.; " f Digitized by the Internet Arcliive in 2008 witli funding from l\/licrosoft Corporation littp://www.arcliive.org/details/californiatextboOOurGuricli THE CALIFORIIA TEXT-BOOK; COXTAEOKQ A GRAMMAR SPA]SriSH LAITGUAGE m ENGUSH; ENGLISH IN SPANISH; CONTEESATIONAL DIALOGUES IN BOTH LANGUAGES, AND A FULL DESCKIPTION OF CALIFORNIA. COMPILED CHIEFLT FROM THE GBAlfMAB OF DON JOSE DE URCULLU, AND THE UNITED STATES SURVEYS. SAN FRANCISCO: MARVIN & HITCHCOCK. 1852. Entered according to Act of Consrre'ss, in the year 1S52, by A. ARMSTEONG, [n the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for tho Southern District of New York. C. W. BENEDICT, 8TKRE0TTPEU AND PEINTKB, 201 WiUiam Street, N. Y I^^r /^A^ PREFACE. The necessity of a book of this kind, adapted to the wants of the emigrants to California and New Mexico, has long been felt, and the following pages were prepared to give in as concise and brief a manner as possible an idea of the outlines of that knowledge to be subsequently filled up by the reader's own observation. Of course no one will expect to find in so small a volume as this, a history and geography of California, with grammars of the two languages most in vogue there, and dialogues of the phrases most likely VI PREFACE. to be called for in intercourse between the native and immigrant population. If this book simply prepares the way for others which are more com- plete, if it gives any clue to intercourse with those whose separate languages are mutually unknown, the compiler will have been satisfied. He has attempted to do his duty faithfully and submits his labor to the public. CONTENTS. SPANISH GRAMMAR. Page. Article, - - - - 14 Pronoun, _ - - - 20 Verbs, « - - - 33 Irregular Verbs, - - - 104 Adverbs, _ - - - 138 Prepositions, - - - - 144 GRAMATICA INGLESA. NOMBRES, _ _ - - 149 Del Gtenitivo, - - - - 156 Los Adjectives, etc. - - - 167 VIU CONTENTS. Los NoMBRES Ordinales, - - 158 Verbos, _ - . _ 170 Adverbios, Preposiciones, Cojunciones e Interjeciones. _ - _ 188 A Vocabulary of the Adverbs, Adjec- tives, Verbs, and Nouns, most fre- quently USED. - - - 192 Nombres, - - - - 204 Familiar Dialouges, - - - 213 Geography, History, and present condi- tion. - - - - - 230 Government Officers, - - 254 Supreme Court, _ - - 255 District Court, « « - 255 District Attorneys, - - - 256 Superior Court of Sacramento City, - 256 Militia, - - - - 256 spa:n'ish geammak. Grammar is the art of speaking correctly. Spanish Grammar is the art of speaking Spanish correctly. Like other languages, Spanish has its regular Parts of Speech defined by the great principles which regulate all means of human inter-commu- nication. These Parts of Speech are as follows : Article, Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Inter- jection. The first of these, the Article, is a word joined to the Noun or Adjective, to define the thing or person spoken of, viz. : El homhre^ the man ; La mujer^ the woman ; La casa, the house ; La pdz, the peace ; El honor, the honor ; Lo buenoy the good ; Una, donna^ a lady ; Un rey, a king. 10 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Articles are masculine, feminine, and neuter, singular or plural. The Articles of the Spanish language are two, of which one is called definite, viz. : el or the^ and its variations masculine, feminine, and plural, equivalent in English to the^ a, or an^ and their variations The cases of Adjectives, like those of Nouns, are defined by Prepositions, which express the cases, or variations from the Nominative, viz. : Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative, and Ablative. These Prepositions can best be understood by a paradigm of the declensions of the Definite Articles, as follows, viz. : Singular. MASCULINE. FEMININE. KBTTTBB. Nom. el, la, lo. Gen. de el, or, del, de la. dele. Dat. a el, or, al, a la. a lo. Ace. el, or, al, la, or, a la, lo, or, a lo. Voc. el. la, lo. Abl. con, pro, etc, el, la, Plural lo. MASCtTLINI. FEMININE. Nom. los. las. Gen. de los. las. SPANISH GRAMMAR. H Dat. a losj las. Ace. los, or, a los, las, or, a las. Voc. los. las. Abl. con, por, etc. los, los, and las. It will here be observed, that the neuter has no plural, and that the Article has, in the singular, three genders. In a compend like this, it is useless to say it is impossible to give full rules for the use of the Article. As a general direction, however, we will say, that the Article is prefixed to all Nouns ex- pressing quality or class, viz. : Son muy desirables, LA gloria y LA celehridad. Glory and celebrity are very desirable. There is also another Article corresponding with the English a or an, and which is also declinable in all the cases and genders, and both numbers, as follows. viz. : Singular, MASCTTLINB. FEMEflNE. NEUTKJJ. Nom. un, una. un. Gen. de un, una, un. Dat, a un. a una, a un. Ace. un, una, un. Voc. un, una. un. Abl. con, por un, una, un 12 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Plural. MASCtTLIN-E. nanKHTB. Norn unos, Unas, Gen. de unos, de Unas, Dat. a unos, a Unas. Ace. unos, and, a unos, Unas. Yoc. unos. Unas, Abl. con etc. unos, Unas, One of tbe best examples of the use of the Article is the followiDg : Un dragone con una spada ataco el Conde — A dragon with a sword attacked the Count. In this phrase the dragon and the sword have no definiteness, and, therefore, have the prefix un and una, while the Count, who is a particular per- son, calls for the definite article el or the. The next part of speech in the order in which grammarians usually treat them, is the Noun, which is really the name of a person or thing. With the exception of a few peculiar words, the plural of all Spanish nouns is formed by the ad- dition of s, as — hombre, man, homhreSj men. perro, dog, perros., dogs. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 13 casa^ house, casas, houses. silla, chair, silla s^ chairs. nochej night. nocheSj nights. But those which end with a consonant form the plural by the addition of es, viz. : mujer, woman, mujeres, women. dedinaciouy declension, declinaciones, declensions. varicdad, variety, variedadeSj varieties. animal^ animal, animales^ animals. biiei/^ ox, bueyeSj oxen. cargazon^ cargo, cargazoncs^ cargoes There are nouns with no singular, as — limonsias, alms, calzones, trowsers, analcs^ annals, hez^ dregs, aniipodas, antipodes, hagatelas^ trifles, fuellcSy bellows, gracias^ thanks. or which have no plural, as — cebaday barley, ciencia^ science, obscuridad, darkness, pi'ogreso, progress, alimento, food, tiigo, wheat, conoscmientOj knowledge, etc. etc. Like the articles, nouns are declined by cases defined by prepositions : as the articles are, gram- 14 SPANISH GRAMMAR. marians divide them into two declensions. The first is composed of those which have no acute accent on the final vowel, like lihro^ libros, book, books ; mesa, mesas, table, tables. The second consists of all nouns which form the plural by the addition of es, as, mujer, mujeres, woman, women ; ciiidad, ciudades, city, cities. The following are the declensions of nouns of both forms : WITH A MASCULINE ARTICLE. Singular. Nom. cl libra , . . • the book. G-en. del libro, . . of the book. Dat. al libra (para el) to the book (for the). Ace. libra, al libra, the book (objective). Voc. libra, . . .the book. Abl. con, par, un, de, etc. cl libra, from etc., the book. Plural. Nom. las libras, . . the books. Gen. de las libras, . of the books. Pat. a las libras, . to the books. Ace. las libras {a las libras) the books (objective). SPANISH GRAMMAR. 15 Voc. los lihros^ . . . the books. Abl. coTiy jpor^ dej etc. los libros, from, etc., the books. WITH A FEMININE ARTICLE. Singular. Nom. la iglesia, . . the church. Gen. dclaiglesiay . of the church. Dat. a la iglesia, . to the church. Ace. la iglesiaj a la iglesia^ the church (objective). Yoc. iglesia, church. Abl. con, por, en, de, la iglesia, of, in, by, the church. Plural. Nom. las iglesias, . the churches. Gen. de las iglesias, of the churches. Dat. a las iglesias, to the churches. Ace. las iglesias, a las iglesias, churches. Voc. iglesias, . . . churches. Abl. con,j}or, en, las iglesias, with, from, etc., the churches. WITH THE NEUTER ARTICLE. Singular. Nom. lo hueno, . . . the good. Gen. delobueno, . . of the good. 16 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Dat. a lo buenoj . . to the good. Ace. I/? bucjWj or, a lo bmnoj the good (objective). Voc. huciio^ .... good. Abl. con^ jpor^ e?i, de lo bue?io, with, for, and, from, the good. The neuter has no plural, but substitutes for it the feminine plural with the word cosas^ things, viz. : Nom. las cosas bucnas^ the good things. Gen. delas cosas buenas^ of the good things. Dat. a las cosas biienas, to the good things. Ace. las cosas hiienas^ or, a las cosas ^ -L J ii • C (objective). buenas^ good thmgs. ) ^ ** ' Voc. cosas bucnaSj good things. ^ Abl. co7ij poTy g?i, las cosas biienas, with, for, and to, the good things. THE SECOxND DECLENSION. This may briefly be defined to consist of all nouns which form the plural in es. Singular. Nom. DioSj ..... God. Gen. de Dios, ..... of God. Dat. a Dios^ ..... to God. SPANISH GHAMMAR. 17 Ace. jDi<7s,^ Dzos (objective), . . . God. Yoc. Dios^ . . . . . .God, Abl. cow, ^or, ew, Dios, . . with, for, in, God. Plural. Nom. Dioses, . Gen. de Dioses^ Dat. a Dioses, Ace. Dioses, a Dioses^ Voc. Dioses, Abl. coTi, ^or, ew. Dioses, Gods, of Gods, to Gods. Gods (objective), Gods, with, from, and Gods. The second declension is varied precisely like the first by means of the article and preposition, ■which of course undergo no modification. The noun itself merely adds es to the singular instead of s. WITH A MASCULINE ARTICLE, Singular. Nom. el senor^ Gen. del senor^ Dat. al senoTj Ace. el or al senovy Voc. senor^ Abl. con^ yor^ en senor^ 2 . the lord, of the lord, to the lord. lord (objective), lord, with the lord. 18 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Plwrcd Nom. Ins seiioreSj . . the lords Gen. delos seiioresj . of the lords. Dat. a las scnores^ . to the lords. Ace. los seiiores,a los senores, lords (objective). Voe. senoreSy . . lords. Abl. con, por, en sefiores, with lords WITH A FEMININE ARTICLE. Singular. !^om. la ciudadj Gen. dc la ciiidad, Dat. a la ciiidad^ Ace. la or a la dudad, Voc. ciudad, the city, of the city, to the city. the city (objective), city. Abl. co7iy por^ C7ij la ciudad^ with, for, in, the city. Plural Num. las ciudadeSy . Gen. de las ciudadeSj . Dat. a las ciudadeSy . Ace. las or a las ciudades, . Voc. ciudades J . . the cities. of the cities, to the cities. . cities. . cities. Abl. con, por, en, la ciudad, with, for, in, the cities. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 19 Nouns in Spanish are declined merely by pre- positions ; and as gender, therefore, becomes of the greatest importance, we have to define a few rules for ascertaining it : 1. Xouns which imply the masculine^ take ths articles el and un ; as, liovibre^ man ; cahallo^ horse ; monje, monk ; sastre^ tailor ; cajpitan^ captain ; teniente^ lieutenant ; alfarez^ ensign. Those which imply a female idea are feminine, as, mujer, woman ; yegua^ mare ; duquesa^ duchess, etc. 2. Xouns terminating in a are feminine, as, ven- tana^ window ; casa^ house ; yerha^ grass, etc. ; and in d^ as, caridad^ charity ; saludy safety ; also in i<3??, as, concepcion^ conception, etc. 3. Nouns expressing quality, or property in, are feminine, as redondez^ roundness, etc. 4. All other nouns aro masculine. 5. Nouns without a singular are of the gender they would belong to were the singular used, as, vivereSj provisions (masculine) ; calzones^ trowsers (feminine), e-c. The following nouns may be considered as com- 20 SPANISH GRAMMAR. mon — that is to say, may with equal propriety be used with either a masculine or feminine article : alhala, . certificate. r anathema anafemay . . < (or excom- ( munkation) , arte^ . . . art. canalj . canal. cisma. schism cutis, . skin. dote, . dowry. emblema. emblem hermafrodita, hermaphrodite hiperhole, hyperbole. mar, . sea. mdj-jen, margin. orden, . order. puente, bridge. reuma, rheum. PKC )NOUN. The adjective has properly speaking no declension, following merely the form of the noun it qualifies, and with which, in regular grammatical language, it agrees in gender, number, and case. Express- SPANISH GRAMMAR. 21 ing merely an attribute, it can never be used alone, except when the neuter is made to express an ab- stract idea, as d bajo, the low ; el jprofundo^ the profound, etc. We can best explain the adjective by the follow- ing declension of a noun and adjective conjoined : Singular, Nom. el rey sabioj . . the wise king. Gen. del rey sabioy . of the wise king. Dat. al rey sahio^ . to the wise king. Ace. el rey or al rey sabio (obj.), . the wise king. Yoc. rey sabio^ . . wise king. Abl. con^ jpoTj del rey sabio^ with, for, from, the wise king. Plural. Nom. los reyes sabios, the wise kings. Gen. de los reyes sabios, of the wise kings. Dat. a los reyes sabios, to the wise kings. Ace. los or a los reyes sabios (obj) the wise kings (obj) Voc. los reyes sabios, . . wise kings. Abl con^ por, de los reyes sabios, with, for, the wise kings. Adjectives have, however, one other variation 22 SPANISH GRAMMAR. not possessoJ by nouns. It is that of comparison, or of degree. These are the Positive, Comparative, and Su- perlative. The first is the mere utterance of the quality of the noun ; the second is its enhance- ment ; and the third, its highest exaltation, as, Bueno^ mcjor^ mas hueno^ good, better, best ; tonto^ mas tonlo^ el mas tonto^ el vicims tonto^ foolish, more foolish, the most foolish, the least foolish. There is, however, another class of adjectives which are of limited number, and are again sub- divided. They are called numerals, and the sub-classes are ordinal and cardinal. The cardinals conveying the mere facts, are : uno^ . . one. dos, . two. t?-es, . three. cnnrto^ . four. ci7ico, . . five. seisj . six. siete^ . . seven. oc/Wj . . eight. nuevej . nine. diez, . . ten. onze, . . eleven "SPANISH GRAMMAR, 23 doze^ , . twelve. trece, . . thirteen. catorce^ . fourteen. quince^ . fifteen. dic.z y seis, . . sixteen. diez y seite, . . seventeen. dicz y ocho^ . , eighteen. dicz y nueve, . nineteen. veinte, . . twenty. veinte y luio, etc., . twenty-one, etc. treinta^ etc., . thirty. cuarenta^ etc., . forty. cinciienta^ etc., . fifty. sesenia, etc., . sixty. seienta, etc.. . seventy. ochtnta^ etc., . eighty. novcnta^ etc.. . ninety. ciento, . a hundred. dos cientos, . . two hundred, etc mil^ . . . , . a thousand. dos mil, two thousand, etc un mil Ion ^ . un cuento, . [ a million. dos milloncs, dos cuentos, ( two millions. den milloncs. -i a hundred mil- cien cuenfoSy ) lions. 24 SPANISH GRAMMAR. ciento y cincuenta millonesj or cuentos. a hundred and forty millions. TJno and the hundreds, cientos^ except cienio^ a hundred, vary the termination according to gender, as dos cienitos homhres^ two hundred men ; una mujcr^ one woman. The ordinals expressing degree, are : primer 0, segundoj tercero, . first. * . second. . third. cuartOj . fourth. quintOy sestOj . . . . . fifth. . sixth. sepiimo, edavOj . seventh. . eighth. nono or noveno, . . ninth. deci?no, . tenth. undecimOj . eleventh. duodecimo J . . twelfth. decimo tercio, . thirteenth. decimo cuarto. . fourteenth. decimo quinto, decimo sesto, . fifteenth. . sixteenth. decimo septimoj . seventeenth decimo octavo. . eighteenth. decimo nono. . nineteenth. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 25 vijesimo primo, vijesimo segundo, vijesimo tercioj trijesi?no, cuadrajesimOj qidncwajesimOj secsajesimOy septuajesimoy octojesimo, , nono.jesimo, centesimo, decentesimo^ trecentesimOj cuadrajentesimo, quinjentesimo, secsentesimOj sepfenjentesimo, octojentesimOj nonojentesimo, . twentieth. . twentj-first. . twenty-second. . twenty-third. . thirtieth. . fortieth. . fiftieth. . sixtieth. . seventieth. . eightieth, . ninetieth. . hundredth. . two hundredth. . three hundredth. . four hundredth. . five hundredth. . six hundredth. . seven hundredth. . eight hundredth. . nine hundredth. . thousandth. PRONOUNS. There is yet another class of nouns relating to persons or things, which is divided into sub-classes, and which are called pronouns or substitutes. These are subdivided into Personal, Possessive, 26 SPANISH gra:mmar. Demonstrative, Relative, laterrogative, and Defi- nite. The first are, Yo, tu, el or dla, nosotros^ voso- tro%^ and ellos or ellaf. : I, thou, he or she, we, ye, they. Pronouns are declined like nouns, except that they do not take an article before them. The declensions are : DECLENSION OF YO, I. Singular. Nora. Yo, I. Gen. de mi, of me. Dat. a mi, to me. Ace. mi or a mi, ..... me. Voc. (wanting), Abl. de mi, por mi, etc., con viign, . with me. Flural. Nom. nosotros-as, .... me. Gen. de nosotros-as, . . , . of us. Dat. a nosotros-as, . . . . to us. Ace. nosotros-as, os, ... us. Yoc. (wanting), Abl. por, dc, C'^n, nosotros-as, etc. for, from us, etc SPANISH GRAMMAR. 27 Singular. jS^om. tu^ .... Gen. de ti^ , . . Dat a ti, etc., Ace. tij ov te, . Voc. ttij .... Abl. CGHj por^ etc., ti, con tigo^ w . thou, of thee, to thee. . thee. . thou, ith, for, etc., thee. Phi red. Nora. vos,vosotros-aSj Gen. de vosotros-as^ Dat. a vosotros-as^ also os, Ace. or, a vosotros-as^ also 05, Voc. vosotros-aSy Abl. coUj pofj etc., vosotros-as, as ye. of you to you. you. ye. from, for. you. Singjilar. MASCUI.IXB. FE.MIXIXE. XEUTER. Noin. 6/, £>//«, e//(9, es'(9, . . he, she, if. Gen. f/eZ, della^ de ello, de esto^ of him, her, or it. Dat. «/, a alla^ /e, a ello^ a esto^ to him, her, or it. KcQ-.aelle^a ella^ la^ ello^ eslo^ him, her, or it. \'oc. (wanting.) Abl. con^pnr^elj ella, elloj esto, with, etc., him, her, or it. 28 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Plural. MAS. NEtJT. FEM. Nom. ellosy . ellas, . . they Gen. de elloSj . ellas, . of them Dat. a ellos, . .ellas^ . to them Aco. e.llos^ loSj .ella$^ . them Voc (wanting.) Abl. coiij tllos^ .dlas, . with them The first personal pronoun and the third, it will be seen, have no vocative case. The third has also a neuter gender. The following are called compound recipro- CATIVE PRONOUNS, VIZ. Yo mismo or ma, . myself. tu misvio or ma, . thyself. el mismo, . himself. ella misma. . herself. el, or ello mismo, . . itself. uno mismo, . . oneself. The Possessive Pronouns convey the idea of property, as, tiv, or el iuyo, thine ; mi, el mio, mine ; and su, d suyo^ his, la suya, hers. They are of two classes, mi, tu, su, which take no article before them, as mi cab alio, su madre; SPANISH GRAMMAR. 29 and others which do take the article, as, d mioj el tuyo, la mia, la tuya^ la suya, and el suyo. The following are always used before nouns, viz., 7niy mis (pi.), tu^ me^ tus (pi.) ; they relate ever to a single person. Others convey the idea of number, as miestro, nuestra^ vuestroj vuestra^ nuesfroSj nuestras^ vues^ troj vuestras. The third personal possessive pronoun, su, sus (pi.), relates to either one or more. These are all declined by means of the prepo- sitions ; and those which have the article are also varied by gender and number, as all other noun words are. The relative pronouns have reference to some noun previously used. Two of the relatives are also called Interrogatives, viz., que^ quieUj who.'* Some pronouns of this class take the article, and others do not. They are declined like other pro- nouns, viz. : Singular. Nom. que, quien. who, that, which. Gen. de que, quien. . of who, that, which. Dat. a que. quien, . to who, that, which. Ace. a que, quien. . to who, that, which (obj.^ Voc. que, quien, who, that, which Ah\. de,por,qv£, quien, with, by, who, that, 30 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Plitrnl MA8C. FEM. IS'om. que, quicnes, . who, that, which. Gen. de que, quienes, of whom, that, which. Dat. a que, quienes, to whom, that, which. Ace. que. quienes [oh]) whom, that, which. Voc. que. quienes, . who, that, which. Abl. con por, que, quienes, with, for, whom, that, which. Lo que, the neuter relative, signifying that, which, what, is also declined without an article : Singular. NEUTEB. N- ^ lo que, . that, which, what. Geii. de lo que. of that, which, what. Dat. a lo que, . to that, which, what. Ace. a lo que, . that, which, what(obj.) Voc. lo que. that, which, what. Abl. con por, loque. with, by, that, which, what. The Demonstrative Pronouns serve to particu- larize or define the Noun to which they relate, as, Este es el caballo, this is the horse ; Aquella es la Espada. They are classified into proximate and remote, relating to near or distant objects, as, Este, this ; Aquello, that. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 31 Singular. MASC. FEJT. KETJTEK. Nom. este^ . esta, . estoj . this. Gen. d& este, . esta^ . esto, of this. Dat. a estej . esta, . esto, to this. Ace. este^ . esta, . esto, . this (obj.) Voc. este. . esta, . esto, this. Abl. con , por^ estCy . esta, . estOy with this. riural MA80. FEM. Nom. estos, . estas. these. Gen. de estos, . estasy . of these. Dat. a estos, . estas. . to these. Ace. estos, . estas. the .. Voc. estos. . estas. . t' 'e. Abl. con po?', estos, . estas, by tnese. The pronoun aquel is also declined : Singular. MASC. FEM. NED-TKB, Nom aquel, . aquella, . aquello, that. Gen. de aquel. . aquella, . aquello, of th3it. Dat. a aquel, . aquella, . aquello, to thai. Ace. aquel, . aquella, . aquello. that (obj) Voc. aquel. . aquella, . aquello, that. Abl. con por, aquel, aquella, ..aquello. with. by, that. 32 SPANISH GRAMMAR. The plural is also declined with the usual feminine, as^ according to the general rule. Ese, esa^ eso, are also declined, forming the plural in os and as, as usual. There is a pronoun, aquese, aquesa, and aqiieso, having the same signification with cse. All other pronouns are called indefinite, and many may be considered merely adjectives, viz. : Otro and mucho, other and much. The following are the indefinite pronouns pro- per, viz. : Uno, una, alguno, alguna, Alguno, alguna, ^ cualquiera, ) Muchos, < * * * one. any. many, several Cado, ^ Todo, \ ' ' ' Cada uno, todo el mundo, todos, Algo, algunos, los unos, las unas, Alguno, algunos, . Alguno, alguna, . Otro, otra, otras, . El mismo, la mismay every. every body, some. some body, some one. some people, some persons, some men. other, others. the same. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 33 Todo^ ioda^ todos, tod as, Quienquiera que sea, Cuda, cada uno, cada unas, cada El uno y el otro, ^ La una y la otra, ) Amhos, ambas, Enti-amlos, entramhas, Los dos, las das, Ni uno, ni otro, JYadie, ninguno, ninguna, JVadie, ninguna persona, Nada, .... . all. c whoever. \ whosoever. una, each. c each other. \ one another. . both. neither, none, not any. no body, no one. nothincr. The pronouns and adjectives of the above table are declined by means of the preposition. Few of them take the article. When they are declined in the plural, that number is expressed in the above table. VERBS. The Verb is a word which signifies to be, to do, or to suffer. Verbs are classified into active, passive, 2 34 SPANISH GRAMMAR. NEUTER, REFLECTIVE, DEFECTIVE, and IMPER- SONAL or THIRD PERSONAL. The active has reference to another person or thing than the actor, as, Amar la vertud, to love virtue. The passive is always followed bj a preposition, as, JEstc homb?-e, es cansado de trabajo/this man. is wearied with labor. The nominative and accusative of the reflective verb always refer to the same person, as, Yo me hallo, I found myself. There is a sub-class of this verb called recipro- cal, which expresses mutual action of several persons or things, as, Todos dehian sosfenerse^ all should sustain each other. The impersonal or third personal are those, the idea or meaning of which excludes all but the third person, as, Annochcer, to grow dark ; anno- chcce, it grows dark ; hidar^ to freeze ; hiela, it freezes. Verbs are also regular, irregular, and defec- tive. The j5rst are those which preserve the root un- varied through all the modifications of person, number, tense, and mood. Irregular are those which have variations from the root. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 35 Defective are those which are only used in cer- tain tenses or persons. In this point of view all the THIRD PERSONAL vcrbs are defective. What declension is to nouns, adjectives, and pronouns, conjugation is to verbs. The latter are varied bj mood, tense, and person. Mood expresses the manner of being, doing, or suffering. The Spanish has five moods, viz. : infinitive, INDICATIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE, CONDITIONAL, IMPERA- TIVE, and SUBJUNCTIVE. The infinitive expresses the simple idea, as mercer, to merit ; olvidar, to forget ; casar, to marrv. The conditional denotes that the action is con- tingent on something else, as, Yo leiria la BiUia si tenia tie?npo, I would read the Bible if I had time. The imperative commands, exhorts, forbids or exhorts, as. Escribe tw, write ; Dame este libra, give me that book. This mood has but one tense — the present, the idea of command excluding all others. The subjunctive is a mood depending on another verb, expressed or understood. Yo me congratularia si hablase, I would congra- tulate myself if he spoke. 36 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Tense expresses time ; and the Spanish gram- marians look on the infinitive as conveying the idea of the present, preterite or past, gerund and participle. The present of the infinitive is the simplest form of the verb, and simply implies an idea. The preterite implies that the thing happened in past time. It is usually accompanied by a participle or auxiliary verb, as, Suye haherle visto, I knew I had seen him. The gerund conveys the idea of the participle ending in ing, as, El rey viendo, the king seeing. It has also the sense of the Latin ablative absolute, as, C(2sare exisknte (Caesar being) Cccsar viendo. The participles are present and past. The pre- sent ends (in verbs of the first conjugation) in ante ; in the second and third, in iente. The pre- sent is used as an adjective. It cannot take an accusative after it. The preterite or past participle of regular verbs of the first conjugation ends in ado ; in regular verbs of the second and third conjugations, it ends in ido. This participle is active or passive, as, Yo ho Iddo esle lihro (active) I have read this book. Este lihro tamhien es leido (passive.) > This book also is read. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 37 In the indicative mood the Spanish language has eight tenses, viz. : The PRESENT, the imperfect, the preterite DEFINITE, the preterite INDEFINITE, the PRETE- RITE ANTERIOR, the PLUPERFECT, the FUTURE ABSOLUTE, and the future anterior. The present denotes a thing is being done, as, A?nOj I love ; quieren, they wish ; se, I know. The imperfect denotes a thing was occurring, as, Componiaj he was composing ; escuchalan^ they were hearing, etc. It also expresses the habit of a thing, as, Yo tocala el piano todas las tardeSj I used to play the piano every evening. The preterite definite expresses a thing to have been completed, as, Yio ayer, he saw yesterday. The preterite indefinite denotes a thing in a past undetermined time, as, T -L ^ n J -^T • 1 C The battle of Na- Lia oataUa de Isavarmo ha \ 1 n J J T T^ { varino has sur- assombrada ioda la Jburopa^ ) i ,, -r^ V. prised all Europe. The preterite definite is used when the time in which the action occurred is passed, as, Una vez vio la reyna^ . Once I saw the queen. The preterite indefinite is used when a portion of time yet remains, as, Yo le he visto esfe semana^ I have seen him this week. 38 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Another preterite is the preterite anterior, which expresses that an event occurred before another, in the past, as, Quando huho dejado su When he had left his pais perdio toda espe- country he lost all ranza, hope. There are in Spanish four futures : the Future Simple or Absolute, and the Future Compound or Anterior, of the indicative mood, make up its complement of eight tenses. Two other futures belong to the conditional and subjunctive moods. The future simple implies that a thing loill take place-at some time to come, as, Yo le consider are el mas fiel I shall think him my de mis amigoSj most faithful friend. The future compound, or anterior, that an action will have been completed when a certain event shall happen, as, Yo le hahre vislo cuando I shall have seen him vengasj when you come. The future absolute expresses a positive fixed time and a contingency, as, Yo acabare en AgostOj I shall be done in August SPANISH GRAMMAR. 