felt there, more so, accord- 
 ing to some observers, than at Mentone. San Remo 
 has a clay soil, and on that account it is some- 
 what damp after heavy rains, but this is looked upon 
 as not altogether a disadvantage, as it tends to render 
 the air less dry and irritating. The rainfall at San 
 Remo and the number of rainy days during the 
 winter season appear to be less than at almost any 
 other resort on this coast. 
 
 The accommodation provided for visitors at San 
 Remo is good. As to the class of invalids likely to 
 be benefited by San Remo, it is unnecessary to 
 recapitulate what has already been said with respect 
 to other health resorts on the Riviera. San Remo is 
 adapted to the same class of cases, with this dis- 
 tinction, that the climate is rather less bracing and 
 more soothing than that of some of the other stations, 
 and therefore better adapted to nervous and sen- 
 sitive constitutions. It is a favourite resort with 
 Germans. 
 
 There remain but two other towns on the Western 
 Riviera that can be spoken of as in any sense winter 
 health resorts. They are Alassio and Pegli. 
 
 Alassio is about twenty-eight miles east of San 
 Remo, and is best reached from the north by the line 
 from Turin to Savona, the latter town being about 
 twenty miles east of Alassio. Alassio is situated in a 
 lovely bay, having a south-eastern aspect and being- 
 well protected by two headlands, Capo delle Male on 
 the w r est, and Capo di Santa Croce on the east. It 
 is also well protected by encircling hills to the 
 north, at no great distance from the shore. It 
 possesses an excellent beach of fine sand, and is 
 popular with the Italians on that account as a summer 
 bathing-place. The Riviera scenery again becomes 
 very beautiful at Alassio. The fine hills behind the 
 town are covered with olive trees, and there are 
 many sheltered nooks for villas as well as admirable 
 picturesque walks and drives in the neighbourhood. 
 
694 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Some of the views are remarkably beautiful and 
 interesting. 
 
 Alassio is not so warm as San Remo, as it is rather 
 more open to the north-east winds, and the northern 
 hills not being so high the north wind (the tramontana) 
 reaches a portion of the district close to the shore. 
 The wooded hills behind the town are better suited 
 for the residence of invalids than the sea-shore. 
 
 Pegli is really a. suburb of Genoa, from which it 
 is distant only half-an-hour by rail. But it is very 
 much warmer than at Genoa, as it enjoys a purely 
 local protection from cold winds by means of hills 
 to the north as well as to the east and west. It is a 
 little fishing and ship-building town, situated along 
 the sea-shore looking south. It differs, no doubt, 
 considerably in its climate from the resorts at the 
 western extremity of the Riviera di Ponente. The 
 humidity of the air, for one thing, is much greater, 
 and those who have found the air of Mentone 
 unpleasantly dry and irritating have improved much 
 at Pegli. It has acquired a reputation for benefiting 
 asthmatic cases. 
 
 In the foregoing brief sketch of the principal 
 health resorts on the Western Riviera, the object has 
 been to point out, in as concise a manner as possible, 
 the chief characteristics of climate and situation of 
 those several stations. It will be seen that the 
 climate of the Riviera is by no means a perfect one. 
 But if it has cold winds and at times blinding dust, 
 and if the air in places is exceedingly dry and 
 irritating, it has also an immense proportion of fine 
 days, clear skies, and bright sunshine, when from ten 
 in the morning until three in the afternoon an invalid 
 can live in the open air. " The warm southern sun 
 and the azure sky of the Mediterranean, far more 
 than elevated temperature, constitute the advantages 
 of this climate ; fine weather rather than heat is what 
 is here sought for." But if the Western Riviera has its 
 drawbacks and what climate has not ? it must be 
 
THE MARITIME .ALPS. 695 
 
 admitted that the number tf localities which we there 
 have to choose from gdves us an opportunity of selec- 
 tion impossible to find elsewhere. And then it is a 
 region of almost unrivalled beauty. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 There are but few places in the Maritime Alps suitable, 
 either by their elevation above the sea or by the accommoda- 
 tion they afford, for invalids who may wish to avoid coming 
 north to pass the hot months of summer. 
 
 One of the most accessible is the valley of Thorencs, with a 
 good hotel, kept by Mr. F. Rost, of the Grand Hotel, Grasse. It 
 is specially arranged for the mountain air cure, and is in a 
 beautiful situation near pine woods, at an elevation of 3,850 
 feet. It can accommodate 150 people, and is surrounded by 
 a park of 1,250 acres. It is open from May i5th to October 
 1 5th. It is connected by carriage road with Grasse (omnibus 
 twice daily in five hours) and Nice. 
 
 The climate has been spoken of very highly by physicians 
 who have visited this valley. It is very sunny, dry, and equable, 
 free from damp and fog, and permitting invalids to be con- 
 tinually in the open air. It is protected by high mountains to 
 the north and east. Another resort is St. Martin Lantosque 
 (3,120 feet above the sea, and seven hours from Nice by 
 carriage-road); it affords fair accommodation in several hotels 
 and pensions, and is becoming more and more resorted to 
 during the summer, especially by the inhabitants of Nice. It 
 is surrounded by beautiful scenery; the air is pure, fresh, and 
 moderately bracing. There is, at times, a good deal of 
 humidity of atmosphere ; but the temperature is equable, and 
 rarely fluctuates many degrees in the twenty-four hours. 
 
 The Baths of Valdieri (about 4, 300 feet above the sea), on the 
 Italian side of the Maritime Alps, can be reached from St. 
 Martin in five and a-half hours, either on foot or, in fine 
 weather, by mule track. The climate is mild and equable, and 
 the place is completely protected from winds from the north ; 
 but it is refreshed by local currents of air which are rarely 
 very strong. The surrounding scenery is grand and pic- 
 turesque ; the only drawback is the difficulty of access. On 
 the Italian side it is approached from Coni. 
 
 The Baths of Vinadio and those of Certosa di Pesio are also 
 reached by mountain passes from St. Martin. 
 
 All the preceding resorts are approached from Nice by the 
 Vesubie Valley. The adjacent valley of the Ray a has the 
 advantage of being traversed in its upper part by a carriage- 
 road which connects Turin and the plains of Piedmont with 
 
696 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 the Riviera at Nice. A conveyance runs daily from Nice to 
 Coni in eighteen hours. 
 
 In this valley is St. Dalmas diTendi (3,500 feet above the sea), 
 about fifty-three miles from Nice on the high road between Nice 
 and Coni. It has an Etablissement for hydrotherapy, with a 
 fine garden, which was formerly a Carthusian monastery, 
 and it has also a fairly good hotel. It is in the midst of 
 wild and beautiful scenery. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 SEA VOYAGES AND SOME DISTANT CLIMATIC 
 RESORTS. 
 
 Sea Voyages. 
 
 TRAVELLING by sea presents such great attractions 
 to some persons, and is associated with so many dis- 
 comforts to others, that it is not to be wondered at 
 that sea voyages for invalids have both their oppo- 
 nents and their advocates. As a common prescription 
 for consumptive patients it is not nearly so popular as 
 it once was, more especially since the open-air treat- 
 ment of these cases in suitably-placed sanatoria has 
 been attended with such satisfactory results ; for one 
 of the great recommendations of a sea voyage, for such 
 patients, was that it provided them with an out-of- 
 door life which they now get in these sanatoria. 
 
 But before we refer to the disadvantages and 
 drawbacks of a sea voyage, it will be advisable to 
 mention its advantages as they are generally stated. 
 
 These are ist, perfect rest and quiet ; complete 
 removal from and change of ordinary occupation 
 and way of life ; a very thorough change of scene, 
 and perfect and enforced rest from both mental and 
 physical labour. 
 
 2nd The open-air life it provides and the great 
 amount of sunshine to be enjoyed (it is quite possible, 
 under the most favourable circumstances, to spend 
 fifteen hours daily in the open air), and, whenever it 
 is possible, the traveller by sea is certain to endeavour 
 to escape from the close and not rarely unpleasant 
 atmosphere of a small cabin into the pure air to be 
 found on deck. 
 
 3rd The great purity of the air at sea, and its 
 entire freedom from organic dust and other impurities. 
 In this respect it has an advantage over the air of the 
 
698 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 open country, for the latter is apt to contain the pollen 
 of grasses and other plants which, in some persons, 
 excite " hay fever " and " asthma." The air of the 
 cabins may, of course, be contaminated, but the air 
 of the open sea " is probably the purest that can be 
 found on the surface of the globe." 
 
 4th The presence in sea-air of a large amount of 
 " ozone," or an active form of oxygen, as well as of 
 particles of saline matters, especially in stormy 
 weather, from the sea-spray, which may exercise a 
 beneficial influence on the respiratory mucous 
 membrane. 
 
 5th The great equability of the temperature at 
 sea. Even in the tropics the mid-day temperature is 
 rarely over 85 F. This refers chiefly to the daily 
 variations, which rarely exceed 4 or 5 F. It must 
 be borne in mind, as we shall see directly, that in a 
 long sea voyage very considerable variations of tem- 
 perature are encountered, and in a swift steamer the 
 transitions are somewhat sudden. 
 
 6th The humidity of the atmosphere (the mean 
 relative humidity is about 73-5 per cent.) and the high 
 barometric pressure, which are considered to exercise 
 a useful sedative influence on certain constitutions. 
 It is said that the body temperature averages i F. 
 lower at sea on account of this sedative effect. 
 
 7th The exhilarating and tonic effect of rapid 
 motion through the air ; for, by the continuous pro- 
 gress of the ship, the sea-breezes are constantly 
 blowing over it, and the passengers are borne along 
 without any exertion of their own. The influence 
 of these currents of air on the body surface is no 
 doubt important as a stimulant and a tonic, in- 
 creasing evaporation from the skin, and imparting 
 tone to the superficial blood-vessels. To these 
 influences must be added, in long sea voyages, the 
 invigorating effect of the changes of climates ex- 
 perienced in passing through the different regions of 
 the ocean. It must, however, be admitted that 
 although this may have a bracing effect on many, 
 
SEA VOYAGES. 699 
 
 it is often injurious to the more serious and sensitive 
 class of invalids. 
 
 The sea voyage, for persons whom it suits, may be 
 regarded as a combination of sedative and tonic 
 influences, increasing the appetite, stimulating the 
 nutritive processes, and favouring repose of mind 
 and calm sleep. 
 
 We may next notice the various kinds of sea 
 voyages that are practicable for invalids. 
 
 There are, in the first place, the short voyages or 
 trips to Madeira, or the Canaries, and back, in large 
 ocean-going steamers ; to Gibraltar, Malta, Genoa, 
 Naples, and the various ports of the Mediterranean ; 
 then there are the short " pleasure trips," with fre- 
 quent stoppages and landings, now organised at 
 different periods of the year by the several steam- 
 ship companies and by private enterprise. 
 
 2nd There are voyages of medium length, such 
 as to the West Indies and back, to Brazil and the 
 River Plate, to the Cape and back, to India and back, 
 and 
 
 3rd There is the long sea voyage, which usually 
 means round the Cape to New Zealand or Australia 
 and back ; or the Suez Canal route may be taken ; or 
 the voyage to India may be extended to China and 
 Japan. For the voyage round the Cape to Australia 
 or New Zealand the patient should leave in October 
 and return in June ; the outward voyage takes in a 
 steamer about six weeks, and in a sailing vessel ten 
 to fourteen weeks ; there should be an interval of 
 four to eight weeks on land ; the return journey is 
 generally made by the Suez Canal. In this trip the 
 full effect of the ocean climate is obtained. The 
 drawbacks are the absence of fresh vegetables and 
 fruit, the monotony of the life and diet, especially in 
 a sailing vessel, and the long calms with great heat in 
 the tropics. In returning by the Canal the transition 
 from the heat of the Red Sea to the cold winds of the 
 Mediterranean may prove injurious, while to sail 
 back round the Cape would be long and tedious. 
 
700 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 The heat in the Red Sea is the great drawback to 
 the eastern voyage to Ceylon, India, China, Japan, 
 etc., which is otherwise an interesting and attractive 
 one, and luxurious accommodation can be obtained 
 in the fine vessels of the P. & O. fleet. 
 
 The voyage to the Cape and back, with short 
 trips into the interior of Cape Colony, or to Natal, 
 occupying from six to eight weeks or more, is long 
 enough for many cases. 
 
 The trip to the West Indies may be recommended 
 to those patients who are benefited by moist heat, 
 but it is unsuited to those who are depressed by these 
 conditions. It is also important to ascertain that the 
 islands visited are free from endemic diseases. Bar- 
 bados is said to be generally healthy. 
 
 The voyage to the coast towns of Brazil and to 
 the River Plate at a suitable season is attractive from 
 its moderate length, the number of places called at, 
 and the fine winter climate and beautiful scenery of 
 most of the places visited. An interesting but more 
 adventurous trip is that from New York to San Fran- 
 cisco by Panama, taking twenty-eight days. From 
 San Francisco trips can be made of varied length, 
 in a warm climate, to other Pacific ports. 
 
 Next, as to the cases best suited to a sea 
 voyage. 
 
 All authorities are agreed that the best results 
 obtained from sea voyages are seen in those cases 
 of anomalous nervous affections, unconnected with 
 organic disease, that are induced by over-work or 
 worry and anxiety, and often associated with disorder 
 of the digestive organs cases that have been termed 
 "irritable weakness" of the nervous system. The 
 perfect rest, the constant exposure to the invigorating 
 sea breezes, the open-air life, the entire change of 
 scene, all these influences combined tend to bring 
 back the power of sleeping soundly and of digesting 
 well, and to restore a healthy organic activity both 
 physical and mental. 
 
 As these nervous conditions vary greatly, so the 
 
SEA VOYAGES. 701 
 
 kind of voyage suitable to their several needs varies 
 also. For some a mere pleasure trip of a few weeks' 
 duration is all that is necessary ; for others a some- 
 what longer voyage may be better, as that to the 
 Cape and back, or one in which the interest is kept 
 alive by frequent stoppages at interesting spots, as in 
 the voyages to the different Mediterranean ports, or 
 to Ceylon or India and back, or to the Brazils, or 
 the still longer voyage to China and Japan ; while in 
 some more chronic and troublesome cases, requiring 
 a prolonged period of perfect rest, the long sea 
 voyage to Australia or New Zealand may be most 
 appropriate. The natural temperament and disposi- 
 tion of the patient must be considered, as some bear 
 the inevitable monotony of a long sea voyage badly, 
 and are more benefited by two .or three shorter 
 voyages with longer or shorter intervals. Perhaps 
 the next most suitable cases for a sea voyage, and 
 especially for a long one, are cases of chronic 
 scrofulous disease of the joints, glands, and skin ; 
 or wounds in scrofulous persons that are slow to 
 heal ; such patients may be incapacitated by their 
 maladies from taking much exercise in the open air, 
 and the advantage of being carried through the open 
 air in a ship, and constantly exposed to the tonic 
 influences of the sea breezes, is very great Some 
 cases of protracted and tedious convalescence from 
 severe attacks of chest and other disease are occa- 
 sionally greatly benefited by a sea voyage, especially 
 if the patients have a fondness for the life at sea, and 
 do not look upon it with dread or distaste. 
 
 The sea voyage in warm latitudes is also useful in 
 some cases of hepatic and renal functional disorders ; 
 in the latter the warmth and moisture of the tropics 
 or the sub-tropical regions, by exciting great activity of 
 the skin, often prove especially favourable ; and in 
 the former, the alterative influence of sea air may 
 prove very beneficial. Cases of chronic dysentery 
 acquired during residence in hot countries, and the 
 chronic intestinal catarrh occurring as a consequence 
 
702 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS.' 
 
 of such attacks, are often completely cured by a 
 voyage at sea. We often find that men invalided 
 home suffering from the effects of tropical and malarial 
 affections arrive in England already partly restored 
 to health by the sea voyage. Cases of chronic 
 catarrh of the larynx and bronchi, and some cases, 
 but by no means all, of chronic muscular and articular 
 rheumatism, are benefited by winter voyages to warm 
 climates ; also cases of hay fever are cured at sea. 
 
 In certain forms of debility in young people, 
 associated with over-growth or educational strain, 
 or dependent on other depressing influences, and 
 which threaten to induce serious disease, a long sea 
 voyage is often of essential service. 
 
 Such cases, especially if, perchance, accompanied 
 by a slight cough from a relaxed or catarrhal 
 condition of the mucous membranes of the throat or 
 upper air passages, are not unfrequently suspected to 
 be cases of so-called " incipient phthisis," and it is 
 probably mainly owing to the exceedingly good 
 results that are obtained in these cases from a long 
 sea voyage, that we owe the great reputation which 
 sea voyages formerly enjoyed in the treatment of 
 consumption. 
 
 If we were to subtract from the so-called cures 
 of consumption, attributed to sea voyages, all 
 those that may not have been cases of consumption 
 at all, the residue, we suspect, would be surprisingly 
 small. But as a preventive, in young men with a con- 
 stitutional tendency to phthisis, a long sea voyage is 
 of great value. 
 
 The propriety of sending persons, who are un- 
 doubtedly the subjects of tubercular disease of the 
 lungs, on a sea voyage, is a point of some doubt and 
 difficulty. The late Sir Andrew Clark, who had him- 
 self been a naval surgeon and had had an altogether 
 exceptional experience in connection with this sub- 
 ject, said : " For my own part, when I now review 
 the experience of the effects of sea voyages upon 
 young invalids, I am more strongly impressed than 
 
SEA VOYAGES. 703 
 
 ever I was before with the necessity of extreme 
 caution in prescribing them."* Our own experience 
 is certainly in accord with this view. No one can 
 control the accidents of weather at sea, and a long 
 voyage made in bad weather may suffice to destroy 
 all hope of recovery in such cases. The cases in 
 which a sea voyage may possibly be expected to be 
 attended with benefit are those in which either the 
 disease is limited and progressing slowly, and without 
 fever, in young persons with constitutions otherwise 
 healthy and vigorous, or others in which the disease, 
 after a stage of active progress, and perhaps the 
 formation of a limited cavity, has become stationary 
 and quiescent, and the general health is fairly good. 
 
 In either of these conditions, if the patient has a 
 taste for a sea-faring life, a sea voyage is calculated 
 to be of service. But even in these cases, if there is 
 any distaste for the sea, it is unwise to urge it. 
 
 On the impropriety and unwisdom of sending 
 cases of advanced consumption, or cases of actively 
 progressive disease, or cases in which the general 
 health and strength are seriously compromised, on 
 a long sea voyage, many have animadverted. 
 
 The late Professor Sir W. H. Flower made some 
 pertinent observations on this point. " The principal 
 objection, " he said, " to persons in delicate health 
 undertaking a long sea voyage is the uncertainty 
 about the influences to which he or she may be 
 exposed ; while on land the traveller is, to a great 
 extent, his own master, and has power to control the 
 surrounding conditions. He may regulate the day's 
 journey, according to strength or inclination, he may 
 linger in such places as have agreeable associations 
 and environments, he may hasten over those of an 
 opposite character ; but when once embarked upon 
 a voyage, whether he finds himself crowded in a dark, 
 close, cabin, with two or three uncongenial compan- 
 ions, lying on a narrow, hard shelf, port-holes rigidly 
 closed, and the atmosphere he breathes poisoned by 
 * Brit. Med.Jour., Dec. 20, 1890. 
 
;o 4 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 noisome odours, of which the sickening smell of the 
 oil of the engines is one of the least objectionable ; 
 the rain pouring on deck making escape from his 
 prison, even for a few minutes, impossible ; when he 
 feels he would give all his w^ordly possessions for 
 a breath of pure air, or a few hours' cessation from the 
 perpetual din of the engines within and the waves 
 without ; he is perfectly helpless, he must go through 
 it, day after day, and night after night, until the 
 weather changes or the voyage is ended." 
 
