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 CHAPTER I. 
 
 in mr. payne's court. 
 
 The scope of the book : introductory remarks — Mr. Payne — " The Terror 
 of the Haymarket " — An ingenious robbery described — How his 
 lordship's watch was stolen — A little lecture from the Bench — Mr. 
 Saunders and the small pickpocket — The burglary at my chambers — 
 How the culprit gained admission — My lost jewellery — Scenes in 
 Court — Mr. Cooper and Mr. Warner Sleigh : a brisk passage of arms 
 — The Court adjourned — Peace and order restored. 
 
 It was my original intention to write a short book, treating 
 merely of the East End of London and of metropolitan crime; 
 but many friends urged me to continue the recital of my 
 experiences at the Bar, and I ultimately resolved to increase 
 the dimensions of my projected volume, and to act upon this 
 suggestion. I propose, therefore, to commence these pages 
 with some further reminiscences of my practising days, and 
 then, taking the reader on from the point at which I left him 
 in " Leaves of a Life," to relate my magisterial experiences : 
 dwelling more particularly on the state of the London poor — 
 their habits, sufferings, and claims for assistance — suggesting a 
 few remedies for the amelioration of their miserable condition ; 
 seeking to prove to them that their piteous wail, once heard, 
 will not go entirely unheeded and without response ; and — in 
 order, if possible, to bring about a happier and a better state 
 of things — describing what I have actually seen, and am seeing 
 day by day, in the midst of London squalor and London crime. 
 As I have often stated, I do not pretend to be a writer of 
 books. I am simply a narrator of facts, taking my reader, as 
 it were, into my own chimney-corner, and telling him, plainly 
 and without varnish, stories of things I have seen and heard. 
 
 B 
 
 1059574
 
 2 MR. PAYNE. 
 
 Such is the programme of the new volume. Thus I launch 
 my little boat upon the stormy waters of public criticism, and 
 if it meets with as favourable a breeze upon its voyage, and 
 reaches port laden with half as valuable a cargo, as its fore- 
 runner, I certainly can speak for the captain, and I think I 
 may speak for the charterer, and say that both will be more 
 than satisfied. 
 
 From the time that I commenced to practise till Sir W. 
 Bodkin's death, the Second Court at the Middlesex Sessions 
 was presided over by Mr. Payne, the Deputy-Assistant Judge. 
 He was, in his way, a philanthropist. A great man at temper- 
 ance meetings and ragged-school readings, he interested himself 
 generally in the welfare of the poorer classes, with whom, in 
 truth, he grew to be somewhat of a favourite. One of his 
 principal delights was to recite to his youthful audiences 
 doggerel of his own composition. 
 
 In his time Mr. Payne had been a successful defender of 
 prisoners, his clients being generally of the poorer sort. It 
 was upon his practical retirement from the Bar that he received 
 the appointment to the Clerkenwell Bench, at the hands of his 
 old opponent, Mr. (afterwards Sir) William Bodkin. 
 
 I used often to appear before Mr. Payne, and I particularly 
 remember one case I had in his Court, in the year 1866. A 
 man named Francis Jones was charged with wounding Georgina 
 Evans with intent to do her grievous bodily harm. I was 
 instructed to prosecute by the Society for the Protection of 
 Women and Children. 
 
 The accused — who was nicknamed the "Terror of the 
 Haymarket " — was described as a man who got his living by 
 bullying the women who haunted the vicinity of Her Majesty's 
 Theatre. It appeared that they held him in great dread. 
 
 One of the witnesses, an unfortunate named Morgan, 
 deposed that she was in Waterloo Place on the morning of the 
 2 1 st of March, and that she saw the prisoner there quarrelling 
 with a Spanish woman, who was endeavouring to get away 
 from him. Georgina Evans, the prosecutrix, came up and 
 remonstrated with the man, who at once caught her by the 
 neck, threw her down, knelt on her, and cut her throat. The 
 witness went on to say that she herself screamed out " Murder !" 
 and " Help ! " whereupon the prisoner turned to her and said : 
 " If you come near me I'll rip you well open." He then rose 
 to his feet and walked away, and the witness, after giving some 
 attention to the prosecutrix, followed in pursuit of him. He
 
 TWO INGENIOUS ROBBERIES. 3 
 
 turned round and again threatened her, saying that he would 
 cut her throat. 
 
 It appeared that while this second threat was being uttered, 
 a policeman came upon the scene. Seeing the prisoner drop 
 a blood-stained razor, the officer at once took him into 
 custody. 
 
 After the jury had returned a verdict of "Guilty," and just 
 as Mr. Payne was about to pass sentence, Sergeant Appleton, 
 a very active officer of the C division, interposed with a few 
 remarks. He said he had known the prisoner for a long time. 
 He was a very desperate character, and one of the devices he 
 adopted to obtain money from the poor creatures was to 
 threaten to indict the houses in which they lived. He had, 
 the officer added, been repeatedly convicted for assaulting 
 women of the unfortunate class. 
 
 I shall never forget Payne's face when I remarked that 
 something further was known about the prisoner. His lordship 
 cried : 
 
 " I think I've heard quite enough. I can only regret that 
 it is not in my power to punish him so severely as I should 
 like." Then, turning to the culprit, he added : " I sentence 
 you to two years' imprisonment with hard labour, and I do so 
 with the greatest of pleasure." 
 
 Another case tried before Mr. Payne, at about the same 
 time, was that of a woman named Jane Helher, who was 
 charged with stealing ^"7 from the person of James Harrison. 
 
 This was one of the most ingenious robberies that I ever 
 heard of. The prisoner engaged the man in conversation in 
 the street, took his purse from his pocket, and, after abstracting 
 its contents, coolly put it back again. This feat, of which the 
 victim was quite oblivious, was said to have been performed 
 in the space of half a minute. 
 
 I defended the prisoner, and, upon some one commenting 
 upon the skill that had been displayed, I remarked that this 
 was not the only ingenious robbery that had been committed 
 lately, going on to observe that it must have been a very expert 
 thief who, a few days betore, had stolen his lordship's watch. 
 
 This allusion delighted the old gentleman very much, and, 
 in subsequently summing up, he explained to the jury how, in 
 his opinion, the robbery from his person had been perpetrated. 
 Having drawn a chain from his waistcoat pocket, and pointed 
 out that the bow of his stolen watch was still attached to it. 
 he explained that this gave them the clue to the situation. 
 
 B 2
 
 4 MR. SAUNDERS AND THE PICKPOCKET. 
 
 " There is a slight and skilful turn of the wrist — so," he 
 said, suiting the action to the word ; " the watch is snapped 
 off at the bow, and with all speed the offender decamps." 
 
 While the Judge was giving this little lecture on street 
 robberies, the prisoner — who, by-the-bye, was an excellent 
 type of the London female pickpocket — leant forward in the 
 dock, and listened with great interest. Observing this, the 
 occupant of the bench, addressing her, said : 
 
 " I am not giving these particulars for your edification ; 
 for, after the evidence we have heard, I have little doubt you 
 understand such things far better than I do." 
 
 " Really, my lord, that is a most unfair observation," I 
 ventured to remark, though with a guilty feeling that, in 
 alluding to the Judge's watch, I had brought it upon myself. 
 
 Payne chuckled and rubbed his hands with glee, imagining 
 that, by this side-wind, he had convicted the prisoner. But a 
 disappointment was in store for him ; for, after a short delibe- 
 ration, the jury pronounced a verdict of " Not Guilty." 
 
 Payne's case is not the only one I remember of a dispenser 
 of justice being the victim of a robbery. About two years ago, 
 the late Mr. Saunders, after sitting for me one day at Worship 
 Street, had the misfortune, as he was proceeding homewards 
 across Finsbury Square, to excite the zeal of a small pick- 
 pocket. The young rascal, doubling himself up, ran full-tilt 
 against the somewhat infirm body of my brother magistrate, 
 and, having eased that astonished gentleman of a valuable 
 watch, swiftly departed down a side-street. The watch was 
 never heard of again by its lawful owner. 
 
 But this is not the worst that I have to tell. About ten 
 years ago I was the victim of a robbery myself. 
 
 At that time I lived in St. James's Palace Chambers, and 
 it happened one Saturday, after a hard week's work, that 
 I left town, not to return until late on Monday, which was a 
 Bank Holiday. 
 
 During my career I have received many little presents 
 from grateful clients ; and, as a consequence, at the period of 
 which I am writing, the mantelshelf and a side-table in my 
 sitting-room were studded with ash-trays, cigar-cases, and 
 various articles of bijouterie in gold, silver, and other metals. 
 
 Judge of my surprise, upon entering the room on my return 
 from the country, to discover that all these nicknacks had 
 disappeared ! I at once summoned my servant — who had, of 
 course, accompanied me out of town — and desired him to
 
 THE BURGLAR'S IMPUDENCE. 5 
 
 immediately communicate my loss to the hall-porter, and to 
 ascertain whether he could throw any light upon the subject. 
 
 The mystery was promptly solved, but the solution was far 
 from a comforting one. The hall-porter told my servant that, 
 late on Saturday afternoon, he answered the bell to a tall, 
 gentlemanly-looking man, who asked whether I was at home. 
 Upon being informed that I had gone into the country, and 
 upon receiving the further information — in response to his 
 inquiry on the subject — that my servant had accompanied me, 
 the stranger, with the utmost politeness, asked if he could run 
 up to the rooms of his " old friend " and write a note there for 
 him to receive upon his return. It appeared that the porter, 
 like a fool, at once gave his consent. 
 
 On receiving this information, I involuntarily looked 
 towards my writing-table, and there, sure enough, lay an enve- 
 lope addressed to me. Tearing it open, I discovered, neatly 
 written on a sheet of note-paper, these words : 
 
 " Dear Monty — With many thanks." 
 
 I was terribly annoyed, mainly because of the associations 
 attached to the stolen articles. 
 
 It was not for some time that I became aware of the full 
 extent of my loss. I never cared much about jewellery, and, 
 in fact, have scarcely ever worn any ; nevertheless, at the time 
 of which I am writing, I possessed a considerable quantity. I 
 kept it in a dressing-case in my bedroom, which was separated 
 from the sitting-room by a passage. 
 
 Fully a month after my visit to the country, I happened to 
 have occasion to move the dressing-case, and in doing so I 
 found, to my surprise, that it was unlocked. Lifting the lid, I 
 made the further discovery that all my jewellery had vanished. 
 
 Thus my tall and gentlemanly-looking visitor had not been 
 content with exploring, and partially stripping, my living-room ; 
 he had invaded the sanctity of my bedchamber, and helped 
 himself to all my valuables. 
 
 Without loss of time I repaired to Scotland Yard, where I 
 gave a description of the property; but the authorities did not 
 succeed in tracing a single article. 
 
 Though a man of considerable experience, Mr. Payne was, 
 at times, quite unable to keep order in his Court ; and I 
 remember scenes taking place there of which, thank goodness, 
 there are no counterparts in the present day. 
 
 In 1876, I was present when a very remarkable scene was 
 enacted, the principal characters in it being Mr. Cooper — who
 
 6 "MONKEY FACES." 
 
 was the senior of the Sessions — and Mr. Warner Sleigh. The 
 charge was one of assault on a police constable named Oliver, 
 if I remember aright. 
 
 During the examination of witnesses several interruptions 
 took place, and Mr. Payne advised the learned counsel not 
 to talk to one another. " If the conversation is continued," 
 he added, " I shall be obliged to lay down some rules to 
 check it." 
 
 These observations succeeded in securing quietude for the 
 time being ; but this was only the lull preceding a storm, 
 and, in a few minutes, a very brisk passage of arms took place 
 between counsel. 
 
 Mr. Sleigh was putting a question to a witness when Mr. 
 Cooper interposed with the observation : 
 
 " I can't understand what you mean." 
 
 "I don't suppose you can," rejoined Mr. Sleigh, with a 
 quiet smile. 
 
 "It's no use," said Mr. Cooper, hotly, "your putting on 
 those monkey faces with me. I have never been used to such 
 conduct from learned counsel." 
 
 Mr. Sleigh, springing to his feet, exclaimed : 
 
 " I appeal to the Court whether " but the remainder of 
 
 his remark was lost in the general commotion, for the people 
 in the gallery had all risen excitedly, being eager to see what 
 was passing. 
 
 Mr. Payne, as soon as he could obtain a hearing, severely 
 remarked : 
 
 " Mr. Sleigh and Mr. Cooper, I shall adjourn the Court 
 and retire until you gentlemen have come to your senses ; " 
 and, amid considerable commotion, his lordship rose from his 
 seat. 
 
 Both the learned counsel now essayed to speak, but Mr. 
 Payne cried: "The Court is adjourned," and ran out at the 
 door. 
 
 In spite of the uproar that ensued, Mr. Sleigh managed to 
 make himself heard. He shouted : 
 
 " I will not put up with such observations from any gentle- 
 man, be he senior or junior to me. I protest most strongly 
 against the Court being adjourned. I have always con- 
 ducted myself with propriety." Then, addressing the usher, 
 Mr. Smith, he added : " Usher, will you kindly present my 
 compliments to the Judge, and ask him to come back into 
 Court.' 1
 
 APOLOGIES. 7 
 
 The usher did as he was directed, and in a few minutes 
 Mr. Payne reappeared. Upon resuming his seat, he said : 
 
 " It occurs to me that Mr. Sleigh did, a short time ago, 
 make use of an observation which I do not exactly recollect at 
 this moment." 
 
 " He said," interposed Mr. Cooper, " that I could not 
 understand." 
 
 " And since then," continued the Judge, " Mr. Cooper has 
 accused him of making faces at him. As Judge of this Court, 
 I order you both immediately to apologise for using those 
 observations." 
 
 Mr. Cooper promptly replied : 
 
 " I will apologise willingly if I have said anything that you 
 do not like." 
 
 "And I will most humbly apologise to your lordship," 
 said Mr. Sleigh, "for anything I may have done or said dis- 
 respectful to your lordship ; but when you put Mr. Cooper's 
 observation on a par with mine, I will not do so." 
 
 " I do not require you," said Mr. Payne, " to apologise to 
 one another. I require you to apologise to the Court, or I will 
 go away again until you are cooler." 
 
 " I am apologising," exclaimed Mr. Sleigh. 
 
 "I have on a former occasion," Mr. Payne proceeded, 
 " consulted with the Assistant Judge in reference to the obser- 
 vation of another learned gentleman, and I fined him ^20. 
 The case was taken to the Court of Queen's Bench, but the 
 money had to be paid." 
 
 Rising indignantly, Mr. Sleigh observed : 
 
 " Do I understand your lordship to say you will consult 
 with the Assistant Judge whether you will fine me £20 ?" 
 
 " Nothing of the kind," said Mr. Payne. 
 
 The learned gentleman then formally apologised, and the 
 case proceeded.
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 BLACK FRIDAY IN THE CITY. 
 
 Failure of Overend, Gurney, and Co. — Panic in the City — History of the 
 firm — Ladies and their rescued wealth — The English Joint-Stock 
 Bank — A pathetic incident — Proceedings in Chancery and Bankruptcy 
 — Prosecution of the Overend and Gurney directors — Preliminary 
 hearing at the Mansion House — Dr. Adam Thom — Mr. Howell, the 
 arithmetical sprite — Committal — An indictment with thirty-one counts 
 — The wonderful array of counsel — Arguments for and against — Was 
 the prospectus florid or fraudulent ? — Verdict — Some brilliant orations 
 — Mr. Mellish and Mr. Benjamin — The Merchants' Company prose- 
 cution. 
 
 On Friday, May nth, 1866, a blow was struck which stag- 
 gered the mercantile community, not only of the metropolis, 
 but also of the whole United Kingdom. On the Thursday 
 evening the great house of Overend, Gurney, and Co. had been 
 compelled to suspend payment, and, at three o'clock on the 
 following afternoon, it put up its shutters. The intelligence, 
 which rapidly spread through the City, created a panic almost 
 unparalleled in the history of commerce. An enormous crowd 
 gathered in the approaches to the well-known building at the 
 corner of Lombard Street, and the doors of the establishment 
 were literally besieged with persons anxious to verify the 
 startling report. 
 
 In certain circles it had been known for some time that 
 the company was embarrassed, and during the previous week 
 or two rumours had been afloat as to its solvency. Never- 
 theless, when the news of the downfall spread abroad, it 
 occasioned everywhere the greatest surprise, and even the pro- 
 minent members of the banking community, whose business 
 communications must have made them aware that the great 
 concern was in a tottering condition, experienced a difficulty 
 in realising that the crash had actually taken place.
 
 OVEREND, GURNEY, AND CO. 9 
 
 The original house had been established, by Mr. Thomas 
 Richardson and Mr. John Overend, about sixty years before. 
 Some time after its foundation, Mr. Samuel Gurney — whose 
 father was a member of the firm of Gurney and Co., bankers, of 
 Norwich — became a partner in the business, and he continued 
 to take an active share in its management for nearly fifty 
 years. In time those three gentlemen died, and their places 
 were filled by Mr. Samuel Gurney, Mr. Edmund Gurney, and 
 Mr. Robert Birkbeck ; and upon the conversion of the firm 
 into a limited liability company, the two gentlemen last named 
 remained as directors, their colleagues on the Board being 
 Mr. John Henry Gurney, Mr. Henry Barclay, Mr. Thomas 
 Gibb, Mr. Harry Gordon, and Mr. William Rennie. 
 
 On Friday morning a number of banks in Lombard Street, 
 in order to proclaim their solvency and inspire confidence, 
 took down their shutters an hour before the prescribed time ; 
 and when the eventful day was over, some of them kept open 
 an hour later than was their wont, that the world might know 
 they had weathered the storm. Of course, however, these 
 measures did not wholly suffice to allay the fears of the British 
 public. 
 
 Many ladies were seen to enter the different banks with 
 faces deadly pale, and, shortly afterwards, to reappear — with 
 faint smiles upon their faces — closely hugging leather bags. 
 Where were they going to place their rescued wealth? — and 
 Echo answered, Where ? 
 
 I knew of a lady with a very large deposit at the central 
 establishment of the London and Westminster Bank, who, 
 upon hearing of the great failure, at once rushed off to the 
 City, and withdrew the whole amount. Among her friends 
 was one of the governors of the Bank of England, and she 
 straightway repaired to his office to ask him where she should 
 deposit her wealth. His first question was : " Where have you 
 taken your money from ? " She replied : " From the London 
 and Westminster Bank." "Then you had better take it back 
 again," was his quiet rejoinder. 
 
 On horror's head horror accumulated ; and it was soon 
 known that the English Joint-Stock Bank had followed the 
 example of Overend, Gurney, and Co. The English Joint- 
 Stock Bank had recently taken the business of Messrs. Olding 
 and Co., in which firm Samuel Rogers, the poet, was for years 
 a partner, as also was Mr. Samuel Sharp, well known in his 
 day as a member of many learned societies. At the time
 
 io PROCEEDINGS AT THE MANSION HOUSE. 
 
 of the smash, the directors were, for the most part, members of 
 wealthy Unitarian families. 
 
 It may be noted, as a curious incident, that, shortly before 
 the disaster was made known, several old gentlemen who had 
 spent the earlier years of their lives in the service of the firm, 
 arrived outside the building. They were standing there, 
 gossiping about old times, and remarking no doubt upon the 
 rising fortunes of the house, when a clerk stepped outside and 
 affixed the fatal announcement to the door. Poor old fellows, 
 one can imagine their feelings ! 
 
 At the first blush, the liabilities of Overend, Gurney, and 
 Co. were estimated at from ten to twelve millions. The 
 capital of the company was five millions sterling, and it was 
 divided into a hundred thousand ^50 shares. Only £15 had 
 been paid on each share, and thus there remained to be called 
 
 U P ;£3»5°°>°°o. 
 
 Of course many minor failures resulted from the two great 
 ones, conspicuous among them being that of the Merchants' 
 Company. 
 
 In the course of time many law proceedings arose out of 
 the disasters. Cases were heard in Chancery and Bankruptcy, 
 and as a result thereof, after a number of stormy meetings of 
 shareholders, it was resolved that criminal prosecutions should 
 be instituted against the directors of Overend, Gurney, and 
 Co., the English Joint-Stock Bank, and the Merchants' 
 Company. I was engaged as counsel in all three trials. 
 
 The prosecution in the case of Overend, Gurney, and Co. 
 did not commence until the 1st of January, 1869. It came 
 before the Lord Mayor, and the hearing lasted nine days. 
 
 Mr. George Lewis appeared for the prosecution, and the 
 defendants were represented as follows : Mr. J. H. Gurney, 
 Mr. H. E. Gurney, and Mr. Birkbeck, by Serjeant Ballantine 
 and Mr. J. C. Mathew ; Mr. Barclay, by Serjeant Parry and 
 myself; Mr. Henry George Gordon, by Serjeant Sleigh and 
 Mr. Ledgard ; and Mr. Rennie, by Mr. Hardinge-Giffard, Mr. 
 Poland, and Mr. Gardyne. Besides the Lord Mayor, there 
 were present on the bench at the first hearing Sir Thomas 
 Gabriel, Sir Robert Carden, Sir Benjamin Phillips, Sir William 
 Rose, and Mr. Alderman Cotton. 
 
 The charge preferred against the defendants was that they, 
 in the month of July, 1865, and at divers other times, in the 
 City of London, unlawfully did conspire and combine, by false 
 pretences, to induce Adam Thorn, of No. 90, Gower Street,
 
 A DEMON AT FIGURES. n 
 
 Bedford Square, and divers other persons, to become share- 
 holders in Overend, Gurney, and Company, with intent to 
 cheat and defraud. 
 
 It has always been the boast of the magistrates, or rather, 
 Aldermen, of the City of London, that they extend the same 
 treatment to every defendant brought before them, without any 
 regard to his or her social position. In this case an application 
 was made that the defendants might be allowed to sit next to 
 their counsel, but it was refused. Our clients, however, were 
 not required to enter the dock. They were " accommodated," 
 as the newspapers say, with seats outside thereof. 
 
 The prosecution was instituted, according to the solicitor 
 conducting it, by a committee of shareholders ; but the person 
 principally to the fore was Dr. Adam Thorn, who had the 
 assistance of a somewhat remarkable man, Mr. Howell, an 
 accountant. It afterwards transpired that Dr. Thorn was not 
 a large shareholder in the company ; and, indeed, I have reason 
 to believe that he obtained the transfer of a few of the shares 
 for the purpose of instituting the proceedings. 
 
 Dr. Thorn was an old man of striking appearance. He was 
 about seventy years of age, I should judge, and had gray hair. 
 A shrewder-looking man I think I never saw. 
 
 The pivot on which the prosecution turned was the evidence 
 of Howell, the accountant. He was a very demon at books; 
 and I shall never forget seeing him, day after day, manipulating 
 the Overend and Gurney ledgers, which were brought to the 
 Mansion House every morning in two or three waggons. He 
 had had access to them during the bankruptcy proceedings, 
 and seemed to know them all by heart. It was perfectly 
 amazing to see him. Standing in the midst of those volumes, 
 with a little slip of paper in his hand, he would dip first into 
 this book and then into that, and, with scarcely a second's 
 delay, give you the result of his search. 
 
 When this arithmetical sprite was in the witness-box, it was 
 curious to watch the faces of the defendants, as they sat there 
 listening intently, and learning more in a few hours about the 
 figures of their extensive enterprise than the study of years had 
 given them any conception of. 
 
 So the weary days wore on, and at last the time arrived for 
 leaders to address the Bench on the question whether or no a 
 case had been made out that would warrant a committal. The 
 Lord Mayor, who had exhibited great judicial power in hearing 
 the case, though he was obviously very much impressed against
 
 12 A VOLUMINOUS INDICTMENT. 
 
 the defendants, announced, on the 27th of January, that he 
 proposed to send them for trial, giving shortly his reasons for 
 doing so. 
 
 The defendants were held to very heavy bail, and among 
 those who came forward on their behalf were gentlemen of the 
 first eminence in the City of London. 
 
 The original committal was to the Central Criminal Court, 
 but the indictment was subsequently removed by certiorari, to 
 the Court of Queen's Bench. The case was mentioned in 
 Parliament on June 30th and July 31st, and came before the 
 Lord Chief Justice of England (Sir Alexander Cockburn) and 
 a special jury, on December 13th, 1869, under the title of 
 "The Queen on the Prosecution of Dr. Adam Thom v. 
 Overend, Gurney, and Company." 
 
 Dr. Kenealy, Q.C., Mr. Macrae Moir, and Mr. Dawson 
 Yelverton appeared to prosecute ; and the defendants were 
 represented as follows : for Messrs. Gurney and Mr. Birkbeck, 
 the Solicitor-General (Sir John Coleridge), Mr. Hawkins, Mr. 
 Serjeant Ballantine, and Mr. J. C. Mathew; for Mr. Gordon, 
 Sir John Karslake and Mr. Ledgard; for Mr. Barclay, Mr. 
 Mellish, Q.C., Serjeant Parry, and myself; and for Mr. Rennie, 
 Mr. Giffard, Q.C., Mr. Poland, and Mr. Gardyne. 
 
 The indictment was an extremely voluminous one, contain- 
 ing thirty-one counts. Dr. Kenealy, in opening, stated that the 
 substance of it was that the defendants had entered into an 
 agreement with a firm called Overend, Gurney, and Co., to 
 induce certain persons by false statements to subscribe sums 
 of money in the purchase of shares in a joint-stock undertaking. 
 Some counts charged a geneial conspiracy, and one, a con- 
 spiracy to obtain money from the prosecutor, Dr. Thom ; and 
 the learned counsel, in rather bombastic terms, stated that 
 nothing so fraudulent as the conduct of the defendants had 
 been known since the days of the notorious South Sea bubble. 
 
 In the space at my command it would be impossible to 
 follow the learned counsel in his voluminous opening, nor do 
 I think that the multitude of facts and figures involved would 
 interest my readers. 
 
 It is more a matter for regret that I have no room to give 
 extracts from some of the splendid and masterly orations 
 delivered by leading counsel during the trial. What a galaxy 
 of talent there was, and what distinguished futures lay before 
 many of the gentlemen engaged in this case ! To-day, more 
 than twenty years afterwards, we can say that, among those
 
 THE SUMMING-UP. 13 
 
 holding briefs on behalf of the directors of Overend, Gurney, 
 and Co., were a Lord Chancellor, a Lord Chief Justice, a Lord 
 Justice, two puisne Judges and an ex-Attorney-General. I do 
 not think that, in the annals of the English Bar, another 
 example could be found of so powerful an association of 
 counsel. 
 
 The summing-up of the learned Chief Justice was about as 
 brilliant a one as was ever heard within the four walls of an 
 English court of justice. His peroration was an especially 
 splendid piece of elocution, and I shall never forget it. He 
 reminded his hearers that, but a short time since, the names 
 of Overend and Gurney stood, not merely high, but the 
 very highest in the aristocracy of commerce. "They were 
 the Caesars of the money world, and now, like Caesar, they have 
 so fallen that there are none so poor as do them reverence." 
 During his summing-up he told the jury again and again that 
 it was their duty to determine, not the cause of the failure, 
 but whether the defendants were actually responsible for it — - 
 whether, at the time of the transfer of the business, the old 
 firm believed that they were selling, and the new Board 
 believed that they were buying, an enterprise that was sure 
 to collapse through its own inherent rottenness. 
 
 The old firm had been in existence about three-quarters ot 
 a century, and it was admitted by the counsel for the prose- 
 cution that, some ten years before, the annual profits had 
 been about ^105,000. The charge, as enunciated by Dr. 
 Kenealy, came to this — the gentlemen concerned had suddenly 
 deviated from the paths of safety and embarked in all sorts of 
 speculations. "They covered the sea," he said, "with their 
 ships, and they ploughed the land with their iron roads." The 
 result was — according to the prosecution — that, in 1865, they 
 were in a state of hopeless insolvency. Dr. Kenealy asserted, 
 indeed, that, at that time, their liabilities amounted to 
 ^15,207,000, and their assets to only ^12,075,000, leaving 
 a deficit of over three millions sterling. He went on to 
 declare that, finding themselves in this position, the partners 
 hit upon the expedient of forming the company, and thus 
 shifting their responsibility on to the shoulders of the investing 
 public. 
 
 On the other hand, the counsel for the defence again and 
 again asked what possible motive the new directors could have 
 had in encouraging the fraud and embarking their own money 
 in a scheme they knew to be unsound. Certain it was that
 
 14 THE DEFENCE. 
 
 several of the new directors invested enormous sums in the 
 company, thus courting their own ruin, if the theory of the 
 prosecution was to be accepted. 
 
 Counsel for the defence argued that the prospectus was no 
 more than a florid, sanguine document, or, as the Lord Chief 
 Justice quietly put it, a document drawn up in " the true 
 prospectus style." Had the directors, we asked, done more 
 than use laudatory adjectives in describing their venture ? 
 Had they represented as an existing fact that which was 
 a non-existing fact ? It was admitted that the younger mem- 
 bers of the firm had for years deviated from the sound and 
 cautious, if somewhat slow, methods of their predecessors. 
 They had been go-ahead people. Undoubtedly, at the time 
 of the transfer, the business was not so good as it had been, 
 but the question remained — was it hopelessly involved? And 
 here, of course, came in the important query — in matters of 
 speculation, where does hope end ? 
 
 There was certainly an important misstatement, or rather 
 omission, in the prospectus. Mention was only made of one 
 deed for the transfer of the business, whereas in fact there 
 were two. His lordship, in summing up, told the jury that 
 the two deeds should certainly have been mentioned. The 
 excuse, however, offered by the defendants was that the 
 prospectus had to be issued by a certain time, and that, when 
 the date arrived for putting it in the printer's hands, the 
 second draft had not been completed. 
 
 But, queried his lordship, even if both deeds had been 
 referred to, would that circumstance have prevented the 
 public taking up the shares? If there had been twenty deeds 
 exposed to view, would intending shareholders have paused to 
 scrutinise them ? Would not the splendid reputation of the 
 firm of Overend, Gurney, and Co. have been deemed a 
 sufficient guarantee for the soundness of the investment? His 
 lordship admitted that the disaster was probably without equal 
 in modern times ; but the crucial point for the jury to consider 
 was whether that disaster had been due to fraud or over- 
 sanguineness. 
 
 At two o'clock on Thursday, the 28th of December, the 
 jury retired to consider their verdict. After the lapse of a 
 quarter of an hour they returned into Court, and, upon being 
 interrogated, the foreman sonorously and emphatically ex- 
 claimed : " Not Guilty." 
 
 A remarkable scene took place in Court upon the
 
 RESULT OF THE TRIAL. 15 
 
 announcement of the verdict. Loud cheers were raised, and 
 the demonstration was prolonged. 
 
 As soon as the Lord Chief Justice was able to interpose, 
 he observed, in a voice which, I am bound to say, did not 
 betray much displeasure : 
 
 " Really, this is very wrong. I ought to commit some 
 of you." 
 
 Dr. Kenealy made an application for costs, under the 
 24th and 25th Victoria, section 24, whereupon his lordship 
 said : 
 
 " I unhesitatingly concur in the propriety of this verdict. 
 If you had confined the prosecution to the three original 
 members of the firm, I should not have hesitated to allow 
 costs, but inasmuch as, in my opinion and judgment, the 
 inclusion of the other defendants in the indictment — which 
 had the effect of shutting their mouths — was altogether un- 
 justifiable, I would not allow costs even if I could ; but you 
 ought to know that, as this indictment was removed by 
 certiorari, no costs can be allowed." 
 
 The defendants then left the Court with their friends. 
 
 Of all the brilliant orations delivered in the course of this 
 remarkable trial, the very best was that of my leader, Mr. 
 (afterwards Lord Justice) Mellish, and the circumstance was 
 remarkable inasmuch as he had gained his splendid reputation 
 as a lawyer and an arguer rather than as an orator. As a 
 lawyer and an arguer, indeed, I do not think his equal has 
 been seen, or is ever likely to be seen, at the English Bar. 
 
 The nearest approach to him was that remarkable man, 
 Mr. Benjamin, Q.C. He came to us from America, where, 
 during the war, he was Secretary of State for the Southern 
 States. He left his native land because he wished to practise 
 here, and, from the time of his arrival till the time of his 
 retirement — which happened shortly before his death — he was 
 one of the greatest ornaments of the English Bar. 
 
 In his private life Mr. Benjamin was the most amiable 
 of men, and the best of friends, and this makes me the more 
 regret a slight done to his memory two or three years ago, 
 under circumstances that I will briefly explain. 
 
 A dinner was given at the Mansion House, to Mr. Phelps, 
 the American Minister, to wish him good fortune and God- 
 speed on the occasion of his return to his native land, where, 
 I believe, he proposed to re-enter his profession as an advocate. 
 All the most distinguished members of the Bench and Bar
 
 16 THE MERCHANTS' COMPANY PROSECUTION. 
 
 were present, and, as might be expected, the speeches after 
 dinner were of a very brilliant description. The Lord 
 Chancellor, the Lord Chief Justice, the law officers, and other 
 eminent men, delivered addresses, referring to the good-will 
 that existed between the Bar of the two countries, and giving 
 examples of American advocates who had attained dis- 
 tinguished positions on this side of the Atlantic. But I 
 listened in vain for some mention of the name of Mr. Ben- 
 jamin. Not one of the speakers remembered him. Alas ! 
 how soon we are forgotten ! 
 
 The charge against the directors of the Merchants' Com- 
 pany was tried at the Mansion House, before the Lord Mayor, 
 on the 8th, 28th, and 31st of January, and the 5th, 8th, nth, 
 and 19th of February, 1869. 
 
 The prosecutor was a gentleman named John Land, of 
 Litchurch. Mr. Straight prosecuted, and the defendants were 
 represented as follows : Mr. Richard Stuart Lane, by Mr. 
 George Lewis; Mr. James Childs, by Serjeant Parry and 
 Mr. Ledgard ; and Mr. Helbert, by myself. 
 
 The charge against them was that they had published 
 a circular, well knowing it to be false, and had sent it round 
 to the shareholders, when calling up capital ; and they were 
 further indicted for issuing a fraudulent prospectus, alleging 
 that the business of the old firm, Messrs. Lane, Hankey, 
 and Co., was in a perfectly solvent and flourishing condition. 
 
 At the end of the hearing at the Mansion House, the 
 defendants were committed for trial, being held to very heavy 
 bail; but on Monday, March 1st, the prosecution made an 
 application to the Recorder, sitting at the Central Criminal 
 Court, asking that the case might be withdrawn, as, in the 
 opinion of those who had been instructed on the part of the 
 Crown, there was no chance of obtaining a conviction. 
 The request was at once granted, and the defendants were 
 discharged. 
 
 The third case, that of the English Joint-Stock Bank, was 
 heard at the Mansion House in the month of May; but in 
 this case also the prosecution failed.
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 barristers' clerks and eccentric barristers. 
 
 The barrister's clerk — Precocious office boys — Mason, Worster, and 
 Coxedge — Langford — His "soup" and his garret — A general invita- 
 tion that was accepted — Langford ascends my mulberry-tree — The 
 apples and thcchampagne-bottles — A near neighbour who played the 
 cornet — How the tormentor was tormented — Peace restored — Lang- 
 ford and Ribton : a malicious proceeding — The mad barrister Brierly 
 — A strange form of insanity — Flint-stones in court : terrifying the 
 Judge and jury — Mr. Serjeant Cox and Mr. Carter — An unkind 
 remark — Warner Sleigh's domestic history — The consequences of 
 having a pair of boots cleaned — Sleigh's melancholy end — Some 
 mottoes for Serjeants — A whimsical simile. 
 
 A type of character only to be met with in the Temple and 
 its precincts is the barrister's clerk. He usually begins life as 
 chambers boy, his business in that capacity being to make 
 himself generally useful, and, when the clerk is in Court with 
 his master, to see any one who calls, and note down in a book 
 the object of the visit. 
 
 Very often the clerk models himself upon his master, and 
 the boy upon the clerk. The boy begins life as an extra- 
 ordinary creature. His juvenile mind is entirely bent upon 
 fees, and the amounts that ought to be marked upon the 
 different papers that come into the chambers. He is a perfect 
 marvel of precocity. He begins to earn his living at about 
 the age of twelve, his wages averaging from ten to twelve 
 shillings a week. In nine cases out of ten a portion of the 
 first week's salary is spent in the purchase of the mild 
 Havanna. 
 
 There never was a better description of this sort of youth 
 than is to be found in Tom Taylor's wonderfully amusing farce 
 called " Our Clerks." It was written at the time when the 
 
 c
 
 i8 LANGFORD. 
 
 author, in conjunction with two or three other barristers, 
 occupied chambers in the Temple. Two boys were employed 
 there, and their counterparts are to be found in the farce. 
 The characters were sustained, in an extraordinarily clever 
 way, by Mrs. and Mr. Keeley. 
 
 As time rolls on, and the clerk either dies or retires, the 
 youngster takes his place. It sometimes happens, however, 
 that the latter blossoms into manhood before the vacancy is 
 created, and in this case he is usually transferred to the 
 chambers of some gentleman rising in practice who is in need 
 of a clerk. 
 
 There is no more faithful creature than the barrister's 
 clerk. What on earth could the barrister in large practice do 
 without him ? He is necessary at every turn and at every 
 moment. He arranges your consultations and conferences, 
 waits upon you in the robing-room, takes your papers to your 
 seat, and watches every Court where you have business to 
 transact. He follows all your movements, which long ex- 
 perience has taught him to interpret, very much after the 
 manner of a faithful dog. 
 
 Who that knew, or was a client of, the late genial Serjeant 
 Parry will forget Mason, his representative? What solicitor 
 of bygone times who favoured Ballantine w r ith his retainers, 
 will ever be oblivious of Worster ? And even now, in these 
 days, my good friend Poland would scarcely be recognised 
 were he unaccompanied by the trusty Coxedge. 
 
 These relations between employer and employed have 
 existed from generation to generation, and, loving my old 
 profession as I do, my earnest hope is that the position 
 between the parties may never be altered. 
 
 I have known more than one eccentric barrister in my 
 time. Certainly the oddest creature I ever met was Langford. 
 Though belonging to a good old Catholic family, he was 
 dreadfully poor. How he existed, indeed, was a mystery to 
 everybody. His domicile was a couple of garrets in Gray's 
 Inn. 
 
 Langford appeared every session, both at Clerkenwell and 
 the Old Bailey, for the purpose of receiving his " soup," 
 which, as I think I explained in my other book, is the depo- 
 sition of the Court to prosecute in a case in which the Crown 
 is not represented. These depositions were handed by the 
 clerk to Langford, in virtue of his being one of the senior 
 members of the Bar.
 
 A POETIC INSPIRATION. 19 
 
 The Middlesex Sessions only occur twice in the month, 
 and the Central Criminal Court Sessions, once ; and thus, if 
 in each case the old fellow got his deposition (which at the 
 most would represent £2 4s. 6d.), the total sum received 
 would scarcely have sufficed to meet all his bodily wants. 
 Yet he did not seem to derive an income from any other 
 source. The deposition fee would sometimes only amount to 
 jQi 35. 6d. (for it depended upon the number of witnesses 
 called) ; and therefore it is manifest that poor Langford must 
 sometimes have been sorely pinched. 
 
 I shall never forget an incident that occurred one day 
 when I was sitting next to him at the Middlesex Sessions. He 
 was bemoaning the fact that the clerk had not brought him 
 his " soup," and he paused in the middle of the conversation 
 to write something on a piece of blotting-paper, which he 
 handed to me with a vacant smile. I read as follows : 
 
 As pants the hart for liquid streams, 
 
 When weary of the chase, 
 So pants my heart for One Three Six 
 
 In this disgusting place. 
 
 One day during the summer Langford told me how much 
 he envied me having a place in the country, and near the 
 river — alluding to my house at Twickenham. I replied : 
 
 " My dear Langford, why don't you come down and visit 
 me ? I shall always be delighted to see you ; " forgetting for 
 the moment that Twickenham is some distance from London, 
 and that the journey would be a consideration with him. 
 
 The house in which I and my family lived was called 
 Cross-deep Lodge, and was situated on the high-road that runs 
 from Twickenham to Teddington. Attached to the house was 
 a very large garden, in which stood an extraordinary old 
 mulberry-tree. 
 
 One day shortly after the conversation just alluded to, on 
 returning home from an afternoon's fishing, who should I find, 
 sipping a glass of sherry in the dining-room, and gossiping with 
 my wife, but my learned and eccentric friend. 
 
 I saw that my wife was sorely puzzled both by his ap- 
 pearance and his conversation. A musty-looking old velvet 
 shooting-jacket adorned his person, and his paper collar was 
 badly pinned to a slate-coloured flannel shirt. He was, more- 
 over, very dirty, and quite smothered with dust, having, as he 
 
 c 2
 
 2o LANGFORD UP THE MULBERRY-TREE. 
 
 quickly informed me, walked the whole way from London. 
 In fact, a queerer figure I never beheld. 
 
 My wife afterwards described what had taken place upon 
 his arrival. On learning that I was not at home, he had asked 
 to see Mrs. Williams, saying to the servant : 
 
 " Don't hurry her; I can amuse myself until she comes " 
 
 In a few minutes my wife entered the dining-room ; but 
 there was nobody there. Noticing that one of the French 
 windows stood ajar, and concluding that her visitor was 
 taking a turn on the lawn, she passed out into the open. 
 To her surprise, however, the garden appeared to be quite 
 deserted. 
 
 Completely mystified, my wife was about to re-enter the 
 house, when a rustling cf leaves attracted her attention. 
 Glancing in the direction whence the sound came, she per- 
 ceived, seated on a lofty branch of the mulberry-tree, and 
 munching the well-ripened fruit, the eccentric-looking figure 
 I have attempted to describe. 
 
 Having descended to the lawn — a feat accomplished not 
 without some difficulty — Langford introduced himself, and 
 stated how he had received from me a general invitation to 
 come down to Twickenham whenever he liked. 
 
 My wife noticed that her visitor's paper cuffs and collar 
 were liberally besmeared with mulberry-juice, and she also 
 observed that, as the policemen say, "his appearance was 
 rather bulky." The explanation of this was not long delayed ; 
 for in the middle of the conversation two apples tumbled from 
 the breast-pocket of the old gentleman's coat. Picking them 
 up, he said : 
 
 " You see, Mrs. Williams, I have been walking round the 
 garden. There are so many of your apples lying about I 
 thought you wouldn't mind my putting a few into my pocket. 
 You see, I thought I might meet a poor boy on the road ; " 
 and then, as if the scene were plainly enacted before his eyes, 
 he murmured : " Poor boy ! poor boy ! " 
 
 On going round by the stables, Langford observed a 
 number of empty champagne-bottles, and turning to his com- 
 panion, said : 
 
 " You seem to drink a great deal of champagne down here. 
 I hear that Arthur Collins " — alluding to Sir Arthur, now 
 Chief Justice of Madras — " very often pays you a visit, and I 
 think, Mrs. Williams, that must account a good deal for 
 these champagne-bottles ; " though why he should have made
 
 TERRIFYING THE CORNET-PLAYER. 21 
 
 this observation I never could understand, for a more tempe- 
 rate creature than the gentleman alluded to never existed. 
 
 However, this led to an invitation to stay and dine, to see 
 for himself what the champagne was like. He agreed to do 
 so, but refused the further invitation to remain the night. 
 
 He quitted Twickenham at about eleven o'clock, and 
 trudged all the way back to town on foot. 
 
 It happened that, underneath the garrets where Langford 
 resided, there lived a man who occupied a great portion of his 
 time in playing the cornet — a circumstance that raised the ire 
 of my learned friend not a little. He remonstrated repeatedly, 
 but in vain. The cornet-player, who was of a cantankerous 
 turn of mind, and who was not without a smattering of the 
 law, observed that an Englishman's home was his castle, and 
 that he should do as he pleased. 
 
 This declaration of war was uttered one afternoon, and 
 that same night, just as the musician had got well off to sleep, 
 he was awakened by a most unearthly din. Sitting up in bed, 
 in a semi-comatose state, his first impression was — as he subse- 
 quently explained to the lodge-porter — that some one was 
 driving hundreds of nails into his head. He jumped wildly 
 from his bed, and in a few moments had so far regained the 
 mastery over his senses that he was able to localise the uproar. 
 It was manifest that a terrible knocking was going on in the 
 room overhead. 
 
 Flinging a blanket around his shivering body, the poor 
 fellow ran upstairs. There was a light in Langford's room, 
 the door of which stood open, and, without ceremony, in he 
 rushed. 
 
 What he saw fairly took away his breath. The elderly 
 barrister was sitting on the floor in his night-shirt, and, to 
 the accompaniment of a lugubrious ditty, was driving enormous 
 nails into the boards with a mason's hammer. 
 
 In vain did the cornet-player entreat him to desist. 
 Another nail was driven into the splintering boards — another 
 ■ — and yet another ; and not till then did the wielder of the 
 heavy hammer pause and speak. He said : 
 
 " You make my life a misery to me all day long, and now 
 that the night has come it's my turn ; " and down again came 
 the heavy hammer, and another nail was driven home. 
 
 There can be no doubt that my learned friend occupied a 
 very strong position, and it is not surprising under the circum- 
 stances that a truce was speedily entered into between the
 
 22 BRIERLY, THE MAD BARRISTER. 
 
 parties. Cornet and hammer were laid aside, and silence 
 reigned. 
 
 Langford's eccentricities were not always without a touch 
 of malice. Arriving rather early one morning in the robing- 
 room at the Middlesex Sessions, I found the old gentleman 
 there (he was invariably the first arrival) wearing a very pleased 
 expression. Pulling a newspaper from his pocket, he drew my 
 attention to a paragraph contained therein. It gave an account 
 of certain County Court summonses and judgments against a 
 member of the Sessions named Ribton, to whom, for some 
 reason or other, my companion had conceived a most intense 
 aversion. As Langford was reading the paragraph to me, who 
 should enter but Ribton himself, upon which, with a diabolical 
 smile, the malicious old fellow skipped up to him and said : 
 " Good morning, Rib ; have you seen this, Rib ? " 
 As he spoke, he handed Ribton the newspaper ; and then, 
 in the coolest manner imaginable, commenced rubbing his 
 hands, and jumping with joy. 
 
 A more than eccentric creature was the mad barrister 
 Brierly. He had a long flowing snow-white beard, and, like 
 Langford, was a very old man. 
 
 Brierly became the terror, not only of the Judges who pre- 
 sided at the different Criminal Courts, but of the public in 
 general. His insanity took a peculiar form. He was under 
 the impression that it was his mission on earth to clear the 
 Criminal Courts of the " wicked and cheating attorneys," as he 
 called them. He was perpetually interrupting the proceedings 
 with observations on the subject, and more than once said 
 that he expected soon to have accomplished his great work, 
 and that the sons of noblemen and gentlemen would then be 
 able to practise at the Bar. 
 
 In the streets the poor old fellow was generally followed by 
 a crowd of little boys, who quizzed and otherwise tormented 
 him. 
 
 He carried about with him a red bag, which contained, not 
 his wig and gown, but a number of large flint-stones. On 
 arriving in Court, he would take these out and pile them in 
 front of him, much to the terror of the Judge and jury. When 
 called upon to put the stones away or leave the building, he 
 would rise and explain to the Bench that he merely brought 
 the missiles into Court for his own personal protection. It 
 would seem that he anticipated the necessity of using them 
 to withstand an onslaught from the wicked solicitors. He
 
 SERJEANT COX. 23 
 
 explained to the Judge, when reference was made to his warlike 
 preparations, that he was descended from the bravest in the 
 land. 
 
 Matters came to such a pitch that, in the summer of 1869, 
 one of the Judges ordered Mr. Brierly into custody ; and, on 
 the 23rd of August in that year, it was stated from the Bench 
 that he had been pronounced insane, and, on the proper 
 doctors' certificates, sent to Hanwell. 
 
 Upon Mr. Payne's death he was succeeded by Serjeant 
 Cox, a remarkable man in many respects. Though enormously 
 rich, he was content for many years to play the part of 
 journeyman Judge at the Middlesex Sessions, for the somewhat 
 modest remuneration of five guineas for every day that he was 
 called upon to sit, the annual sum yielded by the office being 
 only a little over ^500. He was a large holder of newspaper 
 property, being the owner of The Field, The Queen, The Law 
 Tunes, The Exchange and Mart, and several other periodicals. 
 To merely mention the two first-named publications would be, 
 of course, to convey the idea of a very considerable income. 
 I can remember the time when The Field was offered to my 
 old friend Benjamin Webster, the actor, for a few hundred 
 pounds, and refused by him ; but now it is an enormous 
 property. 
 
 Serjeant Cox was a dapper-looking little man, with a florid 
 complexion and a perpetual smile. He took a long time to 
 try his cases, and was a painstaking and most humane judge. 
 He was a member of the Western Circuit, and there is a rathei 
 good story concerning him, dating from the time when he 
 practised at the Bar. A barrister named Carter figures in the 
 story, and I cannot forbear from briefly introducing this 
 gentleman to my readers. Carter was a very hard-working, 
 but a very unfortunate man. He was once elected membei 
 for Tavistock ; but he made only a single appearance at St. 
 Stephen's, on which occasion he actually spoke and voted 
 against paying the expenses of the Duke of Wellington's 
 funeral. The property qualification had not at that time been 
 abolished, and upon inquiries being made into Carter's 
 possessions, it was discovered that he was not eligible. 
 
 But to come back to the story. It happened one day— I 
 think, at Exeter — that there was a great stress upon the time 
 of the Judges — both the calendar and cause lists being un- 
 usually heavy — and, in consequence, it was resolved to obtain 
 assistance from the Bar. Serjeant Cox was a silk gown, and
 
 24 "MY LORD." 
 
 accordingly he was selected to try the overflow of cases. He 
 took his seat with evident pleasure, and with a certain amount 
 of exaggerated dignity. When a commissioner is appointed 
 temporarily in this way, it is customary for counsel to address 
 him by the title of " my lord," and, in other respects, to treat 
 him exactly as though he were a permanent judge. It so 
 happened that the first case tried by Cox was one in which 
 Carter appeared for the defence, and the latter gentleman " my 
 lorded " the former to his heart's content. Presently a point 
 of law arose, and Carter, addressing the presiding dignitary, said: 
 " My lord, if your lordship remembers, there is the well- 
 known case, my lord, of and . If your lordship will 
 
 permit me, I will read you the marginal note." 
 
 Cox, who, among his other duties, had found time to edit 
 " Cox's Criminal Cases," observed : 
 
 " Mr. Carter, I don't see that this case is on all-fours with 
 the present. In fact, I don't think it has anything to do 
 with it." 
 
 "What!" said Carter, dropping "my lord" at once, "do 
 you mean, sir, to say that you don't see the force of my 
 argument ? The best thing, sir, you can do is to go and 
 consult the Judge in the adjoining Court." 
 The Serjeant replied : 
 
 " I shall do nothing of the sort. Pray proceed with your 
 case." 
 
 Upon this Carter burst out : 
 
 " Upon my soul, Cox ! " and then proceeded with his 
 
 speech. 
 
 This same gentleman, Mr. Carter, was for many years 
 treated rather unkindly by the leader of his circuit, a great 
 personage, who, in spite of his superior education and good 
 manners, could at times be extremely bitter and sarcastic. 
 He had a celebrated brother, a father of the Society of Jesus, 
 and Carter was aware of the circumstance. 
 
 It happened on one occasion, when the two were in 
 opposite camps, that the leader was more than usually hard 
 upon his opponent ; and Carter, when it came to his turn to 
 address the jury, observed : 
 
 "Gentlemen, it has been with great difficulty that I re- 
 mained quiet during my learned friend's opening, but I know 
 he hates interruptions, and if I had interrupted him he would 
 have been sure to make a grievance of it. You have heard his 
 version of the transaction ; now you shall hear mine, and you
 
 WARNER SLEIGH'S DOMESTIC LIFE. 23 
 
 will see what a very different complexion the case assumes. 
 When my learned friend was speaking, I noticed you twelve 
 gentlemen hanging on the silvery tones of his voice and seem- 
 ingly believing every word he said. Don't trust him, gentlemen. 
 I warn you, You don't know him as well as I do. He's not 
 a Jesuit, but his brother is." And Carter then went on with 
 his speech. 
 
 Warner Sleigh was, I think, one of the most remarkable 
 men I ever met. He was very clever and an excellent speaker, 
 but from the time that he came — or, rather, ought to have 
 come — to the years of discretion, he was never out of trouble 
 and difficulties. He was certainly the most precocious young 
 man I ever met ; for he had been married three times, divorced 
 twice, and bankrupt twice, before he reached the age of thirty. 
 His first wife eloped with the proprietor of a ladies' journal ; 
 and I shall never forget the account Warner gave me of the 
 affair. 
 
 " All my misfortunes," he said, " happened to me through 
 having my boots cleaned. I was living with my father at 
 Stanhope Terrace, Hyde Park. One day as I was coming 
 from the Temple I got my boots covered with mud, and, as I 
 was engaged to dine out with a friend, I determined to go home 
 and get them cleaned. I did so, and was proceeding en the 
 underground railway to my friend's house, when I got into 
 conversation with the lady who was the only other occupant of 
 the carriage. Then, instead of keeping my appointment to 
 dine with my friend, I saw the lady home, and she subsequently 
 became my wife. So, you see, if I had not wanted to have my 
 boots cleaned, I should never have married her." 
 
 About a year after his marriage, he said, he began to 
 suspect the lady of infidelity. She was supposed to be on a 
 visit to a relative, but the detective whom Sleigh engaged learnt 
 that she was staying at the " Bear Hotel," Maidenhead, with 
 the gentleman who subsequently became the co-respondent. 
 Sleigh engaged the services of Lockyer, the head-jailer at the 
 Middlesex Sessions — a big, burly, powerful-looking fellow — 
 and the two went off in search of the guilty couple. Arriving 
 at the hotel at Maidenhead, they found the pair — so Sleigh 
 informed me — partaking of breakfast in a private room. I 
 asked him whether he assaulted the gentleman when the door 
 was opened and the discovery made. His answer was : 
 " No; I swooned." 
 Sleigh's second wife was the daughter of Mr. Bignell, the
 
 26 SERJEANTS' MOTTOES. 
 
 proprietor of the Argyll Rooms. She was not long in obtaining 
 a divorce from him. 
 
 Poor fellow ! his was in truth a melancholy end. He went 
 as rapidly down the ladder as he possibly could, and eventually 
 he resolved to quit this country and try his fortunes in America. 
 I helped him as far as I could to carry out this resolve, for he 
 always came to me in his troubles ; but though he left England, 
 he never reached America. On the voyage he was seized with 
 a fit of delirium, and he was buried at sea. 
 
 It was the custom for every Serjeant, upon his elevation 
 from the ordinary Bar, to select for himself a motto, which he 
 forwarded to Serjeants' Inn ; and in reference to this custom a 
 good story is told of a certain barrister who had enjoyed a 
 considerable practice at the Old Bailey. He had been, as he 
 was proud to tell you, the architect of his own fortunes, and 
 upon being created Serjeant, he selected for himself the motto : 
 " Ex sese." 
 
 Some legal wag, hearing of this, observed : 
 
 " It is a pity he tells only two-thirds of the truth. His 
 motto ought to have been c Ex C.C.C."' 
 
 Many of my readers will be aware that the words " Central 
 Criminal Court" are thus very commonly abbreviated. 
 
 A very cruel observation was also made upon the elevation 
 of Mr. Sleigh to the rank of Serjeant. In a room full of 
 people he was asking some friends what motto he should 
 select, whereupon somebody suggested that the best one 
 would be : " Oh, my offence is rank." 
 
 The gentleman first alluded to, I may incidentally remark, 
 was famous for his flowery simiies, and for his extraordinary 
 flow of bombastic and airy language ; and it is reported of 
 him that, upon an occasion when he was counsel in an action 
 for libel, brought by a provision merchant against a local 
 newspaper, he said, in his address to the jury : 
 
 " My client, gentlemen, is a cheesemonger ; and the re- 
 putation of a cheesemonger in the City of London is like the 
 bloom upon a peach. Touch it, and it is gone for ever."
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 POLICE PERJURY CASES. 
 
 Charge against Matthew Hayes and William Barry — The alleged burglary 
 at Gloucester Crescent, Regent's Park— A counter accusation — Con- 
 flicting verdicts — A cloud of witnesses — Some hard swearing — Letter 
 from Mr. Ivory — Charge against Inspector Silverton, Sergeants 
 Wiltshire and Briars, and Constable Smith — A remarkable story — 
 Poole's evidence — The prosecutor's testimony — Account of the 
 "search" — Mr. Newton's observations — The pawnbroker's evidence 
 — Statement by the prosecutor's wife — What the magistrate said on 
 giving his decision — The doubt in my own mind. 
 
 I have been engaged in some remarkable cases in which 
 members of the Metropolitan Police Force were concerned. 
 One was tried in the autumn of 1866, before the Right Hon. 
 Russell Gurney, the defendants being Matthew Hayes and 
 William Barry, two constables of the S Division. As the 
 charge was one of perjury, they were tried separately. 
 
 Barry, whose case was taken first, was accused of naving 
 committed wilful and corrupt perjury before Mr. Payne at the 
 Middlesex Sessions ; and he was further charged with having 
 entered into a conspiracy with the other defendant to falsely 
 accuse Charles Pearce and Henry Dye of attempting to commit 
 a burglary at No. 63, Gloucester Crescent, Regent's Park, on 
 the night of the 30th of August. Mr. Sleigh, myself, and Mr. 
 Starling appeared for the Crown, the prisoner being represented 
 by Mr. Cooper, Mr. Griffiths, and Mr. Francis Turner. 
 
 The case arose in this way. Pearce and Dye had been 
 put upon their trial for the attempted robbery, and I, who 
 appeared on their behalf, had met the charge with what 
 amounted to a counter accusation against Hayes and Barry, 
 the constables who had arrested them, and upon whose 
 evidence the prosecution was based.
 
 28 CHARGE AGAINST PEARCE AND DYE. 
 
 The police stated that there were indications which proved 
 to a certainty that a burglary had been attempted at No. 63, 
 Gloucester Crescent ; and they went on to state that they had 
 arrested the two youths close to the spot, under circumstances 
 which undoubtedly indicated their guilt. Barry stated that, on 
 seeing Pearce jump over the wall of the -house in Gloucester 
 Crescent and take to his heels, he gave chase, and overtook 
 him after going about a hundred and fifty yards. Hayes 
 deposed to the circumstances under which, in the same street 
 and at the same time, he arrested Dye. 
 
 The defence I set up was that no robbery had been 
 attempted, that the prisoners did not go near Gloucester 
 Crescent on the night in question, and that, in point of fact, 
 the story of the constables was a pure invention from beginning 
 to end. I called witnesses to show that, on the evening of the 
 alleged crime, the prisoners spent their time at various public- 
 houses, and that, at one of those places, they met the constables 
 who arrested them. The prisoners were acquitted, and, in 
 consequence, the constables were subsequently proceeded 
 against for perjury. 
 
 The evidence having been fully gone into in the case of 
 Barry, and the Judge having summed up, the jury retired to 
 consider their verdict. After an absence of three-quarters of 
 an hour they returned into Court and pronounced the prisoner 
 "Not Guilty." 
 
 The situation, therefore, was a singular one. It amounted 
 to this : the constables' statement was disbelieved at the 
 Middlesex Sessions, and believed at the Old Bailey. But 
 there still remained, of course, the charge of perjury against 
 Hayes, as well as the charge of conspiracy against them both. 
 
 An application was made to have Hayes' case postponed 
 until the November Sessions, and this was granted. When 
 the trial came on, the same counsel appeared, but with an 
 addition to their number, Serjeant Ballantine having been 
 called in " special " in the defendant's interest. 
 
 In the interval that elapsed between the two trials, a con- 
 siderable sum of money was placed at the disposal of Pearce 
 and Dye, and this enabled them to produce a great body 
 of further evidence. On the other hand, the Commissioners 
 of Police supplied funds for Hayes' defence; and thus it is 
 manifest that no pains were spared to have the matter 
 thoroughly threshed out. 
 
 J do not believe that in modem times — certainly not in
 
 A VERDICT OF "GUILTY." 29 
 
 my own experience— an equally large array of opposing wit- 
 nesses has been brought into Court in connection with a 
 single charge. Certainly in no other case have I heard such 
 directly conflicting evidence. Unanswered, the testimony on 
 our side would have been perfectly overwhelming. The 
 question was — were Pearce and Dye arrested in Gloucester 
 Crescent, as the police stated, or were they arrested, as they 
 themselves stated, in Eversholt Street, about a mile away? 
 Were the police, on the night in question, in the " Stationers' 
 Arms " ? Over and over again they swore that they were not; 
 and, of course, as was urged, if their evidence could be dis- 
 credited on this point, it could not be believed on any other. 
 Pearce and Dye asserted that, on the night of their arrest, 
 they, with four companions, visited five public-houses; and 
 particulars were given as to the duration of their stay in each. 
 The last visit, it was stated, was paid to the " Stationers' 
 Arms," at about one o'clock in the morning. They deposed 
 that, while they were drinking at the bar, and quarrelling with 
 one another, the two constables entered ; and that, subse- 
 quently, when they all quitted the premises, the policemen took 
 them into custody. 
 
 This story was borne out, in all its essentials, by no fewer 
 than twelve persons, most of whom deserved to be regarded as 
 impartial witnesses. The four companions of the two young 
 men also corroborated this version of the affair. 
 
 Pearce and Dye were youths of the artisan class, and that 
 they bore good characters was apparently shown by the fact 
 that the former's employer had been mainly instrumental in 
 instituting the prosecution against the police. 
 
 For the defence, a host of constables, the landlord of the 
 " Stationers' Arms," two barmaids from that establishment, and 
 a number of other persons were called, and if their evidence, 
 much of which was, of course, of a negative character, were to 
 be believed, there could be no doubt that Pearce and Dye had 
 been guilty of the attempted robbery. Their evidence, how- 
 ever, was not believed ; for the jury found Hayes " Guilty." 
 
 There still remained the indictment charging the two con- 
 stables with conspiracy, and I stated, in the absence of my 
 leaders, that the prosecution had determined to apply for 
 a certiorari to move this indictment to the Court of Queen's 
 Bench, in order that it might be tried by one of Her Majesty's 
 Judges and a special jury. The Recorder stated that, in his 
 opinion, the course proposed was a very proper one to take.
 
 30 MR. IVORY'S LETTER. 
 
 An application was then made to him to postpone the sentence 
 on Hayes until the following session, and in this he at once 
 acquiesced. 
 
 In the month of December the following letter appeared in 
 the newspapers : 
 
 "the police perjury case. 
 
 " Sir, — As this case is about to enter upon a new phase, I 
 beg that you will kindly allow me to lay before the public, 
 through your columns, a brief explanation in respect of the 
 serious insinuations cast upon my character by the defenders 
 of the police. It may not be improper to state that I have 
 been known as a ratepayer of the parish in which I now 
 reside for about twenty years, and that I can refer with pride 
 and satisfaction to the antecedents of my family in the same 
 neighbourhood for very nearly a century. As to my connection 
 with this case, it simply arose from the fact that one of the two 
 lads accused of attempted burglary was in my employ, and that 
 I have known him for a considerable time, and have confidence 
 in his honesty. When I heard of the charge against him, I 
 took a great deal of trouble to ascertain the grounds of it, and 
 the more I inquired the more satisfied I became that, what- 
 ever his other errors or faults might have been, he was perfectly 
 guiltless of this offence. There appeared to me to be but one 
 course open then, and that was to defend and protect him. 
 For three months I have laboured in this matter, with the 
 following results : the two lads have been acquitted ; one of 
 their false accusers has been found guilty of perjury after three 
 days' patient investigation ; and the other policeman was 
 acquitted owing to the sudden and unexpected production of 
 evidence which, at the subsequent trial, was held to be worth- 
 less. In carrying this case to its present stage, I have 
 rendered myself liable for legal expenses to the extent of ^250. 
 Towards this the county has contributed ^40, and a few 
 friends, by subscription, ^45, leaving me still responsible for a 
 balance amounting to ^165. Those who approve of what I 
 have done will perhaps deem it a duty to contribute towards 
 meeting the deficiency of 
 
 " Your obedient servant, 
 
 "John Ivory. 
 
 "53, College Place, Camden Town. 
 "December i8tk. '
 
 POOLE'S EVIDENCE. 31 
 
 A certiorari in this case was duly applied for, and granted, 
 but I am under the impression that no further proceedings 
 were ever taken. 
 
 Another charge of considerable importance, affecting the 
 conduct of the police and their dealings with suspected persons, 
 was heard in the year 187 1 before Mr. Newton, sitting as a 
 magistrate at Worship Street Police Court. 
 
 Inspector George Silverton (to whom I had occasion to 
 refer more than once in my earlier volumes), Sergeant Wiltshire, 
 Sergeant Briars, and Constable Smith, were charged with 
 having conspired with a man named Street, who had absconded, 
 to commit wilful and corrupt perjury in order to obtain the 
 conviction of a man named Urwin, upon a false charge of 
 receiving a watch well knowing the same to have been stolen. 
 Mr. Ring, a solicitor, prosecuted, and the defendants were 
 represented as follows : Silverton by myself, Wiltshire by Mr. 
 Cooper, and the other defendants by Mr. Ribton and Mr. 
 Besley. 
 
 The case for the prosecution was that the defendants, being 
 desirous of obtaining a conviction against Urwin, had taken 
 measures, in conjunction with Street and a man named Poole, 
 a painter and glazier of the Kingsland Road, to attain that 
 end. It appeared that a charge had actually been preferred 
 against Urwin, but that he had been acquitted. 
 
 The principal witness for the prosecution was Poole himself, 
 for, if he were to be believed, he had repented of the part he 
 took in the alleged conspiracy. I shall reproduce the substance 
 of his evidence, as it gives a tolerably exhaustive summary of 
 the case for the prosecution. He said : 
 
 " On the night of the 1st of November, Street called at my 
 house, and we went together to several public-houses. We 
 afterwards went to a pawnbroker's shop, where I purchased 
 a watch for fifteen shillings, which money was handed to me 
 by Street. Leaving the pawnbroker's, we went to a jeweller's 
 shop, where I bought a silver-gilt charm for sixpence. Street 
 bit the charm in two, and then placed the watch in my pocket 
 with half the charm attached to it. On arriving at Balls Pond 
 Road, Street, according to a mutual understanding, knocked 
 me down and took the watch from me. On getting up I saw 
 Briars, the detective, standing close by. He said : ' All right, 
 Bill, go to the station ; I'm on the sick list, and can't go myself. 
 I then went to the police station, where I saw Silverton, and 
 after waiting there some time, I left.
 
 32 A REMARKABLE STORY. 
 
 "The next day I met Briars and Street at a beer-house. 
 The former treated me, saying that I could have what I liked 
 and that I should be paid for the job he had spoken to me 
 about. At another public-house I met Silverton, who took me 
 aside and said : ' You must not say Street robbed you of the 
 watch, because if you do we shan't be able to get a conviction. 
 
 " On the following day Wiltshire took me to the police station, 
 and on the way advised me not to swear to the man they had 
 got for stealing the watch, as he could prove an alibi. At the 
 station Silverton showed me a gold watch and asked me if it 
 was mine. I said : ' No.' I was then shown a silver watch, 
 and I identified it as my property. 
 
 " Urwin was taken before the magistrate on the charge of 
 receiving the watch, and was remanded for a week. After that 
 I went with Silverton, Wiltshire, Smith, and a detective to a 
 public-house, where Silverton told me that if anybody from the 
 prisoner's house offered me money, I was not to take it, but 
 was to allow the person to be in the back parlour so that he 
 might come and arrest her. Silverton told me that the person 
 to come would in all probability be Mrs. Urwin, the wife of the 
 accused. 
 
 " Some days afterwards I saw Silverton again, and I then 
 told him that unless Urwin was at once discharged I would 
 
 tell all. Silverton called me a scoundrel and a 
 
 traitor, and said : ' Don't you think you are coming here to 
 frighten or intimidate me.' I replied : ' I've not come here to 
 intimidate you, but I've come here to do justice.' Urwin was 
 committed for trial, and I attended the Sessions and saw him 
 acquitted." 
 
 To corroborate this statement, a publican named Hewitt 
 was called, and swore that he saw Street and Poole in his 
 house, and heard the former tell the latter that he should be 
 " paid for the job." A man named Day also gave evidence. 
 He deposed that, at the time of the alleged robbery, Urwin 
 was at his house, and that, while there, he became intoxicated. 
 
 The next witness was Urwin himself, who was the prosecutor 
 in the case. He described himself as a marine-store dealer, 
 and, in the course of his evidence, said : 
 
 " On the night of the pretended robbery I was at the house 
 of a man named Day, the last witness. I became intoxicated, 
 and slept at the house that night, and remained there a portion 
 of the next day. Soon afterwards Inspector Silverton and 
 Smith came to my house, and, after making some inquiries,
 
 WAS A WARRANT NECESSARY? 33 
 
 the former charged me with knocking Poole down and stealing 
 Ins watch. I stated where I was on the night he said I did this, 
 and added that the charge was a false one. I told him that I 
 had been with Day, and we proceeded to Day's house, but he 
 was not at home. I was taken to the station, but I was kept 
 till midnight before any charge was made against me. 
 
 " In the meantime my wife was brought to the station, and 
 a silver watch produced, which, it was pretended, had been 
 found at my house. Silverton said he would allow my wife to 
 go home, and he told her that it would go well with me if I 
 gave information about certain other persons who were wanted 
 on other charges. Overhearing this remark, I said : ' I know- 
 nothing about them.' Silverton then charged me with 
 receiving the watch, knowing it to have been stolen. I was 
 subsequently had up before the magistrate and committed for 
 trial." 
 
 In cross-examination by me, Urwin admitted that he had 
 been four times convicted, but that, since 1868, he had 
 "retired from that sort of business." 
 
 Mrs. Urwin confirmed her husband's statement, and gave a 
 description of the manner in which the police had " searched " 
 her house. She said : 
 
 "They asked me if I had any jewellery. I replied that I 
 had, and they then commenced their search, Smith, the constable, 
 saying to me : ' You had better keep your eye on us while w r e 
 do it.' He then went to the end of the sofa, and produced a 
 watch which he said he had found tucked under the pillow." 
 