39 The future .compound implies a fixed contin- gency, as, El tratado hahra ajustado The treaty will have ad- estas diJicuUades antes justed those difficulties que otros gohienws pod- before other govern- ran servirse de algunos ments will be able to embrollosj make use of any in- trigues. The conditional has eight tenses, viz.. First, Second, and Third Conditionals, present, which are simple ; the First, Second, and Third Con- ditionals, past, which are formed by means of the auxiliary verb kaber ; and the Future Conjunc- tives, Simple and Compound. The three first denote that a thing would, under certain circumstances, be done at the present time. The three second, that a thing would have been done, under certain conditions, in time past. The future conjunctive is always accompanied by a conjunction or an adverb, and expresses what is implied in English by the present of the indica- tive, when preceded by si or cuaiido, if, or when. It also conveys the meaning of the present of the subjunctive, when the preceding verb has before it such conjunctions as con tal que, a si que, etc. 40 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Sometimes it conveys the meaning of the future absolute or anterior of the indicative mood. A pronoun, either expressed or understood, is a necessary attendant of every verb, the classes of the varieties of which have already been under- stood. There are four verbs which, though very irre- gular, need so much attention as to require to be printed in full. They are as follows, viz. ; Hahcr^ tener, to have ; ser and estar, to be. The first haler^ to have, is thus conjugated : INFINITIVE Present. Haler, . . to have. Preterite. Haher hahido^ . to have had Gerund. Habiendoj . having. Participle. HahidOj . had. INDICATIVE. Present. Yoke, . . . I have. Tu has J . thou hast. El ha, .... he has. Nosotros hemos or hahemos^ we have. Vosotros haheis^ . you have. Ellos hauy . they have. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 41 Imjperfcct. Yo hahia^ . . I had. Tu kabiasj . . thou hadst JEl hahiiij . . he had. Nosotros habiamos, . we had. Yosotros kabiaisj . . you had. Ellos habian, . they had. Preterite Definite. Yo hube.^ . I had. Tu hubisfe, . . thou hadst. Elhubo, . he had. Nosotros hubimoSj . . we had. Vosotros kubisteis, . you had. Ellos hubieron^ . they had. Preterite Indefinite. Yo he habido, . I have had. Tu. has habido, . . thou hast had. El ha habido, . he has had. Nosotros heraos habido, . . we have had. Vosotrof habeis habido, . . you have had. Ellos han habido. . they have had Preterite Anterior. Yo hube habido, . . I had had. 42 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Tit kuhisfe hahido^ El huho hahiclo^ . Nosotros hvhimos halido^ Vosotros hiilisteis hahidoj Ellos huhieron kabido. . thou hadst had. he had had. we had had. you had had. the}' had had. Pluperfect. Yo hahia haVido^ . Tu hahias habido. El habia habido^ . Nosotros hahiamos kabido, Vosotros habiais kabido, Ellos habian kabido, . . I had had. . thou hadst had. . he had had, . we had had. . you had had. . they had had. Future Absolute. Yo habre, . Tw habras, . El kabra, . JSfosotros hahremos, Vosotros kabreis, . Ellos kabran. I shall or will have, thou wilt have, he will have, we shall have, you will have, they will have. Futitre Anterior. Yo habre kabido,. Tib kabra s kabido. El kabra Jiabido, . I shall have had. thou wilt have had. he will have had. SPANISH GRAMMAR, 43 Nosotros hahremos hahido. Vosotro. Aabreis kabido, Ellos habran habido^ . . we shall have had. . you will have had. . they will have had IMPERATIVE, Hay a yo, . Ha tu, Ilaya el, Hayamos nos, Habed vosotros^ Hay an ellos, let me have, have thou, let him have, let us have, have you. let them have. CONDITIONAL. First Conditional Present. Yo habria or hubiera, Tib habrias, El habria, . Nosotros habriamos, Vosotros habriais, Ellos habrian. I should have, thou wouldst have, he would have, we should have, you would have, they would have. Second and Third Conditionals Present. Si or cuando, Yo hubiera or kubiese, . Tu hubieras or hubieses, El hubiera or hubiese. . . If or though. . I had or should have. . thou wouldst have. . he would have. 44 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Nosotros hulicramos or kuhie- we had or should semos, have. Vosotros habierais or huhicseisj you had or would have. IJIlos hubieran or hiihiesen, . they would have. First Conditional Past. Yo hahria or huhiera hahido^ I should have had. Tw habrias habidoj . . thou wouldst have had. JEl habria habido, . . he would have had. Nosotros habriamos habido, . we should have had. Vosotros habriais hahido^ . yo\x would have had. Ellos habrian hal)idOj . . they would have had. Second and Third Conditionals Past. Si or cua7ido, . . . If or though. Yo hubiera or hubiese habido^ I had or should have had. Tu liubieras or hubieses habido, thou wouldst have had. El hubiera or hubiese habido, he would have had. Nosotros hubieramos or hubie- we had or should semos habido^ have had. Vosotros hubicrais or hibieseis habidOj .... you would have had. Ellos hubieran or hubiesen ha- bidoj .... they would have had. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 45 Future Conjunctive Simple. Si or cuandoj Yo huMerej Tu huhiereSy El huhiera^ Nosotros kubiere?}ioSj Vosotros huhiereisj Ellos huUeren^ . If or when. . I have or shall have. . thou wilt have. . he will have. . we shall have. . you will have. . they will have. Future Conjunctive Compound. Si or cuando^ . . . If or when. Yo huhiere kabido, . . I have or shall have had. Tu huUeres haiido^ . , thou wilt have had. Fl huhiere haiido, . . he will have had. Nosotros huhieremos hahido^ . we shall have had. Vosotros huhiereis hahido., . you will have had. Ellos huhieran hahido^ . . they will have had. SUBJUNCTIVE. Present. Yo haya., . . . .1 may have. Tu hayasj .... thou mayst have. El haya^ . . . .he may have. Nosotros hciyamos. . . we may have. 46 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Vosotros hayais^ Ellos hayanj Yo huhiese, . Tu hubieses, El kuhiese, . Nosotros kttbiese?)ios, Vosotros hubicseis, Ellos hubieseiij you may have, they may have. >-fect. . I might have. . thou mightst have. . he might have. . we might have. . yoa might have. . they might have. Preterite. Yo haya habido, . Tu hayas habido^ El haya hahido, . Nosotros hayamos habido^ Vosotros hayais habidoj Ellos hay an habidoj I may have had. thou mayst have had. he may have had. we may have had. you may have had. they may have had. Pluperfect. Yo hubiese habido, Tu hubieses habido. El hubiese habido ., Nosotros hubiesemos habido, Vosotros hubieseis habido, Ellos hubiesen habido, . . I might have had. . thou mightest have had. . he might have had. . we might have had. . you might have had. . they might have had. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 47 Tener is both auxiliary and active. lu the first capacity it is rarely used, being equivalent to the Latin halere. The following is the conjugation of temr : Gerund. INFINITIVE. Present. Tener ^ . to have, hold, pos- sess. Preterite. liaber ienido, . to have had. Tcniendo. Participle. Tenidoj . having. . had. INDICATIVE. Present. Yo tengo^ . Tu tienesj . El tiene, Nosotros tenemos^ Vosotros teneisj Ellos tienen^ Yo tenia, Tu teniaSj El tenia. . I have or possess. . thou hast. . he has. . we have. . you have. . they have. Iwperfed. I had or did possess. thou hadst. he had. 48 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Nosotros ienia7}ios, . we had. Vosotros tcniais, . . you had. Ellos tenian^ . they had. Preterite Definite. Yo tuve. . I had or possessed. Tti tuvistej . . thou hadst. £■/ tuvOj he had. Nosotros tiLvimos, . . we had. Vosotros tiivisteis, . you had. Ellos tuvieron. . they had. Preterite Indefinite. Yo he tenidoj . I have had or pos- sessed. Tw has tenidoy . thou hast had. El ha tenidoy . he has had. Nosotros henios tenido^ . . we have had. Vosotros haheis tenidoj . . you have had. Ellos han tenido, . . they have had. Preterite Anterior. Yo huhc tenido^ . . I had had or pos- sessed. Tu hwbisle tenido. . thou hadst had. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 49 El kubo tenido^ JVosotros kubimos tmidn^ Vosofros hiibisteis tenido^ Ellas Aubicron tenido^ . he had had. we had had. you had had. they had had Plwperfect. Yo habia tenido^ . Tu habia s tenido, . El habia Unido^ . Nosotros habiamos tenido^ Vosotros habiais tenido^ Ellos habian tenido. . I had had or pos- sessed. . thou hadst had. . he had had. . we had had. . 3'ou had had. . they had had. Future Absolute. Yo tendre, Tu tendraSj El tendra, . JVosotros iendremosj Vosotros tendreisy . Ellos tendran. . I shall have or pos- sess. . thou wilt have. . he will have. . we shall have. . you will have. . they will have. Future Anterior. Yo habre teiiido., . I shall have had or possessed. 50 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Tit hahras tenido^ El habra tenido^ . JYosotros hahre?nos tenido, Vosotros habreis tenido^ Etlos hair an tenido^ thou wilt have had. he will have had. we shall have had. you will have had. they will have had. CONDITIONALS. First Conditional Present. Yo tendria or tuviera. Til tendriasj El tendria J . Nosotros tendriamoSj Vosotros tendriaisj Ellos tendrian.. I should have or possess, thou wouldst have, he would have, we should have, you would have, they would have. Second and Third Conditionals Present. Si or cuando^ Yo tuviera or tuviese, . Tu tuvieras or tuvieses, El tuviera or tuviese. . If or though. . I should have. . thou shouldst have. . he should have. Nosotros tui'ieramos or tuvi- esemos, . . . .we should have. Vosotros iuvierais or tiovieseis, you should have. Ellos tibvieran or iuviesen, . they should have. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 51 First Conditional Past. Yo hahria or hulicra tenido, . I should have had. Tu habrias tenidoj . . thou wouldst have had. Fl hahria tenido, . . .he would have had. Nosotros hahriamos tenido , . we should have had. Yosotros hahriais tenido, . you would have had. Ellos hahrian tenido, . . thej would have had. Second and Third Conditionals Past. Si or cuandoj . . . If or though. Yo hubiera or hubiese tenido, . I had or should have had. Tib huhier as ov hiibieses tenido, thou wouldst have had. El hubiera or hubiese tenido, . he would have had. JVosotros hubieramos or hubie- semos tenido, . . .we should have had. Yosotros hiibierais or hubiescis tenido, .... jou would have had. Ellos hubieran or hubiesen te- nido, ■ . . . . they would have had. Future Conjunctive Simple. Si or cuando, . . . If or when. Yo tuviere, . . . .1 have or possess. 62 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Tu tuviereSj . thou shalt have. El tuviere, . he shall have. Nosotros tuviercmos^ . we shall have. Vosotros tuviereisj . you will have. JEllos ticvieren, . they will have. Future Conjunctive Compound. Si or cuandoj . If or when. Yo huhiere tenido^ . I have had. Tu hulieres tenido^ . thou wilt have had El huUere tenidoj . he will have had. Nosotros kuhieremos tenido, . we shall have had. Vosotros hubiereis tenido , . you will have had. Ellos kubieren tenido. . they will have had. IMPERATIVE. Present or Future. Ten tu, . have thou or possess Tenga el. . let him have. Tengamos nosotros, . let us have. Tened vosotros, . . have you or ye. Tengan ellos. . let them have. SUEJl JNCTIVE. P; ^esent. Yo tenga, . . I may have or pos- sess. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 53 Tu teiigas, . El tenga, Nosotros. tengamos Vosotros tengaisj Ellos tengaUj . thou majst have. . he may have. . we may have. . you may have. . they may have. Imperfect . Yo tuviese. Til tuvieseSj . El fuviesej . Nosotros tuviesemos, Vosotros tuvieseisy Ellos tuviesen. Preterite. Yo hay a tenido, Tu hay as tenido, . El hay a tenido, . Nosotros hayamos tenido^ Vosotros hayais teiiido^ . Ellos hay an tenido^ I mio-ht have or possess, thou mightest have, he might have, we might have, you might have, they might have. . I may have had. . thou mayst have had. . he may have had. . we may have had. . you may have had . they may have had. Plujperfed. Yo huhiese tenidoj . . .1 mio-ht have had. Tu huhieses tenido^ thou mightest have had. 54 SPANISH GRAMMAR. El hubiese tenido^ . . he might have had. Nosotros huhiesemos tenido. . we mio-ht have had. Vosotros huhieseis tenido ^ . you might have had. Ellos huhiesen tenido ^ . . they might have had. The verbs ser and estar^ though translated by to Jc, are not to be used indiscriminately. Ser refers to qualities inherent in the mind of a person, and serves to conjugate the passive. When we would express bodily condition, loca- tion, or feeling, estar is used. The following are the conjugations of the two verbs : INFINITIVE. Present. Ser, . . . to be. Preterite. Haler sido. . to have been. Gerund. Siendo, . being. Participle. SidOj . been. INDICATIVE. Present. Yo soy, . . . I am. Tib eresj . . . thou art. El es, . , . . he is. Nosotros so?nos, , . we are. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 55 Vosofros seisj Ellos son. you are. they are. Imjperfect. Yo era, . I was. Tu eras. • . thou wast. El era, . he was. Nosotros eramosy . . we were. Vosotros eraisj . you were. Ellos eraiij . . they were. Preterite Definite. Yofui, . . . . I was. Tu fuiste, . . thou wast. Elfue, . he was. Nosotros fidmoSj . . we were. Vosotros fuisteisj . . you were. Ellos fueron, . they were. Preterite Indefinite. Yo he sido, . . I have been. Tu has sidoy . thou hast been. El ha sido, . . he has been. Nosotros hemos sido, . we have been. Vosotros habeis sido, . you have been. Ellos han sido. . they have been 56 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Yo huhe sidoj Tu hubiste sidoy . El huho sidoy Nosotros hubimos sidOj Vosotros hubisieis sido, Ellos hubieron sido. JPreterite Anterior . I had been. thou hadst been, he had been, we had been, jou had been, they had been. Pluperfect. Yo habia sid'o, Tu habias sido, . El habia sido, Nosotros habiamos sidOj Vosotros habiais sido, Ellos habian sido. . I had been. . thou hadst been. . he had been. . we had been. . you had been. . they had been. Yo sere, Tu seraSy El sera, Nosotros serevios Vosotros sereisj Ellos seran. Yc habre sido, Tu habras side. Future Absolute. . I shall be. . thou wilt be. . he will be. . we shall be. . you will be. . they will be. Future Anterior. . I shall have heen. . thou wilt have been. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 57 El hahra sido, Nosotros hahremos sido, Vosotros hahreis sidoj Ellos hair an sido^ . he will have been, . we shall have been. , you will have been. . they will have been. CONDITIONAL. First Conditional Present. Yo seria oy fuera^ . . I should be. Tu serias, .... thou wouldst be. El seriaj . . . .he would be. Nosotros seriamos, . . we should be. Vosotros seriaisj . . . you would be. Ellos serian^ . they would be. ^ Second and Third Conditionals Present. Si or cuandoj Yo fuera or fuese^ Tib fueras or fueseSj El fuera or fuese^ Nosotros fueramos or fuesemos^ Vosotros fuerais or fiieseisj Ellos fueran or fuesen^ . o First Conditional Past. Yo hahria sido, . . .1 should have been. Tu habrias sido, . . . thou wouldst have been. 58 SPANISH GRAMMAR. JEl hahria sido^ JVosotros hahriamos sido^ Vosotros habriais sido, . Silos halrian sido^ he would have been, we should have been, you would have been, they would have been. Second and Third Conditionals Past. Si or cuandoj .... Yo huhiera or huhiese sido, Tu kuhieras or hubieses sido, El hubiera or hubiese sido, JVosotros hubieramos or hubiesemos sido Vosotros hubierais or hubieseis sido, Ellos hubieran or kubiesen sido, . to O r^ r^ Future Conjunctive Simple. Si or cuandoj Yofuere, . Tu fueres, . £■/ fuere, JVosotros fueremoSy Vosotros fuereis, . Ellos fueren, . If or when. . I be or shall be. . thou wilt be. . he will be. . we shall be. . you will be. . they will be. Future Conjunctive Si or cuandoy Yo hubiere sido. If or when. I have been. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 59 Tu huhieres sido, . El huhiere sido^ . I^osotros hulieremos sidoj Vosotros huliereis sido, . Ellos hubieren sidoj . thou wilt have been. . he will have been. . we shall have been. . you will have been. . they will have been. Se tu^ . Sea e/, Seamos nosotros, Sed vosotros J Sean ellosj . IMPERATIVE. Present or Future. . be thou. . let him be. . let us be. . be you. . let them be. SUBJUNCTIVE. Yo sea, Tu seas. El sea, Nosotros seamos, Vosotros seals, Ellos sean, . Yo fuese, Tufueses, Present. I may be. . thou mayst be. . he may be. . we may be. . you may be. . they may be. Imperfect. I might be. thou mightest be. 60 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Elfuese, . . . . he might be. Nosotros fmsemos. we might be. Vosotros fueseisy . you might be. £llos fueseTij , they might be. Preterite. Yo haya sido, I may have been. Tu hay as sido. thou mayst have been. El haya sido, he may have been. Nosotros hayamos sido, . we may have been. Vosotros hayais sido. • you may have been. Ellos hay an sido, . they may have been. Pluperfect • Yo hubiese sido, . I might have been. Tu hubieses sido, . thou mightest have been. El hubiese sido, . he might have been. Nosotros hubiesemos sido, we might have been. Vosotros hubicseis sido, . you might have been. Ellos hubiesen sido, they might have been. INFINITIVE '" Present. EsIojT, to be. Preterite. Haber estado. to have been. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 61 Gerund. Ustando, Participle. Ustadoj being, been. INDICATIVE. Present. Estoy, . . I am. JEstas^ . . thou art. Estcb^ . . he is. Estamos^ . we are. Estais^ . . you are. Estan^ . . they are. Imperfect. Estala, . I was. Estahas^ . thou wast. Est aha ^ . he was. Estaba?)ioSj . we were. Estabaisy . you were. EstabaUj . they were. Preterite Definite. Estuve, . . I was. Estuviste, . . thou wast. Estuvo, , . he was. EstuvimoSj . . . we were. 62 SPANISH GRAMMAR. SLStUVlSU lis, . . . you were. Estuvieri on, . • . they were. Preterite Indefinite. Yo he, estaclo, . I have been. Tu has, estado. . thou hast been. El ha, estado. . he has been. Nosotros hcmos, estado. . we have been. Vosotros haheis. estado. . you have been. Ellos han, estado. . they have been, Preterite Anterior. Yo hule, estado, . I had been. Tu huhiste, estado, . thou wouldst have been. El hulo, estado, . he had been. Nosotros hubimos, estado, . we had been. Vosotros hubisteis, estado, . you had been. Ellos hubieron. estado, . they had been. Plujperfed. Yo habia, Tu hahias. El hahia, Nosotros habiamos, Vosotros habiais, Ellos habian^ estado, estado, estado, estado, estado, estado^ I had been, thou hadst been, he had been, we had been, you had been. they had been. SPANISH GRAMMAR 63 Future Absolute. Estare^ . I shall be. E star as ^ . thou wilt be. Estara^ . he will be. EstaremoSj . we shall be. EstareiSj . you will be. EstaraUj . they will be. Future Anterior. Yo halre^ est ado J . I shall have been. Tu habras^ estadoj . thou wilt have been El hahra^ estado, . he will have been. Nosotros hahremos^ estado^ . we shall have been. Vosotros hair dsj estado^ . you will have been. Ellos halran^ cstadoj . they will have been. CONDITIONAL. First Conditional Present. Estaria or estuviera^ EstariaSj Estaria, Estariamos, EstariaiSj Estarian. I should be. thou wouldst be. he would be. we should be. you would be, they would be. 64 SPANISH GRAMMAR. SecoQul and Third Conditionals Present Si or cuandoj £Jstuviera or estuviese^ . ^stiivieras or estitvieseSj . Sstuviera or estuviesej . Estiivitravios or eskoviesemoSj . Mstuvierais or estuvieseisj EstiLvieran or estuviesen^ First Conditional Past. O -5 Yb hahria^ estado^ Tu hahrias^ estadoy El habriaj est ado, Nosotros kabriamos, estado, Vosotros habriais, estado^ Ellas kabriaUj estado J I should have been, thou wouldst have been, he would have been, we should have been, you would have been, they would have been. Second a^id Third Conditionals Past Si or cuandoj ..... Yo hubiera or hubiese, estado, Tu hubieras or hubieses, estado, El hubiera or hitbiese, estado, Nosotros kuhieramos or hiibiese- ■mos, estado, Vosotros hubicrais or hubieseis, estado, Ellos hubieran or hubiesen, estado. O S-. rO ^ SPANISH GRAMMAR. 65 Future Conjunctive Simple. Si or cuandoj JSstuvierey . EstuviereSy . JEstuviere, . JEstuvieremoSj Estuviereis^ Estuvieren, . . If or when. . I be or shall be. . thou wilt be. . he will be. . we shall be. . you will be. . they will be. Future Conjunctive Co7njpound, Si or cuandoy . . . If or when. Yo huUere, estado Tu hubip-es, estado El hubierey estado Nosotros hubieremoSj estado Vosotros kubiereisj estado Ellos hubieren. estado . I have been. . thou wilt have been. . he will have been. . we shall have been. . you will have been. . they will have been. Est a tUy Este el, Estemos nosotros, Est ad vosotros, Esten ellos, . 3 IMPERATIVE. Present or Future, . be thou. . let him be. . let us be. . be you. . let them be. 66 SPANISH GRAMMAR, SUBJUNCTIVE. Present. Este, . I may be. Estes^ . thou mayest be. Este, . he may be. Estemos, we may be. Esteisj you may be. Esten, . Imperfect they may be. Esiuviesej . I might be. EstuvieseSj . thou mightest be. Estuviese, . he might be. EstuviesemoSj we might be. Estuvieseisj . you might be. Estuvieseiiy . Preterite they might be. Yo hay a, estadoj . I may have been. Tu hay as J est ado J . thou mayst have been. El haya^ estado, . he may have been. Nosotros hayamos , estado, . we may have been. Vosotros hayais^ est ado, . you may have been. Ellos hayan, estadoy . they may have been. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 67 Plujperfed, Yo hubiese. estadoj . I might have been. Tu hubieses, estado, . thou mightest have been. El hubiese, estado, . he might have been. Nosotros kubiesemos. , est a do, . we might have been. Vosotros kubieseisj estado, . you might have been. Ellas huhiesen^ estadoj . they might have been. REGULAR VERBS ACTIVE. There are three conjugations of regular verbs. The first has a before the final r, viz : Amar^ to love, thus conjugated : INFINITIVE. Present. Ama?-, . . to love. Preterite. Ilaber amando, . to have loved. G-erund. Aviando. . . lovino^. Participle. Amado, . . loved. [NDICATIVE. Present. Yo amOj Tu amas^ . . I love or do love. . thou lovest. 68 SPANISH GRAMMAR. El ama, Wosofros amamos^ Vosotros amais^ . Ellos amaUj Yo amaha, . Tu amahas^ El amaha, . Kosotros amahavioSj Vosotros amahaisj Ellos amahan. . he loves. . we love. . you love. . they love. Imperfect. . I did love. . thou didst love. . he did love. . we did love. . you did love. . they did love. Preterite Definite. Yo ame., Tu amastej . El «mc», Kosotros amamos, Vosotros amasteis^ Ellos a?7iaronj . I loved. . thou lovedst. . he loved. . we loved. . you loved, . they loved. Yo he amado, Tu has amadoj . El ha amado^ JVosotros hemos amado., Vosotros hahcis ainado^ Preterite Indefinite. . I have loved. thou hast loved, he has loved, we have loved, you have loved. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 69 Preterite Anterior. Yo hule amado^ . Tu huhiste amado, El huho amadoj . Nosotros huhimos amado^ Vosotros huhisteis amado^ Ellos huhieron amado^ . . I had loved. . thou hadst loved. . he had loved. . we had loved. . you had loved. . they had loved. Plujperfect. Yo habicb amado^ . Tu halias amado^ El hahia amado^ . JVosotros hahiamos amado^ Vosotros habiais amadOj Ellos habian amado^ . I had loved. . thou hadst loved. . he had loved. . we had loved. . you had loved. . they had loved. Future Absolute. Yo amare^ . Tu amaraSj El amara^ . JVosotros amaremoSy Vosotros amareisy Ellos amaran. . I shall love. . thou wilt love. . he will love. . we shall love. . you will love. . they will love. 70 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Future Anterior. Yo hahre amado^ . Tu kabras amadoj El hahra amado^ . Nosotros hahremos amado^ Vosotros hahreis amado^ Ellos hahran amado, . I shall have loved, thou wilt have loved, he will have loved, we shall have loved, you will have loved, they will have loved. CONDITIONALS. First Conditional Present. Yo amaria or amara^ Tu amarias.^ El amaria^ . JYosotros amariamoSj Vosotros amariaisy Ellos amarian. . I should love. . thou wouldst love. . he would love. . we should love. . you would love. . they would love. Second and Third Conditionals Present Si or cuandoj . . If or though. Yo amaraj or amase, . I should love. Tu amarasj amasesy . thou wouldst love, El amara, amasey . he would love. Nosotros amara- ■ mos. amasemos. we should love. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 71 Yosotros amaraiSy Mlos amaran^ amaseis^ amasen, you would love, thev would love. First Conditional Present. Yo halria or huhiera amado. I should have loved. Tu habrias amado^ . thou wouldst have loved. El hahria amado ^ . . he would have loved. Nosotros hahriamos amado ^ . we should have loved. Vosotros kahriais amado^ . you would have loved. Ellos hahrian amado ^ . they would have loved. Second and Third Conditionals Past. Si or cuando^ . . -1 1 '3 Yo huhiera or hwbiese amado ^ . Tu hubieraSj hubieses amado, . El huhiera, hubiese amado, . (-1 t*- Nosotros hubieramos, hubiesemos amado, 2 o Vosotros huhierais, htibiesei. • amado, . ^ > 1 o o !5 Ellos huhieran, hubiesen amado, . Future Conjunctive Simple. Si or cuando, . ' . . If or when Yo amare, . I love or shall love. 72 SPANISH GKAMMAR. Tu amareSj El amarCj . JVosoiros amaremoSj Vosotros amareis^ Ellos amaren^ Future Coiijitnc'tive Si or civandoy Yo huhiere amado^ Tu hubieres a?nado, El huhiere amado^ Nosotros hithieremos amadoj . Vosotros hubiercis amado^ Ellos huhieren amado. . . thou wilt love. . he will love. . we shall love. . you will love. . they will love. Comj>ound. If or when. I will have loved, thou wilt have loved, be will have loved, we shall have loved, you will have loved, they will have loved. Ama tUj Aine el, Amernos nosotros^ A^mad vosotros, Amen ellos, . IMPERATIVE. Present or Future, . love thou. . let him love. . let us love. . love ye. . let them love. Yo ame. SUBJUNCTIVE. Present. . I may love. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 73 Tit ames^ El ame^ Nowtros amemos, Vosotros ameis, Elloi amen. . Yo amase^ . Til amaseSj . El amase^ . JSFosotros aviasemos^ Vosotros amaseisj JEllos amasen. thou majst loTe. he may love, we may love, you may love, they may love. Imj^erfcct. . I might love. . thou mightest love. . he might love. . we might love. . you might love. . they might love. Preterite. Yo haya amado^ . Tu hayas amado^ . El haya amado^ . No$otros~ hayamos amadoj Vosotros hayais amado^ . Ellos hayan amado^ . I may have loved. . thou mayst have loved. . he may have lovecL . we may have loved, . you may have loved. . ' they may have loved. Plujperfect. Yo huhiese amado^ Tu hubieses amadoy I might have loved, thou mightest have loved. 74 SPANISH GRAMMAR. El hithiese avvtdo^ . . he might have loved. Nosotros huhiesemos amndo^ . we might have loved. Vosotros hiihieseis araado^ . you might have loved. EUos hubicsen amado^ . . they might have loved. The second conjugation consists of those which Lave e before the final, as, temer^ tener, etc. INFINITIVE. Present. Tem-er, . . to fear. Preterite. Haher temido, . to have feared. Gerund. Temiendo, . . fearing. Participle. Temido^ . . feared. INDICATIVE. Present. Yo temo, . I fear. Tu temes, . thou fearest. El tcme, . he fears. Nosotros tememoSy . . we fear. Vosotros temcis^ . . . you fear. Ellos temen , ... they fear. Imperfect. Yo temia. . I did fear. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 75 Tu temiasj . . . thou didst fear. El temia^ . . . . he did fear. Nosotros temiamos, . . we did fear. Vosotros temiaisj . . . you did fear. Ellos Umian^ . . . they did fear Preterite Definite. Yo temi, . . . .1 feared. Tu temiste, .... thou fearedst. M temio, . . . .he feared. Nosotros temimoSj . . we feared. Vosotros temisteisj . . you feared. Ellos temieroiij . . . they feared. Preterite Indefinite. Yo he temidoj Til, has tcmido, El ha te?nido, Nosotros hemos temido, Vosotros habeis temido^ Ellos han temidoj . I have feared, thou hast feared, he has feared, we have feared, you have feared, they have feared. Preterite Anterior. Yo hube temido., . . .1 had feared. Tu hubiste temido, . . thou hadst feared. El hubo femidoj . . .he had feared. Nosotros hubimos iemido. . we had feared. 