 Dr. Coupland Taylor, himself an invalid, com- 
 mented (" The Ocean as a Health Resort in 
 Phthisis") on the "real hardships" of a long sea 
 voyage in a sailing vessel to Australia, and he 
 contends that the purity, etc., of the sea-air is, for 
 invalids, more than outweighed by the obvious 
 disadvantages of close, hot cabins, the weakness 
 caused by sea-sickness, damp sea-fogs, draughty 
 saloons, etc. In the first part of the voyage to 
 Australia, if undertaken, as it usually is, about the 
 month of September or October, you encounter, he 
 says, " sea-sickness and cold winds ; " and in the 
 second part, when the hot regions are reached, the 
 " decks are running with water from heavy dews," 
 so that the invalid cannot sleep in the open air, and 
 the cabins are intolerably close, shared, as they 
 usually are, with one or two companions. 
 
 In a gale the invalid is necessarily shut up below, 
 probably sea-sick, and may for days be confined in a 
 close, unwholesome atmosphere, with no possibility 
 of leaving it. 
 
 There is a pleasant time after the first fortnight, 
 when the N.E. trade winds are reached, and until 
 the ship enters the tropics. A fortnight passed in 
 the humid heat of the tropics is very depressing. To 
 the tropics succeeds the most pleasant part of the 
 voyage, i.e. the S.E. trade winds between 15 and 
 40 S. lat., with very fine weather. After passing the 
 Cape, further trials await the invalid, in the shape of 
 heavy seas and great cold from the nearness of ice, 
 
VOYAGES, 70$ 
 
 and as there are no fires he can only find warmth in 
 his bed. This lasts until he nears the west coast of 
 Australia, and then (December) he gets into pleasant 
 summer weather for the rest of the voyage. Of 
 ten consumptives on board the same sailing vessel 
 with Dr. C. Taylor, he stated that six died soon after 
 their arrival in the colony. His conclusion was that 
 it needs considerable bodily strength to withstand the 
 bad weather and the great transitions incidental to 
 the long sea voyage in a sailing vessel. 
 
 Dr. L. E. Shaw also testified from personal obser- 
 vation to the same effect. He say : " No one who 
 has acted as surgeon to an invalid ship, who has seen 
 patients with advanced phthisis suddenly transferred 
 from their comfortable invalid homes, on land, to the 
 small accommodation and scanty luxuries which, with 
 the best intentions, the authorities are able to provide 
 for them at sea ; no one who has watched the fearful 
 anxiety of these patients to get back to their 
 homes when they find their disease progressing, and 
 who, finally, as their best and perhaps only friend, 
 has received their last messages for their relatives, 
 could possibly recommend a long sea voyage as a 
 justifiable treatment in such cases. What I would 
 contend is that, while for the large majority of cases 
 of phthisis, in which the patient is willing to submit 
 to such treatment, a long sea voyage is unsuitable, 
 whether in a sailing vessel or a steamer, for the 
 minority, who can be safely recommended to try it, a 
 sailing vessel is much to be preferred." 
 
 Of the voyage to New Zealand, a gentleman who 
 sailed early in December, to avoid an English winter, 
 gave the following account : " The weather was 
 very pleasant for some days after we lefc Teneriffe ; 
 but, as we had a following wind, the north-east trade, 
 it got gradually warmer until the thermometer 
 touched 83 in the cabins at 10 degrees north. 
 Then began a process which astonished us very 
 much. So far, we had not been any great distance 
 from land ; but as soon as we passed the Gulf of 
 x 
 
706 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Guinea, and while still north of the equator, the tem- 
 perature began to fall, 82, 80, 79, 77, 75, 71, 71, 69, 
 69, 68. This, with a strong south-east trade wind in 
 our teeth, made the ship very cool, if not cold ; and, 
 when under the vertical sun, great-coats and rugs 
 were required on deck after dinner. As we ap- 
 proached land again, towards the Cape, the ther- 
 mometer rose a few degrees, touching 74 ; but, as 
 soon as the land was left behind, it went to 71, 63, 57, 
 55> 5 2 > 5> 45- These are cabin readings, and on deck 
 37 and 36 were the mid-day temperatures. The 
 regular steamer-route goes to 51 degrees south, and 
 travels on that parallel for 65 degrees ; and one soon 
 begins to wonder whether doctors know what they 
 are about when they recommend a voyage round the 
 Cape. The weather, we are told, is quite normal, 
 and a shower of sleet is just what may be looked for 
 at midsummer here. The ship's officers consider it a 
 very good voyage, and the captain, when he turns out 
 of his cabin, after a week of congestion of the lungs, 
 says the weather is beautiful. So it is, according to 
 the log ; for there is generally plenty of fair wind, 
 and the runs are long ; but it is not invalids' weather. 
 I wear both summer and winter flannels, a chamois 
 waistcoat, and, with a great-coat turned up at the 
 neck, and lined gloves on, I manage to walk for an 
 hour once, or it may be twice a day ; but one day 
 this week I did not get out at all, and I had to pay 
 for one of my walks with a mustard blister. I am 
 not prepared to say that the cold weather has been 
 bad for me ; for I had a troublesome cough when the 
 weather was warmer, which I have not got now ; 
 but it is risky, and, for a weaker man, would be 
 dangerous." 
 
 Attention has often been drawn to the absence, on 
 board the great ocean-going steamers, of any special 
 arrangements for the comfort and welfare of the sick, 
 and the absence also of single-berth cabins so necessary 
 for invalids, especially when suffering from a disease 
 like phthisis, which is certainly communicable under 
 
SEA VOYAGES. 707 
 
 certain conditions, or from other diseases which may 
 render them obnoxious to their fellow-travellers. If 
 consumptive patients are sent on a sea voyage they 
 should certainly have cabins to themselves. 
 
 Many steamers now provide a certain number of 
 single cabins, and persons who are in a position to 
 pay for superior accommodation can usually obtain it, 
 but a sea voyage then becomes a costly affair. 
 
 There are some differences of opinion as to whether 
 it is better to take a long sea voyage in a steamer or 
 a sailing vessel. In favour of the steamer, it is said 
 there is less monotony of diet, less preserved and more 
 fresh food, less tediousness and more variety of scene, 
 and no liability to be becalmed many days in a trying 
 tropical atmosphere. In favour of a well-appointed 
 sailing vessel it is urged that the cabins are more 
 spacious, there is plenty of deck-room, no over- 
 crowding, no unpleasant smell of oil from the engines, 
 no jarring and unpleasant vibration from the screw 
 disturbing rest at night. There is more leisure to en- 
 joy and realise a sea life, the changes of temperature 
 are more gradual, and there is a greater gain to health 
 provided the voyage is not too long and wearisome. 
 A steamer, it is said, hurries invalids too quickly from 
 fog and cold to tropical heat, and from tropical heat 
 to the icebergs of the Southern Ocean. A sailing 
 vessel provided with means of " steaming" would be 
 best. 
 
 Patients who should avoid long sea voyages are 
 gouty, bilious, neuralgic, and headachy persons; 
 persons suffering from haemorrhoids ; most forms of 
 chronic dyspepsia, on account of the food ; and all cases 
 of grave 'disease, and great general debility, requiring 
 detailed attention and care, on account of the uncer- 
 tainties inseparable from sea travel, 
 
 This remark does not apply to persons who are 
 rich enough to have a large steam yacht of their own 
 with travelling physician and nurses. 
 
 Epileptics and the melancholy and suicidal are 
 obviously unsuitable. 
 
;o8 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Cases of asthma should not be sent to sea without 
 first ascertaining if they bear well sea air and ship life. 
 Some physicians advise a sea voyage in the milder 
 forms of diabetes, but we see no particular reason for 
 this, and there must be a certain difficulty about the 
 diet in long voyages. 
 
 It should also be remembered that it may prove 
 injurious and cruel to urge a sea voyage on persons 
 who are not good sailors, and that women do not 
 bear sea voyages as well as men. 
 
 Distant Resorts. 
 
 Recourse to a resort far distant from England 
 necessarily involves a sea voyage of some duration, 
 and this may prove an insuperable objection to the 
 large class of invalids who have a dread of the sea, 
 and there are others whom we may be unwilling to 
 submit to the hazards and uncertainties of a sea 
 voyage. Distant resorts are reserved mainly for 
 those who are termed "hardy invalids," who are 
 not the subjects of serious attacks, but who desire 
 entire change of scene and relief from habitual 
 surroundings, so as to efface painful impressions or 
 modify depressing mental states. 
 
 They may also be attractive to young persons who, 
 having broken down in health at home, may find 
 it expedient to seek occupation and a livelihood in 
 other climes. There is also a certain limited class 
 of chronic maladies that are benefited by a greater 
 and more complete change of climatic conditions 
 than can be obtained except at a considerable dis- 
 tance, such, for instance, as the climate of the West 
 Indies. 
 
 South Africa was, before the outbreak of the 
 Transvaal War, largely resorted to by the class of 
 young persons we have referred to, who, together with 
 altered climatic conditions, needed to find occupation 
 and a livelihood. We have pointed out, in a former 
 chapter, that under existing circumstances South 
 
SOUTH AFRICA-. 709 
 
 Africa is hardly a suitable country for young invalids, 
 and it would be difficult at present to point to any 
 particular stations where they might go with advan- 
 tage. We shall only refer to a few of the better- 
 known resorts. 
 
 The general characteristics of the climate 
 of the South African veldt are well known, viz. low 
 atmospheric pressure, great dryness and clearness of 
 the atmosphere, abundant and intense sunshine, 
 small rainfall, and a wide daily range of temperature ; 
 also great purity of the air and freedom from organic 
 dust ; but the dust and the winds are often very 
 trying, and so are the heat and absence of shade in 
 summer. The South African winter, which corre- 
 sponds with our summer, is the best season for the 
 phthisical, the class of invalids chiefly interested in 
 these climates, and those of the more vigorous sort 
 mend greatly if they are at first received into suitable 
 sanatoria and well looked after. 
 
 Cape Town is not a suitable resort for these 
 patients. In the winter season (May, June and July) 
 it is humid, rainy, and windy ; in summer it is dusty. 
 Its suburbs are preferable, such as Claremont (with a 
 sanatorium), Rondebosch, and Wynberg. Two hours 
 from Cape Town is Caledon (850 feet), with thermal 
 gaseous iron springs and a sanatorium, and Ceres 
 (1,493 feet) is also easily accessible this and 
 Grahamstown (1,772 feet), in the eastern part of Cape 
 Colony, are good transition stations between the 
 coast and the high veldt. Beaufort West is higher 
 (2,729 feet), and is midway between Cape Town and 
 Kimberley, and, like Cradock (2,856 feet), is regarded 
 as a suitable resort for consumptive patients on first 
 arriving in South Africa. Turkastad (4,300 feet), 
 Burghersdorf (4,554 feet), Aliwal North (4,330 feet), 
 on the Orange River, have all been recommended 
 as eligibly situated resorts. Kimberley (4,042 feet) 
 has a well-appointed sanatorium ; so has Bark- 
 ley West (4,000 feet); Bloemfontein (4,518 feet) 
 has been referred to in a former chapter. Harrismith 
 
710 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 (5,250 feet), in the Orange River Colony, has been 
 highly praised as a resort for the phthisical ; 
 Maritzburg (2,200 feet), the capital of Natal, forty- 
 one miles from the coast, has a warm, moist climate 
 suitable for cases of chronic laryngeal and bronchial 
 catarrh. As we have already said, very careful 
 inquiries should be made before invalids set out for 
 any South African resort. 
 
 Australia. There are very few invalids to whom 
 a resort to Australia can be recommended. Young 
 men with some chest delicacy, but capable ot 
 pursuing an agricultural life, may find healthy 
 occupation in some of the more favoured localities, 
 such as Eden, in New South Wales, and Twofold 
 Bay, in Victoria ; in some parts of Gippsland, as Mount 
 Macedon, with a good sanatorium adjacent ; some 
 resorts in the Blue Mountains, as Mount Victoria, 
 Katoornba, Boaroolong, the Riverina plain ; the 
 Darling Downs, in Queensland. But local informa- 
 tion should be sought and local aid secured before 
 venturing upon such a change. 
 
 Tasmania, with a cooler, moister, and more 
 equable climate than Australia, is resorted to by 
 Australians for an agreeable and wholesome change. 
 Hobart Town is a favourite and popular summer 
 resort. 
 
 New Zealand has a climate very similar to our 
 own, and has practically little or no interest as a 
 climatic resort for the ordinary run of invalids. 
 
 The West India Islands, most of them situated 
 within the tropics, have a characteristic warm, humid, 
 and equable climate, which has been reported to be 
 very beneficial to certain forms of chronic Bright' s 
 disease, as the action of the skin is greatly promoted 
 by the moist warmth of the atmosphere, while its 
 equability provides against chills. Cases of dry and 
 chronic irritative catarrh of the larynx and bronchi 
 are also soothed and relieved by the sedative climate. 
 It has, however, the drawback of proving very 
 relaxing to many, causing loss of appetite, and not 
 
THE WEST INDIES. 711 
 
 rarely producing chronic diarrhoea ; while the fre- 
 quent presence of endemic disease, in some of these 
 islands, naturally makes physicians hesitate to recom- 
 mend them as winter resorts. Moreover, furious 
 hurricanes occasionally occur, and in some of the 
 islands volcanic activity, at times, becomes alarming. 
 
 The English island of Jamaica, with Kingston 
 for its capital, affords an attractive residence, especi- 
 ally at a distance from the sea. at an elevation of 
 1,000 feet (Gordontours) or 2,000 feet (Mandeville) 
 above the sea ; and higher and cooler resorts can be 
 found (Newcastle, 4,000 feet). The rainfall is large, 
 55 inches being the annual average. The dryest and 
 best season to visit the island is from the middle of 
 December to May. 
 
 Barbados is perhaps the most attractive and 
 suitable resort for the English invalid. It resembles 
 Jamaica in climate, but, unlike it, it has no high 
 mountains. The mean annual rainfall is large, 57 
 inches, but from December to May is a fairly dry 
 season, and is the best for visitors from the north. 
 Barbados is usually free from endemic disease, and 
 is well looked after from a sanitary point of view. 
 Many of the other islands are very picturesque and 
 beautiful, but they have no interest for us as health 
 resorts for invalids. 
 
 Nassau, the capital of the Bahamas, is frequented 
 as a winter resort chiefly by Americans. It lies to the 
 east of Florida, and is easily reached by steamer 
 from the mainland, from which it is distant 
 about 200 miles. Nassau has a warm, moist, 
 equable climate, resembling somewhat the climate 
 of Madeira. It has a good reputation for health- 
 fulness, and possesses good hotel accommodation. 
 In \vinter the relative humidity is 83 per cent., and 
 the mean annual rainfall is 56 inches. Its warm, 
 moist, sedative climate suits some convalescents from 
 acute disease, and cases of irritative laryngeal and 
 bronchial catarrh ; but it is too relaxing for the tuber- 
 culous and too damp for the rheumatic, 
 
;i2 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Bermuda (Great Bermuda) has very much the 
 same climatic characters as Nassau ; but, being a 
 British naval station, it has also social attractions. It is 
 rather cooler and less humid than Nassau. Its climate 
 has been thought suitable to excitable, nervous con- 
 valescents, to irritable neurasthenics, to cases of 
 chronic nephritis, of dry bronchitis, and to cases of 
 pneumonia. 
 
 The last of these distant resorts which we shall 
 now refer to, and which are of interest to European 
 invalids, is that favoured portion of the Pacific 
 coast of the United States which belongs to Southern 
 California. This coast, with the portion of the 
 "Pacific slope" lying directly behind it, possesses 
 one of the most genial and equable climates in 
 the world. It is under the influence of a warm 
 ocean current from Japan, and ranges of high moun- 
 tains form its northern boundary, the land sloping 
 gradually down from these to the ocean. It has 
 mild winters and relatively cool summers, without 
 extremes either of heat or cold. In the northern 
 regions of this coast the atmosphere is humid and the 
 rainfall is considerable, but this diminishes as we pass 
 southwards, and there is a great difference between 
 the climate of the towns on the northern part of the 
 coast and that of the resorts to the south. The 
 following are the chief of these : 
 
 San Diego and Coronado Beach is situated at 
 the extreme south-western corner of California. 
 It has an attractive winter climate, warm and 
 relatively dry. In January, the coldest month, the 
 mean maximum temperature is 66 F., and the mean 
 minimum is 35 F. There are a great number ot 
 clear days, but fogs are apt to appear in April and 
 May. The rainfall is small, only 12 inches in the 
 year. Summer is the dry season, but the temperature 
 is rarely very high, the mean maximum in, July being 
 84 F. Good hotel accommodation is to be had at 
 Coronado, where there is also a good sanatorium. 
 
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 713 
 
 Sea bathing is pleasant during nearly the whole year. 
 There are suitable mountain resorts for camping out 
 close at hand. 
 
 Avalon, the chief place in Santa Catalina Island, 
 twenty-three miles from the mainland of California, is 
 a popular and attractive winter resort suited for an 
 out-of-door life, and well adapted to chronic bronchial 
 and renal cases, and to those of general debility. 
 
 Los Angeles, 300 feet above the sea, and fourteen 
 miles from the Pacific coast, is a large town 123 miles 
 from San Diego. It has a wet winter and a dry summer 
 climate, but there are a great number of fine days 
 between November and May. There are fogs in 
 spring and autumn ; some doubts have bcien ex- 
 pressed as to the sanitary state of the city, and 
 the influence of the climate in cases of advanced 
 phthisis has not been favourable. Pasadena, 
 nine miles from Los Angeles, at an elevation of 
 800 to 1,000 feet, is said to be a much better 
 winter resort for invalids. Santa Monica and Long 
 Beach are suitable sea-bathing resorts on the adjacent 
 coast. 
 
 Santa Barbara is resorted to in both winter and 
 summer on account of its mild and remarkably equable 
 climate. Roses bloom and strawberries ripen, out of 
 doors, all the year round. A fair idea of the great 
 equability of its climate may be gained by comparing 
 its mean temperature in January (63 F. at 2 p.m., 
 52 F. at 9 p.m.), and in July (78 F. at 2 p.m., 65 F. 
 at 9 p.m.). Fogs in the early morning in the summer 
 are not unusual. Its relative humidity is 69 to 71 
 per cent. Open to the south, it is well protected 
 to the north. It enjoys light breezes from the sea by 
 day, and breezes from the mountains by night. The 
 mean annual rainfall is 18 inches, but it is very 
 variable, ranging from 4^ to 35 inches. As a rule 
 there is no rain between April and November. 
 Santa Barbara has good accommodation for visitors, 
 with great social advantages. There are hot sulphur 
 springs. It has been described as " a safe and 
 
;i4 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 delightful refuge for old and young." * Its climate 
 is especially favourable to chronic pulmonary and 
 bronchitic cases, and to cases of chronic nephritis. 
 
 At Idyll-wild, at an elevation of 5,200 feet above 
 the sea, in the mountains, about sixty miles from the 
 Pacific coast, a sanatorium for consumptives has been 
 established " in an ideal situation." Its elevation is 
 the same as that of Davos Platz, but it " has a great 
 advantage in the fact that out-of-door occupation 
 is available 340 days in the year." The air is dry 
 and pure, and .not unpleasantly hot in summer. The 
 temperature only occasionally falls below freezing 
 point in winter. It is reached by the Santa Fe 
 railroad, t 
 
 The only other South California!! resort that need 
 be mentioned here is Monterey, beautifully situated 
 on the bay of that name, 125 miles south of San 
 Francisco. It has a sedative, equable climate, and 
 outdoor life is agreeable all the year round. Accom- 
 modation for invalids is good. It is a resort 
 especially recommended in cases of nervous debility 
 and exhaustion, neurasthenia and insomnia. It is 
 not, however, well suited to consumptive invalids. 
 
 The advantage of these South Californian resorts 
 to European invalids of a certain type young 
 persons requiring occupation in a genial and 
 suitable climate is that they afford a means of 
 obtaining a livelihood to those who are industrious, 
 and who can devote a certain amount of capital 
 to fruit growing and other agricultural pursuits. 
 