 Mr. Newton remarked, with some severity : 
 
 " What right have police officers to go into a man's house 
 and search it without a warrant from the magistrate ? " 
 
 Inspector Silverton, speaking from the dock, said : 
 
 " It is the usual practice to search the house of a man who 
 is charged with felony." 
 
 Mr. Newton retorted : 
 
 "Then the sooner that practice is altered the better. It is 
 the law that no man's house shall be invaded, and it is an 
 infringement of the liberty of the subject to do so." 
 
 It transpired subsequently that what the police had done, 
 had been done by virtue of orders received from Scotland 
 Yard. 
 
 Among the witnesses called by the prosecution was a pawn- 
 broker, who said he remembered selling to Poole, a few nights 
 before the alleged robbery, the silver watch produced in Court. 
 
 D
 
 34. Mr. neWton's decision. 
 
 Poole's wife also gave evidence. She deposed that, on the 
 evening of the ioth of November, Wiltshire called at their 
 house, and that, on opening the door to him, she asked him 
 his name. He replied : " Mr. S.," and he asked her to tell 
 her husband that he had called. On another occasion Street 
 Visited the house, and, shortly afterwards, Silverton and Wilt- 
 shire. Silverton said : " I am afraid your husband has been 
 bribed by those people, as they have a hat-full of gold and 
 wouldn't mind paying a hundred to get Urwin off." He also 
 said : " If yoVir husband makes his appearance before the end 
 of the week, I'll make it all right with him, and be a friend to 
 him. If he doesn't come I shall have to get a warrant issued for 
 his apprehension." In reply to a further question, Mrs. Poole 
 stated that, at that time, her husband was away from home, 
 and that he had not been near the house for several days 
 previously. 
 
 No witnesses were called for the defence. We delivered 
 our addresses, and Mr. Newton at once gave his judgment. 
 After referring to the great importance of the case, he said he 
 did not think the witness Poole had been sufficiently cor- 
 roborated. That person, according to his own showing, had 
 been a co-conspirator with the defendants, and he was not, 
 therefore, a witness who could inspire great confidence. 
 " There are," concluded Mr. Newton, " circumstances in the 
 case which I certainly do not like, and which are full of 
 suspicion, but I do not feel myself justified in sending the 
 case before a jury;" and the defendants were accordingly 
 discharged. 
 
 For my own part, I must confess that I have never been 
 able to satisfy myself upon which side the truth lay.
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 TWO AMUSING TRIALS. 
 
 "The Lady and her Page " — Family influence — The boy and the alleged 
 attempted burglary — An internal disorder — Heavy doctors' fees — A 
 page-boy without his livery — Taking eminent names in vain — De- 
 scription of the prosecutrix — A ludicrous cross-examination — Reluctant 
 admissions — Evidence of the prisoner's mother — Charge against 
 Herbert Crellin, the actor — The intrigue with Mrs. Brown — Pawning 
 the jewellery — The legal question involved — Precedents — " The 
 benefit of the doubt " — A theatrical display. 
 
 Perhaps the funniest trial that I was ever concerned in, was 
 one known at the time as the case of "The Lady and her 
 Page." 
 
 The prisoner was a page-boy, sixteen years of age, and he 
 was charged with obtaining, by false pretences, the sum of 
 
 ^191 from his mistress, Jane W . Mr. Besley and 
 
 Mr. Moody appeared for the prosecution, and I represented 
 the prisoner. 
 
 Mr. Besley, in his opening, stated that the prosecutrix was 
 a lady of sixty-five, with an income to be reckoned by 
 thousands. She occupied a good position in society, and had 
 a large circle of friends. If the defence of the prisoner were 
 proved, it would be the duty of the jury to acquit him, for that 
 defence was to be, he understood, that the relations between 
 the parties were anything but those of mistress and servant. 
 
 The boy was taken into the service of Miss W at the age 
 
 of eleven, and he had always been treated by that benevolent 
 lady with the utmost consideration. Her kindness had, indeed, 
 extended to various members of his family. She had engaged 
 his mother as cook, and she had also taken his two brothers 
 into her employment, the one as butler, and the other as 
 coachman. 
 
 D 2
 
 36 THE LADY'S SUSPICIONS AROUSED. 
 
 From the moment the boy entered the service he seemed 
 to have obtained a considerable hold over his mistress. One 
 day he pretended to have discovered that a burglar had 
 
 attempted to enter the house, and thenceforth Miss W 
 
 looked upon him as a person specially deserving of trust and 
 confidence. He was given to understand that he might dc 
 pretty well what he liked ; and it was in consequence oi 
 certain allegations he made that the entire household was 
 reorganised. 
 
 Shortly after establishing himself upon this footing, he 
 represented to his mistress that he was suffering from an 
 internal disorder that required medical attendance ; and, in 
 consequence, she, from time to time, gave him sums of money 
 to pay his doctors' fees. The prisoner stated that the ordinary 
 medical practitioners were not sufficiently intelligent to cope 
 with his ailment, and he expressed a wish to consult Sir 
 
 William Gull. Miss W said he might do so, and supplied 
 
 him with money for the purpose. Shortly afterwards he 
 introduced the name of Sir James Paget, with a similar 
 result. 
 
 He always informed his mistress that his appointments with 
 the various physicians were at night, and thus he obtained leave 
 of absence of an evening, when, no doubt, he found oppor- 
 tunities for disposing of his ill-gotten gains. He would often 
 stay out all night, and spend the greater part of the following 
 day in bed, suffering, as he alleged, from the weakness induced 
 by the doctors' operations. 
 
 The prisoner requested his mistress not to mention the fact 
 that he was being attended by Sir William Gull and Sir James 
 Paget, who had, he said, declared that their reputations would 
 suffer if it became known that they were treating a page-boy. 
 Ultimately, so great a hold did the lad acquire over his mistress 
 that he was allowed to discard his livery, and go about dressed 
 like a young gentleman. 
 
 After the lady had been victimised for about a year, her 
 suspicions became aroused, and she suggested to the prisoner 
 that she would herself call upon Sir James Paget, to learn how 
 his patient was progressing. The lad then produced a docu- 
 ment purporting to come from Sir James, which stated that the 
 boy was cured of his illness, but that, being still very weak, he 
 required plenty of stimulants and good nourishment, with 
 
 change of air and scene. Not being satisfied, Miss W ■ 
 
 applied directly to Sir William Gull and Sir James Paget, who
 
 AN AMUSING CROSS-EXAMINATION. ? j 
 
 informed her that they knew nothing about the case. A 
 warrant was then applied for, and the prisoner apprehended. 
 
 Such was the history of the case as set forth by the 
 prosecution. 
 
 I shall never forget the appearance of the prosecutrix as she 
 entered the witness-box. She was about as ugly a specimen of 
 womanhood as I ever beheld. During her cross-examination 
 by me she made a most ludicrous exhibition of herself. She 
 admitted that she had caused the boy to sleep in the room 
 adjoining her own, explaining that she had made this arrange- 
 ment because she was afraid of burglars. 
 
 I asked her whether it was true that she had allowed the 
 youth to kiss her hand. 
 
 " Yes," she replied ; and then, attempting to get up the 
 semblance of a blush, she added : " But I would not permit 
 him to touch my face." 
 
 " Did you allow him to go about the house playing a 
 concertina?" I asked. 
 
 "Yes," she replied. 
 
 "And did you permit his photograph to be upon your 
 drawing-room table ? " 
 
 Again she replied in the affirmative. 
 
 Upon being pressed by me, the lady further admitted that 
 her page had been in the habit of going about the house singing 
 comic songs ; and while I was questioning her on this point, a 
 scene occurred that caused roars of laughter in Court. 
 
 "Will you tell me, if you please," said I, "the names of 
 any of the comic songs that he was in the habit of singing to 
 you?" 
 
 At first she smiled and simpered, and tried to avoid the 
 question. 
 
 " Come, now ; don't you remember one of these songs ? " 
 I said. 
 
 Still simpering, she began to wriggle about in the witness- 
 box, much after the fashion of an eel. 
 
 Upon my begging her to stand still and answer the question, 
 she became more and more confused ; but finally, after again 
 vainly trying to summon up a blush, she said : 
 
 "Oh, really, sir! — must I? I do remember — but must I?" 
 
 " Certainly, madam," I replied, " and don't give me all this 
 trouble. What was the name of the song ? " 
 
 "I don't like to — I really can't," she faltered. 
 
 " But, madam, you must, and you shall," 1 exclaimed.
 
 38 CHARGE AGAINST HERBERT CRELLIX. 
 
 "Well, then," she said, "as far as I can remember, it was 
 this," and then, half stammering, and half laughing, and cer- 
 tainly looking the most ludicrous object I ever beheld, she 
 blurted out by degrees : " He used to sing, ' May all old maids 
 be blessed with twins if ever I cease to love.' " 
 
 Needless to say, all in Court were convulsed with laughter. 
 
 The doctors were called to prove that they had never 
 attended the page-boy, and had never taken any fees from 
 him : and this, with some immaterial evidence, closed the case 
 for the prosecution. 
 
 After making my speech for the defence, I called the mother 
 
 of the boy. She stated that she was the cook in Miss W 's 
 
 service ; and her evidence went to show that her mistress had 
 treated the boy with the greatest possible affection. On one 
 
 occasion she heard her son say to Miss W : " My dear, 
 
 did you not say that you love me like the apple of your 
 eye ? " to which the lady replied : " Yes, my love ; I would 
 rather lose my right eye, and spoil my beauty, than part 
 with you." 
 
 The witness said that the only reason why Miss W had 
 
 turned round upon the boy was because he said to her : " I 
 am sick of this sort of thing, and I shall leave here and go to 
 America," He had always addressed his mistress in the most 
 familiar terms, and upon one occasion had said to her : " Miss 
 
 W , put a button on my shirt" — an announcement on the 
 
 part of the witness that was received in Court with much 
 laughter. 
 
 The mother of the prisoner also deposed that she had 
 heard him smg to his mistress : " My pretty Jane, my dearest 
 Jane, wherefore look so shy ? " He did so while he sat upon 
 the arm of her chair and looked up into her face. 
 
 After a summing-up from the Judge that was certainly very 
 much in favour of the version given by the prosecution, the jury 
 retired. They were locked up for several hours ; but, being 
 unable to agree, they were ultimately discharged without giving 
 a verdict. 
 
 Another very amusing trial which took place at about this 
 time was that of Herbert Crellin, the actor, who was charged 
 with stealing a quantity of jewellery, the property of Mr. William 
 Charles Brown, with whose wife he had eloped. 
 
 The case, which was heard before Sir William Bodkin, 
 excited a great deal of interest, and the Court was crowded. 
 
 Mr. Serjeant Parry, specially retained, Mr. Straight, specially
 
 THE INTRIGUE WITH MR. BROWN'S WIFE. 39 
 
 retained, and Mr. Harris appeared for the prosecution, and the 
 prisoner was defended by me. 
 
 Among the articles which, according to the prosecution, 
 Crellin had stolen, were two diamond rings, a gold snake ring, 
 a ruby and diamond ring, and an emerald and diamond ring. 
 
 The reason why the case excited so much interest was 
 because it turned upon a question affecting the whole nature 
 of matrimonial relations, that is to say, in their legal aspect. 
 
 For a number of months Crellin had been engaged in an 
 intrigue with the wife of Mr. Brown, who was a well-known man 
 milliner — or rather, vendor of ladies' hats and bonnets — carrying 
 on business in Bond Street. This intrigue had commenced in 
 the usual way. The parties met by chance, and an intimacy 
 rapidly grew up between them. Crellin was a tall, stalwart, 
 good-looking fellow, 'and the lady was showy, with a profusion 
 of apparently golden hair. When the intimacy had lasted for 
 some months, Mr. Brown taxed his wife with her infidelity, and, 
 after a serious quarrel had taken place, she left the house, and 
 flew for an asylum to her paramour. 
 
 It happened that, on leaving her house, Mrs. Brown took 
 with her all the jewellery she possessed. This jewellery, some 
 of which had been given her by her husband, was worth about 
 
 For some time after her flight, Mrs. Brown lived with Mr. 
 Crellin as his wife. There did not seem to have been much 
 concealment about the matter, for the injured husband traced 
 them without any difficulty. Finding his wife in the company 
 of Crellin, he then and there accused him of having stolen the 
 jewellery. Crellin was arrested, taken before the magistrate at 
 Hampstead Police Court, and committed for trial. 
 
 I do not think I ever heard a more lucid and able address 
 than that which was delivered by Serjeant Parry in opening the 
 case on behalf of the prosecution. His magnificent and solid 
 appearance, like Serjeant Shee's, invariably had a great effect 
 upon the jury in cases of this sort. Both these gentlemen were 
 always most successful when literally boiling over with virtuous 
 indignation, and when descanting upon gross immorality of the 
 kind that this case revealed. 
 
 There were found upon Crellin, at the time of his arrest, 
 several of Mrs. Brown's articles of jewellery ; and it was given 
 in evidence that the two had been living on the proceeds of 
 various valuables that he had pawned. 
 
 By the laws of this country, as I need scarcely remind my
 
 40 MY DEFENCE. 
 
 readers, the whole of a married woman's property, unless there 
 be a special arrangement to the contrary, belongs to the 
 husband. In the present case the jewellery was found in 
 Crellin's possession, and as it could not be suggested that the 
 transfer had taken place with Mr. Brown's consent, the logical 
 deduction was that it had been stolen. Besides, it is a 
 general principle of law that a man engaged in a criminal act 
 is liable for its indirect, as well as for its direct, consequences, 
 and a case of larceny concomitant with the general offence of 
 adultery has always been looked upon in the strictest manner 
 by our law. In one of the leading cases on the subject, that 
 of The Queen v. Thompson, the adulterer was convicted of 
 theft because he was found appropriating certain articles 
 carried off by the wife from her husband's house, although the 
 acquisition of the property was not supposed to have been the 
 motive of the seduction. In another case, The Queen v. 
 Fhtch, the prisoner was convicted because, on his arrest, he 
 was carrying a bandbox containing the wearing apparel of the 
 wife; though on an appeal — or rather, on the matter being 
 referred to the Court for the Consideration of Crown Cases 
 Reserved — this decision was quashed. 
 
 For the defence, I drew attention to the position of the 
 husband. He was a wealthy tradesman, with business premises 
 in Bond Street, and a private house in the West End, and I 
 pointed out that he lived in a sumptuous, not to say ex- 
 travagant, way. Considering, therefore, the lady's station, was 
 there anything remarkable in her wearing articles of jewellery 
 to the value of ^500 ? 
 
 But it was pointed out subsequently by the Judge, that this 
 reasoning could only apply in a case where the jewellery had 
 taken the form of, say, a pair of ear-rings in the ears, a brooch 
 attaching the shawl, and a ring or two on the fingers. " Com- 
 mon sense, gentlemen," said Sir William Bodkin, in that 
 deadly way of his, " precludes the supposition that five 
 hundred pounds' worth of jewellery could be deemed orna- 
 mental articles of apparel such as a person would wear day by 
 day." 
 
 One of his lordship's directions to the jury, however, was 
 certainly in my favour. He told them that they must not find 
 the prisoner guilty should they be of opinion that the erring 
 wife believed the property to be her own, or that she had led 
 her paramour to imagine, on reasonable grounds, that such 
 was the case.
 
 "THE BENEFIT OF THE DOUBT." 41 
 
 The jury evidently took the view that Crellin was of opinion, 
 and had been led to believe, that the property belonged to 
 Mrs. Brown, for they pronounced a verdict of acquittal. 
 
 The Judge, in discharging the prisoner, told him that the 
 jury had given him " the benefit of the doubt." I confess I 
 never could understand what this phrase means. There is no 
 benefit of the doubt. Every person is presumed to be inno- 
 cent until he or she is proved to be guilty. If there is a 
 doubt in the minds of the jury, it follows that guilt has not 
 been established, and, consequently, that the person is, in the 
 eyes of the law, innocent. 
 
 It is an extraordinary thing that persons connected with 
 the theatrical profession will always, under any circumstances, 
 contrive to make a theatrical display. Upon the jury pro- 
 nouncing the verdict, Crellin sank to the floor, buried his face 
 in his hands, and gave way to hysterical emotion. The next 
 minute he was caught up in the arms of his brother. It would 
 seem, however, that this emotion was not very lasting, for 
 Crellin and the lady very soon left the Court in company, 
 apparently not much affected by what had taken place.
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 SOME SERIOUS CHARGES. 
 
 Lord Cnrrinqrton and Mr. Grenville Murray : A charge of assault — The 
 Queens Messenger — A horsewhipping — Disgraceful scene in Court — 
 Fighting for the strong-box — Interference 01 the police — Observations 
 from the Bench — Mr. Grenville Murray charged with perjury — His 
 flight from England — A tragedy in humble life : the case of Henry 
 Pace — Sad story of seduction — The heart-broken father — A terrible 
 retribution— Public interest aroused — Mrs. Pace's pathetic statement 
 — Suicide of the prisoner — Lady Cardigan's charge against the groom 
 — Unreliable evidence — A robust cross-examination. 
 
 One is sometimes counsel upon the unpopular side ; and this 
 was certainly my case in connection with a charge preferred 
 against Lord Carrington, in the year 1869, for an assault 
 upon Mr. Grenville Murray. The case was originally heard 
 before Mr. D'Eyncourt, the magistrate at Marlborough Street, 
 when Mr. Gill (not the present distinguished criminal barrister) 
 and myself appeared for the prosecution, and Mr. Hardinge- 
 Giffard, Q.C, and Mr. Thesiger, for the defence. 
 
 Lord Carrington, who had then only just succeeded to his 
 title, was in the habit of driving a four-in-hand coach to 
 Windsor and back. This circumstance attracted the attention 
 of the editor of The Queen's Messenger — a periodical rivalling 
 in scurrilous personalities the old Satirist and Age — and in its 
 columns appeared, under the title of " Our Hereditary Legis- 
 lators," an article furnished with the sub-heading " Bob 
 Coachington : Lord Jarvy." Without going into details of 
 this article, suffice it to say that it was a most infamous libel 
 upon Lord Carrington and his family. 
 
 It was pretty generally understood that the editor of this 
 paper, and the person responsible for its contents, was Mr. 
 Grenville Murray ; and, acting upon this belief. Lord Carring-
 
 A SCURRILOUS NEWSPAPER. 43 
 
 ton, shortly after the appearance of the libel, waited outside 
 the Conservative Club (of which this contemptible journalist 
 was a member), and, as soon as the opportunity offered, 
 " struck him with a horsewhip." 
 
 Such, indeed, were the terms in which Mr. Murray himself 
 described the assault ; but I should say, from my knowledge of 
 the noble lord, that he did not play with his victim, but gave 
 him as sound a thrashing as the heart of man could desire. 
 
 Having spent his strength, Lord Carrington lowered the 
 whip and observed : 
 
 " My name is Lord Carrington. You know where I am to 
 be found." 
 
 A correspondence afterwards took place between the 
 parties concerned and the committee of the Conservative 
 Club ; and a number of letters on the subject were published 
 in the daily press. Mr. Murray wrote to deny most emphati- 
 cally that he was in any way connected with The Qiieeris 
 Messenger, or that he was in the slightest degree responsible 
 for the publication of the libel. 
 
 Copies of the paper were produced in Court, and it was 
 seen that they contained libels upon some of the highest and 
 noblest in the land, including His Royal Highness the Duke 
 of Cambridge. The cross-examining counsel, Mr. Giffard, 
 placed these copies of the paper into the hands of Mr. Murray, 
 who, on his oath, repeated again and again his assertion that he 
 was in no way responsible. 
 
 After hearing the evidence, the magistrate committed the 
 defendant for trial. 
 
 When the doors of the Court were opened, at the conclusion 
 of the case, a scene took place that has probably never been 
 paralleled. 
 
 I must mention that, in the course of the hearing, certain 
 documents alleged to have been stolen from the offices of 
 The Queen's Messenger were referred to as being in the hands 
 of Lord Carrington's solicitor ; and, without going into par- 
 ticulars, I may state generally that, while those holding these 
 documents were most desirous of retaining possession, there 
 was an equal anxiety on the other side to recover them. 
 
 The defendant's solicitor, standing in the well of the Court, 
 was depositing the precious papers in a strong-box — and pro- 
 ceeding with his task as rapidly as the movements of a crowd 
 of noble lords and honourable gentlemen would allow him — 
 when, on a sudden, a violent struggle commenced
 
 44 THE STRUGGLE IN COURT. 
 
 In the centre of the Court was a surging mass of human 
 beings. Cries of " Police ! police ! " rang through the building, 
 and the voices could not have been more urgent were murder 
 being committed. All was confusion. Peers, policemen, 
 solicitors, clerks — all were involved in the wild melee. 
 Nothing less than a free fight was in progress. Books, papers, 
 inkstands, and pens were scattered ; hats were knocked off and 
 smashed ; and blows were freely exchanged. 
 
 The only persons not concerned in the scuffle were the 
 magistrate — who had been on the point of leaving the bench 
 when the disturbance commenced — the counsel, and the' 
 Marquis of Townshend, who, at the commencement of the 
 engagement, retired hastily, with as much dignity as circum- 
 stances would permit, into a private room. 
 
 At the expiration of a few seconds, several constables 
 rushed into the building, and a police officer excitedly shouted 
 out the order to his subordinates : " Shut all the doors, and 
 let no one pass out." 
 
 In the centre of the tumultuous crowd a terrible struggle 
 was taking place for the possession of the strong-box. The 
 defendant's solicitor, though an elderly man, held it with the 
 grip of a vice, and withstood all onslaughts most manfully. 
 One of his assailants took him by the throat and well-nigh 
 choked him, while others sought to wrench away the box. 
 Fortunately the pressure of the crowd was too great to allow 
 them to absolutely strike him. 
 
 Lord Carrington, regardless of the fact that he was still 
 nominally in custody, sprang over the desk behind which he 
 had been seated, fought his way through the throng, and laid 
 violent hands on those who sought to relieve the elderly 
 solicitor of his charge. 
 
 It seemed for a time as though the official mind were 
 completely paralysed by this outrageous defiance of the estab- 
 lished decorum and dignity of a Court of law. However, in 
 a few minutes the police took prompt measures. They rushed 
 into the struggling group, and soon succeeded, though not 
 without the exercise of physical force, in capturing the box and 
 taking it into custody. 
 
 Though its primary cause had thus been removed, the 
 tumult did not at once come to an end. The truth is, a new 
 source of disorder took the place of the old. Persons in high 
 positions — that is to say, standing on tables and desks — dis- 
 played great zeal in pointing out to the police individuals
 
 ORDER RESTORED. 45 
 
 below who they declared had been mainly instrumental in 
 occasioning the riot. Arrests followed, and several prisoners 
 were hurried out of Court, among the number being Colonel 
 Campbell, who was subsequently charged with assaulting the 
 police. 
 
 It was fully a quarter of an hour more before order was re- 
 stored. Then Mr. Giffard, addressing the magistrate, asked 
 whether his client's solicitor might again have the box con- 
 taining the documents, and whether he might receive police 
 protection while conveying it from the Court to his office. 
 
 Mr. D'Eyncourt replied : 
 
 " I am happy to say that the proceedings this afternoon 
 have never been equalled in my experience. I directed the 
 police, when I saw what had occurred, to take possession of 
 the box. Of course the person who brought it here is entitled 
 to it. An act of extreme violence has been committed in my 
 presence. The policemen who have the box will be good 
 enough to hand it over to the solicitor, and see that he is 
 properly protected." 
 
 So ended this remarkable scene. 
 
 Pending the trial of Lord Carrington for assault, his 
 lordship brought a charge of wilful and corrupt perjury against 
 Mr. Grenville Murray, and it came before Mr. Knox at the 
 Marlborough Street Police Court. 
 
 The allegation was that Mr. Murray had committed perjury 
 before Mr. D'Eyncourt in denying that he was directly or 
 indirectly the author of the libel concerning Lord Carrington 
 in The Queen's Messenger. 
 
 Several witnesses traced the history of the paper, and it 
 was proved by them that Mr. Grenville Murray had been 
 connected with it for a considerable period. The evidence 
 went to show that, at the end of 1868, he communicated with 
 a printer named Rankin, who carried on business at Drury 
 Court, Strand, and caused him to submit an estimate for the 
 printing of The Queen's Messenger. The estimate was at once 
 approved, and the paper started. Mr. Rankin was informed 
 by Mr. Grenville Murray that he himself did not wish to be 
 identified with the publication, and that his son, Mr. Reginald 
 Murray, would be the manager and the registered proprietor. 
 
 It was, however, proved to demonstration that The Queen's 
 Messenger was solely managed by Mr. Grenville Murray, and, 
 indeed, that he wrote nearly every line appearing in its 
 columns.
 
 46 A TRAGEDY IN HUMBLE LIFE. 
 
 After two hearings, the accused was committed to take his 
 trial at the Central Criminal Court. 
 
 Soon after this committal, the charge of assault against 
 Lord Carrington came on at the Middlesex Sessions, the same 
 counsel appearing as before. His lordship was found guilty 
 upon a charge of common assault, but the verdict of the jury 
 was accompanied by an addendum to the effect that the 
 offence was committed under circumstances of the greatest 
 possible provocation. The punishment of course was a 
 merely nominal one. Lord Carrington was bound over in 
 the sum of ,£100 to keep the peace for twelve calendar 
 months. 
 
 If the much more serious charge of perjury brought against 
 Mr. Grenville Murray had, in due course, been tried, there 
 can be no doubt that the accused would have been found 
 guilty and severely punished. As a matter of fact, however, 
 it did not again come into Court. My experience has always 
 been that these libellous writers have not one spark of courage, 
 and Mr. Grenville Murray was by no means an exception to 
 the rule. Though under very heavy recognisances to appear, 
 he let in his securities and decamped. A warrant was issued 
 for his apprehension, but he had put himself outside the juris- 
 diction of the Criminal Courts of this country. He never 
 returned, but died in obscurity abroad. 
 
 A curious case, in which a tragedy of humble, artisan life 
 was concerned, was tried, some few years ago, before Chief 
 Justice Coleridge at the Central Criminal Court. Mr. Poland, 
 myself, and Mr. Avory prosecuted on behalf of the Crown, 
 while Mr. (now Sir) Edward Clarke and Mr. Maloney 
 appeared for the defence. 
 
 The prisoner was Henry William Pace, who was charged 
 with the wilful murder of Thomas William Cole, his fellow- 
 workman ; and the circumstances of the crime, as revealed at 
 the trial, were very pathetic. 
 
 Both the deceased and the accused had been employed at 
 some glass-works in Clerkenwell, the latter occupying the 
 position of foreman. The two men, from the moment they 
 met, became close friends, and the result was that Cole went 
 to live at Pace's house at Enfield. The little home was 
 a very happy one. Pace had an affectionate wife, and a 
 pretty, merry-hearted daughter, named Lizzie, of whom he was 
 very proud. Between her and Cole, as was not unnatural, an 
 attachment grew up. Pace did not discourage it, and the
 
 PUBLIC INTEREST AROUSED. 47 
 
 young couple were looked upon by the neighbours as engaged, 
 and shortly to be married. 
 
 In course of time Cole left his foreman's house, and went 
 to live at Clerkenwell. Shortly afterwards, Li^ie disappeared 
 from her home, and was sought in vain by her father, who, 
 according to several witnesses, was a changed man from the 
 moment she went away. 
 
 After the lapse of several months, Pace discovered that the 
 seducer of his child was none other than Cole, and that the 
 two were living together in Clerkenwell. The broken-hearted 
 father begged his friend to marry the girl ; but a deaf ear was 
 turned to this entreaty. Not long afterwards Pace learnt that 
 his daughter had given birth to a child. 
 
 Grief drove the poor fellow almost mad. According to the 
 evidence, he hardly slept at all at nights and scarcely ate any- 
 thing. The members of his family had to keep an anxious 
 watch upon him, taking care that razors, and other deadly 
 instruments, did not come within his reach. For some time 
 he was quite incapacitated for work, and remained at home ; 
 but eventually he rallied sufficiently to return to his daily- 
 labours. 
 
 One morning Pace and Cole found themselves the sole 
 occupants of a small workshop. What actually took place it is 
 impossible to say ; but a great noise was heard, and several 
 persons rushed in to ascertain the cause. Cole was lying upon 
 the floor in a dying condition, and Pace was standing over him 
 with an iron instrument, called a " spanner," in his hand. 
 
 The injured man was taken to the hospital, where he 
 almost immediately died, and the suspected murderer was 
 hurried off to the police station muttering a confession of his 
 guilt. 
 
 Pace undoubtedly took the law into his own hands, but, 
 having regard to the circumstances of the case, could his crime 
 be called wilful murder ? There was not the slightest proof of 
 premeditation. 
 
 After a short consultation, the jury returned a verdict ot 
 manslaughter, the foreman stating that they were unanimous 
 in strongly recommending the prisoner to mercy. On the 
 following day his lordship sentenced the convicted man to 
 eighteen months' imprisonment with hard labour. 
 
 The case attracted considerable public attention, and Pace 
 became the object of apparently universal sympathy. The 
 sentence was considered to be too severe. Leading articles
 
 4 8 A TERRIBLE SEQUEL. 
 
 expressing this view appeared in the newspapers, and special 
 attention was given to the case by The Daily Telegraph. In 
 the columns of that journal there appeared an article entitled, 
 " A Ruined Home," in which the writer gave an account of a 
 visit he had paid to Pace's house at Enfield. 
 
 He had had a conversation with Mrs. Pace, who gave 
 a very touching account of what took place on the day of the 
 crime. As her husband was about to start for his work in the 
 morning, she reminded him that he had forgotten to kiss his 
 infant child. Turning back, he caught the boy up in his arms, 
 saying : " Good-bye, my boy, and God bless you. May you 
 never be as unhappy as your wretched father." He stood for 
 a moment as if buried in thought, and then rushed frantically 
 from the house. 
 
 " For the first time," said the wretched woman, " he had 
 forgotten to kiss me." Running to the door, she cried : " Kiss 
 me, Harry ! Come back, and kiss me ! " but he had rushed 
 down the road, and was out of sight. 
 
 A subscription was opened, on behalf of the family, in 
 The Daily Telegraph, and for days its columns were filled with 
 the sympathetic letters of those who responded to the appeal. 
 A considerable sum was raised. 
 
 But there was a terrible sequel to this tragic story. Four 
 months after Pace was sentenced, he committed suicide in 
 prison, by hanging himself with his braces from the grating of 
 the airholes at the back of his cell. Evidence was given to 
 show that, for several days previously, he had been very 
 depressed and strange in his manner ; and a verdict was 
 returned to the effect that the poor fellow committed suicide 
 while of unsound mind. 
 
 An odd case was tried, about twenty years ago, before Mr. 
 Bodkin, that illustrated how positive ladies — especially ladies 
 of the bean monde — can be in swearing, and how little they 
 ought to be relied upon. 
 
 A man named Robert Lilley, groom of the chambers to 
 Lord Cardigan, of No. 3, Portman Square, was charged with 
 stealing a cheque for ;£i8 \ds. He was prosecuted by Mr. 
 Poland, and defended by Mr. Huddleston, Q.C., specially 
 retained, Mr. Sleigh, and myself. 
 
 For eleven years Lilley had been in a position of trust in 
 the household, his noble employer having entertained the 
 highest opinion of him. 
 
 The Countess, who was called as a witness, deposed that,
 
 A FALSE CHARGE. 
 
 49 
 
 on Shrove Tuesday, she enclosed a cheque for ^18 16s. in a 
 letter addressed to certain tradesmen in Brighton ; and she 
 went on to state that she gave the same to the prisoner, with 
 instructions to register and post it. This she swore most 
 positively, over and over again, and nothing could shake her 
 statement. 
 
 The cheque did not reach its destination, but it was 
 presented at the bank and cashed, several days after it was 
 drawn. One of the ^5 notes given by the cashier who took 
 the cheque, was traced to John Hayes, the porter at Lord 
 Cardigan's, and this man swore that the prisoner gave it to him 
 to change. Therefore, if the evidence of the Countess and the 
 porter were to be believed, the jury had no alternative but to 
 convict. What they did, however, was to acquit the prisoner; 
 and there can be little doubt that the decision they arrived at 
 so quickly was a sound one. 
 
 The accused met the charge with the simple explanation : 
 " I have not the slightest recollection of receiving the letter 
 from Lady Cardigan." Of course the whole question resolved 
 itself into whether or no the Countess was correct in her state- 
 ment. She was obliged to admit to Mr. Huddleston, that, only 
 a short time previously, another charge of robbery had been 
 brought, and unjustly brought, against the servants of her 
 household. It appeared that the police were called in, and 
 that a search was made, high and low, for certain valuable 
 articles of jewellery alleged to have been stolen — which articles 
 of jewellery were ultimately found in her ladyship's own pocket. 
 The Countess admitted that, if the missing property had not 
 been found in this way, her belief as to the guilt of her servants 
 would have remained unshaken. 
 
 The witness next in importance to her ladyship — namely, 
 the porter — cut up very badly in the box. It transpired that 
 he had been suspected of dishonesty in a former situation, and 
 had assumed a false name on entering Lord Cardigan's service. 
 Another ^5 note that was undoubtedly part of the payment of 
 the cheque, had been changed by him, under a further false 
 name, at a shop in London ; and it was given in evidence that 
 his wife had been unusually " flush " of money a short time 
 after the robbery. 
 
 Upon a verdict of acquittal being pronounced, loud cheers 
 were raised in Court, and it was manifest that the friends of the 
 prisoner had mustered there in force. 
 
 I was greatly struck by the robust cross-examination of the 
 
 E
 
 50 THE ART OF CROSS-EXAMINATION. 
 
 two principal witnesses by my leader. It was, indeed, a 
 masterly piece of work, and it proved the truth of the remark 
 once made to me — and to which I referred in my earlier 
 volumes — by Sir Hardinge-Giffard, when Attorney-General. 
 "My dear Williams," he said, "the place to learn the art of 
 cross-examination is the school where you and I graduated." 
 
 Huddleston, in his early days, had enjoyed an extensive 
 practice at the Old Bailey and the Middlesex Sessions.
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 SHARPERS AND THEIR VICTIMS. 
 
 A mock auction case — The prosecutor's story — Involuntary purchases — 
 The tea and coffee service — Interviewing the jeweller — Extraordinary 
 career of a mock auction clerk — A Drury Lane assistant, a showman, 
 and a "puffer" — Sir Thomas Chambers' exposition of the law — A 
 "horse-chaunting"case — Two docile horses — The conspiracy unmasked 
 — Betting prosecution at Windsor — The disinterested motives of the 
 prosecutor — A nominal penalty — "Groans for Bacchus." 
 
 A case illustrating by what devices some knaves live, and how 
 readily persons become their dupes, was that of two men, 
 Theodore Levine and Charles Wood, who were charged with 
 obtaining a sum of money by false pretences. 
 
 Mr. Metcalfe and myself prosecuted, and the prisoners were 
 defended by Mr. Sleigh and Mr. Oppenheim. 
 
 The prosecutor, whose name was Barron, was a young man 
 from the country, and his story was a pathetic one. He said 
 he came up to town from Hertfordshire — where he lived on his 
 property — in order to visit the Cattle Show. One day, as he 
 was standing on the pavement at Ludgate Hill, an auction-room 
 attracted his attention. He entered it, and found himself in 
 the presence of five persons — Levine, Wood, two women, and 
 a man whose name he did not know. Levine was in the 
 rostrum, and Wood stood on his right. The latter bid for 
 several articles that were put up for sale. Those articles 
 appeared to be electro-plated goods. Other things were knocked 
 down to one of the young ladies (Levine's sister, as it after- 
 wards transpired), who was stated to have frizzly golden hair. 
 A tea and coffee service was put up for sale, and was described 
 by the auctioneer as being made of the best electro-plate, lined 
 with gold. It was started at £6, Levine remarking that the 
 
 E 2
 
 52 THE PROSECUTOR'S STORY. 
 
 price anywhere else would be ^20 ; and it was ultimately 
 knocked down for ^7. Upon the fall of the hammer, the 
 auctioneer bent forward and asked the witness for his address. 
 As a matter of fact, the latter had not made a bid, but Levine 
 said to him : 
 
 " The lot is knocked down to you. You need only pay a 
 deposit." 
 
 " I felt quite sure," said Mr. Barron, in giving his evidence, 
 " that I had not bid for the goods ; but sooner than have any 
 bother about it, I paid the j£y." 
 
 In reply to a question, he said that the statement that the 
 service was made of the best electro-plate, lined with gold, and 
 " worth ^20 anywhere else," influenced him in parting with the 
 money. 
 
 A number of other articles were afterwards put up and sold, 
 Levine informing the prosecutor that five or six lots had been 
 knocked down to him. 
 
 The young man from Hertfordshire, submitting like a lamb, 
 paid the money and took his departure, laden with the goods 
 that had been foisted upon him. Glancing across the road on 
 emerging from the auction-room, he espied a large jeweller's — 
 Mr. Benson's — and he thought it would be only wise on his 
 part were he to call in at that establishment to formally verify 
 the value of his purchases. He at once entered the shop, and 
 submitted the goods for inspection, whereupon he was informed 
 by the courteous gentleman behind the counter that they were 
 well-nigh worthless. 
 
 Clearly, under these circumstances, there was only one 
 course for Mr. Barron to adopt. He would at once return the 
 goods, and take his money back. 
 
 But it is one thing to resolve and another to execute. Mr. 
 Levine delined to return the money — nay, he treated the pro- 
 posal with ridicule. 
 
 To support their case, the prosecution called a man named 
 Clements, who described himself as an auctioneer's assistant. 
 He had been in the employment of Levine, he said, for the 
 past three months, and he was present in the auction-room on 
 the occasion of Mr. Barron's visit. His duty was to bid for 
 goods, and to persuade persons to buy them; and for his 
 services he was paid four shillings a day. 
 
 During his cross-examination, Clements gave some very 
 amusing particulars of his career. He said that he had once 
 been an "assistant at Drury Lane Theatre^" and upon being
 
 EXPOUNDING THE LAW. 53 
 
 asked what his duties were in that capacity, he said : " To walk 
 the stage as a soldier, or anything." From Drury Lane Theatre 
 he went to Astley's, where he was paid two-and-sixpence a day, 
 his function being "to fill up and appear to be one of the 
 public." He was engaged in this way for two months, and 
 then he " went down to Deptford to help exhibit a giant." He 
 had to stand outside the show and call the people in ; but the 
 work did not suit him, because, as he put it, there was " too 
 much 'ollering." He now returned to Astley's, and after re- 
 maining there a short time, went down to Hastings, where he 
 was employed as a clerk at a mock auction. After tarrying at 
 Hastings for six weeks, he was transplanted to Oxford Street, 
 London, where the Hastings firm of mock auctioneers had 
 opened a branch. His remuneration here was three-and-six- 
 pence a day. His next engagement was with Mr. Levine at 
 Ludgate Hill. 
 
 The witness was asked how he should describe himself in 
 reference to the duties he discharged in the auction-room. 
 He replied that he was " a puffer." Questioned as to why he 
 had withdrawn from the business, he observed, with a smile, 
 that he " intended to turn over a new leaf." 
 
 A number of witnesses were called to prove that the pro- 
 perty bought was practically worthless. No pains were taken 
 to controvert this evidence, and I believe the defendants 
 knew quite as well as any lawyer that it was not necessary to 
 do so. 
 
 At the end of the case for the prosecution, Mr. Sleigh 
 contended that, having regard to the decisions already arrived 
 at by Mr. Baron Bramwell, and Mr. Justice Wills, his clients 
 could not be convicted, as the offence only amounted to mis- 
 representation of the quality of commodities sold, which was 
 not the proper subject of an indictment. We for the prosecu- 
 tion argued that, even supposing this contention were sound, 
 it did not affect the conspiracy counts. 
 
 The Common Serjeant (Sir Thomas Chambers), after con- 
 sulting with the Recorder (Mr. Russell Gurney), said : 
 
 " As the counts for false pretences cannot be sustained, 
 the counts for conspiring to obtain by false pretences must 
 also fail. It is most important not to bring within the criminal 
 law the ordinary enhancing of the quality and value of goods 
 by the seller. There is always a conflict of knowledge and 
 skill between a buyer and a seller, the one wishing to buy as 
 advantageously, and the other wishing to sell as advantageously,
 
 54 AN INGENIOUS FRAUD. 
 
 as possible ; and it would be very dangerous to extend the 
 criminal law to such cases. There is, therefore, no case of 
 conspiracy for the jury to consider." 
 
 It was exceedingly curious to watch the faces of the two 
 defendants during the Common Serjeant's exposition of the 
 law, which they evidently knew quite as well as he did. With 
 charming sang-froid, they kept nodding their heads in approval 
 of every sentence that he uttered. 
 
 I was once consulted in a case of " horse-chaunting " of a 
 somewhat extraordinary description. 
 
 An advertisement was inserted in The Times and The 
 Morning Post to the effect that two cobs, possessing every 
 quality that could recommend them, were for sale, and could 
 be viewed in a certain stable in the neighbourhood of Park 
 Lane. My client went thither and saw the animals, the price 
 of which, he was informed, was four hundred guineas. They 
 certainly had the appearance of being a splendid pair, and 
 after the visitor had sufficiently admired their points, a groom 
 was called from the adjoining harness-room, and told to put 
 them through their paces. He drove them up and down the 
 yard, and so charmingly docile and quiet were they that my 
 client forthwith agreed to become the purchaser at the price 
 named. 
 
 The horses were driven home by the groom who had 
 exercised them, and deposited safe and sound in the stables of 
 their new owner. 
 
 The next morning, when they were put into the carriage, 
 their demeanour was disappointing to a degree. They kicked, 
 they jibbed, they exhibited every vice under the sun, and, in a 
 word, they proved perfectly unmanageable. 
 
 The brutes were tried again and again, but nothing could 
 be done with them ; and at last the purchaser sent them to 
 Tattersall's to be sold. Here, again, they exhibited a multitude 
 of vices, and they were knocked down for ^30. 
 
 These horses, it appeared, had been sold about twenty 
 times, and, if they are still alive, I have no doubt they are 
 being advertised for sale at the present moment. 
 
 Three men had entered into a conspiracy. One was the 
 individual who advertised the horses, and received intending 
 purchasers in the stable-yard ; another was the so-called groom 
 who exercised them — and who had carefully trained them to 
 obey him and to disobey every one else ; and the third was a 
 person whose duty it was to watch the premises of the pur-
 
 BETTING PROSECUTION AT WINDSOR. $$ 
 
 chaser, to follow the animals when they were driven thence to 
 be sold, and to buy them back. 
 
 For reasons into which I need not enter, my client did not 
 take the matter into Court. 
 
 I have been in a good many sporting cases in my time, that 
 is to say, cases connected with horses, betting, and the turf; 
 and, about twenty years ago, I appeared in a somewhat remark- 
 able one, tried before Colonel Vyse and a bench of county 
 magistrates at Windsor. 
 
 I was counsel for John Valentine, who was charged with 
 keeping a place for the purpose of betting ; and, as the offence 
 could not be denied, I entered a plea of "Guilty," and con- 
 tented myself with addressing the Bench on the question of 
 mitigation of punishment. 
 
 I said I imagined the prosecution was one which the Bench 
 would not, for one moment, encourage. The recent decision 
 of Baron Martin in a similar case showed me that, in point of 
 law, there was no answer to the summons. No doubt the box 
 erected by Mr. Valentine came within the meaning of the Act 
 of Parliament. But it was a very stringent Act, and it became 
 a question whether it would not even reach the ring beneath 
 the grand stand at Tattersall's, and other places of that de- 
 scription. I was sure that it never was the intention of the 
 Legislature to put down the proceedings of such gentlemen as 
 Mr. Valentine, who had a very high reputation in the sporting 
 world. The Act was no doubt passed to suppress the small 
 betting houses which were springing up in the metropolis 
 in all directions, and which were certainly likely to become 
 centres of great evil. The gentleman whom I represented had 
 always honourably met his engagements, and though he had 
 broken the letter of the statute, I ventured to suggest that the 
 justice of the case would be fully met by the infliction of a 
 merely nominal fine. I appeared in ten other summonses 
 taken out against Mr. Valentine for the same offence, com- 
 mitted at the same time and at the same place. All those 
 summonses had been taken out by a gentleman rejoicing in the 
 jovial name of Bacchus, himself a betting man, but of a very 
 different type to Mr. Valentine* Mr. Bacchus was a man of 
 a very jocose and genial disposition, and part of his little joke 
 was invariably to disappear without settling when the races 
 were over. I would remind the Bench that, in cases of this 
 sort, half of the fine inflicted went to the informer, and, having 
 said that, it was unnecessary to add another word by way of
 
 56 A NOMINAL FINE. 
 
 demonstrating the pure motives that had acted upon the 
 innocent mind of Bacchus. He was indeed a gentleman who, 
 in my humble opinion, was not in any way to be enriched or 
 encouraged. I might incidentally observe that similar sum- 
 monses had been taken out against other gentlemen, and that 
 they had been withdrawn, the gentlemen in question having 
 been fools enough to pay black-mail to the justice-loving 
 individual to whom I had been referring. 
 
 The magistrates retired to consider their decision, and upon 
 their return into Court, the chairman said : 
 
 " We are unanimous in our opinion that this is a class of 
 case to which the Act of Parliament was not intended to 
 apply; nevertheless, we have the statute before us, and we 
 must follow the letter of the law. At the same time we wish it 
 to be made public that, in our opinion, if proceedings of this 
 description are to be taken at all, they should be taken by 
 the police and not by private individuals. We impose a fine 
 
 Upon this decision being pronounced, Mr. Valentine ex- 
 pressed a desire to give a donation of ^"io to the Windsor 
 Infirmary ; and he forthwith handed a cheque for that amount 
 to a governor of that institution who happened to be in Court. 
 
 The announcement of my client's philanthropic intention 
 was received with loud cheers, which were mingled with 
 " Groans for Bacchus."
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 AN EXTRAORDINARY STORY OF FRAUD. 
 
 The case of Susan Fletcher — Evidence of the prosecutrix — The valuable 
 legacy — An introduction to a magnetic doctor — Description of a 
 trance — Conversing with the dead — Messages from the spirit world — 
 A " trance-lecture " at Steinway Hall — How Mrs. Fletcher acquired 
 the jewellery — "Sister Bertie," and "Brother Willie" — Spirit- 
 rappings — The dead woman's temptation — What Mrs. Fletcher saw in 
 the crystal ball — The deed of gift — Sage advice about the will — 
 " Scrunches and oooo " — Dr. McGeary to the rescue — The prisoner's 
 subtle tactics — Getting back the property. 
 
 Some years ago I, in conjunction with Mr. Snagg and Mr. 
 Cavendish-Bentinck, appeared on behalf of the Crown in a 
 very remarkable case of fraud, which was tried before Mr. 
 Justice Hawkins. The defendant was a woman named Susan 
 Fletcher, who was defended by Mr. Addison, Q.C., and 
 Mr. Besley. 
 
 This case revealed a guilelessness and credulity on the 
 part of the prosecutrix, which, if depicted in the pages of 
 fiction, would be regarded as an extravagant exaggeration. 
 The story is best told in the words of the lady herself. The 
 substance of her evidence was as follows : 
 
 " My name is Juliette Anne Theodora Hurtly Hart-Davis, 
 and I live at 12, Upper Baker Street, Portman Square. I am 
 a married woman ; but I am not at present living with my 
 husband. In 1863 I was married to a man named Richards; 
 but in 1873 he brought a divorce suit against me, and the 
 marriage was dissolved. My mother, whose name was Hurtly, 
 died in September, 1876, leaving me a quantity of jewellery, 
 some lace of considerable value, and a most extensive ward- 
 robe, the value of the whole being about ^10,000. Besides 
 this property, a considerable sum of money was left to me.
 
 58 MESSAGES FROM THE DEAD. 
 
 " In 1878 I married a gentleman named Hart-Davis, who 
 had been a sailor. We lived together at various places — 
 at Hampton Court, at Sandgate, and subsequently at Farquhar 
 Lodge, Upper Norwood. In May, 1879, I became acquainted 
 with Mr. Fletcher — the husband of the prisoner. [He was 
 included in the indictment, but had not been arrested.] Mr. 
 Fletcher told me that he was a magnetic doctor, and a few 
 days after we became acquainted, he took my hand to 
 'magnetise' me, as he called it. He told me not to be 
 alarmed if he went into a trance while he was holding my 
 hand. He shut his eyes, was seized with convulsive shivering 
 movements, and then began to speak a message sent to me by 
 my dead mother, which I wrote in a diary. The message 
 conveyed congratulations upon our having found one another, 
 and recommended the society of cheerful friends in the 
 interest of my future health. 
 
 " After Mr. Fletcher had delivered this message he came 
 out of the trance, with further convulsive shivering movements. 
 He seemed as though he had been asleep. When he came 
 out of the trance, which lasted about a quarter of an hour, he 
 found me with the tears running down my cheeks, overjoyed at 
 having, as I supposed, met my mother. I paid him for this 
 visit and for four others. 
 
 " On the second occasion he came down to Norwood and 
 saw me alone. The same thing happened again, and I 
 received another message from my mother. The message 
 stated her joy at having found a means of communicating with 
 her child on earth. I wrote all the messages down in my 
 diary. One was " (reading) : " ' Bless dear Mr. and Mrs. 
 Fletcher for their mediumship as being the instruments where- 
 by we are brought into communication. I love them as if 
 they were actually members of the same family.' To this 
 message I replied : ' Good-bye, dear mother. Oh ! that 
 sweet breath that swept over my lips ! ' I imagined at the 
 time that I felt something icy cold go over my face, and 
 I asked through the medium : ' Was that a kiss ? ' The 
 answer came back : ' Yes, dear ; I stooped over you and 
 kissed you as you said good-bye.' 
 
 " It was at Upper Norwood that I was introduced to Mrs. 
 Fletcher. Her husband came down there on the same day. 
 Mrs. Fletcher, upon our introduction, said she felt a strong 
 attraction towards me, as if we should be like sisters. I went 
 to the Crystal Palace with my visitors, and they remained
 
 THE JEWELLERY. 59 
 
 at Farquhar Lodge that night. They told me that they were 
 going to give a religious spiritualistic service at the Steinway 
 Hall on the following evening, and they gave me a ticket 
 of admission. I went there. A ' trance-lecture ' was delivered 
 by Mr. Fletcher to between four and five hundred people. It 
 was a mixed audience, containing some persons from the 
 fashionable world, and some who belonged to the humbler 
 classes. Mr. Fletcher went into a trance with his eyes open. 
 He was controlled by some spirit-guide, and while in the trance 
 he gave a religious discourse, which lasted about an hour. 
 During that hour he professed to see spirits everywhere, and 
 they gave him messages which he delivered to people in the 
 hall. This seemed to give great satisfaction to those who 
 received the messages. Fletcher said that some of the messages 
 were of a private character, and that the spirits would prefer 
 him to deliver them at his own house. 
 
 " Mrs. Fletcher also went into a trance and delivered 
 messages. Her messages were conveyed mostly to gentlemen, 
 and Mr. Fletcher's to ladies. When the service was over, 
 Mr. Fletcher mingled with the audience, who made much of 
 him. The messages were sent on little pieces of paper. Mr. 
 Fletcher would say something like this : ' I see a spirit 
 standing over the fourth lady in the third row, and I see 
 written over that spirit the name of Charlie.' He then gave 
 a description by which the lady in question recognised her 
 relative. He also said : ' Any one who recognises the message, 
 let him answer it.' 
 
 " After the service Mr. Fletcher paid me a great deal more 
 attention than before, and was always pressing me to go and 
 see them. They very frequently came down to see me, 
 and after a time conversations took place between us about my 
 jewellery and other property, and about my affairs in general. 
 Upon one occasion at Norwood, while Mrs. Fletcher was in a 
 trance, I showed her all my jewellery and other valuables. 
 During the same trance she said she had seen my mother, and 
 that my mother desired me not to wear the jewels so often, as 
 the magnetism in them was so strong that it would help to take 
 me into the spirit world before my time. On another occasion, 
 while the prisoner was in a trance, she gave me a message 
 from my mother to the effect that I was to hand the jewels to 
 Mrs. Fletcher, to wear for affection's sake, and that, for the 
 future, I was to call her my sister, and her husband my brother. 
 After that I used to call the prisoner ' Sister Bertie/ and
 
 60 NOISY SPIRITS. 
 
 Mr. Fletcher, ' Brother Willie,' They both called me • Sistei 
 Juliette.' 
 
 " One day I paid a visit to Mrs. Fletcher at Gordon Street, 
 and took with me, in obedience to a message previously con- 
 veyed from my mother, my amethysts and diamonds. Mrs. 
 Fletcher and I sat alone conversing about spiritualistic matters 
 in the seance room, and presently I heard rappings going on 
 around me, and a little table appeared to move all by itself 
 right across the room. I was much amazed, and asked what 
 the rapping meant. Mrs. Fletcher replied that the spirits 
 wished to communicate a message. She said that they wanted 
 to write, and that she must get some paper and a pencil. She 
 said she felt my mother close by, and presently a message was 
 written on the paper. It was as follows : ' Dear Juliette, do as 
 you are instructed by me.' Mrs. Fletcher said : ' You know 
 best what that means ; ' and, in obedience to that message, I 
 gave her my amethysts and diamonds. 
 
 "I then went home and, thinking that I should be 
 disobedient to my mother if I did not do so, I collected all 
 my other jewels together in a bag, and returned to the Fletchers' 
 house with them. I saw Mr. Fletcher alone, and he went 
 into a trance. While it lasted he purported to give me a 
 message from my mother, and while my mother was speaking 
 to me through him, as I believed, I fell on my knees before 
 him and put the jewels into his lap, thinking I was doing an 
 act of obedience. My mother, through Mr. Fletcher, blessed 
 me for having obeyed her instructions, saying that, if I had not 
 done so, so strong was the magnetism in them, I should have 
 been drawn into spirit life before my time. Fletcher said that 
 the idea of having me in the spirit world was a great temptation 
 to my mother, but that the higher powers forbade it. I under- 
 stood that my mother handled the jewels in Fletcher's lap, 
 saying: 'Oh what happy memories these bring me!' My 
 mother went on to tell me that I was to impress upon Sister 
 Bertie that she was to wear the jewels as though they were her 
 own, and to have no compunction about it. 
 
 "Fletcher soon came out of the trance, collected the 
 jewels together, and, after admiring them very much, called to 
 his wife. When Mrs. Fletcher appeared, she hesitated about 
 taking them, but I told her that she was to have no com- 
 punction, and she finally gathered them up. The value of this 
 jewellery was about ^5,000. I was induced to hand it over 
 to them solely by the alleged messages- from my mother.
 
 WISE PRECAUTIONS. 61 
 
 " I afterwards went back to Norwood, and I subsequently 
 saw the prisoner wearing the jewellery. I also saw a photo- 
 graph of her taken while she was wearing it. One day I 
 showed Mrs. Fletcher the valuable wardrobe that I had 
 inherited from my mother, and she said it was not good for me 
 to touch the things too much, as they contained so much 
 magnetism. Soon after this I packed all the wardrobe up in 
 trunks and sent them to the Fletchers'. They made up two or 
 three vanloads. 
 
 "I went to live after this at Vernon Place, where I was 
 introduced by the prisoner to Colonel Morton. Shortly after 
 this introduction I was at the Fletchers' house alone with the 
 prisoner. She took up a crystal ball, about the size of a 
 billiard-ball, and, putting it in the handkerchief she was carry- 
 ing in her hand, began to gaze at it very intently. When she 
 had done so for several minutes, I asked her if she saw anything 
 in it. She replied : ' Yes, I see a man with brown hair. He 
 appears to be sitting at a table writing, and you appear to be 
 sitting beside him. He has a long beard, and I think it must 
 be Colonel Morton.' She went on to say that I could place 
 every confidence in Colonel Morton as regarded business 
 matters, and she added that my mother had sent me a message, 
 telling me to go to him about a deed of gift. The prisoner 
 said that, since receiving the jewellery, she and her husband 
 had felt anxious on the subject, fearing what the outside world 
 might say, in the event of my going abroad without signing 
 some paper that would give them protection, and quiet any 
 insinuations as to how the property was obtained. 
 
 " On the day that this conversation took place, I went to 
 Colonel Morton's study and found him apparently waiting for 
 me. I told him that I had come at the request of the 
 Fletchers, with regard to a deed of protection which they 
 required on account of their responsibility. I told him they 
 felt nervous about holding the property in the event of any 
 interference from my family or friends during my absence 
 abroad. Colonel Morton said he thought such a paper was 
 desirable, and he proceeded to draw up a rough draft, which 
 he told me to take home and copy on my own paper. He 
 called the document a deed of gift. I did as suggested, and 
 sent it to Mrs. Fletcher. He put a seal upon it, and went 
 through some forms, muttering something to himself, though I 
 could not hear what he said. I seemed to be seized with 
 illness. I felt very faint, and had to lean back in my chair.
 
 62 THE DEED OF GIFT. 
 
 He said he would mesmerise me, to make me strong enough 
 to be able to attend to business. He got up and made passes 
 all over me in the air. I got more and more faint, and I 
 could only just recover sufficiently to sign my name. He read 
 the document over to me. His voice sounded like a distant 
 whisper. After signing the document I rested a little, and 
 then went home, feeling very ill." 
 
 At this point in the prosecutrix's statement the document 
 referred to was read in Court. It ran as follows : 
 
 "To whomsoever it may concern — Upon the death of my 
 mother, Mrs. Hurtly, of Hampton Court House, Hampton 
 Court, County of Middlesex, was left to me, Juliette Anne 
 Theodora Hart-Davis, her daughter, a certain quantity of 
 jewellery for my own use and control, and I, the said Juliette 
 Anne Theodora Hart-Davis, now residing in London, in con- 
 sideration of the love I bear to Susan Willis Fletcher, of 
 Boston, United States of America, now residing in London, 
 and for many kindnesses shown by her to me, and for other 
 good and sufficient considerations, hereby give and relinquish 
 to the said Susan Willis Fletcher the said jewellery, which my 
 mother gave me, for her own separate use and control, and I 
 have made this writing (i) that she may be fully protected in 
 the possession of the said jewels ; (2) to say that I have made 
 the gift of my own free will, and further to say that she has 
 consented to accept the jewels only upon my earnest request 
 and solicitation, and upon assurance that it is my earnest wish 
 and desire she should do so. The said jewels were very dear 
 to my mother, and doubly precious to me, and I have made 
 the above disposition of them in full conformity with my own 
 wishes, setting forth my reasons for so doing, not only for her 
 protection but for my own, and that, at any time, now or in 
 the future, there may be no question as to the right of the 
 said Susan Willis Fletcher to the within-named jewels, or 
 property; the said gift being made by me without any 
 reservation, and with a desire that she may wear the jewels 
 during her lifetime and make such further disposition of them 
 as she may think proper. Furthermore, in view of my ex- 
 perience with trustees, and other parties, since the death of my 
 mother, I have determined to dispose of the property in the 
 manner above indicated, and during my lifetime, rather than 
 it should be disposed of in a way repugnant to my own nature 
 by those who might obtain possession of it at my decease, and
 
 FURTHER PRECAUTIONS. 63 
 
 rather than dispose of it by will, as I might have done but for 
 this deed of conveyance, in witness whereof I have hereunto 
 set my hand and seal, this 25th day of August, 1879. 
 
 " {Signed) Juliette Anne Theodora Hart-Davis. 
 "Witness: Francis Morton." 
 
 The prosecutrix then continued her evidence as follows : 
 
 " I subsequently had a further interview with Morton, 
 when another document was drawn up. It might have been a 
 week or ten days afterwards. Previously I had had a con- 
 versation with the prisoner alone. She gave me one of my 
 mother's messages, which urged me to write a letter to Mrs. 
 Fletcher, to make the understanding more binding still. In 
 consequence of this conversation I went to see Morton, who 
 was waiting for me. I told him that Mrs. Fletcher required a 
 letter which would make the gift binding in the event of any- 
 thing happening to me. There was no mesmerism on this 
 occasion. He made out a draft, and I took it to Farquhar 
 Lodge to copy it on my own crested paper. At Morton's 
 earnest request I took the draft back to him, and posted the 
 copy to Mrs. Fletcher. 
 
 "I subsequently made a will, and before doing so had 
 conversations on the subject with the Fletchers. Morton was 
 the first one to suggest that I should make the will. He said 
 that I should take into consideration the delicacy of my health 
 and the uncertainty of human life. He suggested that I should 
 leave my money where it would be most useful. I told him 
 that my great desire would be to leave the bulk of it for the 
 propagation of spiritualism in its higher phases. He said that, 
 legally speaking, I could not do that. He said it must be 
 done through individuals, as the outside world, having no 
 sympathy with the cause, would say that I was mad. He said : 
 ' What could be better than for you to leave it in charge of 
 your adopted brother and sister ? ' On divers occasions I had 
 conversations with Mrs. Fletcher as to the desirability of 
 making a will. I communicated with my mother through her 
 in reference to Morton's proposition. Mrs. Fletcher went into 
 a trance, shut her eyes, put out her hand, and embraced me. 
 She then entered into a conversation with me as her daughter, 
 and as though it was my mother in the spirit world who was 
 speaking. She told me to go to Colonel Morton, as he would 
 know a good solicitor. 
 
 " I communicated with Morton, and asked him if he knew
 
 64 LOVE, WISDOM, AND WORK. 
 
 of a good solicitor who would help me to make the will valid, 
 and to draw it out properly. He took me to a solicitor's, and 
 a will was drawn up. The solicitor said it was necessary that 
 a codicil should be added. I then signed my name." 
 
 The document, which was produced in Court, bequeathed 
 the whole of her property, both real and personal, to Mr. and 
 Mrs. Fletcher in equal moieties. 
 
 The witness proceeded as follows : 
 
 " I believed at that time that the message about the will 
 came from my mother, and it was only on that account that I 
 signed it." 
 
 At this point a number of letters were produced by me as 
 counsel for the prosecution, and they were handed to the 
 witness and identified by her. These letters, which were 
 couched in endearing terms, were addressed to her by the 
 Fletchers. One letter terminated with the expression : 
 "Scrunches and oooo." Another ended with: "One big 
 scrunch, and heaps of love." A third letter concluded thus : 
 " Willie calls out from his bed : ' Don't forget to send a scrunch 
 from me."' In reply to a question, the witness explained that 
 a " scrunch " meant an affectionate embrace. Some of the 
 letters were headed : " From a sphere of light in heaven," and 
 others : " From a sphere of rest in the spirit world." In one 
 of the letters, Mr. Fletcher wrote : " Do what you like, but 
 don't fall in love with the French officers." 
 
 " I subsequently," continued the prosecutrix, " went with 
 Mr. and Mrs. Fletcher to America. We all lived together. 
 I did not pay for my board ; it was not necessary, as I gave 
 them all my income. The prisoner had informed me that my 
 mother had requested that we three should form a trinity — 
 Love, Wisdom, and Work. Fletcher was to represent Wisdom, 
 the prisoner Work — that is to say, charitable work — and I was 
 to represent the affections of the family to bind them all 
 together. 
 
 " When we started for America I noticed that the Fletchers 
 had a prodigious quantity of luggage. I remarked upon this 
 to Mr. Fletcher, and he replied that Bertie had an impression 
 that she would never return to England. We went by one of 
 the Anchor Line of steamers. The voyage took about twelve 
 days. On the voyage the conduct of the prisoner and her 
 husband underwent a great change. They no longer treated 
 me with kindness and sisterly affection. We went to Boston 
 and other places ; but, finding myself treated by the prisoners,
 
 DR. MAC'S GOOD OFFICES. 65 
 
 so differently, I consulted a gentleman who was introduced to 
 me as ' Dr. Mac' His real name was McGeary, and he was a 
 celebrated magnetic doctor. 
 
 " In consequence of a conversation I had with Dr. 
 McGeary, I informed Mr. Fletcher that, having come to my 
 common-sense, and changed my mind, I had arrived at the 
 conclusion that I had been cheated and hoaxed, and that the 
 pretended communications from my mother were got up to 
 defraud me of my property. I informed him that I therefore 
 desired to sever the connection, and to cease to be a sister ; 
 and I demanded my property and jewels back. Fletcher 
 looked very vexed and excited, and said he could not possibly 
 consent before he had consulted the spirits. I said I was quite 
 sure my mother would never consent to such a course. He 
 said : ' On the contrary, I am sure she would approve of it.' 
 I insisted upon having my property back. He refused, and 
 again said he must consult the spirits. 
 
 "I retired to my room, where I was shortly afterwards 
 joined by the prisoner. At first she pretended that she did 
 not know what had passed. She then said that Willie had 
 confessed to her, the night before, that he felt no longer only 
 as a brother towards me. She also said he had worn a lock of 
 my hair close to his heart for a year. I said I was disgusted 
 at Fletcher expressing his feelings in that way. The prisoner 
 then suddenly changed her tone, and said : ' I understand you 
 have been asking for the jewels. If you persist in demanding 
 those jewels, there is speedy and sudden death before you.' 
 I replied that I would have my jewels and property. I then 
 started for Saratoga with some friends I had made en route. I 
 gave Dr. Mac a power of attorney to act for me in my business. 
 A few stations on the road to Saratoga he joined us, and in 
 consequence of what he said, I got out of the train and 
 proceeded to Montague, which is adjacent to Lake Pleasant. 
 While I was at Montague, Dr. Mac recovered some of the 
 jewels, and other property, from the Fletchers. As they 
 refused to deliver up the remainder, they were both given into 
 custody. In their room was found a quantity of my property, 
 including underlinen marked with my initials, which the 
 prisoner had been wearing. 
 
 " Mr. and Mrs. Fletcher were subsequently released, and 
 Dr. Mac and I returned to England together. On arriving at 
 this country, I consulted a solicitor for the purpose of getting 
 back the rest of my property. I have recovered a good deal 
 
 F
 
 66 VERDICT AND SENTENCE, 
 
 of it, but I have not recovered an Indian teak box, containing 
 lace valued at from ^"3,000 to ^4,000, and certain articles of 
 jewellery, including a watch and some ear-rings, the whole 
 being of the value of about ^6,000." 
 
 The prisoner was most elegantly dressed, and, though 
 somewhat stout, might be described as a nice-looking woman. 
 While the foregoing evidence was being given, she, from time 
 to time, burst out laughing. 
 
 The prosecutrix herself was by no means a bad-looking 
 woman, and it was obvious that she had been possessed of 
 very great personal attractions. She was subjected to a long 
 cross-examination by Mr. Addison, who sought to prove an 
 intimacy between her and Mr. Fletcher, it being suggested 
 that the jewels and other property had been given by her 
 to him. The lady appeared still to have some belief in the 
 spirit world, but, on the whole, she went through her cross- 
 examination fairly well. 
 
 Dr. James McGeary was called as a witness, to corroborate 
 part of the prosecutrix's statement, as was also the solicitor who 
 drew the draft codicil. 
 
 After the speeches of counsel, Mr. Justice Hawkins 
 summed up the case to the jury, who then retired. They were 
 absent for many hours, but finally returned into Court with a 
 verdict of " Guilty." Mrs. Fletcher was sentenced to twelve 
 months' imprisonment with hard labour.
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 LIBEL CASES. 
 
 The Ledger libel case — What is an improper ball? — Remarkable lady 
 witnesses — Evidence of Mr. Henry Irving — His cross-examination — 
 The status of ballet-girls — Mr. Charles Warner, Mr. Horace Wigan, 
 and Mr. Stephen Coleman — Testimony of Mr. Clement Scott— The 
 libels on Mrs. Langtryand Mr-=. Cornwallis-West— An infamous publi- 
 cation— Mr. E. W. Pugin's libels on Mr. Herbert, R.A. — Mr. Glad- 
 stone as a witness — A useless warning — Severe observations fiom the 
 Bench. 
 
 I have been engaged in my time in a number of libel cases, 
 both civil and criminal ; and one of the funniest that I 
 remember was that brought by Mr. Hodson-Stanley — who 
 described himself as an actor and theatrical manager — against 
 Mr. Edward Ledger, proprietor of The Era. 
 
 The case was tried at the Old Bailey, before the Recorder. 
 Mr. (now Sir) Charles Russell, Q.C., and myself appeared for 
 the prosecution, and Serjeant Ballantine and Mr. Kisch for the 
 defence. 
 
 The alleged libels, which appeared in The Era, were con- 
 tained in a letter describing a ball, got up by the prosecutor, 
 which had taken place at the " Cannon Street Hotel," and in 
 certain articles dealing with the same subject. The ball was 
 characterised as " an orgie, discreditable to the promoters," 
 which had been "attended by painted harlots," and which 
 was " calculated to bring the dramatic profession into derision 
 and contempt." " Cannon Ball," was the signature attaching 
 to the letter. 
 
 The invitation to the hall issued by the prosecutor was as 
 follows; 
 
 F 2
 
 68 THE LEDGER LIBEL. 
 
 " Great Hall, Cannon Street Hotel. 
 
 " Mr. Hodson-Stanley, at the request of numerous friends 
 in the theatrical profession, has arranged to give a grand 
 dramatic full and fancy dress ball at the above hall on the 28th 
 of October. 
 
 " Full quadrille band of the Orleans Club, 
 
 " Ladies' tickets half-a-guinea. 
 
 " Dancing to commence at eleven." 
 
 The prosecutor stated that, shortly before the date of the 
 ball, he called upon Mr. Ledger, and said to him : "I am 
 going to have a ball which I think will be a great success, and 
 I want you to do me a turn." As he spoke, he handed a 
 gentleman's ticket to Mr. Ledger, who, after looking at it, 
 observed : " I can't come alone. Can you give me another 
 ticket ? " This request was at once granted. The prosecutor 
 went on to say that he saw Mr. Ledger at the ball, in company 
 with Mr. Clement Scott, and that the former gentleman con- 
 gratulated him upon the success of the entertainment. 
 
 Of course the whole question resolved itself into this — was 
 the ball an improper one, or was it not ? The prosecutor con- 
 tended that it was most respectably conducted, and that the 
 ladies present were members of the theatrical profession. In 
 support of his case, Mr. Robert Edward Villiers, the manager of 
 the London Pavilion, was called. He stated that he had been 
 connected with the theatrical profession for forty years, that he 
 had, during that period, attended many balls, and that his 
 impression was that the one in question was as orderly and 
 respectable as a public ball could be. He did not notice any 
 painted ladies there, he said, though he certainly observed 
 seven or eight of what he would politely call the demi-monde. 
 