76 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Vosotros hubisteis temidoj JSllos huhi&ron te?nido. . you had feared, they had feared. Pluferfed. Yo hahia temido^ . T\i hahias temido^ El hahia temido^ . Nosotr-os hahiamos temidoj Vosotros kabiais temidoj . JEllos habian temido. I had feared, thou hadst feared, he had feared, we had feared, you had feared, they had feared. Future Absolute. Yo temere, . Tu temeraSj El temera^ . Nosotros tc?neremoSj Vosotros temereis^ Ellos temeran^ . I shall fear. . thou wilt fear. . he will fear. . we shall fear. . you will fear. . they will fear. Future Anterior. Yo hahre temido^ . Tu habras temido^ El hahra temido, . Nosotros habremos temidoj I shall have feared, thou wilt have fear- ed, he will have feared, we shall have feared. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 77 Vosotros hahreis temido, Ellos hahran temidoy . you will have feared. . they will have fear- ed. CONDITIONAL. First Conditional Present. Yo temeria or temiera, Tu temeriaSj El temeria^ . Nosotros temeriamos, Vosotros temeriaisj Ellos temerian. I should fear, thou wouldst fear, he would fear. we should fear, you would fear, they would fear. Second and Third Conditionals Present. If or though. I feared. thou shouldst fear, he should fear. Si or cuando, Yo temiera or temiese, Tu iemieras or temieses^ El temiera or temiese^ . Nosotros temieramos or temiese- mos, . . . .we should fear. Vosotros temierais or temieseisj you should fear. Ellos temieran or temiesen, they should fear. First Conditional Past. Yo habria or huhiera temido. I should have fear- ed. 78 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Tu hahrias temido^ thou wouldst have feared. El hahria temido, he would have fear- ed. Nosotros hahriamos temido, we should have fear- ed. Vosotros hahriais tcmidoj you would have fear- . ed. JEllos habria/ii temido^ they would have feared. Second and Third Conditionals Past. Yo hubiera or hithiese tejuido. •N 13 Til, huUeras or huiieses temido J • H-< -g -2 El kuhiera or hithiese iemido, JSfosotros hubieramos or huliesemos te- .w ° 1 o c3 mido^ .... +3 ""C ^*-< Vosotros hvMerais or huhieseis temido, . s i ^ Ellos huhieran or huhiesen temido, «2 ^ (—1 Fiiture Conjundii e Simple. Si or cuando, If or when. Yo temiere, .... I shall fear. Tu tcmieres, thou wilt fear. El temiere, .... he will fear. Nosotros temieremos, we shall fear. Vosotros temiereis, you will fear. Ellos temieren, they will fear. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 79 Future Conjunctive Confpouiid. Si or aiandoj Yo huhiere temido^ Tu hicbieres temidoj El huhiere temido, Nosotros huhieremos temklo^ Vosotros kuhiereis temidoj Ellos huhieren temido^ If or when. I have feared. thou wilt have fear- ed. he will have feared. we shall have fear- ed. you will have feared. they will have feared. Tcnie tUj Tema elj Temamos nosotros, Temed vosotros^ . Teman ellos, IMPERATIVE. Present or FiUure. ■ . fear thou. . let him fear. . let us fear. . fear ye. . let them fear. SUBJUNCTIVE. Present. Yo tema, Tu temas, . El tenia, Nosotros tem^amos, I may fear, thou mayst fear, he may fear. we iiiuy fear. 80 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Vosotros temaisy . you may fear. Ellos teman^ they may fear. Imjperfect Yo temiese^ .... I might fear. Til temicseSj thou mightest fear. El te?niese^ .... he might fear. Nosotros temicsemoSj we might fear. Vosotros tcmieseis^ you might fear. Ellos temtesenj they might fear. Ereterite Yo hay a temidp, . I may have feared. Tit hayas te?}iido, . thou mayst have feared El hay a temido^ . he may have feared. Nosotros hayamos te?nidoj we may have feared. Vosotros hayais temido^ . you may have fear- ed. Ellos hayan temido^ they may have fear- ed. Plu^perfed Yo huhiese temido^ I might have feared. Tv, huhieses iemido, thou miorhtest have feared. SPANISH GRAMMAR. SI El hiiliesc tcmido, . . he might have fear- ed. Nosotros huhie&evws temidoj , we might have fear- ed. Vosotros huhieseis Umid^^ . you might have fear- ed. Ellos huhicsen iemido, , . they might have feared. The third and last conjugation is that which has i in the final syllable of the infinitive, viz., sufrir. INFINITIVE. Present. Sufr-ir, . . to suffer. Preterite. Haher sufrido^ . to have suffered. Gerund. Swfriendo, . . suffering. Participle. Sii/ridOj . . suffered. INDICATIVE. Present. Yo sufrOj . . . .1 suffer. Tii sufreSj . El sufre, JVosotros sufrimos^ Ycsotj-cs sufrisj . Ellos siifren^ . thou sufferest. he suffers. . we suffer. . you suffer. . they suffer. 82 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Imperfect. Yo sufria^ . . , .1 did suffer. Tu sufrias, .... thou didst suffer. JEl sufria, . . . .he did suffer. Nosotros sufriamos^ . . we did suffer. Vosotros sufriais, . . . you did suffer. Mlos sufriaiij . . . they did suffer. Preterite Definite. Yo sufrij . . .1 suffered. Tu sitfristCj . . . thou sufferedst. £■/ sufrioj . . . . he suffered. JVosotros suf7-i}nos, . . we suffered." Vosotros sufristeiSy . . you suffered. Ellos sufrieron, . . . they suffered. Preterite Indefinite. Yo he sufrido, . , .1 have suffered. Tu has sufridoj . . . thou hast suffered. JSl ha sufridoj . . .he has suffered. Nosotros hemos sufrido, . we have suffered. Vosotros haheis sufrido^ . you have suffered. Ellos han sufrido^ . . they have suffered. Preterite Anterior. Yo hule sufridoy . . .1 had suffered. Tu hubiste sufrido, . . thou hadst suffered. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 83 JSl hwbo sufrido, . Nosntros hithimos siifrido^ Vosotros Juibisteis siifrido^ JEUos hulieron sufrido^ . he had suffered. . we had suffered. . you had suffered. . they had suffered. Plujperfed. Yo habia sufrido^ Tu habias sufridoj El habicb sufrido^ . JVosotros hahiamos sufrido, Vosotros habiais sufrido^ Ellos haiian siifrido^ . Yo sufrire, Tu sufriras^ El sufriray . JS^osoiros sufrire/)ioSy Vosotros siifrireis, Ellos sufriran^ Yo habre sufrido^ . Tu hcibras sufrido^ El habra sufridOj . JVosotros kabremos sufrido^ I had suffered, thou hadst suffered, he had suffered, we had suffered, you had suffered, they had suffered. Futicre Absolute. . I shall suffer. . thou wilt suffer. . he will suffer. . we shall suffer. . you will suffer. . they will suffer. Future Anterior. . I shall have suf- fered. . thou wilt have suf- fered. . he will have suffered. . we shall have suf- fered. 81 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Vosotros habreis sufridoj . you will have suf- fered. JSllos hahran sufrido^ . . they will have suf- fered. CONDITIONAL. First Conditional Present. Yo sufriria or sufriera, Tu sufririaSj El sufriria^ . JVosotros sufririamos^ Vosotros sufririaisj Ellos sufririan^ . I should suffer. . thou wouldst suffer. . he would suffer. . we should suffer. . you would suffer. . they would suffer. Second and Third Conditionals Present. Si or cuaii^o, . . .If or though. Yo sufriera or sufriese^ . . I suffered. Tu siifrieras or sufrieses^ . thou shouldst suffer El sufriera or sufriese, . . he should suffer. JS'osotros sufrieramos or su- fricsemos^ .... Vosotros sufrierais or sufrie- seis^ ..... Ellos siifricran or sufriesen^ . First Conditional Past. Yo habria or Auhiera sufrido, I should have suf- fered. we would suffer. you should suffer, they should suffer. SPANISH GRAMMAR. Tu habrias siifrido, El hair id swfrido^ Kosotros halriamos sufrido Vosotros hahriais sufrido, Ellos hahrian sufrido, . 85 thou wouldst have suffered. he would have suf- fered. we should have suf- fered. you would have suf- fered. they would have suf- fered. Second and Third Conditionals Past Si or cuando, .... Yo huhiera or huhiese sufrido, Tu huhicras or huhieses sufrido, . El huhiera or huhiese sufrido, Nosotros huhieramos or huhiesemos su frido, Vosotros huhierais or huhieseis sufrido, Ellos huhieran or huhiesen sufrido. g O r^ O Yo hay a sufrido, . Tu hay as sufrido^ . El haya sufrido^ . 88 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Vosotj'os hayais sufrido, . you may have suf- fered. Ullos hayan sufrido^ . . they may have suf- fered. Pluperfect. Yo hubiese sufrido^ . . I might have suf- fered. Ta huhieses sufrido, . . thou mightest have suffered. El hubiese sufridoj . . he might have suf- fered. Nosotros hubiesemos sufrido, . we might have suf- fered. Vosotros hubieseis sufridoj . you might have suf- fered. Ellos kubiesen sufridoj . . they might have suf- fered. REGULAR VERBS PASSIVE. The following is a paradigm of the passive verbs : INFINITIVE. Prese7it. Ser amad-o or a, os or as^ . to be loved. SPANISH GRAMMAR. Preterite. 89 Haher sido amad-o or «, os or asj to haye been loved. Fartidjple Present. Siendo amad-o or a, os or «s, being loved. Participle Past. Habiendo sido amad-o or a^ os or as J . . . . having been loved. INDICATIVE. Present. To soy, tu eres, el or ella es I am, thou art, he amado or amada^ or she is loved. Nosotr-os or as somos, vosotr- We are, you are, OS or as sois, ellos or eilas son they are loved. amad-os or as. Imjperfect. Yd era, tu eras, el or ella era I was, thou wast, he amado or amada. or she was loved. Nosotr-os or as eramos, vosotr- We were, you were, os or as erais, ellos or ellas they were loved. eran amados or amadas. 90 SPANISH GRAMMAR, Preterite Dejimte. To fui^ tu fuisic, el or ella fue I was, thou wast, he amado or amada^ or she was loved. Nosotr-os or as fuimos^ xo^otr- We were, you were, OS or as fuisteis^ cllos or ellas they were loved. fueron amados or amadas. Preferite Indefinite. Yo Ae, tu has^ el or ella ha sido I have, thou hast, he amado or amada. or she has been loved. Nosotr-os or <2S hemos^ vosotr- We have, you have, OS or fls habeisj ellos or e//«s they have been han sido amados ov amadas^ loved. Preterite Anterior. Yo huhe, tu huhiste, el or ella Ihad, thouhadst, he hubo sido amado or amada^ or she had been loved. Nosotr-os or as hubimos, voso- We had, you had, tr-os or <25 hubisteisj ellos or they nad been dlas hiibieron sido amados loved. or amadas. Plwperfcct. Yo habia^ tu kabias, el or ella 1 had, thou hadst. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 91 halia sido amad-o or a. he or she had been loved. Nosotr-os or as hahiamos, voso- We had, you had, tr-os or as haliais^ ellos or they had been ellas kalian sido amados or loved. amadas. Future Absolute. Yo sere, tu seras, el or ella sera I shall be, thou wilt amad-o or a. be, he or she will be loved. Nosotros seremos, vosotros se- We shall be, you reisj ellos or ellas seran a~ will be, they wiU mad-os or as. be loved. Future Anterior. Yo hahre, tu hahras, el or ella I shall have, thou halra sido amad-o or a. wilt have, he or she will have been loved. Nosotr-os ov as hahremos, voso- "We shall have, you tr-os or as habreis, ellos or will have, they ellas habran sido amad-os or will have been as. loved. CONDITIONAL. First Conditional Present. Yo seria or fuera, tu serias, I should be, thou 92 SPANISH GRAMMA.;. el or dla seria amad-o or a. Nosotr-os or as seriamos^ voso- tr-os or as serials, ellos or ellas serian amad-os or as. wouldst be, he or she would be lov- ed. We should be, you would be, they would be loved. Second and Third Conditionals Present. Si or cuandoj .... Yo fuera or fuese, tu fueras or fii- esesj el or ella fuera or fuese a- mad'O or a, . Nosotr-os or as fueramos or fiiese- moSj vosotr-os or as fuerais or fueseis, ellos or ellas fueran or fuesen amad-os or as. If or though I were lov- ed, or I should be loved, etc. First Conditional Past Yo hahria or hiibiera, tio Jm- I should have, thou would^it have, he hrias, el or ella hahria sido amad-o or a. Nosotr-os or as habriamos, vo- sotr-os or as hahriais., ellos or ellas hahrian sido amad- os or as. or she would have been loved. We should have, you would have, they would have been loved. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 93 Second and Third Conditionals Past. Si or cuando^ Yo hubiera or /mbiese, tu hubieras or hubieses^ el or ella hubiera or hu- biese sido amad-o or a, - IVosotr.-os or as hubieramos or hubi- esemos^ vosotr-os or as hubierais or kubieseis^ cllos or ellas hubieran or hubiesen sido amad-os or fts, o ^ a cs c3 |=! t) ^ O -u I— I CC _ o ^ ^ Future Conjunctive Simjple. Si or cuandoy Yo fuere, tu fueres^ el or ella fuere amad-o or a, ?3 JVosotr-os or «s fuercmoSj vosotr-os [ ^ or fl-s fuereis^ ellos or eZ/rzs fueren amad-os or fls, I— I a> ■si Future Conjunctive Comjpound. Si or cua'iidoj Yo hubiere, tu hubieres^ el or e//ti hu- biere sido amad-o or a, J^osotr-os or «s hubieremos^ vosotr-os or rt5 hubiereis, ellos or eZ/as hubie- ren sido amados or a^, o i_i fl > o ^ o ^ o rO h— 1 •TS o o t> fl > C3 o o^ ,J5 'i: j3 ; — ; a rt 94 SPANISH GRAMMAR. IMPERATIVE. Se amad-o or «, . . . be thou loved. Sea amad-o or «^, . . . let him be loved. Seainos amad-os or as^ . . let us be loved. Sed amad-os or as, . . be ye loved. Sean amad-os or «s, •, . let them be loved. SUBJUNCTIVE. Present. Yo sea, tu seas, el or ella sea I may be, thou amad-o or a, mayst be, he or she may be loved. JVosotr-os or as seamos, voso- We may be, you tr-os or as seals, ellos or ellas may be, they may sean amad-os or as, be loved. Imjperfect. Yo fuese, tu fueses, el or ella I might be, thou fuese amad-o or a, mightest be, he or she might be loved. Nosotr-os ox as fuesemos,voso- We might be, you tr-os or as fueseis, ellos or might be, they ellas fuesen amad-os or as, might be loved. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 95 Preterite. Yo haya^ tu hayas^ el or ella I may have, tiiou haya sido amad-o or fl, majst have, he or she may have been loved. JVosotr -OS or as hayamos J voso- We may have, you tr-os or as hayais, ellos or may have, they cllas hay an sido amad-o or may have been as, loved. Pluperfect. Yo hubiese, tu hubieses ^ el or I might have, thou ella hubiese sido amad-o mightest have, he or a, or she might have been loved. Nosotr-os or as liubiesemos^ "We might have, you vosotr-os or as JLubieseis^ might have, they ellos or ellas Jiubiesen sido might have been amad-os or as. loved. The neuter verbs end with the regular termina- tions of the active voice, but form the compound tenses by the verb haber and their participle past ; which is never varied, by number or gender. The following is a paradigm of a neuter verb : IXFINtTIVE. Present. Lie gar ^ . .To arrive. 96 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Preterite. Haher llegado^ . To have arrived. Gerund. LlegandOj Arriving. Participle. Lie g ado ^ . Arrived, INDICATIVE, Present, Lleg-o^ as , a^ a??ioSj a?tj I arrive, &e. I/?ipe?fect. Lleg-aba, abas^aba^adamos^ I did arrive, &c. abaiSy aban^ 'Preterite definite. Lleg-ue^ aste^ d, omios^ as- I arrived, &c. Preterite indefinite. He llegado^ . . ,1 have arrived. Has llcgadOj Ha llegado^ Hemos Uegado^ . Habeis llegado^ Han lies ado ^ . thou hast arrived. . he has arrived. . we have arrived. . you have arrived. . they have arrived. Preterite anterior. HubCy hubistc^ hubo^ huhi- I had, thou hadst, mo5, hubisteiSj hubiercn he or she had, we llegadoy had, you hud, they had arrived. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 97 Pluperfect. Habia^ hahias^ hahia.^ liahia- I had, thou hast, he 77Z05, habiais^ habian lie- or she had, we gado^ had, you had, they had arrived. Future absolute. Lleg-are^ aras^ ara^ aremos, I shall or will ar- a7'eis aran^ rive, &c. Future anterior. Habre.^ habras^ habra^ ha- I shall have, thou bremos^ habreis.^ habran wilt have, he or llegado.^ she will have, we shall have, you will have, they will have arrived. COXDITIONAL. First conditional present. Lleg-aria or lleg-ara.^ arias ^ I should or would aria ariamos.^ ariais^ ari- arrive, &c. an. Second and third conditionals present. Si or cuanda, Lleg^ara OT 036^ ar as or ases^ If, or though, I ar 4 93 SPANISH GRAMMAR. ara or ase^ rived or should arrive, &c. Lleg-aramos or asemos^ a- If , or though, we ar- rais or aseis, aran or asen^ rived, or should arrive, &c. First conditional past. Hahria or huhiera^ habrias^ I should have, thou habria^ habriamos^ habri- wouldst have, he az5, habrian Ihgado^ or she would have, we should have, you would have, they would have arrived. Second a%id third conditionals past. Si or cuando, Hubiera or hubiese, hubieras If, or though, I had or hubieses^ huhiera or hu- or should have biese^ arrived, &c. Hubieiamos or kubiesemos^ If, or though, we hubierais or hubieseis^ hu- had or should hieran ov hubiesen llegado^ have arrived, &c. Future conjmictive simple. Si, or c2ia?tdo, Lleg-are^ ares^ are^ aremos^ If, or when, I arrive, areis^ aren^ or shall arrive, &c. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 99 Future conjunctive compouna. Si, or cuanclo, Hiibiere, hubieres, hubiere^ If, or when, I have liubieremos, hubiereis^ hu- or shall have ar- bierein llegado. rived, &c., if or when we have, or shall have arrived, &c. IMPERATIVE. Present or future. Lleg-a tu, . . . . arrive thou. Lleg-ue el, ... let him arrive. Lleg'Uemos 7iosotros, . . let us arrive. Lleg-ad vosotros, . . arrive ye. Lleg-uen ellos, . . .let them arrive. SUBJUNCTIVE. Present. Lleg-ue, ues, ue, uemos^ ueis, I may arrive, &o. uen, Imperfect. Lleg-ase, ases, ase^ asemos, I might arrive, &c. aseis, asen, 100 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Preterite. Haya^ hayas.^ haya^ haya- I may have arrived, Tnos^ hayais^ hay an Lie ga- &c., we may have 6?o, arrived, &c. Tlwperfect. Hii^biese^ hubieses^ huhiese^ I might have ar- hubiesemos^ hubieseis^ hu- rived, &c., we biesen llegado^ might have ar- rived, &c. Reciprocal and reflective verbs form their com- pounds by haber. The following is the paradigm of a reflective verb : — INFINITIVE. Present. Alabarse.^ . . to praise oneself. Preterite. Haber sealabado^ to have praised one- self. Gerund, Alabando^ . praising oneself. Participle. Alabado^ . . praised oneself. INDICATIVE. Present. Yo me alabo, . . .1 praise myself. Tic le alabaSj . . . thou praisest thy- self. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 101 El se alaha^ Nosotros nos alahamos^ Vosotros OS alabaiSj . Ellos se alaban^ . . he praises himself. . we praise ourselves. . ye praise yourselves. . they praise them- selves. The signification of the tenses being understood, we omit the translation. Imperfect. Yo me alababa, Tu te alababas, El se alababa, Nosotros nos alababamos, Vosotros vos alababais, Ellos se alababan. Preterite definite, Yo me alabe, Tu te alabaste, El se alabo, Nosotros nos alaba- mos. Yosotros OS alabais. Ellos se alabaran. Compound tenses are formed with haber^ and take the pronoun before the auxiliary. Preterite indefinite. Yo me he alabado, . Tu te has alabado, El or ella se ha alabado, Nosotros nos hemos alabado, Yosotros OS habeis alabado, Ellos or ellas se han alabado. Preterite anterior. Yo me hube alaba- do, etc. Pluperfect. Yo me habia alaba- do, etc. 102 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Future anterior, Yo me habre alaba- do, etc. Future absolute. Yo me alabare, Tu te alabaras, El se alabara, Is'osotros nos alabaremos, Vosotros OS alabareis. Ellos se alabaran. CONDITIONAL. First present. Secotid and third present. Si yo me alabaria or alabara, Si yo me alabara or alabase, Tu te alabarias, El se alabaria, Nosotros nos alabariamos, Vosotros OS alabariais, Ellos se alabarian. Tu te alabaras or alabases. El se alabara or alabase, Nosotros nos alaba- ramos or alabase- mos, Vosotros OS alaba- rais or alabaseis, Ellos se alabaran or alabasen. FirU Conditional Post. Si yo me babria or bubiera alabado, etc. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 103 Second and Third Conditionals Past, Si yo me hubiera or habria alabado. Future Conjunctive Simjple. Si yo me alabare, Nosotros alabarere- mos, Tu te alabares, Vosotros alabareis, El se alabare, Ellos se alabaren. Future Conjunctive Compound. Si yo me hubiere alabado. IMPERATIVE. Alabate^ Alabase^ . praise thyself. . let him praise him- self. Aldbamonos^ . let us praise our- selves. Alabaos., Alabense^ . • praise youselves. . let them congratu- late themselves. SUBJUNCTIVE. Frese?tt. Imperfect. Yo me alabe, Tu te alabes, Yo me alabare, Tu te alabares, 104 SPANISH GRAMMAR. El se alabe, El ss alabare, Nosotros nos akbemos, Nosotros nos alaba- remos, Yosotros OS alabeis, Yosotros os alaba- reis, Ellos se alaben. Ellos se alabaren. Preterite. Plujoerfect. Si yo me haya alabado, etc. Si yo me hubiere alabado, etc. Impersonal verbs it is scarcely necessary to con- jugate. These are merely verbs used in the third person of each tense. Defective verbs are merely those which are used only in a few tenses or persons. IREEGULAK YERBS. There are verbs which, in the formation of one or more of their tenses, change the vowels of the root. Such are called irregular, and when we think how rich the Spanish language is, they are by no means numerous. Yerbs of this character are found in every con- jugation. The following are those of the first ; Acertarj . . .to succeed SPANISH GRAMMAR. 105 which inserts an i before the last syllable of the root or penultimate of the .present of the indica- tive in all its persons ; also in the second and third persons singular, and third plural of the impera- tive, and in all the persons of the singular and third plural of the present subjunctive. The followinor have the same irregularities ; Acrecentar^ . Adestrar, Alentar, Ajpacentar, Apretar, Arrendar, Asentar, AserraTj Ateslar (for AterraTy Atravesar, Aventar, Calentar, Cegarj CerraTj Comenzar, Concertar^ Confesarj Decentar^ . to add to, to increase. . to guide, to conduct. . to breathe, to encourage. . to feed (cattle, horses, etc.) . to compress, to distress. . to rent out, to mimic. . to sit down. . to saw. rdlenar), . to cram, to fill. . to frighten, to scare. . to cross. . to fan. . to warm, to heat. . to blind, to dim. . to close, to shut up. . to begin. , . to concert, to arrange. , to confess, to avow. . to make the first blow. 106 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Denegar^ Desrenegar, . Desacertar^ . Desakntarj . Desajpretar^ . Desasarengar^ Descmpedrar^ Decenserrar^ DesenterraTj . DeshelaTj Desmemhrar, DespernaTj Despertar, D ester rar^ Emjpedrar^ Empezar, Encerrar, Encomendar, EnterraTj ErraTj . Escramentar, Fregar, . Gobernar, HelaVy . . to deny, to contradict. . to recant, to withdraw an abjuration. . to mistake. . to encourage. . to loosen, to unfasten. . to disturb, to disarrange. . to unpave. . to tear down an enclo- sure, to dispark. . to disinter. to thaw. . to dismember. . to take away the legs. . to arouse, to awake. . to exile. . to pave, to cover with stone. . to begin, to commence. . to shut up, to enclose. . to recommend. . to inter. . to err. . to learn by experience. . to clean, to scour. . to govern, to rule. . to freeze SPANISH GRAMMAR. 107 Herro.r^ . InfernaTj InvernaVj InventaTj Mentary . Merendar, Negar^ . Nevar^ . Pensar^ . Perniquehrar, Quehrar^ Recentar^ Recomendar^ Regar, . Renegar, Requebrar, ReiemblaTj Retentar^ Reventar SegaTj SemhraTj SentaTj Sosegar, Soteriiar, to iron, to shoe (horses). to damn. to winter. to invent. to mention. to take a luncheon. to deny. to snow. to think. to fracture the legs. to break. to leaven bread. to recommend. to rule, to govern. to refuse, to renege (in whist). to cajole, to win. to vibrate, to shake. to threaten with a re- lapse. to burst, to break apart. to reap, to cut. to sow. to set to tranquillize. to bury. 108 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Suharrtndobi Tremllary Trasegar, Tojpezar^ . to underlet, to rent again, to shake. to descant, to tell of. to blunder, to stumble. Acostar^ to salute, substitutes ue for o in pre- sent indicative, singular, and third person plural. In the singular and third person plural of the im- perative, and the three persons singular and third person plural of the subjunctive, the following have the same irregularities, viz. : Acordar, . to consent, to agree. Agorar, . to divine, to guess. Almorzar^ . . to breakfast. Amolar, . to whet, to sharpen. Apostar, . to lay wagers, to bet. Afrohar, . . to approve. Asolar, . to raze, to uproot. AvergonzaTj . to be ashamed. Colar, . to strain. Comprohar^ . to corroborate, to confirm Consolar, . . to console. Contar^ . to count. Costar^ . to cost. Demostrar^ . . to demonstrate. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 109 Desajprolar^ I) es collar^ Desconsolar, Descontar^ . Desengrosar, Dcsolar, DespoblaTj Desirocar, Encondar^ Encontrar^ Engrozar^ Esporzar, Forzar, . Ilolgar^ Hollar^ MostraVj Poblar, Prohar^ Recordar, Recostar, Reforzai'j RegoldaTj Renovar, Rep-ohar^ Resconirar, Resollar^ ResoTiar^ . to disapprove. . to be taller by the neck.. . to make unhappy. . to discount. . to make thin. . to distress. . to dispeople. . io return things bartered. . to string an instrument. . to meet. . to engross. . to try, to attempt. . to force. . to repose, to rest. . to trample on, to tread. . to show, to exhibit. . to people. . to prove, to demonstrate. . to recollect, to remember. . to recline, to lie down. . to reinforce, to strengthen. . to belch. . to renew, to restore. . to reprove, to blame. . to balance accounts. . to breathe. . to resound, to echo. no SPANISH GRAMMAR. Revolai'^ . to fly again. Rexolcar^ . to wallow on the ground. Riidar^ . to move on wheels. Soldar^ . to solder, to mend, to tin ker. Solar J . . to sole. Sonar^ . to sound. Sonar, . to dream. Tostar, . to toast. Torcar, . to barter Tronary . to thunder. Volar, . . to fly. Volcar, . to overset, to overturn. Andar, to go, is irregular, as follows : Indicative. — The perfect tense is declined ; an- duve, anduviste, anduvo, anduvhnos, anduvisteis, anduvieron. The Conditional. — The first conditional has an- ddria or anduviera. Swbjimctive. — The imperfect has anduviese, with the irregularity pervading all its tenses. The future conjunctive is also irregular, viz., anduviere, etc. Dar, to give, has these irregularities : Indicative. — The present forms the first person in doy ; the other persons are regular. SPANISH GRAMMAR- 111 The preterite definite is Ji, diste^ dio, dimos, dis- teis, and dieron. The Conditional. — The second and third con- ditional are daria and diera. The Future Conjunctive, Si?nple is irregular : dierCj dieres, diere, dieremos, diereis^ dieren. Subjunctive. — The imperfect is diese^ dieses, diese^ diesemos, dieseis, diesen. Jugar, to play, takes an e after the u in the fol- lowing tenses : Indicative. — The present is thus declined : juego, juegas, juega, juga??ws, jugais, juegan. The first and second persons singular are regular. The Imperative. — The present also takes e after u in the root, in the singular throughout, and in the third person plural : juega tu, juegue elj ju- guemos nosotros, jugueis vosotros, jueguen ellos. The Subjunctive. — The present is irregular in the singular, and in the third person plural, viz. : juegue^ jueguesj juegue, jueguemos, jugueis, jue- guen. Among the foregoing are many neuter, reci- procal, and reflective verbs, varied according to rules which regulate their conjugations. IRREGULAR VERBS SECO^;d CONJUGATION. Verbs in acer, ecer, and oc^r, substitute z for 112 SPANISH GRAMMAR. final c, in the following tenses iind persons. Those in acer have the following irregularities : Indicative Present. — The first person singular is asco. The other persons are regular. The Imperative. — The present tense forms the third person singular in azca^ and plural in azcan- The verb apetecer^ to wish for, is irregular in the following tenses and persons : Indicative. — The present has the first person singular in apetezco. The other persons are regu- lar. Imperative. — The preseyit has the third person plural and singular in apetezca and apetezcan. The other persons are regular. Subjunctive. — The present forms its persons thus : apetezca^ ajjetezcas^ apetezca.^ apetezca- onos^ apetezcais^ apetezcan. Conocer has similar irregularities in the same tenses, Hacer is an exception from the verbs in cer^ and is more irregular, viz. Indicative. — The present forms the first person in hago. The Preterite Definite is declined. Azce, hiciste^ liizo^ hicimos^ hicistis^ hicieron. The Future Absolute is formed in hare.^ karas., etc. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 113 The Conditional. — The first and second condi- tional are liaria or hiciera^ harias. etc. The third conditional is hiciere and hiciera^ hicieres^ etc. Th3 future conjanct'.ve singular is hiciere^ hici' eres^ etc. The Imperative. — The present is thus daclinad: haz tUj haya e/, hayamos nosotros^ haced voso- tros^ hayan ellos. The Subjunctive. — The present is in haya, hayas.^ haya. The Imperfect is in hiciese.^ hicieses.^ etc. ]Many of the compounds of this verb are irregu- lar, viz. Satisfacer has \^v,(^ future absolute in satisfare^ satisfares.^ etc. Ths Preterite Definite is in the first person satisUce ; in the third satisfizo. The Imperative. — The present is satisfas tit (and regularly satisface).