 * Cohen's System of Ph\ T siologic Therapeutics. 
 f ibid. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE APPLICATION AND SELECTION OF CLIMATES. 
 . TREATMENT IN SANATORIA. 
 
 IN our account of particular climatic resorts we have 
 pointed out, especially in the more important, the 
 kind of cases for the treatment of which they are 
 appropriate ; we must now indicate very briefly, in a 
 general sense, the kind of climatic resorts suited to 
 particular maladies. 
 
 As in treatment by mineral springs, treatment 
 by climate is only applicable to cases of chronic 
 disease, and to a certain number only of these ; 
 and in incurable forms of chronic disease we must 
 be on our guard how we yield to the pressure 
 of patients and their friends to send cases on long 
 journeys in search of a doubtful remedy ; such 
 journeys can only be attended with disappointment 
 and distress. 
 
 We should also keep in view the fact that the 
 usefulness of particular climates is liable to be 
 seriously modified and disturbed by the uncertainties 
 of weather, and that in our statements and recom- 
 mendations with regard to particular places, we can 
 only rely on averages, and cannot be responsible for 
 particular seasons, any more than the captain of a 
 ship can be accountable for storms at sea ! There is 
 almost always, therefore, an element of risk in change 
 of climate. But in some cases more than others, very 
 much of that risk can be eliminated by proper care 
 and caution ; and we may repeat here what we have 
 said elsewhere that " it is possible to make good use 
 of a bad climate and bad use of a good one," and, in 
 the case of consumptive invalids, that " care without 
 climate is more important than climate without care." 
 
716 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Diseases of the respiratory organs, and especially 
 -bnlmonary consumption, have always been regarded 
 as especially benefited by climatic treatment, but of 
 late years it has become more and more evident that 
 climatic influences afford an important auxiliary factor 
 in the restoration or maintenance of health in many 
 other maladies ; still the climatic treatment of so 
 widely spread a disease as phthisis will always be of 
 predominant interest and claim our first consideration. 
 
 The following is extracted from the address we 
 had the honour of giving at the British Congress on 
 Tuberculosis (July, 1901), on the Climatic Treatment 
 of Consumption.* 
 
 The objects of treatment by climate in cases or 
 pulmonary tuberculosis are the following : 
 
 (a) To arrest catarrhal conditions of the air 
 passages. 
 
 (b) To improve nervous and circulatory tone. 
 
 (cj To increase the activity of the digestive 
 functions, and thus stimulate nutrition by promoting 
 the desire and increasing the power to take exercise. 
 
 (d) To raise the moral tone by no means an 
 unimportant matter by affording a clear, bright, and 
 cheerful environment. 
 
 (e) To diminish by its asepticity bacterial activity. 
 It must be a question for consideration whether 
 
 so-called " open-air treatment," without regard to 
 suitable climatic conditions, will do all this. It 
 should be our object when practicable to place the 
 consumptive patient under conditions and in cir- 
 sumstances where, without risk or injury, he may 
 obtain the most complete and perfect aeration of the 
 lungs possible. 
 
 If you place a feeble catarrhal patient in the open 
 air in a damp and cold climate, you will risk an 
 increase of the catarrh, and this will diminish pul- 
 monary aeration by blocking up the air passages. 
 The modern " open-air" treatment is only "new" in 
 its manner of carrying out this idea of hyperaeration 
 * Transactions of the British Congress on Tuberculosis. 
 
PULMONARY CONSUMPTION. 717 
 
 of the diseased lungs, and we must be especially 
 careful, in applying it, to avoid the risk of aggravating 
 catarrhal conditions. This has now been fully ad- 
 mitted by some of the most strenuous advocates of 
 open-air treatment per se. 
 
 The recommendation of a long sea voyage as a 
 cure for phthisis doubtless had its origin in the idea 
 of pulmonary hyperaeration. It was an early form 
 of " open-air " treatment, but with grave drawbacks 
 and risks to which we have already referred.* 
 
 It may be interesting to mention that, between 
 two and three centuries ago, Sydenham seems to have 
 had in his mind also this same idea of hyperaeration 
 of the lungs in the treatment of consumption. He 
 says, in " A Short Treatise of Consumption" : 
 
 " The best remedy hitherto discovered ... is riding suffi- 
 ciently long journeys on horseback, provided this exercise be 
 long enough continued. . . . For, in reality, the Peruvian bark 
 is not more certainly curative of an intermittent fever than 
 riding is of consumption." 
 
 And again : 
 
 " But the principal assistant in the cure of this disease is 
 riding on horseback every day, insomuch that whoever has 
 recourse to this exercise in order to his cure, need not be tied 
 down to observe any rules in point of diet, nor be debarred of 
 any kind of solid or liquid aliment, as the cure depends wholly 
 upon exercise." 
 
 Sydenham, in recognising, in the treatment of 
 phthisis, the value of increasing pulmonary aeration, 
 by long-continued horse exercise, clearly anticipated 
 the modern idea of open-air treatment of this 
 disease. 
 
 Now climatic treatment is essentially " open-air " 
 treatment ; and the appropriate selection of a climate 
 must depend on the suitability of that climate to 
 open-air life in the particular cases we have to deal 
 with. 
 
 * Sec chapter on Sea Voyages, p. 697. 
 
/i8 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 It is difficult to establish any precise and rigid 
 classification of the cases best suited to particular 
 places, because in many cases, and especially in very 
 early cases, and in- quiescent chronic cases, with a 
 limited area of local disease, the patients will do well 
 and obtain arrest of the disease in a variety of places 
 with somewhat different climatic conditions. 
 
 One of the most remarkable arrests of phthisis we 
 have ever seen in an advanced stage that is, with a 
 considerable area of consolidation and excavation in 
 the upper lobe of the left lung occurred in London. 
 
 In another of the best results we have ever seen, 
 in a case in a fairly advanced stage, the patient never 
 went further from home than Hastings. The disease 
 in the lungs has been arrested for some years. 
 
 Another advanced case that we have watched for 
 many years has done well in a variety of places ; 
 she has wintered on the Riviera, in Algiers, in South 
 Africa, at Orotava, at Montreux, at Cairo ; but she 
 will not go where she cannot get social entertain- 
 ment, and for that reason she prefers Egypt. 
 
 These instances show how difficult it sometimes 
 is to draw minute and precise conclusions as to the 
 suitability of different places, from the results observed 
 in individual cases. Many chronic stationary cases, 
 with fair general health, travel about to different 
 winter resorts in successive seasons and appear to 
 benefit more or less in all. 
 
 All are agreed that early cases with a very 
 limited area of local disease, with little or no fever, 
 with integrity of the digestive functions, and in young 
 and otherwise healthy adults, do well, and are fre- 
 quently cured, in a variety of climates, provided they 
 live a perfectly hygienic, open-air life. They recover 
 probably more speedily in altitude climates than else- 
 where. 
 
 There is also a general agreement that decidedly 
 advanced dyspnceic cases should not, as a rule, be 
 sent far from home, more especially if there is any 
 pyrexia. It will, however, occasionally happen that 
 
PULMONARY CONSUMPTION. 719 
 
 such patients amongst the upper classes insist on 
 change and get very restless at home, and they often 
 rally a little on removal to some bright resort. 
 
 Of climates in which we have known distinct 
 benefit follow, in such advanced chronic cases, we 
 would especially cite Madeira and Malaga. These 
 advanced cases are generally associated with bronchial 
 catarrh, and the warm, equable, and moist climate of 
 these places soothe the cough, favour expectoration, 
 and allow of the patient being much in the open 
 air. 
 
 The idea that formerly prevailed that a warm, 
 moist, and equable climate was the best for con- 
 sumptives had a certain foundation in the suitability 
 of such climates to the advanced catarrhal cases. 
 There was little idea of cure associated with these 
 climates, because consumption was then regarded as 
 incurable, but it was thought that they prolonged 
 life, and made the slow process of dying less painful. 
 
 The quality of equability in a climate was at one 
 time greatly over-rated. Indeed, we nowadays avoid 
 an equable climate when seeking a cure for early 
 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis. We rather choose a 
 climate with a very wide diurnal range of temperature, 
 if it is a dry climate, as the Engadine or the desert 
 climate in Egypt. 
 
 Wide diurnal variations of temperature exert a 
 bracing, invigorating, tonic effect, especially when 
 they follow a certain regularity. What renders our 
 own climate so very trying at times is that, although 
 very variable, the variations of temperature follow 
 no regularity. We get a week or ten days of very 
 cold, fine, dry weather, and then, just as the organism 
 is adapting itself to the dry external cold, it changes, 
 and we get a spell of moist, wet, south-westerly 
 winds, to be followed, after a few days, by a return 
 of severely cold weather ; and so on. It is on this 
 account that our climate can never be well suited 
 to the out-of-door treatment of cases of catarrhal 
 phthisis. 
 
720 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 There is no great difficulty in deciding what to do 
 with cases at the very onset ; we must be greatly 
 influenced by questions of age, sex, temperament, 
 occupation, social conditions, and constitutional 
 tendency. Such cases will get well in a variety of 
 places with careful management. 
 
 Nor is there much room for hesitation as to what 
 course is best to follow in decidedly advanced cases. 
 The progressive febrile cases are best in bed with an 
 abundant supply of fresh air. It is the moderately 
 advanced case that calls for careful discrimination, and 
 is the most difficult to decide about. 
 
 It is now that the question of constitutional 
 tendency comes into the foreground. Tuberculosis 
 being an infective disease attended with greater or 
 less dissemination of toxic substances throughout the 
 organism, we find, as we do with the attacks of other 
 infective microbes, varying degrees of reaction, of 
 susceptibility, or infectibility, in different types of 
 constitution. 
 
 It has been thought that the gouty constitution 
 is antagonistic to tuberculous infection. Our impres- 
 sion is that the rheumatic constitution is so also, and 
 that the latter is especially prone to develop the 
 slow, fibroid, pleurogenic form of phthisis. 
 
 This form is not, in our opinion, well suited to 
 altitude climates. These cases do best in a warm 
 and dry climate, such as the more protected resorts 
 of the Riviera and the desert climate, as in Upper 
 Egypt or Biskra. Setting aside this group, the high 
 mountain resorts have doubtless the widest range of 
 applicability to moderately advanced cases. There 
 are, however, certain other cases that do not improve 
 in these resorts. Early or moderately advanced 
 cases, with manifest cachexia, gastric disturbance, 
 and more or less fever, do not do well in these or, as 
 far as we are aware, in other resorts. A mild marine 
 climate perhaps suits these cachectic cases best. 
 
 Cases with laryngeal or intestinal complications 
 should not be sent to the mountains. 
 
PULMONARY CONSUMPTION. 721 
 
 Cases of much emphysema complicating tuber- 
 culous infiltration, or tubercle invading emphyse- 
 matous lungs will perhaps express better what we 
 mean, are unsuited to altitude resorts. Cases of this 
 latter group are prone to attacks of almost continuous 
 and peculiarly uncontrollable haemorrhage, and are 
 most unpromising. As might be expected, cases 
 with renal complication do not do well in the 
 mountains, and if in such resorts albuminuria makes 
 its appearance the patient should be removed to a 
 warmer climate. 
 
 A peculiar sensitiveness to cold is a very decided 
 drawback to wintering in the mountains ; for although 
 the patient may be mending, so far as the local 
 disease is concerned, he or she is always depressed 
 and unhappy. 
 
 In our own country, in which sanatorium treat- 
 ment is becoming justly popular, we must seek for 
 localities in which the worst characteristics of our 
 changeable, insular climate are least felt, and where 
 we can profit by what is best in it. 
 
 We have to consider the prevalence of fog and 
 mist in many low-lying localities, the exposure to 
 north-east and easterly winds in some, and to wet 
 south-westerly gales in others. 
 
 What the consumptive patient most needs, for his 
 cure, is a combination of climate and sanatorium 
 treatment. . 
 
 The gains to be obtained from a suitable climate 
 in cases of consumption are these : 
 
 (a) It relieves or removes catarrhal conditions 
 accompanying the disease in a number of cases. 
 
 (b) It raises nervous and vascular tone. 
 
 (c) It increases muscular energy and the ability 
 as well as the desire for exercise. 
 
 (d) By rendering an open-air life possible, it in- 
 creases the aeration of the lungs and diminishes the 
 activity of bacterial agencies, one of the most essential 
 conditions of arrest and cure of the disease. 
 
 (e) It improves the tone and promotes the activity 
 
722' CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 of the digestive functions, and so enables the patient 
 to take the large amount of food which is needed to 
 heighten his state of nutrition. 
 
 (/) And, finally, it improves the moral and 
 mental state by surrounding the patient with a 
 bright, cheerful, and hopeful environment. 
 
 Next as to the selection of climates for different 
 cases : 
 
 1. Cases seen at the very commencement of the 
 disease, and who are otherwise in good health, may 
 be permitted a certain amount of choice in the selec- 
 tion of a climate, provided it allows of many hours 
 being spent daily- in the open air, and that they are 
 placed under admittedly hygienic conditions. A 
 choice may be made from climates of altitude, the 
 desert climate, the inland plateaux of South Africa, 
 the sea voyage for those with a decided liking for the 
 sea, and suitably placed sanatoria. 
 
 2. For progressive febrile cases, repose in bed or 
 on a couch at home, in the best conditions practicable 
 for the free access of air and sunshine to their apart- 
 ments. 
 
 3. For advanced cases home is best, if the condi- 
 tions of home life are favourable, or the warm marine 
 climates, with cheerful surroundings, if home life is un- 
 favourable or change is urgently desired. 
 
 4. For catarrhal cases warm, soothing climates 
 like Madeira or Teneriffe are best. 
 
 5. Foi rheumatic or gouty cases of the fibroid or 
 pleurogenic type, dry, marine climates or the desert 
 climate are most suitable. 
 
 6. For the so-called " scrofulous cases," if free 
 from catarrh, fairly bracing marine climates ; if with 
 catarrh, mild marine climates should be prescribed. 
 
 7. For most other moderately advanced cases, 
 with the limitations already mentioned, the climate 
 of the high mountains, above the cloud belt, is the 
 most curative. 
 
 Chronic Bronchial and Laryngeal Catarrh ; 
 Pulmonary Emphysema. Chronic catarrhs of the 
 
BRONCHIAL CATARRH. 723 
 
 respiratory mucous membrane are greatly under the 
 influence of climatic conditions. 
 
 We do not share the view that the cold dry air 
 of high mountain valleys is useful, even in young 
 subjects, who are actually the subjects of these 
 catarrhal conditions ; but we think them of great 
 value in the intervals between the attacks, or, when 
 an attack has passed away, as a preventive of the 
 tendency to them. In such cases the influence of 
 the mountain climate should be sought in the summer, 
 and, if things go well, the residence might be pro- 
 longed into the winter. We have known cases in 
 which a period of five or six weeks, in summer and 
 autumn, spent in the Engadine, for several years in 
 succession, has, by its bracing and tonic influence, 
 quite removed this tendency to catarrhal attacks. 
 But in elderly and feeble subjects the mountain 
 climate should never be prescribed for these affec- 
 tions, for they are then very frequently accompanied 
 by pulmonary emphysema and dilated right heart, 
 and sometimes by much dyspnoea on exertion, which 
 the rarefied air of these elevations greatly aggravates. 
 Such patients also want level walks if they are to 
 take any walking exercise. The slightest ascent will 
 often cause them much uneasiness. 
 
 If the case is one of " dry " catarrh and in a gouty 
 subject, a warm, rather moist," equable, sedative climate, 
 of which Madeira may be taken as a type, is the best. 
 But Madeira or the Canaries are too far off for most 
 patients, and we have to be content with something 
 less perfect. Algiers, Palermo, Malaga, Ajaccio, are 
 also far off, but suitable. Pau is a rather uncertain 
 climate, and Biarritz is often very windy. Arcachon 
 suits some, but a warmer climate is more advantageous. 
 In this country the moist climate of Penzance, Fal- 
 mouth, or Torquay is the best. 
 
 For those cases with much expectoration it is 
 better to choose a warm, dry winter climate, such as 
 Egypt and the resorts of the Riviera (the Austrians 
 use also Meran and Arco in such cases). The Riviera 
 
724 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 resorts are very useful when proper precautions are 
 taken to avoid the chill of the late afternoon. The 
 bronchitic patient, in the short days of winter on the 
 Riviera, should be within doors by three in the after- 
 noon. There is also a certain range of climate to 
 choose from in that region the climate of Bordighera 
 and San Remo is more sedative and less exciting than 
 that of Cannes and Nice. Cimiez and Cannet are 
 more tonic than Beaulieu or Mentone, where much 
 warmth may be found, especially in the eastern bay 
 of Mentone. Hyeres and Costebelle are more seda- 
 tive than some of the resorts further east. At Nice 
 cases of chronic bronchitis and emphysema can also 
 obtain treatment at a well-arranged inhalatorium, 
 under the skilful direction of Mons. Vos, and many 
 patients find the combination of inhalation treatment 
 with the climatic influences in this resort of great 
 service. Our best home resorts for these cases are 
 Hastings, Ventnor, Bournemouth, and Sidmouth. 
 Cases complicated with albuminuria, however slight, 
 should never be sent to the mountains ; they do best 
 in Egypt or on the Riviera. In cases in which 
 emphysema is the predominating condition, Meran 
 often proves a useful winter resort, where pneumatic 
 treatment can be applied. Its climate is a dry, bright, 
 but cold one. The same kind of treatment can be ob- 
 tained at Reichenhall in the summer and autumn. 
 
 The foregoing remarks are applicable also, to a 
 great extent, to those troublesome cases of naso- 
 pharyngeal catarrh so common in some families. 
 In young subjects we should place rather more stress 
 on the great advantage of bracing treatment in high 
 altitude stations, as a preventive measure ; and in 
 scrofulous cases the advantage of a long sea voyage 
 carried out under favourable circumstances, or, 
 still better, a series of sea trips, of comparatively 
 brief duration, in sunny seas, may prove of great 
 value. 
 
 We are not sanguine as to the value of change of 
 climate in cases of bronchiectasis ; but if it is thought 
 
ASTHMA. 725 
 
 desirable to try its effect, the same climates as are 
 suitable for chronic bronchial catarrh, with abundant 
 expectoration, should be chosen. 
 
 Chronic pleurisy, adhesions in the apical regions, 
 and the remains of pleuritic effusions, require the 
 same climatic treatment in cases of early phthisis. 
 
 Asthma. The purely nervous or spasmodic form 
 of asthma is extremely capricious in its behaviour at 
 different places, so that it is scarcely possible to 
 predict, without previous trial, what place will or will 
 not suit the individual patient. It is not quite the 
 same with the catarrhal form the cases that have 
 followed and been caused by, and are associated with, 
 attacks of bronchial catarrh. In such cases a primary 
 condition of successful treatment is to select a climate 
 in which the catarrh will be relieved. 
 
 With regard to the first group of cases, if the 
 asthmatic attacks occur in young people, especially 
 in young children, the climate of the high Alps may 
 afford prospects of a cure Davos and St. Moritz are 
 the best localities, as in either educational advantages 
 can be obtained. It is advisable for the patient to 
 begin residence in the summer or autumn, and con- 
 tinue through the winter. More than one season 
 will usually be necessary. 
 
 Adult patients and patients advanced in years, 
 with a dry, irritating cough, and very sensitive 
 respiratory mucous membrane, will sometimes be 
 greatly benefited by the sedative, warm and moist 
 climate of Madeira, especially at the higher resorts 
 in the island, or by the somewhat more tonic resorts 
 of Algiers, Ajaccio, Palermo, or even Pau and Arca- 
 chon ; in England, Torquay or Falmouth or Penzance 
 may be tried. Cases with profuse expectoration do 
 better in the dryer climate of Egypt or the Riviera. 
 We have seen some excellent results from a winter or 
 two at Cannet or Cimiez going on to Grasse in the 
 late spring. We have also seen remarkable relief of 
 the spasmodic attacks follow a change from London 
 to Folkestone. Attempts have been made to treat 
 
726 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 asthmatic patients advanced in life, at high altitudes ; 
 but inasmuch as in all these cases a certain amount of 
 pulmonary emphysema is sure to exist, the attempts 
 have not only failed, but, in some instances, have 
 been disastrous. 
 