 For the defence, a number of ladies who actually attended 
 the ball were called ; and a more extraordinary group of 
 persons I never saw. A great many of them gave addresses 
 in Pimlico and St. John's Wood, and some of them admitted 
 that they had paid for their tickets at the door. 
 
 A waiter from Evans' supper-rooms gave evidence as to his 
 knowledge of the habits and customs of these ladies, and he 
 also deposed to the indiscriminate sale of tickets at his em- 
 ployer's bar. 
 
 Another witness for the defence was Mr. Henry Irving, 
 who explained that he was not himself present at the ball, but
 
 MR. IRVING'S EVIDENCE. 69 
 
 that he gave evidence as one who had known Mr. Ledger for 
 fifteen or sixteen years. That gentleman's paper, The Era, 
 was the recognised organ of the dramatic profession, and was 
 what he should call a " representative paper." Mr. Ledger 
 bore the character of a strictly honourable and upright man. 
 That was the general opinion of him. " I don't know," added 
 Mr. Irving, " any respectable person in the profession who was 
 in any way connected with this ball." 
 
 The celebrated actor was cross-examined by Mr. Russell, 
 who pressed him as to his knowledge of balls. 
 
 " If I were asked," said Mr. Irving, " whether a vast number 
 of other balls were respectable, I don't know that I should say 
 they were not. It would depend upon where they were. I 
 know nothing of this ball. There are thousands of balls I know 
 nothing about. I have read the alleged libel from beginning 
 to end. All I know about this ball is what I read in The Era. 
 All I know is that it was not at all connected with the theatrical 
 profession. No one I know in the profession was connected 
 with it. They wouldn't be. What I thought on reading the 
 article was that it was not severe enough, because I think it 
 was infamous to connect such a calling as ours with anything 
 so disgraceful. A great many of the public who know no 
 better, believe what they read. Therefore I think it a most 
 mischievous thing towards us all, not perhaps as far as our 
 friends, but as far as the outside public, are concerned. It 
 would not affect us among our friends, but strangers at country 
 places away from London might be prejudiced, and might 
 imagine the'advertisement of a ball of this description to be a 
 legitimate one. I should not call young ladies of the ballet 
 members of the theatrical profession." 
 
 Mr. Charles Warner was then called, and he stated that he 
 agreed with every word that had fallen from Mr. Irving. The 
 next witness was Mr. Horace Wigan, and he said that he 
 acquiesced in everything said by both gentlemen who had 
 preceded him. 
 
 Mr. Stephen Coleman, who described himself as having 
 been manager of the Aquarium and of the Aquarium Theatre, 
 gave it as his opinion that the ball was not a dramatic ball, and 
 that it was largely attended by loose women. 
 
 The last witness was Mr. Clement Scott. He stated that 
 he was a dramatic critic, and that he had been a literary man 
 for twenty years. The letter that had appeared in The Era 
 signed " Cannon Ball," was written by him. He had attended
 
 70 THE TOWN TALK LIBELS. 
 
 the ball because he thought he could do some good to the 
 dramatic profession if he wrote a candid description and 
 criticism of it. 
 
 The jury returned a verdict of " Not Guilty," and added 
 that the criticisms of the ball in the pages of The Era were 
 severe, but innocent. 
 
 Two cases of libel that excited a good deal of interest at 
 the time were tried before Mr. Justice Hawkins, some ten or 
 eleven years ago. The defendant was the same person in both 
 instances, namely, a German named Adolphus Rosenberg, the 
 proprietor of a most disgraceful publication called Town Talk, 
 in which the libels appeared. In the one case the proceedings 
 were instituted by Mr. and Mrs. Langtry, and in the other by 
 Mr. and Mrs. Cornwallis-West. 
 
 A large array of counsel was engaged. Mr. Serjeant Parry, 
 Mr. Watkin Williams, Q.C. (afterwards a Judge), Mr. Cohen, 
 Q.C., Mr. A. M. Sullivan, Q.C, Mr. Poland, myself, and Mr. 
 Fox represented the prosecution ; while Mr. Willis, Q.C., and 
 Mr. Grain appeared for the defendant. 
 
 In reference to the first case I need only say that the libel 
 complained of was to the effect that Mr. Langtry had com- 
 menced proceedings for divorce against his wife, and that several 
 noblemen would appear as co-respondents. This utterly un- 
 founded and atrocious assertion was followed up week after week 
 by pretended additional particulars, culminating in the state- 
 ment that Mr. Langtry had been bribed by a diplomatic 
 appointment to stop the proceedings. 
 
 Mr. Langtry was called as a witness to prove th*at the state- 
 ments had no foundation. He said he had always lived on 
 terms of affection with his wife, and that he had never dreamt 
 of presenting a petition for divorce. 
 
 Without a moment's hesitation, the jury returned a verdict 
 of " Guilty"; and the case having reference to Mr. and Mrs. 
 Cornwallis-West was then proceeded with. 
 
 Mr. West was Lord-Lieutenant for Denbigh, and held a 
 very high magisterial position in that county. He lived there 
 with his wife and children, the whole family being greatly 
 beloved and respected. The photographic art had recently 
 developed, and persons high in rank, conspicuous in society, 
 and eminent in their professions, were inundated with appli- 
 cations from those who desired to take their portraits. Ladies 
 discovered that their photographs were being exhibited for 
 sale all over the country ; and among those who had to submit
 
 MR. HERBERT, R.A., AND MR. PUGIN. 71 
 
 to this annoyance was Mrs. Cornwallis-West, who was a par- 
 ticularly beautiful woman, and one of the leaders of London 
 fashion. 
 
 The libel in this infamous publication was to the effect 
 that Mrs. West co-operated with those who took, and sold, her 
 photographs ; that there were in her house four photographic 
 studios and fifteen dark-rooms ; that she actually suffered 
 physical fatigue, so many sittings did she give in the day ; and 
 (this being the most extraordinary and villainous statement of 
 all) that she made thousands of pounds per annum by com- 
 missions on the sale of her photographs. 
 
 The whole article was proved to be a gross invention, 
 intended merely to pander to the low minds of such persons 
 as were induced to purchase this filthy rag in the streets. 
 
 Immediately upon the conclusion of the summing-up of 
 the Judge (Mr. Justice Hawkins), the jury returned a verdict 
 of "Guilty," and the defendant was sentenced to eighteen 
 months' imprisonment. 
 
 One of the most extraordinary clients I ever had was a 
 personal friend. Though a most amiable gentleman at heart, 
 and eminent in his profession, he was sometimes guilty of very 
 irritating and remarkable behaviour. I allude to Mr. Edward 
 Welby Pugin, who, following in his father's footsteps, had 
 attained to considerable distinction as an architect. 
 
 I think it was in 1874 that he was first tried, before 
 Mr. Commissioner Kerr. The charge was one of libelling 
 Mr. Herbert, the well-known Royal Academician. Mr. Poland 
 was for the prosecution, and I appeared for the defence. 
 
 Mr. Pugin and Mr. Herbert had been intimate friends. 
 In 1868, the latter employed the former to build him a house 
 at Kilburn, to be called The Chimes ; but, before the work 
 was completed, disagreements arose between the two. The 
 result was that Mr. Herbert resolved to dispense with Mr. 
 Pugin's further services. A question of money, however, 
 remained in dispute between them. On the one hand, the 
 Royal Academician maintained that he had fully discharged 
 the liability he had incurred, and, on the other, the architect 
 insisted that a balance was still owing to him. 
 
 Mr. Pugin brought an action to recover the money, and, 
 while the case was pending, he wrote certain letters to Mrs. 
 Herbert, containing the libels complained of. In those letters 
 he described her husband as a "cur" and a "dastardly rascal." 
 They further charged Mr. Herbert with having brought under-
 
 72 MR. GLADSTONE'S EVIDENCE.' 
 
 hand influence to bear to prevent the writer obtaining employ- 
 ment from the Government. 
 
 I remember it was at this trial that Mr. Gladstone was 
 called as a witness for the prosecution. The libels had 
 declared that the Government had been influenced to the 
 writer's disadvantage in certain conversations Mr. Herbert had 
 had with this eminent statesman, whose evidence, therefore, 
 was essential. 
 
 Mr. Gladstone made the following statement in the box : 
 
 " I have known Mr. Herbert for twenty or thirty years. I 
 remember meeting him at the house of my brother-in-law. 
 During the time we were together we had a good many con- 
 versations upon various subjects ; but Mr. Herbert did not 
 say anything to me that was calculated to damage Mr. Pugin, 
 or to prevent him obtaining employment in connection with 
 the Government." 
 
 The right honourable gentleman went on to say that the 
 matter was a very painful one to him, because, besides being 
 on intimate terms with Mr. Herbert, he had known Mr. Pugin 
 for a long time. " I do remember," he added, " that Mr. 
 Herbert complained of the mental suffering he had under- 
 gone owing to the course Mr. Pugin had adopted. He also 
 expressed his regret at having been compelled to resort to 
 legal proceedings against him." 
 
 At the conclusion of his examination-in-chief, Mr. Gladstone 
 said : 
 
 " I have attended here at the request of both parties, and 
 I should like to be released from my attendance as speedily as 
 possible." 
 
 It was not necessary for me to cross-examine the witness 
 at any length. I, however, asked him whether he did not 
 know the defendant to be a man of excitable temperament, 
 who was in the habit of expressing himself warmly. 
 
 " Entirely," Mr. Gladstone replied. " I think he is a man 
 such as you describe ; but," added the witness, smiling, 
 " people say the same thing of me sometimes." 
 
 In the end the jury found that the letters written by the 
 defendant, though scurrilous, did not amount to a libel. This, 
 of course, was equivalent in law to a verdict of acquittal ; and 
 the defendant was discharged. 
 
 Apparently my friend did not receive a sufficient lesson 
 from this legal experience, for, some two months later, he was 
 again put upon his trial for libelling Mr. Herbert.
 
 HIS LORDSHIP'S OBSERVATIONS. 73 
 
 The preliminary hearing was before Mr. Flowers, at Low 
 Street, I appearing once more for the defendant. After a long 
 investigation, he was committed to take his trial at the Central 
 Criminal Court. 
 
 The case came on in due course, and it was considered of 
 such importance that two judges tried it — Mr. Baron Bramwell 
 and the Recorder of London. Mr. Metcalfe, Q.C., and Mr. 
 Poland appeared to prosecute, while Mr. Digby Seymour and 
 myself represented the defendant. 
 
 The libels on this occasion were very strong, and it was 
 impossible for us to justify them. When Mr. Metcalfe had 
 opened the case, therefore, Mr. Seymour, after consulting 
 with me, announced that the accused would plead " Guilty." 
 He went on to make a profuse apology on behalf of our client, 
 and to state that that gentleman was willing to find sureties to 
 any amount to ensure that his offence would not be repeated. 
 
 I do not think I have ever known Baron Bramwell more 
 severe than he was on this occasion, both in language and 
 demeanour. He said : 
 
 " It has for a considerable time been under consideration 
 by the Court whether the case is not one that calls for punish- 
 ment, and I may mention that the sentence talked about was 
 six months' imprisonment, and a fine of ^500. You have 
 made some redress to the prosecutor by the public statement 
 that you have made, but that is not enough, though it is some- 
 thing in the way of atonement to Mr. Herbert for the libels 
 that you have published about him. The Court cannot help 
 regarding the case as a very gross and serious one. It is 
 not as though one single libel had been published hastily and 
 in a fit of anger ; the libels have gone on for a period of a year 
 and a half, and have continued down to the very time of the 
 present trial. They are of a most offensive character, and 
 they are written by a man of education, whose expressions are 
 likely to be looked upon as of much more importance than 
 those of an illiterate person. I have had the greatest doubt 
 whether it is not my duty, under these circumstances, to pass 
 the sentence I have named, but, upon consideration, I think it 
 will be for the interests of Mr. Herbert, for the interests of 
 yourself, and, I trust, for the interests of the public, that the 
 Court should refrain from going to this extent, and from 
 passing a sentence of imprisonment. If, therefore, you will 
 undertake to forego the costs to which you may lay a claim in 
 respect of the former trial, and undertake to pay the costs of
 
 74 THE SURETIES. 
 
 the present one, the Court considers the right thing will be to 
 call upon you to give sureties to appear for the purpose of 
 receiving judgment if you should be called upon to do so. If 
 you abstain from persecuting the prosecutor, and publish no 
 more letters of the same kind, you will hear no more of the 
 matter ; but I warn you, if you do repeat the offence, you will 
 be liable to be called upon to receive sentence, and, let me 
 tell you, that sentence will be a severe one. I exhort you, as 
 a gentleman and a man of education, seriously to consider the 
 impropriety of writing such letters. If you have any claim 
 against Mr. Herbert, you must enforce it legally, in a Court of 
 Justice, like a man. I hope you will take the advice I have 
 given you." 
 
 The defendant then entered into his own recognisances 
 in ^"500, and two sureties of ,£250 each, to keep the peace 
 towards the prosecutor and all Her Majesty's liege subjects.
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 A RETROSPECT. 
 
 Who has been the greatest advocate ?— Mr. Edwin James, Q.C. — Examples 
 of the solid style : Shee, Parry, and Ilolker — Sir John Karslake — 
 Sir Henry Hawkins — The present Lord Chief Justice — Mr. Bovill 
 and Mr. Lush — Lord Bramwell — Sir Montagu Smith — Serjeant 
 Ballantine — Baron Huddleston — Mr. Edward James, Q.C. — The 
 foundation of the Beefsteak Club — Meeting at Archie Wortley's 
 studio — Our predecessors — Looking for a site — Finding a griller — 
 Our new premises — Sir Alexander Cockburn in the chair. 
 
 I read in the newspaper the other day that the present Lord 
 Chief Justice had stated that, in his opinion, the finest advo- 
 cate of his time was the late Sir William Erie, who, at the con- 
 clusion of his brilliant career at the Bar, was created Chief 
 Justice of the Common Pleas. 
 
 It occurs to me that it is no easy matter for any one to say 
 who was the greatest advocate of his time. Opinions naturally 
 differ as to the respective merits of different styles of advocacy. 
 
 I can just remember Mr. Edwin James, Q.C, and I am 
 not sure that, as an all-round man, he was not the most suc- 
 cessful with the jury. As leading examples of what I may 
 call the solid style, I should name Serjeant Shee, Serjeant 
 Parry, and Lord Justice Holker. When I say " solid," I do 
 not refer to heaviness of manner, but to solidity of appearance, 
 robustness of speech, and a general air of good English 
 honesty. This style is very taking with the juries of this 
 country. It was the heavy, nay, almost languid, way in which 
 Lord Justice Holker opened his cases, taken in conjunction 
 with his sudden awakenings, and bursts of eloquence, when 
 important points were reached, that rendered his style of 
 advocacy so telling.
 
 76 WHO SHOULD HEAD THE LIST? 
 
 Sir John Karslake, as well as being a most effective 
 speaker, was of splendid appearance, and considerable joviality 
 of manner — qualities which certainly place him among the 
 first flight of advocates of the last forty years. 
 
 Few leading counsel have obtained more verdicts than 
 Sir Henry Hawkins. There was always something mirth- 
 inspiring in his manner and appearance, and few men knew 
 better how to deal with a jury. Jocose and funny to a 
 degree, he nevertheless knew exactly where and when it 
 was dangerous to introduce a jest. In compensation cases, 
 which are concerned with figures and dry calculations, I have 
 never seen his equal. 
 
 The present Lord Chief Justice was ever a model of 
 persuasive and polished speech. His periods were always 
 well-rounded, and, for what I may term suave and gentlemanly 
 declamation, he was, in my opinion, second to none. 
 
 When first I joined the Home Circuit, I saw something of 
 Mr. Bovill and Mr. Lush ; and I have just a recollection 
 of Lord Bramwell. In railway cases, and with mercantile 
 special juries, the two first-named certainly stood in the front 
 rank, as did also Sir Montagu Smith, a name well-remembered 
 on the Western Circuit. 
 
 Of course not even the most cursory review of the fore- 
 most counsel of recent years would be complete without some 
 reference to Serjeant Ballantine, who, in spite of his peculiar 
 and somewhat halting delivery, was remarkably successful 
 in sessional cases. I referred to his characteristics, however, 
 so frequently in my first volumes, that it would be superfluous 
 to say more on the subject here. 
 
 Few could vie with the late Baron Huddleston in dealing 
 with a common jury. His was a persuasive and conversational 
 style. He invariably managed to get as close as possible 
 to the jury, and he had a way of conducting a case that was 
 most effective. 
 
 The Northern Circuit gave us Mr. Edward James, Q.C, 
 who, though somewhat irascible and impetuous, made some 
 extraordinarily fine speeches in his time. 
 
 And who shall say, of all the celebrated names I have 
 mentioned, which should head the list ? 
 
 Somewhere about the year 1875, I na ^ a hand in the 
 formation of an institution where I have since spent some 
 of the happiest years of my life. I allude to the Beefsteak 
 Club.
 
 FOUNDING THE BEEFSTEAK CLUB. 77 
 
 Some three or four of us had been in the habit of meeting 
 together, from time to time, to dine from the grill, at the 
 "Blue Post," in Cork Street, or some other place of a like 
 description ; and it was one day suggested — I think by the 
 then rising young painter, Archie Wortley — that it would be 
 much better if we founded a little club for the purpose of 
 these pleasant gatherings. 
 
 The idea was received with favour, and it was finally 
 decided by us that we would resuscitate the old Beefsteak 
 Club, though on slightly altered lines. We were all business 
 men, and had no time to spare during the day; and so it 
 was agreed that, at half-past eleven on a certain evening 
 in every week, we should meet at Archie's studio in Knights- 
 bridge, to discuss the preliminary arrangements for the 
 formation of our club, and to determine who should be 
 invited to become original members. We decided to choose 
 names from the artistic, theatrical, and fashionable worlds, 
 and we desired that, if possible, the men we selected should 
 have something distinctive about them. Dear me, I shall 
 never forget those names. What fun we had over the 
 selection, and how we did squabble ! Very often, when there 
 was a difference of opinion as to any particular gentleman, 
 we proceeded to a ballot, each writing " Yes " or " No " upon 
 a little slip of paper ; the decision, of course, resting with the 
 majority, 
 
 We determined that our club, unlike that of the Sublime 
 Society of Beefsteaks, should be open every day, from five 
 o'clock in the afternoon. 
 
 There had been more than one Beefsteak Club in existence 
 before ours. The principal one was founded, in 1735, by 
 Henry Rich, the celebrated harlequin of Covent Garden 
 Theatre. The society consisted of twenty-four members, and, 
 in the early days, the number included Churchill, Dennis 
 Delane, Hogarth, Gabriel Hunt, Dean Price, Judge Welsh, 
 and Theophilus Cibber. Later on, the member-roll contained 
 the names of the Earl of Sandwich, George Colman, Wilkes, 
 John Kemble, the Prince of Wales (afterwards George IV.), 
 the Duke of York, and the poet Morris. The day for dining 
 was Saturday, and each member was allowed to bring one 
 visitor. For seventy years the home of this club was a room 
 in Covent Garden Theatre. In 1808, a move was made 
 to the Bedford Coffee House, and, in the following year, the 
 members migrated to a room in the old Lyceum Theatre.
 
 78 FINDING PREMISES. 
 
 This apartment still exists, and in it Mr. Henry Irving 
 frequently entertains his friends. 
 
 We limited the number of our members to two hundred. 
 After selecting the names, we turned our attention to the 
 question of premises. Our design was simply to take one 
 large room, and to build out from it a kitchen with a huge 
 gridiron. We thought that the best position would be one 
 somewhere between the Strand and the West End, and 
 Archie and I were deputed to look out for suitable premises 
 within that area. 
 
 After a lot of trouble, we discovered a large room in 
 a house in King William Street, Strand. The premises were 
 owned by a man named Hodges, who carried on his business 
 as a bookseller on the ground-floor. 
 
 This house had had a somewhat chequered career. 
 Oddly enough, some years before, I, appearing as counsel for 
 the parish of St. Martin's, had prosecuted the occupier for 
 using the premises for disorderly purposes. Subsequently, 
 the large room we now coveted, had been turned into a dancing 
 academy. 
 
 We interviewed Hodges, and a very exacting man we 
 found him. He insisted that, before any agreement was 
 entered into, we should hand him a deposit of, I think, ^150. 
 
 No committee had as yet been actually formed— though 
 it was understood that that body would consist of all who 
 had banded themselves together to establish the club — and 
 therefore there were no funds in hand. I, however, consented 
 to act as banker, and we duly satisfied the rapacious Hodges, 
 after which no time was lost in having the premises put into a 
 condition suitable for our reception. 
 
 There is no one in the world more artistic, or better able 
 to plan the decorations of such a room as we desired, than my 
 friend Archie. He threw his whole heart into the task, and 
 performed it most successfully. 
 
 I think it was in the early part of 1876 that our little club 
 was opened. The president was the Earl of Wharncliffe, and 
 Archie was the honorary secretary. The committee was com- 
 posed of ten, I being one of the number. If I remember 
 aright, we started with 145 members. The number is now 
 about 300, the limit we originally imposed having been 
 removed. 
 
 Having secured premises, the next thing was to find the 
 genius who was to preside over the gridiron, Fortunately,
 
 A DELIGHTFUL PRESIDENT. 79 
 
 Ted, the well-known griller at Pratt's, was on the look-out for a 
 more remunerative situation. Archie went to interview him, 
 and the result was that his valuable services were secured. 
 
 "When Mr. Toole took over Mr. Hodges' premises, in order 
 to erect his charming little theatre on the site, we were of 
 course temporarily displaced. But a new room was con- 
 structed for us, under Archie's superintendence, within the 
 precincts of Toole's Theatre (as it is now called), and I may 
 say without fear of contradiction that it is the finest one in all 
 London. 
 
 This club is my favourite resort. Nowhere else does one 
 find such pleasant, cheery, and conversationally agreeable 
 companions. Here it is that I meet, not only old comrades, 
 but the friends I like best. 
 
 The late Lord Chief Justice, Sir Alexander Cockburn, was 
 a member of the Beefsteak Club, to which he was elected by 
 acclamation. For a few years before his death, he presided 
 over our annual dinners, and, in proposing success to the insti- 
 tution, made those eloquent, polished, and humorous speeches 
 for which he had no equal.
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 MEDICAL EVIDENCE. 
 
 I defend Thomas Perryman, charged with matricide — Finding the body — 
 The movements of the accused — Quarrelling in a public-house— 
 Evidence of Dr. Shoppee and Mr. Downs — Letter from Dr. Clegg, of 
 Boston — References to the case of Catherine Wilson — The bodies of 
 her supposed victims exhumed — Endeavouring to find traces of the 
 poison — Analyses of Dr. Alfred Taylor and Dr. Miller— The mistake 
 made by Dr. Nunneley — Origin of the colchicum theory — The 
 prisoner's " best " brandy — Judges' errors. 
 
 I think I only once defended a matricide. In this case, 
 which was tried before Mr. Justice Byles, in 1879, Mr. Poland 
 and Mr. Gill prosecuted on behalf of the Treasury, while I and 
 Mr. Warner Sleigh appeared for the defence. 
 
 The prisoner was a man named" Thomas Perryman, who 
 was thirty-one years of age. He was charged with the wilful 
 murder of Frances Perryman, his mother, aged seventy, with 
 whom he had lived for four months at No. 39, Harmood 
 Street, Kentish Town. They had occupied a single room at 
 the back of the house. There was only one bed in the room, 
 the prisoner having slept on the floor. He was described as 
 a stonemason out of work. 
 
 The alleged murder took place on the 5th of February. 
 On the morning of that day Mrs. Perryman was seen by the 
 landlady to leave her room, carrying a pail, with which she 
 soon afterwards returned. At that time she appeared to be in 
 her usual health, and there was nothing out of the ordinary in 
 either her demeanour or appearance. This was the last time 
 she was ever seen alive, as far as the evidence went. 
 
 The prisoner was heard to leave the premises at about two 
 o'clock in the afternoon, and to return at about five. 
 Subsequently a lodger named Stephens heard a scuffle going
 
 THE MURDER OF MRS. PERRYMAN. 8l 
 
 on in one of the rooms; and soon afterwards the prisoner 
 once more left the house. 
 
 Later on, the landlord went to Mrs. Perryman's door, and 
 knocked three times, calling her by name as he did so. There 
 was, however, no response. Getting alarmed, he went to 
 procure a light and fetch his wife. Entering the room 
 together, they found Mrs. Perryman lying on the bed on her 
 left side, apparently quite dead. Her knees were drawn up, 
 and her head was towards the foot of the bed. The body was 
 partially covered over with the bed-clothes, and an old black 
 shawl was wrapped around the neck. 
 
 The landlord at once ran out for a doctor ; but, not being 
 able to find one, and feeling persuaded that a crime had been 
 committed, he returned with a policeman. 
 
 Dr. Shoppee arrived soon afterwards, and examined 
 the body, which had not been touched previously. Life 
 was extinct. 
 
 The prisoner came home at about nine o'clock in the 
 evening. The landlord confronted him, saying : "Are you 
 aware what has occurred upstairs ? " The prisoner replied : 
 " Unfortunately I am." He then went on to state that he had 
 gone to fetch some brandy, and had run all the way to 
 Holloway. Muttering something about having friends, he 
 then walked out of the house. At about midnight he returned, 
 but was not admitted. 
 
 The landlord gave one very material piece of evidence. 
 He said that, during the afternoon, shortly before he made the 
 ghastly discovery, he saw the prisoner in the bar of a public- 
 house, quarrelling with his brother, William Perryman. 
 Something of a scuffle took place between them, and 
 William said: "You told me that you've hung mother," or 
 words to that effect. Upon this the prisoner pushed his 
 brother down into a seat, and said : " You shut up." 
 
 On the prisoner was found some money which had 
 belonged to the deceased, and which had been kept by her 
 wrapped up in a pocket-handkerchief. 
 
 The medical evidence was, of course, of the utmost im- 
 portance. Dr. Shoppee stated that he had made a post-mortem 
 examination of the body, in conjunction with Mr. Sydney 
 Downs, surgeon to the police at the Kentish Town station. 
 He had found a broad mark round the neck terminating in a 
 deep dent on the margin of the lower jaw-bone. The mark 
 varied in width from a quarter to half an inch. It was 
 
 G
 
 82 AN INTERESTING LETTER. 
 
 broadest at the back, and most deeply indented in front. It 
 was of a light mahogany colour, and the affected skin was 
 parchment-like to the touch. It was certainly his .opinion that 
 the mark was made during life. He had no doubt whatever 
 that death was caused by strangulation. A minute and a half's 
 suspension from the rope found lying across the room, or the 
 tightening of a handkerchief round the neck, would have been 
 sufficient to have caused death. It was impossible, in his 
 opinion, that the deceased could have strangled herself with a 
 handkerchief. 
 
 In cross-examination, he said : " In my opinion, death 
 from strangulation inflicted by herself was impossible;" and 
 nothing could shake this opinion. 
 
 Mr. Downs said that the cause of death was undoubtedly 
 strangulation. In his opinion, the injuries to the neck had 
 been produced by a handkerchief tightened round it. 
 
 Further evidence was given as to the prisoner's treatment 
 of his mother on previous occasions. It was stated that he 
 had been in the habit of knocking her about, and that he had, 
 in consequence, once been threatened with prosecution by an 
 officer of the Society for the Protection of Women. 
 
 Before the magistrate, the prisoner said : " I am not 
 
 guilty. What was done she done herself with her own 
 
 hands." 
 
 Ultimately the prisoner was found guilty, and sentenced to 
 
 death. 
 
 In this case, of course, the medical evidence was of the 
 
 utmost importance, and the result was due to the fact that I 
 
 was unable to call a scientific man who would countenance the 
 
 theory that the deceased committed suicide. 
 
 It will, I think, be interesting to the readers of my first 
 
 book if, while upon the subject of medical evidence, I reproduce 
 
 a very interesting letter I have received in reference to the 
 
 account I gave of the trials of Catherine Wilson for murder. 
 
 The letter is as follows : 
 
 " Boston, Lincolnshire. 
 " Dear Sir, 
 
 " I am sure you will not object to my drawing your 
 attention to a slight inaccuracy on page 8i, volume I. of your 
 1 Reminiscences.' In relating the career of Catherine Wilson, 
 you say: 'After the first trial' [for attempting to poison 
 Mrs. Carnell with vitriol] 'the bodies of the victims were
 
 THE CASE OF CATHERINE WILSON. 83 
 
 exhumed, with the result that traces of the poison were 
 discovered.' 
 
 " You will pardon me for reminding you that the 
 remarkable point in all the charges alleged against Mrs. Wilson 
 was that, though the bodies of many supposed victims in 
 various parts of the country were exhumed, in no case what- 
 ever, under the most skilful analysis, was the slightest trace of 
 poison detected. 
 
 " Permit me to introduce myself to you. I am a medical 
 man, long retired from private practice, but still the medical 
 officer of health for the Boston district. I have also been 
 county coroner since February, 1862, and was honoured with 
 the friendship and confidence of Dr. Taylor up to the time of his 
 death ; and there are frequent allusions to cases I reported to 
 him in his books on 'Poisons' and on 'Medical Jurisprudence.' 
 
 " I was well acquainted with Mrs. Wilson. When I first 
 knew her she was housekeeper to Peter Mawer, of Boston, a 
 retired sea-captain. She induced Mawer to make his will in 
 her favour, and the man soon afterwards died of choleraic 
 diarrhcea. It was then found that Mrs. Wilson had got 
 possession of his entire property. This was in 1854. Mrs. 
 Wilson then left Boston, but reappeared in 1859, on a visit 
 to Mrs. Jackson. After a day or two, Mrs. Jackson died 
 suddenly. The death was registered as bilious diarrhcea. It 
 was then found that Mrs. Wilson had used Jackson's cheque- 
 book, and had succeeded in withdrawing ^120 from the bank. 
 Then suspicions which had prevailed since the death of Peter 
 Mawer were revived. The body of Mrs. Jackson was exhumed 
 and an inquest held. The viscera were sent to Dr. Alfred 
 Taylor, who, however, failed to find any trace of poison. 
 
 " In June, 1862 on reading the evidence in the Carnell 
 vitriol case, I ordered the exhumation of the body of Peter 
 Mawer, after eight years' burial. There would have been no 
 difficulty in detecting mineral poison. Dr. Alfred Taylor, 
 with Dr. Miller, conducted a six days' analysis, with the result 
 that no trace of poison could be found. Afterwards, similar 
 analyses were made with regard to the exhumed bodies of Mrs. 
 Soames (after six years' burial), Mrs. Atkinson, of Kirkby 
 Lonsdale (after two years' burial), and several others. In all 
 the analyses the result was the same — not a trace of poison. 
 Mrs. Atkinson died in London, but the corpse was exhumed 
 in Kirkby Lonsdale, Westmoreland, and the viscera were sent 
 to Dr. Nunneley, an eminent analyst at Leeds. 
 
 G 2
 
 S4 WHAT POISON WAS USED? 
 
 " After a few days, Dr. Nunneley announced that he had 
 found traces of arsenic. This case was therefore selected for 
 prosecution as being free from doubt or difficulty. The 
 depositions were completed, and the prisoner was about to 
 be committed for trial by Mr. Norton, at the Lambeth Police 
 Court, when Dr. Nunneley stated that he wished to withdraw 
 the whole of his chemical evidence. (He had discovered that 
 he had repeated the mistake made by Dr. Taylor in the first 
 instance in the Smethurst analysis. The trace of arsenic in 
 Riensch's test came from his own copper foil.) 
 
 " Mrs. Atkinson's case at once collapsed, and Mrs. Wilson 
 went for trial for poisoning Mrs. Soames, though Dr. Taylor 
 admitted that here also the chemical evidence was entirely 
 negative. There was, however, the damning evidence of 
 certain circumstances, for Mrs. Wilson had put the rope round 
 her own neck by a statement that Mrs. Soames had poisoned 
 herself and that she (Mrs. Wilson) was present when the poison 
 was swallowed ; that the cause of the suicide was an intrigue 
 with a strange man who had got the dead woman's money; and 
 that a letter would probably come from the man on the next 
 day asking for more gold. It was true the money of the 
 deceased had disappeared ; and the letter did come asking for 
 more. This letter was proved to be in the handwriting of Mrs. 
 Wilson herself, written on the note-paper she used for her 
 ordinary correspondence ; and it was also proved that it had 
 been posted in a letter-box close to her own residence. 
 
 "Justice Byles was satisfied without any medical evidence, 
 and, in cases of poisoning, when this learned Judge made up 
 his mind, he had neither mercy nor pity. The summing-up 
 insisted on a conviction. The Daily Telegraph, The Morning 
 Star, and several other journals, London and provincial, argued 
 that the evidence was not conclusive, but these able articles in 
 no way affected the determination of Justice Byles, or Sir 
 George Grey, the Home Secretary. The woman was hanged. 
 
 "What poison Mrs. Wilson used can never be positively 
 known, for the strictest inquiries failed to show that she had 
 ever procured any poison from a druggist or elsewhere. The 
 colchicum theory was my own suggestion, made in the course 
 of a conversation in Dr. Taylor's laboratory, at Guy's Hospital, 
 Dr. Taylor, Dr. Miller, Dr. Nunneley, and myself being present. 
 We were discussing the uniformity of the symptoms preceding 
 death in all the cases of illness, and Dr. Nunneley remarked 
 that, of all vegetable poisons, elaterium was the most likely to
 
 THE COLCHICUM THEORY. 85 
 
 cause the peculiarly exhaustive diarrhoea. I said : c Where 
 would the woman get elaterium ? Why not colchicum ? Peter 
 Mawer was a martyr to gout, and used to take colchicum.' 
 
 " This suggestion was at once adopted all round, and was 
 expressed as a decided opinion by Dr. Taylor on the trial. It 
 was supported by the evidence of Dr. Whidborne, who stated 
 that he had attended a man named Dixon (another victim), 
 who died four months before Mrs. Soames, and that Dixon 
 lodged with Mrs. Wilson, and used to take colchicum for gout 
 Dr. Whidborne remembered telling Mrs. Wilson on one 
 occasion that the medicine was to be taken with caution, and 
 Mrs. Wilson replied that she knew all about it. 
 
 " The last time I saw Dr. Taylor, shortly before his death, 
 we conversed on this subject, and on the fact that Mrs. Wilson 
 had never been known to purchase or possess colchicum. Dr. 
 Taylor remarked : ' At every bedstead where this woman 
 acted as friend or nurse, she recommended and administered 
 brandy, or egg and brandy. She always produced a special 
 bottle of her own brandy, because she said it was the best. 
 This brandy was, in my opinion, saturated with colchicum. In 
 Lincolnshire, the plant (meadow saffron) is common in cottage 
 gardens, and in London she could have easily got the bulbs. 
 After every dose of her brandy, the pain and sickness and 
 diarrhoea increased. Then more brandy was given, the patient 
 dying exhausted in a few hours.' 
 
 " I then remembered that the evidence taken at the inquest 
 with regard to the death of Captain Peter Mawer certainly 
 seemed to corroborate Dr. Taylor's opinion. An hour or two 
 before Mawer died he said to a friend : ' Fond as I have 
 always been of tea, if I get better I shall never touch another 
 drop. I am always so bad after it, and she gives me a spoon- 
 ful of the best brandy in every cup.' 
 
 " After all, the colchicum theory can only be called a 
 suspicion, and there are probably some judges and some Home 
 Secretaries who would not have hanged Catherine Wilson. 
 
 " Justice Byles, in passing sentence on her for poisoning 
 Mrs. Soames, charged her with the cruel murder of several 
 other persons, commencing with Peter Mawer ; and he con- 
 cluded by saying : ' I am as certain that you also poisoned 
 Mrs. Atkinson as if I had seen you do so with my own eyes.' 
 
 " There is a tradition that the Judge who sentenced 
 Jonathan Bradford made the same remark, and certainly Baron 
 Martin, in sentencing Pelizzioni, said ; ' The evidence is the
 
 86 JUDGES' ERRORS. 
 
 clearest and the most direct that, after a long experience in the 
 administration of criminal justice, I have ever known. I am as 
 satisfied as I ever can be of anything that Gregorio did not 
 inflict the fatal wound, and that you did.' 
 
 "So the most careful judges may be mistaken. Only the 
 rising of the dead can discredit and disprove the ruling of 
 Justice Byles. ' 
 
 " I hope you will pardon this long communication. I 
 scarcely feel altogether a stranger, having so frequently heard 
 you spoken of by my late friend, Dr. A. S. Taylor. I enclose 
 Dr. Taylor's notes to satisfy you that I write with some 
 authority. 
 
 " I am, dear sir, 
 
 " Yours faithfully, 
 
 " Walter Clegg."
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 STORIES OF THE BENCH AND BAR. 
 
 The prisoner and the mouse — Cruelty of the warder — A fit of anger — The 
 impossibility of picking an empty pocket — Mr. Justice Hawkins' 
 decision — The makers and passers of counterfeit coin — Why pewter 
 pots are stolen — How base money is made — Inspector Brennan — 
 Awkward evidence — "Musical honours" — A hypocritical saint — 
 The witnesses to his character — Mr. Justice Maine's observations — 
 A pleasant trip to Winchester— Sir Hardinge-Giffard's narrow escape 
 — A young witness — " Hell fire" — Two obliging Jews— A substitute 
 for soap and water. 
 
 I was in Court one morning, waiting for a case to come on, 
 when I heard related a very touching story. A man was tried 
 before Mr. Justice Hawkins for attempting to murder, or do 
 grievous bodily harm to, a warder of the prison in which he 
 had been confined, for some act of dishonesty, under a 
 sentence of two years' imprisonment with hard labour. He 
 was a youngish man, and, as was manifest from the facts that 
 transpired, very tender-hearted. 
 
 Not long after the commencement of his imprisonment, a 
 poor little mouse found its way into his cell. It soon dis- 
 covered a place of concealment there, and for some time it 
 managed to live, unobserved, on such stray crumbs as fell 
 from the prisoner's rations. 
 
 One day the man caught sight of the little creature, and, 
 instead of endeavouring to kill it, or frighten it away, he threw 
 it a morsel of the bread he was eating. The mouse timidly 
 accepted this hospitality, and carried the food back to its 
 hiding-place. Emboldened by the man's kindness, it soon 
 reappeared, and again partook of the convict's dinner. The 
 same thing happened several times, and gradually the lonely
 
 88 AN INSTRUCTIVE PRECEDENT. 
 
 man attracted his little visitor nearer and nearer, until at last it 
 fed from his hand. 
 
 Thus a good understanding was established between the 
 two, and it was not long before the mouse took courage to 
 climb up the man's hand, and run up the sleeve of his coat. 
 Thenceforth it made this its home, cosily nestling against the 
 convict's warm flannel shirt. It came to be an understood 
 thing between them that the mouse should come down the 
 man's sleeve to partake of every meal, as soon as the warder 
 who brought it had taken his departure. 
 
 Day by day the mouse grew bolder, until at last, in an 
 unlucky moment, it made its appearance before the warder 
 had left the cell. He at once announced his intention of 
 removing it, saying that pets were not allowed in the prison. 
 
 In vain the poor prisoner begged to retain his little com- 
 panion. The officer was inflexible, and, seizing the mouse, he 
 ruthlessly killed it before the man's eyes. 
 
 Enraged at what had taken place, the convict took up a 
 knife that happened to be within his reach, and made for the 
 warder. The latter ran out into the corridor, and slammed 
 the door behind him. The prisoner, rushing forward, brought 
 the point of his knife into violent contact with the inside of 
 the door, the only result being, of course, that one of the iron 
 plates with which it was lined was slightly scratched. 
 
 The charge against the prisoner was based upon this act, 
 it being alleged that his intention was to stab the warder, and 
 that that intention would have been carried out but for the 
 closing of the door. 
 
 A great deal of sympathy was felt in Court for the accused, 
 whose violent conduct was considered, under the circum- 
 stances, to be excusable. Fortunately the law came to his 
 rescue. It had recently been solemnly decided that a man 
 could not be convicted of picking a pocket if that pocket were 
 empty, inasmuch as it was impossible to steal that which had 
 no existence. Similarly, it was impossible for the man inside 
 the cell to stab the warder through the heavy closed door ; and 
 so he was acquitted. Nobody was aggrieved by this ingenious 
 decision, and possibly it averted a very heavy punishment. 
 
 Who shall say, after this, that the law does not operate 
 mercifully — I mean, of course, when properly interpreted ? If 
 I can draw a correct conclusion from facial expression, no one 
 was more delighted at the result of this case than the kind* 
 hearted Judge who tried it,
 
 INSPECTOR BRENNAN. 89 
 
 At every session of the Central Criminal Court there are 
 a number of persons tried for manufacturing, or passing, 
 counterfeit coin. Few of my readers can have any conception 
 of the quantity of spurious money that is in circulation. As a 
 rule there are from thirty to forty cases of the kind in each of 
 the twelve sessions held during the year. Of course, more- 
 over, a considerable number of offenders escape detection. 
 
 It is a curious fact that the makers of money are the 
 poorest persons in the world. Of all the prisoners tried in the 
 Criminal Courts of this country, those to whom I am referring 
 appear to be the most wretched and the worst favoured by 
 fortune. 
 
 The artisans who coin the base money are not always the 
 passers thereof. Many of them work for large dealers, who 
 employ capital in the business. About eight per cent, is paid 
 for the coinage, which is at about the rate of a penny for each 
 shilling, or twopence for each half-crown. 
 
 Pewter is largely used in the manufacture of counterfeit 
 coin, and this is the reason why so many pots are stolen from 
 public-houses. The coins are stamped, by means of a press, 
 with beautifully executed dies, and, after being rubbed with 
 sandpaper and cork, they are put into aqua fortis in order that 
 such silver as may have been employed in the manufacture 
 shall be brought to the surface. The coins are then rubbed, 
 first with salt and afterwards with blacking, the latter giving 
 them the appearance of having been some time in circulation. 
 
 The several operations are so quickly performed that two 
 persons — man and wife, for instance — can, in a couple of days, 
 manufacture shillings and half-crowns to the nominal value 
 of £$c 
 
 One of the most remarkable police officers that I ever met 
 was Inspector Brennan, who was told off specially to attend to 
 cases having reference to base money. He was a very acute 
 man, and one of the most deadly witnesses I have ever had to 
 deal with. He always managed, in giving his evidence, to 
 introduce a conversation that he had had, or, at any rate, that 
 he professed to have had, with his prisoner. 
 
 Of course, by the humanity of the laws of England, a 
 man's character cannot be put in issue before a verdict is 
 returned ; that is to say, the jury are kept in ignorance of his 
 antecedents, which are only taken into account when the 
 Judge comes to consider the sentence. Brennan, however, 
 had a happy knack of repeating damnatory remarks as to the
 
 90 A SANGUINE PRISONER. 
 
 prisoner's past history that he had made when effecting his, or 
 her, arrest. For instance, he once said : 
 
 "When I took the prisoner into custody, I remarked to 
 him : ' Jim, I thought you'd given this smashing business up ; 
 and since you had that last ten years I imagined you had 
 turned over a new leaf. But there, once a smasher always a 
 smasher, and you'll never give it up, Jim.' " 
 
 On another occasion, when the prisoner happened to be a 
 female, he gave the following account of a conversation he had 
 had with her : 
 
 " I said : ' Sarah, that warning I gave you was of no use. 
 I did hear you had left the old man and gone into service 
 again ; but here you are, and I shouldn't wonder if this time 
 you get lagged.' " 
 
 As a youngster, I defended a great many of these cases, 
 and it was not long before I got used to Mr. Brennan and his 
 ways. With a view to keep back these damaging little con- 
 versations it became my practice to decline to cross-examine 
 him. But it was of no use; he was too much for me. Upon 
 my stating that I did not wish to ask him any questions, he 
 would put his hand upon his forehead, as if buried in thought, 
 and then exclaim : 
 
 " Dear me, there was a bit of my evidence I quite forgot ; " 
 and then out would come the conversation. 
 
 This officer was quite right in a remark that I have quoted 
 above. When once a man commences smashing, or passing, 
 he never gives up the practice ; and so, starting with a sentence 
 of a few months' imprisonment he comes at last to spend the 
 best — or, rather, worst — part of his existence in terms of penal 
 servitude. 
 
 Some persons have strange notions of courts of justice, and 
 a man whom I defended many years ago at Hull was certainly 
 one of the number. 
 
 He had to take his trial for embezzlement, but had been 
 admitted to bail. His case was to come before the late 
 Mr. Beasley, the Recorder of the town. I was taken down 
 " special," being instructed by Messrs. Rollit, of which firm the 
 present Sir Albert Rollit, M.P., was at that time a member. 
 
 Messrs. Rollit's managing clerk called upon me at my 
 hotel, for the purpose of consultation, on the morning the case 
 was to be tried; and, before proceeding to business, he 
 explained that his client was very desirous of being present. 
 It was a rule of mine never to permit this, but, yielding to the
 
 WITNESSES TO CHARACTER. 91 
 
 solicitations of my companion, I finally consented to the course 
 proposed. 
 
 On entering the room, the man who was about to take his 
 trial said to me : 
 
 " I was very anxious, sir, to have your opinion of my case 
 before you went into Court. Now tell me frankly, what do 
 you think of it ? " 
 
 As a matter of fact, the evidence against the fellow was 
 about as dead as it well could be. I shook my head, and 
 remarked : 
 
 " I never hazard an opinion as to the issue." 
 
 "But, sir," he replied, looking at me in some surprise, 
 "don't you think I am sure to be acquitted? I've got a 
 number of witnesses to character. I feel positive that I shall 
 be acquitted, and I trust it will be with musical honours." 
 
 Somehow or other the rascal managed to get off; but 
 nothing was said or sung as to his being a jolly good fellow, or 
 anything of the kind. 
 
 A comical story regarding witnesses to character is told of 
 Mr. Justice Maule, who, if report be true — for he was before 
 my time — said more good things from the Bench than many 
 of his learned brethren. One day he was trying, for an offence 
 of violence that I need not particularise, a hypocritical saint, 
 who, as a matter of course, called a number of persons to 
 speak to his character. As is usual on such occasions, their 
 knowledge on the subject was very limited. On one point, 
 however, they laid considerable stress. The prisoner was 
 well known to them as a Bible reader and a Sunday-school 
 teacher. He was, in fact, in their opinion, the very incarnation 
 of piety and virtue. 
 
 The evidence against the accused was overwhelming, and 
 Maule proceeded, in no uncertain language, to sum up for 
 a conviction. 
 
 On the conclusion of the learned Judge's remarks, the 
 prisoner's counsel jumped up and said : 
 
 " I crave your lordship's pardon, but you have not referred 
 to the prisoner's good character, as proved by a number of 
 witnesses." 
 
 " You are right, sir," said his lordship ; and then, addressing 
 the jury, he continued : " Gentlemen, I am requested to draw 
 your attention to the prisoner's character, which has been 
 spoken to by gentlemen, I doubt not, of the greatest respecta- 
 bility and veracity. If you believe them ? and also the witnesses
 
 92 A PLEASANT TRIP TO WINCHESTER. 
 
 for the prosecution, it appears to me that they have established 
 what to many persons may seem incredible, namely, that even 
 a man of piety and virtue, occupying the position of Bible 
 reader and Sunday-school teacher, may be guilty of committing 
 a heinous and grossly immoral crime." 
 
 Very pleasant were the trips I used to take into the country 
 when specially retained in connection with some important 
 case. 
 
 I shall never forget a visit paid in this way to Winchester, 
 where several persons, who had occupied good positions in the 
 employment of the South- Western Railway Company, were to 
 take their trial on a charge of stealing certain stores belonging 
 to their employers. The alleged receivers were also indicted, 
 and it was one of these — a Londoner, carrying on business as 
 a " general dealer " in the neighbourhood of the Borough — that 
 I was retained to defend. Serjeant Ballantine, Ribton, and 
 Straight also held briefs on behalf of the accused. 
 
 The railway company, being aware that special counsel had 
 been called in, and that the case would be obstinately fought 
 out, did not content themselves with their usual circuit counsel, 
 Mr. Bullen, but specially retained Sir Hardinge-Giffard. 
 
 We all went down to Winchester together, and a very jolly 
 party we were. On the journey Giffard informed us that, as he 
 had not yet had time to read his papers, he should have 
 to work very hard upon his arrival " Therefore," he added, 
 " I do not propose to come to your hotel, as I imagine that 
 it won't be possible to do much work where you all are." 
 
 This prudent proceeding on the part of Sir Hardinge 
 (who, by-the-bye, at that time was plain Mr.) very nearly cost 
 him his life. On the night of our arrival a fire broke out in 
 the hotel where he put up, the calamity originating, oddly 
 enough, in the chamber adjoining that in which he was soundly 
 sleeping. The building was nearly burnt to the ground, and 
 our learned friend was forced to seek new quarters in the only 
 other first-class hotel in the place, where, of course, we, whom 
 he had sought to avoid, were comfortably housed. 
 
 The case occupied some three or four days, and I am 
 afraid our opponent had, all things considered, rather a bad 
 time of it. To his horror, every one of the prisoners was 
 acquitted. 
 
 The case came to an end on a Saturday, but I did not at 
 once return to town. A battalion of the 6oth Rifles was lying 
 at Winchester, and among the officers Douglas and I had one
 
 "HELL FIRE." 93 
 
 or two intimate friends, who prevailed upon us to stay with 
 them in barracks until the following Monday morning. 
 
 We went down to the railway station to see Giffard off on 
 Saturday afternoon, and I shall never forget a little incident 
 that occurred as the train was leaving the platform. He thrust 
 his good-natured face out of the window, and, shaking his head 
 solemnly at both of us, exclaimed : 
 
 "I leave you more in sorrow than in anger. Good- 
 bye." 
 
 I remember a rather good story that is told concerning an 
 argument that took place as to whether or no a certain boy of 
 very tender years was old enough to be sworn as a witness. 
 On the little fellow being produced, the counsel for the 
 prosecution suggested to the Judge that it would be desirable 
 to ask him a few questions, in order to ascertain if he under- 
 stood the nature of an oath. His lordship acquiesced in this 
 suggestion, and at once addressed himself to the task of 
 interrogating the lad. 
 
 "Now, my little man," said he, "do you know what will 
 become of you if you tell an untruth ? " 
 
 " Hell fire," said the boy, without moving. 
 
 " Well, and what will become of you," continued his lord- 
 ship, " if you play truant and do not go to school ? " 
 
 " Hell fire," said the boy. 
 
 " What if you don't like your brothers and sisters ? " 
 
 " Hell fire," again said the boy. 
 
 " What if you stay out late when your mother sends you 
 on an errand ? " 
 
 " Hell fire." 
 
 " What if you spill the milk ? " 
 
 " Hell fire." 
 
 His lordship ran through a long list of faults, some of them 
 of a very slight description ; but the penalty was always the 
 same, — " Hell fire." 
 
 At the end of this examination, the learned counsel 
 said : 
 
 " My lord, I hardly think this little boy sufficiently 
 intelligent or instructed for his evidence to be admissible." 
 
 " Indeed ! " exclaimed the Judge. " Well, now, I entirely 
 differ from you. He seems a very good little boy, and if he 
 grows up in his present belief, and thinks the direst punish- 
 ment will be visited upon him for every fault he may commit, 
 he will probably make a much better man than you or I."
 
 y4 AN UNWASHED JUROR. 
 
 The boy was sworn. 
 
 Some persons entertain very odd notions as to the sanctity 
 of an oath, as was shown at a consultation I attended one day 
 in reference to a case that was to be tried on the following 
 morning at the Central Criminal Court. It happened that 
 there were present on this occasion two Hebrew gentlemen, 
 who, for some reason or other, were exceedingly anxious that 
 the prisoner should be acquitted. 
 
 During the progress of the consultation, I had occasion to 
 observe to the solicitor : 
 
 " In order to establish this point we must swear to . . . " 
 so and so ; meaning, it would be necessary to produce 
 witnesses who could prove a certain set of facts. 
 
 Before the words were fairly out of my mouth, up jumped 
 the two Jews — who could have no personal knowledge of the 
 circumstances referred to — and, clapping their hats upon their 
 heads and raising their hands heavenward, cried : 
 
 "We swear !" 
 
 I remember a rather good story about a Jew who 
 occupied a shop in the neighbourhood of Petticoat Lane. 
 
 This gentleman had been served with a summons to appear 
 as a juryman at the Central Criminal Court, and, on the 
 evening preceding the day on which his services were required, 
 he told his daughter, who acted as his housekeeper, to be sure 
 and call him at half-past eight on the following morning. As 
 bad luck would have it, however, she overslept herself, and 
 did not rouse him until half-past nine. 
 
 Being due in Court by ten o'clock, it is obvious that he 
 had no time to spare. Recognising this, he dressed himself 
 with alacrity, and, in order not to waste a single moment, 
 came downstairs without having performed the usual morning 
 ablutions. 
 
 " Father," exclaimed the girl, as her parent was hastily 
 putting on his hat, ' ' you can't go to Court in that way. Why, 
 you've not even washed your hands," 
 
 " Never mind, my dear," the juryman replied ; " run up- 
 stairs and bring me down two or three of my best rings."
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THEATRICAL CASES. 
 
 I appear for Mr. Sims Reeves— His engagement with Mr. Chatterton — The 
 arrangements for producing Rob Roy — A cold and its consequences — 
 Serjeant Ballantine's observations — Coe v. Sothern ; action for wrong- 
 ful dismissal — Should a stage manager receive commissions ? — 
 Evidence of Miss Roselle — Damages — Sothern and his family — 
 Pleasant dinner parties — Charles Mathews and his cheap cigars — How 
 he tried to make the Guardsman ill — My panic- stricken companion — 
 His cool observation — A remarkable trial— The man who jumped out 
 of window — Another remarkable trial. 
 
 I think I was engaged in nearly every theatrical case of 
 importance, whether civil or criminal, that was tried during 
 the last fifteen years of my career as an advocate. I was on 
 two or three occasions counsel for Mr. Sims Reeves, both in 
 London and in the country ; and one of the most important of 
 these cases was tried at Westminster Hall, before Lord Chief 
 Justice Bovill and a special jury. It was an action for breach 
 of engagement brought against the eminent English tenor by 
 Mr. Chatterton, then the lessee of Drury Lane Theatre. 
 
 The counsel engaged were : Mr. Serjeant Ballantine, Mr. 
 Ernest Bruce, and Mr. Straight, for the plaintiff; and Mr. 
 Coleridge, Q.C., Mr. J. C. Mathew, and myself, for the 
 defendant. 
 
 Mr. Chatterton had been in partnership with Mr. Falconer, 
 but had lately taken upon himself the entire management of 
 the theatre. Some year and a half before the trial, a con- 
 versation took place between Mr. Sims Reeves and Mr. 
 Chatterton, and the former, on that occasion, gave some 
 intimation that he would be willing to take an engagement at 
 Drury Lane. Subsequently an agreement was entered into
 
 96 MR. SIMS REEVES. 
 
 whereby Mr. Reeves undertook to sing at that theatre for 
 twelve nights, his remuneration being fixed at forty guineas a 
 night. It was arranged that he should take the part of 
 Francis Osbaldistone in the melodramatic opera of Rob Roy. 
 
 Mr. Sims Reeves, it was stated, was anxious that, in 
 appearing for the first time at Drury Lane, he should be 
 supported by other eminent artists He, in the first place, 
 suggested that Mr. Phelps should play a part ; and the manage- 
 ment at once agreed to apply to that gentleman. The question 
 then arose — who should play Diana Vernon ? An effort was 
 made to secure Miss Louisa Pyne for the part, but she was unable 
 to take the engagement. Mr. Sims Reeves, on hearing of this, 
 suggested the name of Miss Cross, an extremely accomplished 
 young lady, who was well-known at Newcastle though not in 
 London ; and Miss Cross was accordingly engaged, for no 
 other reason than because Mr. Reeves desired that she 
 should be. 
 
 Mr. Chatterton arranged to bring out the piece regardless 
 of expense, desiring that nothing should be wanting to make 
 it a complete success. 
 
 According to the agreement, Rob Roy was to appear on 
 Saturday, the 16th of March, and, so far as the management 
 was concerned, everything was in readiness for that date. A 
 day or two before the 16th, however, a telegram arrived at 
 Drury Lane from Mr. Sims Reeves, stating that he had con- 
 tracted a cold. Next day a letter was received from Mrs. 
 Reeves — who was in the habit of conducting her husband's 
 correspondence — announcing that the state of his health was 
 such as would render it impossible for him to appear on the 
 following Saturday. 
 
 Serjeant Ballantine, in his opening, caused some amusement 
 by saying : " It is hard to understand how a gentleman suffering 
 from hoarseness would be able to announce his inability to 
 sing several days in advance. In our own profession we are 
 often afflicted in the same way, but we do not, in consequence, 
 refuse briefs on a Monday in the belief that we shall not be able 
 to perform on the following Saturday." 
 
 The suggestion of the plaintiff was that, for some reason 
 or other, Mr. Sims Reeves had determined to break his 
 engagement. 
 
 Mr. Chatterton, in his evidence, stated that he postponed 
 the piece in the hope of Mr, Reeves recovering his health, 
 but that he finally produced it with Mr. Harrison in the
 
 COE V. SOTHERN. 97 
 
 role of Francis Osbaldistone. He decided that Mr. Sims 
 Reeves should appear in that character on a subsequent 
 occasion. The eminent tenor, however, said he should 
 decline to appear in the part if any other gentleman ap- 
 peared in it beforehand ; and it was in consequence of this 
 announcement that the action had been brought. 
 
 A good deal of correspondence was read, and Lord Chief 
 Justice Bovill, after hearing it, suggested that an understanding 
 might be arrived at, as there did not seem to be any imputation 
 that the defendant was not seriously ill. 
 
 Mr. Serjeant Ballantine laughingly suggested that it would 
 be as well perhaps if Mr. Sims Reeves followed the example 
 of barristers, who often accepted briefs after they had been 
 returned by their friends. 
 
 It was finally determined that all matters in dispute should 
 be referred to a mutual friend ; and, subject to that reference, 
 a verdict was then taken, pro forma, for the plaintiff. 
 
 Another remarkable theatrical case was that of Coe v. 
 Sothern, which was tried in 1876, before Mr. Baron Cleasby 
 and a special jury, in the Court of Exchequer. 
 
 Serjeant Parry, Mr. Thesiger, Q.C., and Mr. Nasmyth 
 appeared for the plaintiff; while Mr. Serjeant Ballantine, 
 Mr. A. L. Smith, and myself represented the defendant. 
 
 The action was brought for alleged wrongful dismissal, the 
 defence being that, inasmuch as the plaintiff had misconducted 
 himself by taking commissions, his dismissal v/as justified. 
 The co-defendant with Mr. Sothern was Mr. Buckstone, who 
 had been for many years lessee of the Haymarket Theatre. 
 
 In July, 1875, the plaintiff entered into his engagement, 
 the terms of which were specified in the following letter : 
 
 "Dear Sir, 
 
 " You are engaged for three seasons, at a salary of 
 ^ioa week, as stage manager, 
 
 " Yours truly, 
 
 " E. A. Sothern, 
 
 " John B. Buckstone." 
 
 It appeared that the plaintiff had acted as stage manager 
 until January 3rd, 1876, when he was summarily dismissed 
 without any explanation being offered him. The allegation 
 of the defence was that Mr. Coe, in his capacity of stage 
 
 H
 
 9 8 THEATRICAL COMMISSIONS. 
 
 manager, had shared the commissions charged by Mr. English, 
 who had formerly been private secretary to Mr. Sothern, 
 and who had since set up as a dramatic agent in Garrick 
 Street, Covent Garden. 
 
 It transpired that the plaintiff, besides being stage manager, 
 was a teacher of the dramatic art to amateurs desiring to go 
 on the stage ; and the allegation was that he adopted improper 
 means to obtain his pupils appointments at the theatre where 
 he was engaged. According to the counsel for the defence, 
 this is how the thing was managed. Mr. Coe, the teacher, 
 introduced the young people to Mr. English, and Mr. English 
 took them to Mr. Coe, the manager, with the result that they 
 were engaged. Mr. English — so it was alleged — received a 
 commission from the pupils, and shared it with Mr. Coe. 
 
 It was asserted on behalf of the defendant that this 
 arrangement had the effect of preventing other, and better 
 qualified, persons from obtaining engagements at the theatre. 
 It was not denied that gentlemen acting as theatrical agents 
 had an undoubted right to charge commissions ; but exception 
 was taken to the practice of dividing the fees so received with 
 the stage manager — a system that was characterised as dis- 
 honourable and injurious. 
 
 One great difficulty the defence had to contend with was 
 that persons who had paid commissions were reluctant to come 
 forward and publicly admit the fact. 
 
 For the plaintiff, Mr. Coe himself was called as a witness, 
 as also were Miss Ada Ward and Miss Roselle. In cross- 
 examination, Mr. Serjeant Ballantine asked the latter lady 
 whether she thought it a proper thing for a stage manager 
 to receive commissions; but Mr. Serjeant Parry objected to 
 the question, observing that his brother could not treat the 
 witness as an expert. " No doubt," Parry added, " she is a 
 most charming actress, but I must decline to admit her charms 
 as a witness." 
 
 For the defendant the witnesses were Mr. May (clerk to 
 Messrs. English and Blackmore), who produced the books 
 showing the payments made to Mr. Coe ; Miss Emily Thorne, 
 Mr. Buckstone, Mr. Benjamin Webster, Mr. John Hollingshead, 
 Mr. Bancroft, Mr. Hare, Mr. Tom Taylor, and Mr. Howe. 
 
 Mr. Buckstone caused much amusement in giving his 
 evidence, for he was very deaf, and all the questions put to 
 him had to be repeated in his ear, in a loud key, by Mr. 
 Howe. The witness said :
 
 DINNER PARTIES AT SOTHERN'S HOUSE. 99 
 
 " I have been connected with the theatrical profession for 
 fifty years, and I have been manager of the Haymarket for 
 twenty-three years. I was ignorant that Mr. Coe made an 
 arrangement to take half commissions from any lady or 
 gentleman employed in the theatre. In my opinion it would 
 be detrimental to the interests of the profession if stage 
 managers were allowed to take such commissions. It would 
 affect the general management and the character of the 
 theatre." 
 
 Other witnesses deposed that it was not customary for 
 stage managers to receive commissions ; but, after the 
 summing-up of the Judge, on the third day of the trial, the 
 jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff, with damages to the 
 amount of ,£1,035. 
 
 Poor Ned Sothern was a particular friend of mine, and 
 one of the cheeriest and most generous-hearted men it was 
 ever my pleasure to meet. But he was terribly reckless, as 
 was afterwards shown. When he was in the full flood of 
 his success in the representation of Lord Dundreary I re- 
 member strolling up to Hyde Park one day, after my work 
 at the Temple, to watch the people riding in the Row. As 
 I stood there, leaning over the rail, Sothern went by on a 
 magnificent chestnut, his stylish -looking wife galloping by 
 his side on another horse of the same colour, and a groom 
 following in the rear. I could not help remarking to myself: 
 " What a jolly life these actors do have, and what a 
 tremendous amount of money they must make ! " 
 
 But when poor Sothern died, his family were left badly 
 provided for. Mrs. Sothern has passed away, and so has 
 her bright and cheery son, Lytton ; and I believe the only 
 member of the family left is Miss Eva Sothern, who I 
 rather fancy has married, and settled in America. 
 
 No brighter dinner parties have I ever been present at 
 than those which took place, on Sunday evenings, at 
 Sothern's house in Wright's Lane, Kensington. On one 
 occasion, I remember, there were present Charles Mathews 
 and his wife, Planche, Palgrave Simpson, and a host of 
 other pleasant people. After dinner, when the ladies had 
 retired, our host produced a box of cigars, which he de- 
 scribed as the very best in all London. (As a matter of 
 fact, he always had the best of everything.) Sothern handed 
 the box to Charles Mathews, who, however, shook his 
 head, and, taking his own case from his pocket, observed : 
 
 H 2
 
 ioo THE GUARDSMAN IN THE DRESSING-ROOM. 
 
 " My dear fellow, I hate the best cigars. I always smoke 
 the worst ; and I pride myself upon it. Look at this, now — 
 black as your hat, and a good large one. If you are not 
 used to it, it'll take the roof off your mouth. In smoking, I 
 go in for quantity, not quality. My cigars cost me a penny 
 farthing each. I dare say, now, yours cost half-a-crown. I 
 find them answer in more ways than one. I am never 
 bothered for a cigar, for I've never known the man who, 
 after tasting one, wanted another. However, I confess that 
 on one occasion the biter was bit;" and then, in that charm- 
 ing way of his as a raconteur — in which character he was, 
 in my opinion, second to none among all my acquaintances — ■ 
 he rattled off the following story : 
 
 "I was dining out somewhere or other — I can't quite 
 remember where — and sat next to a young Guardsman, a 
 sprig of the aristocracy, and not overburdened with brains. 
 In the course of conversation he observed : ' Mr. Mathews, 
 I've always had the greatest possible desire to go behind 
 the scenes. I should so like to come one night into your 
 dressing-room.' Well, believing that a general invitation 
 never comes off, I said I should be most happy to see him 
 whenever he liked to come. We were just starting for the 
 provinces, on a short tour, and I did not propose to play 
 in London for the next six weeks ; consequently, I thought 
 there was not the slightest possibility of" my companion 
 turning up at the theatre. 
 
 " But I was mistaken. On the first night after my return 
 to town — when, if I remember rightly, I was in the bill for 
 three pieces — I was informed, to my horror, as I was going 
 upstairs to my dressing-room, that my young friend was wait- 
 ing there for me ; and such I found to be the case. Shaking 
 hands, I said I was delighted to see him, which was any- 
 thing but true. If there is one thing 1 dislike more than 
 another, it is to have any one in my dressing-room while I 
 am making up. 
 
 " It so happened that I was finishing one of these identical 
 cigars, and my companion, after watching me very eagerly 
 while I was divesting myself of my clothing, remarked that he 
 would like to join in with a cigarette. Good ! Here was a 
 way out of my difficulty. ' Cigarette ! ' I exclaimed, ' not at 
 all — most poisonous things — not only get all the juice but the 
 paper into the bargain. Have one of my cigars.' Saying this, 
 I produced my case and selected the blackest. He lighted up,
 
 A SLOW SMOKER. 101 
 
 and I chuckled. ' About five minutes will settle him,' thought 
 I ; and as, with a camel-hair brush, I traced the lines upon my 
 face, I kept turning round to watch the effect. But there was 
 no effect. He puffed away, and there he stuck. At last, 
 however, he suddenly put the cigar down in a prominent place 
 on the dressing-table and left the room. 
 
 "The call-boy summoned me to appear on the stage, and 
 down I went. How lightly I descended those stairs ! I had 
 got rid of my incubus, and was a free man for the rest of the 
 night. With a palpitating heart, on reaching the stage, I swept 
 my eye round the stalls, and eagerly scanned the faces in the 
 private boxes ; but he was nowhere to be seen — the tobacco 
 had done its deadly work. 
 
 "At the end of the first piece, which was a one-act one, I 
 returned to my dressing-room. Imagine my horror when, a 
 few minutes afterwards, my young friend returned. ' My dear 
 Mr. Mathews,' said he, taking up the cigar which he had 
 deposited a short time before, ' can you oblige me with a light ? 
 This is really the very best cigar I ever tasted in all my life ; 
 and, if you will allow me, I will stay here and finish it.' As I 
 have already said, my cigars are large ones, and as this young 
 gentleman was the slowest smoker I ever saw, I did not get 
 rid of him for the rest of the evening." 
 
 This anecdote puts me in mind of an experience of my 
 own with a young gentleman of the class referred to. 
 
 One evening, at about seven o'clock, I dropped into the 
 Beefsteak Club, in order to have an early dinner before pro- 
 ceeding to the theatre. I found the club tenanted by a single 
 individual, who had given his orders and was waiting to dine. 
 
 This was Lord , a young nobleman who had just lost his 
 
 father and succeeded to his title. In the course of conversation 
 over dinner, I mentioned that, as I had nothing to do, I 
 thought of going to see The Flying Said, which was then being 
 acted at the theatre in Holborn. Knowing of the recent loss 
 that my vis-a-vis had sustained, I did not venture to suggest 
 his accompanying me. To my surprise, however, he said : 
 "I'll go too." 
 
 We chartered a hansom, and away we went. It so 
 happened that, at the end, I think, of the second act, one 
 of the scenes caught fire. Instantly my companion jumped 
 up from his seat (we were in the front row of the stalls), and 
 bolted like a rabbit from the building. He did not return, and 
 I saw nothing more of him until, at an advanced hour of the
 
 102 A REMARKABLE ACTION. 
 
 evening, I re-entered the club. There I found him, quietly 
 smoking a cigar. 
 
 "What on earth," said I, "made you bolt off in that sort 
 of way? You seemed frightened out of your wits." (Not a 
 difficult matter, perhaps.) " Don't you know that, on such an 
 occasion, if everybody got up and rushed out, a panic would 
 ensue, with very likely fatal consequences ? Why on earth 
 couldn't you sit still as I did ? There was nothing serious the 
 matter." 
 
 Upon this, with a most patronising air, the young gentle- 
 man replied : 
 
 "Oh, yes, that's very well for you, but you've not just 
 succeeded to a peerage, and twenty thousand a year." 
 
 One of the strangest actions that I remember was tried on 
 circuit. A man prosecuted the medical officer of a lunatic 
 asylum for not having prevented him from throwing himself 
 out of window. 
 
 It appeared that, in consequence of being disappointed in 
 love, the plaintiff had become very ill, his disease taking the 
 form of suicidal mania. He was accordingly confined in an 
 asylum, the officials of the institution being informed as to the 
 state of his mind, and told to keep a very strict watch upon his 
 movements. 
 
 Soon after his admission, the afflicted man heaped a lot of 
 furniture against the door of his room as a preliminary to 
 throwing himself out of window. Fortunately the superin- 
 tendent arrived upon the scene in time to frustrate his purpose ; 
 and, in order that the attempt should not be repeated, the 
 man was at once removed to the ground floor. 
 