^ satisfaya e/, satisface- mos nosotros, satisfaceis vosotros^ satisfagan. ellos. From t'je verbs which end in ocer., must be ex- cepted cocer^ to cook ; and its compounds, which have a peculiar irregularity, to be noted hereafter. The verb ascender receives an i before the e iu the last syllable of its root, in the following : 114 SPANISH GRA^niAR. Indicative. — The i^resent forms the three per- sons of the singular, and the thh'd of the plural, thus : asciendo^ asciendes^ asciende ; third per- son plural, ascienden. Imperative. — The present is thus formed : asciende tu^ addenda c/, ascendamos nosotros^ asccndais vosotros, asciendan ellos. Subjunctive. — The p>resent forms the singular, and the third person' of the plural, with the i in the last syllable of the root ; as, ascienda.^ ascien- das., ascienda ; third person plural, asciendan. The following have similar irregularities. When- ever e occurs in the root, the i is inserted between them Ateiider^ Cerner.^ Condescendei Contender.^ Defender.^ Desatender.^ Ence7idej\ Entender.^ Estender^ Heber., Hender^ . to attend, to expect. . to sift, to separate. . to condescend, to stoop. . to contend, to strive. . to defend. . to neglect, to slight. . to light, to kindle. . to comprehend, to under- stand. . to extend, to stretch. . to vex, to molest. . to divide, to cleave SPANISH GRA^fMAR. 115 Perder^ Reverter^ Tender^ Trascender^ Verier^ . to lose. . to revert, to return to. . to tend. . to transcend, to surpass. . to turn. The verb ahsolver^ to absolve, changes o into we, in the same tenses and persons that ascender inserts the i. The following are similar in all tenses. Cocer^ . to cook. Condoler^ . to condole with. Commover^ . to excite compassion. Demoler^ . to demolish, to destroy. Desenvolver^ . to disenvolve. Destorcer^ . . to untwist, to unravel. Devolve/'^ . to devolve, to undo. Disolvei\ . to dissolve. Doler^ . to ache, to be in pain. Envolver^ . to involve, to surround Escocet-j . to smart, to burn. Llover^ . to rain. Moler^ . to grind, to break up. Morder, . to bite. Mover J . to move. Oler, . to smell, to stink. Fromover^ . . to advance, to promote 116 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Recocer^ . to cook a second time. Kemorder^ . to bite again. Kemover^ . . to remove, to move again. Resolve?- J . . to resolve, to decide on. Restorcer^ . . to ret wist, to twine about again. Torcer^ . to twist, to twine. Tolver, . . to turn, to fold. Poder^ to be able, forms the gerund^ irregu- larly, in pudieiido. It is also irregular in the Indicative. — The present tense has in the sin- gular and third person plural ue for o. The Preterite Definite is irregular in all its persons, which it forms thus : pude^ pudiste^ etc. The future is in podre^ podras^ etc. The C onditioJial . — The first conditional is po- dria. or pudiera^ etc. The Future Conju7ictive is formed pudiere^ pudleres^ etc. Subjunctive. — The present forms the three first persons of the singular, and the third of the plural, by the substitution of ue for o in the root ; as pueda.^ puedas.^ p>ueda^ podamos.^ podais^ puedan. The Imperfect hpudiese^ pudieses.^ etc. Caber.^ to fall, is more irregular. In many in- SPANISH GRAMMAR. 117 stances this verb substitutes qu for c. It forms the following tenses thus :* Indicative. — The present forms the first person in quepo ; the others regularly. The Perfect Deji)iite is in cz^j^e, ciipiste. The future is cubre^ etc The Conditional. — The first conditional is cahria or ciiperia. The first form, it will be ob- served, elides e, the first syllable of the tense ter- mination, and the second makes the substitution of u for a in the root. The Future Conjunctive is cupiere^ cupieres^ etc. The Imperative. — The pfresent forms the third persons singular and plural, and the first person sinf^ular, thus : as cahe tu^ quepa e/, quepamos nosotros.^ cahecl vosotros^ quep)an ellos. Subjunctive. — The present is quepa.^ quepas^ etc. ; and the imperfect in cupiese^ cupieses^ etc. Caer, to fall, is also irregular. It forms ths gerund in cayendo. It is otherwise irregular, as follows : Indicative Present. — The first person singular is in caigo. * The substitution of qu for c, will almost always be found to be for the sake of the preservation of pronuncia- tion, in cases where the c has the sound of th in English. 118 SPANISH GRAMMAR. * Subjunctive. — The present is formed in caiga^ caigaSj etc. All the compouuds have the same irregularity. Po7ier^ to place, is irregular in many tenses, viz. Indicative. — The present forms the first person singular in j^ongo. The other persons are regular. The preterite is formed in puse^ pusiste, etc. The future is pondre^ pondras^ etc. Conditional. — The first , etc., is in pondria.^ or in pusiera^ etc. The Future Conjunctive is in piisiere^ etc. Imperative. — The present is thus declined : pon tu^ ponga e/, pongamos nosotros^ poned voso- t?'0Sj ponga7i ellos. Subjunctive. The present is in ponga^ and the imperfect in pusiere^ both taking regular ter- minations. All compounds are similarly irregular. Querer.y -to wish, frequently used, is irregular, viz. : Indicative, ' The present tense of this mood inserts i between 2« -and e in the singular and the third person of the plural, viz., quiero^ quieres^ quiere ; .ihivA person plural, qnieren. The ^ftterite Dejinite is quise^ quiseste^ quisOj etc» SPANISH GRAMMAR. 119^ The future is querre^ etc. Conditional. The first conditional is queria or quisiera.^ etc. The Future Conjunctive is quisiere^ etc. hnperative. The present tensa is irregular, like the present indicative, viz., quiere tu, qiiiera cl.^ queremos nosotros, quered vosotros.^ quieran ellos. Subjunctive. The present has three persons of the singular and the third of the plural with th3 i in the root. The othar two persons regular ; as, quiera.^ quieras.^ qtiiera^ queramos^ querais.^ qui- era?i. The imperfect quisiese.^ etc. Traeo-.^ to draw, is irregular, oftc;n inserting ig. Indicative. The present has, in the first per- son, traAgo. The perfect is traje.^ trafiste.^ etc. Conditional. The firtt conditional is irregular in its second form, which is trajera. The future conjunctive is trajere.^ trajeres.^ etc. Imperative. The present has the third persons singular and plural, and the fiist peison plu;al, in trdiga^ traigan^ and traigdmos. The othn- per- sons ai-e regular. Subjunctive. The present is traiga.^ etc., and the imperfect trajeste^ etc. The alova Las compounds which are irregular in the same tenses. 120 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Valer^ to be worth, is irregular, viz. Indicative. The present forms the first person singular in vulgo^ etc. The future is valdre^ as^ etc. Conditional. The first conditional has the first form irregular in valdria. The second is per- fectly regular. Imperative. The present forms the third per- sons, and the first person plural, in valga, valga- 'nios^ and valgan. The other two persons are regular. Subjunctive. The present is in valga^ etc. Equivaler.^ to be equivalent to, and the other compounds of valer.^ are similarly irregular. IRREGULAR VERBS. THIRD CONJUGATION. The third conjugation in ir has many irregular verbs, viz. : Condudr.^ to conduct, is irregular in the follow- ing tenses : Indicative. — The present forms the first person smgular, conduzco. The Preterite is cnnduge, condwghte, condugOy condugimos, condugera ; the first, condiMzrid^ is regular. The future conjunctive is condugere, utvi. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 121 Imperative. — The present is thus dec-lined : con- duce tu^ conduzca el, coiiduzcdmos nosotros, con- diicid vosotros, conduzcan ellos. The third persons singular and plural, and the first person plural, are irregular. Subjunctive. — The present is in conduzca^ and the imperfect in condugese. All the verbs ending in ducir have the same ir- regularities. The other veJ-bs, ending in ucir.^ are irregular in the first person singular of the present of the indicative, in the present of the imperative third person plural, and first and third plural, and in the present of the subjunctive. In these cases they insert z before c. Sentir is irregular in many tenses. It takes i before e in the root, as. Indicative Present — SientOj sieiUes, siente, seiiti- moSj seniisy sienten. The Preterite substitutes in the third person i for e, as sintio, sintieron. Conditional. — The first conditional has its second form in sintiriera. The Second Conditioned is formed in sintiese, sintieseSj etc. The Future Conjunctive is in si?itiere, etc. Imjperative. — The present has the singular and 122 SPANISH GRAMMAR. third person plural irregular, as, siente^ sienta. Third person plural, sientan. Subjunctive. — The present is in sientera, sien- teras, sienteray sintera?/ios, sinterais^ sienteran. The Imjpcrftct is sintiese, sintieses^ etc. The following have the same irregularity : Adherir^ . to adhere, to cling to. Advcrtir, . . to advert, to notice. Arrepentir^ . . to repent. Asentir^ . to consent. Conftrir.^ . . to confer. Consentir, . . to consent. Co7itrovertir, . to controvert, to disprove. Co7ivertir, . . to convert. Descotisentirj . to dissent. Desmentir, . . to contradict, to give the lie. Deferir, . to postpone. Degerivj . to digest. Disentir, . to disagree. Hervir, . to boil. Herir, . to wound, to strike. Injerir, . to engraft. InvertiTj . to turn over, invert. Mentir, . to tell a falsehood. Pervertir, . . to pervert. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 123 Presentiry . . .to have a presentiment. ReferiTj . . .to refer. Requerir^ . . .to require. Resentir, . . .to resent Dormir is irregular, viz. : Indicative. — The present forms the singular number and the third person plural in ue ; as, duermo^ duermes^ duerme ; third person plural, duermen. The Preterite Definite has the third persons sin- gular and plural irregular, as, durmio, durmie- ron. Conditional. — The first conditional has its second form irregular in diormiere. The second con- ditional is in durmiese. The Future Conjunctive is durmiere^ etc. Imperative. — The present is all irregular, ex- cept the second person plural, as, duerme.^ duerma^ durmdmos^ dormidy duerman. Suhjunctive. — The present is thus declined : duerma^ du'rmas., duerma, duerdmos, durmais, duerman. The Imperfect is in durmiese. The same irregularity pervades morir. Pcdir is irregular. Indicative. — The present forms the singular per- 124 SPANISH GRAMMAR. sons and third person plural, pido, pides, pide, piden. The other persons are regular. The Preterite forms the third persons of each number in pidio and pidieron. The First Conditional has its second form in yidiera / the Third is in pidiese, etc. The Future Conjunctive is pidiere. The Present Imperative has pide, pida^ piddmoSy pedid, pidan. Subjunctive. — The present is p Ida , etc., and the imperfect pidiese, etc. The followinc; make similar chans^es in the root : Cenir, Colegir, Competir^ Concebir, ConsfreniTj CorrejiTj Derretir^ Descenir^ Desteir, Despendir, Destefiirj Elegir^ Engreirj Embestir, . to gird, to surround. . to collect, to assemble. . to compete. . to conceive. . to constrain. . to correct. . to melt, to fuse. . to ungird. . to dilute. . to dismiss, to discharge. . to discolor, to stain. . to elect, to choose. . to be haughty. . to' assail, to attack. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 125 Espedivj . to expedite. Frier, . . to fry. Gemirj . to sigh. Henir, . to knead bread Impedir, . to impede. Medir, .to measure. Perscguir, . . to pursue. Regir, . to rule. Reir, . . to laugh. Rendir, . to yield. Renir, . to dispute. Repeiivj . to repeat. Retenir, . to retain. Revestir, . to revert. -Seguir, . to follow. Servir, to serve. SonreiTy . to smile. Tenir, . to dye. Vesiir, . to clothe. Venir is irregular in some tenses. The present forms the persons of the singular thus, vengOj vienses, viene, venimoSy venis, vienen. Preterite. — Viney veniste, vino, etc. Future. — Vendre, etc. • Conditional. — The first and second conditional have vendra and viniera. ' 126 SPANISH GRAMMAR. The third conditional has vhiiesc, etc. The future conjunctive is vinie/'e, etc. Imperative — The present is thus declined, ven, venga^ xengamos^ venid, vengan. Subjunctive. — Present, venga, etc. Imperative. — Viniese, etc. Decir is irregular in many of its tenses. Indicative — Present, digo, dices, dice, dicen. Preterite. — Dije^ dijiste^ dijo^ dijimos^ dijisteisy dijeron. Future. — Dire^ dirds^ dird^ diremos^ direis, dirdn. The First and Second Conditional. — Dijera., dijeras, dijera, dijsramos^ dijirois., dijeran ; diria, dirias^ diria.^ diriamos, dirias, dirian. The Third Conditional is in digdre, etc. The Future Conjunctive. — Dijere, etc. Imperative. — Dij diga^ digamos^ decid., digan. Subjunctive. — Present, diga, digas^ diga, diga- mos, digaisy digan. Imperfect. — Digest ^ etc. Podrir is irregular. Indicative. — Present has pudro, pudreSy pudre^ podrimoSy podris, pudren. Preterite forms the third persons in pudro, pu~ drier on. The Future is pudrire^ etc. The First and Second Conditional have the SPANISH GRAMMAR. 127 second form with the u or o, in the root, as, jpU' drier a ^ etc. The Third Conditional is pudriere^ etc. The Future Conjunctive. — Pudriere^ etc. Imx>erative. — Present, pudre, pudra, pudrd?nos, podridj pudran. Subjunctive. — The present is pudra, and the im-perfect piuhiese. Indicative. — The present forms the first person singular in salgo. The Future is saldre, etc. Conditional. — The first and second conditional has its first form in saldira. Imperative. — Present, sal^ salga^ salgamoSj salidj salgar. Suhjunctice. — The present is in salga^ etc. Ir is regular. Indicative. — The present, voy, vas^ va^ vamoSj vaisy van. The Imperfect is in iba, etc. The Preterite. — Fui, fuiste^ fue^ fuimoSj fuis- His., fueron. Conditional. — First and second conditional has the second form fuera. Third Conditional. — Fuese. Future Conditional. — Fuere^ etc. 'imperative. — Present, va^vaga^ vamos. id, vagan. 128 SPANISH GRAMHaAR. Subjunctive. — Present, vaga^ etc. Imperfect. — Fuese. The above are arranged according to their irre- gularities. For reference, the alphabetical list, according to conjugation merely, is subjoined : IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. Acordar, Acrecentar, Acer tar, Acordarse, Apretar, Arrendar, Asentar, Aserrar, Asestar, Asoldar, Asolar, Asonar, Atentar, Aterrar, Atestar, Atravesar, Atronar, Aventar, Avcrgonzarse, Acostarse, Adestrar, Agorar, Alentar, Almorzar, Amolar, Andar, Apacentar, Aporcar, Aportar, Apostar, Aprobar, Calenta.r, Bregar, Cegar, Cerrar, Cimentar, Colar, Colgar, SPANISH GRAMMAR. 129 Comenzar, Comprobar, Concentar, Concordar, Confesar, Consolar, Consonar, Contar, Costar, Decentar, Dar, Decimentar, DegoUar, Demostrar, Denegar, Demostar, Derrengar, Desacertar, Desacordar, Desalentar, Pesapretar, Desaprobar, Desasosegar, Desatentar, Descalgar, Descollar, Desconcerter, Desconsolar, Descontar, Desempredar, Desencerrar, Desengrosar, Desenterrar, Desflocar, Desfoagarse, Desbelar, Desherrar, Desmembrar, Deslolar, DesoUar, Desolar, Despedrar, Despernar, Despertar, Desplegar, Desplobar, Desterrar, Destrocar, Desvergonzarse, Dszmar, Emendar, Empodrar, Empezar, Emporcar, 130 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Encensar, Encerrar, Encomendar, Encontrar, Encondar, Encubertar, Engrossar, Enrodary Ensangrentary Enterrar, Errar, Escalentar, Escarmentar, Esforzarse, Espresar, Estar, Estercolar, Estrcgar, Forzar, Fregar, Frezar, Helar, Gobernary Herrar^ Holgar, Hollar, Infernar, Insertar, Invernar, Jugar, Mauifestar, Mentar, Morendar^ Mostrar, Ncgar, Nevar, Pensar, Perniquebrar, Plegar, Poblar, Probar, Recommendar, Quebrar, Recordar, Eecostar, Reforzar, Regar, Regoldar, Remendar, Renegar, Renovar, Replogar, Reprobar, Requebrar^ SPANISH GRAMMAR. 131 Eescontrar, Resollar, Resonar, Retemblar, Retentar, Reventar, Re volar, Revolcarse, Rodar, Rogar, Segar, Sembrar, Sentarse, Serrar, Solar, Soldar, Sonar, Sonar, Sosegarse, Soterrar, Temblar, Tentar, Tostar, Trascolar, Trascordarse, Trasegar, Trasonar, Trocar, Tronar, Tropezar, Volar,' Yolcar. EGULAR VERBS OF THE SECOND CONJI Abastecer. Aborrecer, Absolver, Abstraer, Acaecer, Acontecer, Adolocer, Adormecerse, Agradecer, Amanecer, Amortecerse, Anochecer, Anteponer, Antever, Aparacer, Apetecer, Ascender, Atender, 132 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Atenerse, Bermejecer, Caer, Carecer, Cocer, Comparecer, Componer, Condoler, Conocer, Contener, Contraer, Crecer, Defender, Deponer, Desadormecer, Desatender, Descaecer, Descomponer, Desenterderse, Desenvolver, Desflaquecerse, Deshacer, Desplacer, Desvauocerse, Detraer, Disolver, Distraer, Atraer, Baber, Canecer Cerner, Compadecerse, Complacer, Condescender, Conmover, Contender, Contrahacer, Convalecer, Decaer, Demoler, Desabatecer, Desaparecer, Desatraer, Descender, Desconocer, Desentorpecer, Desfallecer, Desguarneoer, Desobedecer, Destorcer, Detener, Devolver, Disponer, Doler, SPANISH GRAMMAR. Embebecersej Embrutecerse, Empobrecer, Encalvecer, Encanecer, Encender, Encruelecer, Endure cer, Enfiierecerse, Enloquecer, Enmohecerse, Ennegrecer, Enrarecer, Ensoberbecerse, Entender, Entomecer, Entorpecerse, Entristecerse, Entumecer, Enverdecer, Enquivaler, Esclarecer, Espavorecer, Estramecerse, Estender, Fallecer, Fenecer, Embravecerse, Einplumecer, Encabellecer, Encallecer, Encareoer, Encrudecerse, Endentecer, Enflaquecer, Engraedecer, Enmocecer, Enmudecer, Ennoblecer, Enrique cer, Entallecer, Enternecer, Entontecerse, Entretener, Entullecer, Envejecer, Envolver, Escarnecer, Escocer, Establecer, Esponer, Estraer, Favorecer, Fortalecer, 134 SPANISH GRAMMAR Guarnecer, Haber, Hacer, Heder, Hender, Huraedecer, Imp oner, Indisponer, Llover, Magrecer, Mantener, Mecer, Merecer, Mohecerse, Moler, Molecer, Morder, Mover, Nacer, Negrecer, Obedecer, Obscurecer, Obtener, Ofrecer, Oler, Oponer, Pacer, Padecer, Parecer, Perder, Perecer, Pertenecer, Poder, Poner, Preponer, Promover, Querer, Recaer, Kecocer, Reconocer, Keconvalecer, Recrecer, Reflorecer, Rehacer, Remanecer, Remecer, Remorder, Remover, Renacer, Reponer, Resolver, Restablecer, Retener, Retorcer, SPANISH ^IRaMMAH. 135 Retraer, Retrotraer, Rever, Reverdecer, Reverter, Revolver, Saber, Satisfacer, Ser, Sobreponer, Soler, Solver, Sostener, Substraer^ Sup oner, Tender, Tener, Torcer, Traer, Transcender, Trascender, Transponer, Valer, Ver, Yerter, Volver, REGULAR VERBS OF THE THIRD CONJl Adhefir, Adquerir, Adquirir, Advertir, Apercibir, Arguir, Arreeirse, Arrepentirse, Asentir, Aterirse, A sir, Atribuir, Avenirse, Cenir, Benedicir, Colejir, Comedirse, Competir, Concebir, Concluir, Conducir, Conferir, Conseguir, Consentir, l^Q SPANISH GRAMMAR. Constituir, Construir, Contravenir, Contravertir, Decir, Deferir, Desavenir, Descomedirse^ Deservir, Desleir, Desmentir^ Destenir, Diferer, Disminuiry Pivortir, Dormir, Embestir^ Enlucir, Entreoir,. Erguir, Escluir^ Fluir, Jemir^ Hervir, Imbuir, Inadvertir^ Inducir, Constreilir, Contradeeir, Contribuir, Correjirj Deducir, Derretir, Descenir, I>esconseiitir, Desdecirsej Deslucir, Despendir^ Destruir, Dijerer, Distribuiry Pivertiry Elejir, Engreirse, Entrelucir^ Envestir, Estreniry Espedir, Freir, Herir, Huir, Impedir, Incluir, SPANISH GRAMMAR. 137 Instituir, Instruir, Intervenir, Introducir, Invertiry Investir, Injeriry Ir, Lucir, Luir, Maldeeiry Medir, Mentir, Morir, Muir, Obstruir, Oir, Pedir, Pereguir, Pervertir, Predecir, Preferir, Presentir, Prevenir, Prodncir, Proforir, Proseguir, Prostituir, Provenir^ Recluir, Reducir, Eeferir, Eejir, Heir, Reducir, Rendir, Eefiir, Repetir, Requerir, Resentirse^ Eestituir, Retenir, Retribuii'j Revenir, Revestir, Salir, Seducir, Seguir, Sentir, Servir, Sobresalir, Sobrevenir^ Sonreirse, Substituir, 138 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Sujerir, Teiiir, Traducir, Yenir, Yestir, Zaherir, INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH. Adverbs modify the signification of another word, and are classified as adverbs of time, place, location, quantity, comparison, manner, doubt, affirmation, and regulation. Those of place are, aqui^ aca, here ; a//i, alia, there; «^c^tZ/a, there, over there ; cercfl-, near ; lejoSy far ; adoide, whither ; donde, where ; dentre, within ; fuera^ without ; arriba, up, above ; ahajo, below, delante, before j detras, behind ; encima, over, debajoj below. Adverbs of time are, hoy^ o.ycr, manana, to-day, yesterday, and to-morrow ; ahora, now ; luego, soon ; tarde, late ; te?nprano, early ; presto, soon ; pronto, quickly ; siempre, always ; jamas, never ; nunca, never ; ya, already ; mientras, while. Adverbs of order express rotation or succession, as, primeramente, always ; antes, before ; despues, afterwards ; enlugar de, in lieu of. Adverbs of quantity are mucho, poco, algo, somewhat ; muy, harto, hastante, enough j taQi, so as. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 139 Adverbs of comparison are, niejor^ better ; pejoVj worse ; ' micyj better. Adverbs of manner express how things are per- formed, as, prudentementey prudently. These are called adverbs of quality, and are formed by the ad- dition of the termination, mente, which is added to the feminine of adjectives in o, and to the end of others, as, sabiamenfe, eficazmente^ effectively. There are many others, as hien^ well ; mal^ badly ; asi^ as ; callandico^ mutely, etc. Quiza and acaso are the only two simple ad- verbs of doubt. Adverbs of afl&rmation are si, yes ; cierto and ciertamente, surely ; jpor ventura, by chance ; ver- daderamente, truly, etc. Adverbs of negation are ninguno^ nadie, nada, etc. Jamas is used as synonymous with nunca, as. Jamas, le he visto. . . I never saw him. JVunca, The following is a table of the adverbs accord- ing to their classes, viz. : Of Place. Donde, .... where. Adonde ? . . . . whither } Aq^dy here. 140 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Alii, . . there. Alia, . . yonder. Por aqui, . this way. Hasta aqui, . . hitherto. Fuera, . abroad. Ju€J0S, , • far. Cerca, . . near. Aparte, . aside. Arriba, . above. Sobre, . . over. Encima, . upon. Bajo, . . underneath. Abajo, . . under. De bajo, . from below. De adelante, . from before. De atras, . from behind. Cerca, . . nigh. En algima parte, . . somewhere. En Tiinguna parte. . nowhere. En cualquiera parte. . anywhere. En alguna otra parte, . somewhere else En otra parte, . elsewhere. En ninguna otra parte, . nowhere else. Of Ti7ne. Cuando ? . when ? Entonces, • . then. SPANISH GRAMMAR. 141 Hoi, . . to-day. Ayer, . . yesterday. Cada dia. . every day. Ayer manana, . yesterday morning Ayer tarde, . . yesterday evening. Anoche, . last night. Ma nana J . to-morrow. .Despues de manana, . after to-morrow. Manana a la noche, . to-morrow night. El otro dia, . . the other day. Siempre, . ever, always. JVunca, . never. Pocas veces, . . seldom. A?}ienudOj . often. Algunas veces. . sometimes. De cuando en cuando, . . now and then. La semana pasada. . last week. Uitimamente, . lately. Ya, . , . , . already. Aun, . . . . . . still. Luego,. . presently. Prontamente, . quickly. Brcvementej . . shortly. Tarde, . late. Tempranoj . . early. Presto, . soon. Con liempo, . . betimes. 142 SPANISH GRAMMAR Antiguament, 1 L.KAJ1J1AK. . formerly. En tiempo air as, . . heretofore. En lo sucesivoj . hereafter. AAora, . . now. Antes, . . before. Despues, . after. Desde, . . since. Mucho tiempo ha, . . long ago. Haste, . . until. Continuamente, . continually. Of Order. Primer 0, . first. Solve todo, . . above all. En primer lugar, . . in the first place. En segundo lugar, . in the second place Despues, . after. A montones, . . in heaps. Confusaniente, . confusedly. Sin distincion. J . indiscriminately. Of Quantity. Mucho, . . much. Demasiado, . . too much. Mas, . . more. Poco, . . little. Casi, . . almost. SPANISH GRAMMAR, 143 Bastante, , . enough. Harto, . . sufficiently. Totalmente, . . wholly. Of Comparison. Mas que, . more than. Menos, . . less. Mejor, . . better. Del mismo modo, . likewise. Antes mas, . . rather more. Feor, . . worse. Mui, . . very. Con mucho, . . by far. 0/il Tanner. Bie7i, . well. Mai, . . badly. Asi, . thus. Apriesa, . hastily. Bajo, . . lowly. Presto, . . quickly. Despacio, . slowly. Alto, . . loudly. Redo, . . strongly. Furtemente, . strongly ; and all those ending in mentc. 144 SPANISH GRAMMAR. Of Doubt Acasoj . . . . perhaps. Quieza, • • . perhaps. Of Affirmation. Si, . . , . . yes. Sin duda, . , . without doubt Ciertammfe, . . , . sureh\ De todos modos^ . . by all means. De seguro or Pvr supuesfo. . of course. Of Kegat ion. No, . . , . no. m, . . . . nor. TampocOy . . neither. De ningun modn . . by no means. De ninguna siierte, . in no wise. Prepositions point out relations of nouns to each other — are indeclinable and invariable. ■4, Ante J Con, Contr . before. . with, in with. . against. company SPANISH GRAMMAR. 145 Dt, . . , from, ot Dcsde, . . until. En, . in, into. Entre, . ♦ among. Hacia, , . until. Hasfaj . , until. Fara, , . for. For, . . beg, for. Segun, . . according to. Sin, . with. Sobre, . , on. Tras, . . across. The compound are, Para que, Conforme d, . En quanta d, A causa de, . Antes de, En r^dedor de, Cerca de, Delante de, . Dentro de, . En f rente, . . in order that . like to. . as regards. , on account o£ . before. . around, . near. . before, , within. . opposite to. Interjections vary so as scarcely to be considered words, and in this compend are omitted. 146 SPANISH GRAMMAR. The Spanish does not differ from the other lan- guages in its general principles from other tongues. It is, however, impossible, in such a compend as this, even to refer to its rules. We may say as much of prosody. GEAMATICA I^^GLESA La gramatica Inglesa es el arte ae escribir y de hablar la lengua Inglesa, con corectitiid. El discurso se sirve de nueve partes de oracion ; a saber, Sustantivo 6 Nombre, Articulo, Adjective, Pronombre, Yerbo, Adverbio, Conjuncion y Inter- jeccion. La ultima puede ser, no es una palabra pura, pero una esclamacion variando con las eraociones de toda persona. El articulo the no tiene variacion de caso, genero, 6 numero. Se declina per medio de las preposi- ciones asi. Ejemplo, Singular, N. The father, . . . el jpadre. G. Of the father, . . .del ;padre. 148 GRAMATICA TNGLESA. D. To the father, . Ac. The father, . A. From the father, . d^ 6 'par a el padre. . el, 6 al padre. . delj 6 par el padre. Plural. N. The fathers, . G. Of the fathers, D. To the fathers, Ac. The fathers, . A. From the fathers. los padres, de los padres. a, 6 para los padres, los 6 a los padres, de los, 6 por los pa- dres. Los nonibres proprios de personas, ciudades, paises, etc., no toman el articulo, como : John, of John, Juan, de Juan, etc. A 6 an se esprimen en Espaiiol por un or una, Se sirve de a delante de los nombres que se prin- cipian con un consonante, con A aspirada 6 por uny. Ejemplo. N. A friend, Gr. Of a friend, . D. To a friend, . Ac. A friend, A. From a friend. N. An hour, Gr. Of an hour . de un amigo. . al, 6 para el amigo. . el 6 al amigo. . del, 6 por el amigo. . una hora. . de una hora. GRAMATICA INGLESA. 149 D. To an hour, . . . a 6 jiara una hora. Kq. An hour, . . . una hora. A. From an hour, . . de^ 6 jpor una hora. No se debe confundir el articulo a 6 an con el adjectivo numerico que sirve especificarle. En la lingua Inglesa se esplica el adjectivo numerico por one. NOMBRES. Son verbos que exprimen, cosas, personas, lujares, y cualidades. En la lengua Inglesa, se hallan dos numeros de nombres, y tres generos. El plural de los substantives se forma general- mente por la anadicion de s al masculino del sin- gular. Ejemplo. Singular. dog. . un perro. house, . una casa. chair. . una silla. Plural. Dogs, ..... j>erros. 150 GRAMATICA INGLESA. Houses, Chairs, . casas. . sillas. Excepciones. Si el singular termina en chy sh, 5, 6, x^ se debe aiiadir es para formar el plural : A church, A wish, A glass, A box. ar. Plural. una un deseo. un vaso. una caja. Churches, AYishes, Glasses, Boxes, . iglesias. . deseos. . vasos. . cajas. Substantivos que acaban con un y precedido de una 6 mas consonantes, en lugar de y tienen ies por hacer el plural, as lady 6 ladies ^ senora y seiioras. Los nombres que terminan en y no pre- cedidos de un consonante seguen la regla general, como, day^ days, dia, dias. Las consonantes que terminan en / forman el plural es vesco, loaf, loaves j pan, panes, etc. GRAMATICA INGLESA. 