 Hay asthma and hay fever require a marine 
 climate ; such cases need to be actually on the sea, 
 or surrounded by sea, on a small rocky island with- 
 out vegetation ; or if this is not practicable, to be on 
 the sea coast away from vegetation. 
 
 Diseases of the Circulatory System. The climatic 
 treatment of cardiac affections must be determined to 
 some extent by individual considerations ; especially 
 as to age and condition, the extent and nature of the 
 cardiac lesions, and the presence or absence of com- 
 plications. 
 
 The cardiac patient requires a climate free from 
 extremes where the air is pure and invigorating with- 
 out being either cold, dry and exciting, or hot, moist, 
 and relaxing. Shelter Irom cold winds is desirable ; 
 plenty of sunshine, and as dry an atmosphere as is 
 compatible with a certain degree of equability. If 
 gastro-hepatic troubles complicate the case it is 
 usually best to avoid the seaside and choose a mildly 
 bracing inland resort at a moderate elevation. Near 
 London we have such resorts in Tunbridge Wells, 
 Sevenoaks, Crowborough, Haslemere, and, at a greater 
 distance, Malvern. The possibility of a variety of level 
 walks is most important for the cardiac patient. 
 
 As a rule it is not advisable to send cardiac patients 
 far from home but if in the summer, or autumn, 
 a trip to Switzerland or the Black Forest seems 
 desirable, places of quite moderate elevation should 
 be chosen, between 1,000 and 3,000 feet, where level 
 walks can be had, as Interlaken, Glion, Meiringen, 
 Triberg, Baden-Baden ; and younger subjects with well 
 compensated mitral lesions may go higher to St. 
 Beatenberg, Les Avants, Engelberg and the like. 
 High elevations should be avoided unless in quite 
 exceptional cases. If the case is complicated with 
 
DYSPEPSIA. 727 
 
 bronchial catarrh and a tendency to emphysema, great 
 caution must be observed in the selection of a winter 
 climate. Some cases of this kind do best in a mild, 
 equable marine climate, or in the more protected 
 resorts on the Riviera, as Beaulieu, Costebelle, 
 Mentone, or Bordighera. In our own southern coasts 
 Hastings, the sheltered part of Eastbourne away from 
 the sea, West Worthing, Bournemouth, Sidmouth, and 
 Torquay present suitable winter resorts ; the object 
 being to exercise a soothing influence on the irritable 
 bronchial mucous membrane and to promote, by sun- 
 warmth, the circulation in the skin, and so relieve 
 the labour of the heart. 
 
 It is an error to send cardiac cases to a dry, 
 exciting climate like Egypt, with a wide diurnal 
 range of temperature, bringing risk of chill. 
 
 The sedative winter climate of Pan suits some 
 cases. 
 
 The cardiac invalid requires in summer a clear, fresh 
 atmosphere, mildly tonic but not exciting, and in 
 winter, warmth, sunshine, and protection irom chill. 
 In all advanced cases a restful and peaceful entourage 
 is needful for these rest is the best tonic. 
 
 ^Dyspepsia. The d)^speptic can scarcely expect to 
 be cured by climate, but there are certain climates 
 which tend to aggravate his malady, and others which 
 help to remove it. 
 
 Change per se and the distractions of travel 
 often prove of much service to the nervous dyspeptic 
 and to the dyspeptic whose malady has been aggra- 
 vated, if not induced, by too close application to 
 business or study. Climates which by their bracing 
 air and attractive scenery provoke to active exercise 
 often prove most valuable and remedial resources to 
 this class of invalid ; we therefore find removal from 
 lowlands to mountain regions most useful. 
 
 Most dyspeptics complain that they are apt to 
 get worse at the seaside to become "bilious," con- 
 stipated, and to lose appetite and become depressed. 
 This is more particularly the case with coast towns 
 
728 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 which are on a level with the sea and have what is 
 known as " strong " sea air. If the visitors can live 
 on a cliff, high above the sea, as at Folkestone, or on 
 high ground at a little distance from the sea, as at 
 Eastbourne, we hear less of these complaints. Such 
 patients, however, are better at bracing inland resorts, 
 as at Hindhead or Crowborough or Malvern. 
 
 If there is a tendency to hepatic congestion and 
 haemorrhoids these patients do not bear well the 
 higher mountain stations, and should not go beyond 
 3,000 or 4,000 feet Engelberg, Grindelwald, Cha- 
 mounix are suitable. 
 
 The pleasant sunny resorts of the French Riviera 
 often agree well in winter with many dyspeptics if 
 they choose a residence removed some distance from 
 the sea. 
 
 Chronic Nephritis. Cases of chronic Bright's 
 disease, that are well enough to leave home, should 
 seek a winter climate which favours a Iree circulation 
 in the skin and increased cutaneous activity, for there 
 is a close relation between the functions of the kidneys 
 and those of the skin. Any check to the action of 
 the skin throws additional work on the kidneys. It 
 is usual to recommend a warm and dry climate ' for 
 such cases in winter, such as the Egyptian resorts 
 Mena, Helouan, Luxor, Assouan but the drawbacks 
 to this kind of climate, apart from its distance from 
 home, is the wide daily range of temperature and the 
 risk of chill to the surface from the great differences 
 between day and night and sun and shade tempera- 
 tures, so that constant care and caution to avoid 
 such chill are needful ; and although in such a dry 
 and warm climate the loss of water from the skin is 
 promoted, it is questionable whether the solids which 
 should be got rid of by the skin are excreted in the 
 same proportion. It will be found -that climates 
 which are more equable, if not quite so dry, suit 
 some cases better as the warmest of the Riviera 
 resorts : Mentone, Beaulieu, Bordighera. The climate 
 of Algiers, although moister, is more equable, and 
 
CHRONIC NEPHRITIS. 729 
 
 cases of Bright' s disease do fairly well there. The 
 same may be said of Ajaccio and Palermo. 
 
 In America the extremely equable coast resorts 
 of Southern California especially Passadena and 
 Monterey have been found to provide a very 
 suitable winter climate for cases of chronic ne- 
 phritis. 
 
 We have known such cases do extremely well at 
 Madeira, and their lives have appeared to be greatly 
 prolonged by passing the winter in that island, 
 although, as is well known, its climate is not a dry 
 one. The dryer climate of the Canary Islands 
 should answer still better. We have been assured, 
 on good authority, that the warm, equable, though 
 moist climate of the West Indies has been found to 
 suit some forms of Bright' s disease particularly well. 
 At Barbados, between December and May, there is 
 very little rain, and the mean relative humidity is 
 only 72 per cent. The skin appears to act very freely 
 in those warm and rather moist climates. The 
 prevalence of cold winds is one of the most 
 prejudicial conditions for sufferers from renal disease, 
 and patients who cannot leave England should choose 
 a residence protected as 'much as possible from 
 them Bournemouth, Sidmouth, Torquay, Salcombe, 
 Falmouth a sheltered spot in either of these 
 localities would be suitable. It is desirable, in these 
 cases, to consider the patient's experience as to the 
 effect of different climates upon him, as some find a 
 warm, sedative climate suits them, but others a dry, 
 stimulating one. 
 
 In cases of Chronic Pyelitis and cases of Chronic 
 Vesical Catarrh the climatic indications are identical 
 with the foregoing, but much must not be expected 
 from climate alone in these cases ; the avoidance, 
 however, of a cold, windy, and damp atmosphere in 
 winter is an undoubted advantage. The usefulness 
 of a diet consisting greatly of milk, in those maladies, 
 must not be overlooked, and, in the summer, resort 
 may be had to one of the numerous subalpine 
 
730 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 stations in Switzerland, the Tyrol, or the Black Forest, 
 where the milk cure is carried out. 
 
 Nervous Affections, Nervous Exhaustion or 
 Neurasthenia, Nervous Irritability and Depression, 
 Hysteria, Neuritis, and Neuralgia from Nervous 
 Exhaustion, Tabes Dorsalis, Graves Disease. 
 We have here grouped together a number of 
 diseases of the nervous system which admit, in vary- 
 ing degrees, of beneficial treatment by change of 
 climate. In some of these conditions, in which 
 morbid mental states are prominent, as unhealthy 
 habits of introspection and self-regard, undue anxiety ' 
 and unfounded apprehensions, often leading to 
 insomnia, also tendencies to hysterical manifestations 
 all these states are often favourably, affected by 
 removal from home influences and the habitual 
 environment, and their replacement by the occupa- 
 tions and interests which travel affords in bright, 
 sunny, and tonic climates, with cheerful social 
 surroundings and objects of artistic, historic, and 
 general interest. In summer and autumn we may 
 suggest recourse to picturesque mountain and lake 
 regions in Switzerland, Italy, or the Tyrol, or a yacht- 
 ing cruise in the Mediterranean ; in the winter a tour 
 in Egypt or Algiers, or visits to the historic cities of 
 Southern Italy and Sicily. When expense is not a 
 consideration, a variety of interesting and health- 
 giving tours can be devised. A less costly, but a 
 very useful expedient, when the patients are active 
 and vigorous, is a walking tour in the Swiss moun- 
 tains or through Normandy and Brittany, with con- 
 genial companionship. Inattention to social con- 
 siderations will often lead to the failure of these 
 measures, for the class of patients we are thinking 
 of are particularly sensitive to social influences, and 
 an uncongenial or unsuitable environment or associa- 
 tion will undo any good that climatic change might 
 otherwise bring about. 
 
 Some instances and examples of the nervous 
 maladies we have enumerated above will be found to 
 
NERVOUS DISEASES. 731 
 
 present so great an amount of nervous and muscular 
 exhaustion that absolute rest a " rest cure " in short 
 is needed at starting, and a climate must be chosen, 
 dry, sunny, tonic, and cheerful, where the patient 
 may recline for many hours daily in the open air. 
 This is possible in sheltered inland, wooded resorts 
 in England, or in mountain resorts of medium eleva- 
 tion in the Black Forest, Switzerland, and the Tyrol. 
 In winter the warmer and more sheltered resorts 
 of the Riviera, or for some cases the more sedative 
 climate of the south-west of France, as Biarritz, Pau, 
 or Arcachon, may be selected. 
 
 When there is " irritable weakness " ot the 
 nervous system, a course of simple thermal baths in 
 a cheerful mountain or forest region often proves 
 very serviceable we may name Gastein, Bagneres- 
 de-Bigorre, Wildbad, and Schlangenbad. Neuralgic 
 cases require dry warmth in winter, and tonic, dry, 
 mountain air in summer, but not too cold. 
 
 Neurasthenic states, especially those that have 
 been induced by overwork or much worry and 
 anxiety, obtain very great benefit from mountain 
 resorts where they can get " glacier air " in summer 
 (Pontresina, Miirren, Adelboden, Grindelwald), and 
 from the Nile voyage in a dahabeeah in winter ; 
 other patients who are fond of the sea may take a 
 sea voyage to India or to the Cape, or the West 
 Indies, or Brazil, etc., according to the season of the 
 year, but the patient's tastes and wishes should be 
 consulted, as it is most undesirable to launch such a 
 patient upon a voyage which is distasteful to him. 
 
 Tabetic cases are often benefited in summer by 
 thermal baths in the stations we have mentioned 
 above ; and in winter yachting in sunny seas, or the 
 Nile voyage, may prove of service. In some a pro- 
 longed sojourn at mountain resorts of moderate 
 elevation, where pleasant level walks can be obtained, 
 is attended with improvement. When Insomnia 
 accompanies any of these conditions we shall usually 
 have to avoid all exciting climates, all resorts close 
 
732 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 to the sea coast, and choose quiet, sedative resorts, 
 sheltered from high winds. The air of high moun- 
 tain valleys proves soothing and refreshing to some 
 cases ; the more moderate elevations are preferred by 
 others. Each case must be dealt with according to 
 individual peculiarities. 
 
 Cases of Graves' Disease are usually more benefited 
 by change of climate than by any other kind of 
 treatment, as we have pointed out elsewhere.* We 
 have seen excellent results attend removal to, and 
 a long stay in, such sedative and tonic seaside 
 resorts as Westgate, Folkestone, Hastings, Brighton, 
 or other similar stations. But it must be a long 
 stay, usually not less than six months. Biarritz is a 
 very suitable winter resort. Many German authori- 
 ties prescribe high mountain climates, such as Davos 
 and the Engadine. Professor Erb says he has " seen 
 excellent results " from a residence in these resorts. t 
 Nothnagel, Eulenberg, and H. Weber have ex- 
 pressed similar opinions. 
 
 Gouty Rheumatism , Rheumatoid Arthritis. 
 Sufferers from these affections require similar climatic 
 treatment They are all influenced unfavourably by 
 cold, windy and damp localities, and they are all 
 benefited by residence in warm and dry situations. 
 Indeed the mere removal from a dwelling on a damp 
 clay soil, to an abode on a dry gravelly one, will 
 make a great difference to the comfort of sufferers 
 from chronic rheumatism. These cases rarely obtain 
 any benefit from our sea-coast resorts unless 
 from the dryer and warmer ones in summer, with 
 residence somewhat removed from the sea, and on a 
 dry soil above the sea level. Gouty subjects are apt 
 to become dyspeptic and bilious in what is known as 
 " strong " sea air, and for rheumatic subjects most of 
 our seaside resorts are too humid or too windy. 
 
 * " Manual of Medical Treatment," New Edition, vol. i., 
 p. 489. 
 
 t " Winter Cures in the High Mountains." 
 
GOUT AND RHEUMATISM. 733 
 
 Dry inland resorts with southern aspect, and pro- 
 tected from cold winds, are most suitable. Gouty 
 patients are usually also unsuited to high altitudes, 
 especially if they are subject to hepatic torpor and 
 haemorrhoids ; and rheumatic patients not unfre- 
 quently find their symptoms aggravated by the 
 cold and variable temperatures of these regions. 
 Many of those patients, however, find, in the summer 
 and autumn, treatment with simple thermal baths at 
 quite moderate elevations useful as at Gastein, 
 Ragatz, and Wildbad. The most suitable winter 
 resorts are either the warm, dry Riviera stations, with 
 residence removed a little from the sea-shore, as 
 Hyeres, Cannes, Nice, Mentone, Bordighera, San 
 Remo, etc., and where pleasant level walks can be 
 obtained, as regular exercise in the open air is most 
 important for the gouty, favouring as it does oxi- 
 dation and the removal of waste, and tending to 
 counteract constipation ; or in the case of patients 
 who are fairly vigorous and enjoy travelling, the desert 
 resorts in Egypt or Algiers are suitable Helouan, 
 Luxor, Assouan, or Hammam R'Irha and Biskra. 
 The warmer and dryer resorts are especially appro- 
 priate to the cases with tendency to arterial and 
 renal changes. 
 
 With regard to convalescents from attacks of acute 
 rheumatism, it is important, as we have elsewhere 
 pointed out, that they should not be hurried away 
 from home, as they require, above all things, a 
 prolonged period of repose, to save the cardiac 
 valves as much as possible from all strain and excite- 
 ment. Dry and sunny inland resorts are best suited 
 to those cases, the nearer home the better. 
 
 The prohibition of sea climates does not apply to 
 young subjects of rheumatoid arthritis for some of 
 these cases appear to have affinities with scrofula, 
 and may do well at the seaside or even on the sea. 
 The foregoing remarks apply also to neuralgic cases 
 in the gouty and rheumatic. 
 
 Diabetes. There is not much to be expected 
 
734 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 from climatic treatment in cases of diabetes, and as 
 so much depends on diet and supervision, in all the 
 serious forms of this disease, removal from the care 
 of home (unless to a suitable sanatorium) is rarely 
 advisable, and we should always bear in. mind that 
 the more serious forms bear the fatigue and excite- 
 ment of travel very badly. Many such cases have 
 been brought to a premature end by the fatigue 
 of indiscreet travelling. When the symptom of 
 glycosuria is only an incident of the gouty consti- 
 tution, and is associated with obesity, the same 
 resorts as we have recommended for the gouty should 
 be prescribed, and note should especially be taken of 
 the need of facilities for walking exercise, which is 
 most useful in these cases. 
 
 In the cases of medium severity it is not unusual 
 to encounter much restlessness, and a great desire to 
 try the effect of change to a warmer and sunnier 
 climate in winter. The accessibility and cheerful- 
 ness of the Riviera resorts may, in such cases, be 
 recommended, with many cautions as to the 
 avoidance of excitement and over-exertion. Cases 
 that have benefited by treatment at one or other of 
 the spas which are usually recommended in this dis- 
 ease in the summer, may advantageously take an 
 after-cure at a medium mountain elevation. 
 
 Anaemia and Chlorosis. In selecting a climate 
 for cases of chronic anaemia and chlorosis we have, in 
 the first place, to consider the need of absolute rest in 
 some cases where there is much cardiac weakness and 
 nervous exhaustion, and the desirability, in other 
 less advanced cases that retain a certain amount of 
 muscular strength, of promoting moderate daily 
 exercise. In all cases we desire a bright, tonic air, 
 plenty of sunshine, agreeable surroundings, and 
 cheerful social conditions. We must avoid damp, 
 relaxing situations, and all localities which are too 
 cold for sitting or reclining in the open air. The 
 anaemic patient should not be sent to a climate 
 where there is any ri^k of feeling chilled. 
 
AN&MIA AND CHLOROSIS. 735 
 
 In summer our own sea-coast resorts offer a 
 great choice of sunny localities, where many hours 
 each day may be spent in the open air. There 
 are the more bracing resorts on the north and east 
 coasts Scarborough, Whitby, Cromer, Lowestoft 
 for those who are able to bear a tonic, stimu- 
 lating, dry marine climate ; while we can find 
 climates bracing in various degrees at the south 
 coast resorts, between Westgate and Southsea, and 
 milder and more sedative climates in the resorts 
 further west. 
 
 If the sea-coast fails to agree with certain cases, 
 as is not uncommon, especially the dyspeptic and 
 bilious cases, we must select such tonic inland resorts 
 as are accessible, and are in dry, healthy situations. 
 Tunbridge Wells, Crowborough, Haslemere, and 
 Hindhead and Malvern are suitable places ; or, in 
 Scotland, Pitlochry, Braemar, and many other high- 
 land retreats, are very suitable for the less severe 
 cases which are able to enjoy gentle out-of-door 
 exercise. Ilkley and Ben Rr^dding, in Yorkshire, are 
 adapted to the same class of cases. 
 
 For young and fairly active anaemics the Swiss 
 mountain resorts, at moderate elevations, often prove 
 most beneficial, and if great improvement occurs at 
 the lower elevations the patient can pass on to the 
 higher and more bracing ones. By moving from place 
 to place, at short distances, and within moderate limits, 
 which it is quite easy to do in Switzerland or the 
 Tyrol, the moral and mental advantage of frequent 
 change of scene and surroundings is notable, parti- 
 cularly in those cases with a tendency to nervous 
 irritability. In winter we should select for these cases 
 a climate which is dry and sunny and which permits 
 of being much in the open air. The resorts of the 
 Riviera are very appropriate, especially those where 
 patients can live at some little distance from the 
 coast, as Hyeres, Cannet, Cimiez, and Bordighera. 
 Montreux and the surrounding resorts on the Lake of 
 Geneva, Lugano, Locarno on the Italian lakes, or 
 
736 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS: 
 
 Arco, near the Lago di Guarda, are more sedative 
 than the Riviera resorts. 
 
 In short, the suitable resorts are those which 
 enable the patient to be much in the open air, either 
 for complete repose, in the severe cases requiring a 
 rest cure, or for graduated exercise in those who are 
 more vigorous. We should see that the food arrange- 
 ments are satisfactory ; and a good test of the 
 suitability of the climate is an improvement in 
 appetite. Yachting in smooth waters and sunny 
 seas may suit some patients who like the sea. 
 
 Malarial Cachexia. The -subjects of malarial 
 cachexia require much the same climatic conditions 
 as the foregoing. They especially require protection 
 from cold, damp winds, exposure to which is apt 
 to bring back attacks of fever. 
 