 One morning the door of his new apartment was left 
 unlocked, and, in a trice, he ran out into the corridor, rushed 
 upstairs, and entered the room he had formerly occupied. 
 Having once more placed the furniture against the door, he 
 scrambled up to the window and flung himself out. He 
 alighted upon the lawn, injured severely, though not fatally ; 
 and the doctors declared he would be a cripple for the rest of 
 his life. 
 
 Strange to say, the terrible shock to his system, and the 
 acute sufferings he underwent, cured his mental disorder; and 
 he became perfectly sane. 
 
 One of the first uses he made of his restored reason was to 
 bring an action for negligence against the medical officer of 
 the asylum. He contended that due caution had not been
 
 A STILL MORE REMARKABLE ONE. 103 
 
 exercised, inasmuch as an official had not been stationed on 
 the second story to prevent the inmates doing as he had done. 
 
 The plaintiff himself was called as a witness, and stated 
 that, when in the asylum, he had resolved to commit self- 
 destruction, as he was under the impression that, if his life 
 were sacrificed, he would go straight to heaven. 
 
 Had the jury been allowed to return a verdict, there 
 is no knowing what the result of this extraordinary trial 
 would have been. The Judge, however, pointed out that 
 it would be immaterial whether or no the remissness of 
 the attendants was proved, inasmuch as the relations between 
 the parties were not those of master and servant. His 
 lordship also drew attention to the fact that the provisions 
 of the Act of Parliament respecting the period within which 
 notice of action must be given, had not been respected. 
 Thus the plaintiff was non-suited. 
 
 One day, when I was relating this story, I was informed 
 that a still more extraordinary case was tried about fifty 
 years ago. A vagrant, it appeared, brought an action against 
 the Middlesex magistrates, sitting in Quarter Sessions, for 
 having neglected to cause him to be whipped in pursuance 
 of an Act of Parliament made and provided to punish the 
 offence of which he had been convicted. In that case the 
 plaintiff recovered a verdict, with one farthing damages.
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 STRIKE PROSECUTIONS. 
 
 The tailors' strike prosecution — Was the picketing illegal? — How an em- 
 ployer was "shadowed" — Serjeant Parry's indiscretion — The summing- 
 up — Had there been intimidation and coercion ? — Lord Bramwell's 
 remarks on passing sentence — An appeal to the prisoners' judgments — 
 The prosecution of the gas-stokers — London threatened with darkness 
 — The men's contracts — Mr. Justice Brett's observations — Were the 
 prisoners misled, or did they mislead ? — An exemplary sentence— My 
 own experiences of cases of intimidation — The necessity of strikes 
 and the legality of picketing — Where tyranny commences— Imprison- 
 ment better than fines. 
 
 There have been several important charges of intimidation 
 arising out of strikes tried at the Central Criminal Court, I 
 having been engaged as counsel in nearly all of them. The 
 principal ones were the prosecution in connection with the 
 tailors' strike, heard before Baron Bramwell, I think in the 
 year 1867, and the prosecution of certain persons concerned 
 in the gas-stokers' strike, which took place in 1872. 
 
 The former was entitled The Queen v. Druitt and others. 
 Among the defendants were the president and secretary of the 
 Operative Tailors' Protection Association, and the president 
 of the Amalgamated Journeymen Tailors' Society. The 
 prosecution was conducted by Serjeant Ballantine, Mr. Sleigh, 
 and myself, those engaged as counsel for the defence being 
 Mr. Coleridge, Q.C., Mr. Serjeant Parry, Mr. Hardinge- 
 Giffard, Q.C., Mr. Besley, and Mr. Ribton. 
 
 Of course, in this case, as in others, it was not denied that 
 the men had full liberty to combine to secure an increase of 
 wages, and that a union had a right to enforce among its 
 n embers due obedience to its laws. But the question arose
 
 "SHADOWING." 105 
 
 — had a trade society the additional right of coercing others, 
 and insisting upon their working, or refusing to work, just as 
 the men on strike chose to dictate to them? 
 
 The dock of the Old Bailey wore a very unwonted appearance 
 during the progress of this trial. Its occupants, unlike the 
 usual run of prisoners, were respectable-looking, well-dressed 
 men. 
 
 Of course, as is always the case in trials of this description, 
 a quantity of irrelevant matter was introduced. The issues, 
 however, were exceedingly simple. Had the defendants 
 criminally conspired for illegal ends, and how far was the 
 picketing which had been carried on, legal ? As Mr. Baron 
 Bramwell justly observed in the course of the inquiry, there is 
 nothing that the law of England more jealously guards than 
 personal freedom. 
 
 It transpired that a book had been kept by a member of 
 each picket. One of these books furnished particulars of the 
 movements of an employer of labour named Bowater; and 
 considerable amusement was caused in Court when the several 
 items under this head were read out. We were informed at 
 what precise moment this gentleman passed up or down the 
 road ; whether he was proceeding on his journey in a cab or 
 on foot ; whether he carried a parcel, and if so, what sort of 
 parcel ; what was his demeanour, — and so on. These par- 
 ticulars had an obvious effect upon the jury, who naturally 
 thought that such persistent " shadowing " was intolerable. 
 
 I could not help thinking that Serjeant Parry did not dis- 
 play his usual clear-headed judgment on this occasion. He 
 declared that the conviction of his clients by a jury of employers 
 was a foregone conclusion, and he further remarked that the 
 recent proceedings at Sheffield had kindled such antipathy to 
 trade unions that an unprejudiced verdict was scarcely to be 
 expected. 
 
 In summing up, the Judge cautioned the jury not to be 
 influenced by the fact of the men being on strike. They had, 
 of course, he said, a perfect right to leave their work. It was 
 idle to talk about the struggle between capital and labour, and 
 it was equally idle to censure masters for locking-out. They 
 were quite as justified in doing that in self-defence as the work- 
 men were in striking in self-defence. How a man should 
 utilise his industry, his mind, and his talents, was as much the 
 subject of the law's protection as the right of liberty of his body. 
 The way in which a man should dispose of his labour was a
 
 106 THE LAW AS TO STRIKES. 
 
 matter in which the public had an interest ; and, therefore, if 
 two or more persons sought by coercion, by compulsion, by 
 intimidation, or by molestation, to deter or influence him in 
 respect of the way in which he should employ his industry, or 
 talents, they were guilty of a criminal offence. That was the 
 common law of the land. The defendants ought very much 
 to regret that the persons placed in the position of pickets had 
 done that which was undoubtedly unlawful. They must have 
 known what was going on, and they ought to have taken 
 steps to put a stop to it. If picketing could be carried out in 
 a way that would excite no reasonable alarm, and without 
 molestation, annoyance, coercion, or compulsion, it would not 
 be an offence in the eyes of the law. It was, however, for the 
 jury to say what was the object of picketing. If it were for 
 the purpose of coercion and intimidation, it would not be 
 permitted by the law of the land ; and, of course, those who 
 placed the pickets at their posts were liable for the actions of 
 those pickets. 
 
 His lordship proceeded to point out that the trade 
 organisation had passed a resolution authorising the system of 
 picketing, and he added that, if the jury were satisfied that that 
 system had not been carried beyond this official authorisation, 
 they ought to find the defendants guilty. If, again, the jury 
 were of opinion that the picketing system, properly carried out, 
 did not involve molestation, but that, in the present instance, 
 it had, with the knowledge of the defendants, been carried 
 beyond the legitimate point, then also a verdict of guilty must 
 be returned. On the other hand, if the jury were of opinion 
 that the system did not necessarily involve molestation, and if 
 they were further of opinion that the molestation which had 
 actually taken place had been without the knowledge of the 
 defendants, then a verdict of acquittal would be the only just 
 one. 
 
 The jury, after retiring, found that the three principal 
 prisoners, Druitt, Lawrence, and Adamson — all of whom were 
 officials of the organisations — were guilty. The other 
 defendants — the actual pickets — were acquitted. 
 
 As there has been so much discussion lately as to how far 
 men on strike are justified in influencing the actions of their 
 fellow-workmen, I think I shall consult the wishes of my 
 readers if I place before them the actual words uttered by 
 Lord Bramwell — a very high authority — in passing sentence 
 upon the convicted tailors. He said :
 
 PICKETING CONDEMNED. 107 
 
 " You have been found guilty ; and it is now my duty to 
 pass sentence upon you, or to say what shall be done in con- 
 sequence of the verdict found against you. Now, I ask you 
 in all kindness to listen to me — to listen to an impartial man 
 — one who neither is, nor can be, either an employer of labour 
 or a receiver of wages, and who is unaware of anything to bias 
 his judgment ; because the only personal interest I can have 
 between you and your masters is that my clothes will cost me 
 a few shillings more or less, which I do not consider will warp 
 my judgment. I am satisfied you have broken the law. 
 
 " I said— and I abide by it — if you could perform a system 
 of picketing which neither annoyed, alarmed, nor intimidated, 
 there would be nothing unlawful in it ; but I am satisfied you 
 cannot carry out a system of picketing which would be of any 
 use to you, without breaking the law. To use the expression 
 of one of your own learned counsel, spoken this morning, I 
 am satisfied, as he said you are, that it is impossible to have 
 an effectual system of picketing without being guilty of that 
 alarm, and intimidation, and obstruction which is a breach of 
 the law. I put it to your own good judgments whether it is 
 not so, when you remember that men who formerly came for 
 their own work have been deterred from doing so, and that 
 their wives and children have been obliged to come for it. 
 Believe me, when the jury found their verdict against you they 
 found a true verdict. 
 
 " Now, the law is against you, and I am satisfied — and I 
 think that, if you will but reflect upon it, you will be satisfied 
 — that reason and justice are against you also. "What right 
 can you have to put a coercion on any man as to how he shall 
 employ his talents and his industry ? The men at Sheffield, 
 whom I see an American paper calls ' those wretches,' seemed 
 to suppose they had some right, in which the law ought to 
 assist them, to put a compulsion on others of their own trade 
 to join their union ; and I am afraid there may be some such 
 notion lurking in some of your minds, for I find that, in the 
 course of the trial, you used these phrases, 'dishonourable 
 workmen' and 'dishonourable masters' — meaning those who 
 will not agree with you. 
 
 "Now, I put it to your own judgments to reflect what 
 right you have to call on any man to throw his labour into a 
 common stock with your own because he happens to be in 
 the same trade. You have no more right to call upon him to 
 do that than you have to call upon him to throw what
 
 108 SOME RASH STATEMENTS. 
 
 property he has into a common stock. Depend upon it, it is 
 wrong. If any reason can be given for it, it must come from 
 those who assert it, not from those who deny it. But you 
 must be wrong in thinking it a desirable state of things. If all 
 the journeymen tailors ought to combine together, so ought 
 all the shoemakers, and hatters, and agricultural labourers, and, 
 in fact, every class and description ; and so ought, by a parity 
 of reasoning, all masters and all other persons who have got 
 some common bond of union among them. And what would 
 be the consequence of that ? Would it be for the benefit of 
 society at large ? You cannot think so. The only way it would 
 be for the benefit of society at large would be if the object of the 
 common desire of what is called wealth were thereby increased 
 by such an arrangement as that. But would wealth be in- 
 creased ? Certainly not ; because everybody knows that the 
 total aggregate happiness of mankind is increased by every 
 man being left to the unbiassed, unfettered determination of 
 his own will and judgment as to how he will employ his 
 industry, and other means of getting on in the world. You 
 must know it. 
 
 " I cannot help saying it is a most remarkable thing (pray 
 attend to this ; for it is said in all kindness) that, for more than 
 forty years, the best men of this country, the men whom you 
 admire most, have been engaged in removing restraints from 
 trade, commerce, industry, and labour. There is now no 
 monopoly in this land. There is no class legislation. There 
 is no law which gives one set of men an advantage for their 
 own particular benefit, That you know as well as I do. But 
 strange to say, you men are trying to legislate among yourselves 
 in a contrary direction ; for, instead of furthering that freedom 
 of action, and freedom of labour, and freedom of capital, 
 which the law has endeavoured to assure, you are endeavour- 
 ing to put restraints upon them, and to create a set of 
 corporate guilds which were very useful in times gone by, I 
 dare say, but which are mischievous in these enlightened 
 times. 
 
 " I beseech you to think of what I am saying to you. Is 
 it not a strange thing that you should be going counter to the 
 legislation and policy of men whom you most admire, of all 
 the statesmen that we have had in this country of ours ? 
 Believe me, if men are not allowed to make laws of this 
 description, they will not be allowed to break the law for their 
 own benefit which they would not be allowed to make. Take
 
 LAW-MAKERS AND LAW-BREAKERS. 109 
 
 my word for that ; and, when I say mine, I do not ask you to 
 put any value upon it ; but I am speaking not my own 
 opinions only. I appeal to your own consciences if I am not 
 speaking the opinions of every one who has reflected upon the 
 subject. Look at your own friends, they who speak most 
 highly of you, and are anxious for the welfare of the working 
 classes. Is there a man among them who can be found to 
 support the practices that have been condemned by the verdict 
 of the jury? You know there is not. There is not a man, 
 not a thinker, not a writer, or a man of eminence or distinc- 
 tion, who can be found to justify you in what you have done. 
 I beseech you to do it no more. 
 
 " Do not attach any particular value to my words unless 
 you take them to be representative words. . . . You have 
 done wrong. You have broken the law. You have done that 
 which I think, as fair men, you ought not to have done ; but 
 any man may do an unfair thing, and may take an erroneous 
 view of what is right and just. I believe — we are all willing 
 to believe — that that is what you have done, and although 
 ignorance of the law is no excuse for any man, it is a reason 
 why the punishment passed upon him for what he has done in 
 that ignorance should be light, in some cases at any rate ; and 
 I think the right way of dealing with you will be to pass no 
 sentence upon you, but to take your own words, your own 
 judgments upon the matter, that you know that what you have 
 done cannot be done without a breach of the law ; to take 
 your words for it that you will not repeat it ; and to let you go 
 out on your own recognisances to appear and receive judg- 
 ment if you are called upon for that purpose." 
 
 The defendants then entered upon their recognisances, 
 each in the sum of ^100, to come up for judgment if called 
 upon, and in the meantime to be of good behaviour toward all 
 Her Majesty's subjects. 
 
 Having quoted Lord Bramwell's remarks in extenso, I will 
 now give some account of the prosecution that arose out of 
 the gas-stokers' strikes, as, in doing so, I shall be able to 
 show what attitude was taken up by another eminent Judge — 
 Lord Esher, then Mr. Justice Brett. 
 
 The case was that of The Queen v. John Bunn, George 
 Ray, and others. Mr. Hardinge-Giffard, Q.C., and Mr. 
 Besley conducted the prosecution, the prisoners being defended 
 by myself and Mr. Douglas Straight. 
 
 The facts of the case were these. As the result of a trade
 
 Ho THE GAS-STOKERS' STRIKE. 
 
 union dispute between employers and employed, a man named 
 Dilley — one of the prisoners — had been on Saturday, the 30th 
 November, discharged by the Gas-light and Coke Company, 
 from their works at Beckton. On the following Monday, as the 
 night men were leaving work, to make way for the day gang, 
 the manager, Mr. Trewby, received an intimation that the 
 latter had declined to proceed to their posts. 
 
 It is, perhaps, necessary to explain that the manufacture of 
 gas has to be continuous, night and day. At this time each 
 gang consisted of two hundred and fifty stokers. The night 
 men went on at six in the evening, and were relieved at about 
 five in the morning. As a matter of fact, each man only 
 worked five hours during the night, but all of them had to 
 remain on the premises during the whole of the eleven 
 hours. 
 
 Upon Mr. Trewby receiving the intimation that the men 
 had refused to proceed to their work, he went and inter- 
 viewed several of them. They informed him that they would 
 not go on with their duties unless Dilley was taken back, and 
 unless another man, who had been dismissed at Fulham, was 
 also reinstated. In order to avert a catastrophe that would 
 have affected the whole of the metropolis, Mr. Trewby con- 
 sented, under protest, to take Dilley back ; but he pointed out 
 that he could give no pledge with regard to the other man, 
 who was not under his control. Upon this,, the men marched 
 out of the gas-works in a body ; and, if the company had not 
 been able to secure timely assistance, in the course of a few 
 hours the greater part of London would have been in 
 darkness. 
 
 It was shown that most of the prisoners had entered into 
 written contracts with the company, whereby they were bound 
 not to leave their employment under one month's notice. In 
 regard to the men who were not so bound, it was an under- 
 stood thing that they were engaged subject to a week's notice 
 on either side. It was contended, therefore, that, in throwing 
 up their work without any notice at all, the men had been 
 guilty of a clear and definite breach of contract. The prose- 
 cution further alleged that they had conspired together to 
 break their contract, under the impression that the circum- 
 stances of the case would have compelled the company to give 
 way to them. There could, indeed, be no doubt that the 
 men had realised that, in all probability, the non-compliance 
 with their demands would bring about a terrible disaster.
 
 MR. JUSTICE BRETT'S OBSERVATIONS. in 
 
 Without going at any length into the voluminous evidence 
 produced, suffice it to say that, after a very lucid summing-up 
 on the part of the Judge, the jury found the prisoners guilty. 
 
 The learned Judge then said : 
 
 " I am sorry to see men of your character convicted of a 
 criminal offence ; but to my mind the evidence was so con- 
 vincing that the jury could do nothing but convict you. Upon 
 me rests the responsibility of coming to a conclusion as to 
 what is the kind of offence you have committed. You have 
 been convicted of a conspiracy, and if I think the conspiracy 
 a light one, and if I think there are extenuating circumstances 
 in regard to your conduct, I shall be bound to pass upon you 
 a mild sentence ; but if I come to the conclusion that the 
 conspiracy is a bad one, and if I can see no extenuating 
 circumstances in regard to your conduct, I am bound to pass 
 a severe sentence. That seems to me to be the law. That 
 seems to be the rule of conduct that is binding upon me, as 
 the administrator of the law, in passing sentence. 
 
 " I told the jury that, upon the question whether they 
 were to find you guilty or not, they ought not to be influenced 
 by the suggestion that what you were attempting to do would 
 be dangerous to the public ; but now that I am called upon to 
 consider what kind of conspiracy you have been guilty of, I 
 cannot throw aside the obvious result of the conspiracy, and 
 what must have been in your minds. I cannot doubt that the 
 obvious result was great danger to the public of this metro- 
 polis, that that danger was present to your minds, and that, 
 acting upon the knowledge of the effect you thought it would 
 have upon your masters' minds, and trading upon your know- 
 ledge of the danger, you entered into this conspiracy in order 
 to force your masters to follow your will. 
 
 " It is true that you were men of good character before. 
 That makes me sorry that you are convicted of a crime at all. 
 But I do not share the opinion put forward by your learned 
 counsel, namely, that you were misled, or that you were 
 ignorant. It seems to me that your good character put it in 
 your power to be the misleaders of others. The jury stated, in 
 giving their verdict, that, in their opinion, you were misled. If 
 it had been necessary that this fact should be established in 
 order that a verdict might be arrived at, the judgment as to the 
 accuracy of the contention would have rested entirely with the 
 jury, and it would have been beyond my province to interfere. 
 The jury would have been masters of their decision. But when
 
 112 WERE THE PRISONERS MISLED? 
 
 it comes in the form of a recommendation from the jury, it is 
 a matter, I am sorry to say, on which I must form my own 
 opinion ; and, notwithstanding the great deference I am in the 
 habit of paying to the recommendations of juries, I am sorry, 
 on this occasion, that I not only disagree with them as to your 
 being ignorant, but that I see no evidence to entitle any man 
 to come to that conclusion. I see no evidence of your igno- 
 rance ; on the contrary, the way in which you carried out this 
 matter, the design itself, framed with such accurate knowledge 
 as to what would be the inevitable result of what you were 
 about to do, and as to what effect it would have upon your 
 masters — the very design of the conspiracy, I say, shows that, 
 so far from being ignorant, you displayed considerable intelli- 
 gence. Had this not been so, you could not have]designed, and 
 carried out, such a conspiracy as this. As to your being 
 misled, I know not against whom the suggestion is made. I 
 confess I cannot see any man who may be fairly said to have 
 misled you. 
 
 " So far, indeed, from agreeing with the jury that you were 
 misled, it seems to me, having regard to the course you took 
 during the whole of these proceedings, that you were not among 
 the misled, but among the misleaders, and that it is you that 
 misled most of the other five hundred men obeying you. 
 You were the chief actors ; two of you were delegates chosen 
 by the men, and therefore you were evidently men to whom 
 those who chose you looked up. 
 
 " Thus, notwithstanding your good characters, you have 
 undoubtedly put yourselves in the position of being properly 
 convicted of a dangerous and wicked conspiracy ; and the 
 time has come when a serious punishment, and not a nominal 
 or light one, must be inflicted — a punishment which will teach 
 men in your position that, though they may, without committing 
 an offence, be members of a union, and that though they may 
 agree to go into employment, or to leave it, yet that they must 
 take care that they do not adopt illegal means. If they adopt 
 illegal means, they are guilty of a conspiracy ; and if they 
 mislead others, they are guilty of a wicked conspiracy. The 
 sentence I pass upon you is that you be kept in prison for 
 twelve calendar months." 
 
 Within the past two years I have had considerable experience 
 of cases of intimidation arising out of strikes. Whatever view 
 may be taken as to the utility of trade unions, no one can deny 
 the absolute right of workmen to combine for the purpose of
 
 MY OWN VIEWS. 113 
 
 obtaining an advance in wages, or for any other legal object. 
 Strikes are in themselves lawful, and, in a great many instances, 
 necessary for the workman's protection. It has, indeed, been 
 shown to demonstration in this country, that the employed 
 have needed every possible protection against their employers. 
 A body of men who choose to strike can, however, have no 
 possible right to use force to prevent others from working. 
 Picketing, in the eyes of the law — as laid down in the tailors' 
 strike prosecution — is of itself legal, but the difficulty is to 
 distinguish where legitimate action ends and coercion and 
 intimidation begin. 
 
 When men resort to threats, and to acts of violence, to 
 deter their fellows from taking work, the law steps in to protect 
 the latter. I have had before me of late many cases in which 
 members of trade unions have displayed great tyranny towards 
 those who either do not belong to the organisation, or, 
 belonging to it, choose to work, out of regard to their starving 
 wives and children. 
 
 Such instances of tyranny, I am convinced, can only be 
 put a stop to by the infliction of severe and exemplary punish- 
 ment. To merely fine the offenders is a farce, because, what- 
 ever the sum may be, it is immediately paid by the union. In 
 my very humble judgment, the only proper sentence is one 
 of imprisonment, and I think it a very salutary thing when the 
 longest term of incarceration permitted by the law is imposed.
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 A CHARGE OF HIGH TREASON. 
 
 The attempt upon the Queen's life — Penalties for regicide : past and 
 present — Description of McLean — The Attorney-General's opening — 
 An account of the occurrence — Her Majesty's narrow escape — My 
 speech for the defence — History of the prisoner — The remarkable 
 evidence of a clergyman — Result of the trial — A case of manslaughter 
 — The wre'ehed outcast — How the relieving officer received them — 
 Eumbledom — Driven from pillar to post — Death of the little starveling 
 — An attempt to relieve the rates. 
 
 I was counsel in the only case of high treason that occurred 
 during my career at the Bar. On April 20th, 1882, Roderick 
 McLean was tried for that he did, at New Windsor, on March 2nd, 
 compass the life of Her Majesty the Queen, by firing a loaded 
 revolver at her. This was, in point of fact, a State trial, being 
 held by special commission. The Lord Chief Justice and Mr. 
 Baron Huddleston presided. The prosecution was conducted 
 by the Attorney-General (Sir Henry James), the Solicitor- 
 General (Sir Farrer Herschell), Mr. Powell, Q.C., and Mr. A. 
 L. Smith, the prisoner being defended by myself and Mr. 
 Arthur Yates. 
 
 It was, I believe, the wish of Her Most Gracious Majesty 
 that counsel should be retained for McLean. I and my learned 
 friend were instructed, not by the Treasury, but by a private 
 solicitor who had been nominated to conduct the defence. 
 
 Of course, by the ancient statutes, the most ferocious 
 sentences were prescribed for high treason. For actual or 
 attempted regicide it was laid down that/ after a shameful 
 procession to the gibbet, there should be decapitation, followed 
 by the evisceration and dismemberment of the criminal. The 
 provisions of those Acts, however, were brought within th§
 
 THE TRIAL OF McLEAN. 115 
 
 limits of humanity by the Felony Act of Victoria, which enacts 
 that a traitor shall be hanged by the neck till he is dead ; and 
 such was the possibility of sentence legally impending over the 
 prisoner. 
 
 McLean's detestable predecessors in a like attempt were 
 O'Connor, Oxford, Bean, Francis, and Pate. 
 
 The greatest interest was exhibited in the county town in 
 which the Royal borough is situated, and from an early hour 
 in the morning of the trial, until the result was known, all the 
 approaches to the Court House were thronged. Inside, every 
 available seat was occupied. 
 
 A large number of the ladies and gentlemen who had 
 secured admission were decorated with primroses, in com- 
 memoration of Lord Beaconsfield's death ; for it was Primrose 
 Day. The Judges were habited in their scarlet and ermine 
 robes, the High Sheriff wore his uniform, and the chaplain was 
 in fill canonicals. 
 
 Among the names of the grand jury called over was that of 
 Sir George Bowyer, who was elected chairman. 
 
 The Lord Chief Justice, in his address to the jury, ex- 
 plained to them the law of high treason as embodied in two 
 statutes, one of Edward III. (more than five hundred years 
 old), and the other of George III. 
 
 About a quarter of an hour after his lordship had charged 
 the grand jury, they returned a true bill. The name of Roderick 
 McLean was then pronounced, and, amidst considerable ex- 
 citement, the prisoner, guarded by two constables, stepped 
 into the narrow dock from the subterranean passage beneath 
 the Court. He was a melancholy-looking man, dressed in a 
 seedy old great-coat of faded green, furnished with what had 
 once been a velvet collar. He was wearing a black tie, which 
 only partially concealed the frayed edges of his shirt. His 
 whole appearance denoted misery and destitution, and I think 
 that few who looked upon him had any doubt that insanity 
 had marked him for its own. Lie was very restless and fidgety, 
 his hands being never still. With a vacant, imbecile ex- 
 pression, he kept glancing hither and thither about the 
 crowded Court. 
 
 When the usual question was put to the prisoner, he replied, 
 in a stammering voice : " Not guilty, my lord." 
 
 The Attorney-General, in opening the case, said : 
 
 " I have to perform the duty of stating to you the facts 
 
 which will be given in evidence in support of the charge
 
 n6 THE CASE FOR THE PROSECUTION. 
 
 preferred against the prisoner at the bar. He is charged with 
 the offence of high treason. That offence is one of the gravest 
 known to the law, and, as you are probably aware, the punish- 
 ment that follows a conviction is death. 
 
 " The charge preferred against the prisoner is not founded 
 constructively on any act of an indirect character ; the overt 
 act contained within the indictment is that he used firearms, 
 and so attempted to take the life of the Queen. Taking the 
 life, or attempting to take the life, of any subject of this realm 
 must necessarily form an offence grave and important ; but 
 when the attempt is made upon the life of the Head of the State, 
 who is valued by millions in this country on account of the 
 worth and virtue she represents, the offence is far more 
 aggravated. 
 
 " I will now briefly place before you the facts by which the 
 inference of the prisoner's guilt is sought to be maintained. 
 It was on Thursday, March 2nd, that the offence was com- 
 mitted. On the afternoon of that day, the Queen, who had 
 been absent a short time from Windsor, returned by train, and 
 reached the railway station about twenty minutes past five 
 o'clock. Shortly before five o'clock the prisoner was seen 
 waiting at the station. He had given an incorrect account of 
 the circumstances which caused him to be at the railway 
 station, stating he was there to meet a person who was to arrive 
 by train shortly after five o'clock. Nothing more appears to 
 have been noticed in relation to his movements until after the 
 arrival of the Queen. 
 
 "When the carriage left the door of the waiting-room it 
 had to pass through a gateway, and thence through a com- 
 paratively narrow passage which leads to the High Street off 
 Windsor. The prisoner took up a position inside the gateway, 
 mingling with the crowd that had assembled at the station. 
 
 "The Queen was accompanied in the carriage by Her 
 Royal Highness Princess Beatrice, and by the Duchess of 
 Roxburghe. The carriage had thus three occupants — the 
 Queen and Princess Beatrice, sitting with their faces towards 
 the horses, and the Duchess of Roxburghe with her back to 
 the horses. The window on the side where the prisoner was 
 standing was open, and Her Majesty's position must have 
 been discernible by him. When the carriage was moving off, 
 he seems to have stepped forward slightly from the crowd, 
 and then he was seen to raise his arm, extend a pistol in the 
 direction of Her Majesty's carriage, and fire a bullet, So far
 
 A PREMEDITATED CRIME. 1 17 
 
 as we can judge, that bullet was aimed directly towards the 
 very carriage where the Queen was sitting. 
 
 " Next morning, March 3rd, the bullet was found in a 
 direct line from the place where the carriage was at the time 
 the shot was fired, and the spot where the prisoner was 
 standing. There cannot be any doubt that, had the bullet not 
 passed a little either above or beyond the carriage, most serious 
 results would have taken place. These facts will be proved 
 before you directly and clearly. 
 
 " Now, every man must submit to have his acts represented 
 by their natural result. If, therefore, a deadly weapon is 
 employed, the natural result of which is to cause injury, or 
 even death, there can be, and I presume will be, no minute 
 discussion as to what was the exact intention in the prisoner's 
 mind. It is true that, in this case, the weapon employed was 
 a comparatively small one, and the bullet also was small in 
 size ; but, from actual experiments which have been made — 
 the results of which will be laid before you — there can be no 
 doubt that the bullet was capable of causing the death of Her 
 Majesty, had it unhappily struck her. We can only express 
 our gratitude for the protection vouchsafed to her against the 
 act of the prisoner at the bar. 
 
 " The crime was apparently one of premeditation. Two or 
 three days before, McLean had prepared himself for it by 
 purchasing the pistol, and, in a document found upon him, he 
 expressed his intention to do it. 
 
 " In a case of this kind it becomes necessary to inquire 
 into the state of the prisoner's mind at the time he committed 
 the offence. The humanity of the law lays it down that, if a 
 prisoner is not accountable for his actions at the time of com- 
 mitting a crime, he shall be acquitted on the ground of 
 insanity. On this occasion the prisoner at the bar has the 
 benefit of able counsel, and I will leave it to my learned 
 friend to trace the previous life of the prisoner up to the time 
 of this deed. 
 
 " I wish to say that there is no desire for one moment, on 
 the part of the prosecution, to keep back one fact which has 
 come into their possession with respect to the mental condition 
 of the accused. I feel that this is the course which not only 
 humanity suggests, but justice requires. And if it shall be 
 found by you that, at the time of the crime, this unhappy man 
 was not accountable for his act, I am sure there will be a 
 satisfaction felt by every subject of the Queen that it was not
 
 n8 MY SPEECH FOR THE DEFENCE. 
 
 within the ranks of those who are sane that one could be found 
 to lift his hand towards her, except in the attitude of respect 
 and veneration." 
 
 Witnesses were called who, in every respect, bore out the 
 opening statements of the Attorney-General ; and, upon the 
 case for the prosecution being closed, I rose to address the 
 jury. I said : 
 
 " If I may be allowed to say so, I agree with every word 
 which the learned Attorney-General has said, in opening the 
 case, as to the enormity of the offence charged against the 
 prisoner at the bar. No words of mine could describe the 
 feelings of horror that permeated, not only this country, but 
 the world at large, when the report first went abroad that, 
 at Windsor, in the Royal borough, on the confines of this 
 ancient county, an attack had been made on the life of Her 
 Most Gracious Majesty the Queen. Save and except for 
 reasons I will give you presently, it would be out of place 
 to remind you how, for many years, Her Majesty has, with 
 the greatest possible wisdom, ruled a happy and contented 
 people. I may say that when the history and story of her 
 reign come to be transmitted and transcribed on the pages of 
 history, our descendants will always look and speak with 
 veneration and admiration of the good Queen Victoria. 
 
 " I make these observations because I found on them 
 arguments which, to my mind, are indisputable. In such a 
 state of facts as I have spoken of, it is impossible to imagine 
 that any person in his senses should be found so deeply vile as 
 to commit the offence which is charged against the prisoner. 
 
 "You have observed that, in the conduct of the case 
 entrusted to me, I have not thought it necessary to put a 
 single question to any of the witnesses called before you on 
 the part of the prosecution. I do not dispute one word of 
 the facts adduced in evidence. 
 
 " I do not propose to trouble you with any observations as 
 to the question of fact ; because, if I am correct, and if those 
 who are instructing me are correct, the prisoner at the bar cannot 
 be liable, for the reason that he is not responsible for his acts ; 
 and, instead of being a subject for loathing and execration, he 
 is rather a subject for your pity. 
 
 " I propose, if you will permit me, without further burden- 
 ing you with my remarks, to give you the history of the life 
 of the prisoner. He was born of poor but respectable parents. 
 His father, who was a small tradesman, found it impossible
 
 THE PRISONER'S HISTORY. 119 
 
 to train the prisoner from the earliest time of youth with any 
 idea of putting him into any business. As I will show you, in 
 1866 he had a severe fall, and suffered a serious injury to his 
 head; and on this point you will hear a medical gentleman give 
 an opinion that this was the origin of the brain mischief from 
 which he is at present suffering. I will show you that, in 1874, 
 he was put under the care of a doctor named Godrich, and I 
 shall also show you, by calling Dr. Godrich and Professor 
 Maudsley, that his parents obtained a medical certificate which 
 showed clearly that he was of unsound mind — not of such 
 unsound mind as rendered it necessary to put him in close 
 confinement, but of sufficiently unsound mind to make it 
 necessary to have him watched with the greatest care and 
 caution. 
 
 "In 18S0, he was at Weston-super-Mare, and there a 
 certificate of his state was obtained from Dr. Hitchens, after 
 which he was received into the Bath and Somerset Lunatic 
 Asylum, at Wells. I shall call the superintendent of the 
 asylum to show that, during the time he was under his care — 
 which was until July 21st, 1881 — he was a lunatic. He was 
 discharged after a very considerable period of probation ; and 
 the superintendent will tell you that, at the time the prisoner 
 was discharged, he (the superintendent) was very careful to 
 state his belief that the insanity would at some future time 
 return. I will show you that, for some time afterwards, the 
 prisoner seems to have wandered about the country, sleeping 
 and resting — whatever rest such a poor wretch as he could 
 have obtained — in the wards of workhouses. 
 
 " This was up till February of this year. I next trace him 
 at Newtown Vallance, in Hampshire, in February, 1882 ; and 
 here a remarkable thing happened. As a clergyman named 
 MacLachlan was standing at the door of his garden, he 
 observed, coming along the road, a figure staggering as though 
 in great pain. He called the attention of his gardener to the 
 fact, and, just at that moment, the man fell down in what, 
 I think, you will have no doubt was an epileptic fit. The 
 reverend gentleman caused the man to be assisted, and wished 
 him to stay ; but, on his recovery, he insisted upon pursuing 
 his journey, and tottered off along the road. Mr. MacLachlan 
 sent his gardener to follow the prisoner to the nearest town, 
 and there got him provided with a lodging for the night. 
 
 "It is an extraordinary thing, but, on March 2nd, Mr. 
 MacLachlan, who has sons at Eton, was present at the
 
 120 THE PRISONER'S MANIA. 
 
 Windsor railway station when this desperate attempt was made 
 on the life of our sovereign ; and, to his astonishment, he at 
 once recognised in the person who fired the pistol the man 
 who, on that day week, at Newtown Vallance, had a fit outside 
 his door. 
 
 " I shall call a medical man who has examined the prisoner 
 since his confinement in Reading Gaol, and he will tell you 
 that the man is unaccountable for his actions, and that, at the 
 time of committing this act, he was an irresponsible agent, not 
 knowing the difference between right and wrong. Medical 
 gentlemen have been called in on the part of the Crown, and 
 I believe they also will be of opinion that he is unaccountable 
 for his actions. I will show you, by letters to his relatives, 
 that the prisoner has been, for a considerable period, suffering 
 from homicidal mania, and that he was under the impression 
 that the whole of the public was against him. He has, over 
 and over again, written letters to his sister stating that, if 
 persons were not debarred from doing him some supposed 
 injury, he would take human life. 
 
 " I think you will be of opinion, from these facts, ranging 
 from 1866 up to the time of his being confined in Reading 
 Gaol, that this man is unaccountable for his acts. If you 
 arrive at that conclusion, according to the evidence, it will not 
 only be your duty, but your pleasure, I am sure, to say that 
 the prisoner is not guilty of the crime for which he is indicted ; 
 and that will be a verdict which will be read with a feeling of 
 relief by the w T hole nation. I think, gentlemen, that you will 
 be of opinion that this man should not be punished, but that 
 he should be confined for an act that was not committed by 
 him as a responsible person, but committed under the influence 
 of a condition of mind visited upon him by the Almighty." 
 
 I then called witnesses to substantiate the statement I had 
 made, and, Sir Henry James having replied, the Judge 
 summed up. 
 
 After five minutes' deliberation, the jury returned a verdict 
 of " Not Guilty," on the ground of insanity ; and the Judge 
 thereupon directed that the unfortunate malefactor, suffering 
 under the visitation of God, should be detained during Her 
 Majesty's pleasure. 
 
 I now come to the consideration of a less important but 
 somewhat serious trial. I refer to a case of manslaughter that 
 was tried at the Old Bailey, before Mr. Justice Quain, about 
 twenty years ago. George Cannon, described as a super-
 
 FRIVOLOUS CHARGES. 121 
 
 intendent of St. Giles' Union Casual Ward, was charged with 
 feloniously killing and slaying Charles Chadwick. Mr. Poland 
 prosecuted, and I appeared for the defence. 
 
 The circumstances of the case were very pathetic. In the 
 month of November, during a winter of unusual severity, a 
 poor woman, with a baby in her arms, and leading two other 
 little ones by the hand, applied for admission at the Cleveland 
 Street Workhouse. She was wet, weary, cold, and hungry, 
 and this was not to be wondered at, for she had neither food 
 nor money, and had walked a long distance in the snow and 
 cutting east wind. The weather, indeed, was so bad that one 
 w r ould have thought it impossible for anybody not to have 
 felt the greatest compassion for these miserable outcasts. 
 
 The woman received an order for admission into the 
 Casual Ward in Short's Gardens, Endell Street. She passed 
 out again into the pitiless storm, and, somehow or other, 
 managed to make her way to that institution, where she arrived 
 more dead than alive, and wet to the skin. 
 
 George Cannon, the relieving officer, and my client, was 
 alleged to have received the wretched waifs with the following 
 observation : 
 
 '•Oh, you're drunk again, are you? Stand over there, you 
 drunken beast ; " and, with this affectionate and Christian 
 greeting, Cannon called a constable, and gave the woman and 
 her three children into custody. 
 
 The constable, a man named Kemp, ventured to re- 
 monstrate. Possibly, and very likely, he was a husband and 
 father himself. He said : 
 
 "You are surely not going to charge this woman with 
 drunkenness ? " 
 
 "Yes, I am," was Cannon's reply. 
 
 "Well," said the constable, "how about the children? 
 You can't charge them with being drunk also." 
 
 " You will have to take them all," was the only response 
 the superintendent deigned to give. 
 
 There was nothing for it, and so the officer marched the 
 woman and her children off to Bow Street. Cannon attended 
 at the station to substantiate his allegation of drunkenness ; 
 but as was natural, when the matter came to be investigated 
 by the inspector, the charge fell to the ground. Then, to 
 show to what a length Bumbledom will be carried, my client 
 preferred against the woman and her children the further 
 charge that they had attempted to obtain relief under a false
 
 122 THE PRISONER'S EXPLANATION. 
 
 name. Most properly, the inspector, refused to entertain this 
 accusation for a single moment ; and Mr. Cannon thereupon 
 took his departure. The miserable outcasts were then taken 
 back in a cab to Short's Gardens ; but once more Cannon 
 refused them admission. 
 
 The officer in charge of these poor creatures adopted the 
 only course that seemed open to him, and took them to 
 Cleveland Street, where they were taken in, and proper ac- 
 commodation provided for them. 
 
 The woman and her children had been passing about the 
 streets, hurried from pillar to post, during the greater part of 
 that terrible night ; and, as was not surprising, on the following 
 morning one of the little ones was found to be suffering from 
 inflammation of the lungs. Medical aid was procured, and 
 every assistance rendered, but in two days' time the poor little 
 starveling was dead. 
 
 An official inquiry was instituted, and the result was the 
 charge of manslaughter against Cannon. 
 
 There was no doubt that the child had died of exposure 
 to the damp and cold ; but the question was whether the 
 prisoner's repeated refusal to admit the wretched creatures to 
 Short's Gardens was the real cause of death. Of course the 
 only defence that I could set up (and, I am afraid, even this 
 went very much against the grain) was that the prisoner was 
 not criminally liable as to the proximate cause of death. 
 
 The jury, without very much deliberation, returned a 
 verdict of " Guilty." 
 
 When the prisoner was asked by the Judge if he had any- 
 thing to say, he replied that he was very sorry that he had 
 done wrong. He had been, he said, three years in the same 
 employment, and, during that time, had been praised for doing 
 his duty, which he believed he was doing on the occasion in 
 question. In conclusion he said that what he had done had 
 been done with a view to relieving the rates. 
 
 My client was sentenced to twelve months' imprisonment 
 with hard labour, and, as is not unusual in the case of those 
 convicted of great brutality, he left the dock crying, and 
 making loud lamentations.
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 THE SCUTTLING OF THE SEVERN. 
 
 The Admiralty jurisdiction of the Central Criminal Court — Charge of 
 scuttling and casting away a ship — Evidence of the captain— The 
 insurance — Arrangements for the voyage — The cargo — Curiosity of 
 the mate — The weather — An unexplained leakage — Seven holes — 
 Getting out the boats — The men's discovery — Deserting the vessel — 
 Tampering with the log-book — Apprehensions of the captain — The 
 mate's assurances — Evidence of the sailors — Severe sentences. 
 
 Besides exercising judicial functions in respect of the Metro- 
 politan District, and a portion of Surrey, Kent, and Essex, the 
 Central Criminal Court has an Admiralty jurisdiction — that is 
 to say, it has the power of trying prisoners alleged to have 
 committed offences upon British vessels sailing on the high 
 seas. 
 
 Not many years after my call to the Bar I was engaged in 
 a .very remarkable maritime case. It arose out of the scuttling, 
 and casting away, of a ship called the Severn. 
 
 The men placed upon their trial were Charles Webb, 
 Thomas Berwick, Lionel Holdsvvorth, and Joseph Dean. The 
 first-named was charged with casting away the vessel, with 
 intent to defraud, and the others were indicted as accessories 
 before and after the fact. 
 
 The Solicitor-General, Mr. Giffard, Q.C., Mr. F. H. Lewis, 
 and myself appeared for the prosecution. Webb was defended 
 by Messrs. Sleigh and Kemp; Berwick, by Serjeant Ballan- 
 tine ; Holdsworth, by Serjeant Tindal Atkinson and Mr. 
 Warner Sleigh ; and Dean, by Mr. Ribton. 
 
 Holdsworth was a ship insurance agent and broker, carrying 
 on business in King Street, Liverpool ; Berwick was a ship-
 
 124 THE SEVERN PROSECUTION. 
 
 owner, residing in the same city ; and Dean was Holdsworth's 
 clerk. Webb, who was returned in the calendar as only twenty 
 years of age, had shipped on board the Severn, on its outward 
 voyage, in the capacity of mate. 
 
 The principal witness for the prosecution was Hugh Thomas 
 Leyland, the captain of the vessel. He deposed that he had 
 commanded a ship for Holdsworth as far back as 1866. That 
 ship, which was called the Thomas, was lost in a gale of wind 
 off the west coast of Scotland. In March of the same year, he 
 was requested by Holdsworth to be in readiness to take com- 
 mand of the Severn, the latter stating that some friends of his 
 were about to purchase her. 
 
 It appeared that the captain and Holdsworth had an inter- 
 view at the latter's office in Fenchurch Street, Uean being 
 present in the discharge of his clerical duties. At that inter- 
 view, Holdsworth informed Leyland that his friends had 
 purchased the Severn, that she was on her way from London 
 to Newport, and that she was chartered to Shanghai. Definite 
 arrangements were made on this occasion for Leyland to take 
 command of the vessel. 
 
 At a subsequent date, in consequence of instructions he 
 received by telegraph, the captain proceeded to Newport, 
 where he met Holdsworth and Berwick. They all dined 
 together, and during the meal Berwick stated that he had 
 procured a mate from London, adding that he had known the 
 man for many years. It was stated, in the course of conversa- 
 tion, that the ship would cost ^7,000 to put to sea, and that it 
 was proposed to insure her for several thousand pounds. 
 Leyland's companions informed him that they did not expect 
 the Severn to reach China, and they added that, in the event 
 of her not doing so, he would receive ^700. They went on 
 to state that they wanted a man whom they could thoroughly 
 rely upon, and that he was in no way to interfere with the mate. 
 During the dinner it was suggested to Leyland that it would be 
 as well if he insured his personal effects for ^200. That same 
 evening Holdsworth introduced Leyland to Webb, the mate. 
 
 Before the vessel sailed, an enormous number of cases was 
 taken on board as part of the cargo. They were represented 
 to contain metal and firearms, but, as a matter of fact, they 
 were filled with salt. 
 
 The bill of lading stated that the shipment was from 
 William Allsopp and Company, and that it comprised rifles, 
 carbines, sabres^ swords, etc.
 
 MYSTERIOUS LEAKS. 125 
 
 Holdsworth ordered the stores, and was responsible for the 
 provisioning of the vessel. 
 
 When the Severn had been some few days on her voyage, 
 Webb made his appearance from the storeroom, and informed 
 the captain that he had opened one of the cases, and found 
 that it contained salt. Ley land told him that he had no right 
 to do so, whereupon Webb replied that he had been anxious 
 to know exactly what the cases contained. 
 
 They had good weather until the vessel arrived off Cape 
 St. Vincent ; then they encountered a gale of wind, which, 
 however, did not amount to a storm. The order was given to 
 close-reef the upper topsail. 
 
 It was stated in evidence that there was nothing in the 
 weather to cause the ship to draw water. She did so, however, 
 and her leakage increased very quickly. From that time — 
 which was about a fortnight before the vessel actually went 
 down — the men had to pump her every two hours. 
 
 In time the gale abated, the trade winds set in, and they 
 had very fine weather. Nevertheless it was still necessary to 
 work the pumps. 
 
 On the 14th of June the leakage increased, and at about 
 eight o'clock on the evening of that day, Webb came to the 
 captain and asked him to get the boats ready, as the water was 
 gaining on the pumps, and the ship was going down. The 
 captain, according to his own evidence, turned round to Webb 
 and charged him with tampering with the ship. The latter 
 replied: "It is done, and can't be undone." The captain 
 alleged that he then asked Webb what he meant, and that 
 Webb replied : " I have bored a hole, and in the act of 
 driving a plug in, I have broken it in the skin. I can't 
 possibly stop it." The captain told him that he must be 
 mad to do such a thing to a ship so far from land, adding 
 that he had better go below and endeavour to stop the leak, 
 as it would be plain to every one that the ship had been 
 tampered with. 
 
 Webb went below, but returned in about ten minutes, 
 saying that it was quite impossible to mend matters now, as the 
 water had flowed over the hole. The captain remarked that 
 every man in the ship would be destroyed, to which Webb 
 replied : " Then you had better get the boats out at once. 
 There's no chance of saving her." 
 
 At this time the nearest land was Cape Verd, and the 
 vessel was about one hundred and eighty miles to leeward of
 
 126 DESERTING THE SHIP. 
 
 the closest point. The captain held the ship up for Port Baya, 
 which was the only port they were able to fetch. The crew 
 were divided into three watches, and kept continually at the 
 pumps. 
 
 On the 15th of June matters assumed so serious an 
 aspect that the boats were held in readiness to be lowered, 
 and provisioned for twenty days. The long-boat was filled 
 with men, loosed down by the tackle, and allowed to go 
 astern. 
 
 A few minutes after this had been done Webb went 
 down to the cabin, and informed the captain that the 
 men in the long-boat were crying out that they saw two 
 holes in the stern of the ship; and he added that he would 
 have to go on board of her and shove off. He did so, 
 and the long-boat cruised off in the distance, ahead of the 
 ship. 
 
 About six o'clock in the evening the long-boat returned 
 alongside, and Webb came on board the Severn and had a 
 further conversation with the captain. The latter remarked 
 that the merest child could tell that the vessel had been 
 wilfully destroyed. Webb replied that there was nothing 
 to fear, that he could buy the whole of the crew over, and 
 that he did not believe any of them had actually seen the 
 holes. 
 
 During this interview Webb asked the captain to leave 
 the ship, but the latter declined to do so, saying that he 
 would rather go down in her than face the exposure that 
 was inevitable. " Well, you can do as you please," said 
 Webb, and he then returned to the long-boat, and cruised 
 away. 
 
 The carpenter, the boatswain, and three other men — 
 that is to say, the crew of the gig — remained on board the 
 Severn with the captain. Shortly before eight o'clock Ley land 
 yielded to the persuasion of his companions, and they all got 
 on board the gig and rowed away from the ship, which, in less 
 than an hour, went to the bottom. 
 
 The captain steered the gig about until the next morning, 
 when he found the long-boat, and the whole party was 
 eventually picked up by the Arequipa, and taken to 
 Pernambuco. 
 
 The log-book of the Severn had been kept by Webb, and, 
 upon the captain looking over it, upon their arrival at Per- 
 
 nnmbnco, he declared that it was "exaggerated too much,"
 
 DOUBTS AND FEARS. 127 
 
 Webb thereupon cut some of the pages out, and rewrote 
 certain portions of the log. 
 
 The party came home to Southampton in the steamer 
 Oneida, Leyland and Webb occupying the same cabin. On 
 the voyage, according to the captain, his mate informed him 
 that he had bored seven holes in the bottom of the ill-fated 
 vessel. He went on to state that he had done the same thing 
 in the case of the. Jane Brown, adding : " I know the trick very 
 well. I can put the plugs in, and take them out at pleasure/' 
 
 When they arrived at Southampton, the captain telegraphed 
 to Holdsworth, and then at once proceeded up to London, 
 and saw that gentleman in his office at Fenchurch Street. 
 Leyland said : "I am sure that the thing will be found out. 
 The men saw the holes, and they have threatened to report 
 it." Holdsworth replied that it was a bad job, and added 
 that he would hear what Webb had to say in the morning. 
 Leyland remarked that he was sure the matter would come to 
 light, as the vessel had been lost in a calm. 
 
 Next day the captain went again to the office in Fenchurch 
 Street, where he found Holdsworth and Webb together. The 
 latter said that the ship's crew had seen him off at Southampton, 
 and had given him three cheers. He added : " It's all right, 
 and will never be found out. I have spoken to the carpenter, 
 and find that he did not see the holes. Only Kelly and the 
 boatswain saw them ; but I have talked them over, and we 
 shall hear no more about it." 
 
 It was alleged at the trial that a false log-book had been 
 manufactured, with the assistance of Dean ; and it was also 
 given in evidence that, upon its being produced, the captain 
 had remarked that it would never pass muster, as any one 
 could see that it was quite new, and had never been used at 
 sea. Upon this — so the Court was informed — Holdsworth 
 and Berwick both wetted the edges of the leaves, and rubbed 
 them. Not reassured by this proceeding, the captain insisted 
 that the discovery of the fraud was imminent, and that he 
 should be ruined. Holdsworth replied : " Nonsense. I'll give 
 you ^10 a month to keep you going until the insurances are 
 recovered." 
 
 Inquiries were afterwards instituted at Lloyd's ; and this 
 trial was the result. 
 
 The men who were in the long-boat testified to the fact 
 that, while she was lying astern of the Severn, they saw holes 
 just below the water-line of the vessel
 
 128 EXEMPLARY SENTENCES. 
 
 Evidence was also given as to the nature of the cargo, and 
 as to the insurances that had been effected. 
 
 The case, which occupied five days, terminated in a verdict 
 of " Guilty " against all the prisoners. 
 
 Holdsworth and Berwick were sentenced to twenty years' 
 penal servitude, Webb to ten, and Dean to five.
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 A CHAT WITH MRS. KEELEV. 
 
 The children from the hospital — Mrs. Keeley's first appearance — Flaying 
 in the provinces — Stage fright— Miss Kelly's prophecy — Joe Wood 
 and his son — Anecdote of Douglas Jerrold — The salary of a leading 
 actress sixty years ago — Mr. and Mrs. Keeley in America — An 
 embarrassing position: "For God's sake do something" — Uncle 
 Tom's Cabin — The savage dog and his late mistress — Mrs. Keeley as 
 Smike — Comic or pathetic ? — Dickens's remark about the robins — A 
 strong cast. 
 
 I have had some conversations lately, on the subject of the 
 drama, past and present, with, in my judgment, the most 
 remarkable woman of the age. I am alluding to my mother- 
 in-law, that popular histrionic favourite, Mrs. Keeley. 
 
 She entered upon her eighty-sixth year the other day, but 
 is as bright, cheery, and intelligent as when first I knew her 
 some thirty years ago. On her recent birthday she was pre- 
 sented, by some of the little inmates of the Hospital for Sick 
 Children, with the following verses, written by that graceful 
 poet, Mr. Ashby-Sterry : 
 
 Dear Mrs. Keeley, pray, have you the time 
 Thi; day to list to children's simple rhyme? 
 'Mid birthday gifts and birthday odes can you 
 Bear with your little friends whose words are few? 
 Will you forgive the trembling word that trips 
 From grateful hearts and halts on baby lips? 
 And kindly think what eloquence can rest 
 Within the thought that may be unexprest. 
 
 How oft at eventide, with lowered light, 
 When tender nurses watch us through the night, 
 And sweet-toned whispers strive to soothe our pain, 
 Oft has the tale been told and told again —
 
 i 3 o MRS. KEELEY'S EARLY DAYS. 
 
 How the Good Fairy came two years ago, 
 
 And brought her subtle spell within our Show : 
 
 And how she spoke and pleaded till she drew 
 
 Bright tears from eyes— bright gold from pockets, too ! 
 
 She worked such wondrous charms, she made them bring 
 
 So many feathers for our brave New Wing : 
 
 She made it grow — 'tis now almost complete — 
 
 And feathered such a nest in Ormond Street ! 
 
 Two years ! 'Tis half some children's lives — but yet 
 
 The Fairy's visit we can ne'er forget ! 
 
 We wished to take a trip to Fairyland; 
 
 To hear her voice again — to kiss her hand : 
 
 To thank her for her gracious, gentle arts, 
 
 To tell her how she lives within our hearts ! 
 
 We thought, we planned, we plotted — all in vain ! - 
 
 'Twas far too much for tiny strength and brain, 
 
 The project nearly failed — so in this fix 
 
 We sought our kindly Matron, dear Miss Hicks : 
 
 She, to our troubles, lent a willing ear, 
 
 And swiftly, flower-laden, brought us here ! 
 
 And now, dear Mrs. Keeley, good old friend, 
 
 We'll bring this childlike chatter to an end ! 
 
 One moment — let us ask you but to take 
 
 These simple flowers and wear them for our sake ! 
 
 A pledge of the good wishes we'd convey, 
 
 And all bright blessings on your natal day : 
 
 Though flowers may fade, your little friends keep true, 
 
 And ne'er will fade I he love they bear for you ! 
 
 We wish you all good luck and may you thrive, 
 
 As happy always as at Eighty-five ! 
 
 In chatting over her past career, I observed to Mrs. 
 Keeley : 
 
 " I am quite sure an account of your experiences, or at any 
 rate of a portion of them, would be of intense interest to the 
 public. Of course, a great deal has been written about the 
 drama of the present day, but very little of the stage in days 
 gone by." 
 
 "Well," she replied, laughingly, "let me observe in the 
 first place, that I never ran away from school, and that I am 
 not descended from the Plantagenets. Now, I suppose I 
 ought to commence with some account of my early days. I 
 was born at Ipswich, and the great family in that neighbour- 
 hood were then, as now, the Cobbolds. Mrs. Cobbold was 
 very kind to me, and I passed a great deal of my time with 
 her at Holywells, I remember seeing there the white horse
 
 A FIRST APPEARANCE. 131 
 
 on which Margaret Catchpole, Mrs. Cobbold's servant-girl, 
 rode away after her sweetheart. She was tried for stealing 
 the horse, as I dare say you have heard, and sentenced to be 
 hanged. In those days they used to hang for nearly every- 
 thing ; but you know all about that, and I am quite sure you 
 have read the history of Margaret Catchpole. 
 
 " When I was quite young I was apprenticed to Mrs. 
 Smart, who took pupils. I joined her at Yarmouth, where 
 she was spending her holidays ; and I used to help her teach 
 the young people. Mrs. Smart, you know, was the sister of 
 Sir George Smart. 
 
 " I was well known to all the actors who were then at 
 Yarmouth-j-Bellamy, Beauchamp, George Bennett, and the 
 rest of them. They used to say of me : ' Why don't you let 
 her try her hand on the stage ? ' and it was finally arranged 
 that I should make my first appearance in the part of Lucy 
 Bertram, in Guy Mannering. I shall never forget that first 
 appearance. I fancied, do you know, that I looked such a 
 guy, and I remember that I made a sketch of myself at the 
 time. I succeeded very well, they told me ; and after that I 
 went to Dublin, where I appeared in The Beggar's Opera, 
 Mr. Hunt was Captain Macheath and I was Polly Peachum. 
 Just before this, in 1824, Hunt's brother was tried for being 
 connected with Probert and John Thurtell in the murder of 
 Mr. William Weare. 
 
 " I remember the case well. Probert turned King's 
 evidence, and Thurtell was convicted and hanged. Hunt 
 was transported, if I remember aright. A curious circum- 
 stance was that, in the following year, Probert was hanged on 
 a charge of horse-stealing. 
 
 " From Dublin I went to a number of English towns. I 
 suppose I must have spent about two years in this way, and 
 then I came up to London, where I first appeared as Rosina 
 and in a farce called The Spoiled Child, in which I played little 
 Pickle. I made this appearance at the Old English Opera 
 House, now known as the Lyceum. Arnold, the father of the 
 late police magistrate, was the manager of the theatre. He 
 owned all Exeter Street, if you remember. 
 
 "On this occasion I recollect that Mr. Broadhurst, the 
 tenor, and the celebrated Miss Kelly took parts. I was 
 so dreadfully frightened when I got on to the stage, that 
 I turned round, and was going to bolt back into the 
 win^s; but Broadhurst caught hold of me, and, I tl 
 
 K I
 
 132 PLAYING AT THE OLD LYCEUM. 
 
 swore. It was rather extraordinary, on the occasion of a first 
 appearance in London, to take both an operatic and a comic 
 part. 
 
 " I remained in this company for a long time. Mr. Keeley 
 was also in it, and we played a good deal together. I re- 
 member one night, while I was on the stage, seeing Robert 
 standing in one of the wings with Miss Kelly, and hearing her, 
 as she put her hand on his shoulder, say : ' You will marry 
 that girl.' She was right, and after our marriage we played 
 both at the Opera House and at Covent Garden. The piece 
 in which we first appeared at the latter theatre was called The 
 Middle Temple. I remember a very funny incident in it. In 
 one scene Mr. Keeley had to say : ' Am I right ? ' and the 
 audience took the matter up, and shouted : ' Yes, Keeley, you 
 are right.' 
 
 " At the Lyceum we played in The Serjeant's Wife, and the 
 odd thing was that, though I didn't know it at the time, I was 
 in the first place assigned the part that Miss Kelly afterwards 
 took. Miss Kelly said it was not at all the sort of part to give 
 a very young person, and she was right, for she herself did it 
 splendidly. I played Margot and Mr. Keeley was Robin. I 
 have a very vivid remembrance of two lines that occur in the 
 piece. Some one says : ' Yes, Robin, yes ; you go and retire. 
 Go to your repose;' to which Robin replies: 'Yes, but I 
 can't repose without Margot.' Other parts were taken by 
 O. Smith and old Chapman. 
 
 " When Charles Kemble had Covent Garden I was engaged 
 there, and I played the part of Agnes in Der Freischiltz. Mr. 
 Keeley and I remained many years at Covent Garden and at 
 the old Lyceum. We were at the Opera House, in fact, until 
 just before it was burnt down. I remember appearing there 
 with Joe Wood in The Bottle Imp, which was a very great 
 success. By-the-bye, I had a letter from Joe Wood's son the 
 other day, congratulating me upon my birthday. Mr. Wood 
 stated that his father had died a week before, at the age of 
 ninety, and he added that the old gentleman was talking of me 
 in his last moments. 
 
 " Fanny Kemble also appeared with me at the Opera 
 House. Of course in those days actors and actresses remained 
 a very long time at one place. I remember Morris talking 
 one day to Douglas Jerrold about the long stays some of the 
 members of the company had made at the theatre. ' There's 
 Fred Vining, for instance,' said Morris ; ' he belongs to these
 
 VISIT TO AMERICA. 133 
 
 boards with a vengeance.' ' Yes,' replied Jerrold, ' and he 
 looks as if he were cut out of them.' 
 
 "By-the-bye, talking about those early days reminds me 
 that I came across a letter a week or two ago, which stated 
 that Mrs. Glover was to receive ,£12 a week during her en- 
 gagement at Covent Garden. And that was in the very height 
 of her fame ! What different salaries are paid in the present 
 day. 
 
 " 'When, after many years, we left Covent Garden — where, 
 I may mention, Mrs. Chatterly and Miss Chester were members 
 of the company, the latter being the high comedy lady — we 
 went, if I remember aright, at once to America. That must 
 have been in 1836. Price sent us over there, and I well remember 
 certain circumstances connected with our visit. In those days, 
 of course, nothing was known of English actors and actresses 
 across the Atlantic. The American people didn't want us, 
 and I don't suppose, indeed, that they had ever heard of us. 
 The newspapers did not teem with theatrical intelligence then 
 as they do now. I remember Mr. Keeley saying to Price : 
 ' Mr. and Mrs. Keeley are nobody over there. What's the 
 good of our going ? ' Price replied : ' You go over and you'll 
 see.' Well, we went, and I am not likely ever to forget the 
 voyage out, because when we were in mid-ocean a poor young 
 fellow, one of the passengers, fell overboard and was drowned. 
 On the first two nights of our appearance in America the house 
 was very poor. It was on the morning of the third day that Mr. 
 Keeley said to the manager : ' Excuse me, but I go back home 
 by the first available boat.' The manager drawled in reply : 
 ' Well, perhaps you're right, but I'd wait over Thursday night 
 if I were you.' On the Thursday morning he came to us 
 and said : ' Well, now, suppose we go and see how the box 
 plan looks ? ' We went, and what do you think ? — it was 
 absolutely full. We had made a hit, and the pieces went 
 enormously. It was a little remarkable, because we hadn't 
 brought over a single letter of introduction, and there hadn't 
 been a word about us in the press. 
 
 "We stayed in America twelve months. On our return to 
 England I appeared in. Jack Sheppard at the Adelphi. At that 
 time Yates, the father of Edmund Yates, was the manager. 
 Both he and his wife were playing. 
 
 "Jack Sheppard had a great run. Mrs. Seymour took the 
 part of Winifred Wood, and Paul Bedford was Blueskin. What 
 an enormous success was the song of ' Nix my Dolly Pals,
 
 134 ANXIOUS MOMENTS. 
 
 Fake Away.' As originally arranged, I was to sing the whole 
 song ; but a brilliant idea struck me at rehearsal. I decided 
 that, if I confined myself to the simple refrain, and Paul came 
 in at the end of each line with ; Fake Away,' it would have 
 an excellent effect. I made the suggestion, and it was resolved 
 to act upon it. On the first night the song was encored over 
 and over again, and it turned out to be one of the great hits 
 of the piece. 
 
 "Jack Sheppard was a very exhausting piece for me — so 
 much so, indeed, that I remember on one occasion resting 
 on the sofa between the acts, and falling asleep ; and they 
 only just managed to rouse me in time for the raising of the 
 curtain. 
 
 " On another occasion a hitch occurred in the scenery. 
 There was a front scene on, and I was about to leave the stage 
 — after striking down the man who had been following me, and 
 trying to effect my capture — when Yates appeared at the wings, 
 and whispered : ' For God's sake do something. The scenery 
 behind has gone wrong, and we are not ready yet.' It was a 
 terrible position for me, but I faced it, and fought my way 
 through those few minutes as best I could ; and what I said on 
 the spur of the moment went so well that it was afterwards 
 permanently introduced into the piece. 
 
 "I had many triumphs at the old Adelphi, both at this 
 time and in subsequent years. What a furore Uncle Tom's 
 Cabin created ! Celeste, Miss Woolgar, Alfred Wigan, and 
 Sam Emery were in the cast. I was Topsy, and Emery was 
 Legree. 
 
 " Some weeks before the production of the piece, I had in 
 my possession a beautiful black and white half retriever and 
 half Newfoundland dog. He was gentle enough with me, but 
 very savage with every one else, and I had at last to get rid of 
 him ; so I gave him to the man who was training the dogs that 
 were to be used in pursuit of the runaway slaves — you remember 
 the scene — and of course I cautioned him to on no account 
 allow the brute to run about at large. One night, however, 
 shortly after the production of Uncle Tom, the animal broke 
 loose ; and I shall never forget the fright I had. I and the 
 rest of the slaves, male and female, wore a kind of canvas 
 trousers. Well, I was in this costume, toiling up the steps at 
 the back of the stage, with the child on my back, when I 
 suddenly caught sight of this wretched dog in hot pursuit. Of 
 course he didn't recognise me. I was hurrying off as fast as
 
 MRS. KEELEY AS SMIKE. 135 
 
 I could, anticipating the most unpleasant fate, when, to my 
 inexpressible relief, the super-master rushed forward, seized the 
 brute, and dragged him back into the wings. 
 
 "You remember Bob Romer? He was in Uncle Tom's 
 Cabin, too. One of my greatest successes was in the Last 
 Bays of Pompeii. Macready was good enough to say he was 
 more struck with it than anything I had done before, and Mrs. 
 Yates came round to me between the acts on the first night, 
 and said : ' If you play the next act as you played the first, 
 your fortune's made.' 
 
 " In 1844, Strut, a lawyer living in Buckingham Street, took 
 the Lyceum for a month or two, and engaged Mr. Keeley and 
 myself to play there. It was during that time, I think, that 
 I appeared as Dolph Heyleger. The speculation turned out 
 so well that Mr. Keeley and Strut subsequently went into 
 partnership and managed the theatre together." 
 " When did you play Smike? " I said. 
 Her answer was : 
 
 " Oh, that must have been before. I appeared, you know, 
 both as Smike in Nicholas Nickleby and as Oliver in Oliver 
 Twist. Yates played Fagin, and a magnificent piece of acting 
 it was. As Smike, I was made up a most sad and destitute- 
 looking object, and I shall never forget an ordeal I had to 
 undergo on the first night. The curtain went up and discovered 
 me sitting alone before a wretched fire. I had to rise from where I 
 was, and crawl my way down to the footlights, without speaking. 
 The gloom at the back of the stage had been so dense that I 
 don't think the audience had seen me at first. As I came 
 stealthily forward, they did not quite understand the situation. 
 My costume was certainly very odd, and, as I had recently 
 been playing in many comic parts, I suppose they expected 
 something funny from me. The house evidently thought 
 the scene was intended to be comic, rather than pathetic, 
 and there were roars of laughter. I stood it out ; but it was 
 the most difficult task I ever had. I spoke a few words and 
 the laughter ceased. There was a dead silence, and, as it 
 were, a stifled sob ; and, in a few minutes, there was scarcely a 
 dry eye in the house. 
 
 "Somehow or other the audience always seemed to take a 
 personal interest in me. I remember when The Cricket on the 
 Hearth was brought out, I had just recovered from a fearful 
 illness, and had no business to play. I was looking very sadly, 
 and there had been some doubt in the public mind whether
 
 t 3 6 ANECDOTE OF CHARLES DICKENS. 
 
 it would be possible for me to appear. I did so, however, and 
 I don't think I was ever more gratified, for a number of people 
 in the audience, the instant they caught sight of me, shouted 
 out : ' Oh, Mrs. Keeley, we are glad to see you.' 
 
 " Dickens superintended the rehearsals of Nicholas Nickkby, 
 but I don't think he cared much about any of his works being 
 dramatised. Well, you see, the plays were mere paste and 
 scissors, done by old Stirling, and, at rehearsal, the novelist 
 knocked them about pretty considerably, always effecting an 
 improvement. I remember that in Nicholas Nickleby the 
 adapter had put into Smike's mouth a lot of stuff about ' the 
 little robins in the field ; ' and I shall never forget Dickens's 
 face when he heard me repeating these lines. Turning to the 
 prompter, he said : ' D — n the robins ; cut them out.' What 
 a remarkably pleasant and genial fellow he was ! Our children 
 and his were a good deal together then. We all went down 
 to the Isle of Wight for our holiday together, and I passed 
 some of the pleasantest days that I ever remember at 
 Bonchurch. 
 
 " Burlesques and extravaganzas were very different then to 
 what they are now, though I really doubt, if the polished pieces 
 written by Planche were produced at the present moment, 
 whether they would draw a shilling. I am inclined to think 
 not. But they were gems. Our most successful extravaganzas 
 were played when we were at the Lyceum. The Forty Thieves 
 was one of the best of the kind ever produced. I played 
 Morgiana. Mr. Keeley, Miss Woolgar, and Miss Fairbrother 
 were also in the cast. 
 
 "One of the pieces which I consider most famous for 
 individual acting was Martin Chuzzkivit. Mr. and Mrs. Wigan, 
 Miss Fortescue (Lady Gardner), Miss Woolgar, and Mr. Emery 
 took parts. What a marvellous piece of acting was Wigan's 
 Montague Tigg ! How brutal Emery was as Jonas Chuzzlewit ! 
 Well" (pointing to a picture on the wall), " there is Mr. Keeley 
 as Sairey Gamp. I played Bailey, junior, Vining was Martin, 
 and Frank Matthews — well, there ! he was Pecksniff. Collier 
 played Betsey Prig, old Turner was Nadgett, and poor Jack 
 Saunders took the part of Mark Tapley. I don't think there 
 ever was a stronger cast for a melodrama."
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 A FURTHER CHAT WITH MRS. KEELEY. 
 