151 Los suhstantivos que terminan en 6 forman el plural, en anadiendo es, como, cargo^ cargoes^ car- gazon, cargazones, etc. Estes nombres son irregulares en el plural. Singular. Antithesis, .... Antitesis, Appendix, . . Apendice. Arcanum, . . Arcano. Automaton, . . Automata. Axis, . . Eje. Basis, . . Base. Bandit, . Bandido. Calx, . . Cal. Cherub, . Queruhin Child, . . Criatura. Crisis, . . Crisis. Criterion, . Criterio. Datum, . Verdad. priiicipio, admitido. Dissresis, . Dieresis. Die, . . Dado, Effluvium, , . EJluvio. Ellipsis, . Elipsc. Emphasis, . Enfasis. Encomium, . Encomio, 152 GRAMATICA INGLESA. Erratum, . Errata^ Foot, . . Pie. G-enius, . Genio. Grenus, . Genero^ Groose, . . Ganso, Hypothesis, . Index, . . Hipotesi. . Indice. Lamina, Louse, . Man, . . Hoja de metal. . Piojo. . Homhre. Medium, . Medio. Memorandun I, . . . Not a., memoria. Metamorpho. Mouse, sis, . ... Metamorfosis. . Raton. Ox, . Penny, . Phenomenon, . Buey. . Peuique^ moneda de Inglaterra. . Fenomeno. Pea, . . Guisante. Radius, . Radio. Stamen, . Estambre de las Stratum, Jlores. . Lecho. Vortex, . Voi'lice Woman, . Mujer. Plural. Antitheses, . Antitesis. GRAMATICA INGLESA. 153 Appendices, . Ajpendices. Arcana, . Arcanos. Automata, . . Automatas. Axes, . Ejes. Bases, . Bases. Brethren, . . Hermanos en Jem- crista^ 6 espiritu- ales. Banditti, . Banclidos. Calces, . Cales. Cherubim, . . Qiteruhines. Children, . . Criaturas. Crises, . Crises. Criteria, . Criterios. Data, . . VerdadeSj etc. Diaereses, . Dieresis. Dice, . . Dados. Effluvia, . EJiuvios. Ellipses, . Elipses. Emphases, . . Enfasis. Encomia or encomiums. . Encomios. Errata, . Err at as. Feet, . . Pies. Genii, . . Genios. G-enera, . Generos. Geese, . Gansos. Hypotheses, . . Hipotesis. 154 GRAMATICA INGLESA. Indices or indexes, . Indices. Laminae, . Ilojas de metal. Lice, .... . Fiojos. Men, .... . Hombres. Media, . Medio s. Memoranda or memorandums, Kotas^ memorias Metamorphoses, . . Metamorfosis. Mice, .... . Ratones. Oxen, .... . Bueyes. Pence, . Feniques. Phenomena, . Fenomenos. Peas or pease, . Guisantes. Radii, . Radios. Stamina, . Estambres de Jiores. Strata, Lechos. Vortices, . Vortices. Women, . Mujeres. las Todo lo que la naturaleza 6 el arte ha hecho doble, no tiene singular, como : Limosna. Aims, . Annals, . Anales. Antipodes, . . Antipodas Ashes, . Cenizas. Bellows, . Fuelles. Breeches, . . Calzones. GRAMATICA INGLESA. 155 Bowels, . Intestinos. Cresses, . B err OS. xJvegSj Hez. Entrails, • . Entranas. Ethics, . Etica, moral. Literati, . Literatos. Lungs, . El pulmon. JNIinutiae, . Bagatelas. Mathematics, . Matemdticas. Metaphysics, . Metafisica. Oats, . . Avena. Optics, . Optica. Politics, . Politica. Scissors, . Tijeras. Shears, . Especie de tij grandes. Snuffers, . Despaviladeras. Thanks, , Gracias. Tongs, , Tenazas. Wages, . . Salario. Muchos nombres no tienen plural ; tales son los de virtudes, vicios, habitos, metales, liquidos, y muchas yerbas y especies de granos : Barley, Business, Darkness, . Cebada, . Negocios. . Obscuridad. 156 GRAMATICA INGLESA. Food, . . Alimetito. Knowledge, . Conodmiento. Learning, . Ciencia. Parsimony, . Parsimonia. Progress, . JProgreso. Spinach, . Esjpinacas. Strength, . Fuerza. Rubbish, . Escomhros. Wheat, . Trigo. Wealth, . Riqueza. Pueden usarse tanto en singular como en plural sin mudanza alguna, los nombres siguientes : Apparatus, .... Aparato. Grouse, . Gallina silvestre. Deer, . . Gamo. Hiatus, . Grieta. Means, . Medio. News, . . JVoiicias. People, . Pueblo^ gente. Series, . Serie. Species, . E specie. Sheep, . Garner 0. Swine, . Marrano. DEL GENITIVO. Tienen los Ingleses dos genitivos 6 dos modos de es espresar la posesion. GRAMATICA INGLESA. 157 Cuando se designa un ser viviente, este en cas- tellano es geuitivo ; se esprime en Ingles la misma idea por la anadicion de un s precedida de un apos- trofe. Se ilustrara esta leccion con muchissimos ejem- plos : The king's palace, . El palacio del rey. Pilchard's hat, . . El sovihrero de Fdcardo. A wise man's life, . La vid.i deunkombresabio. LOS ADJETIVOS, ETC. Los adjetivos Ingleses jamas varian la letra finale : A good man, . . Un hombre bueno. A beautiful lady, etc., . Una dona hermosa. En el Ingles siempre precede el adjativo, el nombre. Esta regula no tiene variacion. Se forma el plural de los adjetivos por el aiiadir de la letra s. Esta regula no tiene variaciones. El positivo es la forma mas simple de los adje- tivos ; es la simple espresion de cualidad. El comparativo se forma por la anadicion de er, or, al ultimo sjlaba del positivo, como : Rich, richer, . . Rico^ mas rico. Wise, wiser, . . Sabio^ mas sabio. 153 GRAMATICA INGLESA. Por forma el plural se acede solamente a la letra finale la s : Wiser man, . . . Mas sahio. Wiser men, . . . Mas sabios. El superlative se forma por la anadicion de st or est a la terminacion del positivo, como, jS^eat, neater, neatest. Limpioj inas, limpio. limpisimo. Pero se elida algunas veces cuando se termina con un vocal el adjetivo, la e finale, como : Fine, finer, finest. Fino^ masfinOy finisimo. Se Lallan en la lengua Inglesa muchijemas es- epciones que no se puede esplicar en un compen- dio como este. LOS NOMBRES ORDINALES. One, . . U7i0j una. Two, . dos. Three, . . tres. Four, . . cuatro. Five, . . cinco. Six, . . . seis. Seven, . siete. Eight, . . . ocho. GRAMATICA INGLESA. 159 Nine, . Ten, Eleven, Twelve, Thirteen, Fourteen, Fifteen, Sixteen, Seventeen. Eighteen, Nineteen, Twenty, Twenty-one, Twenty-two, Twenty-three, Twenty-four, Twenty-five, Twenty-six, Thirty, Forty, . Fifty, . Sixty, . Seventy, Eighty, Ninety, A hundred^ Two hundred, . nuevc. . diez. . once. . doce. . trace. . catorce. . quince. . dies y sets. . diez y siete. . diez y ocho. . diez y 7iueve. . veinte. . viente y uno. . veinte y dos. . veinte y tres . veinte y cuatro . veinte y cinco, . viente y seis, . trienta. . cuarenta. . cincuenta. , sesenta, . setenta. . ochenta. . novoita. . ciento^ una centena, . doscientos. 160 GRAMATICA TNGLESA, A thousand, Twelve hundred, . Fifteen hundred, . Two thousand. Twenty-nine thousand, A miilion, . Two millions, mil^ tin millciT. mil y doscientos. mil y quinientos. dos mil. viente y nucve mil. ten milloii^ un cuen- to. dos milliones. Se advierte que se puede decir iicenty-07ie^ ticcnty-two\ etc. Es necessario exceptuar la fecha del aiio, en que no se puede hacer uso de^:^- and-twe?ity^ tico-and-ticenty .^ etc. Se hallan el Espaiiol como en otras lenguas nu- meros oidinales. Los siiruentes son de estra clase. i^n-st, . . primero. Second, . segundo. Third, . tercero. Fourth, . cuarto. Fifth, , . quinto. Sixth, . . sesto. Seventh, . sejptimo. Eighth, . octavo. Ninth, . nono. Tenth, . decimo. Eleventh, . . undecimo. Twelfth, . duodecimo GRAMATICA IXGLESA. 161 Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Nineteenth, Twentieth, Thirtieth, Fortieth, Fiftieth, Sixtieth, Seventieth, Eightieth, Ninetieth, Hundredth, Thousandth, Last, . Twenty-first, Thirty-first, Forty-first, . Fifty-first, . Sixty-first, . Seventy-first, Eighty-first, Ninety-first, First, . . decimo tercio. . decimo cuarto. . decimo quint o. . decimo sesto. . decimo sej'^timo. , decimo octavo. decimo nono. . vigesimo, , trigesimo. , cuadragesimo. , quinquagesimo. , sexagesimo. , septuagesimo. octogesimo. nonagesimo. centcsimo. milesimo. ultimo. vigesimo primo. trigesimo primo. cuadragesimo pri quinquagesimo pr. sexagesimo primo. septuag:simo pri. octogesimo primo. nonagesimo prim. primeramente. 1^2 6RAMATICA IISGLESA. Secondly, . . . segiindamente. Thirdly, . , . terceramente. Fourthly, . . • cuartamente. Se nota que aiiide siempre ly para hecerlos ad- yerbios Hoy otra clare pequena llamoda collectiyos or multipHcativos. Come- Double, . . . dchle. Treble, . . . triple. Fourfold, . . . cuadrwplo. Tenfold, . . . decuplo. etc. anadiendoyb/o? al iiumero cardinal A dozen, . . . mia docena. A score, . . . una veintena. El pronombre es una palabra remplazando un nombre y sirviendo evitar la repeticion de la misma voz, Los pronombres son de varias clases. 1. Los pronombres personales : PRIMERA PERSONA. Singular, N. I, . . ,yo. 0-. Of mo, . .demi. GRAMATICA INGLESA. 163 D. To me, . Ac. Me, A. From me, N. We, a. Of us, D. To us, Ac. Us, A. From us . a miy 6 para mi. . TMj 6 a mi. . de mi, por mi^ conmigo. Plural. . noSy 6 nosotros, nosotras. . de nosotros — tras. . a, 6 para nosotros — tras. . TioSj d nosotros — tras. . por nosotroSy de nosotros- tras. SEGUNDA PERSONA. Singular. N. Thou, . . tu. 0. Of thee,. . de ti. D. To thee. . a ti, 6 para ti, te. Ac. Thee, . . te, d ti. A. From thee, . de tiy por ti, sin ti, contigo. Plural. N. Ye, you. . voSy 6 vosotros — tras. G. Of you, . . de vosotros — tras. \ D. To you, . . dy 6 para vosotros — tras. Ac. You, . d vosotros — traSy os. A. From you. . por vosotros — tras. TERCERA PERSONA. GENERO MASCULINO. Singular. N. He, .eL lt)4 GRAMATICA INGLESA. G. Of him, . . . de el. D. To him, . . . a el, 6 jpara el, le. Ac. Hiai, . . . d el, le. A.. From him, . . de el, por el. Plural. N. They, .... ellos. Gr. Of them, . . . de ellos. D. To them, . . . a ellos, 6 para ellos, las. Ac. Them,. . . .a ellos, los. A. From them,. . . por ellos. GENERO FEMININO. N She, . G. Of her, . D. To her, . Ac. Her, A. From her. N. They, . G. Of them, D. To them, Ac. Them, . A. From them, N. It,. lar. . ella. . de ella. . a, 6 para ella, le. . a ella, la. . par ella. Plural. . ellas. . de ellas. , a, 6 para ellos, las. . a ellas, las . por ellas. GENERO NEUTRO. Singular. . elloj esto. GRAMATICA INGLESi*. 165 a. Of it, . . . de ello, de esto. D. To it, . , ,djelloy 6 esto. Ac at,. . . . ello J esto. A. From it, . de ello J por ello 6 esto. Plural. Lo mumo que el del genero masculino y femenino. Se sirve en la lengua Inglesa de este pronombre ultimo, cuando se trata de las cosas inanimadas 6 de los animales cuyo sexo no es definido. 2. Pronombres compuestos 6 reflexivos : Myself, . yo mismo, misma. Thyself, . tu mismo^ misma. Himself, . el mismo. Herself, . ella misma. Itself, . . el mismo^ ella mismo {hahlando de una cosa inanimada). Ourselves, . nosotros mismos, 6 nosotras mismas. Yourselves, . vosotros mismos, 6 vosotras mismas. Themselves, . ellos mismos^ ellas mismas. One's self, . uno mismo ^ una misma. Todos estes se declinan con las preposiciones. 3. Los pronombres posesivos. Estos tienen varias sub-clases, viz. : 166 GRAMATICA INGLESA. PRONOMBRES POSESIYOS CONJUNTIVOS. Singular. 1 Persona. Mj, mi^ mis. 2 Persona. Thy, tu, tus. 3 Pers. Masc. His, ^ Fern. Her, v Neut. Its, r""^- Plural. 1 Persona. Our, nuestro — ifro5. 2 Persona. Your, vucstro — tros. 7iuestra — tras vucstro — tros. vuestra — tras. 3 Pers. Masc. Their, Feni. Their, Neut. Their, PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS RELATIVOS 6 ABSOLUTOS. Singular. Mine, inio^ mia^ mios, mias. Thine, tuyoj tuya., tuyos^ tuyas. His, \ , ' i suyoj suya^ suyos^ suyaSj de uno^ Hers, > , , ' L o de una. Its, } GRAMATICA INGLESA. 167 Ours, nuestro- Pliiral. ■tra^ iimstros — tras. tra^ vuesiros — tras. Theirs, suyo, suya^ suyos^ suyas, clc muchos. Yours, vuestro Tienen su nombre los primes porque sienipre son nuidos, a una cosa 6 persona ; los segundos tanibien porque so refieren a alguno cosa 6 persona mencionada antes. Se declinan los dos por-medio de las preposiciones. 3. Pronombres relatives y interrogativos : Singular y Phual. N. "VYhich, Qwe, ei cu.al, la C2uil, los acales, las cuales. G. Of which, Del ciuil, dc la cual, de los cuales^ de las cuales, D. To which, Al aval, etc, Ac. Which, Que, cual, etc. A. From which, Del cual, 6 jpor el cual, etc 4. Los pronombres demostrativos refieren a los objetos inmediatos. Son los sioruentes : Singular. N. This, G. Of this, . Este, est a, esto. . De esle. d& csta. 168 GRAMATICA INGLESA. D. To this, . Ac. This, A. From this N. These, . G. Of these, D. To these, x\c. These, . A. From these. . A 6 para este^ esta. . Este^ est a. . De 6 jpor e&te, est a. . Estos, estas. Plural Esto . De est OS, estas. . A estos, estas, . Est OS, estas. . Por estos, estas. PARA LOS OBJETOS DISTANTES. Singular. N. That, . . . Aquel,aqueIla,aqnello^ese, esa, eso. G. Of that, . . . De aquel, de aquella, etc. D. To that, . . .A aquel, a aquella, etc. Ac. That, . . . Aquel, aquclla, etc. A. From that, . . De, 6 por aqitel, aquella, etc. N. Those, . G. Of those, D. To those, Ac. Those, . A, From those, Plural. . Aqitellos, aquellas, esos^ esas. . De aquellos, etc. . A 6 para aquellos, etc. . Aquellos, etc. . Por aquellos, etc. GRAMATICA INGLESA. 169 5. La ultima clase contiene los pronombres m- definidos no pertenecientes a alguna de las otras clases, son : One, . . . Uno^ una^ alguno^ alguna. Any, . . . Algunn^ alguna^ cualquiera. Many, ^ feeveral, ) ' > Cada unOj todo e/ mundo^ todos. Every, Cada todo. Everybody, Every one Some, -^^^gOj algunos, los unos. Somebody, ) .. . Some one, \ ^'^''"''' ''^^"'^- Some people, \ Some folks, >- Algunos^ algmias. Some men, ) Other, Otro^ otra^ otros^ otras. . Others, Otros^ otras. The same, El mismo, la misma^ los mismoSj la§ mismas. All, Todo, toda, todos, todas. The whole. El todo. Everything, Todo. Whoever, ) ^ . _^, V Quienqmcra que sea. Whosoever, ) What, Qz^e, lo que, aquello que. no GRAMATICA INGLESA, Whatever, Whatsoever, Whichsoever, Each, Each other, One another. Such, Both, Either, Neither, None, Nobody, No one, Not one. Not any, Nothing, f Cualquura^ sea c/, la^ 6 lo que \ fuere. Cada, cada uno^ cada una. ^ El uno y el otro^ la una y la otro, ) etc. Tal^ seme j ante. AmboSy entrambos^ los dus. Cualquiera^ cado uno^ el unOj 6 el otro^ etc. Ni uno ni otro^ ni el uno ni el otro^ etc. JVadie, ninguno^ ninguna, etc. Nadie^ ninguna persona. Nadie^ nrnguno, mnguna^ no. Nada. El uso solamente puede demonstrar la significa- cion precisa de estas pronombres. Esta es la razon porqne no damos mas largas esplicaciones, que no admitiran las limitos de una obra pequena como esta. VERB OS. El verbo significa ser, hacer 6 sufrir. La len- GRAMATICA INGLESA. 171 gua inglesa tiene pocos modos y tiempos con ter- minacions, y por espresar la idea del verbo se sirve de algunos verbos que se llaman ausiliares. El premero de estas es, To have, . . Haher 6 tener. Modo Indi cativo — Tiem/po Presente. I have. . Yo he^ 6 tengo. Thou hast, . . Tu has ^6 tienes. He has. . El ha, 6 tierie. She has. . Ella ha, 6 tiene. We have, . JVosotros hemoSj 6 tenemos. You, or ye have. . Vosotros haieis, 6 teneis. They have, . . Ellos, 6 ellos han, 6 tienen. Preterite -) Imjperfedo y Perfedo. I had, . . Yo habia, 6 tenia; huhe^ 6 tuve. Thou hadst, . . Tu hahias, etc. He had, . El hahia, etc. We had, . . JSFosotros habiamos, etc. You had. . Vosotros habiaisj etc. They had, . . Ellos habian, etc. Futuro. I shall have, . . Yo habre, 6 tendre. Thou shalt have, . . Tu habrdsj etc. He shall have, . El habrdj etc. 172 GRAMATICA INGLESA. We shall have, You shall have, They shall have, I will have, . Thou wilt have, He will have, We will have. You will have. They will have. . Nosotros hahremos^ etc. . Vosotros hahreisj etc. . Ellos hahrdn^ etc. Otro. . Yo hahre^ 6 tendre. . Tu hahrcis^ etc. . El hahrd^ etc, . Nosotros hahremos^ etc. . Vosotros hahreis^ etc. . Ellos hahrdn, etc. Modo Imperativo. Have, . Let him have, Let her have. Let us have. Have, . Let them have, . Ten tu. . Tenga el. . Tenga ella. . Tengamos nosotros. . Teiicd vosotros. . Ten g an ellos ^ 6 ellas. Modo Suhjuntivo — Presente. That I may have, . . Que yo haya, 6 tenga. That thou mayest have. Que tu kayaSj etc. That he may have, . Q^ie el haya^ etc. That we may have, . Que nosotros hayamos^ etc. That you may have, . Que vosotros hayais, etc. That they may have, . Que ellos hayan^ etc. GRAMATICA INGLESA. 173 Preterito Imjperfecto. I might have. Thou mightest have. He might have, . We might have, . You might have, . They might have, . . Yo hubicra, hahria^ etc., tuvieraj etc. . Til kubieraSj etc. . JSl kiibiera, etc. . Nosotros kubieramoSj etc. . Vosotros kubierais^ etc. . Ellos hubieran, etc. I could have, Thou couldst have. He could have, "We could have, . You could have, . They could have, . Otro. . Yo hubiera, habria, hu- biese ; tuviera^ etc. . Tu kubieraSj etc. . JSl hubiera. . Nosotros hubieramoSj etc. . Vosotros hubierais, etc. . Ellos hubieran, etc. I would have, Thou wouldst have, He would have, . We would have, . You would have, . They would have, . Otro. . Yo hubiera, habria, hu- biese, etc. . Tti hubieras, etc. . El hubiera, etc. . Nosotros hubieramos, etc. . Vosotros hubierais, etc. . Ellos hubieran, etc. 174 GRAMATICA INGLESA. I should have, Thou shouldst have, He should have, . We should have, . You should have, . They should have, Otro, . Yo hubiera, habria, etc., t2iviera, etc. . Tu hubieras, etc. . JEl hubiera, etc. . Nosotros hubieramos, etc. . Yosotros Aubierais, etc. . Ellos hubieran, etc. Futuro Imjperfedo. If I should have, . . Si yo kubiere, 6 fuviere. If thou shouldst have, . Si tu hubieres, etc. If he should have. If we should have, If you should have. If they should have. . Si el hubiere, etc. . Si nosofros hubieremos, etc. . Si vosotros kubiereis, etc. . Si ellos hubiercn, etc. Infinitivo. Presente. To have, . Haber, 6 tener. Gerundio, Having, . Habieiido, 6 teniendo. Participio, Had, . . Habido, 6 tenido. El verbo ausiliar segundo es to be (ser 6 estar). Modo Indicativo. — Presente. I am, . . . . Yo soy^ 6 estoy. Thou art, . . . Tu eres^ etc. He is, . . . .El esy etc. GRAMATICA INGLESA. 175 We are, . . . JVosotros somos^ 6 estamoi You are, . . . Vosotros sois^ etc. They are, . . . Ellos son^ etc. Preierito Imjperfecto y Perfedo. I was, . . . . Yo era^ 6 estaba. Thou wast. He was, We were, You were. They were, I shall be, . Thou shalt be, He shall be. We shall be. You shall be, They shall be, I will be. Thou wilt be, He will be, . We will be, . You will be, They wiL' be, . Tu eraSy etc. . I]l era, etc. . JVosotros eramoSj etc. . Vosotros eraisy etc. . Ellos eran, etc. Future. . Yo sere, 6 estare. . Tu serds, etc. . ^l sera, etc. . Nosotros seremos, etc. . Vosotros sereis, etc. . Ellos serdn, etc. Otro. . Yo sere, 6 estare. . Til seras, etc. . El sera, etc. . JVosotros seremos, etc, . Vosotros sereis, etc. . BUos serdn, etc. 176 GRAMATICA I>GLESA. Be, . Let him be Let her be, Let us be, Be, . Let them be. Imperatico. . iSe, 6 este tu. . Sea^ 6 este el. . Sca^ 6 este ella. . Seamos, 6 estemos nosotros. . Sedj 6 estad vosotros. . Sean, 6 est en ellos, 6 ellas. Suhjmiiivo. — Presente. That I may be, . That thou majest be, That he may be, . That we may be, . That you may be, That they may be, . Que yo sea 6 este. . Tu seas, etc. . El sea, etc. . Nosotros seamos, etc. . Vosotros seals, etc. . Ellcs sean. etc. I might be, Pretcrito Imferfedo. . Yo fuera, seria 6 fuese ; Thou mightest be. He might be, "We might be. You might be, They might be, . I could be, . . Tu flier as, etc. . El fuera, etc. . Nosotros fueramos, etc. . Vosotros fuerais, etc. . Ellos fueran, etc. Otro. . Yo fuera, seria 6 fuese ; estuviera, etc. GRAMA TIC A INGLESA. 177 Thou couldst be, He could be, We could be, You could be, They could be, I would be, . Thou wouldst be. He would be, We would be, You would be. They would be, I should be,. Thou shouldst be, He should be. We should be, You should be, . They should be, . . Tu faeras^ etc. . El fitera^ etc. . Nosotros fueramos, etc . Vosotros fuerais, etc. . Ellos fueran^ etc. OtTO. . Yo fuera, seria 6 fuese; estuviera, etc, . Tu fueras^ etc. . Elfucra^ etc. . Nosotros fueramos^ etc. . Vosotros fueraisy etxj, . Ellos fueran, etc. Oiro. . Yo flier a, seria 6 fuese ; estuviera^ etc, . Til fiLcras, etc. , El flier a ^ etc. . Nosotros fueramosy etc, . Vosotros fucrais, etc. . Ellos fueran^ etc. Futuro Imperfect 0. If I should be, . . Si yo fuerey 6 esticviere. If thou shouldst be, . Si tufiieres, etc. If he should be, , Si el flier e, etc. 178 GRAMATICA INGLESA. If we should be, . . Si nosotros fueremos^ etc. If jou should be, . . Si vosotros fuereia^ etc. If thej should be, . Si ellos fitereii, etc. Injinitivo. Fresente^ To be, . Ser^ 6 estar. Gerundioj Being,. . Siendo, 6 eslando. Pariicipioy Been, . . Sido, 6 estado. Una referenda a los dialogos que seguen eso compendio de gratuatica demostrara como se tra- duzcan los frases Espanoles, por esta razon no es necesario esplical el uso y la significacion de los modes y tiempos de los verbos auxiliares de la len- gua Inglesa. Los sales tiempos regolares y simples del verbo Inglese son el presente que se forma asi. El infinitive es : Presente. To call, . Llamar. Gerundio. Calling, . Llamado. Participio, Called, . Llamando. Indicative >. I call (or do call), . . Yo llamo. Thou callest (or dost call), . Til llamas. He calls (or does calls), . . El llama. We call (or do call), . , Nosotros llajnamos. Ye call " , Vosotros llamais. They call " Ellos 6 ellas llaman. GRAMATICA INGLESA. 179 Se hallan terminaciones th y tth en la segunda persona del singular como he doth 6 doeth^ el hace ; se sirve solamente de estefrasen la Sagrada Escritura, en los libros antiguos, en el estilo sostenido y en la poesia. La forma del tiempo presente, / do call ; se for- ma con el verbo, to do ; que tiene algunas veees una signincacion ausiliar. Se halla una otra forma con el gerundio, como, / am calling^ etc. Todos estes se esprimen por los personas Espanolas, yo llamo, til llamas, etc. Se forma el preterito y perfecto por la anadi- cion de o si el iafinitivo tiene c finale, 6 ed si con un consonante, o otro vocal al radice, como, call^ called^ love, loved, llamar, llauiai, amar, amai. Se sirve de otros formas en, / did call, I was calling ; esprimidos tambien por yo llamai. Para sabar los otros tiempos falta solamente re- ferir a las conjugaciones de los verbos Espaiioles en el compendio de la gramatica Espanola para saber como esprimirlos. Se hallan en la lengua Inglesa muchissimas irre- gularidades. Todos estes consisten en la forma- cion del preterito y perfecto y del participio. El uso de los verbos ausiliares en los otros tiempos escluye otra irregularidad. Basta entonges sola- mente presenta una lista completa para hacer ISO GRAMATICA INGLESA. connocer la formacion de los dos primeros tiem- pos: Tnfinitivo y Presente. Freterito Imperfecto Partieipio. y Perfecto. To abide, habitar. abode. abode. To arise, levantarse. arose, arisen. To awake, despertar, awoke. awaked. X o bake, cocer al horno. baked. baked. To be, I»am, ser, o estar, was. been. To bear, ' sostener, sufrir, bore. borne. To beat. batir, apalear. beat, beaten. To become, Uegar a ser algo. became. become. To befall, . acaecer. befell, befallen. To beget. engendrar, begot, begotten. To begin. empezar, began, begun. To begird, cenir. begirt. begirt To behold. mirar, ver, observar, beheld, beheld, or holden. To bend, doblar, encorvar. bent, bent. To bereave. despojar, bereft, bereft To beseech, suplicar, besought, besought To beset, rodear, sitiar, beset. beset To bespeak. encommendar, eucar- gar, bespoke. bespoken To betake. agarrar, aplicarse, betook, betaken. To bethink. reflexionar. bethought, bethought To bid. mandar, pedir, bade. bidden. To bind. a tar. bound, bound. To bite. morder. bit. bitten. To bleed. sangrar, bled. bled. To blow. soplar. blew. blown. To break, romper. broke. broken. To breed. criar, engendrar. bred. bred. To bring, traer, brought. brought To build, construir, edificar, , built, built To burn, quemar, burned, burnt GRAMATICA INGLESA. 181 To burst, reventar, burst, burst. To buy, comprar. bought. bought. To cast, amoldar, fundir, ar- rojar. cast. cast. To catch. coger, caught, caught. To chide, renir, reganar. chid. chidden. To choose, o chuse, elegir, choose. chosen. To clap, palmotear, clapped. clapt. To cleave, rajar, hender, clove (clave. cleft). cloven (cleft). To climb. trepar, climbed, climbed. To cling. agarrarse, prenderse, clung, clung. To clothe. vestir, clothed, clad. To come, venir, came, come. To cost, costar. cost, cost. To cramp. sujetar,dar calambre, cramped. crampt To creep, gatear, arrastrarse. crept. crept. To crop, segar, cropped. cropt To crow, cantar como un gall 0, crew. crowed. To curse. maldecir, cursed. curst. To cut, cortar, cut. cut. To dare, osar, atreverse, durst (dared), dared. To deal, traficar, barajar. dealt, dealt. To die. morir, died. dead. To dig, cavar, ahondar, To drive, guiar, arrear, ojear. drove. driven. To drop. gotear, destillar. dropped, di-opt. To dwell. habitar, residir, dwelt, dwelt. To eat, comer. ate. eaten. To fall. caer. fell, fallen. To feed. alimentar, pacer. fed, fed. To feel. palpar, sentir, felt. felt. 182 GRAMATICA INGLESA. To nght, pelear, combatir, fought. fought To find, hallar, found, found. To flee, huir. fled, fled. To fling, arrojar, lanzar, flung, flung. To fly, volar, huir. flew, flovra. To fold, doblar, cerrar, folded. folded. To forbear, abstenerse. forbore. forborne. To forbid, prohibir, forbade. forbidden. To forecast, preveer. forecast, forecast. To foresay, predecir, pronosti- car. foresaid. foresaid. To foresee. preveer. foresaw, foreseen. To foretell. predecir, pronosti- car. foretold, foretold. To forget. olvidar. forgot. forgotten. To forgive. perdonar. forgave. forgiven. To forsake. abandonar. forsook. forsaken. To freeze, helar, froze. frozen. To freight. fietar. fraught. fraught. To geld. castrar. gelded, gelt. To get, adquirir, ganar,&c.got. gotten. To gild. dorar. gilt. gilt To give. dar. gave, given. Togo, ir, andar. went, gone. To grave. grabar. graved. graven (graved). To grind, moler. ground, ground. To grow. crecer. grew, grown. To bang, colgar, ahorcar, hung (Iian, ged) hung. To have. haber, o tener. had, had. To hear, oir. heard. heard. To heava a,lzar, hove (heaved), heaved. To help, asistir, ayndar. helped. helped (holpen). To hew, cor tar, hachear, hewed. hewn. To hide, esconder, hid. hidden. To hiss, silbar. hissed. hissed. To hit. golpear, dar en la I bianco, hit, hit To hold. asir. tener, parar, held, held (holden). GRAMATICA INGLESA 183 To hnrt, danar, herir. bm-t. hurt. To jump, saltar, jumped, jumped. To keep, guardar, tenor. kept, kept. To kneel. arrodillarse, knelt, knelt. To knit, liar, hacer punto de media. knit, knit. To knock, tocar, Uamar a la puerta. knocked. knocked. To know. saber, knew, known. To lade, cargar. laded. laden. To lay, poner, colocar, laid. laid. To lead, conducir, led. led To leap. saltar. leaped. leapt. To learn. aprender, learned. learnt To leave, dejar. left, left. To lend, prestar. lent, lent. To let. permitii-, arrendar, let. let. To lie. acostar, lay. lain. To light, alumbrar, lit (ligbted). Ut (lighted). To load. cargar. loaded. loaden (loaded). To lose, perder. lost, lost To lie. mentir. lied. lied. To make. bacer. made, made. To mean. significar, meant. meant. To meet. encontrar. met. met. To melt, derretir. melted. melted (molten). To misbe- come. desconvenir. misbecame. misbecome. To misgive. causar recelo, misgave. misgiven. To mislay, desarreglar, colocar mal, mislaid. mislaid. To misundoi stand. equivocar. misunderstood, misunderstood- To mow. guadanar, segar, mowed. mown. To overbear, , sojuzgar. overbore, overborne. To overcast. anublar, cubrir, overcast, overcast To overcome, veneer, overcame, overcome. To overdo, exceder, overdid, overdone. IS4 GRAMATICA INGLESA. To overdrive , an-ear demasiado, overdrove, overdriven. To overflow, inimdar, overflowed, overflown. To overbear, entreoir. overheard, overheard. To oversee. inspeccionar. oversaw. overseen. To overset, volcar, trastornar, , overset. overset To overslip, OHiitir, overslipped, ov&rslipt To overtake. alcanzar. overtook. overtaken. To overthrow, trastornar. overthrew, overthrown. To outshine. resplandecer, brillar, outshone, outshone. To outstand, resistir. outstood, outstood. To owe, debar (duedas o fa- vores). owed. owed. To pass, parar, passed. past. To pay. pagar. paid. paid. To pluck. arrancar. plucked. plucked. To put. poner, put, put. To read. leer. read, read. To reap. segar. reaped. reaped. To rend, rasgar. rent, rent. To rid. librar, zafarse, rid, rid. To ride, cabalgar, montar a caballo. rode. ridden. To ring. tocar la campanilla. repicar. rang. rung. To rise. levantarsc, rose, risen. To rive, rejar, bender, rivev riven. To rot. pudrirse, rotted. rotted. To run. correr. ran, run. To saw. serrar, sawed. sawn. To say, decir, said, said. To see. ver. saw, seen. To seek, buscar, sought. sought. To seethe. cocer, hervir. seethed, sodden. To sell. vender. sold, sold. To send. enviar. sent. sent To set, poner. set. set To shake, estremecer, shook, shaken. To shave, afeitarse, shaved. 8haven. GRAMATICA INGLESA. 