 In summer, dry and sunny situations in the Alps 
 are suitable, at quite moderate elevations at first, 
 which may be followed by resort to the more 
 bracing high altitude stations. Places like Engelberg, 
 St. Beatenberg, or Grindelwald may be succeeded by 
 Miirren, Davos, or the Engadine. Glion, Caux, Les 
 Avants are suitable resorts, and convenient for 
 passing readily from a lower to a higher elevation. 
 Appropriate resorts at home are Tunbridge Wells, 
 Crowborough, Hindhead, Malvern, Ilkley, Braemar. 
 In winter the warmer and more protected Riviera 
 resorts are most useful. 
 
 Paroxysmal Hcemoglobinuria. Cases of this 
 disease especially need removal to a warm climate in 
 winter, as exposure to cold and damp is apt to induce 
 an attack in the predisposed. A decidedly warm 
 climate should be chosen, such as India, Ceylon, the 
 West Indies, or the warmer Egyptian resorts, 
 Teneriffe and the like. Such patients should depart 
 for their destination before the cold winter weather 
 sets in, and should be cautioned to avoid all exposure 
 to chill. 
 
 Scrofula. The climates most suitable to the treat- 
 ment- of the various forms of scrofula are maritime 
 
THE CLIMACTERIC. 737 
 
 climates. Sea air, combined with sea bathing, when 
 the season permits, has a remarkable influence in 
 promoting and quickening the nutritive changes 
 necessary to recovery in these cases. Our own coasts 
 supply almost everything that can be needed in this 
 direction, and delicate scrofulous children, or the 
 children of families in which such tendencies are 
 known to exist, should be educated and brought up 
 at the seaside. The results obtained at the Margate 
 sanatorium are most striking, and many other of our 
 seaside resorts can show equally good results. A 
 sea voyage is also useful for young boys if suitable 
 opportunities occur. 
 
 There are, however, a certain few delicate 
 children with whom sea air disagrees, and for these 
 the mountain resorts often give excellent results. 
 And there are delicate scrofulous children, with 
 retarded development and catarrhal tendencies, who 
 are very sensitive to cold, and who seem to need 
 more of the stimulating effect of sunshine than can be 
 obtained on our shores ; for these the warmer winter 
 climate of the Riviera resorts, or those on the south- 
 west coast of France, or in Algiers, or the frequented 
 resorts in the Mediterranean islands, are of great help 
 in furthering normal development. 
 
 The Climacteric period in women is often asso- 
 ciated with troublesome nervous and circulatory 
 symptoms, vague apprehensions, insomnia, palpita- 
 tions, flatulent dyspepsia, etc., which may need 
 recourse to change of climate. In these cases moral, 
 social and mental influences play an important rtilc, 
 and in prescribing change we must be guided in our 
 selection by what is likely to be agreeable to the 
 patient. As a rule, exciting climates are best 
 avoided, and a combination of tonic and sedative 
 influences is the desideratum. Biarritz and Pan in 
 winter are suitable, and so are Montreux and the 
 surrounding resorts, or Lugano and Locarno. On the 
 Riviera the less exciting situations are best, as 
 Hyeres, Cannet, Mentone, Bordighera, San Remo, 
 
738 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Rapallo. Ajaccio and the Sicilian resorts are also 
 suitable. In summer, well wooded and shady places 
 at moderate elevations in the Black Forest, or in 
 Switzerland, are suitable, and in some cases it will 
 be found that the higher elevations prove more 
 calming to the nervous symptoms than lower 
 resorts. A combination of simple thermal baths 
 with mountain or forest air, as at Gastein, Ragatz, or 
 Schlangenbad, often has a very soothing effect. 
 A well-arranged tour to interesting places in healthy 
 localities, with congenial companionship, will some- 
 times be the best resource. 
 
 Senility. Change of climate often proves useful in 
 warding off, or retarding, the loss of power and 
 debility which accompany advancing years. 
 
 Aged persons are also more liable to suffer from 
 serious chill from exposure in winter to great cold, or 
 sudden and frequent changes of temperature, and 
 they need protection from such injurious conditions. 
 Prosper Merimee spoke of the sun as "le grand 
 arbitre des santes humaines, M on seigneur le Soieil ; " 
 and winter sunshine, clear skies, and a certain 
 amount of warmth are the climatic conditions 
 favourable to the prolongation of the life of aged 
 people. 
 
 The search after winter sunshine is not, therefore, 
 an unwise pursuit in old age. It may be obtained 
 in many places Cannes, Nice, San Remo, and 
 other Riviera resorts, Egypt, Castellamare, the 
 Sicilian resorts, Biarritz, Algiers, short sea voyages 
 in sunny seas, etc., according to individual tastes 
 and wishes. It is usually desirable to select places 
 which present some intellectual interests, and where 
 good food and cooking (of much importance at this 
 age) can be obtained. In the summer and autumn 
 a combination of mild mountain or forest air, 
 with simple thermal baths, as at Gastein or Wildbad, 
 is also most serviceable. 
 
 Convalescence from acute disease. We should not 
 be in a hurry to remove from their homes patients 
 
CONVALESCENCE FROM ACUTE DISEASE. 739 
 
 who are recovering from attacks of acute disease ; it 
 is much better that they should remain, for some time, 
 under the same watchful care that has attended them 
 through the acute attack. It is only when the conva- 
 lescence is retarded, and the patient appears to be 
 making little or no progress, that a change should be 
 advised in the summer a change from residence in 
 town to a well-wooded country district, at a good 
 elevation, and offering some protected spots for re- 
 clining out of doors, or for gentle exercise ; or if the 
 patient is fond of the seaside, to a quiet resort on the 
 coast, with agreeable surroundings. If this is not 
 sufficient, a Black Forest resort or a Swiss resort, at a 
 moderate elevation, may be chosen not going higher 
 than 2,500 or 3,000 feet at first. 
 
 In winter a warmer and sunnier climate may be 
 needed, and then we must consult the patient's tastes 
 and feelings, if they are reasonable ; there is a great 
 choice of resorts on the Riviera, or at the upper part 
 of the Lake of Geneva, or on the south-west coast of 
 France (Biarritz, St. Jean de Luz) ; or a visit to Egypt 
 may be practicable ; or a sea voyage may be best 
 suited to those hardier convalescents who love the 
 sea. 
 
 Treatment in Sanatoria. 
 
 Of late years the system of treating consumptive 
 patients in " open-air" sanatoria has grown rapidly. 
 No one can doubt the great advantage to the con- 
 sumptive patient that he should be constantly under 
 the observation, care, and direction of competent and 
 experienced physicians, and that his daily life should 
 be subject to personal medical supervision. 
 
 In a suitable, well- organised sanatorium he is 
 kept in pure open air, so as to secure constant hyper- 
 aeration of the lungs ; his diet is physiologically 
 adapted to his powers of digestion (not so excessive 
 as to induce dyspepsia) ; the hours of meals, of sleep, 
 of exercise are wisely adapted to individual needs 
 and aptitudes ; and the tonic influences, when requisite, 
 
740 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 of hydrotherapeutic measures are obtainable. The 
 many cases that need entire or relative rest for a long 
 period are ensured it, and when the capacity and 
 fitness for exercise are acquired it is duly graduated to 
 the physical strength of each patient. In short, in a 
 well ordered sanatorium, everything that can conduce 
 to the patient's cure is effectively enjoined and 
 enforced, and everything that can hinder recovery is 
 removed and forbidden. 
 
 That the application of such a system should have 
 been attended by excellent results can occasion no 
 surprise. But in addition to its beneficial curative in- 
 fluence on the patients submitted to this treatment, it 
 has another strong recommendation in that it removes 
 the consumptive patient from a position of danger to 
 others the danger of communicating the disease to 
 those with whom he would be, in his own home, in 
 close association. Sanatorium treatment must there- 
 fore be estimated, not only for its curative influence, 
 but also for its efficacy as a preventive of the spread 
 of this disease. Its best effects are seen in young 
 adults who present signs of the earliest stage of 
 the disease ; but this is the case with all other 
 methods of treatment of phthisis, and, like all forms 
 of climatic treatment, its idea and aims are to 
 augment the resisting power of the patient so that 
 he may be able to overcome the activities of the 
 agents of infection. 
 
 The mode of carrying out this treatment varies 
 somewhat according to the views of " open-air" 
 treatment that may be entertained by the various 
 medical directors of these institutions. Some are 
 extremists, and advocate keeping patients in the 
 open air night and day, in all weathers, and 
 exposed to all the winds that blow. Others are 
 more cautious, and consider it of some importance to 
 have the sanatorium placed where the climatic con- 
 ditions are favourable, with a sunny, southern aspect, 
 on a dry soil, with pine woods near at hand, and 
 where the atmosphere is comparatively still, and 
 
TREATMENT IN SANATORIA. 74 1 
 
 there is protection from chilling winds. Dr. Gordon, 
 of Exeter, has shown, we think conclusively, that 
 exposure to strong winds is injurious to the 
 phthisical, and Dr. Howard Sinclair observes : " The 
 aphorism that strong winds are poison to the con- 
 sumptive cannot be too strongly insisted on." 
 
 It seems to be generally admitted that, where it is 
 possible, the sanatoria should be placed in high altitude 
 resorts, as they give the best results ; but where this 
 is not practicable, as must be the case in providing 
 such institutions for the working classes, it is desirable 
 to build them in the country, in healthy districts, in 
 well sheltered situations, with pure, dry air, and 
 as near as possible to the usual habitations of the 
 patients. 
 
 In the opinion of some physicians it is not possible 
 to afford the patient, in his own home, under any 
 circumstances, the advantages and protection from 
 imprudences that he will get in a sanatorium. We 
 can hardly share so extreme an opinion. We believe 
 an intelligent patient, anxious to be cured, and con- 
 vinced of the curative power of the conditions pre- 
 vailing in sanatoria, and with the means needed to 
 secure constant medical supervision, can be provided 
 with " open-air " treatment at home as well as in such 
 institutions, although, no doubt, a temporary residence 
 in a well directed sanatorium would serve as a useful 
 introduction and education for home treatment. 
 
 The shortest time limit that can safely be esti- 
 mated for efficient treatment in a sanatorium is six 
 months some estimate it at a much longer period ; 
 but six months is a long time for a working man to 
 be away from his work, and it has been shown that 
 unless, after his discharge, he can be kept employed in 
 some healthful open-air pursuit, there is great danger 
 of an early return of disease. 
 
 Those who do not bear well the extreme open- 
 air treatment are persons advanced in years, catarrhal 
 subjects, persons abnormally sensitive to cold, persons 
 with habitually delicate appetites, and young children. 
 
742 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS. 
 
 Men are said to bear it better than women. The 
 most recent statistics seem to show that the results of 
 sanatorium treatment are not quite so satisfactory 
 as was at one time stated. That it distinctly has its 
 limitations is clear, and it cannot be regarded as doing 
 away with the need for climatic treatment, but rather 
 as an alternative, when climatic change cannot be 
 obtained, or as an adjunct to it. 
 
 What is most urgently needed is the provision of 
 asylums for advanced and hopeless cases, so as to 
 prevent the spread of the disease in the over- 
 crowded dwellings of the poor. 
 
 LIST OF SANATORIA. 
 
 England and Wales. 
 
 The London Sanatorium (64 beds), Pinewood, Wokingham, 
 Berks. Address : Secretary, London Open Air Sana- 
 torium, 20, Hanover Square, W. 
 
 Bournemouth, Alderney Manor Sanatorium, Parkstone (25 
 
 beds). Medical director : Dr. Denton Johns. 
 Bournemouth, Overton Hall Sanatorium (16 beds). Medical 
 
 directors : Drs. Pott and Stein. 
 Bournemouth, Stourfield Park Sanatorium (45 beds). Medical 
 
 officer : Dr. F. Fowler. 
 Bournemouth, Brinklea Sanatorium (10 beds). Medical 
 
 director : Dr. Kinsey Morgan. 
 Bourne Castle Sanatorium, Belroughton, Worcestershire. 
 
 Elevation, 750 feet. Resident physician : Dr. Phillpot. 
 Belle-Vue Sanatorium, Shotley Bridge, near Durham (10 beds). 
 
 Resident physician : Dr. E. W. Diver. 
 Cotswold Sanatorium (37 beds). Elevation, 800 feet. Medical 
 
 officer: Dr. Pruen. 
 Chiltern Hills Sanatorium, near Reading. Elevation, 375 feet. 
 
 Physician : Dr. Esther Colebrook. 
 Crooksbury Sanatorium, near Farnham, Surrey (20 beds). 
 
 Medical director : Dr. Walters. 
 Dartmoor Sanatorium, near Chagford, Devon. Elevation, 
 
 750 feet. Resident physician : Dr. A. Scott-Smith. 
 Dunston Park Sanatorium, Paignton, S. Devon (16 beds). 
 
 Medical officer : Dr. T. Carson Fisher. 
 East Anglian Sanatorium, Nayland, near Bures, Suffolk (35 
 
 beds). Medical director: Dr. Jane Walker. 
 
LIST OF SANATORIA. 743 
 
 Harbourne Sanatorium, High Haldon, Ashford, Kent (20 beds). 
 
 Medical officer : Dr. P. Paget. 
 Hailey Sanatorium, Ipsden (Chiltern Hills), Goring, near 
 
 Reading (12 beds). Medical director : Dr. Reinhardt. 
 Linford Sanatorium, Ringwood, New Forest, Hants (15 beds). 
 
 Physician : Dr. Mander-Smith. 
 Moorcote Sanatorium, Eversley, Winchfield, Hants (12 beds). 
 
 Resident physician : Dr. W. L. Baker. 
 Mundesley Sanatorium, near Cromer (15 beds). Medical 
 
 officer : Dr. Fanning. 
 Mendip Hills Sanatorium, Hill Grove, Over Wells, Somerset 
 
 (20 beds). Elevation, 850 feet. Medical officer : Dr. 
 
 Muthu. 
 Nordrach-upon-Mendip, near Wells, Somerset (37 beds). 
 
 Elevation, 862 feet. Medical directors : Drs. Thurnam 
 
 and Gwynne. 
 Nordrach-in-Wales, Pendyffryn Hall, Penmaenmawr, N. Wales 
 
 (20 beds). Elevation, 1,000 feet. Physician : Dr. Morton 
 
 Wilson. 
 
 Painswick Sanatorium, Cotswold Hills, Gloucestershire. Ele- 
 vation, 600 feet. Physician : Dr. W. McCall. 
 Rudgwick Sanatorium, near Horsham, Sussex (12 beds). 
 
 Medical director : Dr. Annie McCall. 
 Timbercombe, Spaxton, near Bridgewater, Somerset (10 beds). 
 
 Medical officer : Dr. Brown. 
 Vale of Clwyd Sanatorium, Llanbedr Hall, Ruthin, N. Wales. 
 
 Elevation, 450 feet. Physicians : Drs. Grace- Calvert and 
 
 C. E. Fish. 
 Whitmead Hill Sanatorium, Tilford, near Farnham, Surrey 
 
 (19 beds). Medical director : Dr. Hurd-Wood. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 Grampian Sanatorium, Kingussie. Elevation, 860 feet (20 
 beds). Medical director : Dr. de Watteville. 
 
 Nordrach-on-Dee Sanatorium, Banebury, Aberdeen (36 beds). 
 Physician : Dr. Lawson. 
 
 Woodburn Sanatorium, Morning Side, Edinburgh (20 beds). 
 Resident physician : Dr. Galbraith. 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 Altadore Sanatorium, Kilpedder, Co. Wicklow (18 beds). 
 Medical officer: Dr. J. C. Smyth. 
 
 Rossclare Sanatorium, Irvinestown, Fermanagh (17 beds). 
 Medical officer : Dr. P. S. Hichens. 
 
 Rostrevor Sanatorium, Co. Down (20 beds). Resident physi- 
 cian : Dr. Howard Sinclair. 
 
744 CLIMATE AND CLIMATIC RESORTS , 
 
 France. 
 
 The Canigou Sanatorium, near Vernet les Bains (hot sulphur 
 springs), in the Pyrenees Orientales (100 beds). Elevation, 
 2,300 feet. Medical director : Dr. Giresse. Open all 
 the year. 
 
 The Sanatorium d'Aubrac, in the Monts d'Aubrac, in the 
 Dept. Aveyron (60 beds in a chalet and adjoining 
 courts). Elevation, 4,600 feet. Only for patients in the 
 earlier stage, or the pretuberculeux. Open all the year. 
 Physicians : Drs. de Moneau and Fauvel. 
 
 Sanatorium de Durtol, Puy de Dome (32 beds). Receives 
 patients with advanced lesions of the torpid form, with 
 only a moderate amount of fever, and general condition 
 good. Proprietor : Dr. Sabourin. 
 
 Sanatorium de Gelos, near Pan, is associated with one at 
 Eaux Bonnes, Basses -Pyrenees. The first, with 15 beds, is 
 open from October to May; the second, with 10 beds, 
 from May to October. At Eaux Bonnes patients can 
 combine the sulphur water treatment with sanatorium 
 treatment. Elevation, 2,625 feet. For torpid cases with 
 much catarrh. Medical director : Dr. Portes. 
 
 The Trespcey Sanatorium, also near Pau (14 beds). Proprietor : 
 Dr. Crouzet. 
 
 Sanatorium de Gorbio, in the Vallee de Gorbio, Mentone. 
 Elevation, 820 feet. Distance from the sea, two 
 miles (58 beds). It is open from Oct. 21 to June 15. 
 (See also p. 689.) Physician : Dr. Malibran. 
 
 Sanatorium de Meung-sur-Loire, Dept. Loiret (17 beds). Eleva- 
 tion, 413 feet. Open all the year. Receives all curable 
 forms of tuberculosis. 84 miles from Paris, 10 m^es from 
 Orleans. Physicians : Drs. Leriche and Sarrot. 
 
 Sanatorium des Puis si Lamotte-Beuvron, Dept. Loir-et-Cher 
 (22 beds). Elevation, 426 feet. 61 miles from Paris, 14 
 miles from Orleans. Physician : Dr. Heroe. 
 
 Sanatoria in course of construction, in the vicinity of Hyeres, 
 for middle class patients : Sanatorium Philanthropique du 
 Mont des Oiseaux (150 beds). For adults. Sanatorium 
 d'Enfants de San Salvador (150 beds). 
 
 Algiers. 
 
 Sanatorium d'Alger (100 beds, 60 of which are devoted to 
 assisted patients in a separate section). Elevation, 656 
 feet. Receives cases needing a warm winter climate, such 
 as torpid, subacute forms, with extensive lesions, and 
 cases with laryngeal, intestinal or renal complications. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Palermo, Villa Igeia (200 beds). Appears to be more of an 
 hotel than a sanatorium, 
 
LIST OF SANATORIA-. 745 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Rrehmer Sanatorium (the parent of such institutions), Gorbers- 
 
 dorf, Silesia, near Friedland (156 beds of the first class, 
 
 179 beds of the second class). Medical director: Dr. 
 
 Rudolf Robert. 
 Falkenstein Sanatorium (one of the earliest instituted), Cron- 
 
 berg, near Frankfort (112 beds). Medical officers : Drs. 
 
 Hess and Besold. 
 Hohenhonnef Sanatorium, on the Rhine, station Honnef (109 
 
 beds). Medical director : Dr. Meissen. 
 Laubbach Sanatorium, near Coblenz-on-the- Rhine (113 beds). 
 
 Medical director : Dr. Achtermann. 
 Nordrach Sanatorium, near Biberachzell, Black Forest (45 
 
 beds). Medical director : Dr. Walther. 
 Schomberg Sanatorium, near Liebenzell, Pforzheim, Black 
 
 Forest (50 beds). Medical director : Dr. Adolf Koch. 
 St. Blasien Sanatorium, railway station Albbruck, near Basel, 
 
 Black Forest (62 beds). Medical director : Dr. A. Sander. 
 Wherawald Sanatorium, near Todtmoos, Black Forest (98 
 
 beds). Medical director : Dr. Lips. 
 Reiboldsgrun Sanatorium, near Auerbach, Saxony (108 beds). 
 