 An arduous night's work — Mrs. Keeley's fall from the ladder — The Cricket 
 on the Hearth — Public taste, past and present — Miss Fairbrother and 
 Miss Woolgar — " Half-price" — Two lines that made a great hit — The 
 dog and the costume — Edmund Kean, Macready, and Farren — Mrs. 
 Nisbett and her wonderful laugh — Mr. Keeley's indignation— Ideal 
 managers — Theatrical speculation — Benjamin Webster — Two excellent 
 Mrs. Malaprops — Playing at Windsor Castle — Robson — Mr. Keeley's 
 Shylock — Keeley Halswelle's landscape : the original and the copy. 
 
 " Have you any further recollections of your stay at the 
 Adelphi ? " I asked Mrs. Keeley, on resuming the conversation 
 at a subsequent date. 
 
 "Well," she said, "I don't think I told you of one very 
 arduous night's work that I had. Webster made me play 
 Topsy and Jack Sheppard on the same night once. I thought 
 I should have died. 
 
 " Perhaps you remember the accident I had on the stage. 
 It was the carpenter's fault. In one of the scenes in Jack 
 Sheppard a number of people had to go up one side of an 
 almost perpendicular ladder, and I had afterwards to come 
 down on the other. Of course the ladder ought to have been 
 securely fastened at the top ; but the carpenter didn't take this 
 precaution, contenting himself with merely resting it against 
 the woodwork. Well, all those who had to make the ascent 
 got on all right, but the case was very different with my 
 descent. It was a much more rapid one that I cared about. 
 Almost at the first step, the ladder toppled and fell, and I 
 came down with a crash. My ankle was broken, and I was 
 laid up for two months.
 
 1 38 MISS FAIRBROTHER. 
 
 " After we left the Lyceum, Charles Mathews took it with 
 Vestris, but we had nothing to do with it during their manage- 
 ment. We went to the Haymarket. At that time Webster 
 was lessee both of that theatre and of the Adelphi, he 
 managing one and Celeste managing the other. By-the-bye, I 
 don't think I told you what was the cast in The Cricket on 
 the Hearth. Well, Sam Emery was John Peerybingle — it 
 was an extraordinary piece of acting — Mary was Bertha, 
 old Fred Vining was the Stranger, and Meadows was Caleb 
 Plummer. In pathetic parts there were few better actors than 
 Meadows. 
 
 " Valentine and Orson was a very fine burlesque. Mr. 
 Keeley played Orson and I played Valentine. It made a 
 great hit when it was originally produced at the Adelphi, but 
 years afterwards we played it and it failed completely. Of 
 course the pieces of the present day are adapted to the 
 audiences of the present day. They like what they term 
 ' variety shows.' 
 
 " I wish the weather wasn't so cold, for I want to walk 
 over to an old print-shop in Kensington, where, I am told, 
 there is in the window a splendid likeness of Miss Fairbrother 
 as Robin Hood. She was a very beautiful woman, as perhaps 
 you remember. 
 
 " In The Forty Thieves, and as the Prince in Aladdin, she 
 was incomparable. Her powers as an actress were, indeed, 
 very great. 
 
 "Miss Woolgar was wonderfully successful in the Adelphi 
 dramas — The Flowers of the Forest, for instance, in which she 
 was Lemuel, and Celeste was Cynthia. I was not in the cast, 
 but Wright and Paul Bedford were, and the piece brought 
 crowded houses. Wright was a very funny actor, but, to my 
 taste, he was always a little coarse. For real genuine fun, and 
 what we used to call, in those days, ' legitimate low comedy,' 
 I confess I was very fond of Buckstone. In Shakespearian 
 clowns, and eccentric parts requiring dry, quaint humour, 
 Compton was incomparable. 
 
 " I played in Genevieve ; or, the Chevalier de la Maison 
 Rouge, and here again there was a remarkable cast — Webster, 
 Alfred Wigan, Celeste, Mr. Keeley, and last, but not least, 
 Leigh Murray. How good Leigh Murray was in everything ! 
 Do you remember him as Captain Damer in The Camp at 
 Chobham ? Mary played the part of his daughter, and Mr.
 
 FARCES. 139 
 
 Keeley was Cadbury. Talk of farces — what a farce that 
 was ! But then that style of entertainment was very often the 
 staple commodity of the evening then ; and we have no farces 
 now. Of course there is the curtain-raiser ; but this is gene- 
 rally some little piece borrowed from our neighbours — -I mean, 
 adapted from the French. Possibly the abolition of ' half- 
 price' had something to do with the disappearance of the 
 farce. At nine o'clock, you know, by paying half the price of 
 admission, you could go to nearly every part of the house, so 
 of course it was necessary to split up the entertainment ; and 
 at some of the theatres we had three, and even four, pieces on 
 the same night. 
 
 "But to return to Genevieve. A very funny incident 
 occurred in it. I took a part in which, in one scene, I 
 appeared in boy's clothes, and wore trousers. I was taken 
 before the Judge, and examined, one of the questions put to 
 me being : ' Now, then, where are your accomplices ? " to 
 which I answered : ' I don't wear any. They keep up without.' 
 Those lines made a wonderful hit, and after a few nights it 
 was superfluous for me to answer the question. The audience 
 did it for me. 
 
 " Then I remember a rather amusing dressing-room inci- 
 dent. One night, Celeste was suddenly taken so ill that she 
 couldn't appear, and Miss Woolgar was called upon to take 
 her part. She came hurrying into the dressing-room to get 
 the costume that had to be worn in the first act. It was on a 
 chair, and Delph, Celeste's dog, was on the bundle, prepared 
 to defend it with his life. Entreaties and threats were alike 
 unavailing — the dog showed his teeth, and would not budge 
 an inch. Poor Miss Woolgar was in despair ; but eventually 
 some one (I think Celeste's dresser) was called in, who cap- 
 tured the animal and took it away. 
 
 " When at the Haymarket, I was one day asked by Webster 
 if I would play the Fool in King Lear, which was to be pro- 
 duced on the following evening, on the occasion of Macready's 
 farewell. Well, you know what a long part it is. I demurred 
 at first, but they insisted, so I at last gave way ; and I stayed 
 up all night to learn the words. It went all right, and Macready 
 congratulated me upon the performance. 
 
 "If asked to say who were the greatest actors of my time, 
 I should, for tragedy, put Edmund Kean first, and Macready 
 next ; and, for comedy, I should give the palm to old Farren.
 
 I p THE NISBETT LAUGH. 
 
 Farren was a great actor. In his line I've never seen anybody 
 to touch him. The odd thing about him was that in private 
 life he was anything but bright. I remember his telling me 
 that he did not care about books, and that he never read 
 anything but his parts ; and I could quite believe it. I saw 
 him — I rather think it was on the first night — as Sir Harcourt 
 Courtley, in London Assurance. On his entrance, the valet, 
 Cool, had to trip up to him and remove his cloak, thereby 
 revealing the handsome old man in the full majesty of his 
 appearance ; and, though of course he had already had his 
 reception, he was now accorded a second, and more enthusi- 
 astic one. 
 
 " Mrs. Nisbett was a wonderful actress. No one will ever 
 touch her Lady Gay Spanker. You remember her extra- 
 ordinary laugh ? How far away, before she made her appear- 
 ance from the wing, it rang merrily and musically through 
 the house ! It was contagious, and the whole audience joined 
 in it even before she actually appeared. One evening, Robert, 
 who was out of the bill, visited one of the other theatres, 
 and upon his return, as though violently indignant with 
 something, he banged his hat down upon the table. ' Well, 
 what in the world is the matter?' said I. 'Matter,' he 
 
 retorted, ' why, I've been to see Miss F in a new piece, 
 
 and hang me if she hadn't the impertinence to try the Nisbett 
 laugh. Well, pish ! It was— ah ! eh ! — confound her im- 
 pertinence ! ' And he rushed out of the room, fairly boiling 
 with indignation. 
 
 " In some respects ours is an odd profession, and strange 
 things happen occasionally at rehearsal. I was once trying 
 to get an effect that wouldn't come — you know what I mean. 
 A certain action was required, and try as I would, I couldn't 
 hit upon the right thing. Macready, who was stage-managing, 
 saw at once how I was placed, and cama across to see if he 
 could be of any assistance. He knew quite well what it 
 was I wanted to effect, but couldn't feel his way to it any 
 more than I could. We tried first one thing and then 
 another, but nothing would do ; and at last, in a towering 
 rage, and losing all patience, I crumpled up the book and 
 flung it on to the carpet. And, strangely enough, that 
 action gave me the very clue I wanted ! We both saw it in 
 an instant, and Macready cried out ; ' There you are ; that's 
 perfect.'
 
 MACREADY'S MISTAKES. 141 
 
 " Macready was a wonderful stage manager, as well as 
 actor — thoroughly painstaking, and nothing was too much 
 trouble to him. Nobody could have been more sympathetic. 
 If he saw any member of the company in a difficulty — no 
 matter whether it was leading man or super — he would always 
 chime in, and try to lend a helping hand. In my day there 
 were very few managers like that. Wigan was one, and so 
 was Webster. But then, Macready was, all round, a great 
 artist. 
 
 " Nothing in the wide world, I think, is so uncertain as 
 theatrical speculation, I mean with regard to pieces ; and, 
 as a rule, those who take part in the representation of a new 
 play are very poor judges of its chances of success. In 
 the green-room, at the reading of a piece, I have, on many 
 occasions, known all concerned to be in raptures over their 
 parts. As rehearsals proceeded, they have been perfectly 
 sanguine as to the result ; but, when the piece was actually 
 produced, very little money has been found in it. Now, 
 The Prisoner of War was a capital piece. The cast of The 
 Prisoner of War was exceptionally strong, and the piece 
 ought to have been a little mine of wealth. But it certainly 
 was not, admirably as it was played. But then, I always 
 think it never really had a fair chance. On the first night it 
 was brought out alone, and, on the second, with Acis and 
 Galatea, and so on, from time to time, there being this 
 constant variation. In my judgment, when a piece has once 
 made its mark, the bill should, if possible, be left alone, and 
 the performance allowed to run merrily on. With all his 
 talent, Macready sometimes made mistakes, and this chopping 
 and changing about was one of them. And would you credit 
 it? — on one occasion he insisted upon closing Drury Lane 
 in the Cattle Show week. 
 
 " I think you have heard me say over and over again that 
 Webster was one of the greatest melodramatic actors I ever 
 saw. Of course, I have not forgotten Jim Wallack — who ever 
 could who saw him ? He was immense in The Brigand and 
 Don Ccesar. But there was such versatility about Webster — 
 such natural genius. Besides, he was a very accomplished 
 man. Nothing will ever come near him in The Paused Lion, 
 which, by-the-bye, was serio-comedy. I was in the cast as 
 an antiquated dame, and we had to dance together in a 
 minuet and gavotte. Poor fellow, were he alive, I think, even
 
 142 PLAYING BEFORE THE QUEEN. 
 
 at my age, I'd get up in the middle of the night to play that 
 part. 
 
 "The best 'old woman' that I ever remember, was 
 Airs. Glover. What a Mrs. Malaprop ! She was simply 
 perfection, though, I must admit, Fanny Stirling ran her very 
 hard. 
 
 " Mr. Keeley and I were the first to go to Windsor Castle 
 to play before the Queen and Prince Albert, and the Court. 
 When I say ' we,' I mean that we went with the company, 
 which included Mr. and Mrs. Charles Kean, Wigan, and 
 others. The piece performed was The Merchant of Venice. 
 Mr. Kean was Shylock, Mrs. Kean, Portia, Alfred Wigan, 
 Bassanio, I, Jessica, and Mr. Keeley, Launcelot Gobbo. We 
 played other pieces down there on different occasions, includ- 
 ing The Loan of a Loier. In thinking over days gone by, 
 and the pleasure I have derived in the profession I still love 
 so well, those trips to Windsor afford me many delightful 
 memories. 
 
 " Though the temporary theatre fitted up there was small, 
 the Court audiences were the very best in the world. The 
 Queen and Prince Albert were always present, with the late 
 Duchess of Kent. Upon the dais in front of them sat the 
 Prince of Wales and the Duke of Edinburgh, who at that 
 time were little boys in short frocks. 
 
 " The last time I appeared on the stage was two or three 
 years ago, when I played for Toole's benefit. Betsy Baker was 
 the piece, and, of course, I played my old part of Betsy, Mr. 
 Toole enacting that originally taken by Mr. Keeley. 
 
 " An actor I have not mentioned, but who certainly was 
 very great, was Robson. He had enormous power, and he 
 almost used to make you cry in his burlesque. In one way he 
 reminded me somehow of Garrick. Garrick was great in 
 tragedy, and had a bit of comedy ; Robson was great in 
 comedy, and was almost equally strong in tragedy. In 
 Talfourd's burlesque of Shylock he was very fine ; and this, by- 
 the-bye, reminds me that Mr. Keeley once played Shylock in 
 earnest. I knew you'd laugh, but it's true. When I was first 
 told what Robert was going to do, I flatly refused to believe it. 
 They succeeded, however, in convincing me that such was the 
 fact, and I then observed : ' On that night I shall shut myself 
 up in my room.' It happened in this way. Chapman at that 
 time was lessee of an East End theatre—I'm not sure if it was
 
 LAST APPEARANCE. 
 
 143 
 
 not The City of London — and he asked my husband to take 
 the part, one night when they were all at Kilpack's. You 
 remember Kilpack's, next door to Evans's, in Covent Garden ? 
 It's pulled down now. It was a cigar shop, and upstairs 
 Robert and his professional friends used to meet together and 
 play a rubber after the performance. It was upon one of these 
 occasions that he consented, at Chapman's request, to play 
 Shylock. 
 
 " Joe Langford and a lot of Pa's Garrick friends, when 
 they heard the news, determined to go to the theatre. They 
 were fully prepared to be wonderfully amused ; but a surprise 
 awaited them. They went to scoff and they stayed — well, if 
 not to pray, at any rate to appreciate ; for it was anything but 
 a failure, I can assure you. 
 
 " I have already told you of the last time that I appeared 
 on the stage. But I have spoken in public since then, 
 and this will explain why the children from the hospital 
 presented me with that address upon my birthday. Some 
 two years ago funds were required in order that a new wing 
 might be added to the institution, and I spoke an address 
 that contained an appeal for subscriptions. The result was 
 very gratifying ; and, indeed, I have been a rather successful 
 beggar on behalf of this hospital, for, on a subsequent 
 occasion, I spoke the same address to equally good purpose. 
 It was at a farewell supper given, at a lady's house, to Toole, 
 shortly before his departure for the Antipodes. Henry Irving, 
 and Ellen Terry, and several others were present, and I 
 could not resist their entreaties that I should speak the 
 address ; but I levied blackmail upon them, and raised quite 
 a handsome subscription for my little friends at Great Ormond 
 Street. 
 
 " I should like you to hear the address. I'll speak it to 
 you now," Mrs. Keeley added ; and so she did, and in a way, 
 and with an energy and power that I am not likely ever to 
 forget. 
 
 As I was about to take my departure, she sat down at 
 a little table and recommenced to work at a water-colour 
 drawing upon which she had been engaged when I called. 
 She is marvellously skilful with her brush, and her work is as 
 good to-day as ever it was. Some two or three years ago, she 
 borrowed one of Keeley Halswelle's landscapes to copy, and 
 performed the task so well that, upon the original and the
 
 14+ MRS. KEELEY'S ARTISTIC POWERS. 
 
 copy being placed before the artist himself, it was some 
 minutes before he could say which was his own work. 
 
 The address to which I have referred above ran as 
 follows : 
 
 You asked me here to come and see your Show — 
 I thought I'd done with Dolls some years ago ! 
 I've given up the dolls of childhood's age, 
 And said good-bye to puppets of the stage ! 
 
 I've done with skipping-ropes, and hoops, and toys, 
 With all the simple sport of girls and boys ; 
 And as for hoops ? I scarcely one have see a 
 Since those extensive days of crinoline ! 
 Some toys remain ! But disillusion comes 
 With sawdust stuffing and with broken drums ! 
 
 And yet I count my warmest friends among 
 The bright, the merry, and the laughing young. 
 The children's laughter does me good ; and I 
 Have made their grannies laugh in days gone by ! 
 Their grandchildren repay me with their glee, 
 And make me feel Eighteen at Eighty-three. 
 So here I stand, the Children's Advocate, 
 To plead their cause in Eighteen Eighty-eight ! 
 
 We talk of children's happiness ; but who 
 
 Can picture half the sorrow they go through ? 
 
 Pain's hard for us to bear — 'tis doubly so 
 
 For those poor liny mites, who do not know 
 
 Why they should suffer, as they listless lie, 
 
 To dream and ponder of the reason why? 
 
 And so I thought just now. I chanced to stray 
 
 Within a Ward not very far away : 
 
 A well-warmed, homish room — so clean and light, 
 
 So cheerful, quiet, flower-deckt, and bright. 
 
 In one snug corner, in a cot, I note, 
 
 Propped up by pillows — in a scarlet coat — 
 
 A little girl, who ne'er for many a day 
 
 Has had a hope, or thought, or strength for play. 
 
 Though pain now slumbers, she is ill and weak — 
 
 Too feeble e'en to move, or laugh, or speak : 
 
 A pair of little wasted hands still keep 
 
 In close embrace a well-worn woolly sheep. 
 
 A sweet, sad smile half flickers o'er her face, 
 
 And in those big gray eyes you'll clearly trace 
 
 The sorrow that this little one has seen — 
 
 The weariness her little life has been ! 
 
 Those eyes could better plead, in silent grief, 
 
 Than /, who for our Children hold a brief !
 
 FEATHERS FOR THE WING. 145 
 
 I plead for them, I beg you each to bring 
 
 A tiny feather for our big New Wing : 
 
 Let each one use his thought, his means, his might, 
 
 To aid us in our new successful flight ! 
 
 I crave for them your sympathy untold, 
 Your love, your help, your pity — and your gold ! 
 The last I'm bound to have, for, you must know, 
 I played Jack Sheppard many years ago ! 
 
 I've not forgot his impudence, his dash — 
 His rare persuasive power when seeking cash ! 
 Stand and deliver — sovereigns, fifties, fives — 
 We want your money, for we want their lives !
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 THE LAST OF MY PRACTISING DAYS. 
 
 My recovery — A delightful experience — Staying at Hall Barn, Bucking- 
 hamshire — An unsuccessful attempt to practise — Sir James Paget's 
 kindly rebuke — My last cause celibrc : the alleged Punch libel — 
 "Mrs. Gore-Jenkins: a suburban political lady" — Cross-examination 
 of Mrs. Gent-Davis — The author of the article — Burnand com- 
 mitted for trial — The Lord Mayor's message — A luncheon and its 
 consequences. 
 
 As the readers of my earlier volumes will remember, the 
 doctors from Germany who treated my throat, contracted to 
 remain with me until I was either dead or out of danger. 
 They took their departure at the expiration of a month, as- 
 suring me that, so far as bodily strength went, my recovery 
 would be rapid; and they added that I need entertain very 
 little fear of a recurrence of my disorder. 
 
 I remained at the private hospital, Fitzroy House, Fitzroy 
 Square, for about five weeks more. On the first occasion of 
 my going into the open air, I was driven by the best of friends 
 to Hampstead Heath. I don't think I shall ever forget that 
 day. It was June, and the delight I experienced at seeing 
 everything so bright and beautiful was immense. I did not 
 leave the carriage all the time, not having sufficient strength to 
 walk. 
 
 I could only speak in a whisper, and, as Sir James Paget 
 and Semon had ordered me not to use my voice more than 
 was absolutely necessary, I was in the habit, for some time to 
 come, of writing down anything I wanted to say upon a slate, 
 or a piece of paper, kept by my side for the purpose. 
 
 Absolute rest and quiet were essential for some months, 
 and, when I was strong enough, my medical advisers directed 
 me to go somewhere in the country, accompanied only by my
 
 SIR JAMES PAGET'S REBUKE. 147 
 
 servant, so that I should have little temptation to talk. As 
 the London season was on, my good friends, Mr. and Mrs. 
 Edward Lawson, were away from their beautiful country place, 
 Hall Barn, in Buckinghamshire, and they placed it entirely at 
 my disposal. Only a housekeeper had been left in charge, 
 and thus there was little danger of my indulging in conversa- 
 tion. Being unable to bear the journey by train, I was driven 
 the whole way by road. 
 
 Hall Barn was at one time the country seat of Waller, the 
 poet. Hard by are the famous Burnham Beeches, and, 
 indeed, the surrounding district is one of the loveliest spots in 
 our picturesque country. 
 
 Day by day I wandered in the neighbouring woods and 
 coverts ; and every now and then, in the sylvan solitude, I 
 would try my voice, to see whether or no I was able to speak 
 distinctly. 
 
 I remained in Buckinghamshire for about a month, and 
 was visited there twice a week by Semon, who came to dress 
 the wound and see how I was getting on. 
 
 Up to the time of my return to town, I had always thought 
 that I should completely recover my voice, and be able to 
 continue in the profession I had loved so well. 
 
 My powers of speech gradually improved, but the effort to 
 talk continued to be attended with considerable pain. Eager 
 to be at work again, I returned to the Temple in October, and 
 resolved to try my voice in Court. The effort was not suc- 
 cessful, and I afterwards had an interview with Sir James Paget 
 as to my future, which I determined to leave entirely in his 
 hands and Semon's. 
 
 The result of the interview was a terrible blow to me. I 
 was told that if I attempted to make long speeches, and, in 
 fact, to re-enter the lists as an advocate, I should soon break 
 down, and very likely endanger my life. On hearing this, I 
 could not help exclaiming, somewhat ungratefully, I am 
 afraid : 
 
 " Why did you not tell me this before the operation? " 
 
 The answer I received from Sir James was : 
 
 " W T e tried to save your life, and not your voice." 
 
 I admit I deserved this kindly rebuke. 
 
 It was not fated that I should be idle long. In the month 
 of November my old friend Balguy, one of the magistrates for 
 Greenwich and Woolwich, died, and I was appointed to suc- 
 ceed him. 
 
 L 2
 
 US MR. BURNAND PROSECUTED. 
 
 I continued to practise as well as I could from October 
 to the time of my appointment to the Bench, and the last 
 cause cefebre in which I was engaged as counsel was, oddly 
 enough, one in which I appeared for my old friend, school- 
 fellow, and constant companion, Frank Burnand, the editor of 
 Fundi. 
 
 The case was heard at the Mansion House, before the 
 Lord Mayor, Alderman (afterwards Sir Reginald) Hanson, 
 on Saturday, December 4th. A summons was taken out 
 against Francis Cowley Burnand for a libel alleged to have 
 been published of and concerning Mrs. Gent-Davis, wife of 
 Mr. Gent-Davis, the Conservative member of Parliament 
 for Kennington. Mr. Duke appeared for the complainant, 
 while I and Mr. Benjamin Webster represented the editor of 
 Punch. 
 
 The article, which was published on November 13th, was 
 headed as follows : 
 
 "STUDIES FROM MR. PUNCH'S STUDIO. 
 "II. MRS. GORE-JENKINS — A SUBURBAN POLITICAL LADY." 
 
 This Mrs. Gore-Jenkins was alleged to be intended for 
 Mrs. Gent-Davis. The sketch was laid in " South Brixwood, a 
 transpontine suburb," and this, it was suggested, meant South 
 Brixton, a portion of the district represented by Mr. Gent- 
 Davis. 
 
 Mrs. Jenkins's husband was described in the sketch as a 
 Conservative member of Parliament ; and then followed these 
 words : " As the prefix Gore has somewhat redeemed that 
 gentleman's own patronymic from plebeian and almost comic 
 insignificance, so the possession of such a wife has raised and 
 rescued him from the ruck of opulent nonentities to which he 
 naturally belonged. Mr. Jenkins was merely the dapper and 
 rather characterless successor to the fortune of a very pros- 
 perous sauce manufacturer." 
 
 It was alleged that this description clearly pointed to the 
 prosecutor, as the late Mr. Gent, having no male repre- 
 sentative, willed his name, with his fortune, to his nephew, 
 Mr. Davis. Thus it was clear, said the prosecution, that the 
 article referred to that gentleman and no one else. 
 
 The alleged libel went on to say that an election petition 
 had failed to expose the machinations of Mr. Gore-Jenkins ;
 
 DID "GORE-JENKINS" MEAN "GENT-DAVIS"? 149 
 
 and, as a matter of fact, there had been a petition presented 
 against Mr. Gent-Davis' return, and it had failed. It was said 
 of Mrs. Gore-Jenkins in the article that she " conquered 
 numbers of working men and particularly of working men's 
 wives. How ? Well, that is a point much disputed. Some 
 say she stooped to conquer these — stooped very much indeed ; 
 stooped in a way that honesty could not approve, nor law — ■ 
 could it be invoked — condone. As in the interests of her 
 husband she can be kind and most condescending, so, in the 
 same interest, it is said that she can be unscrupulous and even 
 cruel ; and is it likely that a lady so charming, so condescend- 
 ing, so benevolent, and so truly British, would dream of boy- 
 cotting a poor deluded wretch of a Radical shoemaker, even 
 for the shameful, nay, almost seditious, sin of not voting for 
 her husband ? " 
 
 That paragraph was pointed out by the counsel conducting 
 the prosecution as being beyond doubt intended for the com- 
 plainants ; and my learned friend, in his opening, stated that 
 he should be enabled to show that, so clearly were the libels 
 understood to point to the Member for Kennington and his 
 wife, that people in the constituency constantly alluded to 
 them as " Mr. and Mrs. Gore-Jenkins." 
 
 At the first hearing of the case, after the examination of 
 Mr. Gent-Davis, I stated to the Alderman that Mr. Burnand 
 desired me to assure the Court that the Member for Ken- 
 nington was not in the mind of the writer of the article 
 at the time it was penned ; and I added that my client also 
 desired me to state that he took all responsibility for the 
 publication. 
 
 The case was adjourned until the following day, when Mr?. 
 Gent-Davis was called as a witness. Her cross-examination 
 by me caused considerable merriment. It was as follows : 
 
 "Do you think the description of Mrs. Gore-Jenkins in 
 Punch was really intended for you ? " 
 
 " I do." 
 
 " Do you object to the personal description there given ? " 
 
 " No, I don't object to that." 
 
 " Or to these words : ' The mind of a modern muse, and 
 the mien of a Roman matron ' ? " 
 
 " No, not to that. Really, I have not thought much about 
 it. That is not the libel I complain of, and, if it applies to me, 
 I have no objection to it." 
 
 " Or to these words ; c Mrs. Gore-Jenkins is a power in
 
 150 AN AMUSING CROSS-EXAMINATION. 
 
 South Brixwood, for which new suburban constituency her 
 husband, thanks to her splendid agency and seductive charms, 
 is Conservative member ' ? " 
 
 " No ; I don't object to that at all." 
 
 " Then there occur these words : ' Mrs. Gore-Jenkins is 
 what may, perhaps, be called a spacious personage.' Do you 
 correspond to that description ? " 
 
 " I doubt whether I may be called spacious." 
 
 " Then again : ' Her stately figure seems somehow to fill 
 more space than even its opulent proportions entitle it to.' 
 Do you recognise that ? " 
 
 "Well, there may be different opinions as to that." 
 
 " ' On the polling day she really appeared to be ubiquitous.' 
 Is that right ? " 
 
 " I did my best to pull my husband through, certainly, and 
 I suppose the wives of other Conservative members did the 
 same." 
 
 '"Mrs. Gore-Jenkins has been the inspirer of her husband's 
 political ambition ' ? " 
 
 "I've no objection to that." 
 
 " ' She goaded him on, and she pulled him through ' ? " 
 
 " Certainly. I attempted to do so." 
 
 " ' To bow before Mrs. Gore-Jenkins is a delight ' ? " 
 
 "I've no objection to that." 
 
 "'To timidly touch her neatly gloved hand is tremulous 
 joy'?" 
 
 "Or to that either." 
 
 " ' " She is so affable," cry the men ; " she is so nice," ex- 
 claim the women.' Do you object to that ? " 
 
 " Certainly not." 
 
 "'Of course, Mrs. Gore-Jenkins is the presiding deity of 
 the Primrose League ' ? " 
 
 " I am a Dame-President of the League, as are also a good 
 many of the other wives of Conservative members." 
 
 " ' Mrs. Gore- Jenkins smiled, and conquered while she 
 smiled. She conquered the smart young sons of shopkeepers.' 
 Is that true ? " 
 
 " Well, I did wait upon numbers of the young shopmen, as 
 other members' wives have done." 
 
 " Then come the words : ' She conquered numbers of 
 working men, and particularly of working men's wives. How ? 
 Well, that is a disputed point. Some say she stooped to 
 conquer them — stooped very much indeed ; stooped in a way
 
 SHE STOOPED TO CONQUER. 151 
 
 that honesty could not approve, nor law — could it be invoked 
 — condone '? " 
 
 " I never stooped in any way." 
 
 '• Well, then it can't be meant for you. Then there's 
 something about the lady giving away blankets and soup- 
 tickets ? " 
 
 " That has been suggested during both elections." 
 
 " I suppose you know of a great many other Conservative 
 members' wives who have done the same thing ? " 
 
 " Undoubtedly." 
 
 " And you are still of opinion that the article was intended 
 for you ? " 
 
 " I've not a doubt about it." 
 
 " Even though other Conservative members' wives have 
 done the same thing in almost every particular ? " 
 
 " I still assert it was meant for me, and me alone." 
 
 It transpired, before the hearing was finished, that another 
 personal friend of mine, Mr. Millikin, was the author of the 
 article. He protested to me, not only that he had not intended 
 any reference to Mr. and Mrs. Gent-Davis, but that he knew 
 nothing about them. 
 
 The Lord Mayor intimated that the case must be settled 
 by a jury, and that, as Mr. Burnand desired to take every 
 responsibility, and as, in fact, he was the only person accused, 
 he must be committed, on his own recognisances, to take his 
 trial at the Central Criminal Court for publishing libel. My 
 client was accordingly committed. 
 
 The end of this case was really most remarkable. The 
 hearing concluded just before luncheon-time, and, as I was 
 ' about to leave the Court, the Lord Mayor sent me the follow- 
 ing message : " Don't you think all the parties in the case had 
 better come in and lunch with me ? " 
 
 I conferred with the opposing counsel, with the result that 
 we all — complainant, defendant, counsel, and solicitors — pro- 
 ceeded to partake of his lordship's hospitality in the Egyptian 
 Chamber. 
 
 I had known Reginald Hanson from his boyhood. He is 
 as good-natured a fellow as ever breathed, as well as a thorough 
 //on vivant ; and before the end of the luncheon, all parties in 
 the case had shaken hands. It was arranged that, as a com- 
 mittal had actually taken place — the depositions having been 
 forwarded to the Central Criminal Court — the indictment 
 must be preferred ; but it was agreed that, if Mr. Millikin
 
 152 AN AMICABLE UNDERSTANDING. 
 
 wrote an assurance that Mr. and Mrs. Gent-Davis were not 
 contemplated by him in any way at the time the article was 
 written, no evidence should be offered. 
 
 The case came on at the Old Bailey in about a fortnight's 
 time, when the course that had been suggested was adopted. 
 
 Most of my readers will be aware of what ultimately 
 happened to the complainant.
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 THE DISTRESS AT GREENWICH. 
 
 Metropolitan police magistrates — The North and West districts — Green- 
 wich and Woolwich — Mr. Traill — A period of exceptional distress — 
 My poor-box and the claims upon it — I write to The Times — A cor- 
 respondent's criticisms — My reply — Further testimony to the distress 
 — A clergyman's indignation— Letter from the Rev. E. J. Beck — How 
 the money was disposed of — The number of cases relieved. 
 
 I received my appointment as one of the Metropolitan 
 Police Magistrates from Mr. Matthews, the Home Secretary, 
 in the month of December. After being, in the usual way, 
 sworn in before a judge, I was at once directed to take my seat 
 at Greenwich and Woolwich. 
 
 For the metropolis there are, in all, some twenty-four 
 magistrates ; and, at the present time, London is divided into 
 two magisterial districts — North and West. The group of 
 magistrates in each district act in union together. 
 
 Among the Courts in the West district are Bow Street, 
 Marylebone, Westminster, Hammersmith, West London, Lam- 
 beth, and Wandsworth ; and in the North district, Worship 
 Street, Thames, Greenwich and Woolwich, Clerkenwell, South- 
 wark, and North London (formerly known as Dalston). 
 
 Most of the Courts have two magistrates attached to them. 
 Exceptions are, however, to be found in the cases of North 
 London and Wandsworth (each of which has only one), and 
 Greenwich and Woolwich (which have two between them). 
 The magistrates attached to the latter Courts have to pass 
 from one to the other, sitting from ten till one at Greenwich, 
 and from two till five at Woolwich. In this circumstance is 
 probably to be found the reason why these appointments are 
 less sought after than the others,
 
 i 5 4 STARVING CROWDS. 
 
 However, some distinguished men have sat at Greenwich 
 and Woolwich — notably Mr. Traill (the father of the eminent 
 journalist, and editor of the The Observer), who died some 
 twenty years ago. He resided at Blackheath, among his 
 people, and to this day he is spoken of in the neighbourhood 
 with gratitude and respect. 
 
 With the exception of the dwellers in the East End, the 
 inhabitants of this locality — usually known as the " waterside 
 district " — are the poorest and most wretched to be found in 
 the metropolis. Here it was that I first came face to face 
 with the misery, destitution, and patience of the poorer 
 classes. 
 
 It happened that the close of 1886, and the early months 
 of 18S7, covered a period of exceptional distress in the district. 
 The winter was a severe one, and the consequent misery was 
 almost beyond description. 
 
 One of the various duties that devolve upon a magistrate is 
 to place himself, on his arrival in Court, at the disposal of any 
 one who desires to ask him a question, or who has a tale 
 of sorrow and distress to unfold. As a rule, on arriving at your 
 Court, you find from fifty to a hundred persons waiting to 
 engage your attention. You are supposed to know everything, 
 and you are expected to give advice, if not pecuniary assistance, 
 to any one in need of it. 
 
 In a little while the doors of my Courts were besieged 
 daily with eager crowds. There was stagnation in the 
 building and iron trades, and many of the yards were closed. 
 Thousands were out of work, and whole families were dying of 
 starvation, and rotting with disease. 
 
 Each Police Court has its poor-box, but even in the best of 
 times it is a matter of much difficulty and anxiety to adapt its 
 contents to the calls that are made upon it. It was not long 
 before I perceived that my box was being rapidly drained. 
 
 I was at my wits' end to know what to do. To stand 
 quietly by and see, morning after morning, those heartrending 
 scenes — men and women with gaunt cheeks and sunken eyes 
 imploring my assistance — was impossible. I was a novice in 
 such matters, and not yet particularly strong, and probably 
 these circumstances assisted to make my position unbearable. 
 
 In a little while my poor-box would be entirely exhausted, 
 and what was I to do then ? A happy thought struck me. 
 Why not appeal to the public ? 
 
 I had always thought, and I think still, that funds for the
 
 MY APPEAL IN THE TIMES. 155 
 
 alleviation of distress and misery can be better administered 
 by the magistrate than by any one else. To begin with, there 
 is no deduction of the money for expenses. Whatever comes 
 to the poor-box is handed to the clerk, who keeps an account 
 at the nearest bank, and draws out the money as it is required. 
 Then again, who knows, or ought to know, the district and its 
 inhabitants so well as the magistrate ? He is aware of the par- 
 ticular streets where the greatest poverty exists ; the several 
 industries of the place are familiar to him ; he can tell the 
 provident from the improvident ; and he is surrounded by 
 officers who, in the discharge of their duties — the serving of 
 School Board summonses, the execution of warrants, etc., 
 acquire an intimate knowledge of the poor in the division. 
 Thus the magistrate not only has his own knowledge and 
 experience to rely upon, but (which is often of far more 
 account) that of his subordinates. 
 
 One bitterly cold morning — the snow had, at intervals, 
 been falling for nearly three days and three nights — I deter- 
 mined to write to The Times. Accordingly, during the hour 
 for luncheon — for which, in truth, I had little heart — I penned 
 the following letter : 
 
 " Distress in Greenwich. 
 
 "(To the Editor of 'The Times:) 
 
 "Sir, — I venture to appeal through your columns to the 
 charitable for aid for the suffering poor of this district. I have 
 in my division — the poorest part of the metropolis — over 
 600,000 souls. It occurred to me some time ago that the 
 easiest, quickest, and most economical way to relieve the poor 
 in the neighbourhood was through this Court. The lower 
 orders come to the presiding magistrate in all their troubles, 
 and pour out their sorrows to him when they will not do so to 
 anybody else. The Court has warrant officers, etc., who can 
 make inquiries at once as to the respectability of the applicants, 
 and, as this costs nothing, the money given goes straight, 
 without any deduction for expenses, and without delay, to 
 those seeking relief. Bis dat qui cito dat. I find my notion 
 most successful. I sit here three days a week, and have 
 relieved some hundreds with temporary assistance (a few 
 shillings and a coal ticket). To-day, I regret to say, I have 
 had to turn away over 150 people, for want of means, my
 
 r56 A CORRESPONDENT'S CRITICISMS. 
 
 available funds being exhausted. There are many who are 
 blessed with a superabundance of the good things of this life, 
 and to their notice I venture to commend this letter. 
 " I have the honour to be, 
 
 " Your obedient servant, 
 
 " Montagu Williams. 
 
 "Police Court, Greenwich, January IJtk." 
 
 My appeal, as I shall show by-and-by, was crowned with a 
 success that exceeded my fondest expectations. My efforts, 
 however, were not fated to go unchallenged by criticism, and 
 on January 19th the following letter appeared in the columns 
 of the journal in which I had made my appeal : 
 
 "Relief at the Police Courts. 
 
 "{To the Editor of ' The Times. ') 
 
 "Sir, — Mr. Montagu Williams offers, as a police magis- 
 trate with a district of 600,000 people, to relieve all the needy 
 among that population if he is provided by the benevolent 
 with adequate funds. Those who have been accustomed to 
 the work of relief must be amused at such courage. One 
 of the difficulties of that work is to deal fairly with all 
 applicants, seeing that equal justice is done to all. Another 
 is to verify, by independent evidence, any statement made by 
 or on behalf of an applicant. Mr. Montagu Williams under- 
 takes to make all needful inquiries by means of the officers of 
 his Court. If the magistrate and the officers of such a Court 
 as that of Greenwich have leisure for this immense work, 
 it might be well that the Home Secretary should consider 
 whether there is not an opening for a considerable reduction 
 of the public expenditure. 
 
 " The poor-box at the Police Courts was intended to 
 enable the magistrate to give help in cases which came before 
 him as a magistrate. To make the Police Court a relief agency 
 is to violate the sound rule that one public department shall 
 not take upon itself the work expressly assigned to another. 
 
 " Your obedient servant, 
 
 "D." 
 
 With regard to the observation about the officers of 
 the Court, I may mention that I had applied to Scotland
 
 My reply. 157 
 
 Yard for leave to use some of the men, and had been told 
 that permission could not be granted. There was still, 
 however, my warrant officers and my clerks available ; and 
 what I should have done without them I really do not 
 know. Their heart was in the work, and they did not 
 spare themselves. 
 
 I did not allow " D.'s " letter to go unanswered. On 
 the day on which it appeared, I wrote as follows to The 
 Times : 
 
 " Distress in Greenwich. 
 
 11 (To the Editor of 'The Times.') 
 
 " Sir, — In answer to the letter of your anonymous corre- 
 spondent, ' D.,' I beg to state, for his information, that I 
 have fully realised the difficulties of the task I have under- 
 taken (I have been accustomed to deal with them all my 
 life), and that the days that I devote to the unemployed are 
 the three upon which I am not sitting as a magistrate, and 
 are entirely at my own disposal. 
 " I am, Sir, 
 
 " Your obedient servant, 
 
 "Montagu Williams. 
 
 " 9, Aldford Street, Park Lane, W. 
 "January 19th." 
 
 On January 25th the following paragraph appeared in 
 The Times : 
 
 " The publicity which has been given in The Times to 
 the distress existing in Greenwich and Deptford has re- 
 sulted in large sums of money being sent by benevolent 
 persons to the several charitable agencies at work in the 
 two boroughs. In response to the appeal made by Mr. 
 Montagu Williams, a sum of about ^450 has been realised 
 by the Greenwich Police Court Poor Box Unemployed 
 Fund ; while an influential relief committee, with Mr. Evelyn, 
 M.P., and the Rev. Dr. Cundy at the head, has been 
 established in Deptford, and has opened offices in Nile 
 Street, New Town. The Deptford Philanthropic Society is 
 also working hard to cope with the needs of the district ; 
 while the Greenwich Society for the Relief of Distress, and 
 the local branches of the Charity Organisation Society,
 
 153 HOW THE CLERGYMAN WAS INCONVENIENCED. 
 
 together with other kindred institutions, are assisting with 
 such good results that the effects of the lack of employment 
 promise soon to pass away. The great works of Messrs. 
 John Penn and Son, the engineers, at Greenwich, have 
 just been reopened, after being almost at a standstill for a 
 considerable period ; and there are other signs manifest of 
 a revival of trade in the district. It is hoped that the 
 Metropolitan Board will shortly put in hand the work for 
 the erection of the authorised Thames Tunnel at Greenwich 
 to Blackwall, and will also deal with a large vacant plot of 
 land at East Greenwich, under the Artisans' Dwellings Act. 
 These works would find employment for hundreds of hands, 
 and the local authorities have determined to petition the 
 Board to commence them at once. The London, Chatham, 
 and Dover Railway Company's extension works at Greenwich, 
 now being carried out by Messrs. Lucas and Aird, provide 
 labour for a large number of men, and altogether the out- 
 look of the working classes of Greenwich and Deptford is 
 decidedly encouraging." 
 
 During the next few weeks much further testimony was 
 borne in the pages of The Times to the destitution and 
 misery that prevailed in my division. 
 
 At an early stage of my efforts to combat the terrible 
 want, it became evident to me that I must adopt some 
 means for distinguishing between cases that were deserving, 
 and cases that were not. I had recourse to the usual ex- 
 pedient of insisting that each applicant should produce 
 credentials — that is to say, a letter from a minister of 
 religion, or other responsible person, testifying to the genuine 
 character of the application. 
 
 Herein originated a fruitful source of grievance ; and I 
 well remember one letter that I received — couched in terms 
 that were more emphatic than polite — from a clergyman 
 who took umbrage at my conduct. What did I mean, he 
 asked indignantly, by sending, morning after morning, crowds 
 of people to block up his doorway ? 
 
 I am afraid my correspondent must have been very 
 much inconvenienced, and I am sorry for it, because he 
 was a good-hearted fellow, and, before many weeks had 
 gone by, one of the loudest in his approval of what had been 
 done. 
 
 Of the many letters of thanks I received at the time, the 
 following will serve as an example :
 
 A LETTER OF THANKS. 159 
 
 "Tus Rectory, KoriiERHiniF, S.E., 
 
 ''■March 12///, 1S8S. 
 
 "My dear Sir, 
 
 " I must write a few lines to offer you, on behalf of my 
 many poor people, as well as for myself, our grateful thanks 
 for the very acceptable relief which you have lately bestowed 
 upon them. 
 
 " Whatever political economists may say, we who pass 
 our lives in the poor quarters of this great City have to 
 witness, winter by winter, a sad amount of inevitable 
 suffering, caused by depression in trade and other causes 
 of slackness of work. 
 
 " These poor men, who always live from hand to mouth, 
 have no means of following the course of prosperity, from 
 the Thames to the Clyde, or elsewhere. They remain on 
 where they have once found work, in a hopeless kind of 
 way, and the great remedy of emigration is supposed not 
 to be open to them, as they are not agricultural labourers 
 nor skilled artisans. Nor does the Government lift a finger 
 to help them to get out of this overpopulated island. 
 
 " But I must not get into a disquisition, when I only 
 desired to thank you very heartily for your timely aid, which 
 has given very real assistance; and these poor fellows have 
 expressed sincere gratitude. 
 
 "My own Parochial Relief Fund is very small, and 
 quite inadequate for anything beyond the relief of the sick 
 and aged. 
 
 " I am, 
 
 " Yours very truly, 
 
 " Edward Josselyn Beck. 
 
 "Montagu Williams, Esq., Q.C." 
 
 Up to the 27th of February, the sum received as the 
 result of the appeal in The Times was ,£1,519 12^. id. The 
 particulars of the disbursements were as follows : 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 Coals 325 o o 
 
 Soup (bags and tickets) . . . . . . 66 10 6 
 
 Donations to Clergy and subscriptions to Societies . 29 10 o 
 
 Sums paid to applicants at the Greenwich Court . . 1,051 14 6 
 
 Sums paid to applicants at the Woolwich Court . . 99 10 o 
 
 Total . £i,572 5 o
 
 i6o THE NUMBER OF CASES RELIEVED. 
 
 I should explain that the difference between this sura 
 and the amount mentioned above as having been received, 
 was derived from current donations to the poor-box. I 
 should mention further that several hundred extra bags of 
 soup were presented to me by Messrs. L. and A. de 
 Rothschild, and were distributed during the period in 
 question. 
 
 The number of cases relieved was, in Greenwich, 4,274, 
 and, in Woolwich, 275, showing thus a total of 4,549. 
 
 At these Courts the value of coal annually distributed 
 is about ;£ioo, while the moneys paid away to applicants 
 every year, varies from ^100 to ^150.
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 DESTITUTION, DISEASE, AND DEATH. 
 
 The donations to my fund — Messrs. Rothschild's princely generosity — 
 Starving women and half- naked children — Lord Macaulay's forcible 
 observations — Rooms oozing with filth — Mill Lane, Deptford — A 
 pathetic case — My assistance comes too late — One of the "lower 
 orders" — The man who shared his only shilling— Sexton's Court, 
 Lamb Lane, and York Street — Representations of the medical officer 
 — The stolen chair ; a harrowing story — Did starvation excuse the 
 crime ? 
 
 I was very much struck with the number of small donations 
 to my fund. There were many sums of ten and five shillings, 
 and I even received postal orders for single shillings. In 
 almost every case the donor explained that it was the want of 
 means alone that prevented him sending a larger contribution. 
 I received donations from every part of England, and some 
 came from Scotland. Among the donations I received was a 
 cheque for ^20. 
 
 It was often my practice, when I had finished at Woolwich, 
 to return to Greenwich, and remain there, distributing tickets 
 and administering other relief, till late in the evening. One 
 night, on reaching home very fatigued, after prolonging my 
 day's work in this manner, I was informed by my servant that 
 a gentleman wished to see me on important business con- 
 nected with my Court. The card placed in my hand bore 
 a name which I at once recognised as that of the secretary 
 to the Messrs. Rothschild. This was the firm from whom 
 I had received the ,£20 ; and so I was at a loss to understand 
 the object of this gentleman's visit. Upon being shown into 
 my room, he explained that he had called from Messrs. 
 Rothschild in reference to the distress in Greenwich. I 
 replied : 
 
 M
 
 162 PRINCELY GENEROSITY. 
 
 "Why, they have already subscribed most handsomely to 
 my fund, and I have written to return them my most grateful 
 thanks ; " for I made it a rule, in every case where the 
 donation was not forwarded anonymously, to send a personal 
 letter of thanks, besides acknowledging the receipt of the 
 money in The Times. 
 
 "Oh," said my visitor, "my business is of more importance 
 than that donation. I am the bearer of a very large cheque 
 for you, which is sent in the hope that it may be of assistance 
 in the charitable work you have undertaken. You will be 
 surprised, I dare say, at the amount, for it is a large 
 one." 
 
 I remarked that I had lived too long to be surprised at 
 anything. 
 
 Taking an envelope from his pocket, my visitor then 
 handed me a cheque for ,£480, making, with the ^20 already 
 received, a total donation from the firm of ^500. 
 
 "It is the Messrs. Rothschild's wish," he said, "that, if 
 you acknowledge this sum in The Times, you will describe 
 it as a gift from two friends." 
 
 These gentlemen evidently belong to the small class 
 who do good by stealth, and blush to find it fame. As, 
 however, it is a long time since the occurrence, I do not 
 think I am doing wrong in giving this publicity to their 
 kind generosity. 
 
 It would be impossible for me to describe the harrowing 
 scenes that I witnessed during the peregrinations I made 
 in the district, for the purpose of visiting the destitute and 
 inquiring into their condition. In the courts and alleys I 
 found starving men and women, half-naked children, and 
 rooms entirely without furniture. Not only was starvation 
 doing its terrible work, but small-pox, typhoid, and many 
 other disorders were prostrating family after family. 
 
 Upon making inquiries, I found that no living soul had 
 been near many of the houses — no clergyman, no doctor, 
 no relieving officer. I do not wish, however, to lay blame 
 on any shoulders where possibly no blame is due. The 
 population of Deptford, Rotherhithe, and the neighbouring 
 districts is so large that it would be utterly impossible for 
 the few clergymen stationed there to visit all the homes. The 
 doctors would very properly say that they could not go where 
 they were not sent for, and the relieving officers, slicking to 
 official routine, might also plead that the application should
 
 MILL LANE, DEPTFORD. 163 
 
 be made to them. Still, there was the fact — no one hand 
 had been held out to help the poor creatures. They had 
 been left to starve and die alone. 
 
 Macaulay says : " Higher than pecuniary interests are at 
 stake. It concerns the commonwealth that the great body 
 of the people should not live in a way which makes life 
 wretched and short, which enfeebles the body and pollutes 
 the mind. If, by living in houses which resemble hog-sties, 
 a great number of our countrymen have contracted the tastes 
 of hogs, if they have become so familiar with filth and stench 
 and contagion that they burrow without reluctance in holes 
 which would turn the stomach of any man of cleanly habits, 
 that is only an additional proof that we have too long 
 neglected our duties, and an additional reason for our 
 performing them." 
 
 I could not help thinking of these words. My experience 
 of the way in which even the industrial classes were living in 
 this neighbourhood was certainly most astounding. I had 
 never seen anything of the kind before, for this was my first 
 absolute contact with the miseries of my poorer brethren. 
 Whole families lived in one room — husband and wife, little 
 children, and growing boys and girls. They ate and drank 
 together, went to bed together, and washed and dressed 
 together. It was the same in summer and winter — in sickness 
 and in health. 
 
 Under the windows of nearly every house were heaps 
 of filthy garbage, which the people trod into their very rooms. 
 Most of these rooms were but six feet wide by nine feet long. 
 The furniture seldom consisted of more than a broken 
 bedstead, a wash-hand stand (which also served for a table), 
 and a chair — generally without a seat. But this is the best 
 side of the picture. The majority of the rooms had no 
 furniture at all, not even a bedstead. There would be an old 
 sack in the corner, and upon that the whole family, consisting 
 sometimes of six, seven, and even eight persons, would lie 
 at night. 
 
 One of the very worst places in Deptford was Mill Lane. 
 There were few respectable persons living there ; it was peopled 
 mainly by thieves, prostitutes, vagrants, beggars, and tramps of 
 every description. There were a great many Irish there. 
 
 In one of the houses, in a room totally destitute of furni- 
 ture, I found a woman and five children. The poor creature's 
 face was in itself an evidence that she had no share in the 
 
 M 2
 
 164 A PAINFUL CASE. 
 
 crime which made the place notorious. She was in the last 
 stage of consumption, and her whole condition was most de- 
 plorable. Her husband, a labourer in Deptford Market, was 
 at the time of my visit in the workhouse, suffering from a 
 severe attack of sciatica. Her children, none of whom wore 
 more than one garment, had hungry eyes, and were pitiable to 
 behold. 
 
 On my questioning her, the woman told me that she had 
 been able to obtain a little food for her children by hawking 
 things in the street, but that she found herself unable to get 
 the money to pay her rent. When I asked why she had not 
 gone with her family into the union, I saw the old sullen look. 
 No ; she would rather " struggle on." Struggle on ! Good 
 God, with what hope ! I next asked her why she had not 
 applied at my Court for help. She replied that she had pro- 
 posed to do so on the morrow, if she could manage to drag 
 her wasted limbs so far. 
 
 Having given her immediate assistance with coal, soup- 
 tickets, and money, I took my departure, promising to return 
 in a few days ; and, on my way back, I called in upon a doctor 
 who was assisting me in my work, and made him promise to 
 give the case his immediate attention. 
 
 I kept my word, and called again at the house in a few 
 days, but only to find that my assistance had come too late. 
 The woman had died two days after my first visit, and had 
 been buried that morning. The husband, who I heard was 
 worse, was still confined in the infirmary, and, so far as I could 
 gather, was ignorant of his wife's death. I asked what had 
 become of the children, and was told that a neighbour had 
 taken them away. Learning this neighbour's address, which 
 was in an adjoining street, I hastened thither. 
 
 Upon arriving at the house, I was greatly moved by what 
 I heard and saw. The man and his wife (God help them !) 
 were living much in the same way as the poor woman had 
 lived whose body had that morning been placed underground. 
 There was no furniture in the room, and, although it was 
 bitterly cold, no fire. They themselves had four children, 
 the poor little creatures having scarcely a rag to their backs ; 
 and upon my asking the unfortunate couple how, in their 
 exceedingly pitiable state, they could think of assuming such 
 an extra burden as the little ones of their dead neighbour, the 
 man answered : 
 
 " Poor little things, they can share what we've got. It's
 
 THE "LOWER ORDERS." 165 
 
 very little, but they're welcome to it. Maybe it will be our 
 turn next, and, if so, we can all starve together." 
 
 I confess I found it rather difficult to speak, and I longed 
 to take that fellow by the hand. However, what was more to 
 the purpose, I dropped something into it, telling him to call at 
 my Court on the following day. He did so, and I gave them 
 all relief; and when I quitted Greenwich, some months after- 
 wards, it afforded me the greatest satisfaction to know that I 
 was leaving my tender-hearted friend in permanent work, and 
 his family in comparative happiness and prosperity. And 
 this was a member of the " lower orders," as we term them ! 
 Where could one find such real charity, and such nobility of 
 character, among the upper classes ? 
 
 This was by no means an isolated case. I frequently 
 had evidence before me of noble conduct of this character. 
 It seemed, indeed, that the greater the destitution and misery 
 of one of these unfortunate persons, the greater his or her 
 consideration for the destitution and misery of those around. 
 
 In a house in Rotherhithe, I found two large . families 
 occupying rooms on the same floor and opposite to one 
 another. All the members of one of the families — father, 
 mother, and five children — were stricken down by typhoid. 
 Their room was entirely destitute of furniture, and, as you 
 trod the floor, sewage oozed through. The larger family in 
 the opposite room also lived in this terrible condition, but as 
 yet the fever had not appeared among its members. The 
 father of this family was out of work, but one day he had the 
 rare good fortune to earn a shilling at a stone-yard. What 
 followed is scarcely credible, but I am speaking of what came 
 within my own positive knowledge. On arriving home he 
 entered the opposite room, and shared that shilling with his 
 helpless neighbours. 
 
 In this same house, I visited a back room on the ground- 
 floor. It was a room that contained less than eight hundred 
 cubic feet ; and here a man, his wife, and his three children — 
 one six years old, one seven, and one eight — lived and slept. 
 The room was filthy, and the atmosphere disgusting. 
 
 The wash-house, on the same floor, was inhabited by 
 another entire family — man, wife, and three children, the last- 
 named being aged respectively five, six, and ten years. This 
 apartment was also most disgusting, and two of the children 
 were down with the small-pox. 
 
 I ascertained that the sanitary inspector had commenced
 
 166 THE STOLEN CHAIR. 
 
 proceedings against the owner of this house exactly fourteen 
 months before the date of my visit. Notices had been served, 
 and the usual reports had been made, but nothing had been 
 done to remedy the evil. 
 
 This house was in Sexton's Court, and there were several 
 others in this thoroughfare in the same condition. Lamb Lane 
 and York Street contained buildings of a precisely similar 
 character. The medical officer had declared all these tene- 
 ments to be " dangerous to health and utterly unfit for human 
 habitation." This was the official description of the existing 
 state of things, and words cannot go much further. But what 
 action had the authorities taken in consequence of the represen- 
 tations of their officer? Absolutely none. 
 
 I could fill page after page with descriptions of houses in 
 this neighbourhood — houses which, in the literal sense of the 
 words, were, and still continue to be, a disgrace to civilisation. 
 
 A rather curious case came before me at my Court, and it 
 shows how careful one should be to thoroughly sift every charge 
 that is made. A tall and respectable-looking man, with a face 
 stamped by trouble and misfortune, was accused of stealing a 
 chair. Evidence was given that some chairs, and other articles 
 of furniture, were standing outside a second-hand upholsterer's 
 in Church Street, Deptford, a busy and much-frequented 
 thoroughfare ; that a man was seen by a policeman to go up 
 to the shop, take up a chair, and quietly walk away with it ; 
 and that that man was undoubtedly the prisoner in the dock. 
 Upon my asking him if he had anything to say, he simply 
 shook his head. I was about to sentence him, when the police 
 inspector of the district, a most excellent and trustworthy 
 officer, jumped up and said : 
 
 " I should like to make a few remarks about this case, if 
 your worship will allow me. This is a most respectable and, 
 when he can obtain employment, a most hard-working man. 
 Since he has been in custody this morning, in consequence of 
 what he said to me, and knowing from his antecedents that it 
 would be unlikely he was deceiving me, I have been to the 
 room where he and his family are living. I never saw anything 
 much more terrible, even in the present distress, than that 
 room. I found that his family consisted of eight. There were 
 two little children lying dead in the corner of the room, and 
 the woman was lying on the floor with her surviving children 
 around her. None of them had tasted food for days. The 
 two children had died of starvation, and the others appeared to
 
 HEALTHY AND HAPPY. 167 
 
 be rapidly going the same way. I went out and procured 
 what temporary assistance I could for them. It is quite clear 
 to me, sir, that that man had borne his troubles as long as he 
 could. He had simply gone out and taken the first thing 
 that came to his hand, for the purpose of buying food, being 
 unable any longer to bear the sight of his little ones starving 
 around him." 
 
 Well, of course, if you are to follow the strict letter of the 
 law, starvation is no excuse for crime ; and some might 
 consider that, under any circumstances, the man ought to have 
 been punished, as, otherwise, a bad example would be set. 
 Such, however, was not my view. I thanked the officer and 
 helped the man; and the sequel showed that I was right. 
 He, too, when I left Greenwich, was in permanent employment. 
 The family were in a respectable and cleanly room, and, 
 apparently, were both healthy and happy. The man had set 
 his face against the past, and I should say that, in the whole 
 district, there was no one less feloniously disposed.
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 WOOLWICH PLAGUE-SPOTS. 
 
 A visit from one of my schoolfellows — The old ladies he sent me — Pros- 
 perous Woolwich — Cannon Row and its inhabitants — Bad women and 
 worse men — Rope Yard Kails — The colony of gin palaces — A three 
 months' return of charges — A letter from the present magistrate — The 
 Rev. J. W. Horsley's appeal — Vicious profits for virtuous thrift — Will 
 the local authorities take action? 
 
 My district, besides including Greenwich, Woolwich, Deptford, 
 and Rotherhithe, extended over the whole of that part of Kent 
 which is within the metropolitan area. Therefore, as might be 
 expected, many applications for a share of my fund came from 
 Plumstead and the surrounding locality, known as the 
 Marshes. 
 
 One afternoon I was delighted at receiving a visit from my 
 old Eton schoolfellow, the Rev. John Bent, who was the 
 rector of one of the parishes in this district. Who of my time 
 at the old school will ever forget honest John Bent ? Who 
 does not remember that sturdy figure taking the wall at the 
 football matches between Collegers and Oppidans, Punch 
 Goodall backing up as second man, and Arthur Coleridge as 
 long behind ? I had not seen Bent since those schooldays, 
 but I found he was not a bit changed. His face was as 
 merry as ever, and it glowed with delight as we shook hands. 
 
 Bent told me that he had arranged for a number of old 
 ladies to apply to me for help, in the shape of coals and soup ; 
 and a funny, antiquated lot they proved to be ! They were 
 nearly all of them Irish, and I am afraid they must have got 
 somewhat on the blind side of his reverence, upon whose head 
 they seemed never tired of showering blessings and good 
 wishes,
 
 CRIME AT WOOLWICH. 169 
 
 I had little trouble with the poor of Woolwich. On visiting 
 their homes I found that very few of them were in actual 
 need. 
 
 Of course, the Arsenal and the Dockyard furnish work for 
 a great many persons, and the town itself is a comparatively 
 flourishing one. The slum population is remarkably small, 
 though the place is very far from being without a fair share of 
 the criminal classes. Any number of thieves may be found 
 there, as well as many receivers of stolen property, and 
 " marine store dealers " who do not refuse to do business in 
 goods marked with the broad arrow. 
 
 The worst place in the district is Cannon Row, a resort of 
 wretched women, bullies, and criminals of the vilest description. 
 Most of the men there live on the proceeds of robbery, outrage, 
 and even worse. Over and over again I have heard policemen 
 declare that they dare not venture down this thoroughfare 
 singly ; and I firmly believe that murder might occur in 
 Cannon Row, and the remains be disposed of, without any 
 one outside being any the wiser. The miserable fallen women 
 are bad enough, but they are by no means the worst inmates 
 of the Row. Day after day, and night after night, unwary 
 or drunken persons are entrapped, assaulted, and robbed there 
 by ruffians lost to all sense of manhood and shame. 
 
 How it is that the Local Board has allowed this Alsatia 
 to exist so long, will always remain a mystery to me. 
 
 Rope Yard Rails is another very black spot. The rooms 
 here, as in Cannon Row, are nearly all let singly, the weekly 
 rents being from four to six shillings. Gin palaces, with their 
 mahogany bars and glittering lights, are to be found in every 
 direction, especially towards Beresford Square ; and in these 
 places gather the vicious and the criminal, who would not 
 hesitate, were it possible, to pawn their souls for liquor. 
 
 I paid more than one visit to these thoroughfares, and I 
 doubt whether, even in the East End of London, or the 
 slums of Glasgow, Paris, Marseilles, Constantinople, or New 
 York, any place could be found to equal these hells upon 
 earth. And to think that they are within a stone's throw of 
 the Royal Arsenal ! 
 
 In a three months' return of charges from Cannon Row, I 
 find ten felonies, twelve assaults, and sixty-three "drunk and 
 disorderlies." To these, of course, must be added an unknown, 
 though anything but insignificant, quantity of offences that did 
 not come within the cognisance of the police.
 
 170 A FORCIBLE APPEAL. 
 
 In the spring of last year (1890), the present presiding 
 magistrate wrote to the Local Board of Health as follows : 
 
 " A moderate estimate of the crime existing in six months 
 from the dozen or so of houses in Cannon Row would be quite 
 a hundred ; a record that would not be approached by any 
 other part in the whole metropolitan area ; and, besides the 
 people who are charged, I can also testify that the police have 
 had frequent complaints from persons who either do not like 
 to come forward, or fail to identify their assailants." 
 
 The Rev. J. W. Horsley, who for some years filled the 
 office of Chaplain of Her Majesty's prison at Clerkenwell, but 
 who is now rector of the district in which Cannon Row is 
 situated, writing to the same authority at about the same time, 
 said : 
 
 " Most of the offences brought to my notice have been 
 committed, not by the lodgers in, but by the responsible 
 tenants of, these dens of infamy, and the worst crimes are not 
 perpetrated by the poor fallen girls — many of whom are as 
 quiet and well-behaved as their trade allows them to be — but 
 by the still more fallen men, who live on them as parasites and 
 bullies. 
 
 " I do not think the scandal is decreased by the fact that 
 several of the worst houses of all are owned by a well-known 
 building society in Woolwich, which gains from them a vicious 
 profit with which to reward virtuous thrift. 
 
 " Bitter complaints I have already brought to your notice 
 of respectable workmen whose houses in Rope Yard Rails 
 back on Cannon Row, and are at times rendered almost unin- 
 habitable from the sights and sounds they are bound to endure. 
 This applies with special force to your own almshouses, which 
 are in the thick of the nuisance. 
 
 " The day has long passed in the rest of London when it 
 was thought desirable or inevitable that such rookeries should 
 be ignored, or allowed to enjoy vested interests in evil. Ves- 
 tries, and analogous bodies existing for the common weal of 
 the district, have large powers, and have not hesitated to use 
 them against vice, even when there was not the concomitant 
 crime that I now bring especially to your notice. Dispersion 
 may do little to abate vice, but it has been effectual against 
 crime. Can your collective wisdom devise no remedy ? Will 
 you profess impotence or disinclination to act? 
 
 " I am loth to imagine that you neither can nor will do 
 anything. This would be indeed to demonstrate that local
 
 TRYING TO MOVE THE LOCAL AUTHORITY. 171 
 
 government is a failure, and that nuisances and black spots 
 can only be palliated or remedied by the action of private 
 persons. I have some power as an individual citizen, and 
 some responsibility as vicar of the parish, but I venture to 
 think that both your powers and your responsibilities are greater 
 than mine. From you, through the London County Council, 
 might come the clearing of the whole unsanitary, obnoxious 
 area, and the erection of industrial dwellings on the site 
 thereof. 
 
 " I trust that the matter will receive your prompt, careful, 
 and efficacious attention ; and if you require two ratepayers to 
 set you legally in motion, I undertake that they shall be forth- 
 coming." 
 
 Accompanying the Rev. J. W. Horsley's letter was the 
 
 following : 
 
 "Sir, 
 
 "As patron of the benefice of Holy Trinity, Chairman 
 of the Board of Guardians, and Chairman of the Woolwich 
 Branch of the National Vigilance Society, I most fully endorse 
 this most righteous appeal. 
 
 " I am, Sir, yours truly, 
 
 "Samuel Gilbert Scott, 
 
 " Rector of Woolwich." 
 
 During my service as metropolitan magistrate in the 
 district, namely, in the latter part of 1886 and the beginning 
 of 1887, I again and again called attention to this nest of 
 infamy. The local authorities, however, did not lift a finger 
 to mend matters. 
 
 Well, the above letters were sent to the Woolwich Local 
 Board of Health in the spring of last year, and I cannot help 
 wondering what will be the state of things in Cannon Row in 
 the spring of 1900.
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 CASES AT GREENWICH. 
 
 The charge against Sabina Tilly — Her situation in the Daws Road — The 
 visit to Brighton — Making purchases at the baby-linen shop — Birth of 
 the twins — Sabina's parcels and boxes— The railway journey to London 
 — How the porter's suspicions were aroused — I commit the prisoner 
 for trial — The Sheriffs' Fund — A wealthy lady's kindness — The pro- 
 ceedings commenced de novo — Mr. Gill's eloquent defence — A touch- 
 ing scene— The countryman and his newly purchased horse — My 
 casual observation and the newspaper correspondence it provoke I— 
 Blame and praise. 
 
 The work of the magistrate at Greenwich and Woolwich is 
 very monotonous. He is principally occupied with charges 
 of assault and drunkenness and with crimes ejusdein generis. 
 1 Hiring the few months that I filled the office, only a single 
 charge of strong interest came before me, namely, that of 
 Sabina Tilly ; and this one, as I shall presently show, ought 
 never to have been brought to the Court at all. 
 
 It was a very painful case, and was rendered all the more 
 so from the fact that, after the preliminary hearing before me, 
 which resulted in a committal, the unfortunate woman was 
 taken down to Brighton, where the proceedings were com- 
 menced de novo. 
 
 Sabina Tilly was charged with the wilful murder of her 
 two children ; and the story was a remarkable one. 
 
 Sabina, a good-looking girl of nineteen, came from Somer- 
 setshire. Her father was a pensioned soldier, who had served 
 his country for over twenty years, and been wounded in the 
 Crimea. The young girl had gone into service, and, in 
 January, 1888, was servant to Mrs. Perkins, who kept a coffee- 
 house at 5, Salisbury Terrace, Daws Road.
 
 THE CASE OF SABINA TILLY. 173 
 
 Upon its being noticed that Sabina was enceinte, arrange- 
 ments were made for her to leave, she expressing her intention 
 to go to her home in Somersetshire ; and, on the 9th of 
 January, after receiving her wages, she left the house, taking 
 with her her two boxes and a basket. 
 
 The Perkinses saw nothing more of her until the 5th of 
 March, when she returned, saying that her child was dead, 
 and that she should like to be taken back, it was accordingly 
 arranged that she should re-enter the service on the following 
 Thursday. 
 
 It transpired that, on leaving Salisbury Terrace on the 9th 
 of January, Sabina, instead of proceeding home, went down to 
 Brighton, where she took lodgings at Mrs. Virgo's in Russell 
 Street. Explaining that she proposed to go to the Black Rock 
 Convalescent Home, she soon quitted this house, leaving her 
 luggage behind her, by permission. The evidence showed that 
 she proceeded to a baby-linen shop, and there made such 
 purchases as would be required by a person about to give birth 
 to a child. From the baby-linen shop she went, not to the 
 convalescent home, but to the workhouse, where, on the 4th 
 of February, she was confined of twins. The children were 
 healthy, but the mother made a slow recovery. 
 
 The weather was very severe, but it appeared that Sabina 
 Tilly showed considerable anxiety to leave the workhouse. 
 Having clothes for only one child, she wrote to the people 
 who kept the baby-linen shop, asking for the necessary addi- 
 tional linen, and for a shawl, stating that she would pay for the 
 things when she came out. 
 
 On Friday, March 2nd, having received the clothes, she 
 left the workhouse, taking both the children with her. Evi- 
 dence was given to show that, at this time, the health of the 
 babies was good. Evidence was also adduced to the effect 
 that, when she left the institution, she had seven shillings in 
 her possession. She called at the baby-linen shop, and left 
 one of the children with the proprietor, saying that she would 
 call for it later on, after giving a friend the other one to mind. 
 It was shown that the child she took away with her was wrapped 
 in a large shawl. 
 
 At five o'clock that evening Sabina arrived at Mrs. Virgo's 
 with a bundle. She asked to be allowed to go to her boxes, 
 and permission was at once given her to do so. The servant 
 of the house accompanied her upstairs, and, after seeing her 
 cut the string of the basket, came away. Mrs. Virgo herself
 
 i 7 4 MYSTERIOUS BUNDLES. 
 
 entered the room a few minutes later, and found the accused 
 stooping over the basket, the lid of which she promptly closed on 
 finding she was observed. She explained that she was looking 
 for a shawl and a skirt, which she proposed to give to a friend 
 who was leaving by the six o'clock train. 
 