185 To shear, csquilar. sheared. shorn. To shed, vertir, derramar, shed. shed. To shew, to show, mostrar. shewed o showed, shewn o shown. To shine, lucir. shone, shone. To shoe, herrar, shod, shod. To shoot, tirar, brotar, disp; a- rar. shot, shot To shred. picar, desmenuzar, shred. shred. To shrink, encogerse, shrank, shrunk, shrunk. To shrive, confesar, shrove. shriven. To shut, cerrar. shut. shut To sing. cantar. sang, sung. To sink. hundirse, sank (sunk), sunk (sunkenX To sit. sentarse, sat. sat (sitten). To slay. matar. slew. slain. To sleep. dormir, slept, slept To slide, resbalar, deslizarse. , slid. slidden. To sling. tirar con honda. slung. slung. To slink, escabullirse, abortar, slunk. slnnk. To slip, resbalar. slipped. slipt To slit. rajar, hender. slit. slit To smell, oler. smelt, smelt. To smite, herir, golpear. smote, smitten. To snow, nevar. snowed. snown. To sow. sembrar. sowed. sown. To speak. hablar. spoke, spoken. To speed. acelerar. sped. sperL To spell. deletrear, spelt. spelt To spend. gas tar. spent. spent To spill, derramar, verter. spUt or spilled. spilt or spilled. To spin. hilar. spun, spun. To spit. escupir. spat. spitten. To split, hender, dividir, split. split To spread, esparcir, spread. spread. ' To spring. brotar, saltar, sprung or spran; g, sprung. To stamp, patear, pisar, acunai •, stamped. stamped. To steal, hurtar, 16* stole, etoleco. 186 GRAMATICA INGLESA. To stand, estar en pie, stood. stood. To step, andar, dar un paso. stepped. stept or stepped. To stick. pegar, juntar, fijar. stuck, stuck. To sting, aguijonear, punzar. stung. stung. To stink. ■ heder. stunk or stank. stunk. To sti-ide, atrancar.dar trancos, , strode. stridden. To strike. herir, golpear, sti-uck, sti-uck or stricken. To sti-ing. encordar, strung, strung. To strip. despojar, desnudar. sti-ipped. stript or stripped. To sti-ive. contender, esforzarse, strove, striven. To swear. jurar, swore, sworn. To sweat. sudar, sweat. sweat To sweep, ban-er. swept. swept. To swell. hinchar. swelled, swollen. To swim, nadar, swam. swum. To swing, balancear, columpi- arse, swang or swung, swxmg. To take, tomar, took, taken. To teach, ensenar. taught. taught To tear. despedazar, tore. torn. To tell. dccir. told, told. To tliink, pensar. thought. thought To thrive. medrar, prosperar. throve, thriven. To throw. arrojar. tirar, lanzar. threw. thrown. To thrust, empujar. thrust, thrust. To tread. pisar. trod. trod. To vex, vejar. vexed, vexed or vext To unbend. destorcer, aflojar, unbent, unbent To undergo, sufrir, underwent, undergone. To understand entender,comprender,understood. understood. To undei-tak e, emprender. undertook, undertaken. To undo, deshacer. undid. undone. To wax. encerar, aumentarse , waxed, waxed or waxen. To wear, traer, usar, wore. worn. To weave, tejer, wove, woven. To weep, llorar, wept, wept To wet, mqjar, humedecer, wet. wet To whip. azotar, whipped, whipped or whii"*. To win, ganar, won, won. GRAMATICA INGLESA. 187 To wind, girar, soplar, wound, wound. To withdraw, retirarse, withdrew, withdrawn. To withhold , detener, impedtr, withheld. withheld. To withstand, resistir, withstood, withstood. To work, trabajar. wrought(worked)wrought(worked) To ^vrap, envolver, wrapped, wrapt To wring, torcer. wrung, wrung. To write, escribir. wrote, written. To writhe, torcer con violencia, writhed, writhen. Para formar el pasivo del verbo inglese se anade solamente el participio al verbo ausiiiar to be, ser 6 estar. Puede ser necesario insertar la conjugacion del verbo semi-auxiliar, / can. Yo puede que no tiene infinitivo. Ejemplo. I can, . . . Yo piiedo. Thou canst, . . . Tu puedes. He can, . . .El puede. We can, . . . Nosotros podemos. You'can, . . . Vosotros podeis. They can, . . . Ellos pneden. I could, . . . Yo podia, pude, pudiera, pudiese. Thou couldst, . . Tu podias. He could, . . .El podia, etc. We could, . . . Nosotros podiamos, etc. You could, . . . Vosotros podiais, etc. They could, . . Ellos podian, etc. 188 GRAMATICA IXGLESA. I may, . Thou mayest. He may, We may. You may, They may I miofht. Thou mightest, He might, . We might, . You might, . They might, . Yo puedo. . Tu puedes. . El fue.de. . Nosotros podemos. . Vosotros podeis. . Ellos pueden. . Yo podia^ pude, pudiera pudiese. . Tu podias, etc. . El podia J etc. . Nosotros podiamoSj etc. . Vosotros podiais, etc. . EUos podiaji, etc. Se forma el negativo el ingles por el adverbio notj no que sigue los tiempos simples, y se halla entre el verbo auxiliar y el participio de vosotros, como, / call not j I do not call^ yo no llamo, etc. Se puede decir que no tiene la lengua Inglesa otras clases de verbos como reflectivos. La sola defencia es que para esprimir esa idea el objectivo y subjectivo referen a la misma persona. ADVERBIOS, PREPOSICIONES, CONJUN- CIONES E INTER JEGIONES. Los adverbios se forman de los adjetivos anadi- GRAMATICA INGLESA. 189 endo la silaba ly como, brave, hravdy, honest, honestly, bravamente, honradamente. Quando el adjetivo tiene una e fiaale, se elida la letra ultima, como, true, truly, veraments. Los adverbios preceden el adjetivo y siguen el verbo, a excepcion de always^ siempre ; never, nunca 6 jamas ; often, frecuentamente ; seldom, raras-yeces ; que lo preceden. En tiempos com- puestos tienen estos cuatro entre el auxiliar y el participio. Los adverbios con la terminacion ly pueden 6 precedir e seguir el verbo. Los adverbios que tienen la idea de lugar van frecuentamente seguidos de las preposiciones of, by, at, in, u'ith, etc., de, por, encima, en, dentro, con, y entonces las preposiciones, this, that, which, etc., como. Hereof, . . de esto. Thereof, . . de eso. Hereby, . . jpor esto, 6 esta, etc. Los conjunciones son palabras que sirven para "unir las cosas, personas 6 ideas. Las mas usitados son : And, . . . . Y. As if, . . . . Como si. So that, . . . De manera que. Insomuch that, . . De suerte que. 190 GRAMATICA INGLESA. Yet, . . . . However, Although, though, 6 tho' In short. For, . Nevertheless, But, . If, whether, . Viz., 6 namely, Inasmuch as, Rather than, In order that, Either, or, 6 neither nor, - . Con iodoy sin embargo, pero. Como qiiiera que sea, al jncnos. uiunque. En fin^ en suma. Porque^ 'para que. Con todo eso. Pero. Si, sea que. Es decir, a saber. En tanto que. Antes que, mas bien que. A Jin de. Ni. Las interjeciones no son precisamente palabras pero esclamaciones involuntarias ; jamas son una parte necesario de una frase ; aqui siguen las prin- cipales. Ah! . . / Ah ! ;ay! Alas ! . . i Ay ! Well! . / Bien ! Fie! . . i Que verguenza. How ! what ! . i Como ! i que ! Cheer up ! . i Animo ! / alegrarse ! GRAMATICA INGLESA. 191 Hold!. . / Tente ! Softly ! . / Despacito ! Husli ! . i Chiton ! Huzza ! . / Viva / Oh! , . / Oh ! Una atencion a los dialogos, referiendose a la traducion castillana, hara el uso de las preposi- clones mas inteligible al lector que calquieras re- golas podemos dar en este compendio. A las dialogos que siguen referimos el lector con mucho respecto. A. YOCABULAEY OF THE ADYERBS, ADJECTIVES, YEEBS, AND JS^OUJSTS MOST FREQUENTLY USED. The following Dialogues are abridged from the Grammar or Dialogues of Hermandez, almost the only Spanish Grrammar known in Europe, and the bases of the various publications which have ap- peared with such rapidity. The Compiler of this Hornbouk has done nothing more than add a phrase here and there relating to the arts of mining, and the peculiar productions of California and Mexico : Adverts of Order. Adverhios de OrdcTi. First of all, at first, or firstly, . . . Primeramente. For the first time, . For la primera vez. DIALOGUES. 193 In the first place, . Secondly, or in the se- cond place, Next, or nearest, . Afterwards, . Above all, . Before all, . By turns, or alternately. Together, In heaps. In order, or orderly, In disorder, . Confusedly, . Distinctly, . Indiscriminately, . In fine. At last, En primer lugar. En segundo lugar. El mas proximo. Despues de esto. Sobre todo. Ante todo. Alternativamente. Juntamente. A montones. En 6rden,u ordenadamente Desordenadamente. Confusamente. Distintafnente. Indistintamente. En fin. Por ultimo. Of Number. How many times ? Once, . Twice, etc., . Several times, A few, . More, or further, , Every third day, De Numero. . ; Cuantes veces ? . Una vez. . Dos veces, etc. . Muchas veces. . Unos cuantos. . Mas, aun mas. . Cada tres dias. 194 DIALOGUES. Of Flact. Dt Lugar, Where? . . I En donde ? Here, . . Aqui. There, . . AUi. Which way ? . . ; Por donde ? That way, . . Por alii. This way, . Por aqui. Whither ? . . I Adonde ? Abroad, . Fuera (en el extrarjero). Without, . Afuera, Within, . Adentro. Round about. . Al rededor. Aside, . . Aparte. Above, . . Arriba. Over, . . Sobre. Under, . . Abajo. Whence, . De donde. Hence, . . De aqui. Thence, . De alia. Nigh at hand. . Cerca, a la mano. Somewhere, . . En alguna parte. Nowhere, . En ninguna parte. Of Time, Del Tiemjpo. When ? . c' Cuando ? To-day, . Hoy. Yesterday, . . Ayer. DIALOGUES. 195 Yesterday morning. Yesterday evening, Last night, . To-morrow, . The day after to-mor- row. Every day, . The day before yester- day, . Last week, . Lately, Already, Still, as yet,. Not yet. Now, at present, Just now. By and by, . Quickly, Shortly, Late, . Early,. Soon, . Betimes, As soon as, . Too soon, . Formerly, . Ayer mafiana. Ayer tarde. Anoche. Mariana. Pasado manana. Todos los dias. Cada dia. Antes de ayer. La semana pasada. Ultimamente. Ya. Aun, todavia. Aun no, todavia no. Ahora, al presente. Ahora justamente. Luego, de aqui a poco. Prontamente. Brevemente. Tarde. Temprano. Presto. A buena bora. Tan presto como, 6 luego que. Demasiado presto. Antiguamente 196 DIALOGUES. Ever, always. . Siempre. For ever. . Para siempre. Never, . . Nunca, jamas. Seldom, . Raras voces. Often,. . A menudo, 6 muchas voces. Sometimes, . Algunas voces. Now and then. . De cuando en cuando. Before, . Antes. After, . . Despues. Since, . . Desde. Lono^ ao;o, . . Mucho tiempo ha. Again, . Otra vez. Till, until, . . Hasta. Of Quantity De Cantidad. More, . . Mas. Less, . . Menos. Little, . Poco (6 pequeiio). Much, . Mucho. As much as. . Tanto como. How much ? . I Cuanto } Almost, . Casi. Not at all, . . Nada. Wholly, . . Enteramente, totalmente. Partly, . En parte. Separately or sing y, . Separadamente. DIALOGUES. 197 By halves, In flocks, In crowds. Altogether, In parcels, In droves. In shoals, . Por mitades. . En manadas . En tropeL . Todo junto. . En porciones. . En hatos, 6 rebanos. . En cardumen. Of Affirmation. Yes, . Indeed, Truly, or verily, . By all means. At all events. Undoubtedly, or doubt- less, _ . . , Surely, or to be sure, . De, AJirmacion. Si. En verdad, 6 de veras. Yerdaderamente. De todos modes. En todo caso. Indudablemente. Ciertamente. Of Negation. No, . Not, . Not at all, Nothing, Negatively, De Negacion. .No. .No. . De ninguna manera. . Nada. . NecrativameDte. Nothing less than that, Nada menos que eso. 198 DIALOGUES. Of DouUing. If, . Perhaps, Scarcely, By chance Probably, That may be It is doubtful De Dwda. , Si. . Puede ser. . Apenas. . Por acaso. . Probablemente. . Eso puede ser. . Es dudoso. It is very precarious, . Es muy precario. Of Showing and Wishing. Look, \ Behold, \o\\ See there, Look here, . Would to God, . God grant, . Of Rashness^ Confu- sion^ and Haste. Rashly, Unadvisedly, inconsider- ately. Confusedly, in disorder. At random, . 'opsy-turvy, Para Mostrar y Desear. Mirad ! ved ! Yea vd. alii. Vea vd. aqui, he aqui. Pluguiese a Dios. Quiera Dios. De Temeridad^ Con- fitsio7i, y Priesa, Temerariamente. Inconsideradamente. Atropelladamente. A bulto, sin tino. Al reves, revuelto. DIALOGUES. 199 Preposterously, . Unawares, . The wrong side, . Suddenly, . In haste. Too fast, In the twinkling of an . Trastrocadamente. . Inesperado. . Al reves. . Repentinamente. . Apriesa. Demasiado apriesa. eye, . En un cerrar y abrir de ojos. Of Augmentation, De Aumento. Quite, . . Enteramente, completa- mente. Entirely, Enteramente. Very big, . . Muy grueso. Too much, . . Demasiado. Without bounds, . . Sin termino. Without limits, . . Sin limites. Too close, . i Demasiado apretado. ( Demasiado cerca. Too long. . Demasiado largo. Short, . . Corto. High, . . . . Alto. Low, . . Bajo. Broad, or wide, . . Ancho. Narrow, . Estrecho. Thick, . . Espeso. 200 DIALOGUES. Thin, . . Delgado. Deep, . . Hondo. Shallow, . Somero (de poco fondo). Far, . . Lejos. Near, . . Cerca. Hot, . . Caliente. Cold, . . Frio. Extremely, . Extremadamente. Neatly, . Pulidamente. Vastly, or greatly, . Grandemente. Of Moderation and De Moderacion y Diminutioii Diminudon. By little and little , . Poco a poco. Step by step, . Paso a paso. Softly, . . Blandamente, despacito. Gently, . Suavemente, despacito. By degrees, . . Por sus pasos contados. At ease. . Descansadamente. Minutely, . Por menor. Sparingly, . Con parsimonia. Little, small, . Poco. Other Adverb s. Otros Adverhios. Finally, . Finalmente. In short, . Para abreviar palabras. In a word, . . En una palabra. In time, iimi >iy, . . A tiempo. DIALOGUES. 201 Just as, . Justamente como. Fitly,. . . A proposito. Hardly, scarcely, . Apenas. Witli much ado, . . Con trabajo. Well, . . Bien. Ill, . . Mai. Good, . . Bueno. Bad, . . Malo. Happily, . Felizamente. Rarely, . Raras veces. Rather, . Mejor, mas bien. Better, . Mejor. Asunder, . Separado, partido. Out of my sight. . Fuera de mi vista. At the soonest. . Cuanto antes. Like, . . Como, semejante. Just so. . Justamente. Even so, . Aun asi. Likewise, . Del mismo modo. Rather more than less, . Antes mas que menos. By far less, . . Menos con mucho. The least of all, . El menor de todos. To what purpose ." . I Para que ? ^ con que in tento } Conjunctions Conjunciones. And, . . Y. Even, . . Aun 202 DIALOGUES. Also, too, likewise, Either, Or, . Neither, Nor, . If, . Provided that, Then, . Since that. For, . Because, Whereas, For instance. But, . But for all that. Yet, however, Notwithstanding, Nevertheless, On the contrary. Except, Unless, However, howsoever, Though, although. So much the more. Besides, Further, Therefore, . . Asi tambien. . ; el uno 6 el otro . O. . Ni ; ni uno ni otro. . No. .Si. . Con tal que. . Pues. . En cuanto 4 que . Porque. . Porque. . Cuando, por cuanto, etc. . Por ejemplo. . Pero, sino, que, etc. . Pero con todo eso. . Sin embargo. . No obstante. . Sin embargo. . Al contrario. . Excepto, fuera de. . A menos que. . Como quiera que. . Aunque, bien que. . Tanto mas. . Ademas. . Mas, ademas de eso. . Por tanto, por esto. DIALOGUES. 203 Wherefore, . . Por lo cual. For the rest, . Por lo dem^s. And above all, . Y sobre todo. Interjections. Inter jecciones. Alas I . •iAy! sad ! . j Ay triste de mi ! heaven, . . i cielo I Ah unhappy that I ai n ! i Oh desdichado de mi ! Shame, . i Que vergiienza ! Oh joy. . i Que alegria ! Hang sorrow ! . j Fuera tristeza ! Cheer up ! . . jAlegrarse! ; buen animo ! Well, well ! . . i Bien, bien ! Help, help!. . i Favor, favor ! Ho, ho ! hoa ! . . i He, he ! \ basta ! Hollo ! ho there ! . i Hola ! i quien anda ahi ! Sirrah ! . i Pillastron ! Hold your tongue ! . i Calla ! Silence ! . 1 Silencio I Be quiet ! . . i Quedo ! Hush ! . i Chiton ! Good God ! . i Valgame Dios ! How then ! . . i Como pues ! WeUdone!. . i Bien hecho ! Oh brave ' , i Bravo ' 204 DIALOGUES. NOMBRES. Of Sacred Things. God, . The Trinity, The Father, The Son, The Holy Ghost, The Creator, The Redeemer, Paradise, Hell, . An angel, . A devil. The blessed, A preacher, A priest, A curate, A rector, A bishop, . An archbishop, A cardinal, . The Pope, . A canon, A dean, A vicar, A parish, De las Cosas Sagradas. . Dios. . La Trinidad. . El Padre. . El Hijo. . El Espiritu Santo. . El Criador. . El Redentor. . El Paraiso. . Elinfierno. . Un angel. . Un diablo. . Los bienaventurados. . Un predicador. . Un sacerdote. . Un teniente de cura. . Un cura. . Un obispo. . Un arzobispo. . Un cardenal. . El Papa. . Un canonigo. . Un dean. . Un vicario. . Una parroquia. DIALOGUES. 205 A church, . A steeple, . A bell, The altar, . The pulpit, . The organ, . The churchyard, A burial, The grave, . The coffin, . New Year's day, Twelfthtide, . Twelfth Day, Candlemas, . Shrovetide, . Shrove Tuesday, Ash Wednesday, Lent, . Palm Sunday, Good Friday, E?.ster Sunday, Easter, Whitsuntide, Ember Week, Christmas Day, Christmas time, . Una iglesia. . Un campanario. . Una campana. . El altar. . El piilpito. . El organo. . El cementerio. . Un entierro. . El sepulcro. . El atud. . Dia de ano nuevo. . La pascua de reyes. . La Epifania. . La Candelaria. . El Carnabal. . Martes de Carnestolendas. . Miercoles de Ceniza. . La Cuaresma. . Domingo de Ramos. . Viernes Santo. . Domingo de Resurreo- cion. . Pascua de Resurreccion. . Pascua de Pentecostes. . Las cuatro Temperas. . Dia de Navidad. . Pascua de Navidad. 2Ut> DIALOGUES. Of Time, Bel Tlempo. Of Time. Del Tiempo. Eternity, La eternidad. ven, cuarto. Time, El tiempo. A date, LTna fecha. The day. Eldia. A century. Un siglo. The break of day El amanecer. A quarter of a The dawn, El alba. year. Un trimestre. The morning, La manana. A month. Un mes. Noon, Mediodia. Spring, La primavera. Afternoon, Tarde. Summer, El verano. Night, Noche. Autumn, El otono. Evening, La tardecita. Winter, El invierno. Midnight, Media noche. The seasons. Las estaciones. A holiday. Un dia de fiesta. A week. Una semana. The holidays, Las vacaciones. The eve. La vispera. A work-day, Un dia de labor. January, Enero. To-day, Hoy. February, Febrero. Yesterday, Ayer. March, Marzo. The day before April, Abril. yesterday. Antes de ayer. May, Mayo. To-morrow, Manana. June, Junio. The day after to- July, Julio. morrow. Pasado manana. August, Agosto. The next day. El dia siguiente. September, Setiembre. A minute. Un minuto. October, Octubre. A second. Un scgundo. November, Noviembre. An hour, Una hora. December, Diciembre. Half an hour, Media hora. A fortnight. Quince dias. A quarter of i va. Monday, Lunes. hour, Un cuarto de hora. Tuesday, ^lartes. An age. Un siglo. Wednesday, Mi Creoles. A year, Un ano. Thursday, Jueves. One o'clock. La una. Friday, Viernes. Three o'clock, Las tres. Saturday, Sabado. Half after six. Las seis y media. Sunday, Domingo. A quarter after The beginning, El principio. nine, Las nueve y cuarto The middle, El medio. A quarter to ele - Las once menos > The end, Elfin. DIALOGUES. 207 Of Man. Del Hortibre. Of Man. Del Eomdre. A- man, Un hombre. An infant at the A. woman, Unamujer. breast. Un nine de teta A boy. Un muchacho. A male orphan, Un huerfano. A young man, Un joven. A blind man. Un ciego. A girl, Una muchacha. A one-eyed man , Un tuerto. An old man. Un viejo. A squint-eyed An old woman. Una vieja. man, L^n bizco. Youth, La juventud. A deaf man, Un sordo. Old age, La vejez. A dumb man. Un mudo. An elderly man. , Un anciano. A lame man. Un cojo. A bachelor, Un soltero. A cripple, Un estropeado. A maid. L'na doncella. A crooked man, Un jorobado. A lad. Un mocito. A glutton. Un gloton. A male child. Un niuo. A drunkard, Uu borrachon. The different Dc- Los dlferenUs The different Los diferentet grees of Ki n- GradosdePa- Degrees of Grados de Po dred. rentesco Kindred. rentesco. A grandfather, Un abuelo. A mother-in-law,Una suegi-a. A father. L"n padre. A son-in-law, Un yerno. A son. Un hijo. A daughter-in- A grandson. Un nieto. law. Una nuei-a. A brother, Un hermano. The brother-in - A sister. Una hermana. law, El cunado. A cousin, Un primo. The sister-in-law.La cunada. First cousin, Primo hermano. A stepfather, Un padrastro. An uncle. Un tio. A stepmotlier, Una madrastra A nephew, Un sobrino. God-father, Padrino. A grandmother, , Una abuela. God-mother, Madrina. A mother. Una madre. God-son, Ahijado. A daughter. Una hija. A relation, Un pariente. A granddaughter,Una nieta A god-daughter, Una ahijada. An aunt. Una tia. A Avidower, Un Tiudo. A niece, \ Una sobrina. A widow. Una viuda. A husband, Un marido. A foundling, Un exposito. A wife, L4. mujer. An heir, Un heredero. A father-in-law , Un suegro. The heir-at-law. , El mayorazga 208 DIALOGUES Of ihe human Dd Cuerpo Of the human Del Cuerpo Body humano. Body. humano. The body, El cuerpo. The fingers. Los dedos. The five senses, Los cinco senti - The nails, Las Unas. dos. The toes, Los dedos de los Sight, La vista. pies. Hearing, El oido. Afoot, Un pie. Smelling, El olfato. The breast, El pecho. Tasting, El gusto. The ribs. Las costillas. Feeling, El tacto. The side. El costado. A member or The belly, El vientro. limb. Un miembro. The back, Las espaldas. The head. La cabeza. The reins. Los rinones. The hail-, El pelo. The thigh. El music The beard, Las barbas. The knee, La rodiUa. The chin, La barba. The leg. La pierna. The face, El rostro. The calf of the The forehead, La frente. leg, La pantorrilla. The temples, Las sienes. The ham, La corva. The eyes. Los ojos. The ankles, Los tobillos. The eyeball, La nina del ojo. The heel. El talon. The eyeUd, El parpado. The skin. La pieL The eyebrow, La ceja. The flesh, La carne. An eyelash. Una pestana. A bone. Un hueso. The cheek. La mejilla. The brain. El celebro. The ear. La oreja. The brains. Los sesor. The nose, La nariz. The heart. El corazon. The nostrils, Las ventanas de The limgs. Los pulmones. la nariz. The liver. El higado. The mouth, La boca. The bowels. Las tripas. The lips. Los labios. The blood, La sangre. The jaw. La quijada. A vein. Una vena. The glims, Las encias. A nerve. Un nervio. A tooth. Un diente. An artery. Una arteria. The teeth. Los dientes. The stomach. El estomago. A back tooth. Una muela. The pit of the La boca del esto- The tongue. La lengua. stomach, mago. DIALOGUES. 209 The palate, El paladar. The thumb. El dedo pulgar. The neck, El cuella. The joints, Las coyunturas. The bosom, El seno. The head-ache. El mal de cabeza. The throat. La garganta. The tooth-ache. El mal de muelas. The shouldei-s, Los hombros. The fever. La fiebre. The arm, El brazo. A cold. Un constipado. The elbow. El codo. The cough. La tos. The wrist. La muneca. 1 he small-pox. Las viruelas. The fist, El puno. A sore throat. Un mal de gar- The hand. La mano. ganta. The right hand, , La derecha. Sore e3'es, Un mal de ojos. The left hand, La izquierda. OfDre^s. Del Vestido. 0/ Dress. Del Vestido. A suit, Un vestido. A cane, Un baston. A shirt, Una camisa. An umbrella, Un paraguas. A shift. Una camisa de A purse, Una bolsa. majer. A ring. Un anillo. Drawers, Calzoncillos. A sword. Un espadin. Breeches, Calzones. Spectacles, Los anteojos Stockings, Medias. A black petticoat,Una basquina. Garters, Las llgas. A white upper Slippers, Las chinelas. petticoat. Unas enaguaa. Boots, Botas. The under petti Shoes, Zapatos coat. El zagamo. A coat. Una casaca. A hoop petticoat,Un tontillo. A waistcoat. LTn chaleco. A plain cap, L^n gorro. Leather gaiters. Polainas. A dress cap, Una escofieta. Cloth gaiters, Botines. The stays, La cotilla. Stock, Corbatin. • Un vestido de Cravat, Corbata. mujer. A neckcloth. Una corbata. A gown. Una bata, vestido The sleeves, Las mangas. tolar. The ruffles. Los vuelos. An apron. Un delantal. A pocket, Un bolsiUo. A looking-glass, Un espejo. The buttons. Los botones. Lace, Encaje. The buttonhole3,Lo3 ojales. Pins, Alfileres. The lining, El forro. A pincushion, Un acerico. 210 DIALOGUES. The collar, El cuello. Ear-rings, Lc6 pendientea, A cloak, Una capa. Bracelets, Los brazaletes. A great coat, Una levita. A ring, Una sortija. A hat. Uu sombrero. A necklace. Un collar. A wig. Una peluca. A riband. Una cinta. A handkerchief, Un panuelo. Jewels, Las alhajas. Gloves, Los gu antes. A set of dia- Un aderezo de ^ia- A cap, Un gorro o gorra . monds, mantes. A muff. Un manguito. A fan, Un abanico. A comb. Un peine. A veil, Un velo. A brush. Una cscobilla. Clogs, Los chapines. A watch. Un reloj de bol - False hair, Pclo postizo. sillo. A mantle, Un capotillo. A snuff-box, Una tabaqnera. A shawl, Un chaL Of a IIou>ie. De lona Casa. Of a House. Be una Casa. A house, Una casa. A irlllow-casc, Una funda de al- The door, La puerta. moada. The bolt, El cerrojo. The counterpane,La colcha. The bck. La cerraja. A candlestick. Un candelero. The kay, La Have. The snuffers, Las despavilade- The ground-tioor.El cnarto bajo. ras. A story, Un alto, un piso. The shovel, La pala. The porch. El portal. The tongs, Las tcnazas. The court, El patio. Wood, Lena. The stairs. Las escaleras. A writing-desk, Un escritorio. A step. Un escalon. A book-case, Un estante. The galleries, Los corredores. A bureau. Una papelera. An apartment. Un cuarto. A mirror. Un espejo. A room. Uu cuarto. A lustre. L'ua arana ae cris- 1 he dining-room,El comedor. ta!. A parlor, Una sala. The sideboard. El aparador. The drawing A wardrobe. t^na comoda. room. El estrado. A screen. Un biombo. The bed-room, La alcoba. A trimk. Un haul. An antechamberjUna antesala. A pianoforte. Un piano. A dressing-room,Un tocador. A box. Una caja. A closet, Un retrete. A table drawer, Un caion. DIALOGUES. 211 The pantiy, La desponsa. A bureau drawer, Una cajeta. The cellar, La bodega. A clock. Un reloj de sobre The kitchen, La cocina. mesa. A cupboard, Una alacena. A broom, Una escoba. A garret. Un desvan. A spit. Un asador. An observatory, , Un mirador. A basket, Una cesta. The oven, El horno. A glass. Un vaso. The coach-honse,La cochera. A jug. Un jarro. The stable. La caballeriza. A decanter. Una botella para A garden, Un jar din. agua. A pigeon-house. , Un palomar. A knife, Un cuchillo. The tiled roof. El tejado. . A fork. Un tenedor. Privy, water- A spoon, Una cuchara. closet. El lugar comun. A salt-cellar, Un salero. The window, La ventana. The table-cloth, , El mantel. The shutters, Las puertas ven - A napkin, Una scrvilleta. tanas. A plate. Un plato. A table. Una mesa. Mustard, La mostaza. A carpet Una alfombra. A table-service. Un servicio de A chair. Una silla. mesa. Abed, Una cama. A tea-service, Un servicio de te. A bedstead, Un armazon de A chocolate-pot, La chocolatera. cama. A coffee-pot. La cafetera. A pillow. Una almoada. The tea-pot. La tetera. The sheets. Las sabanas. The mill, El molinillo. A blanket, Una manta. A cup. Una taza. The curtains, Las cortinas. A saucer. Un platillo. A warming-pan , Un calentador. The milk -pot. La jarra de la A candle. Una vela. leche. A mattress. Unj ergon. A sugar-basin. El azucarero. A flock mattress,TJn colchon de lana. Of Meat and De la Comida. Of Meat and De la Comida Drink. y BeUda. Drink. y Bebida. Bread, Pan. Pepper, Pimienta. New Bread, Pan fresco. Vinegar, Vinagre. Stale bread. Pan duro. Oil, Aceite. 'Wine, Vino. Cheese, Queap. 212 DIALOGUES. White -wine, Eed wine, "Water, Flesh, Roasted meat, Boiled meat, Beef, Mutton, Veal, Lamb, Ham, Bacon, Game, Venison, Fish, A duck, A goose, A fowl, A pheasant, A chicken, A pigeon, A tm-key, A partridge. Salt, Eggs, Sauce, Pickles, Vegetables, Of a City. A city, A town, A hamlet, A village, The suburbs. The street, A. square, \. lane, Vino bianco. Vino tinto. Agua. Carne (\ava). Carne asada. Carne cocida. Vaca. Carnero. Ternera, Cordero. Jamon. Tocino. Caza. Venado. Pescado, Iln pato. Un ganso. Una gallina. Un faisan. Un polio. Un pichon. Un pavo. Una perdiz. Sal. Iluevos. Salsa. Los escabeches. Las verduras. De una Ciudad. Una ciudad. Una villa. Una aldea. Un lugar. Los arrabales. La calle. Una plaza. Un callejon. Salad, Pears, Melons, The dessert, Grapes, Pine-apples, Oranges, Apples, Peaches, Walnuts, Filberts, Eaisins, Jellies, Loaf sugar. Moist sugar. Brown or clay- ed sugar, Toast, Butter, Beer, Brandy, Eum, Negus, Orgeat, Lemonade, Sherry, Champagne, Of a City. A parish. The play-house, The scenes, The pit, A box. The school, A shop, The inn, Ensalada. Peras. Melones. Los postres. Uvas. Pinas. Naranjas. Manzanas. Melocotones. Nueces. Avellanas. Pasas. Jaletinas. Azucar de pilon. - Azucar terciado. Tostadas. Manteca. Cerveza. Aguardiente. Eon. Sangi-ia. Orchata. Limonada. Vino de Jerez. Vino de cham pana. De una Ciudad L"na parroquia. El coliseo. Los bastidores. La luneta. Un palco. La escuela. Una tienda. La posada. DIALOGUES. ^ The meat-mar- The prison, La carcel. ket. La camiceria. An hospital, Un hospital. The fish-market, La pescaderia. A convent, Un convento. A. palace, Un palacio. An hotel. Una fonda. The treasury, La tesoreria. A cook-shop. Un figon. The mint, La casa de moneda. The exchange. La bolsa. The custom- A church, Una iglesia. house. La adnana. The post-office. El correo. The imiversity, La universidad. A counting- The college. El colegio. house, Un escritorio. The academy. La academia. A wharf, Un muelle. The town-house. La casa consisto- A warehouse, rial. Un almacen. Of the Country . Del Campo. Of the Country. Del Campo. The road, El camino. Corn, Grano, trigo. A conn try -house, Una qulnta. Wheat, Trigo. A mill. Un molino. Barley, Cebada. A -windmill, Un molino de Eye, Centeno. viento. Oats, Avena. A farm, Una heredad. Straw, Faja. A bower. Una glorieta. Flax, Lino. A wood, Un bosque. Hemp, Canamo. A meadow, Un prado. A cart. Una carreta. A vineyard, Una vina. A waggon. Un carro. The harvest, La cosecha. The wheels. Las ruedas. Grass, Terca. The plough, El arado. Hay, Heno, 213 FAMILIAR DIALOGUES. L To inquire after Health. How do you do, sir ? Yery well, at your service. DIALOGOS FAMILLlFwES. Para informarse de la Salud> i Como lo pasa vd. ? Muy bien para servir a vd. 214 DIALOGUES. How does your sister do ? Is your mother in good health ' She is not well. She is a little indisposed. She is rather indisposed. How is all your family ? I Como esta su liermana de vd. ? i Esta buena su senora mailre de vd. ? No lo pasa bien. j- Esta algo indispuesta. i Como esta su familia de vd. ? They are all well except my fa- Todos estan buenos menos mi pa- ther. dre. What is his illness ? i Que es lo que tiene ? lie has got a cold. Ha cogido un constipado. He has the heada/;he. Tiene jaqueca. I have heard your uncle is also He oido que su tio de vd. esta indis- puesto. Tiene mal de garganta I Hace mucho tiempo que esta malo ] No hace mucho. Y vd., senor, ^ como lo pasa ? Asi, asi : tal cual. not well. He has got a sore throat How long has he been iU? It is not long since. And you, sir, how do you do ? So so, or, but so so. But my daughter has a violent colic. Pero mi hija tiene un terrible colico. Since when ? i Desde cuando ? At midnight she was seized with it Desde ayer a media noche. I wish her a speedy recovery, Le desco una pronta mejoria. She is much better than she was. Ta esta mucho mejor de lo que es- taba. I hope she will get immediate ease Espero que se restablecera inmedia- from her illness, or sickness. tamente de su indisposicion (o en- fermedad). I return you many thanks. Doy a vd. muchas gracias. I thank you, or I give you thanks. Doy a vd. las gracias, lo estimo. How do you find yourself? i Como se encuentra vd. ? Pretty weU, thanks be to God. Bastante bueno, a Dios graciaa Me alegro de eso sinceramente. Viva vd. mil anos. Parece que esta vd. enteramente bueno. Medianamente bueno para servir a vd. I heartily rejoice at it. I am extremely obliged to you. I hope you are now quite well Middling well, at yom- service. DIALOGUES. 