 Medical director : Dr. Wolff-Immermann. 
 Freland Sanatorium, near Aubure, Haute Alsace. 
 Rehburg -Sanatorium, Bad-Rehburg, Hanover (20 beds). 
 
 Medical director : Dr. Michaelis. 
 
 Switzerland. 
 
 The Schatz-Alp Sanatorium, 1,000 feet above Davos 
 
 (120 beds). Chief physician : Dr. L. Spengler. 
 Dr. Turban's Sanatorium (80 beds). 
 
 Dr. Dannegger's Sanatorium (40 beds). 
 Sanatorium Schweizerhof. Physician : Dr. Peters. 
 Sanatorium du Midi. Physician : Dr. Michel. 
 Sanatorium Davos-Dorf. Physician : Dr. C. Donz. 
 Neues Sanatorium, Davos-Dorf. Physician : Dr. Philippi. 
 International Sanatorium. Physician : Dr. P. Humbert. 
 
 ^Sanatorium Clavadel. Physician : Dr. Frey. 
 
 Arosa Sanatorium. Physician : Dr. Herwig. 
 Leysin Sanatoria, elevation 4,783 feet, in the Vaudois Alps, 
 near Aigle. (See p. 583.) 
 
 Teneriffe. Guimar Sanatorium. Physician: Dr. J. L. Salmund. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 I.-MINERAL WATERS AND BATHS AND THE 
 DISEASES IN WHICH THEY ARE USED. 
 
 Aachen, 52 
 
 Abano, 75 
 
 Acne, Treatment for, 450 
 
 Acquarossa, 75 
 
 Acqui, 76 
 
 ^Esculap water, 76 
 
 After-cures, 50 
 
 Aitaling, 76 
 
 Aigle les Bains, 76 
 
 Aix en Provence, 76 
 
 Aix la Chapelle, 5255 
 
 Aix les Bains, 5564 
 
 Albuminuria, Treatment for, 442 
 
 Alet, 76 
 
 Alexandersbad, 77 
 
 Alexisbad, 77 
 
 Alkaline baths, Preparation of, 44 
 
 Alkaline earthy springs, 15 
 
 Alkaline waters, 10; Action of, in 
 
 baths, 30; Action of, taken 
 
 internally, 3538 
 Allevard, 6567 
 Alvaneu-bad, 77 
 Amelie les Bains, 6769 
 Amenorrhoea, Treatment for, 452 
 Amphion, 181 
 Anaemia and chlorosis, Treatment 
 
 for, 385-389 
 Andabre, 77 
 Andeer Pignieu, 78 
 Antogast, 78 
 Apenta water, 69 
 Apollinaris water, 7072 
 Archena, 78 
 Argeles-Gazost, 78 
 Arnstadt, 79 
 
 Aromatic baths, Preparation of, 43 
 Arsenical waters, 20; Action of, 
 
 taken internally, 42 
 Arterio-sclerosis, Treatment for, 439 
 Articular rheumatism, Treatment 
 
 for, 411 
 
 Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 72 
 Askern Spa, 73 
 Assmannshausen, 79 
 Asthma, Treatment for, 431 
 Astringent baths, Preparation of, 
 
 44 
 
 Audinac, 79 
 Auerbach, 79 
 
 Augustusbad, 79 
 
 Aulus, 79 
 
 Aussee, 80 
 
 Austria (see Germany) 
 
 " Austrian sellers water," 340 
 
 Auteuil, 80 
 
 Ax les Thermes, 74 
 
 B 
 
 Baassen, 127 
 
 Bad-Boll, 130 
 
 Baden (in Austria), 83 
 
 Baden (in Switzerland), 8385 
 
 Baden-Baden, 8083 
 
 Badenweiler, 85 
 
 Bad-Hall, 212 
 
 Bad Linda, 252 
 
 Bad-Salzbrunn, 281 
 
 Bagneres-de-Bigorre, 8688 
 
 Bagneres de Luchon, 244249 
 
 Bagni Caldi, 243 
 
 Bagni di Lucca, 243 
 
 Bagnoles de 1'Orne, 8890 
 
 Bagnoli, 127 
 
 Bagnols les Bains, 127 
 
 Bains (Vosges), 127 
 
 Bakewell, 128 
 
 Balaruc, 90 
 
 Ballynahinch, 128 
 
 Ballyspellan, 128 
 
 Barbotan, 128 
 
 Bareges, 9193 
 
 Bartfeld, 128 
 
 Barzun, 128, 317 
 
 Bath, 94-98 
 
 Baths, Preparation of, 2224; 
 Action of indifferent thermal, 
 26; Action of common salt, 28; 
 Action of gaseous thermal salt, 
 29; Action of alkaline, 30; 
 Action of bitter water, 30; 
 Action of chalybeate, 30; Action 
 of earthy springs, 31; Action of 
 sulphur, 32 ; Preparation of aro- 
 matic and medicated, 43; Pine- 
 needle, 43; Alkaline, 44; As- 
 tringent, 44 ; Peat, 44 ; Mud, 44 ; 
 Gas, 45; Sun and light, 47; 
 Electric light, 47; Electric, 47; 
 
748 
 
 INDEX TO PART I. 
 
 Application of, for alleviation 
 and cure of disease, 382456 
 
 Battaglia, 98 
 
 Bauche, La, 128 
 
 Belgium, Simple thermal waters in, 
 7; Chalybeate waters in, 14 
 
 Bentheim, 129 
 
 Berchtesgaden, 99 
 
 Berg, 129 
 
 Berg and Canstatt, 132 
 
 Berka, 129 
 
 Bertrich, 100 
 
 Bex, 101 
 
 Bibra, 129 
 
 Bile ducts, Treatment for diseases 
 of, 424-426 
 
 Bilin, 129 
 
 Birmenstorf, 129 
 
 Birresborn, 129 
 
 Bitter waters, 12; Action of, in 
 baths, 30; Action of, taken in- 
 ternally, 38; Apenta, 69; ^Escu- 
 lap, 76; Franz Joseph, 191; 
 Friedrichshall, 192; Grau, 198; 
 Hunyadi Janos, 214 ; Kissingen, 
 219; Pullna, 292; Reichenhall, 
 295 
 
 Booklet, 130 
 
 Boll, 130 
 
 Borjom, 130 
 
 Bormio, 103 
 
 Borszek, 130 
 
 Bosnia, Sulphur spring in, 19 
 
 Boulou, Le, 104 
 
 Bourbon Lancy, 105107 
 
 Bourbon 1'Archambaut, 107110 
 
 Bourbonne les Bains, 110112 
 
 Bourboule, La, 113116 
 
 Bramstedt, 130 
 
 Bremerbad, 131 
 
 Brides les Bains, 116119 
 
 Bridge of Allan, 131 
 
 Bridge of Earn, 131 
 
 Brine baths, Action of, 28 
 
 Briscous, 131 
 
 Bromides and iodides, Waters con- 
 taining, 20, 42 
 
 Bronchial catarrh, Treatment for, 
 429-431 
 
 Bruckenau,* 120122 
 
 Builth Wells, 122 
 
 Bukowine, 131 
 
 Burtscheid, 52, 53, 131 
 
 Bussang (Vosges), 122124 
 
 Buxton, 124127 
 
 Buzias, 131 
 
 Cadeac, 157 
 
 Calcareous springs, 15; Action of, 
 
 in baths, 31 ; Action of, taken 
 
 internally, 40 
 Calculi, Treatment for, 441 
 Cambo, 131 
 
 Canstatt and Berg, 132 
 Capvern, 157 
 Carabana, 157 
 
 Cardiac diseases, Treatment for, 
 432-440 
 
 Carlsbad, 133141 
 
 Carratraca, 157 
 
 Casamicciola, 157 
 
 Cassera-Verduzan, 157 
 
 Castellamare di Stabia, 157 
 
 Castiglione, 157 
 
 Castleconnell, 157 
 
 Castro-Caro, 157 
 
 Catarrh, bronchial, Treatment for, 
 429431 
 
 Cauterets, 141144 
 
 Cerebral hypersemia, Treatment 
 for, 445 
 
 Ceresole-Reale, 157 
 
 Challes, 144146 
 
 Chalybeate waters, 13; Action of, in 
 baths, 30; Action of, taken in- 
 ternally, 39 
 
 Charlottenbrunn, 158 
 
 Chateauneuf, 158 
 
 Chatelguyon, 146148 
 
 Chaudes Aigues, 158 
 
 Chaudfontaine, 158 
 
 Cheltenham, 148 
 
 Chianciano, 158 
 
 Chloride waters, 8 
 
 Chlorosis, Treatment for, 385389 
 
 Chorea, Treatment for, 448 
 
 Circulatory system, Treatment for 
 diseases of, 432440 
 
 Cirrhosis, Treatment for, 424 
 
 Civillina, 158 
 
 Civita Vecchia, 158 
 
 Classification of mineral springs, 
 521 
 
 Colitis, muco-membranous, Treat- 
 ment for, 422424 
 
 Composition of mineral springs, 
 
 Condillac, 158 
 
 Congestion of liver, Treatment for, 
 
 424 
 Constipation, habitual, Treatment 
 
 for, 421 
 
 Contrexeville, 149156 
 Counter indications of treatment 
 
 by mineral waters, 382384 
 Cours-les-Bains, 159 
 Court Saint Etienne, 159 
 Couzan table water, 159, 338 
 Cransac, 159 
 Croft Spa, 159 
 Csiz, 159 
 Cudown, 159 
 Cusset, 159, 367 
 Cutaneous diseases, Treatment for, 
 
 448451 
 
 Dax, 159-162 
 
 Diabetes, Treatment for, 394399 
 
 Diarrhoea,- chronic, Treatment for, 
 
 422424 
 Diet, Importance of, 49 
 
INDEX TO PART I. 
 
 749 
 
 Digestive organs, Treatment for 
 
 diseases of, 417-421 
 Digue, 165 
 
 Dinkholder-Brunnen, 165 
 Dinsdale-on-Tees, 165 
 Dirsddrp, 165 
 Ditzenbach, 165 
 Doberan, 165 
 
 Douches, Various forms of, 24 
 Driburg-Bad, 162 
 Droitwich, 163165 
 Diirkheim, 165 
 Diirrenberg, 165 
 Diirrheim, 166 
 
 Dysmenorrhoea, Treatment for, 453 
 Dyspepsia, Treatment for, 417421 
 
 Earthy springs, 15; Action -of, in 
 baths, 31: Action of, taken in- 
 ternally, 40 
 
 Eaux Bonnes, 166170 
 
 Eaux Chaudes, 170 
 
 Eberswalde, 182 
 
 Eczema, Treatment for, 449 
 
 Eilsen, 182 
 
 Electric bath, 47 
 
 Electric light bath, 47 
 
 Elmen, 182 
 
 Elopatak, 183 
 
 Elster, 171 
 
 Emphysema, chronic, Treatment 
 for, 431 
 
 Ems, 173175 
 
 Encausse, 183 
 
 Enghien, 175177 
 
 "Erdobenye, 183 
 
 Escaldas, Les, 183 
 
 Essentuke, 183 
 
 Euzet, 183 
 
 Evaux, 183 
 
 Evian, 177-181 
 
 Exercises, Mechanical, at different 
 spas, 48 
 
 Fachingen, 190 
 
 Farnbuhl, 190 
 
 Fatty liver, Treatment for, 424 
 
 Faulenseebad, 190 
 
 Female genital organs, Treatment 
 for diseases of, 451 456 
 
 Fideris, 190 
 
 Finneck, 303 
 
 Fitero, 191 
 
 Flinsberg, 191 
 
 Flitwick, 191 
 
 Forges-les-Eaux, 184 
 
 France, Simple thermal waters in, 
 7; Common salt waters in, 9; 
 Simple alkaline waters in, 11; 
 Alkaline and common salt 
 springs in, 11 ; Bitter waters in, 
 13; Chalybeate waters in, 14; 
 
 Earthy springs in, 16; Sulphur 
 springs in, 17. (Each mineral 
 spring is entered under its own 
 name) 
 
 Frankenhausen, 191 
 
 Franzensbad, 185190 
 
 Franz Joseph, 191 
 
 Freiersbach, 191 
 
 Friedrichshall, 192 
 
 Frienwalde, 191 
 
 Fuered, 192 
 
 Furunculosis, chronic, Treatment 
 for, 451 
 
 Fuscherbad, 192 
 
 Gallstones, Treatment for, 424 
 
 Gandersheim, 197 
 
 Gas baths, 45 
 
 Gaseous thermal salt baths, 29 
 
 Gastein, 192195 
 
 Genital organs, female, Treatment 
 for diseases of, 451456 
 
 Germany and Austria, Simple ther- 
 mal waters in, 7; Common salt 
 waters in, 9; Simple alkaline 
 waters in, 11; Alkaline and 
 common salt springs in, 12; 
 Alkaline and sodium sulphate 
 waters in, 12; Bitter waters in, 
 13; Chalybeate waters in, 14; 
 Earthy springs in, 16; Sulphur 
 springs in, 18. (Each mineral 
 spring is entered under its own 
 name) 
 
 Giesshuebl-Puchstein, 197 
 
 Gilsland Spa, 197 
 
 Gleichenberg, 195 
 
 Glycosuria and diabetes, Treatment 
 for, 394399 
 
 Gmunden, 197 
 
 Goczal Kowitz, 197 
 
 Godesberg, 197 
 
 Gpnten, 197 
 
 Goppingen, 197 
 
 Gottleuba, 198 
 
 Gout, and uric acid diathesis, 
 Treatment for, 399405 
 
 Grau, 198 
 
 Gravel, Treatment for, 441 
 
 Great Britain, Simple thermal 
 waters in, 6; Common salt 
 waters in, 9; Bitter waters in, 
 12; Chalybeate waters in, 14; 
 Sulphate of iron springs in, 15 ; 
 Earthy spring in, 15; Sulphur 
 springs in, 17. (Each mineral 
 spring is entered under its own 
 name) 
 
 Greece, Sulphur spring in, 19 
 
 Greifswald, 198 
 
 Grenzach, 198 
 
 Greoulx, 198 
 
 Griesbach, 198 
 
 Gurnigelbad, 196 
 
 Gymnastics at spas, 48 
 
750 
 
 INDEX TO PART I. 
 
 H 
 
 Haarlem, 212 
 
 Habsburger-Bad, 327 
 
 Haemorrhoids, Treatment for, 422 
 
 Hall (Bad-Hall), 212 
 
 Hall (in Austrian Tyrol), 212 
 
 Hall (Swabisch Hall), 212 
 
 Hallein, 212 
 
 Hamm, 212 
 
 Hammain R'Irha, 198200 
 
 Hapsal, 212 
 
 Harkany, 213 
 
 Harrogate, 200203 
 
 Harzburg, 213 
 
 Heart diseases (see Cardiac dis- 
 eases) 
 
 Heilbrunn, 213 
 
 Heilbrunnen, 351 
 
 Heiligen Kreuzbad, 213 
 
 Helouan les Bains, 203 
 
 Hercules-Bad, 213 
 
 Hermannsbad (in Saxony), 213 
 
 Hermnnnsbad (in Silesia), 213 
 
 Heustrich, 204207 
 
 Homburg, 207212 
 
 Honnef, 213 
 
 Hot sand baths, 45 
 
 Hunyadi Janos, 214 
 
 Ilypersemia, cerebral, Treatment 
 for, 445 
 
 Hysteria, Treatment for, 448 
 
 Hjthe, 498 
 
 Ilidze, 216 
 
 Imrau, 216 
 
 Impaludism, Treatment for, 415 
 
 Indifferent thermal waters, 6; 
 their action applied externally, 
 2628; their action taken in- 
 ternally, 34 
 
 Infantile paralysis, Treatment for, 
 447 
 
 Inhalation of mineral waters, 24 
 
 Innichen, 216 
 
 Inowrazlaw, 216 
 
 Inselbad, 216 
 
 Insomnia, Treatment for, 448 
 
 Iodides and bromides, Waters con- 
 taining, 20, 42 
 
 Ireland, Sulphur springs in, 17 
 
 Iron waters, 13; Action of, in baths, 
 30; Action of, taken internally, 
 39 
 
 Ischia, 214 
 
 Ischl, 214 
 
 Italy, Simple thermal waters in, 7; 
 Common salt waters in, 10; 
 Simple alkaline waters in, 11 ; 
 Alkaline and common salt 
 springs in, 12; chalybeate 
 waters in, 14; Earthy springs in, 
 16; Sulphur springs in, 18. 
 (Each mineral spring is entered 
 under its own name) 
 
 Ivonicz, 216 
 Ivonitch, 216 
 
 Jagstfeld, 216 
 
 Jalcznovodsk, 217 
 
 Jaundice, chronic, Treatment for, 
 
 425 
 
 Johannis table water, 217 
 Johannisbad, 217 
 Juliushall, 217 
 
 K 
 
 Kainzenbad, 224 
 
 Karlstad, 224 
 
 Kellberg, 224 
 
 Kidney, gouty, Treatment for, 442 
 
 Kiedrich, 224 
 
 Kissingen, 217221 
 
 Kissingen Well (Harrogate), 200, 2.2 
 
 Koehigsdorf-Jastrzemb, 224 
 
 Koenigswart, 224 
 
 Koesen, 225 
 
 Kohlgrub, 225 
 
 Kolberg, 225 
 
 Krankenheil Tolz, 351 
 
 Krapina Toplitz, 225 
 
 Kreuth, 225 
 
 Kreuznach, 221224 
 
 Krynica, 225 
 
 Lad is, 250 
 
 La Lenk, 233 
 
 La Malou, 225-228 
 
 La Motte les Bains, 228-230 
 
 La Mouillere, 230 
 
 Landeck, 250' 
 
 Langenau, 251 
 
 Langenbriicken, 251 
 
 Langenfeld, 250 
 
 Larigensalza, 251 
 
 Langen-Schwalbacli, 330332 
 
 La Preste, 292 
 
 Laryngitis, chronic, Treatment for, 
 
 427 
 
 Lauchstadt, 251 
 Laurvik, 251 
 Lausigk, 251 
 Lavey, 231 
 Leamington, 232 
 Ledesma, 251 
 Leixlip Spa, 251 
 Lenk, 233 
 Le Prese, 292 
 
 Leucorrhoea, Treatment for, 454 
 Leukerbad, 284286 
 Levico, 236 
 
 Lichen, Treatment for, 451 
 Liebenstein, 252 
 Liebenzell, 252 
 Liebwerda, 252 
 Light baths, 47 
 
INDEX TO PART I. 
 