 Having made arrangements to sleep there that night, she 
 left the house at a quarter to six, professing her intention to 
 proceed to the railway station, to take the shawl and skirt to her 
 friend. As a matter of fact, she went straight to the baby- 
 linen shop, whence, after a somewhat lengthened visit, she 
 took her departure, carrying away the child she had left there 
 early in the day. The name of this child was Edith Mary, 
 the name of the other being Daisy Eliza. 
 
 Sabina arrived at Mrs. Virgo's at twenty minutes to ten. 
 She again carried a bundle, round which was a strap. After 
 leaving it for a few minutes on a chair, she took it upstairs to 
 the room which contained her boxes. 
 
 On the following day Mrs. Virgo lent the accused enough 
 money to pay her fare to London, and she took her departure 
 with her luggage. 
 
 A railway official gave evidence as to what took place upon 
 the arrival of the Brighton train at New Cross. The prisoner 
 alighted, and expressed a wish to leave her luggage in the 
 cloak-room. It transpired, however, that she had no money 
 to pay the necessary fees, and she therefore adopted the only 
 alternative plan that offered, and left the boxes and basket in 
 charge of a porter. It appeared that this official deposited 
 them in a railway carriage, and that attention was subsequently 
 drawn to them upon its being noticed that they emitted a 
 noxious smell. The boxes were opened, and in one of them 
 were found the dead bodies of the two children that had been 
 born in the Brighton workhouse. Both bodies lay with the 
 faces upwards, and one was covered with red flannel. 
 
 Meanwhile Sabina had made her way to Mrs. Perkins, 
 and, as has been already stated, arrangements were made for 
 her to re-enter service there. On subsequently returning to 
 the railway station, to claim her luggage, she was detained and 
 handed over to the police. 
 
 As I have said, the case came before me at Greenwich. 
 The Solicitor to the Treasury appeared to prosecute. It at 
 once occurred to me that the supposed crime had not been 
 perpetrated within my jurisdiction, for the evidence clearly 
 showed that the children had ceased to exist before the train
 
 SYMPATHY WITH THE PRISONER. 175 
 
 left Brighton. I pointed this out to the advocate, but he 
 assured me that the point had been fully considered by the 
 authorities ; and thus I had no alternative but to proceed 
 with the hearing. It occupied two days, or at least such por- 
 tions of the two days as I had at my disposal at this Court ; 
 and I finally committed the girl to take her trial, on the two 
 charges of murder, at the next sessions of the Central Criminal 
 Court. 
 
 I do not think I ever saw any one suffer more acutely than 
 this poor creature did during the time that she was before me. 
 She was in a semi-hysterical state all the while, and I confess 
 I was very sorry for her. After committing her, I wrote a 
 letter to the governor of the gaol, calling his attention to the 
 prisoner's weak state of health ; and another to my old friend 
 and client, Tom Beard, the solicitor, who was then Under 
 Sheriff. 
 
 There is a fund at the Old Bailey called the " Sheriffs' 
 Fund," which provides the means of obtaining counsel and 
 other assistance for prisoners having no means of their own. 
 The fund applies, of course, chiefly to cases of murder, and 
 more particularly to cases like the one under consideration. 
 It was with a view to the money being made available for 
 Sabina Tilly that I wrote to my old friend. I knew the prisoner 
 could not be in better hands, as he is one of the most kind- 
 hearted of men. 
 
 But I was not the only one who felt sympathy with the 
 accused. I received several letters from persons who, having 
 read the report of the proceedings, wished to know if they 
 could be of any assistance to the unfortunate girl. I may 
 specially mention one communication I received from an old 
 friend — a lady of very considerable fortune — who resided prin- 
 cipally at Teddington, and whom I had known as a girl in my 
 early married days. She stated her willingness to pay for 
 Sabina's defence, and promised to provide a home for her in 
 the event of her being acquitted. 
 
 When the case came on at the next sessions of the Central 
 Criminal Court, which occurred in a week or two, the learned 
 Judge, Mr. Justice Hawkins, after perusing the depositions, 
 came to the same conclusion that I had come to, namely, that 
 the crime, if committed at all, was not committed within his 
 jurisdiction. He ordered the girl to be taken to Sussex, and 
 brought before the stipendiary there, so that a fresh committal 
 might take place to the Lewes Assizes.
 
 176 A TOUCHING SCENE. 
 
 This course was adopted, and in August (the poor girl 
 having been in prison since the 6th of March) the case was 
 tried before Mr. Baron Pollock. The people of Brighton had 
 got up a public subscription on her behalf; and she was most 
 ably and eloquently defended by an old junior of mine, Mr. 
 Charles Gill. He was not one of my pupils, but —which almost 
 amounted to the same thing — he studied in the chambers of 
 my friend Douglas Straight, and held many a brief for both of 
 us. He is now Recorder of Chichester, one of the counsel to 
 the Treasury for London, and a leader at the Central Criminal 
 Court. 
 
 The defence he set up in this case was that the woman, 
 weakened in body and mind by what she had gone through, 
 had taken the children out in weather that was far too severe 
 for them to bear ; that they, being insufficiently fed with milk, 
 had died from congestion of the lungs ; and that the mother, 
 in her agony, and finding herself without friends, had placed 
 the bodies in the box, and taken them up to London with the 
 intention of disposing of them how she could. The jury 
 adopted this view — which was most ingeniously put before 
 them — and acquitted the prisoner. 
 
 I had a conversation with my learned friend afterwards, 
 and the description he gave me of what took place subsequent 
 to the verdict was most touching. 
 
 As Sabina was led from the dock she appeared scarcely 
 conscious of what had occurred. She did not speak, seeming, 
 indeed, to have temporarily lost the power of utterance. She 
 walked like one dazed and half stupefied. In the cells she 
 became hysterical and almost unconscious, trembling from 
 head to foot. Her mother and two sisters were waiting for her 
 in the rear of the Court, and when the doors were flung open, 
 the liberated girl, uttering a cry of happiness and the word 
 " Mother !" rushed into the arms of her aged parent. Mother 
 and child clung to each other in passionate affection, the 
 former crying " Bina ! Bina ! " and weeping as though her 
 heart would break. 
 
 I had been in communication with my kind friend at 
 Teddington during the time the girl was in incarceration, and 
 all arrangements had been made with a view to her advantage 
 if she were acquitted. 
 
 Sabina Tilly is now provided for — that is to say, a chance 
 has been given her of leading a new and a happier life. 
 
 I was very much aiwused at the way I raised the ire of
 
 A CHRISTIAN AND BLUE-RIBBONITE. 177 
 
 certain persons by a chance remark I made one morning while 
 in the discharge of my duties at Greenwich. I should mention 
 that applications to the magistrate are supposed to be made to 
 him in private, being intended for his ear alone. It happened, 
 however, that this desirable privacy was not secured in con- 
 nection with the application to which I am about to allude. 
 
 One morning, amid the large crowd of persons attending 
 the Court for the purpose of asking questions, there appeared 
 an individual whom I must pause for a moment to describe. 
 
 He was very unlike the ragged and wretched persons 
 about him, and reminded one of the proverbial young man 
 from the country. He was tall, sturdy, fat, and about fifty- 
 five. His round, good-humoured face betokened a character 
 and intellect not exactly adapted to cope successfully with the 
 denizens of Deptford Market. 
 
 He told me he had been caught by an advertisement of a 
 horse for sale that had appeared mRey/iolds's Weekly Newspaper. 
 The advertisement set forth the animal's marvellous attributes 
 in the most glowing terms, and, being in want of a good steed, 
 and feeling persuaded that this was the very one to suit him, 
 he came up all the way from his home in Essex in order, if 
 possible, to effect a purchase. He went on to say that he had 
 inspected the animal, and formed a favourable opinion of it, 
 at the place where it was on view at Deptford Market, and 
 that a deal had taken place, the price paid being ^30. 
 
 My good-humoured but simple-minded friend had not 
 taken the precaution to have the horse examined by a "vet" 
 — that is, before the transaction took place. He did so after- 
 wards, as he could not get the animal home ; and then it was 
 discovered that his acquisition was suffering from nearly every 
 disease and infirmity that equine flesh is heir to. What, 
 however, appeared to rankle most in the bucolic mind of my 
 visitor was that the vendor had inspired him with perfect 
 confidence, by stating, upon their introduction, that he was a 
 blue-ribbonite and a Christian. 
 
 Now, having had at the Bar some twenty-five years' 
 experience of " horse-chaunters " and of the " horse-coping " 
 fraternity generally, and intending my remark solely for the 
 ears of this confiding innocent, I ventured to give him a word 
 of monition in the following terms : 
 
 "Take my advice, and when a man tells you he is a 
 Christian and a blue-ribbonite — look out ! " 
 
 Qf course I ought to have added ; " When you are con- 
 
 N
 
 I 7 8 UNPAID ADVOCACY. 
 
 ducting a horse-dealing transaction;" but this I omitted to 
 do. The consequence was that, during the next few days, 
 some letters appeared in the newspapers animadverting upon 
 the enormity of my conduct ; and, as the correspondence 
 gives the opinions both of my admirers and my detractors, I 
 am induced shortly to quote from it. 
 
 On the 29th of ]anuary, 1887, the following appeared in 
 The Echo : 
 
 " Mr. Montagu Williams went out of his way on the bench 
 of the Greenwich Police Court yesterday to give advice gratis. 
 He said : ' Take my advice, and when a man tells you he is a 
 Christian and a blue-ribbonite — look out.' From this we may 
 suppose that no one is likely to make a mistake, and to take 
 Mr. Montagu Williams for a Christian and a blue-ribbonite." 
 
 On the 31st of the same month, in the same paper, "A 
 Christian and a Blue-Ribbonite " wrote : 
 
 " Mr. Montagu Williams' little joke will not do much harm 
 either to Christianity or to total abstinence. A sneer from an 
 Old Bailey lawyer is often the highest compliment to a man's 
 character." 
 
 And now for the other side of the question. In the same 
 paper, on the 2nd February, appeared the following: 
 
 "Mr. Montagu Williams' Advice. 
 
 "Sir, — It is not surprising that Mr. Montagu Williams' 
 advice should have fired the bigots. But his censors are 
 surely quarrelling with their own misconceptions, just as 
 hosts of purblind fanatics abuse Dickens for his alleged ridi- 
 cule of religion in the persons of Chadband and Stiggins. 
 
 " Yet one would have supposed it to be obvious to the 
 meanest capacity that the worthy magistrate meant to dis- 
 credit neither religion nor teetotalism, but only referred to the 
 abuse thereof. His advice was : ' When a man tells you he 
 is, etc. etc., look out ! ' That is — lest the eager professor be 
 not what he wishes you to suppose him, but merely a hypocrite 
 assuming the garb of goodness in order to conceal his sinister 
 purpose. Excellent advice, surely, and innocent withal ! Why 
 pervert it ? Why is your Christian-teetotaler correspondent so 
 anxious to be insulted ? Why does he go out of his way to 
 seek a quarrel, and, like the jealous disciples whom Christ 
 rebuked, to suspect enmity where none exists ? Does he 
 rejoice to sniff the battle from afar, or dees he, like Uriah
 
 A LESSON. 179 
 
 Hcep, delight to be 'umbled ? If so, in either case no doubt 
 he is a very respectable man, but I can't say much for his 
 taste. Blind perversity and cantankerous cussedness are 
 responsible for half earth's misery. 
 
 " Then how consistent is your correspondent ! After com- 
 plaining that Mr. Williams sneers at his virtues, he sneers back 
 at him with a will as an Old Bailey lawyer. But where is the 
 stigma ? Mr. Montagu Williams' Old Bailey career was 
 honourable and distinguished, and, moreover, it exactly qualified 
 him to give advice about hypocrisy. 
 
 ''Your hypercritical and thin-skinned correspondent fights 
 as one beating the air. Lest he ventures to brand me also as 
 an enemy of religion and temperance, I beg to make the 
 denial in advance. I am opposed to neither; but let me assure 
 him that religion and blue-ribbonism have less to fear from 
 their avowed antagonists than from the injudicious action of 
 over-zealous friends. 
 
 " Anti-Cant. 
 
 " Feckham, February 1st," 
 
 Up to this time I had always been in the habit of hearing 
 the applications made to me from my seat upon the bench ; 
 but, after this, I changed my tactics. I now go down to the 
 box in which the applicant stands, and he pours his sorrows 
 into my private ear. 
 
 N 2
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 AT WORSHIP STREET. 
 
 End of the distress — My removal to Wandsworth — A dearth of crime — 
 I am transferred to Worship Street — Magisterial arrangement — In 
 the thick of the slums — The advice of a public officer — His accurate 
 prophecy — "The Bitter Cry of Outcast London" — "Slumming" as 
 a popular amusement — The rookeries described — Thieving and honest 
 toil — A pecuniary comparison — A shilling earned in seventeen hours. 
 
 By the commencement of the month of May, t.888, better times 
 had set in in my district. The fund was expended, and the 
 distress was relieved. 
 
 I had all along experienced considerable inconvenience in 
 being forced to take three railway journeys a day — namely, one 
 in the morning to Greenwich, another in the afternoon to 
 "Woolwich, and a third, later in the day, back to town. 
 Especially was this state of things inconvenient in the colder 
 months ; and I resolved to move, as soon as possible, to a 
 Court nearer London proper. 
 
 It had always been in my mind to become attached to one 
 of the East End divisions. I had always been fond of work 
 and I was aware that many of the Courts elsewhere would not 
 provide me with sufficient. However, there did not happen to 
 be a vacancy in the East End at this time, and so I arranged 
 to be transferred to the new Court at Wandsworth. There I 
 found practically nothing to do. At first this had been a half- 
 day Court, the magistrate attached to it having given half his 
 time to Hammersmith ; but that arrangement had ceased, and 
 when I took the office, it became my duty to attend there 
 morning and afternoon. 
 
 There is at Wandsworth a certain amount of drunkenness, 
 a little fruit-stealing in the season, and a few offences of that
 
 LONDON'S WORST SLUMS. 181 
 
 description ; but the work can be easily encompassed in an 
 hour or two. 
 
 I was not destined to stay there long. Mr. Mansfield, the 
 magistrate of Marlborough Street, retired; Mr. Hannay was 
 transferred, at his own request, from Worship Street to Marl- 
 borough Street ; and, upon my application, I migrated to 
 Worship Street. I have remained there ever since, and the 
 scenes I have witnessed in the discharge of my duties, and the 
 misery and squalor I have become acquainted with, put it into 
 my mind to write these pages, in order that the general public 
 might share my experiences. 
 
 The existing magisterial arrangements are very different 
 from those prevailing when I was appointed to the Bench. 
 Then each magistrate sat three days a week, except during 
 what is termed the "vacation period," which extends from 
 May to the end of October. The Courts were grouped 
 in pairs, called unions, and during the vacation period, the 
 magistrates thus associated would do one another's work, in 
 order that each might take a holiday. Now, however, during 
 the vacation period, I am called upon, when not on leave 
 myself, to sit certain days in the week at Worship Street, at 
 Thames, and at Clerkenwell, devoting one day every fortnight 
 to North London (Dalston). Thus I have acquired experience, 
 not only of the whole of the eastern area of London, but 
 also of a great portion of the northern area ; and this circum- 
 stance enables me to speak with knowledge as to the condition 
 in which a large proportion of the inhabitants of London are 
 existing. 
 
 My own district proper, namely, that of Worship Street, 
 includes a large portion of Whitechapel, Shoreditch, Eethnal 
 Green, and the Commercial Road ; and thus I have know- 
 ledge of such slums as Great and Little Pearl Street, Fashion 
 Street, Flower and Dean Street, Thrawl Street, Wentworth 
 Street, Paternoster Court, and Bell Lane, which are in the 
 very worst regions of the whole of the metropolis. The 
 district on the other side of Aldgate, where the Thames 
 division commences, is, so far as sanitation, morality, drunken- 
 ness, sweating, misery, destitution, degradation, and crime are 
 concerned, almost as bad. 
 
 I propose first to deal with my experiences of the sanitary 
 question in the neighbourhood of Spitalfields and Bethnal 
 Green ; and I wish it to be borne in mind that the cases 
 I shall give will not be solitary ones. They will represent
 
 iS2 A WARNING AND A PROPHECY. 
 
 what is to be seen in house after house, room after room, 
 cellar after cellar, and street after street. There will be no 
 colouring; I shall simply describe what exists, and what has 
 existed now for many years. 
 
 Somewhere about the commencement of last year I had 
 a conversation upon the general subject with a public officer 
 who has had considerable experience of the district, and he 
 made this remark : 
 
 " Don't touch the question, Mr. Williams. It's of no 
 use — with all your energy you can't wrestle successfully with 
 it. You will find it enough to break your heart. As far 
 as the pestilential dwellings hereabouts are concerned, Mr. 
 Bennet Burleigh and the The Daily Telegraph have lately 
 done some good work by instructing the public; but lor' 
 bless you, sir ! what will be the good of it all ? It is now 
 the month of January, and, as my duties constantly take 
 me to your Court, I shall be able, in the month of June, 
 to remind you of this conversation ; and mark my words — 
 nothing will then have been done, and the public will have 
 lost sight of the question altogether." 
 
 He was almost right. June came and went, and little 
 had been done. Nay, writing at the commencement of 
 January, 1891, all I am able to say is that the London 
 County Council has commenced to move in the matter. 
 As to the action of that body I shall have more to say 
 later on. 
 
 With regard to the houses of the poor in my district, 
 I found them in an infinitely worse state than those at 
 Deptford and Greenwich ; and yet, from what I gather, 
 the property is increasing rather than diminishing in value — 
 at least, such was certainly the case a few months ago. 
 
 In 1883, a pamphlet was published, entitled, "The Bitter 
 Cry of Outcast London." It caused a great sensation, and 
 was one of the principal causes that led to the appointment 
 of the Royal Commission on the Houses of the Working 
 Classes. It prompted a great many ladies to visit the East 
 End of London, in order to see what was the state of things 
 that really prevailed there, and "slumming" became, for the 
 time being, quite a popular amusement. A short Act of 
 Parliament was passed ; then the interest which had been 
 aroused rapidly subsided, and the public sympathy, which 
 was far more sentimental than real, dozed off to sleep once 
 more. It woke up again at the latter end of 1889, in
 
 TERRIBLE BUT TRUE. 183 
 
 consequence of the letters and articles appearing in the 
 daily press, but in a little while the horrors of the East End 
 were again forgotten. 
 
 In my opinion, the pamphlet to which I have alluded 
 contains the most powerful picture of East End squalor 
 that has yet appeared; and, such being the case — and the 
 description being as applicable in 1891 as it was in 1883— 
 I cannot forbear from quoting a few passages from this 
 remarkable publication. 
 
 The writer says : 
 
 "No respectable printer would print, and certainly no 
 decent family would admit, even the driest statement of the 
 horrors and infamies discovered in one brief visitation from 
 house to house. . . . Few who will read these pages have 
 any conception of what these pestilential human rookeries 
 are, where tens of thousands are crowded together amidst 
 horrors which call to mind what we have heard of the 
 middle passage of the slave ship. To get into them you 
 have to penetrate courts reeking with poisonous and 
 malodorous gases arising from accumulations of sewage 
 and refuse scattered in all directions, and often flowing 
 beneath your feet; courts, many of them which the sun 
 never penetrates, which are never visited by a breath of 
 fresh air, and which rarely know the virtues of a drop of 
 cleansing water. You have to ascend rotten staircases, 
 which threaten to give way beneath every step, and which, 
 in some places, have already broken down, leaving gaps 
 that imperil the limbs and lives of the unwary. You 
 have to grope your way along dark and filthy passages 
 swarming with vermin. . . . Walls and ceilings are black 
 with the accretions of filth which have gathered upon them 
 through long years of neglect. It is exuding through cracks 
 in the boards overhead ; it is running down the walls ; it is 
 everywhere. What goes by the name of a window is half of 
 it stuffed with rags or covered by boards to keep out wind 
 and rain ; the rest is so begrimed and obscured that scarcely 
 can light enter or anything be seen outside. Should you 
 have ascended to the attic, where at least some approach to 
 fresh air might be expected to enter from open or broken 
 window, you look out upon the roofs and ledges of lower tene- 
 ments, and discover that the sickly air which finds its way into 
 the room has to pass over the putrefying carcases of dead 
 cats or birds, or viler abominations still. . . . Every room in
 
 28+ EAST-END WORKERS. 
 
 these rotten and reeking tenement houses contains a family, 
 often two. In one cellar a sanitary inspector reports finding a 
 father, mother, three children, and four pigs ! In another 
 room a missionary found a man ill with small-pox, his wife 
 just recovering from her eighth confinement, and the children 
 running about half naked and covered with dirt. Here are 
 seven people living in one underground kitchen, and a little 
 dead child lying in the same room. Elsewhere is a poor 
 widow, her three children, and a child who had been dead 
 thirteen days. Her husband, who was a cabman, had shortly 
 before committed suicide. Here lives a widow and her six 
 children, including one daughter of twenty-nine, another of 
 twenty-one, and a son of twenty-seven. Another apartment 
 contains father, mother, and six children, two of whom are ill 
 with scarlet fever. In another, nine brothers and sisters, 
 from twenty-nine years of age downwards, live, eat, and sleep 
 together. Here is a mother who turns her children into the 
 street in the early evening because she lets her room for 
 immoral purposes until long after midnight, when the poor 
 little wretches creep back again if they have not found some 
 miserable shelter elsewhere. Where there are beds they are 
 simply heaps of dirty rags, shavings, or straw ; but, for the 
 most part, these miserable beings find rest only upon the filthy 
 boards. . . . Here you are choked as you enter by the air 
 laden with particles of the superfluous fur pulled from the 
 skins of rabbits, rats, dogs, and other animals in their prepara- 
 tion for the furrier. Here the smell of paste and of drying 
 match-boxes, mingling with other sickly odours, overpowers 
 you ; or it may be the fragrance of stale fish or vegetables, 
 not sold on the previous day, and kept in the room overnight. 
 . . . The low parts of London are the sink into which the 
 filthy and abominable from all parts of the country seem to 
 flow. Entire courts are filled with thieves, prostitutes, and 
 liberated convicts." 
 
 With regard to the toilers, and how they live, the pamphlet 
 goes on to say : 
 
 "A child seven years old is known easily to make ios. 6d. 
 a week by thieving ; but what can he earn by such work as 
 match-box making, for which 2%d. a gross is paid, the maker 
 having to find his own fire for drying the boxes, and his own 
 paste and string ? . . . Women, for the work of trouser- 
 finishing {i.e., sewing in linings, making button-holes, and 
 stitching on the buttons), receive 2y 2 rf. a pair, and have to
 
 HOW TO EARN AN HONEST SHILLING. 18$ 
 
 find their own thread. We ask a woman who is making tweed 
 trousers how much she can earn in a day, and are told one 
 shilling. But what does a day mean to this poor soul ? 
 Seventeen hours ! " 
 
 In further describing the heart-breaking misery of the 
 neighbourhood, the writer relates how he discovered a poor 
 woman in an advanced stage of consumption, reduced almost 
 to a skeleton, who lived in a single room with a drunken hus- 
 band and five children. " When visited, she was eating a few 
 green peas. The children were gone to gather some sticks 
 wherewith a fire might be made, to boil four potatoes which 
 were lying on the table, and which would constitute the family 
 dinner for the day."
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 SUMMONSES AGAINST SLUM-OWNERS. 
 
 Action of Mr. Bennet Burleigh and Lady Jeune — The case of the com- 
 plainants — Lively rats and leaky roofs — An appeal to the unpaid 
 magistrates — Evidence of the sanitary inspector and the vestry clerk — 
 My visit to St. Anne's Place — Foul smells and dirt — Beershops and 
 their temptations — The houses closed and demolished — Stitching for 
 dear life — A fresh batch of summonses — Terrible revelations — Slum- 
 owners on the vestry — Their " stake in the parish." 
 
 The first set of summonses in reference to the housing of the 
 working classes that came before me at Worship Street were 
 founded upon informations sworn by private individuals, 
 namely, Mr. Bennet Burleigh, of The Daily Telegraph, and 
 Lady Jeune, who has done much good work in the East End. 
 Process was issued against the National Temperance Land and 
 Buildings Company, as the owners of the premises complained 
 of, which were Nos. 9, 10, and 11, St. Anne's Place, Boundary 
 Street, Shoreditch. Messrs. Rollit and Company acted for 
 the complainants, and Mr. Temple Cooke was counsel for the 
 respondents. 
 
 The allegations of the complainants may be briefly stated. 
 The three houses were in a densely populated neighbourhood, 
 facing a court. All the rooms were exceedingly small, and 
 those on the top floors were so low-pitched that a man of 
 ordinary stature could not stand upright in them with his hat 
 on. They were so constructed that it was impossible for them 
 to be properly ventilated. Closets and dust-bins were situated 
 immediately outside some of the rooms. Many of the former 
 had no water supply. Rats were running all over the houses. 
 The roofs let in the rain, and the walls, from floor to ceiling, 
 were running with moisture.
 
 PROSECUTING SLUM-OWNERS. 187 
 
 It transpired that, some time before, the vestry had directed 
 its attention to these houses, with the result that a magistrate's 
 order was obtained for their demolition. Against that order 
 the persons interested lodged an appeal, which was heard at 
 the next Quarter Sessions for the County of Middlesex (now 
 the County of London). 
 
 It has always seemed to me a most anomalous thing that, 
 from the decisions of metropolitan magistrates, who are men 
 of considerable legal experience, there should be an appeal to 
 a bench of unpaid justices. Such, to all intents, is the Bench 
 for the County of London, for it must be borne in mind that, 
 though the Assistant-Judge is a stipendiary, his vote is only 
 one among many. The other justices are nearly all laymen, 
 and many of them have had very little judicial experience. 
 
 The matter went before the Court of Quarter Sessions, and 
 a compromise was the result. The premises were allowed to 
 stand, on the owners undertaking that they should be put into 
 a proper state of repair. 
 
 It was the old story. A process of patching up was gone 
 through, the surveyor expressed himself as perfectly satisfied, 
 and in a little while the houses were in a worse condition than 
 ever. Hence the application to me. 
 
 There were, it appeared, thirty-three rooms, accommo- 
 dating one hundred and eight persons, in this row of houses. 
 One of the witnesses for the prosecution was Mr. Alexander, 
 the sanitary inspector of Shoreditch, and he stated most posi- 
 tively that nothing could be done to make the premises fit for 
 human beings to live in. Mr. Walker, the vestry clerk, con- 
 firmed this statement, adding that the occupants of the rooms 
 were in hourly danger of contracting disease. 
 
 Upon hearing this evidence, I resolved, although it was 
 four o'clock in the afternoon, to at once pay a visit to St. Anne's 
 Place. It was, of course, desirable that no opportunity should 
 be given to the parties interested to prepare for my reception. 
 
 A hansom was called, and, accompanied by the district 
 surveyor, I drove straight to the houses. As had been 
 arranged, we were met there by the solicitors and counsel 
 in the case, the several public officers concerned, Mr. Bennet 
 Burleigh, and Mr. Revill, the agent for the property. 
 
 Good Heavens ! what a place it was ! To think that one's 
 fellow-creatures were doomed to live in such filthy holes ! 
 
 The court was so narrow that two persons could not walk 
 down it abreast. To say that the atmosphere was fetid
 
 iSS MY INSPECTION OF THE HOUSES. 
 
 would be putting the case too mildly. The place smelt most 
 foully. 
 
 I made a thorough inspection of all the houses. They 
 were. very dirty, squalid, and damp. The "sanitary" arrange- 
 ments were much worse than had been described, and we 
 saw some most disgusting sights. When I drew Mr. Revill's 
 attention to certain details, he replied, somewhat heatedly as I 
 thought : 
 
 " Well, sir, if anything is put to rights one day, it is 
 knocked about and destroyed the next." 
 
 This observation, however, did not seem to me to be 
 just, for, as I pointed out to him, some of the tenants had put 
 patches on the walls and ceilings to hide the damp marks. 
 
 As I was being driven away, I saw, within a few yards of 
 the alley, two public-houses. "And," thought I, "they blame 
 these people for drinking — for trying to drown their cares ! " 
 Just consider how alluring must be those warm and well- 
 lighted public-houses to persons living in the filthy holes I had 
 visited. Who can wonder that first the man, and then the 
 woman, or vice versa, is drawn to this, their only Lethe ? 
 
 The counsel for the respondent had not accompanied us 
 over all the houses in the alley. After seeing one or two of 
 the rooms, he had, somewhat prudently, declined to take any 
 further part in the inspection. On resuming my seat on the 
 bench, I at once turned to him, and asked if he had any 
 remarks to make. He promptly admitted that, in their present 
 state, the houses were uninhabitable ; but he went on to say 
 that, if time were allowed, they should be put into a proper 
 state. But the sanitary officers — who, after all, are experts — • 
 had distinctly stated that the property was too bad to mend ; 
 and I therefore made an order for the houses to be at once 
 closed, with a view to their subsequent demolition. 
 
 My order was duly carried out, and these disgraceful 
 buildings were razed to the ground. 
 
 " Then the legal machinery actually exists," some reader 
 may exclaim, " for remedying the present deplorable state of 
 things. Here was evidence given as to the unsanitary con- 
 dition of certain houses ; the magistrate convinced himself 
 that the allegations were true, and, exercising the powers 
 vested in him, he caused the buildings to be closed. What is 
 easier than to have recourse to this process in other cases, 
 until at last all the rookeries in the East End, and, for the 
 matter of that, all the rookeries in other parts of the metro-
 
 DESTRUCTION BUT NOT CONSTRUCTION. 189 
 
 polis, are swept away ? Have we not here, indeed, a complete 
 solution of the housing problem ? " 
 
 Alas ! such an easy way out of the difficulty does not exist. 
 The closing or pulling down is simplicity itself; but how 
 about the rebuilding ? What had I, through the instru- 
 mentality of Mr. Bennet Burleigh and others, actually suc- 
 ceeded in doing, in the case just described? Well, we had 
 deprived one hundred and eight persons of bad homes, but we 
 had not provided them with good ones. The magistrate's 
 powers stop at destruction ; they don't extend to construc- 
 tion. The law says to the owner of an unsanitary dwelling : 
 " It must be closed or pulled down ;" but it doesn't go on to 
 say : "You must build a sanitary dwelling on its site." I am, 
 of course, not suggesting that the law should assume this 
 arbitrary attitude. I desire merely to place every aspect of 
 the question clearly before my readers ; and, in the attempt to 
 achieve this purpose, I shall, later on, have something to say 
 in reference to the disposal of cleared areas, which is the crux 
 of the question. 
 
 While going over the houses in St. Anne's Place, I came 
 in contact with a group of human beings in very sore distress. 
 I entered a bare room occupied by a woman, two grown girls, 
 and three children, nearly all in rags. There was no bed, 
 and nothing to take its place ; and I turned to the woman, 
 and asked : 
 
 " Where do you all sleep? " 
 
 Her answer was : " Oh, we sleep about the room how 
 we can." 
 
 I noticed that the atmosphere was charged with a damp 
 mist, and I shuddered on perceiving the cause. The walls 
 were saturated with moisture, and the heat from the small 
 wood fire was drawing it out. 
 
 "Where is your husband?" I said to the woman. 
 u In there, sir," she replied, pointing to an aperture in 
 the wall which had previously escaped my notice, and which 
 presumably marked the place where a door had once stood. 
 Walking through the aperture, I found myself in a small 
 apartment; and the sight that met my gaze was terribly 
 pathetic. 
 
 Sitting on the floor was a miserable-looking man, with 
 sunken eyes and hollow cheeks, and beside him were two 
 boys, one of about fourteen and the other sixteen. They 
 were making boot-uppers, and stitching laboriously — stitching
 
 I go "IT'S A 'OME." 
 
 for their lives. Not one of them lifted his head as I and 
 my companions entered — not one, by word or gesture, paid 
 the slightest heed to our presence. For several minutes I 
 stood staring at them, completely dumbfounded ; and the 
 silence was broken only by the clicking of the needles. Not 
 one of these poor toilers could spare a moment to look up 
 at us. Their work was obviously of more consequence to 
 them than anything else in the world. And so it went on 
 —stitch, stitch, stitch. At last I could bear it no longer, 
 and beat a hasty retreat. 
 
 I had seen a sight that I shall never forget as long as 
 I live, and I felt a choking at my throat. Addressing the 
 woman, with an air of assumed cheerfulness, I exclaimed : 
 
 " Well, your good man and the boys don't seem to think 
 much of their magistrate. They never spoke, they never 
 asked us what we wanted, but quietly went on with their 
 work." 
 
 "Lor', sir," replied the woman, apologetically, "they 
 meant no disrespect. They've no time for asking questions. 
 It's Saturday, sir, and if the lot of uppers they're working on 
 ain't finished by eight to-night, there'll be no more food 
 to-day, and not a morsel of dinner for any one of us 
 to-morrow — no, sir, not so much as a bit of bread for the 
 young uns." 
 
 " Is it as bad as that? " I said. 
 
 "Well, sir," she replied, looking pathetically from one 
 to the other of us, " for the matter of that, things may get 
 worse — very much worse." She paused for a moment, and 
 then continued, with just a touch of protest in her tone : 
 " Ah, I know you gentlemen means well a-coming here, and 
 a-going all over the court, as one of the little gals upstairs just 
 ran in to tell me you'd been doing ; but bad as it is, sir, 
 it's a 'ome, and if we're turned out of this, goodness knows 
 what's to become of us. There isn't another place here- 
 abouts, not as we could pay for." 
 
 I need scarcely say that, after making the order for these 
 houses to be closed, I did my best to have new accom- 
 modation found for the wretched persons who inhabited 
 them. 
 
 A few days after I dealt with these summonses, a special 
 meeting of the Vestry of Bethnal Green took place, when 
 it was reported that notice had been given to a well-known 
 property owner in the district that fifty of his houses had
 
 DUCKS, FOWLS, AND RABBITS. 191 
 
 been marked for condemnation, they being in a state utterly 
 unfit for habitation. It is probable, indeed, that Bethnal 
 Green contains as many rotten, unsafe, and foul houses as 
 any London parish. 
 
 In the first week in December, 1889, I heard a number 
 of summonses, taken out by the sanitary inspector, against 
 the owners of several houses in Short Street, New Nichol 
 Street, and Half Nichol Street. I made it my business to 
 personally visit the premises complained of, as well as a large 
 number of others in the neighbourhood ; and I can most 
 positively declare that the evidence of the medical officer of 
 health, of the district surveyor, and of other persons appearing 
 on behalf of the prosecution, so far from exaggerating, actually 
 understated the case. 
 
 Dr. Bate, the medical officer, said that all the houses 
 were damp, ill-ventilated, and without adequate water supply, 
 and that the air in the rooms was poisoned by the effluvia 
 from the drains. He spoke of one room, inhabited by a 
 large family, in which six ducks were kept, and he declared 
 that he had found, in the cellars and basements of all the 
 houses, scores of ducks, fowls, and rabbits. Naturally, the 
 smell was most offensive. The only way to reach the yard in 
 most of the houses was, the witness declared, by crawling 
 through a cellar four feet high. 
 
 Mr. Weston, the district surveyor, said that in one room, 
 which was inhabited by five children and two adults, he found 
 the walls decayed and the woodwork rotten. He went on 
 to assert that the houses were weather-boarded only, and that 
 most of the small yards in the rear had been covered in and 
 converted into workshops, which had, of course, prevented 
 ventilation. He had, he said, inspected and reported upon 
 these houses twelve months before ; and Dr. Bate, on being 
 recalled, informed me that he had actually condemned them, 
 some as far back as 1885. Nevertheless, it appeared that no 
 action had been taken by the authorities in the matter. I 
 asked who the leaseholder was, and was informed that he was 
 the owner of a vast amount of property in Bethnal Green. I 
 was further given to understand that the freeholder was the 
 late Duke of Buckingham and Chandos. 
 
 By the side of Shoreditch Church is Mead Street, and I 
 made an order that the houses in this thoroughfare should be 
 closed unless the local authorities decided that they could be 
 made habitable. Every one knows Shoreditch Church, and
 
 I 9 2 A "GOOD" INVESTMENT. 
 
 this street must be very familiar to Londoners. Yet for years 
 the houses therein had been utterly unfit for decent habitation, 
 and no one had heeded ! 
 
 The residents of Mead Street had to pay three-and-sixpence 
 or four shillings a week for each of their rooms. Rooms, 
 indeed ! Yes, they had walls and ceilings, it is true, but the 
 walls were cracked and mildewed, and the wet oozed through 
 the ceiling and dripped on to the floor. 
 
 My attention was called particularly to Pereira Street, and 
 I visited it. Really, it seemed as if I were going from bad to 
 worse. The houses in this street were tumbling to pieces. 
 Many of the windows had gone completely, and the poor 
 tenants had nailed pieces of board across the openings to keep 
 the wind out. The place was inhabited by makers of match- 
 boxes, paper bags, slop clothes, etc. Certain four-roomed 
 houses, I learnt, were let for seven shillings a week to a man 
 who sublet the rooms singly, and made about a hundred per 
 cent, on his investment. 
 
 It was in the evening that I visited Pereira Street, and in 
 most of the rooms I found the children had gone to bed, by 
 which I mean that they were lying on the floor with a rag or 
 two over them. I saw pieces of the grimy crust of the ceiling 
 fall upon them as they lay asleep. Can it be wondered that 
 the wretched creatures who dwell in places like this fall 
 victims to ague, typhoid, and every sort of disease and dis- 
 order ? Their very food, when they can get any at all, is of 
 the coarsest and most unwholesome description. Not only 
 private misery but public peril attends the squalor of the East 
 End, and it is nothing more nor less than a national disgrace 
 that, in the capital city of this great empire, such a condition 
 of things is allowed to exist. 
 
 So far as I am aware, there is no place in the world where 
 the tenant is worse treated by his landlord than in the East 
 End of London. Yet many of these house-farmers are vestry- 
 men ! A man buys up a short lease or two, and possessing 
 thus the necessary property qualification, he is not slow to 
 obtain a seat on the vestry. " A stake in the parish ! " — that 
 is his cry ; and no one takes the trouble to ascertain the 
 nature of that stake. 
 
 The property acquired often takes the form of houses that 
 have been bought by a railway company, which proposes, 
 later on, to clear the ground, with a view either to an extension 
 of line or to the erection of premises. Possibly three or four
 
 SLUM-OWNING VESTRYMEN. 193 
 
 years have to elapse before the company is ready to demolish 
 the buildings ; and the house-farmer steps in and acquires the 
 lease on easy terms. Such cases have occurred over and over 
 again, to my knowledge. The enterprising vestryman pays 
 about £1 a week for the house, for which he derives from 355. 
 to £2 a week from his single-room tenants. 
 
 By whom are the medical officers of health and the sanitary 
 inspectors appointed ? By the vestry. Need I say more ? 
 However anxious these officers may be to do their duty — and 
 admirably, in most instances, they do it — human nature is 
 human nature, and if they persisted in drawing attention to 
 house after house acquired in the way I have described, is it 
 necessary to suggest what would probably be the consequence ? 
 
 Why should not these appointments be made directly from 
 the Local Government Board, and why should not the reports 
 be made to that Department ?
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 A MORNING AT WORSHIP STREET. 
 
 The business of an entire sitting — The applications — Women who had 
 been assaulted by their husbands — Paying two shillings to revenge 
 the loss of one — The imaginary "protection order" — A Jew who had 
 been robbed — An amusing case : the man and his dog — A refractory 
 lodger — The missing landlord and the embarrassed tenant — " He 
 strangled me" — The dead lodger and her "things" — 1,007 fits in 
 three weeks — The hunchback and his troubles. 
 
 It occurred to me that my readers would receive a very 
 accurate impression of East End squalor and East End crime, 
 if I gave them a full account of all the applications and 
 charges that came before me at Worship Street during an 
 entire morning. At first this did not seem a very easy thing 
 to do. What with putting questions to applicants, prisoners, 
 witnesses, and listening to what is said, the attention of a 
 magistrate while upon the bench is pretty fully occupied ; and 
 thus it would be impossible for me to make anything like a 
 detailed record of what passes. However, I eventually hit 
 upon a solution of the difficulty. I employed a shorthand 
 writer to come to the Court one morning (August 18th, 1890) 
 and take down fully all that was said ; and with the aid of the 
 transcript of his notes, I shall, I think, be able to give a very 
 faithful account of the sitting. Of course I shall mention no 
 names. 
 
 The date was chosen quite at haphazard, and this particular 
 morning was by no means as interesting as many. The sitting 
 occupied two hours and a half, and during that time, as will be 
 seen, 31 applications and 36 charges were heard. Some cases 
 were T disposed of in a minute or two, and the longest occupied 
 about half an hour.
 
 EAST-END DOMESTIC SERVANTS. 195 
 
 The applications of course were heard first and the charges 
 afterwards. I shall give the cases in the order in which they 
 occurred. 
 
 (1) A young woman, poorly clad, and obviously belonging 
 to the not very numerous class of East End domestic servants, 
 whose condition, I am afraid, is much less enviable than that 
 of their sisters in other parts of London. 
 
 " Please, sir," she said, " I came about an assault. Master 
 struck me. He keeps an eating-house, sir, and I'm the servant 
 there. On Saturday, because I asked him for my wages, and 
 said I shouldn't go till I got them, he punched my arm and 
 threw me out on the pavement." 
 
 41 You can have a summons for the assault," I said. 
 
 (2) An older woman, whose face was pinched and white, 
 as though — as was probably the case — she were half-starved. 
 Speaking timidly, her voice being scarcely above a whisper, 
 she said : 
 
 " I want a separation from my husband, sir. He's always 
 knocking me about, and on Saturday he smashed my finger " 
 (showing me her bandaged hand). " He was 'ad up on Satur- 
 day night for being drunk, and he'll come before you this 
 morning, the policeman said. He's been up before you several 
 times. If you could settle it this morning I should be much 
 obliged to you, sir." 
 
 I said : 
 
 " Well, I will give you a summons against him, returnable 
 this day week, and you can have it for nothing." 
 
 " Thank you, sir. I'm afraid if he comes out he'll knock 
 me about again, like he did before." 
 
 (3) A middle-aged, poorly clad woman, who complained 
 that her husband had ill-treated her. It appeared that she 
 was separated from him by deed, and that on the previous 
 Thursday he had met her, with the result that, as she put it, a 
 " row " took place. 
 
 A police officer, interposing, said that a street fight had 
 taken place in a very low neighbourhood, and that, in connec- 
 tion with the affair, a summons had already been taken out 
 against the applicant. 
 
 The woman, turning angrily to the speaker, said : 
 
 " Yes, and I'm sure I don't know what I'm summoned for. 
 I've got six children to keep, and he kicked me in several 
 places, he did, and I didn't do nothing." 
 
 The officer said : 
 
 o 2
 
 196 THE "PROTECTION ORDER." 
 
 " There were two women and two men in the fight, sir, and 
 there was an old grievance between them." 
 
 I told the woman she could have a cross-summons, and 
 that the two should be heard on the same day. 
 
 (4) A man of about five-and-twenty, who remarked : 
 
 " I want a summons against a man, sir, what came into 
 our workshop on Saturday and said he wanted to speak to me, 
 sir, and then he punched me on the nose." 
 
 "You can have it," I replied. 
 
 (5) A foreign Jew, of about middle age, and of untidy 
 appearance. In broken English, he muttered : 
 
 " May I have, sir, the summons against a woman what have 
 broken my window ? " 
 
 " What is the value of the window ? " 
 
 " One shillings, sir." 
 
 " But," I exclaimed, " the summons will cost you two 
 shillings ! Surely it isn't worth while. Don't be so foolish as 
 to spend two shillings over a loss of one." 
 
 " Yes, sir, I will have the summons, if you do please ; " and 
 he accordingly took it. 
 
 (6) An elderly, ragged woman with a black eye. Pointing 
 to the disfigured organ, I asked : 
 
 "Who did that?" 
 
 " My husband, sir," she replied ; and then her tongue 
 rattled on : " He's living with another woman now, and 
 many's the time I've had him up here for assault, and I went 
 to him on Saturday night, sir, and that's when he done it, sir. 
 He won't give me nothing — not a farthing — I ain't 'ad a 
 sixpence from him for ten weeks come next Friday. We are 
 separated by agreement, and it was when I was trying to get 
 him to give me some money for my keep — that's when he done 
 it, sir." 
 
 " You can have a summons." 
 
 (7) A woman carrying a baby in her arms. She said : 
 
 " I want a protection order agin my husband and his 
 sister." 
 
 For I suppose about the thousandth time I explained that 
 there was no such thing as a protection order. " What do you 
 complain of ? " I asked. 
 
 "Well, sir," she said, " my husband and his sister threaten 
 my life. We live in Brick Lane, and my husband is always 
 being locked up, and when he comes out he beats me about 
 awful. I am all bandaged up all over, sir, if you'll believe
 
 A JEW WHO HAD BEEN ROBBED. 197 
 
 me. Look at this (showing a bruised arm). Ain't it just too 
 bad ? " 
 
 I granted summonses against both parties complained of. 
 
 (8) A woman considerably younger than the others, and 
 bearing an infant in her arms. She said : 
 
 " I've been separated from my husband three months, 
 though not by a magistrate's order. I earn what I can, to 
 keep baby and myself, at the wash-tub. My husband doesn't 
 give me a penny, and I want an order to make him maintain 
 the child. I'm living at mother's." 
 
 " Are you married ? " I asked. 
 
 " Oh, yes, sir. After we lived together for some months, 
 Tom — that's my husband, sir — began to starve me and knock 
 me about, and so I had to run away from him." 
 
 "Oh," I remarked, "you ran away from him, did you? 
 Then I have no power to help you. If he had left you, it 
 would have been a different thing. You must go to the relieving 
 officer ; he alone can assist you." 
 
 (9) A melancholy-looking, middle-aged Jew, who whispered 
 to me confidentially : 
 
 " I've been robbed. It was midday on Friday." 
 
 Here he paused, as though he had said all that need 
 
 be said. 
 
 "Well, sir," I observed, "go on ; who robbed you?" 
 
 " I've got a tenant in my house," he proceeded, still more 
 
 confidentially, " and I gave him notice three weeks back, 
 
 but he won't go." 
 
 "But what has that got to do with the robbery?" I 
 
 exclaimed, somewhat impatiently, the man having again 
 
 come to a full stop. 
 
 "Why, sir," he said, apparently astonished at my want of 
 
 penetration, " I think he done it." 
 
 "You think ! But your thoughts are not evidence." 
 
 " But this is why I think he done it, sir. The other day 
 
 he said to me : ' You've been robbed once, and I'll bet 
 
 you'll be robbed again.' There," he added, triumphantly, 
 
 " doesn't that bring it home to him, sir ?" 
 
 "Certainly not," was my reply, "and I only hope for 
 
 your sake your lodger is a false prophet. I can do nothing 
 
 for you, so you must please step down." 
 
 (10) A youth of about eighteen with short-cut hair. He 
 had, it appeared, a twofold grievance against his employer. 
 
 " I'm an apprentice, sir, and my master last Saturday
 
 i 9 8 A DOG THAT WAS LENT. 
 
 wouldn't give me my wages, and, what's more, sir, he won't 
 give me any work to do." 
 
 " You can summons him under your indentures," I said. 
 
 (u) An elderly man, tolerably well dressed, who seemed, 
 from his demeanour, to be labouring under a sense of great 
 wrong. 
 
 "Please, sir," he began, in a plaintive voice, "I lent a 
 man a dog for two days, and he won't give it back to me." 
 
 " What sort of a dog ? " was my first question. 
 
 " Please, sir, a little pug dog." 
 
 " And what did you lend the little pug dog for ? " 
 
 " Oh, sir, the man wanted to use it." 
 
 " To use it ! What— for killing rats ? " 
 
 "N-no, not exactly that, sir. He — he " 
 
 "Well, sir, go on. Why don't you tell me ? " 
 
 " He wanted it," stammered the man, "for — for " 
 
 But here he again completely broke down. A happy 
 thought seemed suddenly to seize the interpreter of the 
 Court, who rose from his seat at the solicitors' bench, and 
 said : 
 
 " Perhaps, your worship, it was for breeding purposes." 
 
 The applicant nodded an eager assent. 
 
 " Well, man," I said, endeavouring to look serious, " you 
 need not be so delicate about it — I only want to get at the 
 facts. And why wouldn't the man return the dog?" 
 
 " I don't know, sir. I asked him for it, but he said 
 he'd rather poison it than let me have it back. He after- 
 wards said he'd fight me for it, but of course I wouldn't do 
 that." 
 
 " What is the value of the animal ? " 
 
 " About four or five pounds." 
 
 " Did the man pay you anything for the use of the 
 dog ? " 
 
 "No, sir ; I lent it to him because he's a friend of mine." 
 
 " Well, all I can say is that it's most unfriendly of him 
 not to return it. You had better take out a summons against 
 him for detaining your property." 
 
 " But, sir, I haven't got his name and address ! " exclaimed 
 the man, helplessly. 
 
 It was impossible to be angry with him, and so I replied, 
 kindly : 
 
 " Now listen to me, and I'll tell you what to do. Go 
 away and find out his name and address. Some one is
 
 an ill.treated wife. 199 
 
 sure to know all about him, and if you persevere you are 
 sure to succeed. When you have found out the name and 
 address, come back here, and you shall have a summons. 
 Do you understand ? " 
 
 " Yes, sir," he replied ; and looking very happy, he took 
 his departure. 
 
 (12) An elderly woman, who said : 
 
 " I've come about my child, sir. Her father hasn't given 
 me a penny for her support for six weeks." 
 
 " Are you single ? " I asked. 
 
 " Yes — at least I was then ; but I'm married now." 
 
 "Then your application is in reference to the arrears 
 of an affiliation order, I presume ? " 
 
 " Yes, sir." 
 
 " What is the amount? " 
 
 "Thirty shillings." 
 
 " You may have a summons." 
 
 (13) A neatly dressed young woman, wearing deep mourn- 
 ing, who murmured : 
 
 " I want to know what I can do about my husband. 
 He hasn't given me any money since Saturday three weeks, 
 and he knocks me about every time he sees me. Last 
 Saturday he hit me and kicked me in the streets. I'm 
 bruises all over. I want a summons, but I can't afford two 
 shillings." 
 
 " You may take one for nothing, then." 
 
 (14) A loud-voiced woman, apparently consumed with 
 indignation. 
 
 "I want a summons," she said, "against a woman who 
 came after me in the streets yesterday and dared to call me " 
 (here she suggested a number of epithets by their initial letters) 
 " and a lot of other dirty, filthy names, sir ; and the whole 
 neighbourhood out and looking on ! " 
 
 "Well," I said, "you can of course have the summons if 
 you like, but I shouldn't advise you to. It really isn't worth 
 while." • 
 
 "Oh, indeed!" she retorted, tossing her head. "I will 
 have the summons, if you please. It is an old grievance, 
 I assure you." 
 
 (15) A woman in a red shawl, who apparently had a 
 genuine grievance, but she had brought it to the wrong Court. 
 She explained that she had let her shop and business to a man 
 for eighteen shillings a week, and that he had quitted the
 
 2oo THE TENANT'S REFRACTORY LODGER. 
 
 premises without settling. I told her that she had an excellent 
 case for the County Court. 
 
 (16) A thin, excitable-looking young woman. 
 
 " I think it's too bad," was her opening remark ; and she 
 went on to unfold her tale in a most hysterical fashion. She 
 came to protest against the conduct, not of a brutal husband 
 or an abusive neighbour, but of myself. It appeared that her 
 little boy had " got into trouble down the road with another 
 little boy," some days before, and had been sent by me to a 
 Reformatory School. The woman protested bitterly against 
 my action, spoke of the number of attendances her son had 
 made at the Board School, and remarked that she herself was 
 a respectable woman, and had never been in a Police Court 
 before in the whole course of her life. 
 
 Having refreshed my memory with the particulars of the 
 charge brought against the lad, I dismissed the woman, telling 
 her that what had been done had been done for his own 
 good. 
 
 (17) Another unhappy woman who had been maltreated 
 by a brutal husband. Her statement was a model of brevity. 
 These were her words : 
 
 "My husband is always knocking me about, and on 
 Friday he came home the worse for liquor and took up a sauce- 
 pan and hit me here ; " and she pointed to her swollen and 
 bruised temple. She took a summons. 
 
 (18) A nervous youth of about sixteen. He faltered : 
 
 " We have a house in Royal Mint Street, and we had a 
 tenant there for two weeks ; but he's gone now and we find 
 he's left a lodger, who won't leave, though we've told him 
 to again and again. It's no use speaking to him, so mother 
 sent me down to see you about it." 
 
 I directed one of the officers to send a constable to the 
 house to warn the lodger that he must leave. 
 
 (19) A powerful- looking labourer who was anything but 
 nervous. 
 
 "I want a summons against a man for assault," he said, 
 airily, and I told him he might have one. 
 
 (20) A tottering old man with a very thin face. He 
 whispered : 
 
 " I kept an oil shop, having bought the business from 
 a man seven months ago ; but I wish to give it up now, and I 
 want to know if I am liable to pay rent while I hold the 
 key ? "
 
 THE "PROTECTION ORDER" AGAIN. 2ot 
 
 " Are you a weekly tenant ? " I asked. 
 
 "No, sir, a monthly tenant." 
 
 " Have you given notice to quit ? " 
 
 " No, sir." 
 
 "Well, you should do so at once." 
 
 "But I do not know where to find the landlord, Mr. 
 
 D- 
 
 " Well, where does he live ? " 
 
 " He kept an oil shop in Weymouth Terrace, but when I 
 went there, I found that he had sold it and gone away. So I 
 can't give notice, and I can't give up the key." 
 
 " But doesn't the present occupier of the oil shop in Wey- 
 mouth Terrace know where Mr. D has gone ? " 
 
 " No, sir ; he says he doesn't know what has become of 
 him at all." 
 
 " Well, I would advise you to leave the premises and to lock 
 them up, and if Mr. D — • — summonses you, the case will 
 come before the County Court, and I don't think it will be 
 maintained. You had better also write a notice to quit, and 
 leave it for Mr. D at the shop in Weymouth Terrace." 
 
 " But, sir, I did do that, and the new people wouldn't take 
 the notice." 
 
 " Well, then, what I should advise you to do would be 
 this : put the notice to quit in an envelope, together with the 
 key, address it to the shop in Weymouth Terrace, which is the 
 
 only address of Mr. D that you know, and send it by 
 
 post." 
 
 "Thank you, sir," said the man; and he took his de- 
 parture. 
 
 (21) A very old woman, who was apparently trembling with 
 anger. She said : 
 
 " Can I have a protection order against a person who is 
 continually " 
 
 " I think the best thing for me to do," said I, interrupting 
 her, " will be to put a large notice on the door of the Court 
 to the effect that there is no such thing as a protection order. 
 Now, what is it that you complain about ? " 
 
 " I work for a sealskin merchant close to here, and this 
 person that I've come to tell you about keeps on meeting me 
 just as I come out. She walks the streets I know, and she's 
 such a dreadful character. She calls me, oh, the most filthy 
 names, and I can't stand it, sir." 
 
 " You want a summons, I suppose, for abusive language ? "
 
 202 "HE STRANGLED ME." 
 
 "Yes, sir ; but I don't know this party's address, though I 
 know her name." 
 
 " Well, you must find out the address before you can have 
 the summons." 
 
 (22) A young man of apparently respectable appearance, 
 wearing a leather apron. 
 
 " Can I," he said, " take a summons out against a brewer, 
 my employer, who has discharged me without notice? " 
 
 " Were you entitled to a week's notice ? " 
 
 " Yes, sir, a week's notice or a week's pay." 
 
 " What was your work in the brewery ? " 
 
 " Delivering, and that sort of thing." 
 
 " Well, I'm afraid I can't help you. You must go to the 
 County Court." 
 
 (23) A young, well-dressed woman, with a baby in her 
 arms." 
 
 " My husband, sir," she said, " has been throwing things at 
 me, and he tried to strangle me." 
 
 " When was this ? " 
 
 " Well, he threw some things at me last night." 
 
 " What things ? " 
 
 " A saucepan and a whitewash brush. On Friday morning 
 he punched me in the face and strangled me." 
 
 " Strangled you ? You mean he tried to, I suppose ? " 
 
 "No, sir, he did it," replied the woman, commencing to 
 sob hysterically. 
 
 " Well, you may have a summons for assault," I replied. 
 
 (24) An elderly woman, wearing a bright red shawl, who 
 curtsied low on stepping forward. She said : 
 
 " If you please, yer honour, I've come about that case that 
 was heard here last Thursday fortnight, about my poor mad 
 husband. He's been and gone " 
 
 " I wasn't sitting here last Thursday fortnight. The case 
 must have come before my brother magistrate. He will be 
 here to-morrow, and you must come up again then." 
 
 (25) A Jew boy, who was very nervous. He commenced 
 to mumble something that I could not hear, and I told him 
 to speak out. Raising his tremulous voice, he said : 
 
 " A man hit me, sir." 
 " What man ? " 
 " A man named Hind, sir." 
 " Where does he live ? " 
 " I don't know."
 
 TRYING TO FRIGHTEN A HUSBAND. 203 
 
 " What did he hit you for ? " 
 
 " I don't know." 
 
 " Where did he hit you ? " 
 
 " On the back, sir." 
 
 " Oh, nonsense ! " 
 
 " But, sir, mayn't — mayn't I have a summons ? " 
 
 " Certainly not. Go away at once." 
 
 (26) A young woman with a baby in her arms, and with 
 a thin, pale face, powerfully suggestive of destitution and 
 disease. She faltered : 
 
 " If you please, sir, my husband came home last night the 
 worse for liquor and struck me, and it's not the first time, I'm 
 sorry to say. I don't want to put him away, but I want to 
 frighten him. I want him bound over to keep the peace." 
 
 Alas ! cases of this kind are frequently occurring. Of 
 course the poor wife does not want her husband sent to prison. 
 If the bread-winner is removed, the children will starve. In 
 cases of this sort the applicant fancies she can invoke the 
 assistance of the law without provoking its penalty. She 
 thinks there may perhaps be some middle course — some 
 compromise ; but it is a delusion. Some women, however, 
 find a tolerably satisfactory solution of the difficulty, though 
 whether their action is always premeditated I cannot say. I 
 refer, of course, to the practice of taking out a summons 
 against the man, and, on the day on which it is appointed to 
 be heard, failing to put in an appearance to prosecute. 
 
 Addressing the present applicant, I said : 
 
 il You place me in a position of some difficulty. You want 
 to proceed against your husband, and yet you don't. I quite 
 understand what is in your mind, and I sympathise with you. 
 I think perhaps the best thing you can do will be to take no 
 further steps in the matter at present. Perhaps your husband 
 will behave better in the future. Of course if he again ill-treats 
 you, it may be absolutely necessary for you to take out a 
 summons." 
 
 (27) A short but very stout man, with a clear, pink com- 
 plexion, who, in a brisk and business-like manner, explained 
 how his employer, notwithstanding the written agreement 
 between them, had discharged him without paying a week's 
 salary in lieu of a week's notice. I, of course, referred him to 
 the County Court. 
 
 (28) A respectable-looking, buxom woman, dressed in black 
 — a landlady, every inch of her. Smiling cheerfully, she said :
 
 264 A PERSON LIABLE TO FITS. 
 
 " My second-floor lodger died last night, and she owes me 
 five weeks' rent." 
 
 " Well," I observed, somewhat taken aback, " the dead can 
 pay no debts." 
 
 "Quite so," she replied, briskly; and then, lowering her 
 voice confidentially, she added : " But I can have her things." 
 
 " I don't know about that." 
 
 " But, don't you see, if I don't have them, the milkman 
 will. He came round to my place this morning, and said she 
 owed for fourteen weeks, with four eggs every Sunday." 
 
 "Well," I said, "you can distrain for rent. I don't see 
 what else you can do." 
 
 " Oh, I know all about that," the woman retorted ; " but I 
 thought, perhaps, if I mentioned the matter to you, you could 
 give me authority. I now see," she added, looking at me 
 disdainfully, " that I have made a mistake, and I beg to wish 
 you a good morning ; " upon which, with a haughty inclination 
 of her head, this great personage left the Court. 
 
 (29) A middle-aged man, in elaborate rags, with the 
 whining voice and air of affected humility that sometimes 
 succeed with simple-hearted old ladies, but never, I should 
 imagine, with police magistrates. This fellow had learnt his 
 tale by heart. 
 
 " If you please, your honour," said he, deferentially touch- 
 ing his forehead, " I've walked all the way from Bristol in the 
 hope of finding work in London, and, on the way, my spine 
 and hip have become diseased." 
 
 " Indeed ! " 
 
 " Yes, your honour, and perhaps your honour would have 
 no objection to see my spine, just to convince yourself." 
 
 " I should have the very strongest objection to do so. 
 What do you want ? " 
 
 " Only to ask your honour whether it lies in your power to 
 send me to the workhouse ? " 
 
 "Of course you can go to the workhouse." 
 
 " But they won't take me." 
 
 " Nonsense ! They are bound to. You can step down." 
 
 (30) A tall, dirty, ragged individual, who might or might 
 not have been an impostor. His story was certainly remark- 
 able, if true. He said : 
 
 " I had a happy home, sir, but I suffered from fits, and 
 had to go into the hospital. I was three weeks in there, and 
 during that time I had one thousand and seven fits."
 
 AN UNFORTUNATE OLD MAN. 205 
 
 " One thousand and seven ? Why, that must have been at 
 the rate of one every half-hour, day and night ! " 
 
 " Yes, sir ; that's about it. Well, when I was in prison, my 
 wife came in and saw me three times drunk." 
 
 " Do you mean that you were drunk, or that she was ? " 
 
 "She was, sir. Now, when I come out of the hospital, I 
 have no home, for she has sold up everything and is now on 
 the streets." 
 
 "If you've got a bad wife, I can't help you. I'm very 
 sorry for you, but, unfortunately, I can do nothing for you." 
 
 (31) A very old and infirm hunchbacked man on crutches, 
 who was led forward by two constables. 
 
 " Perhaps," said the interpreter of the Court, " you will 
 allow me to say a word or two about this case. Twelve 
 months ago the applicant was run over, and was taken to the 
 hospital, and he now wants to know whether he cannot recover 
 damages against the man who did him the injury. He was in 
 Court the other day, when Mr. Bushby advised him to apply 
 to a solicitor and bring an action." 
 
 In a shrill, feeble voice, the applicant said : 
 
 " I wish I was as well off as when I first knew you, sir. 
 You pleaded for my son in days gone by." 
 
 " I dare say," I observed. 
 
 " I was run over, sir," continued the old man, " in Com- 
 mercial Street, and taken to the hospital, and was there a long 
 time ; and I've come out, though I thought I should die. I 
 did, indeed, sir !" 
 
 "Yes— well?" 
 
 " Well, I didn't die, sir." 
 
 " No." 
 
 " And I want to get your advice, sir, for what I'm to do 
 about it." 
 
 "You must bring an action." 
 
 " Yes ; I've been to a solicitor, but he won't take the 
 matter up because I've got no money. Oh, dear ! I had 
 money when I employed you ; but I've lost ^800 in horses." 
 
 " How do you mean ? " 
 
 "Why, bad luck, of course — the same as many another 
 man." 
 
 " Betting ? " 
 
 " Betting — no, sir. I bought the horses to sell them, and 
 they died. It was misfortune." 
 
 " Very great misfortune."
 
 306 DISAPPOINTMENT. 
 
 " Yes ; and I employed you for my son that time against 
 Mr. Beasley." 
 
 " I dare say." 
 
 "And you made skittles of em." 
 
 " I can't say anything about that." 
 
 " And I want your advice now." 
 
 " You must go to a solicitor ; but if you've got no money 
 you can hardly be successful, for few solicitors would take the 
 case up if there's no money." 
 
 " I had ,£30 when it happened — twelve months ago ; but 
 it's spent. It's gone in paying rent, and one thing and another. 
 Can't I summons them for that ^30 ? " 
 
 " No ; the only thing you can do is to bring an action." 
 
 Two constables then led the applicant out of Court. 
 
 This was the last of the applications.
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 A MORNING AT WORSHIP STREET (fOllfilll/crf). 
 
 Description of a public-house robbery — Charges of drunkenness — Excuses 
 for inebriation — Assaults upon the police — Quibbles from the dock — 
 A desperate youth— His decent coat no excuse — Charges of street 
 gambling — The non-appearance of women to prosecute— Judicially 
 separated for the second time — A cool thief — Boot-stealers — Three 
 typical housebreakers. 
 
 I now come to the charges that were heard on the morning 
 with which I have partially dealt in the preceding chapter. 
 
 (i) Two men, both of about middle age, who were charged 
 with robbery. 
 
 A licensed victualler, carrying on business in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Victoria Park, was the first witness. He deposed 
 
 that one of the prisoners, L , had been employed in his 
 
 establishment as barman, having come to him with four 
 months' good character. He did not know the other prisoner. 
 " In consequence of what a detective told me," the witness 
 
 continued, " I watched L as he served the customers last 
 
 night. The other prisoner, B , came into the bar at about 
 
 half-past seven, and, turning to a man who was standing there, 
 said : ' Have a drink ? ' The man, who was the detective I 
 refer to, replied : ' That's very kind of you. You are an entire 
 
 stranger to me ; but I've no objection.' L then took the 
 
 order for a couple of glasses of bitter, and, though he had re- 
 ceived no money, he proceeded, after serving the liquor, to go 
 to the till, and take out some coppers and silver, which he 
 
 handed to B . A few minutes afterwards a man came into 
 
 one of the other compartments, and, looking across to B , 
 
 said : ' You are talking to a split.' A ' split,' your worship, 
 means a detective."
 
 2o8 FOUND DRUNK. 
 
 Several other witnesses gave confirmatory evidence. A man 
 who lived in the neighbourhood of the public-house, and who 
 had assisted in the arrest of the prisoners, said : 
 
 " I heard the policeman's whistle, and I saw B — — running 
 along the road. He seemed to me to be a wrong member, so 
 I gave chase, and lent the constable a hand in collaring him." 
 
 The prisoners were remanded for a week. 
 
 (2) A ragged old woman dressed in black. 
 
 A policeman testified to having found her drunk in a public 
 place. 
 
 "What have you to say?" I asked. 
 
 " I'm very sorry, sir," she replied. 
 
 I asked the gaoler whether he knew the prisoner. 
 
 " No, sir," he replied, " she's not been here before." 
 
 " You are discharged," I said. 
 
 (3) A woman still more ragged. 
 
 Evidence was given as to her having been found drunk in 
 Wentworth Street. 
 
 "Shan't 'appen again," she said ; and she was discharged. 
 
 (4) A disreputable-looking man. (Same charge.) 
 " Please, I met a friend or two, and 'ad a drop." 
 Not known ; discharged. 
 
 (5) Another man, apparently a bricklayer's labourer. (Same 
 charge.) 
 
 " Drop too much, sir. 'Tain't often as I forgets myself." 
 Not known ; discharged. 
 
 (6) A young woman with a baby in her arms, found drunk 
 in Edward Street. 
 
 "She has been here before, sir," said the gaoler; "but it 
 was Christmas time, and she was discharged." 
 
 " What have you to say for yourself ? " I asked. 
 
 "On Saturday night I went and saw father home, and 
 coming back I met a friend who hit father on the head. I 
 wasn't drunk ; but I must say I 'ad 'ad a drop." 
 
 " Let this be a lesson to you. Next time you will be sent 
 to prison. You are discharged " 
 
 (7) Another woman with a baby in her arms, having no 
 bonnet on. (Same charge.) 
 
 "Not known, sir," said the gaoler. 
 " What have you to say ? " I asked. 
 
 " I admit I had too much to drink. It shall never happen 
 again." 
 
 " I hope not. You are discharged."
 
 EXTRAORDINARY EXCUSES. 209 
 
 (8) A woman wearing a bright red shawl. (Same charge 
 and not known.) 
 
 " I am very sorry, yer worship ; never 'appened before. 
 I'm not in the 'abit of drinking at all." 
 
 " Better take the pledge, then. Discharged." 
 
 (9) A well-dressed woman of about five-and-twenty. She 
 had been found drunk in Commercial Street. 
 
 " What have you to say ? " 
 
 " I had been having a row with my young man." 
 " That's no reason for being drunk." 
 
 " Well, only about half an hour before, I had come away 
 from Bartholomew's Hospital, where I'd been to see mother." 
 " That's no reason either." 
 " Well, I got drunk coming home." 
 "Next time, you will be sent to prison. Discharged." 
 
 (10) A miserable-looking old man, who was trembling and 
 crying. He had been found drunk in Brick Lane. 
 
 " Not known," said the gaoler. 
 
 " Ah, but I'm afraid I know you," I said. " I fancy I've 
 seen your face before." 
 
 " Very sorry, yer worship," said the prisoner, blubbering 
 piteously. " I'd been working very hard all day yesterday, and 
 I had a drop in the evening. Very hard I'd been working — 
 I had, indeed." 
 
 " Yes, and you went and spent all the money you'd earned 
 on drink, I suppose." 
 
 " I met with a neighbour, and I had a drop, and it took 
 effect upon me." 
 
 " Don't try it again. Discharged." 
 
 (n) A tolerably well-dressed woman, charged with being 
 drunk in Green Street. (Not known.) 
 
 "I was not drunk, sir," said the prisoner, indignantly. 
 " I took a summons out here last week against my husband, 
 and when he came out yesterday, he pulled me about 
 awful." 
 
 " Mind you never get drunk, then. Discharged." 
 
 (12) A horrible-looking woman with bleary eyes, found 
 drunk in Whitechapel Road. 
 
 " I had a drop too much. I admit it." 
 " Discharged." 
 
 (13) A man about fifty years of age, dressed in rags, who 
 was found drunk in Middlesex Street. 
 
 " I was not drunk. I have a bad leg, and I sat down to 
 
 p
 
 2io DRUNK WHILE DRIVING. 
 
 rest it, and the policeman came up and kicked me in the 
 back ; then he took me to the station." 
 
 " I don't believe what you say. I think you were 
 drunk." 
 