215 Good bye. Good bye to yon. IL On the Hour. What o'clock is it ? Tell me what o'clock it is. What o'clock do you think it is '. Is it late ? No, it is eai'Iy. It is six o'clock. I did not think it -vras so late. Quedese vd. con Dies. Hasta la, vista. II. De la Eora, i Qne hora es ? Digame vd. que hora «s. j Que hora piensa vd., que es? i Es tarde ? No, es temprano. Son las seis. Juzgue que no era tan tarde. Did you not hear the clock strike ? (, No oyo vd. cuando dio el reloj ? No, for we do not always hear the No porque jamas oimos aqui cuando clock strike here. It struck six just now. It is time to get up. It is a quarter past six o'clock. It is about one. A quarter to eight. Twenty minutes to nine. It is striking ten. It has not struck two. It is breakfast time. It is not ten yet. See by the sun-dial. How time passes away ! At what time must you go horn© ? At two o'clock exactly. The sun is just set. The moon is rising already. It is dark, or night It is supper time. It is time to go to bed. See what o'clock it is by your watch. It is down. de el reloj. Acaban de dar las seis. Ya es tiempo de levantarse. Son las seis y cuarto. La una csta al caer. Las ocho menos cuarto. Las nucvc menos veinte minutos. Las diez estan dando. No han dado las dos. Es tiempo de almorzar. Ann no son las diez. Yea vd. el cuadrante. i Como pasa el tiempo ! i A que hora tiene vd. que volver a casa? A las dos en punto, Acaba de ponerse el sol. Ya sale la una, Es de noche. Es hora de cenar. Es tiempo de irse a la cama. Yea vd. que hora es en su reloj. Se ha parado. 216 DIALOGUES. "Wind it up. The hand is lost. Look at yours. Mine is a repeating watch. It stops sometimes. Yesterday it went too fast. To-day it goes too slow. It does not go right. IIL Of Breakfast. Is breakfast ready ? "What have we for breakfast ? Have you breakfasted ? "Will you breakfast with us ? "Will you be pleased to come to breakfast with me ? I will accept yom* favor. "What do you choose ? "Whatever you please. Will you have some chocolate ? Do you like coffee better ? I like chocolate very well. Bring the chocolate-pot. Set it upon the fii-e. "Where are the cups ? Sir, I give you a great deal of trouble. None at all, sir ; if you were not here, I should have some cho- colate. You must now have a cup of cof- fee. No, sir, I thank you. It is very good, taste it, sir. Certainly, tbere cannot be better di-unk. Kut it is too strong. Dele vd. cuerda. Se ha perdido la aguja. Yea vd. el suyo. El mio es de repeticioa. Se para algunas veces. Ayer se adelantaba Hoy se atrasa. No anda bien. IIL Para Desayanarse. I, Esta pronto el almuerzo ? 6 Que tenemos para almorzar ? I Ha almorzado vd. ? iQuiere vd. almorzar con nosotros? jQuerra vd. venir a desayunarse conmigo ? Aceptare el favor de vd. 6 Que es lo que vd. gusta ? Lo que vd. quiera. i Quiere vd. chocolate ? ^Le gusta a vd. mas el cafe? Y chocolate me gusta bastante. Traiga vd. la chocolatera. Pongala vd. al fuego. 4 Donde estaa las tazas ? Senor, yo le incomodo a vd. mucho. Nada de eso, senor ; aunque vd. no estuviese aqui, yo tomaria choco- late. Ahora debe vd. tomar una taza de cafe. No, senor, muchas gracias. Es excelente, pruebelo vd., senor. Ciertamente, no se puede tomar me- jor. Pero es muy faerte. DIALOGUES. 2 IT. Take a cup of tea, if you like it Tome yd. una taza de te, si le pareee better. a vd. mejor. Do you choose sugar and cream In it ? 6 Quiere yd. azucar y nata ? For my part, I always drink it mth sugar. To siempre lo tomo sin azucar Every one to liis taste. Cada uno tiene sii gusto. Do you like a boiled egg ? i Quiere vd. un huevb pasado por agua? Your tea grows cold. El te de vd. se enfria. Eat some bread and butter. Coma vd. algunas tostadas de man- teca. No more, I return you many No mas, doy a vd. mil gracias, ya he thanks, I have breakfasted. almorzado. Now, I must take my lea-^-e of Ahora voy a dejar a vd. porque ten- you, for I have a friend who is go un amigo que me espera. waiting for me. I am sorry you are in so much Siento mucho que este vd. tan de haste. priesa. I am always yours. Soy siempre de vd. IV. IT. Of the Weather. Del Tiempo. How is the weather ? i Que tiempo hace ? It is bad weather ? Hace mal tiempo. It is hot. Hace calor. It is very fine weather. Hace muy buen tiempo. It is cloudy weather. Esta nublado. It is wet— windy— stormy— diy Esta humedo— corre viento — esta weather. borrascoso — esta seco. It is foggy weather. Hace niebla. The wind blows hard. Hace mucho aire. The wind is turned ; it falls. Se ha mudado el viento ; calma I think it will rain to-day. Creo que llovera hoy. Does it rain ? Does it not rain ? j Llueve ? ^ No llueve ? It is going to rain. Va a Hover. The rain poured down in torrents. Llovia a cantaros. "Jee how it rains. Yea yd. como llueve. 218 DIALOGUES. Let us shelter ourselves. It is cold, very cold. I am cold. I am starving -with cold. It snows, it hails, it freezes. The river is frozen over. The snow melts away. The sun shines. The weather is now mild. It is hot ; it is extremely hot. Let us go into the shade. It lightens prodigiously. It thunders. It clears up. I see the rainbow. It is dirty. The stones are very slippery. It begins to grow light It begins to grow dark. It is a starlight night. A coach has splashed me all over. The moon is eclipsed. The mist is so thick, that we can \ scarcely see one another. Pongamonos a cubierto. Hace frio, mucho fi-io. Tengo frio. Estoy tiritando de frio. Nieva, gi-aniza, hiela. El rio esta helado. La nieve se derrite. Hace soL El tiempo esta ahora templado. Hace calor ; hace un calor extraordi- nario. Vamos a la sombra. Eelampaguea que es un pasmo. Truena. Ta aclara, ya escampa. Yo veo el arco iris. Hay lodo. Las piedras estan muy resbaladizaa. Aananece. Anochece. El cielo esta estrellado. Un cochs me ha alpicado de lodo. La luna esta eclipsada. La neblina es tan espesa, que apenas podemos vernos. At Dijiner. At what o'clock do you usually dine? At two o'clock, and I beg you will take dinner with me to-day. With all my heart. Let us sit down to table. There wants a cover here. Madam, do me the favor to take the first place. "Who likes soup ? Al tiempo de Comer. i A que hora suele vd. comer ? A las dos, y suplico a vd. que se quede hoy a comer conmigo. Con mucho gusto. Sentemonos a la mesa. Aqui falta un cubierto. Senora, hagame vd. el favor de tomar el primer asiento. iQuien qmere sopa? DIALOGUES. 219 Boy, take the soup and boiled meat away. Muchacho, qmta la sopa y el ocido. Now, -who understands carving ? Ahora, <, quien sabe trinchar ? I sometimes undertake it, though Algunas veces me entrenieto a trin- I am very awkward at it. char, aunque no soy de los mas habiles. Be so kind as to carve that duck, Tenga vd. la bondad de trinchar este and help this lady to some of pato, y de servir la pechuga a esta the breast senora. You don't eat. Vd. no come. Come, gentlemen, let us take a glass together. Vamos, senores, bebamos jimtos. Serve the lady with a glass of Sirva vd. a la senora im vaso de Champaign. Champana. Biing me some sherry. Traigame vd. Jerez. How do you like this wine ? j Que le parece a vd. de este vino ? It is very good. Es muy bueno. Gentlemen, your healths. A la salud de vd., senores. I thank you, sir. ' Mil gracias. I recommend the veal cutlets, as Eecomiendo a vd. las chuletas de tender and juicy. ternera, porque estan tiernas y ju- gosas. There is also salmon, trout, tench. Hay tambien salmon, trucha, tenca, and whiting done with caper- y pescadilla compuesta con salsa sauce. de aleaparras. This fricassee of chicken seems to Este guisado de polles parece muy be very good. bueno. This hare is not done enough. Esta liebre no esta bien asada. Sir, will you do me the favor to Senor, ^ quiere vd. tener la bondad help me to a bit of it? de darme un pedacito ? Take away, and bring the dessert. Quita estos platos, y trae los postres. Uncork that bottle. Destapa esa botella. I have lost my corkscrew. He perdido mi sacacorchos. Those are the fruits of the season, Hay las frutas del tiempo, como such as apples, pears, plums, manzanas, peras, ciruelas, guindas, cherries, black and red ; figs, y cerezas, higos, uvas, nisperos, grapes, medlars, service-apples, acerolas, serbas, moras a granadas. mulberries, blackberries, pome- Tanates- 220 DIALOGUES. I have made a very good dinner. ITo comido bien. So have I. Y yo tambien. YL YL To write a Letter. Para escribir una Carta. Give me a sheet of paper, pen Deme vi ima hoja de papel, pluma and ink. y tlntero. Step into my closet, and you -will Entre vi en mi gabinete, y alii find whatever you want hallara todo lo que necesite. There are no pens. No hay plnmas. There are some on the stand-dish. Yealas vd. en el tintero. They are good for nothing. No valen nada. There are some others. Ahi hay otras. They are not made. No estan cortadas. Where is your penknife ? i Donde esta el cortaplumas ? Can you make pens ? i Sabe vd. cortar plumas ? 1 make them my own way. Yo las corto a mi modo. This is not bad Esta no esta mala. "While I finish this letter, do me En tanto que acabo esta carta, ba- the favor to seal the rest. game vd. el favor de cerrar estaa otras. What wax shall I use ? i Que lacre pondi'e ? Take either red or black, no mat- Ponga vd. encarnado o negro ; no ter which. importa. Have you put the date ? i Ha puesto vd. la fecha ? I believe I have, but I have not signed it. Creo que si, pero no he firmado. "What day of the month is this ? i,A. cuantos estamos hoy ? Tho eighth, the tenth, the fif- teenth, A ocho, a diez, a quince. Write the address. Ponga vd. el sobrescrito. Where is the sand ? i Donde estan los polvos ? The sand-bos is fiill. La salvadera esta Uena. There is youf servant: wiU you A qui esta el criado : i qniere vd. que let him carry the letters to the lleve sus cartas al correo ? post-office. Carry my letters to the post-office, Lleva mis cartas al correo, y no de- DIALOGUES. 221 and do not forget to pay the jes de pagar el porte. postage. Sir, I have no money. Senor, no tengo diners. There are ten shillings. Toma diez chelines. Go quickly, and return as soon as posssible. Ye pronto, y vuelve al instante. VII. TIL At an Inn. En una Posada. "We are arrived at the inn ; let us Hemos Uegado a la posada ; apee- ftlight, gentlemen. monos, caballeros. Take these gentlemen's horses, Toma los caballos de estos senores, and take care of them. y ten cuidado de ellos. Let me speak with the inn-keeper. Quiero hablar con el posadero. What have you for supper ? ^ Q"^^ tiene vd. para cenar ? A capon, half a dozen pigeons, a Un capon, una media docena de pi- salad, etc. chones, una ensalada, etc. "Will you have anything else ? l Quiere vd. alguna otra cosa mas ? That is enough ; but give us some Basta eso ; pero denos vd. buen vino good wine, and some fniit. y frutas. Rely upon me, you shall be satis- Le aseguro a vd. que quedaran con- fied. tentos. Let our portmanteau and pistols Que suban nuestras malctas y pis- be carried up stairs. tolas. Pull off my boots ; and then you Sacame las botas, y mira despues si - may se« whether they have ban dado heno a los caballos. given the horses any hay, Tou -will water them, and take Los llevaras ai. a^a, y ten cuidado care they give them some oats, que les den avena. I shall take care of everything ; Tendre cuidado de todo, descanse do not trouble yourself. vd. Gentlemen, th-e supper is ready ; Senores, la cena esta pronta, y sobre it is upon the table. la mesa. Let us go to supper, gentlemen, Vamos a cenar, senores, para acos- that we may go to bed in good tarnos temprano. time. Let us sit down to table. Sentemonos a la mesa. Bring some wine. Trae vino. 222 DIALOGUES. To your health, sir. A la salud de vd. Is the wine good ? ^ Es bueno el vino ? It is not bad. No es malo. The capon is not done enough. El capon no esta bien asado. • What am I indebted to you ? ^ Caanto le debo a vd. ? The bill amounts to twenty shil- lings. El gasto sube a veinte chelines. Here they are. Ahi los tiene vd. Count them. Caentelos vd. They are very right. Estan cabales. YIII. VIII. To inquire cibout a Person. Para informarse de Alguna, Who is that gentleman who spoke i Quien es aquel caballero que hab- to you a little while ago ? laba con vd. hace un rato ? He is a German. Es un Aleman. I took him for an Englishman, Yo creia que era un Ingles. He speaks French very well. Habla muy bien el Frances. Though he is a German, he speaks Aunques es Aleman, habla tan bien Italian, French, Spanisli, and el Italiano, el Frances, el Espanol, English so well, that in Italy y el Ingles, que en Italia pasa por they take him for an Italian. un Italiano. He speaks French like a French- Habla el Frances como los mismos man. Franceses. The Spaniards take him for a Spaniard. Los Espanoles le creen EspanoL Have you known him long ? j Hace mucho tiempo que le conoce vi? About two years. Hara cosa de dos anos. He plays upon the guitar, and Toca la guitarra, y otros varios in- several other instruments. strumentos. I should be glad to know him. Me alegraria conocerle. I -will bring you acquainted with him. Ya hare yo que vd. le conozca. Where does he live ? ^ En donde vive ? He lives in this neighborhood. El vive aqui cerca When wiU you have us go and j Cuando quiere vd. que vayamos a wait upon liim ? verle ? DIALOGUES. 223 Whenever yon please, for he is Cuando vcL qiiiera, pues es mi in- my intimate friend. timo amigo. It shall be when you have leisure. -Cnando vd. tenga tiempo. ■Will you go to-morrow morning? ^Quiere vd. que vayamos manana por la manana. I shall be obliged to you. Se lo estimare a vd. mucho. Do you know that lady? i Conoce vd. a quella senora? I have forgotten her name. . Se me ha olvidado su nombre. She knows me no more. Ya no me conoce ella. I know that other lady by sight Conozco a aquella otra senora de \ista. How pretty ! She looks as beauti- j Que bonita ! Es hermosa como un ful as an angel. angel. What vivid colors she has in her \ Que colores tan vivos tiene en sa charming complexion ! rostro hechicero ! I never saw in my whole life so En toda mi vida no he visto una beautiful a face, nor a finer color, cara tan hermosa, ni tez tan bella. IX. IX. Concerning the English Acerca de la Lengua Language. Inglesa. Do you learn English ? i Aprende vd. el Ingles ? Do you understand English ? i Entiende vd. el Ingles ? Can you speak English ? i Habla vd. Ingles ? I speak it a little. Lo hablo un poco. I speak it just enough to make Hablo lo necesario para hacerme en- myself understood. tender. Speak English to me. Hableme vd. en Ingles. Do not speak so fast No hable vd. tan apriesa. Be so kind as to tell me how you Ilagame vd. el favor de decirme call tliat in English. como se llama esto en Ingles. It is called Se llama You will speak English, provided Yd. hablara bien el Ingles, con tal you take pains to study it que se tome vd. el trabajo de estu- diarlo. The English language is very hard La lengua Inglesa es muy dif cultosa for Spaniards to learn. para los Espanoles. 224 GRAMATICA INGLESA. The Spanish is far more difficult La Espanola es mucho mas dificil to Enghshmen. para los lugleses. I am persuaded of the contrary. Estoy persuadido de lo contrario. I can hardly believe it. Apenas lo puedo creer. The English clip most of thek Los Ingleses comen la mayor parte words, for we see syllables of de sus palabras, porque vemos si- seven letters have only one sin- labas de siete letras, que solo tienen gle sound. uu sonido. That does not happen in the Span- No sucede eso en Espanol, porque ish, as each letter has its arti- cada letra tiene su sonido articu- culate sound. lado. Don't you understand what I say to you? i No entiende vd. lo que yo le digo? I understand it well, but I find it Lo entiendo bien, pero me cuesta hard to speak. mucho el hablar. That will come in time, dont be Eso vendra con el tiempo, no hay discouraged about tliat. que desanimarse por eso. How long have you been learn- i Cuanto tiempo hace que aprende ing? vd.? Not long. No hace mucho tiempo. About six months. Cosa de seis meses. You have improved very much Ha adelantado vd. mucho para el for the time. tiempo I thank you for encouraging me. Doy a vd. las gracias porque me anima. If you go on so, you will make Si vd. continua asi, hara rapidos pro- rapid progress. gresos. I beg you will not flatter me too Suplico a vd. que no me lisonjee much. tanto To make a visit in the Para hacer una tisita por morning. la manana. Who is thoie ? 6 Quien esta ahi ? Open the door. Abra vd. Where is your master ? i Donde esta su amo de vd. ? He is in bed. Esta en la cama. GRAMATICA INGLESA. 225 Is he asleep still ? 'No. sir, he is awake. Is he up ■? Is he rising ? Isot yet; will you be pleased to step into his chamber? What ! are you still in bed ? I went to bed so late last night, that I could not get up early. What did you do after dinner? We played at cards. After that we went to the ball. How long were you there ? Till twelve o'clock, or till mid- night At what o'clock did you go to bed? At one in the morning. I do not wonder vou rise so late. What o'clock is it? Yrhat o'clock do you suppose it to be ? It has struck ten. Kise as fast as you can. We will go and take a turn round the park, when you are dressed. i Duerme aun ? No, senor, esta despierto. ^Se ha levantado? iSe levanta? Aun no; j quiere rd. entrar en su cuarto ? iQue es esto! jaun esta vd. en la cam a? Me acoste anoche tan tarde, que no he podido levantarme temprano. jQue hizo vd. despues de comer? Jugamos a los naipes. Despues faimos al baile. ^nasta que bora estuvieron vd. alli? Hasta media noche. (, A que hora se acosto vd, ? A la una de la noche. No me admiro que se levante vd. tan tarde. 6 Que hora es ? (, Que hora cree vd. que es ? Las diez ban dado. Levantese vd. corriendo. Iremos a dar una vuelta por el par- que, cuando este vd. vestido. XL XL Between a PJiysician and his Patient. Entre un Medico y un En- fenno. I have =ent for j'ou, Doctor, be- Tie manda^lo por vd., senor Doctor, cause I feel myself very ill. porque me siento muy malo. How have you passed the night? i Como ha pasado vd. la noche? Very badly ; I have not slept a 8 226 DIALOGUES. moment May mal ; no he dormido nada. I had a fever the whole night. Toda la noche he tenido calentura. You ought to be bled. Es menester sangrar a yd. People do not know what health No se conoce bien la salud, sino is, excei)t when they are ilL cuando se esta malo. You must have patience. Es preciso tener paciencia. "What do you think of my illness ? i Que le parece a vd. de mi enfer- -medad? Do you think it dangerous? jCree vd. que sea de peligra? It will not be of consequence. Esto no sera nada. Give me your arm that I may feel Deme vd. el brazo para tomarle el your pulse. pulso. Do me the favor to put out your tongue. Enseneme vd. la lengua. I am very tired of being so long in bed. Me canso de estar tanto en la cama How happy you are to be in good health ! i Cuan feliz es vd. de estar bueno ! You have likewise caught a cold, Tambien ha cogido vd. un resfriado, and consequently the perspira- y por consiguiente esta obstruida lion is obstructed. la transpiracion. "What am I to drink ? for I am dy- 6 Que he de beber ? porque me ing v/ith thirst muero de sed. Eetire early to bed. Eecojase vd. temprana Put your feet in warm water. Tome vd. unos pediluvios. Stay in bed, and keep yourself Quedese vd. en cama, y abriguese warm. vd. bien. Give me a pillow, Deme vd. una almohada "Whatever I take seems bitter to me. Todo cuanto tomo me parece amargo. I have a very tedious illness. Tengo una enfermedad muy larga. XII XII. To hire a Lodging. Para alquilar una Rahitacion. Madam, have you any rooms to Senora, j tiene vd. algunos cuartoa let ? para alquilar ? Yes, 8ir, will you bo pleased to DIALOGUES. 221 look at them ? Si, senor, qniere vd. verlos ? I am come on purpose. He venido a proposito a eso. How many must you have ? ^ Cuantos cuartos necesita vd. ? I want a dining-room and a bed- Necesito un comedor, ima alcoba y chamber, -with a closet to it un gabinete. Must your rooms be fiirnisbed or unfurnished? i Han de estar alhajados o no? Furnished. Alhajados. "Will you take the trouble to come j Quiere vd. tomarse la molestia do up ? subir conmigo ? "We Tvill follow you, Madam. Seguimos a vd., senora. Here are the apartments you de- Aqui estan los cuartos que vd. desea sire to have on the fii-st floor. en el primer piso. There is a very good bed. Yea vd. una buena cama. You see that there are all things Yd. ve que hay todo lo que se nece- necessary in a furnished lodg- sita en una habitacion amueblada, ing, as table, looking-glass, mesa, espejo, estantes, sillas y stands, chairs, and sofa. sofa. How much do you ask for it a week? i Cuanto pide vd. por semana? I never let my chambers but by Isunca alquilo mis cuartos sino por the month or the quarter. meses o trimestres. Well, I will take them by the-Esta bien, los tomare por meses? month ? what do you ask for i cuanto quiere vd. ? them ? I never had less than two guineas Nunca me ban pagado menos de do3 a month for these two rooms. guineas al mes por estos de cuar- tos. It is too much ; but now I think E.s demasiado ; pero me ocurre ahora of it, can I not board at your una cosa ; ^ podre comer en su house ? casa de vcl ? Yes, you can. Si, senor. How much do you take for each i Cuanto lleva vd. semanalmente por boarder a week ? cada uno ? At the rate of sixty pounds a year. A razon de sesenta libras esterlinas ' al ano. YTell, I will begin to-morrow. Esta bien, principiare manana. "When you please. Cuando vd. quiera. 228 DIALOGUES XIIL xm. Mining Terms. Termas de Mincrio,. Separation of mineral from ore. El majestral. Gold. Eloro. Silver. La plata. Copper. El cobre. Coal El carbon. A small thread or indication of mineral. Un hilo. Quicksilver ore. El cinabar A vein of metal. Una vena, A mine. Un placer. The washing-machine. El tronco. The water duct La aguaducto. The canal. El canal. The pump. La pompa. The pick. El machete. The spade. La beca. The miner. El minero. The mine. La mina. Gold dust. Granos de oro. The ounce. La onza. The pest'e. La martela. The mortar. El mortajo. The direction of the vein. La hnea XIV. XIV. The pine-apple. The orange. Tlie lemon. The melon. Id. Id. Corn (Indian). La pina. La naranja. La lima. El melon. El zapote. El zapotillo. El maiz. DIALOGUES. 229 Wheat La triga. Apple. El porno. Pear. La pera. Beans. Las carabanzas. Pepper. El chile. GEOGEAPHY, HISTOET, AND PEE- SENT COXDITIOlSr OF CALIFOEIS^IA. The old intendency of Old and New California in the days of the viceroys, corresponded exactly with the state of the Mexican Republic and that recently surrendered to the United States. It is on the Pacific Ocean, between the 32° and 42° north latitude, and reaches westward to the vast desert which separates it from New INIexico. It is bounded by Oregon on the North, on the east by the Rocky Mountains, on the south by Sonora and Old California, and on the west by the ocean. It has a coast of seven hundred miles, and reaches one hundred and twenty-five miles inward to the Sierra Nevada. The Pacific coast alone can be arable, though even the interior has many fer- tile valleys and wooded plains, and other lands susceptible of improvement. 