 751 
 
 Linda-Pausa, 252 
 
 Lipetsk, 252 
 
 Lipik, 252 
 
 Lippspringe, 237 
 
 Lisdoonvarna. 237 
 
 Lithiasis, Treatment for, 405 
 
 Liver and bile ducts, Treatment for 
 
 diseases of, 424426 
 Llandrindod Wells, 238-240 
 Llangammarch, 240 
 Llanwrtyd Wells, 241 
 Lobenstein, 252 
 
 Locomotor ataxy, Treatment for, 445 
 Loeche les Bains, 284286 
 Lons le Saunier, 252 
 Lostorf, 253 
 
 Louisen baths (Franzensbad), 187 
 Lucan, 242 
 Lucca, 243 
 Luchon, 244 249 
 Luhatschowitz, 253 
 Lumbago, Treatment for, 412 
 Luxemburg, Common salt waters 
 
 in, 10 
 
 Luxeuil les Bains, 249 
 Luz, 316 
 Lye or alkaline baths, Preparation 
 
 of, 44 
 
 M 
 
 Malarial affections, chronic, Treat- 
 ment for, 415 
 
 Mallow, 266 
 
 Malou, La, 225228 
 
 Marcols, 266 
 
 Marienbad, 253256 
 
 Marlioz, 64 
 
 Martrgfty les Bains, 266 
 
 Massage, 48 
 
 Matlock Bath, 257 
 
 Medicated baths, Preparation of, 43 
 
 Meinberg, 266 
 
 Melksham, 267 
 
 Mendorf, 267 
 
 Menorrhagia, Treatment for, 453 
 
 Metallic poisoning, chronic, Treat- 
 ment for, 394 
 
 Middlesbrough, 339 
 
 Middlewich, 267 
 
 Mineral peat baths, Preparation of, 
 44 
 
 Mineral springs, Description of 
 principal, 52381 
 
 Mineral waters, Nature of, 1 ; Defi- 
 nition of, 3; Composition of, 3; 
 Varying temperature of, 4; 
 classification of, 521 ; modes of 
 application, 22; their action 
 when applied externally, 2433; 
 their action when taken inter- 
 nally, 3342; Counter indica- 
 tions of treatment by, 382384; 
 for anoemia and chlorosis, 
 385389; for scrofula and 
 tubercle, 389; for pulmonary 
 tuberculosis, 390 392; for 
 syphilis, 392-394; for chronic 
 
 metallic poisoning, 394; for gly- 
 cosuria and diabetes, 394 399; 
 for gout and the uric acid dia- 
 thesis, 399405; for lithiasis, 
 405; for oxaluria, 406; for phos- 
 phaturia, 407; for obesity, 
 407 409; for rheumatism, 
 409413; for sciatica, 413; for 
 rheumatoid arthritis, 413; for 
 chronic malarial affections, 415 ; 
 for diseases of the digestive 
 organs, 417421; for constipa- 
 tion, 421 ; for haemorrhoids, 422 ; 
 for chronic diarrhoea and muco- 
 membranous colitis, 422424 ; 
 for diseases of liver and bile 
 ducts, 424426; for diseases of 
 the respiratory organs, 426429; 
 for bronchial catarrh, 429431; 
 for chronic emphysem^, 431 ; 
 for asthma, 431; for diseases of 
 circulatory system, 432 440 ; 
 for renal and urinary disorders, 
 440443 ; for diseases of nervous 
 system, 443448; for cutaneous 
 diseases, 448451; for diseases 
 of the female genital organs, 
 451456 
 
 Miscarriages, tendency to, Treat- 
 ment for, 455 
 
 Mitterbad, 267 
 
 Moffat, 267 
 
 Molitg, 267 
 
 Monsumano, 267 
 
 Mont Dore, 257265 
 
 Monte Catini, 265 
 
 Montegrotto, 268 
 
 Montemayor, 268 
 
 Monte Ortone, 268 
 
 Montmirail, 268 
 
 Montrond, 268 
 
 Moor baths, Preparation and 
 action of, 44 
 
 Morgins, 268 
 
 Mouillere, La, 230 
 
 Muco-membranous colitis, Treat- 
 ment for, 422424 
 
 Mud baths, Preparation and action 
 of, 44 
 
 Munster-am-Stein, 268 
 
 Muriated waters, 8 
 
 Muscular rheumatism, Treatment 
 for, 411 
 
 N 
 
 Nantwich, 268 
 
 Nauheim, 269274 
 
 Nenndorf, 279 
 
 Nephritis, interstitial, Treatment 
 for, 442 
 
 Neris, 274276 
 
 Nervous system, Treatment for dis- 
 eases of, 443448 
 
 Neuenahr, 277279 
 
 Neuenhain, 279 
 
 Neuhaus (Bavaria), 279 
 
752 
 
 INDEX TO PART I. 
 
 Neuliaus (Styria), 279 
 
 Neu-Ragoczi, 279 
 
 Neuralgia, chronic, Treatment for, 
 447 
 
 Neuralgia of large nerves, Treat- 
 ment for, 413 
 
 Neurasthenia, Treatment for, 448 
 
 Neuritis, Treatment for, 446 
 
 Neuroses, Treatment for, 448 
 
 Neustadt-Eberswalde, 280 
 
 Niederbronn, 280 
 
 Niederlangenau, 251 
 
 Niedernau, 280 
 
 Niederselters, 341 
 
 Norway, Sulphur springs in, 19 
 
 Oberlahnstein-am-Rhein, 281 
 
 Obersalzbrunn, 281 
 
 Obesity, Treatment for, 407409 
 
 Obladis, 250 
 
 Oeynhausen, 280 
 
 Offenbach-am-Main, 281 
 
 Oldesloe, 281 
 
 Olette, 281 
 
 Ontaneda, 282 
 
 Orb, 282 
 
 Orezza, 282 
 
 Oriol, 282 
 
 Osteo-arthritis, Treatment for, 413 
 
 Oxaluria, Treatment for, 406 
 
 Panticosa, 289 
 
 Parad, 290 
 
 Paralysis, infantile, Treatment for, 
 
 447 
 
 Paralysis, Treatment for, 444 
 Pardoux table water, 108 
 Passugg, 290 
 
 Peat baths, Preparation of, 44 
 Peiden, 290 
 Pejo, 290 
 Pestrin, 290 
 Petersthal, 290 
 Pfaeflers, 293 
 Pfriem's method of heating water 
 
 for baths, 23 
 
 Pharyngitis, Treatment for, 427 
 Phlebitis, Treatment for, 439 
 Phosphaturia, Treatment for, 407 
 Piatigorsk, 290 
 Pierrefonds, 282 
 Pietrapola, 290 
 Pine-needle bath, Preparation and 
 
 action of, 43 
 Pit-Keathly water, 131 
 Pityriasis, Treatment for, 451 
 Plombieres, 283286 
 Ponte Seraglio, 243 
 Poretta, 290 
 Portugal, Simple alkaline waters 
 
 in, 11; Sulphur springs in, 19 
 Postyen, 292 
 
 Pougues les Eaux, 286 
 Pouillon, 291 
 Pozzuoli, 291 
 Preblau, 291 
 Prechacq-les-Bains, 291 
 Pre-Saint-Didier, 292 
 Prese, Le, 292 
 Preste, La, 292 
 Prurigo, Treatment for, 451 
 Pruritus, Treatment for, 451 
 Psoriasis, Treatment for, 450 
 Pullna, 292 
 
 Pulmonary tuberculosis, Treat- 
 ment for, 390392 
 Purton Spa, 292 
 Puzzichello, 292 
 Pyrmont, 287289 
 Pystjan, 292 
 
 Rabbi, 303 
 
 Radein, 303 
 
 Ragatz-Pfaeffers, 293 
 
 Rajeczfiirdo, 303 
 
 Rappoltsweiler, 303 
 
 Rastenburg and Finneck, 303 
 
 Ratzes, 304 
 
 Recoaro, 304 
 
 Rehburg, 304 
 
 Rehme-Oeynhausen, 280 
 
 Reiboldsgrun, 304 
 
 Reichenhall, 294 
 
 Reinerz, 304 
 
 Rietbad, 304 
 
 Remoricourt, 304 
 
 Renal disorders, Treatment for, 
 
 440443 
 Renlaigue, 304 
 Rennes les Bains, 304 
 Respiratory organs, Treatment for 
 
 diseases of, 426429 
 Reutlingen, 304 
 Rheinfelden, 295297 
 Rheumatic neuralgia, Treatment 
 
 for, 413 
 Rheumatism, chronic, articular, 
 
 and muscular, Treatment for, 
 
 409415 
 Rheumatoid arthritis, Treatment 
 
 for, 409, 413 
 Rhino-pharyngitis., Treatment for, 
 
 427 
 
 Rio, 305 
 
 Rippoldsau. 297 
 Rohitsch, 305 
 Romerbad and Tuffer, 305 
 Roncas-Blanc, 305 
 Roncegno, 298 
 Ronneberg, 305 
 Ronneby, 305 
 Rosenheim, 305 
 Rothenbrunnen, 305 
 Rothenfelde, 305 
 Rouzat, 305 
 
 Royat les Bains, 299303 
 Rubinat-Llorach, 305 
 
INDEX TO PART I. 
 
 753 
 
 llussia, Simple alkaline waters in, 
 11; Alkaline and common salt 
 springs in, 12; Sulphur springs 
 in, 19 
 
 Sacedon, 338 
 
 Sail les Bains, 338 
 
 Sail sous Couzan, 338 
 
 St. Alban, 338 
 
 St. Amand, 306 
 
 S,t. Antoine de Guagno, 338 
 
 St. Boes, 338 
 
 St. Christan, 307309 
 
 St. Galmier, 338 
 
 St. Gervais, 309 
 
 St. Honore, 310 
 
 St. Laurent les Bains, 338 
 
 St. Maurice, 370 
 
 St. Moritz-Bad, 311-314 
 
 St. Nectaire, 314316 
 
 St. Olafs, 338 
 
 St. Sauveur, 316 
 
 St. Vallier, 338 
 
 St. Yorre, 338 
 
 Salies-de-Bearn, 317319 
 
 Salies du Salut. 338 
 
 Salins-du-Jura, "319 
 
 Salins Moutiers, 116, 119 
 
 Salso Maggiore. 320326 
 
 Salt (common) waters, 8; their 
 action when applied ex- 
 ternally, 28 
 
 Saltbtfrn by the Sea, 338 
 
 Salvator, 339 
 
 Salzbrunn, 339 
 
 Salzburg, 339 
 
 Salzdetfurth, 339 
 
 Salzerbad, 339 
 
 Salzhausen, 339 
 
 Salzschlirf, 326 
 
 Sal/uflen, 339 
 
 Salzungen, 339 
 
 Sanatorium du Canigou, 359 
 
 San Bernardino. 339 
 
 Sanct Lorenz, 340 
 
 Sand baths, Hot, 45 
 
 Sandefjord, 340 
 
 Sandrock, 340 
 
 San Marco, 340 
 
 San Pedro do Sul, 340 
 
 San Pietro Montagone, 340 
 
 Santa Agueda, 340 
 
 Santa Catarina, 340 
 
 Santenay, 340 
 
 Saxon, 340 
 
 Schandau, 341 
 
 Schimberg, 341 
 
 Schinznach, 327 
 Schlangenbad, 328330 
 Schmalkalden, 341 
 Schmiedeberg, 341 
 Schwabisch Hall, 212 
 Schwalbach, 330332 
 Schwalheim table water, 270, 341 
 Sclfwarz method of heating water 
 for baths, 23 
 
 Schwarzbach, 341 
 
 Schwefelberg, 341 
 
 Schweizerhalle, 341 
 
 Sciacca, 341 
 
 Sciatica, Treatment for, 413, 447 
 
 Scotch Douche, 24 
 
 Scrofula, Treatment for, 389 
 
 Sea-mud baths, 45 
 
 Segeberg, 341 
 
 Selters, 341 
 
 Serneus, 341 
 
 Shanklin, 341 
 
 Shap Wells, 342 
 
 Simple alkaline waters, 10 
 
 Simple thermal waters, 6 
 
 Siradan, Sainte Marie, 342 
 
 Skin diseases, Treatment for, 
 448-451 
 
 Soden, 332 
 
 Sod en a Werra, 342 
 
 Soden-Salzmunster, 342 
 
 Sodenthal, 342 
 
 Sodium chloride waters, 8 
 
 Sodium sulphide waters, 19 
 
 Sodium waters, 19; their action 
 taken internally, 35 
 
 Solis, 342 
 
 Sotsass table water, 345 
 
 Soulzmatt, 342 
 
 Spa, 333336 
 
 Spain and Portugal, Simple ther- 
 mal waters in, 7; Common salt 
 waters in, 10; Bitter waters in, 
 13; Sulphur springs in, 18. 
 (Each mineral spring is entered 
 under its own name) 
 
 Spring water, Chemical -compo- 
 sition of, 2 
 
 Springs, Mineral (see Mineral 
 waters) 
 
 Srebernik, 342 
 
 Stachelberg, 342 
 
 Stafford, 342 
 
 Steben, 342 
 
 Sterility, Treatment for, 456 
 
 Stoney Middleton, 342 
 
 Strathpeffer, 336 
 
 Submarine douche, 24 
 
 Suderode, 342 
 
 Sulis water, 97 
 
 Sulphur and sodium chloride 
 waters, 19 
 
 Sulphur waters. 16; Subdivision of, 
 19; Action of, in baths, 32; in- 
 halation of, 33; Action of, 
 taken internally, 41 
 
 Sulphuretted hydrogen gas bath, 
 
 Sulphuretted hydrogen springs, 19 
 
 Sulphurous peat baths, 45 
 
 Suiza, 342 
 
 Sulzbach, 343 
 
 Sulzbrunn, 343 
 
 Sun baths, 47 
 
 Swanlinbar, 343 
 
 Switzerland, Simple thermal 
 waters in, 7; Common salt 
 waters in, 10; Simple alkaline 
 waters in, 11; Alkaline and 
 
754 
 
 INDEX TO PART I. 
 
 sodium sulphate waters in, 12; 
 Bitter waters in, 13; Chaly- 
 beate waters in, 14; Earthy 
 springs in, 16. (Each mineral 
 spring is entered under its own 
 name) 
 
 Sylvanes, 343 
 
 Syphilis, Treatment for, 392394 
 
 Szczawnica, 343 
 
 Szkleno, 343 
 
 Tabes, Treatment for, 445 
 
 Tabiano, 350 
 
 Table Waters : Aix la Chapelle, 55, 
 57; Apollinaris, 7072; Sulis, 
 97; Pardoux, 108; Condil- 
 lac, 158; Couzan, 159; Giess- 
 huebl-Puchstein, 197 ; Johannis, 
 217; La Verniere, 226; Lenk, 
 233; Levico,236; Schwalheimer- 
 brunnen, 270; Couzan, 338; St. 
 Alban, 338; St. Galmier, 338; 
 Selters, 341; Soulzmatt, 342; 
 Sotsass, 345; Tormisstein, 351; 
 Imperatrice, 358; St. Jean, 358; 
 Vichy, 359368 
 
 Tarasp-Schuls, 343347 
 
 Teinach, 350 
 
 Tennstedt, 351 
 
 Teplitz, 347349 
 
 Termini-Imersee, 351 
 
 Thale, 351 
 
 Thonon, 351 
 
 Tiefenkasten, 351 
 
 Tobelbad, 351 
 
 Tolz, 351 
 
 Topusco, 352 
 
 Tormisstein, 351 
 
 Tracheitis, Treatment for, 427 
 
 Traunstein, 352 
 
 Trefriw, 352 
 
 Trenczin Toplitz, 352 
 
 Trillo, 352 
 
 Tuberculosis, pulmonary, Treat- 
 ment for, 390392 
 
 Tuberculosis, Treatment for, 389 
 
 Tiiffer, 305 
 
 Tunbridge Wells, 349 
 
 Tusnad, 352 
 
 U 
 
 Ueberlingen, 354 
 Urberoaga de Alzola, 354 
 Uriage, 352354 
 
 Uric acid diathesis, Treatment for, 
 399-405 
 
 Urinary disorders, Treatment for, 
 
 440443 
 
 Urticaria, Treatment for, 451 
 Ussat, 355 
 Uterine fibroids, Treatment for, 
 
 455 
 
 Valdieri, 369 
 Vallacabras, 369 
 Vals, 355-358, 369 
 Val Sinestra, 369 
 Vegri di Valdagno, 370 
 Veldes, 370 
 Vernet les Bains, 358 
 Vicarello, 370 
 Vichy, 359368 
 Vic le Comte, 370 
 Vic sur Cere, 370 
 Vidago, 370 
 Villa, 243 
 Villach, 370 
 Vinadio, 370 
 Viterbo, 370 
 Vittel, 368 
 Voeslau, 370 
 
 \V 
 
 Warasdin-Teplitz, 380 
 
 Warmbad, 380 
 
 Warmbrunn, 381 
 
 Waters, Mineral (see Mineral 
 
 waters) 
 Weilbach, 370 
 Weissenburg, 371 
 Werl, 381 
 Werne, 381 
 Wiesbaden, 372375 
 Wildbad, 375377 
 Wildbad-Gastein, 192-195 
 Wildegg, 381 
 Wildungen, 377379 
 Wimpfen, 381 
 Wipfeld, 381 
 Wittekind, 381 
 Woodhall Spa, 379 
 Writer's Cramp, Treatment for, 448 
 
 Yverdon, 381 
 
 Zaizon, 381 
 
INDEX TO PART II. 
 
 755 
 
 II.-CLIMATES AND CLIMATIC RESORTS, AND 
 DISEASES TREATED IN THEM. 
 
 Abbazia, 648 
 
 Aberdeen, 536 
 
 Aberdovey, 520 
 
 Aberystwith, 520 
 
 Achensee, 602 
 
 Achill, 532 
 
 Acireale, 651 
 
 Adamello, 594 
 
 Adelboden, 589, 597 
 
 Airolo, 592 
 
 Ajaccio, 649 
 
 Alagna, 599 
 
 Alassio, 693 . 
 
 Aldeburgh, 528 
 
 Algiers, 628-631; Sanatoria in, 744 
 
 Allwal North, 709 
 
 Alps, maritime, Resorts in the, 695 
 
 Alt-Prags, 595 
 
 Alum Bay, 509 
 
 Amain, 647, 648 
 
 Anaemia and chlorosis, Climatic 
 
 treatment of, 734736 
 Andermatt, 587, 596 
 Andes, Resorts in the, 605 
 Antibes, 680 
 Appenzell, 603 
 Arcachon, 551, 638640 
 Arco, 660 
 Ardrossan, 535 
 Arolla, 592 
 Arosa, 581583 
 Arran, Isle of, 535 
 Assouan, 614 
 
 Asthma, Climatic treatment of, 725 
 Audierne, 551 
 Australia, 710 
 Avalon, 713 
 Avants, Les, 585, 601 
 Avranches, 545 
 Azores, 622 
 
 B 
 
 Bad Fideris, 601 
 Bad Gurnigel, 599 
 Ballybunnion, 532 
 Baltic resorts (see Continental sea- 
 side resorts) 
 Bangor, 521 
 Barbados, 711 
 Barfleur, 545 
 Barkley West, 709 
 Barmouth, 520 
 Baths of Leuk, 596 
 Beaufort West, 709 
 Beaulieu, 683685 
 Beaumaris, 521 
 Bell-Alp, 590 
 Berck-sur-Mer, 538 
 Berg-Dievenon, 550 
 
 Bermuda, 711 
 
 Berwick, North, 535 
 
 Beuzeval, 543 
 
 Bevers, 563 
 
 Bexhill-on-Sea, 499 
 
 Beyrout, 618 
 
 Biarritz, 551, 640 
 
 Birchington-on-Sea, 492 
 
 Biskra, 633 
 
 Blackpool, 522 
 
 Blankenburghe. 548 
 
 Bloemendaal, 549 
 
 Bloemfontein, 608, 709 
 
 Bognor, 504 
 
 Bordighera, 689-692 
 
 Boscastle, 517 
 
 Boscombe, 509 
 
 Boulder, 606 
 
 Boulogne-sur-Mer, 538 
 
 Bournemouth, 509 
 
 Bray, 534 
 
 Brennerbad, 595 
 
 Bridlington Quay, 525 
 
 Brighton, 501503 
 
 Brittany seaside resorts (see Con- 
 tinental seaside resorts) 
 
 Broadstairs, 494 
 
 Bronchial catarrh, Climatic treat- 
 ment of, 722725 
 
 Bronchiectasis, Climatic treatment 
 of, 724 
 
 Brought; Ferry, 536 
 
 Bude, 517 
 
 Budleigh Salterton, 512 
 
 Buncrana, 532 
 
 Bundoran, 532 
 
 Burgenstock, 602 
 
 Burghersdorf, 709 
 
 Cabourg, 544 
 
 Cairo, 613 
 
 Calais, 538 
 
 Caledon, 709 
 
 California, Southern, 712714 
 
 Campfer, 561 
 
 Canary Islands, 622627 
 
 Cancale, 545 
 
 Cannes, 676680 
 
 Canon City, 607 
 
 Cap de la Hague, 545 
 
 Cape Town, 709 
 
 Capri, 655657 
 
 Cardiac affections, Climatic treat- 
 ment of, 726 
 
 Castellamare di Stabia, 647 
 
 Catania, 650 
 
 Catarrh, chronic, Ciimatic treat- 
 ment of, 722-725, 729 
 
 Caux, 585 
 
 Celerina, 562 
 
756 
 
 INDEX TO PART II. 
 