 " I was quite sober, and the inspector at the station 
 himself said I wasn't drunk." 
 
 " Very good. I shall remand you till this afternoon, so 
 that we can have the inspector here. If I find you've told 
 me a falsehood, I shall send you to prison ; if you've told 
 the truth, you will be discharged." 
 
 (14) An old man with a thin, pale face, who was found 
 drunk in Bethnal Green Road. (Not known.) 
 
 " Yes, I was drunk — very drunk, and I'm sorry for it." 
 " So am I. You are discharged this time." 
 
 (15) A villainous-looking man of about thirty. 
 
 " I found him drunk, sir," said the constable, " in Mount 
 Street. There were about two hundred people around him, 
 and he was causing a great commotion. This is the man, 
 your worship, about whom the woman made an application 
 this morning." 
 
 " Call the woman," I said. 
 
 Her name was called inside and outside the Court, but 
 there was no response. 
 
 Addressing the prisoner, I said : 
 
 "Your wife has applied here this morning for a summons 
 against you for brutally ill-treating her. Fortunately for 
 you, she does not now appear. You are bound over in the 
 sum of ;£io to keep the peace for six months, which means 
 that you had better leave your wife alone." 
 
 (16) A man who had been found drunk in High Street, 
 Shoreditch. (Not known.) 
 
 " I had had a drop, sir, but not to say drunk. I knew 
 what I was doing." 
 " Discharged." 
 
 (17) A respectable-looking man of about sixty. The 
 constable deposed that the prisoner was intoxicated while 
 driving a van, and that he fell from his seat into the 
 roadway. 
 
 "Was the horse injured?" I asked. 
 
 "No, sir." 
 
 " What have you to say for yourself? Your case is very 
 different from that of the poor wretched creatures who have 
 just been up before me."
 
 THE LEADER OF A BAD GANG. 21 i 
 
 " I wasn't used to a van, sir, having been in the habit of 
 driving a cart, and I fell out." 
 
 • ' Do you deny being drunk ? " 
 
 " I do." 
 
 Turning to the constable, I asked : 
 
 " Of course a doctor saw him at the station. Is that 
 doctor in Court? " 
 
 " Yes, sir, the divisional surgeon ; he is here." 
 
 This gentleman was sworn, and stated that the prisoner 
 was undoubtedly intoxicated. 
 
 " You will have to pay a fine of five shillings," I said, 
 "as well as the doctor's fee, being thirteen-and-six in all, 
 or seven days." 
 
 (18) A brutal-looking young man with half-closed eyes. 
 "Shortly after twelve last night," said the constable, "I 
 
 found the prisoner very drunk in Old Nichol Street. He 
 struck me on the left side, and used foul language. I closed 
 with him, and he kicked me, and tried to throw me. He 
 is the leader of a bad gang in the district, and has been 
 convicted before." 
 
 " Have you anything to say ? " I asked the prisoner. 
 
 " Yes ; it wasn't after twelve, it was before. I was stand- 
 ing around with my young lady's father, and this policeman 
 came up and caught hold of me, and then hollered out ' Jack ' 
 to another policeman. Then he hit me." 
 
 " And I dare say he was obliged to." 
 
 " No, he wasn't, for I didn't touch him." 
 
 Another constable corroborated the statement of the 
 previous witness, saying that he saw the prisoner strike his 
 comrade on the " right " side. 
 
 "Look at that, now," exclaimed the prisoner. "There's 
 lying for yer ! One says it was the right side, and the other 
 says it was the left." 
 
 " I dare say the police haven't time," I said, " when 
 dealing with roughs like you, to see on which side a blow 
 is struck. It's quite immaterial. Have you any evidence 
 to call?" 
 
 " No," the prisoner replied, doggedly. 
 
 A number of previous convictions having been proved, I 
 sentenced the prisoner to one month's hard labour. 
 
 (19) A man of about forty, with closely cropped hair. 
 
 "I arrested him in Commercial Street on Saturday night," 
 said the constable. " He was shouting and hollering, and 
 
 p 2
 
 212 A DESPERATE YOUTH. 
 
 deliberately hit me in the chest. After I had taken him 
 into custody he threw me on the ground and kicked me on 
 the shins." 
 
 " I am very sorry," said the prisoner ; " I lost my senses, 
 and I didn't know what I was doing." 
 
 "Yes, but you assaulted the police, and it is my invariable 
 rule, unless there are very strong extenuating circumstances, 
 to pass a sentence of imprisonment for this offence. Eight 
 days' hard labour." 
 
 (20) A respectably dressed youth of about eighteen, who 
 was charged with being drunk and assaulting the police. 
 
 " He struck me first," said the prisoner. 
 Other constables having been called, who denied this 
 statement, I passed a sentence of eight days' hard labour. 
 
 (21) A ragged old man, who was charged on the sheet 
 with being drunk and disorderly, and with having broken 
 the door of a shop in Old Ford Road. The owner thereof, 
 who had given him into custody, did not put in an appearance, 
 and the prisoner was accordingly discharged. 
 
 (22) A well-dressed and respectable-looking youth of about 
 eighteen, who was charged with assaulting the police. 
 
 The first witness was a publican, who said : 
 
 "The prisoner was in my house at closing time, and 
 would not leave. He was not drunk. I think he intended 
 to have a bother with some friends outside. When I asked 
 him to go out, he struck me on the side of the face." 
 
 " What have you to say ? " 
 
 " We went to a bean-feast on Saturday," said the prisoner, 
 "and I had a drop too much to drink. I had been a teetotaler 
 for a long time before." 
 
 The constable who arrested him said : 
 
 "As I was taking him to the station, he kicked me and 
 threw me. He then got away, and I ran after him. He 
 was caught by another constable, whom he struck in the 
 face and also threw." 
 
 "I didn't know what I was doing." interposed the 
 prisoner. 
 
 "That," I remarked, "is no answer from a man in rags, 
 and it certainly is no answer from a man with a good coat 
 on his back." 
 
 Confirmatory evidence having been given, the prisoner 
 called his uncle, a carman, as a witness. The uncle said : 
 
 " I'm very sorry to hear about this. He's little more
 
 STREET GAMBLING. 213 
 
 than a boy. I've never known him drink a drop of beer in 
 his life. I always understood he was a teetotaler." 
 
 " Well," I said, " three separate assaults have been proved 
 against the prisoner, and it would be a crying shame if I 
 allowed him to go with a mere fine. How could I con- 
 sistently send to prison the poor wretches who are brought 
 before me day after day? Because the prisoner has a decent 
 coat on his back, that is no reason why he should escape 
 more easily than the others. His decent coat is no excuse 
 — rather the reverse. I sentence him to twenty-one days' 
 imprisonment with hard labour." 
 
 (23) A boy of about sixteen, somewhat " flashily " dressed. 
 He was accused of gambling with cards in a public thorough- 
 fare. When arrested, 2s. 5^2^. was found upon him. The 
 police stated that there had been frequent complaints in the 
 neighbourhood in reference to street gambling. I sentenced 
 the prisoner to pay a fine of $s. or go to prison for five days. 
 
 (24) Another boy, but badly dressed and looking very 
 crestfallen. He was charged with gambling and playing pitch 
 and toss. No money was found upon him. 
 
 " Five shillings or five days." 
 
 (25) Another wretched-looking youth, who was charged 
 with the same offence; ioj4d. was found upon him. 
 
 " Five shillings or five days." 
 
 (26) A bright-looking boy of about fourteen, who was 
 charged with the same offence, and in whose pocket Jj4d. was 
 found. 
 
 " Five shillings or five days." 
 
 (27) Two boys, brothers, who were charged with the same 
 offence. In the pocket of one of them Ss. sy^d. was found, and 
 in the pocket of the other, s^d. 
 
 " Five shillings or five days." 
 
 (28) Two more boys of about thirteen and fourteen were 
 charged with the same offence. One had is. 6d. and the 
 other is. lod. 
 
 " Five shillings or five days." 
 
 (I should mention, in reference to the above charges of 
 gambling, that I subsequently instructed my clerk that such 
 of the prisoners as were unable to pay the fine were to be 
 discharged at the end of the afternoon.) 
 
 (29) A tall, wretched-looking man, scantily clothed in 
 rags. 
 
 The first witness, a police constable, said :
 
 214 CONFLICTING EVIDENCE. 
 
 " Last Friday week I met the prisoner in the Commercial 
 Road, and he punched me in the face, took away my whistle, 
 and broke my truncheon. He was very violent and managed 
 to escape. I did not see him again until last night, when I 
 took him into custody." 
 
 "What made him assault you?" 
 
 " I don't know. There wasn't any reason. I think he 
 must have mistaken me for some one else." 
 
 " Can you swear that this is the man ? " 
 
 " Yes, I am positive." 
 
 Another constable stated that he saw a man running away 
 from the last witness on Friday week, and that he was under 
 the impression that the prisoner was that man. 
 
 The police inspector testified that the prisoner corresponded 
 with the description given by the first witness on the night of 
 the occurrence. 
 
 I asked the prisoner if he had any witnesses, and he called 
 his daughter. She swore that her father came out of the 
 hospital on the afternoon of Friday week, and that he spent 
 the whole of the evening of that day in bed, suffering acutely 
 from a wound on the head that had just been surgically 
 treated. 
 
 I remanded the prisoner for three days, in order that the 
 house surgeon of the hospital might attend. 
 
 (30) A respectable-looking mechanic, about thirty years 
 of age. 
 
 The prisoner had severely assaulted his wife — according to 
 the statement of a constable — but the woman did not appear 
 to prosecute. 
 
 " Your poor wife," I said, " has not liked to come here to- 
 day, because she knows that she will suffer if you are sent to 
 prison. I discharge you, and I do so with great sorrow." 
 
 (31) An elderly man, charged with the same offence. The 
 wife did not appear, and he was discharged. 
 
 (32) A tolerably well-dressed and intelligent-looking man 
 of about thirty, who was charged with the same offence. In 
 this case the wife did appear, carrying a baby in her arms. 
 She said : 
 
 " We have been married eleven years, and we have four 
 children. He has often assaulted me, and on Tuesday he 
 gave me a terrible blow on the head. We had a judicial 
 separation, but we lived together again, and now I want to have 
 another separation."
 
 A "TEMPTATION." 215 
 
 " Why did you take him back ? " I asked. 
 " Well, sir, he said it would be a lesson to him." 
 "What is the use of a lesson to a ruffian like that?" 
 Then, turning to the prisoner, I continued : " Your wife was 
 separated from you, but she has been fool enough to take you 
 back ; and you repay her kindness by beating her. You shall 
 be imprisoned for one day. If I make it more, this woman 
 will be the sufferer, and perhaps have nothing to live upon. 
 You shall also be separated again, and you shall pay her ten 
 shillings a week. But," I added, turning to the woman, " if 
 you take him back again, you needn't come to me, for I shan't 
 help you any more. You may have the order for nothing." 
 
 (33) A tall, elderly man, very raggedly dressed. 
 The first witness was a constable, and he deposed : 
 "Last night, shortly after twelve, I saw the prisoner come 
 
 out of a warehouse in Commercial Street, and commence to 
 run away." 
 
 " It's all a lie," exclaimed the prisoner from the dock. 
 
 "Hold your tongue, sir," I said. "You will have an 
 opportunity of speaking afterwards." 
 
 The constable went on to say that he gave chase to, and 
 captured the prisoner, who dropped a number of knives and 
 forks. 
 
 I remanded the case for inquiries. 
 
 (34) A tolerably well-dressed young man of a low cast of 
 countenance. The prosecutor, a bootmaker, said : 
 
 " I carry on business in Hanbury Street, Spitalfields, and I 
 have a stall in Petticoat Lane. Almost every Sunday morning 
 I have boots stolen from the stall, and yesterday two pairs 
 were taken, and I saw the prisoner running away with them in 
 his hand. I shouted out : ' Stop ! bring those back ! ' He 
 shouted in return : ' You should be more careful.' I gave 
 chase, and a policeman caught him." 
 
 " Have you anything to say ? " I asked the prisoner. 
 
 " Well," he coolly replied, " I did steal the boots, but let 
 that pass. It was a temptation to me, leaving them on the 
 stall like that." 
 
 " Three months' hard labour." 
 
 (35) An overgrown, pale-faced boy of about eighteen. 
 The first witness said : 
 
 " I am a bootmaker in the Old Ford Road. The prisoner 
 came into my shop on Saturday, and said : ' I have called for 
 the boots that had to be soled and heeled.' He added ;
 
 2i6 TYPICAL HOUSEBREAKERS. 
 
 ' Here they are,' taking up a pair that had just been mended. 
 In the evening the real owner came, and the prisoner was 
 traced and arrested." 
 
 The boy pleaded " Guilty," and hung his head. 
 
 Several previous convictions were proved against him. 
 
 " You will go to prison," I said, " for three months, and 
 this is the last time you will be dealt with at a Police Court. 
 Next time you will be sent for trial, and very likely get penal 
 servitude." 
 
 (36) Three men, typical housebreakers. They were charged 
 with breaking into the warehouse of a firm of wholesale clothiers 
 in Commercial Street. The manager of the premises, who 
 prosecuted, stated that they had got through the skylight at 
 the top of the house, and that they gathered together property 
 to the value of ^150. They bad tampered with the safe, 
 smoked a number of cigars that were in the private office, and 
 drunk a bottle of champagne that was five years old. " One 
 of the prisoners had three pairs of trousers on, two being our 
 property. There is a new building, sir, by the side of our 
 warehouse, and they got in over the roof. We have been 
 robbed three times, and this is the second time that an en- 
 trance has been effected in this way." 
 
 Several other witnesses gave corroborative evidence, and a 
 constable who helped to arrest the prisoners stated that one of 
 them, on being taken into custody, said : " Ah, well, this is a 
 fair cop." One of the other prisoners was caught trying to 
 escape up the chimney. The third prisoner was not caught 
 until afterwards. The police, who had been summoned to 
 the premises, knew that three men were engaged in the "job," 
 and accordingly instituted an exhaustive search. They ulti- 
 mately found the third man in an area at the back, hidden 
 behind some sacks. When the sacks were removed, he said : 
 " All right, guv'nor ; I'll surrender." 
 
 I remanded the prisoners for a week. 
 
 This concluded the business of the morning.
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 LEGISLATION. 
 
 Royal Commissions — Mr. Ritchie's statement — Torrens' and Cross's Acts 
 — A game of battledore and shuttlecock — The Shaftesbury Acts — Earl 
 Compton's representations — -A summary of the provisions of the new 
 Act — Action of the London County Council — Its great Bethnal Green 
 scheme — The rehousing question — An instructive incident — The future 
 action of the Council defined — Some coroners' inquests — Stale, mud- 
 stained bread — Observations by Mr. Wynne Baxter. 
 
 It may be as well, at this point, to consider what has been 
 done and what is in contemplation, to remedy, or to attempt 
 to remedy, the existing state of things in the East End. 
 
 Royal Commissions have been appointed to investigate 
 the matter. To investigate — yes ; but what has actually been 
 done? The efforts of. private individuals are, of course, mere 
 drops in the ocean. What leading statesman has grappled 
 with the evil — what leading statesman has given his mind to 
 the solution of the problem ? Has any real effort been made 
 to remove these dens, which are unfit for men, which are unfit 
 for animals, to live in ? People mourn over the improvidence, 
 the drunkenness, and the crime of what we term the lower 
 classes ; but what can be expected when they are left to the 
 corruption of places where cleanliness and morality are well- 
 nigh impossible ? Is it to be supposed that these poor creatures 
 never think ? Is it deemed possible that they are in such an 
 abject state as never to ponder over the actual fact that, save 
 in words, very little is done to help them ? From my experi- 
 ence of the dwellers in the East End, I should say that Her 
 Majesty has no more loyal subjects in her realm ; but what is 
 to be the end of things if these oppressed, down-trodden, and 
 well-nigh crushed unfortunates discover that they are nobody's
 
 2i8 ACTS OF PARLIAMENT. 
 
 care, and that there is no hope of anything being done to 
 lessen their misery ? 
 
 Let us consider how legislation stands at present. In the 
 early part of last year, before the passing of the amended and 
 consolidated Housing of the Working Classes Act — about 
 which I shall presently have something to say — Mr. Ritchie, 
 the President of the Local Government Board, asserted that, 
 provided only the vestries and the London County Council do 
 their duty, ample powers exist for getting rid of insanitary 
 dwellings and dealing satisfactorily with the whole question. 
 I am inclined to agree with him. Certain it is that, during 
 the past forty years, a great many Acts of Parliament have 
 been passed in reference to the housing of the labouring 
 classes. 
 
 By a statute passed in 185 1, boroughs and local boards of 
 health were empowered to erect buildings suitable as lodging- 
 houses for the labouring classes, to adapt existing buildings to 
 the purpose, and to enlarge, repair, and improve the same 
 from time to time. Then there are the Shaftesbury Acts, 
 which can be easily and cheaply applied, if the central 
 authority is willing. They have been put in operation, for 
 some considerable time past, in Liverpool, and, if the London 
 County Council chose, they could be equally well applied to 
 the metropolis. 
 
 It is but fair to add that the London County Council has 
 begun to move in this direction ; but its action has not yet 
 borne fruit. 
 
 Under Torrens' Acts, the vestries can demolish rotten 
 houses in small areas, and Cross's Acts of 1875 and 1879 give 
 the central authority similar powers over wide areas. Thus 
 isolated instances of insanitary dwellings could be removed, 
 and whole districts of slums cleared. But the public has 
 fallen between these two sets of Acts in the past. On the one 
 hand the vestries said that the areas brought under their 
 notice were too large for Torrens' Acts to be applicable ; on 
 the other hand, the Metropolitan Board of Works said that the 
 areas were too small to come within the scope of Cross's Acts. 
 And Londoners looked on passively at this game of battledore 
 and shuttlecock, and meekly re-elected the vestrymen when 
 the polling day came round ! 
 
 Under the Shaftesbury Acts land can be taken over, the 
 rotten buildings thereon demolished, and desirable dwellings 
 for the poor erected in their stead. Ample borrowing powers
 
 PROVISIONS OF THE NEW ACT. 219 
 
 are conferred, the money being obtainable at about two-and- 
 a-half per cent. It is stipulated that the rooms shall be 
 let at rents not exceeding two shillings a week. I am con- 
 vinced that the provisions of these Acts might be applied to 
 London without the rates being increased to any considerable 
 degree. 
 
 In November, 1889, Earl Compton, M.P., chairman of the 
 Housing of the Working Classes Committee of the London 
 County Council, stated, at a meeting of that body, that 
 the laws regarding the treatment of insanitary areas and the 
 erection of artisans' dwellings in the metropolis were in a 
 chaotic condition, and that it was the wish of his committee to 
 approach the Government, with a view to seeing whether it 
 would take steps to secure the amendment and consolidation 
 of the existing legislation on the subject. 
 
 As a result of the action of the Council, an important 
 amending and consolidating Bill was introduced into the 
 House of Commons, under the joint auspices of the President 
 of the Local Government Board, the Home Secretary, and 
 Mr. Walter Long. Certain modifications having resulted from 
 the passage of the measure through Parliament, it became law 
 in August last. 
 
 By the Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1890, Cross's 
 Acts, Torrens' Acts, and Lord Shaftesbury's Lodging-House 
 Acts are merged together. The statute is divided into three 
 parts, and in summarising the new provisions affecting London, 
 it will be as well to take these parts in their order. I may 
 mention that I have found the alterations in the law very 
 clearly set forth in a statement drawn up by the vice-chairman 
 of the Housing Committee of the London Council. 
 
 Part I. is a re-enactment of the provision of Cross's Acts, 
 with certain amendments, two of which are of special im- 
 portance. In the first place, whereas, under the old law, it 
 was requisite to show that the area either contained houses 
 unfit for human habitation or exhibited an abnormally high 
 death-rate, the new Act makes it a sufficient ground for official 
 representation that the general condition of the area is injurious 
 to the health of the immediate or adjoining inhabitants. The 
 second amendment provides that, to use Mr. Ritchie's words, 
 " no compensation whatever shall be payable in respect of 
 profits derived owing to the premises being used by a larger 
 number of people than they could legitimately be used by, or 
 in respect of profits derived through the premises being used
 
 220 PART II. 
 
 for any illegal purpose ; " and it further reduces the amount of 
 compensation by enacting that where the arbitrator (who will 
 be appointed, as before, by the Secretary of State) is satisfied 
 that the premises are unfit, and cannot reasonably be made fit, 
 for human habitation, the sum payable shall be limited to the 
 value of the land and materials. 
 
 The importance of these amendments, as tending to 
 cheapen clearance schemes, is, of course, considerable. 
 
 In all districts of the County of London except the City, 
 the Council is the sole authority for framing schemes under 
 this part of the Act. The first step towards such a scheme is 
 to be an official representation by a Medical Officer of Health, 
 who may be required to report by two or more Justices of the 
 Peace, or by twelve ratepayers. A provisional order has to 
 be obtained from the Secretary of State, and it must be subse- 
 quently confirmed by Parliament. The scheme must provide 
 accommodation, either in the area or its immediate vicinity, 
 for all the persons of the working classes displaced, unless the 
 Secretary of State sees fit to dispense with this obligation, 
 which he may do to the extent of one-half the number. 
 
 Part II. of the Act takes the place of Torrens' Acts. It 
 repeals the provisions in those Acts which enabled vestries 
 to enforce works under specifications from owners of insanitary 
 dwellings, and substitutes the closing-order of a magistrate (as 
 provided by the Sanitary Acts), to be followed, if need be, by 
 an order for demolition. The clauses of Torrens' Acts dealing 
 with " obstructive buildings " are enlarged. 
 
 The complicated machinery of the old Act of 1868 is all 
 done away with, and the law now makes it the absolute duty 
 of the Medical Officer of every district to report to his local 
 authority any premises unfit for human habitation. It also 
 makes it the duty of all local authorities to cause periodical 
 inspection of their districts, for the purpose of seeing whether 
 any houses are so injurious to health as to be unfit for human 
 habitation. Where such is the case, the local authority is 
 bound to serve a notice on the owner, who has then to find 
 out for himself what works should be done ; and if they are 
 not done by a stated time, the local authority is bound to apply 
 to a magistrate for a closing-order. Within seven days of the 
 issuing of such order, the premises must be vacated. The 
 magistrate is also authorised to impose a penalty up to ,£20. 
 If not satisfied with the existing state of things, the local 
 authority may make an order for demolition, which is to be
 
 SMALL AREAS. 22 1 
 
 obeyed within three months. An appeal against this order 
 will lie to the Quarter Sessions. 
 
 The "obstructive buildings" clauses in the Act are of 
 considerable importance. Local authorities will now be able 
 to purchase houses for the purpose of opening out small courts 
 and alleys, without it being necessary for them to prove that 
 such courts are actually unfit for human habitation. An 
 appeal will still lie to the Quarter Sessions, but, subject to 
 that appeal, the power of purchase is made compulsory. 
 Although owners have the right preserved to them of retaining 
 sites, no building is to be erected which would affect the object 
 sought. Part of an obstructive holding may also now be taken 
 over where the whole is not required. 
 
 Clauses 39 to 41 of the Act have been framed so as to 
 enable the Council, concurrently with the local authorities, 
 to deal with areas too small for the application of Cross's 
 Acts. 
 
 " Briefly," to quote from the summary of the Act to which 
 I have alluded, "the law now provides that whenever a local 
 authority finds it desirable that there should be an improve- 
 ment scheme for an area too small to be properly dealt with 
 under Part I. of the Act, it is to frame one, which need not 
 be published like a larger scheme, but notice of which must 
 be served on the owners, and sanctioned by the Local Govern- 
 ment Board (instead of a Secretary of State, as in the case of 
 a larger scheme), and if an agreement is then come to with 
 the owners for the purchase, or if no petition is presented to 
 the Board within two months of its order, the scheme may be 
 carried out without Act of Parliament. The Local Govern- 
 ment Board is bound to require provision for the accom- 
 modation of the working classes displaced, but the amount of 
 such accommodation is made entirely discretionary with the 
 Board. The compensation payable when compulsory power is 
 exercised will be governed by the same rules as those laid 
 down for large areas in Part I. of the Act, with the addition 
 that the arbitrator is to have regard to any increased value 
 given to other property of the same owner by the operation 
 of the scheme. The arbitrator, in the case of these schemes, 
 is to be appointed by the Local Government Board, and there 
 will be no appeal to the High Court from his award, as in the 
 case of a large scheme." 
 
 There is unfortunately no definition in the Act of what is 
 meant by an area too small for the application of Part I.
 
 222 THE MOST IMPORTANT AMENDMENT. 
 
 Sections 72 and 73, however, enact that, in any case where 
 not more than ten houses are included in a representation 
 under Part L, the area is to be dealt with under Part II. ; 
 and it is provided that, when the Council and a vestry cannot 
 agree as to the part under which proceedings should be taken, 
 the matter is to be referred to the Secretary of State, who is 
 to appoint an arbitrator. 
 
 Part III. deals with lodging-houses, reproducing the 
 provisions of Lord Shaftesbury's Acts without any material 
 alteration. 
 
 Probably the most important enlargement of the law is the 
 authority given to the Council to institute, of its own accord, 
 after a month's notice, proceedings under Part II. The local 
 authority has to pay the costs incurred (including compen- 
 sation), unless, in the case of an order for demolition, the 
 same are disallowed on appeal. The central authority is also 
 given concurrent powers with the vestries to promote and 
 carry out the small-area schemes. 
 
 In order to facilitate the exercise by the Council of its 
 newly acquired powers, the vestries and district boards are 
 compelled to supply it with copies of all representations, 
 complaints, closing-orders, etc. that they receive. 
 
 The remaining important provisions of the Act may be 
 briefly indicated. Vestries are empowered to borrow, and 
 the Council to lend, the money required to effect the im- 
 provements. Special rates can be levied to defray the cost of 
 demolitions, and the "betterment principle" can be applied 
 in regard to property improved by a scheme under Part II. 
 Reasonable compensation may be paid to tenants, less than 
 yearly ones, for expenses involved in removal. Members of 
 vestries or councils interested in premises with which it is 
 proposed to deal, are prohibited, under a penalty of ,£50, 
 from voting on the question. 
 
 The new Act is undoubtedly a very important one, and, 
 as Lord Compton's committee have stated, " if it is put into 
 force in a determined spirit, much improvement may be 
 effected in the insanitary property which unfortunately exists 
 in many parts of London." However, no one pretends that 
 the statute is perfect. Many objections to it are already 
 known, and it is probable that more will reveal themselves 
 in the process of time. 
 
 The London County Council has already commenced to 
 move under the new Act. On the 28th of last October,
 
 SOME STARTLING STATISTICS. 223 
 
 Lord Compton brought up an important recommendation 
 from his committee. It was, in effect, that an insanitary area 
 of fifteen acres, situated mainly in the parish of Bethnal Green, 
 should be cleared. 
 
 In support of their recommendation, the committee pro- 
 duced some very weighty facts and figures. They stated that, 
 in the area, there were 2,118 persons occupying 752 single 
 rooms; 2,265 occupying 506 two-room tenements; and 1,183 
 occupying 211 tenements of three or more rooms. The area 
 comprised 730 houses, of which 652 were occupied wholly or 
 partly by persons of the labouring class. The remaining 78 
 houses consisted of 12 public-houses and beer-shops, 21 shops 
 and factories, 2 registered lodging-houses (containing 153 
 beds), and 43 empty houses. Of the population of 5,566 
 persons, 3,370 were adults, and 2,196 were children. Among 
 the adult workers to be displaced there were 157 labourers, 
 128 hawkers, 122 general dealers, 117 cabinet-makers, 29 
 market porters, 27 carmen, 27 washerwomen, 72 shoemakers, 
 2 cats'-meat sellers, n charwomen, 3 milkmen, 24 coster- 
 mongers, 2 hairdressers, and 5 policemen — to select a few 
 figures from the list. Statistics proved that whereas the 
 average annual general mortality in Bethnal Green as a whole, 
 between the years 1886 and 1888, was 22*8 per thousand, it 
 was, in the same period, 40*0 per thousand in this particular 
 area. Again, whereas, in the period specified, the deaths from 
 tubercular and similar diseases were 3*9 per thousand in 
 Bethnal Green as a whole, the proportion was 8*5 in this area. 
 Figures were also given which showed that, for every three 
 children under one year of age who die in the entire parish, 
 five die within these fifteen acres. 
 
 Undoubtedly the committee made out a strong case, and 
 it is not surprising that the Council decided to carry out 
 the scheme. 
 
 It was estimated in the report that the total cost of the 
 improvement would be ,£300,000 ; but Lord Compton, and 
 other members of the committee, held out the hope — on what 
 appeared to be good grounds — that this figure would prove to 
 be overstated. 
 
 Of course the great difficulty will be the question of 
 rehousing. The hateful practice of past years has been to 
 turn the people out, leaving them to find new quarters as best 
 they can; and then very leisurely to rebuild. Of course the 
 consequences of this are obvious. Rents go up in the neigh-
 
 224 THE QUESTION OF REHOUSING. 
 
 bourhood, and the overcrowding already existing there is 
 intensified. 
 
 The magnitude of the present scheme makes the rehousing 
 question in this case of special importance. As many as 
 5,566 persons are to be displaced, and if new homes are not 
 found for them, incalculable mischief will be done. 
 
 I am delighted to see that the Council appears to be fully 
 alive to the necessities of the case. To begin with, it has 
 wisely resolved to proceed with the scheme in sections, 
 dislodging only a limited number of persons at a time. More- 
 over, it has given a practical proof of its intention to do the 
 right thing, as I will show. 
 
 In the vicinity of the area is a site admirably adapted for 
 the purposes of artisans' dwellings, and, as such places are 
 few and far between in the district, Lord Compton and his 
 committee have for some time had a jealous eye upon it. 
 The other day they learnt that the owner had received a very 
 satisfactory offer for the land from certain persons desiring 
 to acquire it "for commercial purposes." What was to be 
 done ? Was the site to be sold in this way, or was the 
 Council to step in and become the purchaser? Looking the 
 matter boldly in the face, and undeterred by the fact that 
 the great scheme has not yet received Parliamentary sanction, 
 the committee brought up an urgent recommendation that 
 the land should be at once acquired by the Council, in order 
 that hereafter it might be utilised for rehousing the persons 
 to be displaced. 
 
 As luck would have it, the Council adjourned the con- 
 sideration of the matter for a week, and in the interval a fact 
 came to light which rendered it unnecessary for the contem- 
 plated step to be taken. The private individuals who desired 
 to become possessed of the property explained that, in saying 
 they sought to acquire the land for " commercial purposes," 
 they meant that they proposed to erect artisans' dwellings 
 thereon. "Under those circumstances," said Lord Compton, 
 in effect, " of course we need not proceed in the matter ; for 
 the houses they propose to build will serve our purposes as 
 well as the houses we proposed to build ; " and the recom- 
 mendation was at once withdrawn. 
 
 I have alluded to this incident merely to show that the 
 authorities at Spring Gardens appear to have made up their 
 mind to grapple loyally with the rehousing difficulty, and 
 not to follow evil precedents.
 
 THE COUNCIL'S FUTURE ACTION. *2$ 
 
 On January 13th in the present year, Lord Compton 
 and his committee presented to the Council a report, giving 
 the mature conclusions to which they had arrived in regard 
 to the new Act. 
 
 The report dealt firstly with " houses unfit for human 
 habitation." In this connection the committee recommended 
 that the policy of the Council should be as follows : to 
 require all needful information to be furnished, and having 
 obtained that information, to closely watch the subsequent 
 proceedings ; to study the results in the several districts of 
 London, to learn whether the needful remedies are being 
 applied, and, if satisfied that there is default, then, but not 
 till then, to cause the statutory month's notice to be given of 
 intention to apply for a closing-order. With a view to facilitate 
 the prompt and regular transmission of information to the 
 Council, and of securing uniformity, the committee have 
 caused tabulated forms to be prepared, which they purpose 
 issuing to the district authorities. 
 
 As to " obstructive buildings," practically the same method 
 of procedure will be applicable. The committee pointed out 
 that it is not clear how far the clauses of the Act dealing 
 with this branch of the subject will operate. In some cases, 
 a reconstruction scheme following upon a demolition order 
 may best meet the case, whilst, in others, ^proceedings under 
 the obstructive buildings clauses may suffice alone. 
 
 In regard to " improvement schemes for clearance under 
 Part II.," a yery important question is, whether any general 
 principle could be laid down, for the guidance both of the 
 Council and the vestries, as to which authority should carry 
 out such schemes. Speaking generally, the committee think 
 that, in all cases where a contribution is made by the Council 
 towards the expense of a scheme, the work should, whenever 
 practicable, be carried out by the Council. 
 
 In this connection it may be stated that the committee have 
 decided to submit certain areas for consideration, as suitable 
 subjects of schemes under Part II., with a view to their being 
 initiated and carried through by the Council, on the con- 
 tributory principle. The report was adopted by the Council. 
 
 Thus it will be seen that the central administrative authority 
 for London is moving in this matter, and does not intend the 
 new Act to remain a dead letter. 
 
 Turning from the cure to the evil, it may not be out of 
 place to direct attention for one moment to the Coroner's 
 
 Q
 
 226 INQUESTS. 
 
 Court, where much important evidence is taken as to the 
 deplorable condition of the East End. 
 
 In the first place let me refer to two inquests held one 
 day in the present winter, namely, the 27th of December. 
 At the Vestry Hall, St. George's-in-the-East, an inquiry was 
 held respecting the death of Emma Mills, aged sixty-one. 
 The husband of the deceased stated that she had been 
 ailing for a year past, though she had never actually taken 
 to her bed. On the previous Monday she became suddenly 
 worse and died. She had had no medical attendance during 
 the past five years. The witness explained that he was so 
 old and weak that he had been unable to obtain anything 
 like regular work for some time past. On the day of his 
 wife's death, however, he managed to earn is. 6d. at the river- 
 side. The deceased had made a little money by fur-sewing, 
 and between them they sometimes managed to scrape together 
 10s. a week. Out of that sum they had to pay half-a-crown 
 as the rent of their one room. They had no friends to assist 
 them, and had never had any outdoor relief from the parish. 
 
 A doctor deposed that he attended the deceased at her 
 death. He said the room was in a wretched state. It con- 
 tained an old table and two or three chairs, some without 
 legs and others without seats. There was no bed or bedding 
 in the room ; the dying woman was lying on some rags and 
 sacking on the floor. The only food in the room was a few 
 pieces of stale bread. They were covered with mud, and had 
 evidently been picked out of the gutter. 
 
 The jury returned a verdict that the cause of death was 
 bronchitis, accelerated by want and miserable surroundings. 
 
 Commenting on this case, The Daily News said: "All 
 that can possibly be said about such horrors has been said a 
 thousand times ; has all that can possibly be done been fairly 
 attempted in a single case ? " 
 
 At the close of the inquest another was held in the same 
 building, on the body of Walter Turner, aged eighty-two, 
 formerly an engineer. The widow deposed that her husband 
 complained of pains in his chest on Christmas Eve, and died 
 before a doctor could be called in. The deceased, who had 
 been blind for some years, had a pension of ^5 a year ; and 
 this paid the rent. She herself earned about half-a-crown a 
 week, upon which they lived. " I do not want much to eat 
 myself," said this poor creature, " and I live on a piece of 
 dry bread a day." A doctor deposed that death was due to
 
 LYING DEAD, SIDE BY SIDE. 227 
 
 syncope, and a verdict to that effect was returned. Before 
 dismissing her, the coroner gave the woman half-a-crown to 
 buy some food with. 
 
 In the month of February of last year, a terrible picture of 
 misery was presented by the evidence given at an inquest that 
 took place at the Vestry Hall, Bethnal Green. An inquiry was 
 held into the circumstances attending the death of William and 
 Sarah Earwaker — the former aged seventy, and the latter, his 
 wife, aged fifty — who, it was stated, had died from destitution 
 at their home, a room in Lisbon Buildings, Lisbon Street, 
 Bethnal Green. The old man was, it appeared, bedridden, and 
 the woman had earned what she could by mending umbrellas. 
 A neighbour stated that she had visited the room on a recent 
 occasion, and that, seeing the destitute condition to which the 
 couple were reduced, she had suggested that they should go to 
 the workhouse. That night, however, they both died. They 
 had resided in this room for about four or five months, paying 
 2s. T,d. a week rent. The same witness stated that she visited 
 the room some days previously, and found the old man and 
 his wife so ill that she at once went to the relieving officer. 
 He returned with her to Lisbon Buildings, and was so affected 
 by what he saw that, after making an order for the attendance 
 of a doctor, he gave the old couple a shilling out of his own 
 pocket. The neighbour herself had, it appeared, previously 
 given them sixpence to buy milk with. 
 
 On the arrival of the parish doctor, he directed that 
 stimulants should be administered. This was done, but at 
 five o'clock on the following morning the old people were 
 discovered, lying side by side, quite dead. A terrible descrip- 
 tion was given of the insanitary condition of their room. 
 
 In the same week an inquest was held at Poplar upon the 
 body of a stevedore named Lamb, who had resided in 
 Gavarock Road. 
 
 The widow stated that her husband had not been in good 
 health since Christmas. He had been out of work, and had 
 been gradually sinking for want of food. He had had no 
 medical attendance, but for some time past had been 
 endeavouring to get sufficient money to pay his railway fare 
 to the Royal Free Hospital. 
 
 On being questioned, the woman said that they had never 
 applied to the parish for relief, having been afraid that she and 
 her husband would be ordered into the workhouse, and there 
 separated. She herself had earned a few pence now and then 
 
 Q 2
 
 228 SLOW STARVATION. 
 
 by charing, and she had raised what little money she could a! 
 the pawnshop. One morning, having scraped together a few 
 pence, she went out to buy some eggs and milk for her invalid 
 husband, but, upon her return, she found him lying on the 
 floor — for they had no bed — dead. 
 
 When the verdict had been returned, one of the jurj 
 remarked : 
 
 "And this is only a sample of what is going on every da} 
 around us." 
 
 The coroner in this case, Mr. Wynne Baxter, a few days 
 afterwards held an inquest into the circumstances attending 
 the death of a dock-labourer, aged fifty-three, who had residec 
 at 231, High Street, Shadwell. The deceased, who was onlj 
 a casual hand at the docks, had a family of four children — the 
 eldest being thirteen and the youngest three — dependent solelj 
 upon him, his wife being confined as a lunatic in the asylum a 
 Banstead. 
 
 Strangely enough, the poor fellow had been unusuall) 
 fortunate in obtaining work just before his death. His services 
 were engaged on the Monday and also on the Tuesday 
 During the morning of the latter day, he complained to i 
 fellow-workman of considerable pain, and on going to receive 
 his pay at six o'clock that evening, he suddenly fell down in 1 
 fainting condition. His comrades carried him to the hospital 
 but on their arrival there, life was pronounced to be extinct. 
 
 A post-mortem examination was held, and the house physi 
 cian stated the conclusions to which it had led him. The 
 cause of death, he said, was syncope, due to want of food 
 there being no trace thereof either in the stomach or intestines 
 
 Evidence was given to the effect that the children hac 
 some food on the Monday evening when their father came 
 home from work ; and the jury, in returning their verdict 
 expressed the opinion that the deceased had starved himsel 
 to death to feed his little ones. 
 
 Another inquest, held at about the same time, was that or 
 the body of a man named James Ellis, of 1 2, Eastwood Street 
 The widow deposed that her husband, who had always beer 
 an industrious and able-bodied man, had fallen ill, and beer 
 unable to do any work for a considerable period. He hac 
 not been seen by a medical man during the whole of his 
 illness. On the previous Thursday, finding that he was "light 
 headed," she went out in search of the parish doctor; bu 
 before that gentleman arrived, her husband died.
 
 THE EAST END AND THE WEST. 229 
 
 It transpired that this poor woman, during her husband's 
 illness, had struggled bravely to support him and their family 
 of little children. Her earnings, when she was fortunate enough 
 to get work at all, were about two shillings a day. She stated 
 that she had been unable to get any aid from the parish, 
 though her husband had been before the Board on two or 
 three occasions. This poor woman went on to say that she 
 had often been unable to satisfy the hunger of her sick hus- 
 band. The food of the entire family consisted of bread, with 
 occasionally a little butter. 
 
 The room in which the deceased lived was in a deplorable 
 state, and the medical officer of health stated that the house 
 had been condemned some eighteen months before, but that 
 no steps had been taken to remove the tenants. 
 
 A juryman observed that, in his opinion, the existing 
 system of outdoor relief was rotten to the core, and that the 
 sooner it was altered the better. 
 
 At the end of the inquiry the coroner observed : 
 
 '•'It is a pity that these inquests are not held in Eaton 
 Square, so that the rich of the West End might see how the 
 poor of the East End live and die. I have held four inquests 
 to-day, and, in each case, death has been accelerated by 
 starvation and destitution."
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 SOME CAUSES OF THE EVIL. 
 
 Drunkenness — A three months' return of charges — Laziness — "Season- 
 ticket holders" — Thriftlessness — An Englishman's want of resource — 
 The failings of the women — Town poverty of country origin — The 
 immigration of pauper foreigners — Persons dislodged by street im- 
 provements — Desirable removals — The sites of insanitary houses — 
 Model dwellings — The necessity for providing decent homes for 
 costermongers — Why remove the dirt ? — Working-class estates. 
 
 One of the most fruitful causes of squalid homes is, un- 
 doubtedly, intemperance. Thousands of working men earn- 
 ing, when employed, from twenty to thirty-five shillings a week, 
 spend quite a fourth of their income on drink, and as the wife 
 is almost sure, sooner or later, to help consume it, it is 
 obvious that the home must be neglected. 
 
 In addition to the cost of the drink, there is the waste of 
 time it involves. Hours are spent at the bar which should be 
 employed, by the man, in nailing down a board, plastering a 
 hole in the wall, or mending a window, and by the woman, in 
 attending to the children and making the little home clean 
 and tidy. The consumption of drink causes a scarcity of 
 food ; it corrupts the mind and weakens the body ; and, in a 
 great many instances, it involves an appearance before me or 
 one of my brother magistrates. 
 
 I have drawn up the following table, showing the number 
 of charges of drunkenness that were brought to the Thames 
 Police Court on Mondays and Tuesdays during a period of
 
 CHARGES OF DRUNKENNESS. 
 
 231 
 
 three months, namely, December, 1889, and January and 
 February, 1890 : 
 
 Dale. 
 
 Men. 
 
 Women. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1889— Dec. 2nd 
 
 .... Monday 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 25 
 
 „ 3rd 
 
 ... Tuesday 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 II 
 
 » 9th 
 
 ... Monday 
 
 n 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 „ 10th 
 
 ... Tuesday 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 „ 16th 
 
 ... Monday 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 „ 17th 
 
 ... Tuesday 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 ,, 23rd 
 
 ... Monday 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 „ 24th 
 
 ... Tuesday 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 » 30th 
 
 ... Monday 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 » 3 Is t 
 
 ... Tuesday 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 1890— Jan. 6th 
 
 ... Monday 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 H 
 
 „ 7th 
 
 ... Tuesday 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 ,, I3th 
 
 ... Monday 
 
 7 
 
 / 
 
 14 
 
 „ 14th 
 
 ... Tuesday 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 ,, 20th 
 
 ... Monday 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 18 
 
 ,, 2ISt 
 
 ... Tuesday 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 „ 27th 
 
 ... Monday 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 ,, 28th 
 
 ... Tuesday 
 
 n 
 
 10 
 
 21 
 
 Feb. 3rd 
 
 ... Monday 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 „ 4th 
 
 .... Tuesday 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 ,, 10th 
 
 .... Monday 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 24 
 
 ,, nth 
 
 ... Tuesday 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 „ 17th 
 
 .... Monday 
 
 10 
 
 n 
 
 21 
 
 ,, 18th 
 
 ... Tuesday 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 ,, 24th 
 
 ... Monday 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 23 
 
 „ 25th 
 
 ... Tuesday 
 
 Totals 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 
 21S 
 
 164 
 
 379 
 
 It will be understood that these figures do not include 
 charges attendant on drunkenness. They represent merely 
 those persons who were charged either with being drunk and 
 disorderly, or drunk and incapable. I am quite within the 
 mark when I state that, except upon the days when School 
 Board summonses are taken, the number of persons charged 
 with offences resulting from intoxication would constitute more 
 than one-half of the total charges heard. 
 
 The working man commences by "liking his drop," and 
 then, travelling rapidly down the easy descent, he becomes the 
 habitual drunkard, the wife-beater, and the outcast of whom 
 there can be very little hope.
 
 232 "SEASON-TICKET HOLDERS." 
 
 Another cause of distress and poverty is undoubtedly to 
 be found in labour disputes and injudicious strikes. Trade- 
 unionism, rightly applied, I by no means disagree with ; but, 
 in many cases, strikes bring a terrible punishment upon those 
 taking part in them. It is too often forgotten that the strike 
 is the ultima ratio. In nine cases out of ten men are found, 
 either from the country or from abroad, to take the place of 
 those who are " out." 
 
 Of course, laziness is responsible for much of the poverty. 
 Some men are for ever loitering about. If you inquire as to 
 their condition, they will always tell you the same story — they 
 are " looking for work, but can't find any." Yes ; looking for 
 work outside a public-house. Is it surprising that the quest is 
 unsuccessful ? 
 
 I am, of course, speaking now of the habitual loafer, and 
 not of the industrious working man. The latter, also, I am 
 well aware, is frequently on the look-out for work that he 
 cannot find. There are some persons who say that an honest, 
 able, and industrious man can always obtain work if he strives 
 to do so ; but this I deny in toto. 
 
 A Police Court is daily crowded with idlers. Some come 
 inside and take their stand in the space set apart for the 
 public ; others loiter in the corridors, or on the pavement 
 outside the building. Somehow or other the Court seems to 
 have a powerful attraction for them. At Worship Street, 
 certain lazy rascals are to be seen every day the Court is held, 
 from one year's end to the other. They have been dubbed 
 " season-ticket holders." I do not believe a shilling an hour 
 would tempt these worthies to do an afternoon's work. 
 
 An ignorance of the most elementary principles of thrift is 
 responsible for much misery, and, in my judgment, many 
 families have to starve simply because the bread-winner has 
 not received such a training as would enable him to employ 
 his industry outside the limited area of his own particular 
 trade. A polisher can polish, and do nothing else ; a chair- 
 caner can only cane chairs; and so on. Should the trade of 
 either become suddenly bad, the worker is thrown upon his 
 beam-ends. He has no resources to fall back upon. 
 
 It is in this respect that the foreigner has the advantage 
 over the Englishman. A German polisher can drive a nail, 
 handle a trowel, carry a parcel, or do any little work as a 
 " handy man"; and, consequently, as a rule he does not remain 
 idle long. Moreover, many foreigners, when out of work
 
 MEN FROM THE COUNTRY. 233 
 
 themselves, will help their wives at the wash-tub, or go down on 
 their knees and scrub the floor. They will do anything rather 
 than stand idly by while their wives toil. But how different is 
 the Englishman under similar circumstances. He will loll on 
 a chair, smoking the tobacco that has been bought with his 
 last penny. 
 
 The women themselves are by no means blameless. There 
 is an enormous amount of intemperance in their midst, and 
 many of them are the indirect cause of intemperance in their 
 husbands. When a man, after a hard day's work, comes home 
 to wretched meals and to a room that is like a pig-sty, is it a 
 matter for surprise that the habit grows upon him to visit the 
 public-house and the dancing saloon ? Then, too, there are 
 many wives of working men who cannot mend a pair of socks 
 or put a button on a shirt, to say nothing of making the 
 children's clothes. 
 
 I have not alluded in any way to the sexual immorality 
 that exists in the East End ; nor is it necessary for me to do 
 so. What I have said in reference to drink applies also to 
 vice, for they are twin sisters, and seldom long apart. 
 
 A great deal of our town poverty is no doubt of country 
 origin. The difficulty and expense of land-transfer prevent 
 small farmers acquiring their holdings. Land is now only 
 bought by large capitalists, who do not find sufficient work for 
 the populations of the agricultural villages. The men therefore 
 leave their spades and ploughs, and come up to town, where 
 they obtain employment as carmen, railway servants, police 
 constables, etc., thus, to a considerable extent, swamping the 
 London labour market. 
 
 The countryman coming up to London does not sleep two 
 consecutive nights in one place until he reaches Stratford, 
 Whitechapel, Holloway, Notting Hill, Southwark, or some 
 other kindred district. A large proportion of the men hailing 
 from the provinces become habitual tramps, and thus com- 
 plicate the problem of the housing of the town poor. 
 
 The migration of pauper foreigners has been largely instru- 
 mental in bringing about the present overcrowding in London, 
 and this is a matter which must sooner or later receive 
 legislative attention. 
 
 Many of the great street improvements that have been 
 carried out in the metropolis of recent years have dislodged 
 whole colonies of the poor, and the result has been that 
 the evicted families have taken up their quarters in neigh-
 
 234 WHY NOT? 
 
 bouring districts, the condition of which has thus been made 
 much worse than before. The truth is, the labourer must live 
 in the immediate neighbourhood of his work. The dock 
 labourer cannot live at Forest Gate, and the Billingsgate 
 porter cannot reside at Norwood. In spite of heavy rents and 
 bad accommodation, he must remain close to the scene of 
 his daily labours. 
 
 The large breweries — such as those of Messrs. Truman, 
 Hanbury, and Co., and Messrs. Charrington and Co. — and 
 the almost equally large distilleries, draw numbers of work- 
 people to the districts in which they are situated. Thus a 
 brewery or distillery occupying two acres of ground, requires at 
 least two acres more for the accommodation of its employe's and 
 those dependent upon them. So, of course, in the case of 
 match-factories, gas works, oil mills, candle and soap works 
 and many similar centres of industry. What a splendid 
 improvement would be effected in the condition of the East 
 End if these works were removed a little way out of London. 
 Of course the employes and their families would go too, and 
 the congested districts of the East End would be greatly 
 relieved. And why should not this be done ? Of course 
 there are certain centres of industry that could not be shifted, 
 notably the docks and the railways ; but why a distillery or an 
 oil mill could not be established just as well at Enfield as 
 at Whitechapel, I, for the life of me, cannot see. 
 
 Moreover, much valuable space would be saved if institu- 
 tions like the St. Luke's and other asylums, St. Bartholomew's 
 Hospital, and a number of almshouses, prisons, and work- 
 houses, were removed a little way into the country. Certain 
 it is that the change would be very much to the advantage of 
 the inmates of those institutions. 
 
 It is true that tradesmen would at first be inconvenienced 
 by many of the removals I have suggested ; but, in the end, 
 they would be recouped, for the better-housed poor would 
 bring to their tills a portion of the money that now goes to 
 pay the exorbitant rent of the landlord. 
 
 When insanitary dwellings are destroyed, the sites are 
 often left vacant for years, the freeholder not caring to let 
 them except on his own monstrous terms; and, by our 
 present law, which certainly needs alteration, he contributes 
 nothing to local taxation during the time that he is thus 
 holding his property to enhance its value. At the most, 
 he loses a year or two's rent, but he knows full well that
 
 THE DRAWBACKS AND THE ADVANTAGES. 235 
 
 the loss will be more than made good afterwards. At the 
 end of, say, five years, there is a land famine in the district, 
 and then, of course, he gets his own terms. 
 
 True, in the case of many cleared areas, and notably 
 those in Gray's Inn Road, model dwellings have been 
 erected for the accommodation of the persons displaced. 
 But it must be borne in mind that many of the poorest 
 class cannot live in such establishments. To begin with, 
 in many cases the rents are too heavy. Three-and-three- 
 pence is charged for a single room ; four-and-six or five- 
 and-six for two rooms; seven-and-six for three; and ten 
 or eleven shillings for four. These are the usual rates, 
 but they are beyond the means of many, or rather, I 
 should say, by dint of patient searching, the very poor are 
 often able to find other — though, of course, much inferior — - 
 accommodation, at a slightly lower rental, in the cellar or 
 attic of some tumbledown tenement house. 
 
 The great height of these buildings is also found to be 
 a serious drawback to them. The housewife, who is probably 
 ill-fed and feeble, has to be in and out a great deal during 
 the day, and she is greatly fatigued by the number of stairs 
 she has to climb in order to reach the upper floors. 
 
 There are certain restrictions laid down by the owners 
 of model dwellings that involve the exclusion of a large 
 class of working people. Thus boot -making, machinery, 
 and other noisy vocations cannot be pursued on the 
 premises, nor are those eligible for admission who, like the 
 costermongers, require to store in their rooms the goods 
 they sell to obtain a living. 
 
 In none of these buildings, so far as I am aware, is 
 proper accommodation provided for the stock-in-trade and 
 means of conveyance of the costermonger. The matter 
 seems to have been entirely overlooked, even in blocks 
 erected in districts where whole colonies of such persons 
 have been displaced. 
 
 In spite, however, of the drawbacks to which I have 
 referred, many of the model dwellings have been eminently 
 useful. In one respect particularly have they been of service. 
 Owing to their size, they have accommodated about three 
 times the number of persons who originally lived on the 
 site, and thus, the pressure on the surrounding slum property 
 having been diminished, rents have fallen. 
 
 What is needed in reference to model dwellings is that
 
 236 WHY REMOVE THE DIRT? 
 
 the area of their utility should be enlarged. Blocks must 
 be erected wherein the cobbler, the machinist, the street 
 seller of flowers, the gutter merchant, and, above all, the 
 costermonger and hawker, can find a home. Not only must 
 such persons be admitted, but special arrangements must be 
 made for their reception. It should be no longer absolutely 
 imperative for them to take up their quarters in the infernal 
 tenement-house, where the passages are dark and damp, 
 where the ash-pit is under the stairs, where piles of filth 
 are to be found in the rooms and on the landings until noon 
 or later, and where the floors are rotten, the windows broken, 
 and the roof full of holes. In such places, at the present 
 time, are huddled together coal-heavers, charwomen, pick- 
 pockets, shoeblacks, prostitutes, and costermongers — the 
 chaste and the filthy, the honest and the thievish, the lazy 
 and the industrious, the dirty and the clean — though of the 
 latter, I am bound to admit, there are but a few. 
 
 Enter a horrible den of this description, and remonstrate 
 with one of the inmates as to the dirt and filth around her, 
 and what reply do you get ? " Why should I wash my stairs 
 when my overhead neighbour goes and spills her pail over 
 them the next minute, and when the filth from her stairs 
 will at once be trodden over mine ? " Why, indeed ? 
 
 Many persons will be surprised to learn that the coster- 
 mongers store their goods by night in their living-rooms. 
 They have no other place for the purpose. Fruit, fish, and 
 vegetables are stacked in a corner, or under the bed. 
 
 The blocks of dwellings ought to be provided with stables 
 for the costers' donkeys, sheds for their goods, shelters 
 for their barrows, and troughs for them to wash their 
 vegetables in. Surely this is not an extravagant proposal. 
 I am not demanding patent leather shoes and turtle soup 
 for the coster. All I suggest is that a small but useful 
 class of the community should be able, if they so wish, to 
 live in decency. For the costers undoubtedly are a useful 
 class. Not having to pay the rent of a shop, they are 
 able to sell food at a cheaper rate than other tradesmen ; 
 and among the very poor there is all the difference in the 
 world between two bloaters for a penny, and one. 
 
 In regard to the management of the existing blocks, I 
 am sorry to say that in some instances there has been a 
 great falling away from the arrangements originally set on 
 foot. Some time ago I visited a model dwelling and found
 
 ESTATES FOR THE WORKING CLASSES. 237 
 
 that it was filthy in the extreme. The passage windows 
 had disappeared, woodwork and all. Water was laid on on 
 every floor, but all the rooms smelt most unpleasantly. 
 The roof was sound, and that is about all that could be 
 said in favour of the building. 
 
 Some working men are able to live a little way out of 
 town, where their wives and families can enjoy sweet air and 
 pleasant surroundings. For such fortunate toilers, Shaftesbury 
 Park, Noel Park, Bowes Park, and Queen's Park are admirably 
 adapted. The railway companies issue workmen's tickets at 
 very cheap rates ; and thus the men can easily pass to and 
 from the scene of their daily labours, even if it is in the heart 
 of London. 
 
 Would that a larger proportion of our working population 
 could live on those charming little estates !
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 EAST END " DOSS HOUSES." 
 
 Lodging-house inspection — By day and by night : a contrast — Where the 
 extra bedding is stored — The deputies— Dirt and vermin — Charges — ■ 
 The habitues of "doss houses" — Victimising drunken men — The 
 foreigner and his assailants — Deadly refreshment at exorbitant prices 
 —Lodging-houses as receptacles for stolen property-— Structural defects 
 — The danger in case of fire — Victoria House : a respectable establish- 
 ment — Six excellent rules — Bogus clubs — Disgraceful proceedings on 
 the premises — A police raid. 
 
 In the Worship Street and Thames police districts there are 
 something like three hundred lodging or " doss " houses, all of 
 which are managed by persons called deputies. The number 
 of these establishments in the Worship Street district is one 
 hundred and twenty-seven, and they afford accommodation for 
 some six thousand persons. 
 
 Each lodging-house is visited once a week, in the daytime, 
 by a lodging-house sergeant. As a matter of fact he might just 
 as well stay away. His time for coming is perfectly well known 
 to the deputy, and everything is put into apple-pie order before 
 he arrives. The beds are made, the slops emptied, and the 
 rooms cleared, tidied, and dusted. The whole inspection is a 
 farce. The officer just walks through the rooms, or some of 
 them, without scrutinising the domestic arrangements, and it is 
 seldom that he reaches the top of the building. It would be 
 impossible for one man to properly inspect so many houses. 
 
 It is an infamous thing that the official visits are never paid 
 at night. That would be the only time when overcrowding 
 could be detected. As a matter of fact, overcrowding is the 
 general practice, but it is never formally discovered, and, con- 
 sequently, those responsible are never punished. Every house
 
 THE DEPUTIES. 239 
 
 is restricted to a certain number of inmates, according to its 
 size, and when the sergeant pays his visits he counts the beds, 
 and finds that the total tallies with the prescribed limits as to 
 accommodation. Yes ; but if he were to chance to drop in one 
 night, what a different state of affairs would reveal itself. He 
 would find, in each room, some half-dozen, or dozen, more beds 
 than had met his eye in the daytime, the additional ones being 
 made up on the floor. It is, indeed, not infrequently the case 
 that a lodging-house affords accommodation to as many as fifty 
 persons in excess of the legitimate number. 
 
 Most of the lodging-house owners occupy private residences 
 in the neighbourhood of their property, and there it is that the 
 extra beds and blankets are stored during the day. They are 
 fetched away the last thing at night, and brought back early in 
 the morning. 
 
 Owing to the overcrowding and the insufficient ventilation, 
 the atmosphere of the common lodging-houses becomes terribly 
 fetid and impure. 
 
 My readers may, perhaps, like to hear who the deputies are. 
 Most of them — women as well as men — are on ticket-of-leave, 
 and are utterly without character. 
 
 It often happens that the lodging-house is sublet to the 
 deputy by a man who owns many such establishments, and who 
 reaps a golden harvest in his rents. Many of the deputies, 
 however, are merely the servants of the owner, and in receipt 
 of a regular weekly salary. 
 
 A great number of these houses are anything but clean. 
 There are certain conditions as to whitewashing, etc., that have 
 to be complied with, but they do not necessarily ensure clean- 
 liness. 
 
 Latterly, public attention has been drawn to the condition 
 of the " doss " houses, and the result has been that the authori- 
 ties have been a little more vigilant than heretofore, and certain 
 cases have been brought before me at Worship Street. The 
 other day an inspector of police — not the visiting sergeant — 
 told me that he had found the condition of one of these houses 
 disgusting in the extreme. "The place," he said, "was swarm- 
 ing with vermin, large blocks of creeping things having been 
 taken out from the walls and ceilings. The bedsteads and 
 bedding were also swarming with insects, and disgusting in the 
 extreme." 
 
 The charge for a single bed is fourpence, and for a double 
 bed eightpence, per night — a price that ought, at any rate, to
 
 240 JOURNALISTIC VISITORS. 
 
 ensure cleanliness. But who cares ? Nobody, so long as the 
 takings for the night are up to the average, and a good round 
 sum finds its way into the pockets of the owner at the end of 
 the week. 
 
 It is absolutely necessary that these houses should be 
 honestly and adequately inspected. Very few persons besides 
 the unfortunate "dossers" themselves understand what beastly 
 and degrading conditions exist in the common lodging-house. 
 A few years ago, one or two gentlemen of the Press — and 
 notably Mr. James Greenwood, of The Daily Telegraph — 
 disguised themselves as tramps, and visited some of these 
 dens ; but I question whether they remained there long with- 
 out being detected, either by the deputy or the "dosser," and 
 whether they actually saw things at their worst. 
 
 The habitues of the " doss house " are a varied class. 
 Some have been loafers, and more or less disreputable 
 characters, all their lives, while others have once held good 
 positions, and been reduced by drink or other causes. 
 
 The houses for single men are frequented mainly by 
 thieves and vagabonds of every description. There are also 
 to be found there broken-down tradesmen, decayed gentlemen, 
 and a good sprinkling of the Eccles type, lazy, and good-for- 
 nothing, yet for ever reminding you that they have "seen 
 better days." 
 
 The houses for "doubles" are admittedly nothing more 
 nor less than brothels. They are frequented by the class that 
 Dickens had in his mind in describing "Mr. Fagin's lads," 
 and their companions are the girls who prowl about Spitalfields 
 and Bethnal Green, on the look-out for drunken or half- 
 drunken men, whom they plunder, either in the streets with 
 male assistance, or in the lodging-house. The deputy asks no 
 questions on admitting them, though he may have seen the 
 same woman repeatedly enter the building with different men, 
 and though he may know her real paramour as an inmate of 
 the house. 
 
 The woman takes her intoxicated companion upstairs, and 
 at once, either single-handed or with the assistance of ac- 
 complices, strips him of everything he possesses. He is then 
 violently ejected, sometimes without his clothing. 
 
 Several cases of this kind have come before me during the 
 past six weeks. In the most recent one the prosecutor was a 
 foreigner. He stated that he had been accosted by a woman 
 in the immediate neighbourhood of Finsbury Square, and that
 
 ROBBING DRUNKEN MEN. 241 
 
 he went with her to a public-house. While there, two men 
 entered, and he saw some signs pass between them and his 
 companion. He afterwards went with her to a lodging-house 
 in Spitalfields, and, though drunk at the time, he remembered 
 paying the deputy and going to bed. Very soon the two men 
 who had been in the public-house made their appearance, and, 
 with the assistance of the woman, robbed him of all his money, 
 stripped him to his trousers, and kicked him out into the 
 streets. 
 
 I remanded the case for the attendance of the deputy, and, 
 upon that individual making his appearance, he said that he 
 perfectly well remembered the foreigner and the woman 
 coming to his house on the day of the alleged outrage. He 
 however, solemnly swore that he heard no disturbance, and 
 that he was quite ignorant of a robbery having taken place. 
 On my questioning the witness, he admitted that he was a 
 ticket-of-leave man, and had been sentenced to ten years' 
 penal servitude. 
 
 In another case, a woman named Hawks, aged eighteen, 
 and a man named Fordham, were charged with assaulting and 
 robbing a Scandinavian sailor. When drunk, he was taken by 
 the woman to a common lodging-house in Flower and Dean 
 Street. A policeman, who had followed the pair to the door, 
 happened to linger outside the building. In a few minutes he 
 heard a cry of " Help ! " and entered the building just in time 
 to see the sailor thrown downstairs minus his trousers. 
 
 The deputy, a woman named Margaret Brown, stated that 
 the house was owned by a man named Coates, who kept a 
 chandler's shop in Dorset Street. The lodging-house con- 
 tained nineteen double, and seven single, beds. The witness 
 said she remembered admitting the sailor and the woman, and 
 receiving eightpence from the former for a double bed. She 
 knew the woman very well as a regular frequenter of the 
 house. On being questioned by me, the witness stated that 
 she had heard the prosecutor had been attacked on the pre- 
 mises by four men, but that she did not know who they could 
 be. As far as she knew, the sailor was the only man in the 
 house at the time. 
 
 "What wages do you receive?" I asked. 
 
 " Six shillings a week," she replied, " and I am in sole 
 charge of the place." 
 
 The police constable then gave evidence. When he 
 entered the house, he said, the deputy was nowhere to be
 
 242 A SLY SUPPLY OF SPIRITS. 
 
 seen ; and he proceeded to give a description of the place. 
 The beds were arranged in rows. The " doubles " were par- 
 titioned off, but the partitions did not reach either to the floor 
 or to the ceiling. 
 
 On being questioned as to the frequenters of this and 
 similar places, he said that it was impossible to find a lodging- 
 house in the neighbourhood that did not contain thieves and 
 the most abandoned women. 
 
 It is on Saturday nights that the East End lodging-house 
 is to be seen at its worst. As soon as the public-houses close, 
 the orgie begins. Horrible oaths, disgusting language, and 
 filthy songs become the order of the night. Nor is this con- 
 dition of things restricted to the houses for men only. So far 
 as downright obscenity is concerned, the houses containing 
 both women and men are the worst. 
 
 Many deputies have a sly supply of spirits on the premises 
 — stuff calculated to drive the consumer to madness ; and, 
 when all the public-houses are shut, they dispose of this deadly 
 refreshment at exorbitant prices. 
 
 In some cases the East End lodging-houses are receptacles 
 for stolen property, as was shown in a case that came before 
 my colleague, Mr. Bushby, two years ago. A boy admitted 
 to the police that watches were frequently brought to the 
 Three Bells Chambers, Flower and Dean Street, and sold 
 there. 
 
 It was also shown in this case that two of the men fre- 
 quenting the house lived by thieving and cadging, and that 
 others lived upon the immoral earnings of the women with 
 whom they cohabited fitfully. 
 
 The " doss house " is often structurally unfit for the pur- 
 pose to which it is put, and only passes the inspection of 
 the Scotland Yard authorities by being strong enough to 
 bear the weight of the beds and their inmates, by being 
 sufficiently spacious to admit the regulation number of cubic 
 feet of "air," and by possessing a sufficient number of washing- 
 places, etc. 
 
 In many cases, before you can enter the "doss house" 
 proper, you have to pass through another building and traverse 
 a back yard. The house is often of three or four storeys, the 
 staircases are narrow and winding, and the rooms are small ; 
 thus, should a fire break out, the conditions are all favourable 
 for a holocaust of victims. I doubt very much whether the 
 fires in the coke stoves standing in the centre of the room are
 
 VICTORIA HOUSE. 243 
 
 ever put out. The flooring is like tinder, and the staircases 
 are mere match-board. 
 
 Of course there are one or two lodging-houses- to which 
 the description I have given does not apply. A conspicuous 
 example is Victoria House, situated at the corner of Commercial 
 Street and Wentworth Street. Here special measures are 
 taken to exclude notoriously bad characters. 
 
 The premises were originally two warehouses. A number 
 of gentlemen acquired them at a considerable cost, and adapted 
 them to their present purpose, being satisfied with a very 
 moderate return on their outlay. 
 
 The rules of Victoria House, of which printed copies are 
 hung up in the kitchen, are as follows : 
 
 "(1) No person in a state of intoxication will on any 
 account be admitted. 
 
 " (2) No swearing or obscene language will be tolerated. 
 Order and decorum are insisted on in the kitchen ; silence in 
 the bedrooms. 
 
 " (3) No person will be admitted after one o'clock a.m. 
 without a special pass. 
 
 " (4) Any lodger interfering with the comfort of others is at 
 once ejected. 
 
 "(5) Lodgers who are fortunate enough to possess extra 
 clothing or other personal effects, can leave them in charge of 
 the deputy, who will give a receipt for the same. 
 
 " (6) Baths, warm or cold, can be had in the house. For 
 a warm bath, a charge of one penny is made." 
 
 In Victoria House, every facility is given to the lodgers to 
 keep their underclothing clean — in fact, it is insisted that they 
 shall do so. 
 
 In the building, there is, open to all, a large, cosy reading- 
 room, which is supplied with the daily papers and other 
 journals. Adjoining the house is a lecture hall, containing 
 chairs, a raised platform, and a small organ. This is used for 
 temperance meetings, and lectures on domestic and other 
 subjects. 
 
 As I have said, measures are taken to exclude bad 
 characters from Victoria House. I very much question, how- 
 ever, if such persons would care to stay there. The place is 
 too pure to suit them. 
 
 It is a pity there are not more establishments like Victoria 
 House, for, of course, there are many persons — hawkers, men 
 in search of work, the victims of landlords, etc. — who are 
 
 R 2
 
 244 BOGUS CLUBS. 
 
 forced to go to the common lodging-house. They have, at 
 least, to choose between the lodging-house, the streets, the 
 workhouse, and the prison. Many a respectable fellow has 
 occasionally to find temporary quarters for himself and family, 
 and there should certainly be places where they could be 
 decent and comfortable, and where the children would not be 
 constrained to listen to filthy and demoralising conversation. 
 
 A number of summonses have been taken out recently 
 against the owners of rookeries in the East End, and many of 
 the worst houses will, in consequence, be closed. Now, what 
 is to become of the poor wretches who inhabit them ? For 
 the most part they will have to become inmates of lodging- 
 houses ; and what will be the consequence ? Facilis descensus 
 Averni. Man, wife, and children will be forced to herd with 
 the vilest of the vile, and they will gradually sink to the level 
 of their associates. 
 
 I cannot help thinking that a good deal of our crime is 
 thus called into being. 
 
 One of the greatest scandals in the East End is the 
 existence of the unlicensed public-houses, by which I mean 
 the bogus clubs. These places swarm in the Worship Street 
 and Thames districts. I ascertained the other day, during 
 the hearing of a case, that there are eighty bogus clubs in the 
 immediate neighbourhood of my Court. 
 
 I have more than once been informed that the police are 
 not able to gain admission to these establishments. Recently, 
 however, a young constable was selected from a neighbouring 
 division, and sent, in plain clothes, to endeavour to enter a 
 house of this kind of which there had been numerous com- 
 plaints. He succeeded in gaining admission, and found that 
 the place was nothing more nor less than an unlicensed tavern. 
 At the time of his visit, a number of men were on the premises, 
 drinking, smoking, playing cards, and betting on horse races. 
 
 A number of constables were lying in ambush, and at a 
 given signal they rushed to the door and forced their way in. 
 