231 "When Cartes had conquered Mexico, the Spanish adventurers immediately penetrated to the ez- tremest parts of "the now Mexican Republic, ex- cept California, which long remained in the undis- puted possession of the aboriginal occupants. This might have been expected ; for the " blind passion for gold" did not extend as far as Cali- fornia, though all the nations nearer to Panama, led astray- by a vicious civilization, exhibited a wealth not to be attained by the most patient in- dustry anywhere. Tbose who had passed from Cuba through the tierra templada of Mexico, were not led astray by the temptations of California ; yet the latter was the true El Dorado of which Raleigh dreamed — the Ophir whence Solomon received his talents and shekels. The valley of Mexico, with its Arcadian climate, the stern obligations of duty, long re- tained the conquistador es from the true origin of all the 3Iexican wealth. There is no country in the world which exhibits so great a diversity of climate, soil, and fertility as California. Strangely, too, the best portion of the country is not on the sea-board, the whole of which, from Mendocino northwards, is occupied by a high, abrupt ridge. Between this range and one more abrupt, is the valley of the Sacramento, extending as far as 232 GEOGRAPHY, ETC. Monte San Bernadino, the country between being called La Buena Veiitum. Beyond these is a continuation of the Cascade Mountains of Oregon, capped with unmelting ice. Beyond these are nought but sandy plains, a root digger alone could inhabit. The harbor of San Francisco equals any in the world. It is land-locked, and formed on the bay created by the confluence of the two chief rivers of California — the San Francisco and San Joaquin. The valleys of these streams are the most fruitful in California, producing all the cereals, the vine, and tropical fruits. La Buena Ventura is the home of the California Indians, who live on the banks of the many streams flowing into these two rivers. These streams meet at a point sixty miles from the sea, with which they communicate by many streams which form a delta, to which that of the Mississippi is as nothing. Lower down, their immense volume of water forms a vast bay, on the south shore of which is San Francisco. It was once known as Yerba Buena, but the old appellation has resumed its influence. The Jesuits called it San Francisco. The follow- ing is an extract from a paper called the " Cali- fornia Star," and gave an account of the place, which may be relied on as having been authentic GEOGRAPHY, ETC. 233 when the American immigration first began to tend thither : " Yerba Buena, the name of our town^ which means good hcrh^ is situated on the southwest side of the principal arm of San Francisco Bay, about five miles from the ocean, on a narrow neck of land, varying from four to ten miles in width, the narrowest place being sixteen miles southwest of the town. It is in latitude 37° 45' north. This narrow slip of land is about sixty miles in length, extending from the point formed by the bay and ocean of the valley of San Jose. The site of the town is handsome and commanding, being an in- clined plane of about a mile in extent from the water's edge to the hills in rear. Two points of land — one on each side, extending into the bay — form a crescent, or a small bay in the shape of a crescent, in front, which bears the name of the town. " These points afford a fine view of the surround- ing country — the snow-capped mountains in the distance — the green valleys beneath them — the beautiful, smooth, and unruffled bay in front and on either side, at once burst upon the eye. There is in front of the town a small island, rising high above the surface of the bay, about two miles long 234 GEOGRAPHY, ETC. and one wide, wbicli is covered the greater part of the year with the most exuberant herbage, of un- trodden freshness. This little island is about three miles from the shore. Between it and the town is the principal anchorage. Here the vessels of all nations rest in safety and peace, and their flags are displa^^ed by the aromatic breeze. Two hun- dred yards from the shore there is twenty-four feet water, and a short distance beyond that as many fathoms. The beach, immediately in front of the now business part of the town, is shelving, but it will, no doubt, in a short time, be filled up, and become the most valuable part of the place, " The climate here is, in the winter, which is the rainy season, damp and chilly. During the balance of the year it is dry, but chilly, in con- sequence of the continual strong winds from the north and northwest There is but little variation in the atmosphere throughout the year — the ther- mometer ranging from fifty-five to seventy degrees, Fahrenheit. " Yerba Buena is one of the most healthy places on the whole coast of the Pacific. Sick- ness of any kind is rarely known among us. The salubrity of the climate — beauty of the site of the town — its contiguity to the mouth of the bay — the finest harbor on the whole coast, in front — the 235 rich and beautiful country around it, all conspire to render it one of the best commercial points in the world. " The town is new, having been laid off in 1839, by Captain John Vioget, and, notwithstanding all the troubles in the country, has gradually in- creased in size and importance. It now contains a population of about five hundred permanent citizens. Two years ago there were but about two hundred. " Three miles south is the mission Dolores, on Mission Creek, surrounded by a small valley of rich and beautiful land. The water from this creek can easily be brought by means of aqueducts to an}^ point to supply vessels. For the supply of the citizens, the best of well-water is obtained in every part of the town, by boring the distance of forty feet. " In going south from Yerba Buena, the trav- eller passes over this narrow neck of land — a most delightful region, interspersed with hills, valleys, and mountains — the valleys rich and beautiful — the hills covered with tall pines, red-wood, and cedar, that have withstood the tempests and whirl- winds of a century- — and the mountains rising in majestic grandeur to the clouds. In passing out, the valley of San Jose opens to the view in all the 236 GEOGRAPHY, ETC. loveliness of the climate of Italy and beauty of the tropics. This valley is sixty miles in length and ten in width. The Puebla (which means an in- corporated town) is the principal place of business for the valley, and is about five miles from Santa Clara, the landing on the bay, or, as it is termed here, ' the embarcadero.' Passing on from here northeast, the traveller, in a few hours' ride, reaches the straits which separate the Suisun Bay, formed by the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, from that of San Pablo. Here it seems that the accumulated waters of a thousand years had suddenly rent the opposing mountain asunder, and flowed with tremendous force to the great bosom of the deep. " Oa the north side of the bay, from the Straits to Sausilita, is one of the finest districts of the country in Upper California. " Next to Yerba Buena, Sausilita is the best point on the whole bay for a commercial town. It is seven miles, a little east of north, from this place, on the opposite side of the bay, and has long been a watering point for vessels. " An attempt has recently been made to lay off, and build up, a town at the Straits, to supersede the two last-mentioned places. It will, no doubt, however, be an entire failure. GEOGRAPHY, ETC. 237 " San Francisco Bay being the safest and most commodious harbor on the entire coast of the Pacific, some point on it must be the great mart of the Western World. We believe Yerba Buena to be the point, commanding, as it now does, all the trade of the surrounding country, and there being already a large amount of capital concen- trated there. " The town of Yerba Buena is called in some of the old maps of the country, San Fran- Just one degree from San Francisco towards the equator is the Bay of Monterey, into which the Buena Ventura debouches. On the south side of this is the town of Monterey. At an early date after the occupation it became a prosperous town. It was once a formidable position ; but at ili8 time of the American occupation, its defences were feeble and crumbling. About one hundred and twenty miles south is the town of Los Angeles^ near whicu occurred the battles between General Kearney and the Californians at San Pascual and San Miguel. The whole country of California is strewn witli missions established by the Jesuits, who, previous to 1823, ruled the country. Now, though decayed and ruinous, they are most inter- 238 GEOGRAPHY, ETC. eating, and are yet the important points of the country. On the Sacramento, previous to annexation, there was a sparse population ; and except a few American emigrants, a Russian establishment at Koss, and Captain Suter's vast plantations, were a perfect desert. West of the vast sandy plain we have spoken of, runs the Rio Colorado, or Red River of the West, a tributary of which is the Gila, along which G-eneral Kearney, with his for- lorn hope, marched, and which is the boundary between the Mexican Republic and the empire she ceded. Such is the physical geography of California NuEVA, or New or Northern California. The southern portion of the country is extremely hot and dry, except during a portion of the winter. As we move from the sea though, we find the rainy season prolonged, so that at San Francisco it lasts from November to April, the rest of the year the earth being irrigated by the most copious dews. Occasionally there are found snow and ice on the shores of the Bay of San Francisco ; we mean on the summit of the mountains ; yet, though, it rarely passes that line. The rains are never vio- lent, and sometimes years have passed without them ; yet the country has continued fertile and GEOGRAPHY, ETC. 239 productive, bringing forth rare and beautiful plants, on which the herds, once the sole wealth of California, have thriven. The country around San F'rancisco and Mount Bernadino alone seem capable of sustaining a large agricultural popu- lation. This is, though, of little importance, as its position alone will make it mistress of the Pacific. About the year -1842, a most accurate and C2irious Frenchman, M. de Mofras, travelled on the Pacific, and published, in relation to California, etc., a book the French government thought wor- thy of its patronage. He described California as it was, and thus particularized its population. Its area, he thought, was 500,000, and its population he estimated (there had never been a census) as follows : Californians of Spanish origin, . . 4000 Americans, .... . 360 British, , 300 European Spaniards, . . SO French and Canadians, . 80 Other Europeans and Sandwich Islanders, 90 Mexicans, • 90 Total, . . 5000 Thence to the time of annexation the population 240 GEOGRAPHY, ETC. vastly increased, so that when the flags were changed there were not less than twenty thousand in California. Now the population is far nearer a million than five hundred thousand. The population was in small villages, the largest town being San Diego, which had thirteen hundred inhabitants. Santa Barbara had eight hundred, Monterey one thousand, San Francisco eight hun- dred, and the rest of the missions divided the other hundreds and thousands. All other inhabi- tants (Indians) were estimated at thirty-three thousand ; and this included the people of the peninsula of Vieja or South California. The In- dians were spoken of as civilized. This phrase though, merely means that on their own savage superstitions they had engrafted the most degrad- ing of those of the Roman Catholic Church ; they were two centuries behind many Indian tribes on our frontier we yet consider savages. They were tall, well made, and muscular, but far darker than any other tribes of the continent. They were once said to be industrious, and under the Jesuit rule acquired not a small skill in the mechanic arts, having constructed for the missionaries the vast houses which yet amaze the traveller. They have, however, much degenerated, and are now the idlest of the idle, and seem almost incapable of GEOGRAPHY, ETC. 241 physical or mental exertion, unless the object be thievery, murder, or robbery. Capt. Suter, how- ever, did much with them ; and there is little doubt but that tact, kindness, and prudence, would yet turn their thews to use. The person to whom we have just referred, is a remarkable man. Capt. Suter is a Swiss, and was an officer of the gardes du corps of Charles X. After the destruction of the restoration, he emigrated to America, and having lived some time in Missouri, (he remained there until 1838 or 1839,) the Mexican government granted him a tract of land in California, on which he immediately located himself. At first he had some difficulty with the Indians, but finally suc- ceeded in reducing them under control. Colonel Fremont reported his defences as being well built, and in good condition, and as having all been con- structed by Indian labor. He purchased the stock of a fort the Russians were about to abandon, at a low rate, and paid for them in grain. His fort mounted twelve guns, would contain one thousand men, but had a permanent garrison of forty uni- formed Indians. It is quadrangular, of unburn ed brick or adobe. He had Americans, French, and Germans in his service, and around him settled many Americans, so that the stream on which he lives came to be called El Rio de las ATnericaTws — 242 GEOGRAPHY, ETC. tlie River of the Americans. It is strange how completely all other nations of this continent have yielded this title to our countrymen. His wealth, previous to the discovery of gold, consisted of his herds, and flocks, and fields of grain measured by miles. By an accident, however (the digging of a mill-race), he became connected with the most valuable mineral deposit in the world. We need not speak of the gold deposits of Upper California, for newspapers and private letters home made all familiar with them, but will turn to the southern peninsula — Vieja, or Lower California. This is a narrow neck of land, between the waters known as the Grulf of California, or Vermillion Sea, and the Pacific, and reaches north and south from the mouth oi the Colorado to Cape Saint Lucas, from the 22° to the 28° N. L. It is di- vided into two nearly equal portions, by the rem- nants of some old volcanic action, made evident at this day by bituminous springs and vast masses of scoria and lava. Of this range, the mountains of California are only continuations, gradually de- creasing until they reach 42°, and then again swelling until they reach the great Oregon range. Yieja, or Lower California, has probably, at the first glance, less to tempt emigrants than any country in the world. It has, however, a peculiar GEOGRAPHY, ETC. 243 source of industry — the pearl fishery. God, who has made this land one of the most sterile in the world, has made the sea most productive. Every variety of fi^h are found on its shores, among which are the halibut, salmon, turbot, skate, pil- chard, oyster, crab, sardine, tunny, mackerel, bar- bel, bonito, anchovy, and countless others, which, as yet, have no name in commerce. The oyster is pearl-bearing, and this alone would make Califor- nia a precious acquisition to any nation. This oyster is of the testaceous family, genus, Mya, and species, Margaritifcra. Tho pearl is said to be the consequence of a disease ; but be that as it may, it once enriched Ormus, and will eniich Cali- fornia. The following is the process of obtaining the pearl ; and there is no doubt but that any one who had energy to employ the diving apparatus of Captain Taylor, would realize an immense for- tune. " These pearls of Lower California, are con- sidered of excellent water, but their rather irre- gular figure somewhat reduces their value. The manner of obtaining these pearls is not without interest. The vessels employed in the fisheries are from fifteen to thirty tons burden. They are usually fitted out by private individuals. The 244 GEOGRAPHY, ETC. armador, or owner, commands them. Crews are shipped to work them, and from forty to fifty Indians, called Busos, to dive for the oyster. A stock of provisions and spirits — a small sum of money to advance the people during the cruise — a limited supply of calaboose furniture — a sufficient number of hammocks to sleep in, and a quantity of ballast, constitute nearly all the cargo outward bound. Thus arranged, they sail into the Gulf ; and, having arrived at the oyster-banks, cast anchor and commence business. The divers are first called to duty. They plunge to the bottom in four or five fathoms water, dig up with sharp- ened sticks as many oysters as they are able, rise to the surface, and deposit them in sacks hung to receive them at the vessel's side ; and thus they continue to do until the sacks are filled, or the hours allotted to this part of the labor ended. When the diving of the day is done, all come on board, and place themselves in a circle around the armador, who divides what they have obtained in the following manner : two oysters for himself, the same number for the busos, or divers, and one for the government. " This division having been concluded, they next proceed, without moving from their places, to open the oysters which have fallen to the lot of GEOGRAPHY, ETC. 245 the armador. During this operation, the dignitary has to watch the busos with the greatest scrutiny, to prevent them from swallowing the pearls with the Oysters — a trick which they perform with so much dexterity as almost to defy detection, and by means of which they often manage to secrete the most valuable pearls. The government portion is next opened with the same precautions, and taken into possession by the armador. And, last of all, the busos open theirs, and sell them to the arma- dor in liquidation of debts incurred for their out- fits, or of moneys advanced during the voyage. They usually reserve a few to sell to dealers on shore, who always accompany these expeditions with spirituous liquors, chocolate, sugar, cigars, and other articles of which these Indian divers are especially fond. Since the Mexicans obtained their independence, another mode of division has been adopted. Every time the busos comes up, the largest oyster which he has obtained is taken by the armador and laid aside for the use of the Virgin Mary ; the rest are thrown in a pile ; and when tho day's diving is ended, eight oysters are laid out for the armadors, eight for the busos, and two for the government. " In the year 1831, one vessel, with seventy buj'os, another with fifty, and two with thirty each. 2i6 GEOGRAPHY, ETC. and two boats with ten each, from the coast of Sonora, engaged in this fishery. The one brought in forty ounces of pearls, valued at $6,500 ; ano- ther twenty ounces, valued at §3,000, and two others of proportionate quality." But southwest of California is Sonora, of which we know nothing except its boundaries. It lies west of the Great Desert, north of Sinalaa, south of New Mexico, and west of Chihuahua ; it has a sparse population, and from time to time is rav- aged by the iipaches and other wild tribes. Unless th^e United States take charge of it, in a few years it will become the home of savages, and a curse to our possessions on the Pacific. It has few towns, and no government beyond the chain of sentinels of the forlorn brigadier, sent to keep the Indians in check. New Mexico is now the property of the United States, and before the year rolls around will be well governed. Such was California, and such were its adjacent territories before the annexation. Let us, before we pay attention to the statu quo^ look at its his- tory. The discoverer of California was a Spaniard, and strangely enough it was first visited by land fiOtn the east. Alvaro Nunez, nicknamed Cabeza GEOGRAPHY, ETC. 24*7 de Vaca^ was one of three hundred Spaniards who escaped from the massacre of Narvaez' party, wan- dered across the American continent until he reached the coast of Cubiacanan Sonora on the Yermillion Sea. While there, he heard of rich mines, mountains of gold, beds of pearl ; and on his return told such stories that all Mexico was excited by them. Just then, Marcos de Niza, who had been sent (he was a priest) to convert the In- dians, and who had reached California, came home. He told strange stories of a civilizad race ; and it is probable that he told the truth, for Major Emory has described curious architectural ruins in the country he visited. He saw Cibola, the city of the desert, now no more, but evidently the home of a civilized people. Niza's tales induced the fitting out of an expe- dition, under the command of Coronado, who went as far as Utah, or the Salt Lake, but who returned without making any discovery. A new era was, however, to dawn on California. Between the years 1697 and 1791, the Jesuits, Ugarte, Salvatierra, and Kuhn, visited the Californian, or Vermillion Sea. Then only was it known that California was not an island, and the monks were California's true conquerors. We need not say how they conquered it ; but they ruled it until 248 GEOGRAPHY, ETC. 1767, when the Order of Jesus, having been sup- pressed in all the Spanish dominions, the Domini- cans became their heirs. Thenceforth the pro- perty the Jesuits had begun to create, commenced to decay. The Dominicans finally lost the control of Cali- fornia as the Jesuits had done ; and in 1825, after several military commandants and governors, Don Jone Echandia was in possession of the supreme authority in California. Thus things remained until 1829, when the garrison of Monterey re- volted. Echandia, however, suppressed the mu- tiny, and retained power until 1831, when he was superseded by Don Manuel Victoria. The ty- ranny of this officer produced a revolt, which is important only from the fact, that then, for the first time, foreigners appeared in California. Various governors and governments succeeded, which are no more important than the battles of the hawks and crows, and thus things continued until the war between the United States and Mexico became imminent. We have already spoken of Captain Suter. The only other point in the history of ^'lonterey to which we need refer, is the seizure of Monterey by Thomas Ap Catesby Jones, a commodore of the navy, in 1842. While on the coast of Peru, GEOGRAPKV, ETC. 249 that gallant officer, a naval veteran of the war of 1812, heard that the British government had negociated a treaty with Santa Atlur, for the sur- render of California, on the strength of which information he immediately seized Monterey. The intelligence on which he acted proved false, and the city was again returned to the Mexican author- ities. But war began between the United States of the North and Mexico, Mr.y 13th, 1846 ; and Commodore Sloat, who commanded in the Pacific, commenced operations. It is useless here to recite the history of the contest, which resulted in the cession to the United States of all the territory hitherto possessed by Mexico north of the Rio Grande and the Rio Gila. Out of that the ter- ritory of California and the state, has been formed. The following is the history of the State of California : After being under the command of various military governors, the people of California met in convention, and formed a Constitution. This Con- stitution was remitted to the United States Con- gress, and California was admitted into the Ame- rican Union. 250 GEOGRAPHY, ETC. The following were the limits of the new State It reaches northward from the Gila to the old Oregon line, which was 42^ north. It is bounded on the west by the Pacific, and on the east by the Great Desert. An inspection of the map alone will show that this is a region of country with capabilities greater than are contained by half a dozen European monarchies. It unites the quali- ties of every climate in the world, and is able to produce, within a few leagues, the productions of every part of the world. The orange is found on the shore, and the fruits of the colder climates on the declivities of the hills. No mineral seems to have been forgotten in the composition of this seat of empire. The great mineral which is the germ of all wealth (coal), abounds on the north of the Bay of San Francisco. Cinnabar is found so pure that heat alone suffices to extract the liquid quick- silver. Vast deposits of lead and copper are scarcely noticed ; and beds of silver, richer far than those of Zacatecas or Potosi, are scarcely attended to. Every mineral has been found there. Platinum, the rarer iridium, and every variety of gems. Emeralds of the most transparent hue, topazes and amethysts, all have been found ; and richer pearls than Ormus ever produced, have been brought from the depth of the sea. GEOGRAPHY, ETC. 251 What may we not expect from this country ? The Constitution which previously had been formed by a convention, was ratified by a popular vote, Nov. 13, 1849. The following were its pro- visions : Each white male citizen of the United States, twenty-one years of age, and every Mexican, who, in pursuance of the treaty of Queretaro, shall choose to Americanise himself, who shall have been in California six months, and in the district where he proposes to vote thirty days, shall be entitled to the right of suffrage. Indians, and their descendants, under certain qualifications, may be admitted by the legislature to the right of suffrage. The senate, in numbers, shall not be less than a third, nor more than a half of the numbers of the assembly. They are to be elected for two years by districts composed of one or more counties. Subsequent to the first election, they are to be so classified that one half are to be elected annu- ally. The number of these is never to be less than twenty -four, nor more than thirty-six, until the population shall have exceeded one hundred thousand. Under no circumstances can the num- ber exceed eighty. All senators and members of 252 GEOGRAPHY, ETC. the legislature are to be qualified electors, and must have lived six months in the districts they represent, previous to their election. The legis- lature is to meet on the first Monday after January of each year, and the members are to be chosen on the Tuesday after the first of November pre- ceding. The usual privileges which all legislative bodies possess, are conferred on the members of both houses. Provisions were made for taking the census in 1852 and 1855, and every ten years afterwards. The governor is to be elected fur two years, and is to serve until his successor is qualified. He must be twenty-five, and a citizen of the United States. He has a conditional veto, subject to the action of a vote of two-thirds of the assembly. The lieutenant-governor is to have similar quali- fications. He is to be president of the senate, and in case of death or impeachment, shall be chief magistrate of the commonwealth. If the lieutenant-governor die, the president of the senate will exercise all the powers of tho chief magistrate. The governor will appoint a secretary of the senate ; and administrative ofl&cers, comptroller, treasurer, attorney, and surveyor, were selected by a joint vote of both houses in the first instance, but henceforth are to be voted for at the same GEOGRAPHY, ETC. 253 time, and in the same manner, as the governor and lieutenant-governor. The supreme court has appellate jurisdiction in all cases where the dispute is more than $200, and where the legality of official acts is contested. It consists of a chief and two assistant justices, dected for six years, and one of these is to go out of office every two years. After the first election, the oldest in commission shall be chief justice. The district courts are to have concurrent juris- diction in law and equity, when the res in lite ex- ceeds $200. In the first instance, they are to be chosen by the legislature ; afterwards by the peo- ple. Attorneys, sheriffs, etc., are to be elected in pursuance of laws to he enacted by the legislature. A judge is to be elected in pursuance of laws to be passed by the legislature for every four years, adjunct with whom are two justices of the peace. These officers are also judges of probate. Sheriffs, coroners, etc., are to be similarly appointed. Provision is made for a superintendent of public instruction, and to this purpose (public instruction) are to be appropriated all lands now, or in futuro^ granted ; all estates of persons who die without heirs, etc. Duellists are disfranchised, and the State's credit may not be loaned. 254 GEOGRAPHY, ETC. The wife's property is not liable for the hus- band's debts. The homestead may be protected from seizure by law, etc. The boundaries are to be from the intersection of 42° N. L., and 120° L. W. from Greenwich southward on the line of 120°, until it reach 39*^ N. L. ; thence southeast to the Colorado, where it meets 35*^ N. L. ; down the middle of the chan- nel of the said river, to the line established by the treaty of May 30, 1848 ; thence west, along said line, to the Pacific, and three mibs beyond ; thence up the Pacific coast, to 42° N. L., where the boundary began. This includes all adjacent islands, etc. The following was the government in 1851 : P. H. Burnett, Governor, term expires Decem- ber, 31, 1851. C. P. Ryland, Governor's Secretary, term ex- pires Dec. 31, 1851. J. McDougal, Lieut. -Governor, do., do. N. Van Yoorhies, Secretary of State, do., do. J. S Houston, Comptroller, do., do. R. Roman, Treasurer, do , do. E. J. C. Kewen, Attorney-General, do., do. C. J. Whiting, Surveyor-General, do., do. GEOGRAPHY, ETC. 255 J. Winchester, State Printer, term expires Dec. 31, 1851. J. S. A. SchuU, Translator, do., do. F. D. Kohler, Assayer, do., do, 0. P. Sutton, Assayer, do., do. P. P. Lee, Adjutant-General, do., do. J C. Moorehead, Quartermaster-Gleneral, do, do. SUPREME COURT. S. C. Hastings, Chief Justice. H. A. Lyons, Assistant Justice. N. Bennett, do., do. E. H. Tharp, Clerk. H. Norton, Reporter. DISTRICT COURT. 0. S. Witherby, Judge, San Diego. H. A. Tefft, Judge, San Luis Obispo, J. A. Watson, Judge, San Jose. Levi Parsons, San Francisco. C. M. Creaner, Stockton. J. P. Thomas, Sacramento City. R. Hopkins, Sonora. W. R. Turner, Marysville. W. S. Sherwood, Mountains. 256 GEOGRAPHY, ETC, DISTRICT ATTORNEYS. W. C. Ferrill, San Diego. Frederick H. Sanford, San Jose, Calhoun Benham, San Francisco. Calhoun Wallace, Sacramento City Calhoun Watkins, Marjsville. J. W. McCaskie, Yatestown City. SUPERIOR COURT OF SACRAMENTO CITY. P. A. Moss, Chief Justice. H. C. Murray, Assistant Justice. J. C. Smith, do., do. Edward Jones, Clerk. MILITIA. The State of California is divided into four divisions. The Major-G-enerals are : T. Gr. Green, J. E. Braekett, D. F. Douglass, J. E. Addison, and John H. Bean. The Brigadiers are : T. B. Eastman, A. M. Winn, R. Semple, McDonald, D. P. Bald- GEOGRAPHY, ETC. 257 win, T. H. Bowen, J. M. Covarrubias, P. Per Lee, and J. C. Moorehead, Q. M. G. The relative rank of the above, it is here im- possible to ascertain. We cannot either speak of mail routes or post offices, for they are for ever being changed, and have now only to give the names of the several counties of California. Those printed in small capitals are either on the sea or the great bays. The others have no sea-board. Trinity, Sonora, Marin, Contra Costa, Santa Clara, San Luis Obispo, Shasta, Butte, Suter, Sacramento, Calaveras, Mendocino, Napa, Solano, Branciforte, Monterey, Santa Barbara, Colusi, Yuba, El Dorado, San Joaquin, Tuolumne. These counties are merely temporary, a pro- vision having been made for their subdivision as exigencies may require. 9 258 GEOGRAPHY, ETC. The above we believe a fair exhibit of the pre- sent state of California, and, as such, respectfully submit it to the public. THE END. J-i J YA r- /uy