 Ceres, 709 
 
 Ceresole-lleale, 594 
 
 Certosa di Pesio, Baths of, 695 
 
 Chamounix, 600 
 
 Champery, 596 
 
 Chandolin, 592 
 
 Channel Islands, 546 
 
 Charnex, 603 
 
 Chateaux d'Oex, 600 
 
 Chaumont, 600 
 
 Cheimsee Hotel, 604 
 
 Cherbourg, 545 
 
 Chesiere, 598 
 
 Chlorosis, Climatic treatment of, 
 734736 
 
 Circulatory system, Climatic treat- 
 ment of diseases of, 726 
 
 Clacton-on-Sea, 528 
 
 Classification, of Climates, 475-477 ; 
 of English and Welsh seaside 
 resorts, 529531 
 
 Clavadel, 581 
 
 Climacteric period in women, Cli- 
 matic treatment of, 737 
 
 Climates-, 457475; Classification 
 of, 475477; Characters and 
 restorative action of sea and 
 mountain, 478491; Applica- 
 tion and selection of, 715739 
 
 Clovelly, 517 
 
 Colorado Springs, 606 
 
 Colwyn Bay, 522 
 
 Comballaz, 597 
 
 Concarneau, 551 
 
 Consumption, Mountain-air euro 
 for, 566580; Climatic treat- 
 ment of, 716^722 
 
 Continental seaside resorts, 538 554 
 
 Convalescence, Climatic treatment 
 of, 738 
 
 Con way, 521 
 
 Cordilleras, Resorts in the, 605 
 
 Corfu, 654 
 
 Coronado Beach, 712 
 
 Corsica, 649 
 
 Cortina, 595 
 
 Costebelle, 675 
 
 Courmayeur, 598 
 
 Courseulles, 544 
 
 Cowes, 505 
 
 Cradock, 709 
 
 Cresta, 562 
 
 Croisic, Le, 552 
 
 Cromer, 525527 
 
 Crotoy, Le, 539 
 
 Cruden Bay, 537 
 
 Cuzco, 605 
 
 Davos Dorfli, 567 
 Davos Platz, 566-569, 579 
 Dawlish, 512 
 Dax, 643 
 Deauville, 542 
 Denver, 605 
 
 Diabetes, Climatic treatment of, 
 733 
 
 Dieppe, 539 
 Dinard, 546 
 Dingle, 532 
 Dissentis, 599 
 Divonne, 604 
 Donaghadee, 533 
 Dornoch, 537 
 Douarnenez, 551 
 Dover, 496 
 Dovercourt, 528 
 Duin-en-Dal, 549 
 Dunkirk, 538 
 
 Dyspepsia, Climatic treatment of, 
 727 
 
 Eastbourne, 499501 
 Eggischhorn, 590 
 Egypt as a winter resort, 610618 
 Engadine, Climatic resorts in the, 
 
 555 
 
 Engelberg, 601 
 England, Seaside resorts in, 
 
 492519, 522529; Classification 
 
 of seaside resorts in, 529531; 
 
 Sanatoria in, 742 
 Engstlen Alp, 591 
 Estes Park, 607 
 Etretat, 541 
 Evolena, 597 
 Exmouth, 512 
 Eze, 685 
 
 Falmouth, 516 
 
 Fecamp, 540 
 
 Felixstowe, 528 
 
 Felsenegg, 602 
 
 Filey, 525 
 
 Flushing, 516 
 
 Folkestone, 495 
 
 France, Sanatoria in, 744. (Each 
 
 resort is under its own name) 
 Freshwater Bay, 509 
 Frohburg, 603 
 Funchal, 620622 
 
 Gals, 601 
 
 Gastein, 596 
 
 Geissbach Hotel, 604 
 
 Genoa, 635 
 
 Gerardmer, 603 
 
 Germany, Sanatoria in, 745. (Each 
 
 resort is under its own name) 
 Gibraltar, 645 
 Glengariff, 532 
 Glenwood, 607 
 Glion, 575, 586 
 Gorbio, 689 
 Gorleston-on-Sea, 527 
 
INDEX TO PART II. 
 
 757 
 
 Gornergrat, 590 
 Gossensass, 588 
 
 Gout, Climatic treatment of, 732 
 Grahamstown, 709 
 Grange, 523 
 Granville, 545 
 Grape Cure, 663 
 Grasse, 680 
 
 Graves' disease, Climatic treat- 
 ment of, 730732 
 Great Yarmouth, 527 
 Gressonay-la-Trinite, 594 
 Gressonay St. Jean, 594 
 Greystones, 534 
 Gries, 595 
 Grindelwald, 600 
 Gryon, 600 
 Guimar, 626 
 
 H 
 
 Hsemoglobinuria, paroxysmal, Cli- 
 matic treatment of, 736 
 
 Haifa, 618 
 
 Hammam Meskoutine, 632 
 
 Hammam R'Irha, 631 
 
 Harrismith, 709 
 
 Harwich, 528 
 
 Hastings, 498 
 
 Havre, Le, 542 
 
 Hay asthma, Climatic treatment 
 of, 726 
 
 Hayling Island, 504 
 
 Heart affections, Climatic treat- 
 ment of, 726 
 
 Heiden, 575, 603 
 
 Heiligenblut, 595 
 
 Heiligen Damm, 550 
 
 Heligoland, 549 
 
 Helouan les Bains, 613 
 
 Hendaye, 641 
 
 Heringsdorf, 550 
 
 Herne Bay, 492 
 
 Heyst, 548 
 
 Hochenschwand, 601 
 
 Hohlenstein, 595 
 
 Hohwald, 604 
 
 Hollywood, 533 
 
 Home-Varaville, 544 
 
 Honfleur, 542 
 
 Hospenthal, 596 
 
 Houle, La, 546 
 
 Houlgate, 543 
 
 Howth, 534 
 
 Huancayo, 604 
 
 Huelva, 646 
 
 Hunstanton, 525 
 
 Hyeres, 673675 
 
 Hysteria Climatic treatment of, 
 toV- -it>2, 
 
 Hythe, 498 
 
 Idyll-wild, 714 
 Ilfracombe, 518 
 
 Innsbruck, 663 
 
 Insomnia, Climatic treatment of, 
 
 Ireland, Seaside resorts in, 531534 
 Sanatoria in, 743 
 
 Isle of Arran, 535 
 
 Isle of Wight, 505509 
 
 Italy, Sanatoria in, 744. (Each re- 
 sort is under its own name) 
 
 Jamaica, 710 
 Jauja, 604 
 
 K 
 
 Karrersee, The, 594 
 
 Kilkee, 532 
 
 Kilrush, 532 
 
 Kimberley, 709 
 
 Klosters, "601 
 
 Knock e, 548 
 
 Kochel, 604 
 
 Kolberg, 551 
 
 Kranz, 551 
 
 Kurhaus Axenstein, 579 
 
 Ladis, 595 
 
 Lago Mesurina, 595 
 
 Laguna, 626 
 
 La Houle, 546 
 
 Langrune-sur-Mer, 544 
 
 La Paz, 605 
 
 Largo, 536 
 
 Laryngeal catarrh, chronic, Cli- 
 
 matic treatment of 722725 
 Las Palmas, 623 
 La Tremblade, 552 
 Le Croisic, 552 
 Le Crotoy, 539 
 Le Havre, 542 
 Lengenfeld, 596 
 Lenk, 600 
 
 Les Avants, 585 601 
 Les Petites Dalles, 541 
 Les Sables d'Olonne, 552 
 Le Treport, 539 
 Leysin, 583 
 Lima, 604 
 Lion-sur-Mer, 544 
 Littlehampton, 503 
 Littlestone-on-Sea, 498 
 Llandudno, 521 
 Locarno, 659 
 Long Beach, 713 
 Los Angeles, 713 
 Lower Engadine, Climatic resorts 
 
 in the, 565 
 Lowestoft, 527 
 .uc-sur-Mer, 544 
 igano, 659 
 Luxor, 614 
 
75 
 
 INDEX TO PART II. 
 
 Lyme Eegis, 511 
 Lynmouth, 518 
 Lynton, 518 
 
 M 
 
 Macugnaga, 594 
 
 Madeira, 619622 
 
 Maderaner-Thal, 596 
 
 Magglingen, 602 
 
 Malaga, 643645 
 
 Malahide, 534 
 
 Malarial cachexia, Climatic treat- 
 ment of, 736 
 
 Mallirany, 532 
 
 Malta, 653 
 
 Manitou Park, 607 
 
 Margate, 493 
 
 Maritzburg, 710 
 
 Mena House, 613 
 
 Mentone, 685689 
 
 Meran, 661663 
 
 Mexico, 605 
 
 Milford-on-Sea, 509 
 
 Milltown-Malbay, 532 
 
 Misdroy, 550 
 
 Mistral wind, 671 
 
 Mogador, 627 
 
 Monaco, 685 
 
 Monnetier, 603 
 
 Montana, 584 
 
 Mont de Caux, 585 
 
 Monte Carlo, 685 
 
 Monte Generoso, 599 
 
 Monterey, 714 
 
 Montreux, 657659 
 
 Morecambe, 523 
 
 Morgins, 596 
 
 Morocco, 627 
 
 Mountain air, Characters and re- 
 storative action of, 478491 
 
 Mountain climatic resorts, 555 608 
 
 Mountain sickness, Symptoms of, 
 487 
 
 Mount Pilatus, 591 
 
 Mumbles, 519 
 
 Mundesley, 527 
 
 Miirren, 593 
 
 N 
 
 Nairn, 537 
 
 Naples, 646, 647 
 
 Nassau, 710 
 
 Nephritis, chronic, Climatic treat- 
 ment of, 728 
 
 Nervi, 635 
 
 Nervous affections, Climatic treat- 
 ment of, 730732 
 
 Neuralgia, Climatic treatment of, 
 730732 
 
 Neurasthenia, Climatic treatment 
 of, 730732 
 
 Neuritis, Climatic treatment of, 
 730732 
 
 New Brighton, 522 
 
 Newcastle, 534 
 
 Newport (Ireland), 532 
 New Prags, 595 
 Newquay, 517 
 New Zealand, 710 
 Nice, 681683 
 Niederdorf, 595 
 Nieuport Bains, 548 
 Norderney, 550 
 North Berwick, 535 
 North Sea resorts (see Continental 
 and English seaside resorts) 
 
 Oban, 535 
 Obermais, 662 
 Obertsdorf, 603 
 Obladis, 595 
 Orezza, 650 
 Ormond Dessus, 597 
 Orotava, 624626 
 Orriccieth, 520 
 Ospedaletti, 692 
 Ostend, 548 
 
 Paimpol, 547 
 
 Palermo, 651653 
 
 Parknasilla, 532 
 
 Paroxysmal hsemoglobinuria, Cli- 
 matic treatment of, 736 
 
 Pasadena, 713 
 
 Pau, 642 
 
 Pax, La, 605 
 
 Pegli, 694 
 
 Penarth, 519 
 
 Penmaenmawr, 521 
 
 Penzance, 516 
 
 Peruvian Andes, Kesorts in, 604 
 
 Pharyngeal catarrh, chronic, Cli- 
 matic treatment of, 724 
 
 Phthisis (see Consumption) 
 
 Pleurisy, chronic, Climatic treat- 
 ment of, 725 
 
 Pontresina, 563 
 
 Pornic, 551 
 
 Portrush, 533 
 
 Port Stewart, 533 
 
 Pragser-Wildsee, 595 
 
 Pralognan, 596 
 
 Promontogno, 600 
 
 Pueblo, 605 
 
 Pulmonary emphysema, Climatic 
 treatment of, 722724 
 
 Pwllheli, 520 
 
 Pyelitis, chronic, Climatic treat- 
 ment of, 729 
 
 fcueenstown, 531 
 fcuito, 605 
 
INDEX TO PART II. 
 
 759 
 
 Ragenwalde, 551 
 
 Ramsgate, 495 
 
 Rapallo, 636 
 
 Redcar, 523 
 
 Rheumatism, Climatic treatment 
 
 of, 732 
 Rheumatoid arthritis, Climatic 
 
 treatment of, 732 
 Rhone Glacier Hotel, 593 
 Rliyl, 522 
 Rieder-Alp, 591 
 Rieder Furka, 591 
 Riffel-Alp, 589 
 Riffel-berg, 589 
 Rigi, The, 592 
 Riva, 660 
 
 Riviera di Levante, 634 
 Riviera, Western, 665696 
 Rocky Mountains, Resorts in, 
 
 605-608 
 Rome, 646 
 Roscoff, 547 
 Rostrevor, 533 
 Rothesay, 534 
 Royan, 551 
 Ryde, 505 
 
 S. Vaast la Hogue, 544 
 
 Saanen, 600 
 
 St. Andrews, 536 
 
 St. Aubin-sur-Mer, 544 
 
 St. Beatenberg, 587, 599 
 
 St. Bees, 523 
 
 St. Blasien, 603 
 
 St. Cergnes, 600 
 
 St. Dalmas di Tendi, 695 
 
 St. Helens, 506 
 
 St. Ives, 517 
 
 St. Jean de Luz, 641 
 
 St. Leonards, 498 
 
 St. Malo, 546 
 
 St. Margaret's Bay, 495 
 
 St. Martin Lantosque, 695 
 
 St. Moritz, 555559; as a winter re- 
 sort, 569 
 
 St. Pair, 545 
 
 St. Raphael, 675 
 
 St. Val6ry en Caux, 540 
 
 St. Valery-sur-Somme, 539 
 
 Salcombe, 516 
 
 Saltburn-on-the-Sea, 523 
 
 Samaden, 562 
 
 Sanatoria, Treatment in, 739742; 
 List of, 742745 
 
 San Barnardino, 593 
 
 Sandgate, 497- 
 
 San Diego, 712 
 
 Sandown, 506 
 
 San Lucar, 646 
 
 San Lui Park, 607 
 
 San Remo, 692 
 
 San Sebastian, 641 
 
 Santa Barbara, 713 
 
 Santa Catarina, 593 
 
 Santa Cruz, 624 
 
 Santa F6 de Bogota, 605 
 
 Santa Margherita, 636 
 
 Santa Monica, 713 
 
 Sassnitz, 550 
 
 Scarborough, 524 
 
 Scheideck, Great, 591 
 
 Scheveningen, 548 
 
 Schliersee, 603 
 
 Schluchsee, 602 
 
 Schlucht, 599 
 
 Schluderbaoh, 595 
 
 Schonbrunn, 603 
 
 Schonfels, 602 
 
 Schrocken, 598 
 
 Schwarzsee, 590 
 
 Scilly Islands, 516 
 
 Scotland, Seaside resorts in, 534 
 537; Sanatoria in, 743 
 
 Scrofula, Climatic treatment of, 736 
 
 Sea air, Characters and restorative 
 action of, 478491 
 
 Seaford, 501 
 
 Seaside resorts: English, 492519, 
 522531; Welsh, 519-522; Irish, 
 531534 ; Scottish, 534537 ; 
 Continental, 538554 
 
 Sea voyages, Advantages and dis- 
 advantages of, 697708 
 
 Seelisberg, 603 
 
 Seewis, 574, 601 
 
 Semmering, 596 
 
 Senility, Climatic treatment of, 738 
 
 Sestri Levante, 636 
 
 Seville, 646 
 
 Shanklin, 507 
 
 Sheringham, 527 
 
 Sicily, 650 
 
 Sidmouth, 512 
 
 Silloth, 523 
 
 Sils, 560 
 
 Silva Plana, 561 
 
 Sirocco wind, 671 
 
 Soglio, 600 
 
 Sorrento, 647 
 
 South Africa, Resorts in, 608, 
 708710 
 
 Southbourne-on-Sea, 510 
 
 Southend, 529 
 
 Southport, 522 
 
 Southsea, 504 
 
 Southwold, 528 
 
 Spanish seaside resorts, 553 
 
 Spezia, 637 
 
 Starnberg, 604 
 
 Steinach, 595 
 
 Stonehaven, 536 
 
 Stoos Hotel and Kurhaus, 597 
 
 Sulden, 592 
 
 Summer mountain resorts, 589608 
 
 Swanage, 510 
 
 Swinemunde, 550 
 
 Switzerland, Sanatoria in, 745. 
 (Each resort is under its own 
 name) 
 
 Syria, Winter resorts in, 618 
 
 Tabes dorsalis, Climatic treatment 
 of, 730732 
 
760 
 
 INDEX TO PART II. 
 
 Tacaronte, 626 
 Tangier, 627 
 Taormina, 651 
 Tarasp-Bad, 565 
 Tasmania, 710 
 Teignmouth, 513 
 Tenby, 519 
 
 Thorencs, Valley of, 695 
 Thusis, 574, 603 
 Tintagel, 517 
 Toblach, 595 
 Torquay, 514 
 Totland Bay, 509 
 Towyn, 520 
 Trafoi, 594 
 Tralee, 532 
 
 Tramontana wind, 672 
 Tramore, 531 
 Travemunde, 550 
 Treguier, 547 
 Tremblade, La, 551 
 Treport, Le, 539 
 Triberg, 603 
 Trieste, 553 
 Trouville, 542 
 Turkastad, 709 
 Turma, 604 
 
 U 
 
 Uetliberg Hotel, 602 
 TJntermais, 662 
 
 Upper Engadine, Climatic resorts 
 in the, 555565 
 
 Valdieri, Baths of, 695 
 Valescure, 675 
 Ventnor, 507-509 
 
 Vesical catarrh, Climatic treat- 
 ment of, 729 
 Veules, 540 
 Viareggio, 553, 637 
 Vilaflor, 626 
 Villars-sur-Allon, 598 
 Villers-sur-Mer, 543 
 Villerville, 542 
 Vinadio, 695 
 
 Vorauen, 603 
 Vorder-Todtmoos, 
 Vulpera, 565 
 
 603 
 
 W 
 
 Waidring, 603 
 
 Walchensee, 603 
 
 Waldhaus-Flims, 599 
 
 Wales, Seaside resorts in, 519522; 
 Classification of seaside resorts 
 in, 529-530; Sanatoria in, 742 
 
 Walton-on-the-Naze, 528 
 
 Warnemiinde, 550 
 
 Waterville, 532 
 
 Weissbad, 603 
 
 Weissenstein (in Carinthia), 595 
 
 Weissenstein (in Swiss Jura), 597 
 
 Wengern Alp, 591 
 
 Westerplatte, 551 
 
 Westgate-on-Sea, 493 
 
 West Indian Islands, 710 
 
 Weston-super-Mare, 519 
 
 Westport, 532 
 
 Westward Ho, 517 
 
 Weymouth, 511 
 
 Whitby, 523 
 
 Wiesen, 581 
 
 Wildbad Innichen, 595 
 
 Winter and summer mountain re- 
 sorts, 555589 
 
 Winter health resorts, 609696 
 
 Worthing, 503 
 
 Yarmouth, Great, 527 
 Yarmouth (Isle of Wight), 509 
 Yport, 541 
 
 Zandvoort, 549 
 Zell-am-See, 603 
 Zermatt, 594 
 Zinal, 594 
 Zoppot, 551 
 Zng, 565 
 
 PRINTED BY CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED, LA BELLE SAUVAGE, LONDON, E,C. 
 
14 DAY USE 
 
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 Renewed nooks are subject to immediate recall. 
 
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 OCT 3 1 1972 
 
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 JAN 9 iy/o 
 
 
 Subject to Kecall 
 Immediately 
 
 
 DEC 13 1977 
 
 
 AUG 3 1979 
 
 
 &fT. ^3d 
 
 
 (fCT 51979 
 
 
 
 
 LD 21-40m-2,'69 
 (J6057slO)476 A-32 
 
 General Library 
 
 University of California 
 
 Berkeley