 This is not the worst case of the kind that has come under 
 my notice. There are many of these dens where women as 
 well as men are admitted. 
 
 The bogus clubs are crowded the moment the public-house 
 is closed. Of course the membership is a mere sham, any one 
 being able to obtain admission. Dancing goes on throughout 
 the night, and frightful orgies are held. 
 
 These places are sinks of iniquity, and a terrible nuisance
 
 A GREAT SCANDAL. 245 
 
 to the neighbourhood in which they are located. Among the 
 " members " are gamblers, thieves, pickpockets, and pros- 
 titutes. The premises are open on Sundays as well as week- 
 days. Poison is sold as drink. 
 
 In my capacity as magistrate I have received scores of 
 touching letters from women whose husbands and sons have 
 been ruined in these dens. 
 
 Now and then a case is singled out by the authorities for 
 prosecution, but for the most part these establishments are 
 maintained with impunity.
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 PRIVATE ENTERPRISE. 
 
 Some excellent charities — All Hallows Shelter — Bridge of Hope Mission — 
 The Roman Catholic Shelter— Police Court missionaries — The work 
 at Worship Street — First offences — Leniency versus severity — How to 
 treat fallen women— The astonishing results of kindness — Zoe Mait- 
 land and her benefactors — Another Zoe Maitland — Her mother's state- 
 ment — The Whitechapel murders — My visitor's ingenious theory — 
 Has he been instrumental in stopping the crimes ? 
 
 Having attempted to describe the evil condition of things 
 existing in the East End, I will now say something about the 
 palliative measures that are associated with private enterprise. 
 Here is to be found the only ray of sunshine that penetrates 
 the gloom of Outcast London. 
 
 In the parishes of North and East London, with seventeen 
 exceptions, guilds, associations, and other institutions have 
 been established for befriending girls. In the seventeen 
 parishes that do not figure on the list, the necessity for these 
 agencies does not exist. Preventive work is carried on through- 
 out the whole of the large area I have specified, in many 
 districts with great vigour, and rescue work is prosecuted 
 wherever it is required. 
 
 I will briefly refer to certain institutions with which I have 
 become familiar, trusting that some of my readers will be 
 induced to assist their finances. 
 
 At 47, Athol Street, East India Docks, stands All Hallows 
 Shelter. This place was originally opened in 1875, but in a 
 little while, owing to lack of funds, it had to be shut up. On 
 September 20th, 1887, thanks to the assistance of the Church 
 Mission, the shelter was reopened. The present superintendent, 
 Mrs. Cooper, is out in the streets till two a.m. on two nights in
 
 BRIDGE OF HOPE MISSION. 247 
 
 every week. She speaks to the girls she meets, and invites 
 them to the shelter. During the past three years, 274 cases 
 have been dealt with at this institution, in the following manner : 
 Placed in refuges, 141 ; put to service or work, 21 ; sent to the 
 infirmary or hospital, 32 ; returned to friends, 32 ; left in the 
 care of ladies, 1 1 ; emigrated, 3 ; married, 4 ; died, 1 ; and 
 left, 29. ' The cost of the work for two years and eight months 
 has been a little under ,£360. I learn that, at the time of 
 writing, the funds of this institution are exhausted, and that the 
 circumstance occasions the gravest anxiety as to the future. 
 But will the benevolent public permit to be closed an institu- 
 tion which, during the past three years, has saved close upon 
 three hundred women from the horrors of a prostitute's life ? 
 Will the benevolent public say : " Well, we should certainly 
 like to see a hundred of these poor creatures rescued every 
 year, but really we cannot afford the ^133 necessary for the 
 purpose " ? Will they say this ? I think not ; and in this con- 
 nection I may mention the name and address of the principal 
 of the institution : The Rev. A. Dalton, 411, East India Road, 
 Poplar. Perhaps some of my readers who are blessed with a 
 superabundance of the good things of this life, will permit this 
 gentleman's name to figure on their cheque-books. 
 
 Then there is the Bridge of Hope Mission, Ratcliff High- 
 way, of which the honorary superintendent is Miss Steer. This 
 is situated in the worst part of St. George's-in-the-East. No 
 girls who apply at the door of this Home are turned away. 
 They are sure of some food and a night's shelter, and, if they 
 choose to remain, they are properly cared for. Here are the 
 statistics for 1889-90: Those who received a night's lodging, 
 5,855 ; rescue cases, 222; preventive cases, 182. 
 
 The Society for the Rescue of Young Women and Children, 
 the head-quarters of which are at 79, Finsbury Pavement, has 
 eight homes situated in different parts of the metropolis. Thus, 
 girls who have been rescued can be removed a long way from 
 the locality in which their former companions live. During the 
 past three years, 13,150 girls have been received into these 
 homes — a great many having been met coming out of the Police 
 Courts of the East End. 
 
 There is no more excellent institution than the Roman 
 Catholic Shelter, Crispin Street, Spitalfields. If you pay it 
 a casual visit you will find, in one room, about 130 women, 
 and in another, about 150 men ; all creeds being represented. 
 The place is beautifully clean. There are, 1 think, eight
 
 2+3 GRATIFYING STATISTICS. 
 
 endowed beds for women, and seven for men. Each appli- 
 cant, on being admitted, is presented with a ticket entitling 
 him or her to five nights' lodging, with supper and breakfast. 
 During the five days, inquiries are set on foot, and, if every- 
 thing is found satisfactory, a further grant is made at the end 
 of that time. This institution, which is not nearly so well 
 known as it deserves to be, is in the heart of Spitalfields. 
 
 I must also mention Harlow House Night Shelter and 
 Soup Kitchen, which is situated at 34, Mile End Road. This 
 was opened in 1888, in consequence, I believe, of the White- 
 chapel murders. All the women who apply are provided 
 with a night's shelter and a pint of tea, etc. They are allowed 
 to leave as early as they please in the morning, in order that 
 they shall have every opportunity to look for employment. 
 Since the opening of this excellent shelter, nearly 20,000 
 persons have been assisted. It contains sleeping accommo- 
 dation for 65 women. Every Sunday a tea is provided for 
 150 persons. 
 
 The London Female Penitentiary and Gordon Society 
 has two branches, one at Stanford House, High Street, Stoke 
 Newington, and the other at 21, Old Ford Road, Bethnal 
 Green. These institutions are admirably managed. Since 
 their foundation the following results have been obtained : 
 Sent out to service, etc., 3,197; restored to friends, 2,113; 
 married, 20; left at their own request, 1,892; discharged, 
 1,770; sent to hospital, 394; placed in kindred institutions, 166; 
 transferred to other parishes, 126 ; found to have been inmates 
 before, 13; emigrated, 53; died in the Homes, 65; pro- 
 nounced to be insane, 16 ; showing thus a total of 9,825, to 
 which must be added 86 who remain in the Homes. 
 
 The Guild of Good Life is established at Hoxton Hall, 
 Hoxton Street, the president being Mrs. Rae. This is another 
 very excellent charity. 
 
 Since it was opened, 1,008 persons have passed through 
 the register at the Misses Headland's Home, 160, Dalston 
 Lane. This institution is in connection with the Female 
 Mission to the Fallen, of which the Bishop of Bedford is 
 chairman. The girls dealt with during the year by the Misses 
 Headland are thus accounted for : Placed in homes, 1 1 ; sent 
 out to service, 37 ; placed with their friends, 6 ; sent to 
 hospitals, 5 ; visited and assisted temporarily, 11 ; — total, 70. 
 
 Space will not permit me to mention the many other 
 institutions that do so much excellent work in the East End
 
 POLICE COURT MISSIONARIES. 249 
 
 and elsewhere. However, I cannot abstain from mentioning 
 the great assistance magistrates receive from the thirteen 
 missionaries attached to the different Courts. They are in 
 touch with all the philanthropic institutions, and it would be 
 impossible to exaggerate the value of their services. 
 
 A gentleman was appointed to my Court on the 22nd 
 January, last year (1S90), and since that time between seven 
 and eight thousand persons — a large proportion of them 
 women — have been charged there. The missionary, who has 
 permission to go into the prisoners' rooms and cells, visited 
 and spoke to most of these poor creatures. As many as 230 
 pledges were taken by him, and he placed fifty of the women 
 in homes or with their friends. 
 
 This gentleman has done especially good work among the 
 men. He has procured clothes, food, and lodging for many of 
 them, and he has assisted others to obtain work. Most of those 
 who have been sent to prison, he has met coming out, and 
 befriended in many ways, procuring them work in a number 
 of cases. 
 
 In reference to the prisoners that are brought up at the 
 Police Courts, it is a great pity, in my opinion, that some plan 
 cannot be devised for securing something like uniformity in 
 the sentences passed upon them. Of course I am aware of 
 the difficulties that stand in the way of this consummation. 
 Each magistrate holds a different set of opinions on the 
 subject. 
 
 For my own part, I am convinced that — except with 
 habitual criminals — leniency is a more powerful instrument 
 of good than severity. I refer, of course, more especially to 
 minor charges, such as drunkenness and disorderly conduct. 
 The usual routine is to inflict a fine of 2s. 6d. or 5s., with 
 imprisonment as the alternative. For my part, I entirely 
 disapprove of this course. What is the use of inflicting the 
 fine in very poor cases? Were the money not forthcoming, 
 the offender would go to prison, which means that the bread- 
 winner would be shut up, and the family left to starve. So the 
 clothing of the wife or the children goes to the pawnshop, and 
 the fine is paid. 
 
 I think it is better to merely administer a caution in the 
 case of the first, or even second, offence of this description. 
 On the other hand, I do not think that either words or fines 
 are of any use with the habitual drunkard. He or she is 
 far better off in prison, out of temptation.
 
 2SO EFFECT OF KINDNESS ON FALLEN WOMEN. 
 
 A great deal has been said in approval of the First 
 Offenders' Act, though, as a matter of fact, the law is a super- 
 fluous one. The powers it professes to confer were previously 
 possessed by magistrates. However, it has been the means, 
 in many quarters, of encouraging mercy — notably in cases 
 of embezzlement and charges ejusdem generis — and to that 
 extent it has undoubtedly been very useful. 
 
 Law is designed to prevent crime, and not to assist in 
 making criminals, and, therefore, if it is proved that leniency 
 tends to reform the offender, while severity tends to harden 
 him, little more need be said in favour of the course I am 
 recommending. Certainly in no single instance have I had 
 reason to regret having taken a merciful view of an offence. 
 
 In nine cases out of ten, minor offences are, in the first 
 instance, committed in consequence of sudden temptation. 
 If the offender goes to gaol, what is the result ? His character 
 is destroyed, and, when he is liberated, he will find it well- 
 nigh impossible to obtain employment. Added to this, his 
 wife and family, during his incarceration, will have been 
 reduced to terrible straits, and, perhaps, compelled to sell all 
 their furniture and break up the little home. In ninety-nine 
 cases out of a hundred, indeed, the wretched wife and children 
 suffer far more acutely than the offender. The liberated 
 convict and his family are often compelled to take up their 
 abode in a common lodging-house, and, of course, when this 
 is the case, they swiftly sink to the lowest human level. 
 
 My experience has always been that kindness and gentle- 
 ness will go a very long way with fallen women — even with 
 the horrible type that belongs peculiarly to the East End. 
 They step into the dock with depravity, callousness, and 
 defiance written in every feature of their coarse countenances ; 
 and the routine observations about reform and the desirability 
 of entering a home are received with a sneer, a contemptuous 
 laugh, and very often an oath. Once begin to reason with 
 them, however — not in a lecturing spirit, but gently and with 
 kindness — and how soon do the most brazen creatures burst 
 into tears and completely break down. 
 
 Having brought matters to this head, I remand the 
 prisoner for a week, and see that efforts are in the meantime 
 made to secure an asylum for her. When the seven days 
 have elapsed, and the case is again called on, a totally different 
 individual takes her stand behind the rail. Humility has 
 taken the place of callousness and defiance, and the signs of
 
 ZOE MAITLAND. 2$t 
 
 depravity are already passing away. She does not regret the 
 weakness she betrayed at our previous interview, and she is 
 ready and eager to go wherever I may elect to send her. 
 
 The after results of these cases have been very satisfactory, 
 in many cases greatly exceeding my most sanguine expecta- 
 tions. This speedy reformation may seem astonishing, and 
 even incredible, to many persons; but, as a little reflection 
 will prove, it is capable of very simple explanation. 
 
 These poor creatures have mixed only with those of their 
 class — the outcasts of society — at whose hands they have been 
 brutalised and degraded, body and soul. When have they 
 heard a really kind word? Absolutely never. They have 
 literally not known that such a thing as kindness exists, and 
 hence their susceptibility to its influence. 
 
 These women are too sunken, too depraved for ordinary 
 spiritual care and remedy — so it is supposed by those in a 
 position to supply them. Thus the poor creatures have, 
 ex necessitate, been left to themselves. 
 
 I do not believe there are many among the fallen women 
 of the East End who will refuse to lend an ear to words of 
 kindness and encouragement, provided they believe them to 
 be genuinely spoken, and provided they come from the lips of 
 one whom they are disposed to trust. 
 
 I often ask the lady principals of the homes to which I 
 have previously referred, how the unfortunate creatures I have 
 sent them are getting on — specifying particular individuals — ■ 
 and the replies I receive are almost invariably satisfactory. 
 
 Owing to the publicity given in the newspapers to the 
 proceedings at Police Courts, I very often receive from different 
 parts of the country contributions to assist special cases of 
 destitution and misery. Nor does the kindness of my corre- 
 spondents stop short at postal orders and cheques, as the 
 following particulars of the case of Zoe Maitland will show. 
 
 This poor creature was brought before me charged with 
 attempting to commit suicide by flinging herself in front of a 
 train while it was in motion. She was saved by what was 
 almost a miracle. 
 
 The suspicions of a porter had been excited by something 
 singular in her demeanour. He stood close by, narrowly 
 watching her movements, and when she jumped from the 
 platform he sprang forward, and was just in time to clutch her 
 dress and drag her back. 
 
 Upon my asking the prisoner, who was only seventeen
 
 2>z THE GIRL'S BENEFACTOR. 
 
 years of age, what she had to say in reply to the charge, she at 
 first remained silent. When I gently pressed her for an 
 explanation, reminding her of the criminal folly of which she 
 had been guilty, she said the reason she attempted to commit 
 suicide was, because she had no friends and no home. She 
 had been in service, she added, but had left her place, and, 
 not knowing what to do, or where to go, she had determined 
 to end her miserable existence. 
 
 I remanded the prisoner for a week, stating that, if her 
 antecedents were found to be good, and if I received a 
 favourable report of her from the clergyman of the gaol (to 
 whom I addressed a letter on the subject), I would endeavour 
 to find a home for her. 
 
 A few days afterwards I received a letter from a well-to-do 
 shopkeeper in the North of England, stating that he and his 
 wife had read an account of the case in the papers, and felt 
 that they could not rest in their beds until they did something 
 to help the poor girl. He went on to propose that, if she 
 were willing, she should come and live with him and his 
 family. For the sake of their daughter, he added, he should 
 wish the poor girl to change her name and never in any way 
 to refer to her past career. Some certificates as to the writer's 
 respectability were enclosed in the letter. 
 
 I at once placed the facts of the case before the missionary 
 attending my Court, and he promptly opened up communica- 
 tions both with the prisoner and with my correspondent. 
 
 On the morning on which the girl was to be again brought 
 before me, I was informed, on my arrival at the Court, that an 
 old gentleman was waiting to see me in my private room. He 
 introduced himself as my correspondent in the North, and 
 said that he had come up to town on the previous evening in 
 order to be present at the Court when the case came on. If I 
 advised it, he said, he would, at his own expense, at once take 
 the girl back with him to his home. 
 
 I sent to the cells for the prisoner, and, in the gentleman's 
 presence, explained the situation to her, dwelling as forcibly as 
 I could upon the providential escape from trouble that had 
 been offered to her. She cried very much, and was profuse in 
 her expressions of gratitude and in her promises as to the 
 future. 
 
 My Court missionary saw the two off by train, and he is 
 now in constant communication with them. The accounts 
 he receives are eminently satisfactory. The girl is working
 
 THE WHITECHAPEL MURDERS. 253 
 
 admirably in the shop, and her benefactors are more than 
 satisfied. 
 
 A curious incident occurred in connection with this case. 
 A few days after it was disposed of in this satisfactory manner, 
 a Mrs. Maitland, of Ealing, appeared at my Court, and intro- 
 duced to my notice her daughter, a girl of about sixteen. 
 
 "I want you to tell the public, please," said the mother, 
 " that this is not the person giving the name of Zoe Maitland 
 who came before you the other day, charged with attempting 
 to commit suicide on the railway. My daughter's christian- 
 name is also Zoe. I have written to the papers to say it 
 wasn't my daughter, but only a few of them have printed my 
 letter. We have experienced very great annoyance in connec- 
 tion with this matter. Friends from a distance have written 
 me long letters about my daughter's wickedness, and the poor 
 child can't go through the streets without being pointed at. 
 Even in church last Sunday every one was staring at her. 
 They explain her appearance," added this somewhat excitable 
 lady, " by saying that the matter has been hushed up." 
 
 All I could do was to express to the applicant my regret 
 that she should have been subjected to such great annoyance. 
 I remarked that no one could possibly confuse the neatly 
 dressed Zoe Maitland then before me with the careworn and 
 wretched-looking Zoe Maitland who had stood in the dock a 
 few days previously. In conclusion, I expressed the hope 
 that the gentlemen present representing the Press would give 
 due publicity to the statement that had just been made. 
 
 I have something to say in reference to the Whitechapel 
 murders that I think will be read with interest by many of my 
 readers. 
 
 Without entering into the details of those horrible tragedies, 
 I may mention that they all occurred within the Worship 
 Street and Thames districts, and that, as I foresaw the possi- 
 bility of the assassin, if arrested, being brought before me, I 
 made it my business to personally visit all the scenes of the 
 crimes, and to make what medical and other inquiries I thought 
 desirable. 
 
 As my readers are aware, the murderer has not been 
 arrested ; but a curious set of circumstances which tend, per- 
 haps, to throw light upon the mystery came to my knowledge 
 at the time. 
 
 For excellent reasons, I shall abstain, at any rate at present, 
 from entering into the details of this matter.
 
 254 AN IMPORTANT COMMUNICATION. 
 
 It is not, however, that I lack the necessary permission of 
 the person principally interested. He has placed in my pos- 
 session all the documents relating to this matter, and has 
 unreservedly given me permission to make whatever use of 
 them I like. The reasons for my reticence are concerned 
 merely with the interests of justice. 
 
 I was sitting alone one afternoon, on a day on which I 
 was off duty, when a card was brought to me, and I was 
 informed that the gentleman whose name it bore desired that 
 I would see him. 
 
 My visitor was at once shown in. He explained that he 
 had called for the purpose of having a conversation with me 
 with regard to the perpetrator, or perpetrators, of the East End 
 murders. He had, he said, taken a very great interest in the 
 matter, and had set on foot a number of inquiries that had 
 yielded a result which, in his opinion, afforded an undoubted 
 clue to the mystery, and indicated beyond any doubt the indi- 
 vidual, or individuals, on whom this load of guilt rested. 
 
 My visitor handed me a written statement in which his 
 conclusions were clearly set forth, together with the facts and 
 calculations on which they were based ; and, I am bound to 
 say, this theory — for theory it, of necessity, is — struck me 
 as being remarkably ingenious and worthy of the closest 
 attention. 
 
 Besides the written statement, this gentleman showed me 
 copies of a number of letters that he had received from various 
 persons in response to the representations he had made. It 
 appeared that he had communicated his ideas to the proper 
 authorities, and that they had given them every attention. 
 
 Of course, the theory set forth by my visitor may be a 
 correct one or it may not. Nothing, however, has occurred to 
 prove it fallacious during the many months that have elapsed 
 since the last of this terrible series of crimes. 
 
 As I have said, I cannot take the reader into my confidence 
 over this matter, as, possibly, in doing so I might be hamper- 
 ing the future course of justice. One statement, however, I 
 may make, and, inasmuch as it is calculated to allay public 
 fears, I do so with great pleasure. The cessation of the East 
 End murders dates from the time when certain action was 
 taken as a result of the promulgation of these ideas.
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 HOW TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM. 
 
 Existing destitution and misery — The necessity for immediate action — A 
 popular subject for a great statesman — Private enterprise ineffectual — 
 The difficulties and dangers of "General" Booth's scheme — Suffering 
 charities — Pauperism on the increase — The necessity for State inter- 
 ference — Education: a parallel case — A Minister of Health required — 
 The financial question — Remarks of an ex-Cabinet Minister — A 
 graduated system of taxation— Meanness and riches. 
 
 I think I have proved that there exists, side by side with 
 our modern wealth, an amount of destitution and misery 
 probably unequalled in any former age, and the equivalent 
 of which is perhaps not to be met with in any other country 
 in the world. I hope also that I have proved to demonstra- 
 tion that the deplorable condition of the poorer working 
 classes of London cannot any longer be disregarded. In my 
 humble judgment there is no subject of greater or more 
 pressing importance. 
 
 What more grateful and popular task could a leading 
 statesman set himself than the launching of a permanently 
 efficacious scheme for the raising up of the suffering poor 
 of overcrowded London ? 
 
 At the risk of harrowing and distressing my readers, I 
 have dwelt at some length upon the sufferings of the " sub- 
 merged tenth," because I believe that the absence of West 
 End interest in the East End is largely the result of blissful 
 ignorance. 
 
 I have tried — though, I am afraid, with imperfect success 
 — to indicate the causes of the existing evil, and to point 
 out how, in many ways, measures might be taken to improve 
 the condition of certain classes of individuals. The time
 
 256 "GENERAL" BOOTH'S SCHEME. 
 
 has now come, however, to consider the remedial question 
 from a more comprehensive point of view. 
 
 In the first place I am convinced that private enterprise, 
 be it ever so powerfully managed and generously subsidised, 
 will in the end prove quite unequal to cope successfully with 
 existing difficulties. While giving all credit for the motives 
 that have actuated the propounder of the scheme which is 
 now before the public, and which has met with so many 
 liberal supporters, I must say that, for many reasons, I am 
 entirely opposed to it. 
 
 Even admitting for the moment that matters may proceed 
 satisfactorily enough during the lifetime of " General " Booth, 
 where is there the slightest guarantee as to what will happen 
 when he has gone ? He is a man fairly advanced in life, 
 and the time must arrive when another pilot will steer the 
 ship. It is only necessary, for the sake of argument, to 
 picture a capricious and incapable man at the helm, to 
 perceive, in the mind's eye, a mass of wreckage where once 
 there sailed a magnificent vessel. 
 
 Then, too, the mere matter of raising the necessary 
 money is full of difficulties. The ^"100,000 which the 
 public is at present asked to provide is but an instalment, 
 the very considerable sum of a million of money being 
 requisitioned for carrying out the scheme in its entirety. 
 What reason is there for supposing that the wealthy public 
 will sufficiently approve of the results produced by the first 
 instalment, to continue their contributions ? If there is not 
 a chorus of approbation over the first-fruits of this gigantic 
 and peculiar scheme, there can be little doubt that the 
 remainder of the money will not be forthcoming. 
 
 Then again the whole scheme implies a sort of family 
 ring in which one man becomes absolute dictator. " General " 
 Booth is commander-in-chief, and he has under him several 
 members of his own family, who, in their turn, command 
 different battalions. Absolute obedience and submission is 
 demanded from every soldier enlisting in these ranks, and 
 any one can be cashiered at a moment's notice, at the will 
 of the commanding officer, without any legal or properly 
 prescribed investigation. Under these circumstances, what 
 are the members of the Salvation Army but parts and 
 atoms of a religious sect, somewhat fanatical and guided 
 by strong Socialistic principles? 
 
 In my opinion an insuperable objection to the scheme
 
 DIVERTING THE STREAMS OF CHARITY. 257 
 
 is to be found in its association — intimate or remote, I care 
 not — with " General " Booth's Army. 
 
 Probably the most serious aspect of this proposal is to 
 be found in the damage it will do, and is already doing, 
 to existing charities. True, none of these agencies profess 
 to cope with the evil as a whole, but, within their respective 
 areas of operation, they do much practical good. Take for 
 an example the Discharged Prisoners' Aid Societies, which 
 are associated with nearly all our prisons. What an amount 
 of excellent work they do, and how deplorable it would be 
 if any of them were to be seriously crippled for want of 
 funds. 
 
 The evil I am now pointing out is a very real one. 
 Wealthy persons, in response to the appeal made to them, 
 are contributing handsomely, not to say extravagantly, to 
 "General" Booth's scheme, and this means nothing more 
 nor less than that the streams of charity are being diverted 
 from their old channels into a new one. The money formerly 
 given to achieve a known and certain result is now being 
 given to achieve an unknown and doubtful speculation ; and 
 the unhappy creatures who are sought to be benefited are 
 likely to be the sufferers. 
 
 In addition to this, the scheme is calculated to increase 
 pauperism. The matter has been made public only a few 
 weeks, and if I am informed aright — -and I believe I am — 
 the roads to London are choked with destitute and semi- 
 destitute persons hurrying thither to participate in the funds 
 which they anticipate will shortly be forthcoming. The main 
 towns of England, as well as the agricultural districts, are 
 being thus tapped. One of the chief mendicity officers 
 informs me that the number of tramps trudging along the 
 roads leading to London has, during the past week or two, 
 increased by something like ten per cent. What will be the 
 state of things in a month or two, when the scheme will 
 have been discussed much more widely, and the matter 
 even bruited abroad? 
 
 The East End — certainly the whole of my district — is 
 already overrun with foreigners, especially Russian and Polish 
 Jews ; but their numbers are likely in a little while to be very 
 materially increased. 
 
 Without, however, going into any very lengthened criticism 
 of " General " Booth's scheme, I would remark generally that, 
 in my opinion, the greatest objection to it consists in its 
 
 s
 
 258 THE NECESSITY FOR STATE INTERFERENCE. 
 
 irresponsible character. Supposing the money subscribed, or 
 a large portion of it, were applied to purposes entirely foreign 
 to the ideas and wishes of the donors, what remedy would 
 there be ? Absolutely none. In point of fact, therefore, the 
 money is to be dealt with at the will and according to the 
 ideas of one single individual, and, in the event of his passing 
 away, the trust is to be continued with a member of his own 
 family, or with whomsoever he may choose to appoint. 
 
 Of course I do not in any way blame the charitable persons 
 who have come forward with subscriptions. It is superfluous 
 to say that they have been actuated by the best and kindest of 
 motives. Have they not, however, been a little too rapid in 
 this proceeding? Have they not too hastily responded to 
 a novel appeal which, until properly examined, looks roseate 
 enough, but which, when soberly thought over and logically 
 reasoned out, proves to be fraught with dangers innumerable ? 
 
 I am firmly convinced that the only way to grapple suc- 
 cessfully with this great problem is by State interference. My 
 contention is this — the disease is national, and, therefore, the 
 cure should be national. It is not a question of charity at all. 
 Private enterprise can only tinker at the question. 
 
 It ought not to be a matter of choice with persons in a 
 good position whether they shall or shall not do something to 
 improve the condition of their suffering fellow-creatures. In 
 other matters the citizen has no option, and why should he in 
 this ? 
 
 Take, for instance, the question of education. It has 
 long since been recognised as a national one ; and, in a very 
 short time, the department of the State entrusted with the 
 work will become far more important even than it is at present. 
 
 This question of education, indeed, considered in the 
 present connection, supplies more than one argument. At 
 the present time the State interferes in regard to the minds of 
 the people, but not in regard to their bodies. This is putting 
 the cart before the horse with a vengeance. The bodies should 
 have been taken in hand first and the minds afterwards, 
 because the development of a person's mental powers depends 
 very considerably upon his physical well-being, whereas his 
 physical well-being practically in no way depends upon the 
 development of his mental powers. Nay, the argument reaches 
 still farther, for a half-starved child who is compelled to study, 
 will collapse much sooner than a half-starved child who is 
 permitted to remain idle. Then, too, what a waste of edu-
 
 A MINISTER OF HEALTH. 259 
 
 cational force takes place under the existing state of things. 
 The Education Act reaches to the very dregs of humanity, 
 and many a child, while at " home," encounters evil examples 
 and bad associations that completely counteract the influences 
 of the class-room. 
 
 We have a Minister of Agriculture who looks after the 
 muzzling or non-muzzling of dogs, who regulates the importa- 
 tion of foreign cattle, and who, in a word, watches over the 
 interests of the animal kingdom ; yet there is no department 
 of the State responsible for the housing and sanitary state 
 of the poor. 
 
 What is wanted is a Minister of Health. Here there 
 would be real responsibility, for a Minister has to answer to 
 his Government, and the Government to Her Imperial 
 Majesty and the country. 
 
 Some persons may ask, where is the money to come 
 from? As a matter of fact, this aspect of the subject, for 
 various reasons, gives me no trouble at all. Whenever a 
 great national want has arisen, funds have always been 
 forthcoming to meet it. 
 
 I have talked the general question over with three 
 ex-Cabinet Ministers. One of them — who is a great authority 
 on subjects of this description — after listening attentively 
 to what I had to say about the urgency of the matter, 
 observed : 
 
 " Let anything like a workable and intelligent scheme 
 once be evolved, there will be no difficulty about the 
 money." 
 
 I am entirely at one with him. Supposing, for the sake 
 of argument, it were proved that the problem could only 
 be satisfactorily solved by the expenditure of several millions, 
 I am persuaded the country would not begrudge the money. 
 
 I cannot forbear from stating, by way of parenthesis, the 
 method that I myself should like to see adopted for raising 
 any sum that might be necessary. I would not impose any 
 additional burden on small incomes, which are already 
 sufficiently taxed. I would institute a system of graduated 
 taxation. It would, undoubtedly, be only just if the money 
 required for all national purposes were raised in this manner ; 
 but the system would be peculiarly appropriate in the case 
 under consideration. I myself know scores of men with 
 incomes ranging from ^10,000 to ^40,000 a year, who 
 have never given one single sixpence to the struggling poor 
 
 s 2
 
 260 INTERESTED BENEVOLENCE. 
 
 of London. Yet whence do such persons derive their 
 money? It all comes from the brains and bodies of the 
 people, in their capacity of workmen, tenants, and consumers. 
 Utterly forgetful of this fact, the persons to whom I allude 
 do not give so much as a halfpenny even to unassuming 
 little charitable institutions like the magistrate's poor-box. 
 Of course those who have country estates are bound to give 
 something, especially at Christmas, to their poorer tenants. 
 What would their position be if they omitted to do so ? Of 
 course, too, Members of Parliament are compelled to give 
 a certain amount in charity among the people whom they 
 represent. Beyond this interested benevolence, however, 
 nothing is done by these individuals to alleviate the sufferings 
 of their fellow-creatures. 
 
 I ventured to mention my ideas regarding the taxation 
 of the rich to the distinguished statesman of whom I have 
 already spoken. He at once observed : 
 
 " I have always been in favour of a graduated scale of 
 taxation, but, if you venture to give utterance to such opinions 
 in these days, you will be set down as Jack Cade." 
 
 This may be so ; but, as I ventured to remind him, the 
 principle of graduated taxation has been already admitted, 
 in the exemption of certain incomes and the abatements that 
 are allowed in others. 
 
 But this question of taxation does not come within the 
 scope of my proposal for the appointment of a Minister of 
 Health. The matters are quite distinct, for it does not by 
 any means follow that the creation of the new office, and 
 the exercise of such powers as may be vested in it, will 
 involve any special expenditure. Certainly, at first, an 
 immense amount of good could be effected at little or no 
 cost. 
 
 I will give a practical clue to my meaning. I feel tolerably 
 confident that I enlisted the sympathies of my readers in the 
 remarks I made, in a previous chapter, as to the desirability of 
 certain centres of industry being removed from the East End 
 to the suburbs. The wisdom of such removals, indeed, must 
 I think be patent to all. But how is this consummation to be 
 brought about, save at the mandate of such a Minister of the 
 Crown as I desire to see appointed ? And, moreover, how 
 otherwise are we to deal with the many vested interests that 
 have to be taken into account in connection with the housing 
 problem ?
 
 A LAST WORD. 261 
 
 Very likely, in the process of time, the Minister would feel 
 his way to some sweeping measure or measures of reform 
 involving a considerable expenditure; and, should that time 
 arrive, I am convinced that the feeling of the country would 
 not be in favour of those who sought to prevent the outlay. 
 
 I do not pretend to indicate the powers that should be 
 entrusted to the authority I am so anxious to invent. That 
 is a matter to be decided, after ample discussion, by more 
 administrative brains than mine. 
 
 I have now had considerable experience of the state of^ 
 things existing in the East End of London, and I am honestly 
 convinced that the plan I have proposed is the only one that 
 can be devised for dealing successfully with what, in my 
 humble judgment, is the problem of the hour. 
 
 Personally, I have no cause to complain that I have been 
 mercilessly pelted with the slings and arrows of outrageous 
 fortune ; but I confess that the scenes I have witnessed and 
 the piteous tales I have heard, during the past three years, 
 have made me, for the first time in my life, covetous of 
 wealth.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Acts and Galatea, 141. 
 
 Actions, Remarkable, 102. 
 
 Acts of Parliament, dealing with the 
 housing problem, 218; provisions 
 of the recent statute, 219. 
 
 Addison, Q.C., Mr., 57. 
 
 Admiralty jurisdiction of the Central 
 Criminal Court, 123. 
 
 Advocates, Distinguished, 75. 
 
 Age, The?./\z. 
 
 Agriculture, The Minister of, 259. 
 
 Aird, Messrs. Lucas and, 158. 
 
 Albert, Prince, 142. 
 
 Alexander, Mr., the sanitary in- 
 spector, 187. 
 
 All Hallows Shelter, 246. 
 
 Allsopp, William, lV Co., 124. 
 
 American Bar, The, 15. 
 
 "Anti-Cant," Letter from, 178. 
 
 Appleton, Sergeant, 3. 
 
 Arequipa, The, 126. 
 
 Argyll Rooms, 1 he proprietor of 
 the, 26. 
 
 Arnold, Mr., 131. 
 
 Ashby-Steny, Mr., Verses of, 129, 
 144. 
 
 Astley's, 53. 
 
 Atkinson, Mrs., Mysterious death 
 of, 83. 
 
 Atkinson, Mr. Tindal, 123. 
 
 Avory, Mr., 46. 
 
 Bacchus, Mr., Prosecution by, 55. 
 
 Balguy, Mr., 147. 
 
 Ballantine, Mr. Serjeant, 10, 12, 
 
 18, 67 ; abilities of, 76 ; 92, 95, 
 
 97, 104, 123. 
 Bancroft, Mr., 98. 
 
 Bank, The, of England, 9 ; The 
 London and Westminster, 9 ; 
 The English Joint-Stock, 9, 16. 
 
 Barclay, Mr. Henry, 9. 
 
 Barristers, Eccentric, iS. 
 
 Barron, Mr., Action by, 51. 
 
 Barry, William, Charge against, 27. 
 
 Bar, Stories of the, 87. 
 
 Bate, Dr., the medical officer, 191. 
 
 Baxter, Mr. Wynne, 228. 
 
 Baya, Port, 126. 
 
 Beasley, Mr., 90. 
 
 Beatrice, Princess, 116. 
 
 Beauchamp, 131. 
 
 Beck, The Rev. E. J., Letter from, 
 
 159- 
 Beckton, no. 
 
 Bedford Coffee House, The, TJ . 
 Bedford, Paul, 133, 138. 
 Beefsteak Club, The, 77, 101. 
 Beggar's Opera, The, 1 3 1. 
 Bellamy, 131. 
 Bench, Stories of the, 87. 
 " Benefit of the doubt," The, 4f. 
 Benevolence, Interested, 260. 
 Benjamin, Q. C, Mr., 15. 
 Bennet Burleigh, Mr., 182, 1S6. 
 Bennett, George, 131. 
 Bentinck, Mr. Cavendish, 57. 
 Kent, The Rev. John, 168. 
 Berwick, Thomas, Trial of, 123. 
 Besley, Mr., 31, 35, 57, 104, 109. 
 Bethnal Green, 190; the County 
 
 Council scheme dealing with, 223. 
 Betsy Baker, 142. 
 Betting prosecution at Windsor, 55. 
 Bignell, Mr., 25. 
 Birkbeck, Mr. Robert, 9.
 
 264 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 "Bitter Cry of Outcast London, 
 
 The," 182. 
 Black Friday in the City, 8. 
 " Blue-ribbonite and Christian," 
 
 177. 
 Bodkin, Sir William, 2, 38, 4S. 
 Bogus Clubs, 244. 
 Booth, " General," and his scheme, 
 
 256. 
 Bottle Imp, The, 132. 
 Bovill, Mr. Justice, 76, 95. 
 Bowes Park, 237. 
 Bowyer, Sir George, 115. 
 Boys, Chambers, 17. 
 Bradford, Jonathan, The case of, 
 
 85. 
 
 Bramwell, Baron, 53, 73 ; abilities 
 
 of, 76 ; 104. 
 Brennan, Inspector, 89. 
 Brett, Mr. Justice, 109. 
 Breweries, Suggested removal of, 
 
 234, 260. 
 Briars, Police Sergeant, Charge 
 
 against, 31. 
 Bridge of Hope Mission, The, 247. 
 Brierly, Mr., the mad barrister, 22. 
 Brigand, The, 141. 
 Broadhurst, Mr., 131. 
 " Brother Willie," 60. 
 Brown, Mr. and Mrs. W. C, 38. 
 Bruce, Mr. Ernest, 95. 
 Buckstone, Mr. 97. 
 Bullen, Mr., 92. 
 Bumbledom, 121. 
 Bunn, John, Prosecution of, 109. 
 Burleigh, Mr. Bennet, 182, 186. 
 Burnand, Frank, Action against, 
 
 148. 
 Byles, Mr. Justice, 80. 
 
 Cabin, Uncle Tom's, 134. 
 
 Ccesar, Don, 141. 
 
 Cambridge, The Duke of, 43. 
 
 Campbell, Colonel, 45. 
 
 " Cannon Ball," 67. 
 
 Cannon, George, Charge against, 
 
 120. 
 Cannon Row, Woolwich, 169. 
 Carden, Sir Robert, 10. 
 Cardigan, Lady, Evidence of, 4S. 
 Cardigan, Lord, 48. 
 Carnell, Mrs., The attempt to 
 
 poison, 82. 
 
 Carrington, Lord, Charge against, 
 
 42 ; action by, 45. 
 Carter, Mr., 23. 
 
 Casual Ward, St. Giles' Union, 121. 
 Catchpole, Margaret, the case of, 
 
 131. 
 Cavendish-Bentinck, Mr., 57. 
 Celeste, 134, 138, 139. 
 Central Criminal Court, The, 123. 
 Chadwick, Charles, Manslaughter 
 
 of, 121. 
 Chair, The stolen, 166. 
 Chambers, Robbery at my, 4. 
 Chambers, Sir Thomas, 53. 
 Chapman, 132. 
 Character, Witnesses to, 91. 
 Charities, Some excellent, 246. 
 Charity, Diverting the streams of, 
 
 257. 
 Chatterly, Mrs., 133. 
 Chatterton, Mr., 95. 
 "Chaunting," Cases of horse, 54, 
 
 177. 
 Chester, Miss, 133. 
 Children, The Hospital for Sick, 
 
 129, 144. 
 Childs, Mr. James, 16. 
 Chobham, The Camp at, 139. 
 "Christian and Blue-ribbonite," 
 
 177. 
 Church Mission, The, 246. 
 Chuzzlewit, Martin, 136. 
 Cibber, Theophilus, 77. 
 Cigars, Charles Mathews', 100. 
 Clarke, Sir Edward, 46. 
 Cleasby, Baron, 97. 
 Clegg, Dr. Walter, Interesting letter 
 
 from, 82. 
 Clements, Remarkable career of, 52. 
 Clerkenwell Bench, The, 2. 
 Clerkenwell Police Court, Sitting 
 
 at, 181. 
 Clerks. Barristers', 17. 
 Cleveland Street Workhouse, 121. 
 Clubs, Bogus, 244. 
 Club, the Conservative, 43 ; the 
 
 Beefsteak, 77, 101. 
 Cobbold, Mrs., 130. 
 Cockburn, Sir Alexander, 12, 79. 
 Coe v. Sothern, 97. 
 Cohen, Q.C., Mr., 70. 
 Colchicum, 85. 
 Coleman, Mr. Stephen, 69.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 265 
 
 Coleridge, Arthur, 168. 
 Coleridge, Sir John, 12, 46, 75 ; 
 
 abilities of, 76; 95, 104, 114. 
 Cole, T. W., Murder of, 46. 
 Collier, Mr., 136. 
 Collins, Sir Arthur, 20. 
 Colman, George, 77. 
 Company, The Merchants', 10, 16. 
 Compton, Earl, 219, 222. 
 Compton, the actor, 139. 
 Conservative Club, The, 43. 
 Convalescence, My, 146. 
 Convict and the mouse, The, 86. 
 Cooke, Mr. Temple, 186. 
 Cooper, Mr., 5, 27, 31. 
 Cornet-player, Terrifying the, 21. 
 Cornwallis-West, Mr. and Mrs., 
 
 70. 
 Costermongers, 236. 
 Cotton, Mr. Alderman, 10. 
 Counterfeit coin, Makers and passers 
 
 of, 89. 
 County Council, The London, 218, 
 
 219 ; its great Bethnal Green 
 
 scheme, 223 ; 224. 
 Covent Garden Theatre, 77, 132. 
 Coxedge, Mr. Poland's clerk, 18. 
 Cox, Mr. Serjeant, 23. 
 Crellin, Herbert, Charge against, 38. 
 Cricket on the Hearth, Tne, 135, 
 
 138. 
 Cross-examination, The art of, 50. 
 Cross, Miss, the operatic singer, 96. 
 Cross's Acts, 218. 
 Crystal Palace, The, 58. 
 Cundy, The Rev. Dr., 157. 
 
 Daily News, The, 226. 
 
 Daily Telegraph, The, 48, 84, 182, 
 
 240. 
 Dalston Police Court, Sitting at, 
 
 181. 
 Dalton, The Rev. A., 247. 
 Damaging evidence, 90. 
 Dead, Messages from the, 58. 
 Dean, Joseph, Trial of, 123. 
 Delane, Dennis, 77. 
 Denbigh, 70. 
 
 Deptford, Distress at, 163. 
 Deputies, Lodging-house, 239. 
 Der Freischiitz, 132. 
 D'Eyncourt, Mr., 42. 
 Dickens, Charles, Anecdote of, 136. 
 
 Dixon, Mr., Mysterious death of, 
 
 85. 
 Don Ccvsar, 141. 
 " Doss Houses," 238. 
 Downs, Mr. Sydney, 81. 
 Druitt, Prosecution of, 104. 
 Drunkenness, 208 ; a three months' 
 
 return of charges, 231. 
 Drury Lane Theatre, 52, 95, 141. 
 Dublin, 131. 
 Duke, Mr., 14S. 
 Dundreary, Lord, 99. 
 Dye, Henry, Charge against, 27. 
 
 East End domestic servants, 195. 
 East End murders, The, 253. 
 Echo, The, Letters in, 178. 
 Edinburgh, The Duke of, 142. 
 Education, 258. 
 Ellen Terry, 143. 
 Emery, Sam, 134, 136, 138. 
 Empty pocket, Picking an, 88. 
 England, The Bank of, 9. 
 English Joint-Stock Bank, The, 9, 
 
 16. 
 English. Mr., 98. 
 Era. 7 he, Action against, 67. 
 Erie, Sir William, 75. 
 Errors, Judges', 85. 
 Esher, Lord, 109. 
 Estates for working men, 237. 
 Evans', 68, 143. 
 
 Evans, Georgina, Assault upon, 2. 
 Evelyn, M.P., Mr., 157. 
 Evidence, Damaging, 90. 
 Evidence, Medical, 81. 
 Exchange and Mart, The, 23. 
 Exeter Street, 131. 
 Exhumed bodies, Examination of, 
 
 83- 
 
 Fairbrother, Miss, 136, 138. 
 
 Falconer, Mr., 95. 
 
 Fallen women, Effects of kindness 
 
 on, 250. 
 Farces, 139. 
 
 Farren, Mr., the actor, 140. 
 Female Mission to the Fallen, 248. 
 Female Penitentiary, The London, 
 
 248. 
 Field, The, 23. 
 First Offences, 250. 
 Fits, One thousand and seven, 204.
 
 266 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Fitzroy House, Fitzroy Square, 146. 
 
 Fletcher, Mr. (husband of Susan), 
 58. 
 
 Fletcher, Susan, Extraordinary 
 charge against, 57. 
 
 Flowers, Mr., 73. 
 
 Flowers of the forest, The, 138. 
 
 Foreigners, pauper, The migration 
 of, 233. 
 
 Fortescue, Miss (Lady Gardner), 
 136. 
 
 Forty Thieves, The, 136. 
 
 Fox, Mr., 70. 
 
 Fraud, An ingenious, 54 ; extra- 
 ordinary story of, 57. 
 
 Freischiltz. Der, 132. 
 
 Gabriel, Sir Thomas, 10. 
 
 Galatea, Acis and, 141. 
 
 Gardner, Lady, 136. 
 
 Gardyne, Mr., 10, 12. 
 
 Gas-light and Coke Company, no. 
 
 Gas-stokers' strike, The, 109. 
 
 " General " Booth's scheme, 256. 
 
 Genevieve, 139. 
 
 Gent-Davis, Mr., 148. 
 
 Gent-Davis, Mrs., Cross-examina- 
 tion, of, 149. 
 
 George IV., 77. 
 
 Germany, My doctors from, 146. 
 
 Gibb, Mr. Thomas, 9. 
 
 Giffard, Sir Hardinge, 10, 12, 42, 
 50 ; narrow escape of, 92 ; 104, 
 109, 123. 
 
 Gill, Mr. Charles, 80, 176 
 
 Gladstone, Mr., Evidence of, 72. 
 
 Glover, Mrs., 133, 142. 
 
 Godrich, Dr., 119. 
 
 Goodall, Punch, 168. 
 
 Gordon, Mr. Harry, 9. 
 
 "Gore-Jenkins, Mr. and Mrs.," 
 148. 
 
 Graduated taxation, 259. 
 
 Grain, Mr., 70. 
 
 Greenwich, 153; thedistre-sat, 154. 
 
 Greenwood, Mr. James, 240. 
 
 Gregorio, The case of, 86. 
 
 Grey, Sir George, 84. 
 
 Griffiths, Mr., 27. 
 
 Guardsman, The, and the cheap 
 cigar, 100. 
 
 Guild of Good Life, The, 248. 
 
 Gull, Sir William, 36. 
 
 Gurney & Co., Overend, 8. 
 Gumey, Mr. Russell, 27, 53. 
 Guy Manner ing, 131. 
 
 " Half-price " at theatres, 139. 
 Hall Barn, 147. 
 Halswelle, Keeley, 143. 
 Hampstead Heath, 146. 
 Hampstead Police Court, 39. 
 Hampton Court, 58. 
 Hannay, Mr., 181. 
 Hanson, Sir Reginald, 148, 151. 
 Hardinge-Giffard, Sir, 10, 12,42, 50; 
 
 narrow escape of, 92 ; 104, 109, 
 
 123. 
 Hare, Mr., the actor, 98. 
 Harlow House Shelter, 248. 
 Harris, Mr., 39. 
 Harrison, Mr., singer, 96. 
 Hart-Davis, Mrs., Prosecution by, 
 
 57- 
 Hastings, 53. 
 Hawkins, Mr. Justice, 12, 57, 70, 
 
 71 ; abilities of, 76 ; 87, 175. 
 Hayes, John, Evidence of, 49. 
 Hayes, Matthew, Charge against, 27. 
 " Haymarket, Terror of the," 2. 
 Haymarket Theatre, The, 97. 
 Health, A proposed Minister of, 259. 
 Helbert, Mr., 16. 
 " Hell fire," 93. 
 Hellier, Jane, Trial of, 3. 
 Herbert, R.A., Mr., Action by, 71. 
 Herschell, Sir Farrer, 114. 
 High treason, A charge of, 114. 
 Hitchens, Dr., 119. 
 Hodges, The rapacious, 78. 
 Hodson - Stanley, Mr., Action 
 
 brought by, 67. 
 Hogarth, 77. 
 
 Holborn, The theatre in, 101. 
 Holdsworth, Lionel, Trial of, 123. 
 Holker, Lord Justice, Abilities of, 
 
 75- 
 Hollingshead, Mr. John, 9S. 
 Homes, Horrible, 165. 
 " Horse-chaunting," Cases of, 54, 
 
 177. 
 Horsley, the Rev. J. W., Appeal of, 
 
 170. 
 Hospital for Sick Children, The, 
 
 129, 144. 
 Housebreakers, Typical, 216.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 267 
 
 Housewives, Bad, 233. 
 
 Howell, Mr., the accountant, II. 
 
 Howe, Mr., 98. 
 
 Huddleston, Baron, 48; abilities of, 
 
 76; 114. 
 Hull, A case at, 90. 
 Humble life, A tragedy in, 46. 
 Hunt, Gabriel, 77. 
 Hunt, Mr., 131. 
 Hurtly, Mrs., 57. 
 Hyde .Park, 99. 
 
 Idlers, 232. 
 Imp, The Bottle, 1 32. 
 Infirmary, The Windsor, 56. 
 Ingenious decision, An, 88. 
 Ingenious robberies, 3. 
 Inquests, 226. 
 Insurance, Ship, 124. 
 Interested benevolence, 260. 
 Introductory remarks, I. 
 Ipswich, 130. 
 
 Irving, Mr. Henry, 68, 78, 143. 
 Ivory, Mr., Letter from, 30. 
 
 Jackson, Mrs., Mysterious death of, 
 
 S3- 
 James, Q.C., Mr. Edward, Abilities 
 
 of, 76. 
 James, Q.C., Mr. Edwin, Abilities 
 
 of, 75- 
 James, Sir Henry, 114. 
 Jane Brown, The, 127. 
 Jerrold, Douglas, Anecdote of, 
 
 132. 
 Jeune, Lady, 186. 
 Jewellery, My stolen, 4. 
 Jews, Stories of, 94. 
 Joint-Stock Bank, The English, 9, 
 
 16. 
 Jones, Francis, Charge against, 2. 
 Judges' errors, 85. 
 Judicial separations, 214. 
 
 Karslake, Sir John, 12 ; abilities of, 
 76. 
 
 Kean, Edmund, 140. 
 
 Kean, Mr. and Mrs. Charles, 142. 
 
 Keeley Halswelle, 143. 
 
 Keeley, Mr., 18, 132; in Ameiica, 
 133; *3 8 > !39, 140; playing 
 before the Queen, 142 ; as Shy- 
 lock, 142. 
 
 Keeley, Mrs., 18 ; a chat with, 
 129; visit to America, 133; as 
 Smike, 135 ; a further chat with, 
 137 ; accident of, 137 ; playing 
 before the Queen, 142 ; last ap- 
 pearance of, 143 ; artistic powers 
 of, 143. 
 
 Kelly, Miss, 131. 
 
 Kemble, Charles, 132. 
 
 Kemble, Fanny, 132. 
 
 Kemble, John, 77. 
 
 Kemp, Mr., 123. 
 
 Kenealy, Dr., 12. 
 
 Kentish Town, Murder at, 80. 
 
 Kent, the late Duchess of, 142. 
 
 Kerr, Mr. Commissioner, 71 • 
 
 Kilpack's, 143. 
 
 King Lear, 139. 
 
 Kirkby Lonsdale, 8^. 
 
 Kisch, Mr., 67. 
 
 Knox, Mr., 45. 
 
 Ladies, Panic-stricken, 9. 
 
 Lady and her page, The, 35. 
 
 Land, Mr. John, Prosecution by, 16. 
 
 Lane, Mr. R. S., 16. 
 
 Langford, Joe, 143. 
 
 Langford, the eccentric barrister, 18. 
 
 Langtry, Mr. and Mrs., 70. 
 
 Last Days of Pompeii, The, 135. 
 
 Lawson, Mr. and Mrs. Edward, 147. 
 
 Law Times, The, 23. 
 
 Laziness, 232. 
 
 Lecture, A, on street robberies, 4. 
 
 Ledgard, Mr., 10, 12, 16. 
 
 Ledger, Mr. Edward, Charge against, 
 
 67. 
 Leniency, Magisterial, 249. 
 Levine, Theodore, Charge against, 
 
 5i- 
 
 Lewis, Mr. F. H., 123. 
 Lewis, Mr. George, 10, 16. 
 Leyland, Capt. H. T., Evidence of, 
 
 124. 
 Liabilities, Heavy, 10. 
 Lilley, Robert, False charge against, 
 
 48. 
 Lion, The Roused, 142. 
 Loan of a Lover, The, 142. 
 Lodging-houses, East End, 238. 
 Lombard Street, 8. 
 London and Westminster Bank, 
 
 The, 9.
 
 268 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 London Assurance, 140. 
 
 London County Council, The, 218, 
 
 219; its great Bethnal Green 
 
 scheme, 222, 224. 
 London poor, The, 1. 
 Long, Mr. Walter, 219. 
 Lover, The Loan of a, 142. 
 "Lower orders, The," 165. 
 Lucas & Aird, Messrs., 158. 
 Lush, Mr., Abilities of, 76. 
 Lyceum Theatre, The, 77, 131. 
 
 Macaulay, Lord, Quotation from, 
 
 163. 
 MacLachlan, The Rev. Mr., 119. 
 Macready, 135, 140. 
 Madras, Chief Justice of, 20. 
 Magistrate, My appointment as a, 
 
 153. 
 
 Magnetic doctor, A, 58. 
 Maitland, Zoe, 251. 
 Maloney, Mr., 46. 
 Manncring, Guy, 131. 
 Mansfield, Mr., 181. 
 Manslaughter, Painful case of, 120. 
 Martin, Baron, 55, 85. 
 Martin Chuzdcwit, 136. 
 Mason, Serjeant Parry's clerk, 
 
 18. 
 Mathew, Mr. J. C, 10, 12, 95. 
 Mathews, Mr. Charles, 99 ; his 
 
 story about the cigar, 100 ; at 
 
 the Lyceum, 137. 
 Matricide, A charge of, 80. 
 Matthews, Frank, 136. 
 Matthews, Mr. Henry, 153, 219. 
 Maudsley, Professor, 119. 
 Maule, Mr. Justice, 91. 
 Mawer, Peter, Mysterious death of, 
 
 S3- 
 
 May, Mr., 9S. 
 McGeary, Dr. James, 65. 
 McLean, Roderick, Trial of, 114. 
 Meadow Saffron, 85. 
 Meadows, Mr., the actor, 138. 
 Mead Street, Shoreditch, 191. 
 Meanness and riches, 260. 
 Medical evidence, 81. 
 Mellish, Mr., 12. 
 Merchant of Venice, The, 142. 
 Merchants' Company, The, 10, 16. 
 Messenger, The Queen's, 42. 
 Metcalfe, Mr., 51, 73. 
 
 Metropolitan Board of Works, The, 
 
 218. 
 Middlesex Sessions, 2. 
 Middle Temple, The, 132. 
 Miller, Dr., 83. 
 Millikin, Mr., 1 5 1. 
 Mill Lane, Deptford, 163. 
 Minister of Agriculture, The, 259. 
 Minister of Health, A proposed, 259. 
 Missionaries, Police Court, 249. 
 Missions, 246. 
 Mock auction case, A, 51. 
 Model dwellings, 235. 
 Moir, Mr. Macrae, 12. 
 Moody, Mr., 35. 
 Morning Post, The, 54. 
 Morning Star, The, 84. 
 Morris, 77, 132. 
 Morton, Colonel, 62. 
 Mottoes, Serjeants', 26. 
 Mouse, The convict and the, 87. 
 Mulberry-tree, My, 20. 
 Murders, The Whitechapel, 253. 
 Murray, Leigh, 139. 
 Murray, Mr. Grenville, Assault 
 
 upon, 42 ; charge of perjury 
 
 against, 45. 
 Murray, Mr. Reginald, 45. 
 
 Nasmyth, Mr., 97. 
 
 Newcastle, 96. 
 
 Newport, 124. 
 
 News, The Daily, 226. 
 
 Newton, Mr., 31. 
 
 Newtown Vallance, 119. 
 
 New Windsor, 114. 
 
 Nicholas Nicklehy, 135. 
 
 Nisbett, Mrs., 140. 
 
 Nobleman, The cowardly young, 101. 
 
 Noel Park, 237. 
 
 North London Police Court, Sitting 
 
 at, 181. 
 Norton, Mr., 84. 
 Norwood, Upper, 58. 
 Nunneley, Dr., 83. 
 
 Observer, The, 154. 
 
 Olding, Messrs., & Co., 9. 
 
 Oliver Twist, 135. 
 
 Oneida, The, 127. 
 
 Opera House, Old English, 131. 
 
 Opera, The Beggar's, 131. 
 
 Oppenheim, Mr., 51.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 269 
 
 Orson, Valentine and, 138. 
 
 Our Clerks, 17. 
 
 "Outcast London, The Bitter Cry 
 
 of," 182. 
 Overend, Gurney, & Co., The failure 
 
 of, 8. 
 
 Pace, H. W., Charge against, 46. 
 Page, The lady and her, 35. 
 Paget, Sir James, 36, 146. 
 Palgrave Simpson, 99. 
 Parliament, The Overend & Gurney 
 
 case mentioned in, 12. 
 Parry, Mr. Serjeant, 10, 12, 16, 18, 
 
 38, 39, 7° ; abilities of, 75 ; 97, 
 
 104. 
 Pauper foreigners, The migration of, 
 
 233- 
 
 Pauperism, Increasing, 257. 
 Payne, Mr., 2 ; robbery from the 
 
 person of, 3 ; 23. 
 Pearce, Charles, Charge against, 27. 
 Pelizzioni, The case of, 85. 
 Penn, John, & Son, Messrs., 158. 
 Perjury cases, Police, 27. 
 Pernambuco, 126. 
 Perryman, Thomas, Charge against, 
 
 80. 
 Pewter pots, Why, are stolen, 89. 
 Phelps, Mr., 96. 
 Phelps, Mr., the American Minister, 
 
 Phillips, Sir Benjamin, 10. 
 
 Picketing, 106. 
 
 Picking an empty pocket, SS. 
 
 Planche, 99, 136. 
 
 Plum-tead Marshes, 16S. 
 
 Pocket, Picking an empty, 88. 
 
 Poisons, 83. 
 
 Poland, Mr., 10, 12, 18, 46, 48, 
 
 70, 71, 73, 80. 
 Police Court Missionaries, 249. 
 Police perjury cases, 27. 
 Pollock, Mr. Baron, 176. 
 Pompeii, The Last Days of, 135. 
 Poole, Evidence of, 31. 
 Poor-box, The, 154. 
 Poor, The, 1. 
 Powell, Mr., 114. 
 Pratt's, 79. 
 Price, Dean, 77. 
 Price, Mr., 133. 
 Primroses in Court, 115. 
 
 Prince Albert, 142. 
 Prince of Wales, The, 142. 
 Prisoner of War, The, 141. 
 Probert, Trial of, 131. 
 Protection of Women, Society for 
 
 the, 2, 82. 
 " Protection Order," The, 196, 201. 
 Public-house robbery, A, 207. 
 "Puffer," A, 53. 
 Pugin, Mr. E. W., Action against, 
 
 71. 
 Punch, Action against, 148. 
 Pyne, Miss Louisa, 96. 
 
 Quain, Mr. Justice, 120. 
 
 Queeris Messenger, The, 42. 
 
 Queen's Park, 237. 
 
 Queen, The, 23. 
 
 Queen, The attempt to shoot the, 
 
 114; playing before the, 142. 
 Queen v. Druitt and others, The, 
 
 104. 
 Queen v. Ffitch, The, 40. 
 Queen v. Thompson, The, 40. 
 
 Rankin, the printer, 45. 
 
 Ray, George, Prosecution of, 109. 
 
 Recovery, My, 146. 
 
 Reeves, Mr. Sims, I appear for, 95. 
 
 Regicide, 114. 
 
 Rennie, Mr. William, 9. 
 
 Rescue of Young Women and Chil- 
 dren, Society tor the, 247. 
 
 Retrospect, A, 75. 
 
 Revill, Mr., 187. 
 
 Ribton, Mr., 22, 31, 92, 104, 123. 
 
 Richardson, Mr. Thomas, 9. 
 
 Riches, Meanness and, 260. 
 
 Rich, Henry, 77. 
 
 Rifles, The 60th, 92. 
 
 Ring, Mr., 31. 
 
 Ritchie, Mr., Statement by, 218; 
 219. 
 
 Robberies, Ingenious, 3 ; my own 
 case, 4. 
 
 Rob Roy, 96. 
 
 Robson, 142. 
 
 Rogers, Samuel, 9. 
 
 Rollit, Messrs., 90, 186. 
 
 Rollit, M.P., Sir Albert, 90. 
 
 Roman Catholic Shelter, The, 247. 
 
 Rope Yard Rails, Woolwich, 169. 
 
 Roselle, Miss, 98.
 
 270 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Rosenberg, Adolphus, 70. 
 
 Rose, Sir William, 10. 
 
 Rotherhithe, 168. 
 
 Rothschild, The Messrs., 160; 
 
 generosity of, 161. 
 Roused Lion, The, 142. 
 Roxburghe, The Duchess of, 116. 
 Royal Commissions on the Houses 
 
 of the Working Classes, 217. 
 " Ruined Home, A," 48. 
 Russell, Sir Charles, 67. 
 
 Sabina Tilly, The case of, 172. 
 
 Sandgate, 58. 
 
 Sandwich, The Earl of, 77. 
 
 Sanguine prisoner, A, 91. 
 
 Saunders, Jack, 136. 
 
 Satirist, The, 42. 
 
 Saunders, Mr., and the pickpocket, 
 
 4- 
 Scenes in Court, 5, 43. 
 Scotland Yard, 5. 
 Scott, Mr. Clement, 6S. 
 Scott, The Rev. S. G., 171. 
 Scuttling a ship, Charge of, 123. 
 " Season-ticket holders," 232. 
 Semon, 146. 
 Serjeants' mottoes, 26. 
 Serjeant's Wife, The, 1 32. 
 Service, A spiritualistic, 59. 
 Sessions, Middlesex, 2. 
 Severn, The scuttling of the, 123. 
 Seymour, Mr. Digby, 73. 
 Seymour, Mrs., 133. 
 Shaftesbury Acts, The, 218. 
 Shaftesbury Park, 237. 
 Shanghai, 124. 
 Sharp, Mr. Samuel, 9. 
 Shee, Mr. Serjeant, 39; abilities of, 
 
 75- 
 Shelters, 247. 
 Sheppard, Jack, 1 33. 
 Ship, Charge of scuttling a, 123. 
 Shoppee, Dr., 81. 
 Short's Gardens casual ward, 121. 
 Shylock, 142. 
 Sick Children, The Hospital for, 
 
 129, 144. 
 Silverton, Police Inspector, Charge 
 
 against, 31. 
 Simpson, Palgrave, 99. 
 Sims Reeves, Mr., I appear for, 
 
 95- 
 
 " Sister Bertie," 59. 
 
 " Sister Juliette," 60. 
 
 Sleigh, Mr. Serjeant, 10, 27, 48, 
 
 51, 104. 
 Sleigh, Warner, 6 ; domestic history 
 
 of, 25 ; 80, 123. 
 Slum-owners, Summonses against, 
 
 186. 
 Slum-owning Vestrymen, 192. 
 Slums, London's worst, 181. 
 Smart, Mrs., 131. 
 Smart, Sir George, 131. 
 Smith, Constable, Charge against, 
 
 Smith, Mr. A. L., 97, 114. 
 Smith, Mr., the usher, 6. 
 Smith, O., 132. 
 Smith, Sir Montagu, Abilities of, 
 
 76. 
 Snagg, Mr., 57. 
 Soames, Mrs., Murder of, 8$. 
 Societyfor the Protection of Women, 
 
 2, 82. 
 "Solid" style of advocacy, The, 
 
 75- 
 Sothern, Mr., Action against, 97. 
 " Soup," 18. 
 Southampton, 127. 
 South-Western Railway Company, 
 
 ?2- 
 Spiritualistic case, Remarkable, 57. 
 Spirit-world, Messages from the, 
 
 58. 
 Spoiled Child, The, 131. 
 Starling, Mr., 27. 
 Star, The Morning, 84. 
 Starvation and disease. 162. 
 State interference, The necessity 
 
 for, 258. 
 State Trial, A, 114. ' 
 Steinway Hall, 59. 
 Sterry, Mr. Ashby, Verses of, 129, 
 
 144. 
 Stirling, Fanny, 142. 
 Stories of the Bench and Bar, 87. 
 Straight, Mr. Douglas, 16,38,92, 
 
 95, 109, 176. 
 Street gambling, Charges of, 213. 
 Strikes, My own views concerning, 
 
 112, 232. 
 Strike, The tailors', 104 ; the gas- 
 stokers', 109. 
 Strut, Mr., 135.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 271 
 
 Sublime Society of Beefsteaks, The, 
 
 77- 
 
 Sullivan, Mr. A. M., 70. 
 Summonses against slum-owners, 
 186. 
 
 Tailors' strike prosecution, The, 
 
 104. 
 Taxation, Graduated, 259. 
 Taylor, Dr. Alfred, 83. 
 Taylor, Mr. Tom, 17, 98. 
 Ted, the griller, 79. 
 Telegraph, 1 he Daily, 48, 84, 182, 
 
 240. 
 Temple, The Middle, 132. 
 "Terror of the Haymarket, The," 
 
 2. 
 Terry, Ellen, 143. 
 Thames Police Court, Sitting at, 
 
 181. 
 Theatrical cases, 95. 
 Theatrical speculation, 141. 
 Thesiger, Mr., 42, 97. 
 Thorn, Dr. Adam, 10. 
 Thorne, Miss Emily, 98. 
 Thurtell, John, Trial of, 131. 
 Tilly, Sabina, The case of, 172. 
 Times, The, 54; my appeal in, 155; 
 
 "D.'s" criticisms in, 156; my 
 
 reply in, 157 ; paragraph from, 
 
 157. 
 Toole, Mr., 79, 142, 143. 
 Toole's Theatre, 79. 
 Torrens' Acts, 218. 
 Townshend, The Marquis of, 44. 
 Town Talk libels, The, 70. 
 Trade-unionism, 112, 232. 
 Traill, Mr., 154. 
 Trance-lecture, A, 59. 
 Trances, Magnetic, 58. 
 Treason, High, A charge of, 1 14. 
 Trewby, Mr., no. 
 Turner, Mr., 136. 
 Turner, Mr. Francis, 27. 
 Twickenham, My house at, 19. 
 
 Uncle Tout's Cabin, 134. 
 Unitarian families, Noted, 10. 
 Unpaid magistrates, An appeal to, 
 
 187. 
 Unwashed juror, An, 94. 
 Upper Norwood, 58. 
 Urwin, 31. 
 
 Valentine and Orson, 138. 
 Valentine, John, Charge against, 55. 
 
 Venice, The Merchant of, 142. 
 Verd, Cape, 125. 
 Vestris, 138. 
 
 Vestrymen, Slum-owning, 192. 
 Victoria House, 243. 
 Villiers, Mr. R. E., 68. 
 Vincent, Cape St., 125. 
 Vining, 132, 136, 138. 
 Vyse, Colonel, 55. 
 
 Wales, The Prince of, 142. 
 Walker, Mr., the vestry clerk, 187. 
 Wallack, Jim, the actor, 141. 
 Waller, the poet, 147. 
 Wandsworth Police Court, My re- 
 moval to, 180. 
 Warder, A brutal, 88. 
 Ward, Miss Ada, 98. 
 Warner, Mr. Charles, 69. 
 War, The Prisoner of, 141. 
 Weare, Mr. William, Murder of, 
 
 131- 
 
 Webb, Charles, Trial of, 123. 
 
 Webster, Mr. Benjamin, the actor, 
 23, 98, 138, 139, 141. 
 
 Webster, Mr. Benjamin, the bar- 
 rister, 148. 
 
 Welsh, Judge, 77. 
 
 West, Mr. and Mrs. Cornwallis, 70. 
 
 Weston, Mr., the district surveyor, 
 191. 
 
 Weston-super-Mare, 119. 
 
 Wharncliffe, The Earl of, 78. 
 
 Whidborne, Dr., 85. 
 
 Whitechapel murders, The, 235. 
 
 Wife beaters, 203. 
 
 Wife, The Serjeant' 's, 132. 
 
 Wigan, Alfred, 134, 136, 139, 141, 
 142. 
 
 Wigan, Mr. Horace, 69. 
 
 Wilkes, 77. 
 
 Williams, Mr. Watkin, 70. 
 
 Willis, Q.C., Mr., 70. 
 
 Wills, Mr. Justice, 53. 
 
 Wilson, Catherine, The case of, 82. 
 
 Wiltshire, Police Sergeant, Charge 
 against, 31. 
 
 Winchester, A trip to, 92. 
 
 Windsor, Case at, 55. 
 
 Windsor Castle, Theatricals at, 142. 
 
 Windsor, New, 114.
 
 272 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Witnesses to character, 91. 
 Women, Society for the Protection 
 
 of, 2, 82. 
 Wood, Charles, Charge against, 51. 
 Wood, Joe, 132. 
 Wood, Winifred, 133. 
 Woolgar, Miss, 134, 136, 138. 
 Woolwich, 153 ; plague spots in, 
 
 168 ; crime at, 169. 
 Worship Street Police Court, 31 ; 
 
 my removal to, 181 ; a morning 
 
 at, 194, 207 ; applications at, 
 
 195 ; charges at, 207. 
 Worster, Serjeant Ballantine's clerk, 
 
 Wortley, Archie, 77. 
 Wright, the actor, 13S. 
 Wynne Baxter, Mr., 228. 
 
 Yarmouth, 131. 
 Yates, Edmund, 133. 
 Yates, Mr. Arthur, 114. 
 Yates, Mr., 133. 
 Yates, Mrs., 135. 
 Yelverton, Mr. Dawson, 12. 
 York, The Duke of, 77. 
 Young witness, A very, 93. 
 
 Zoe Maitland, The case of, 251. 
 
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