HE 1906 UC-NRLF POCUMENTS OEPT. 00 OJ 10 CO o DOCUMENTS DEFT. REPORTS ;iSTING WATER-POWER SITUATION AT NIAGARA FALLS, SO FAR AS CONCERNS THE DIVERSION OF WATER ON THE AMERICAN SIDE, BY THE AMERICAN MEMBERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WATERWAYS COMMISSION U- *" " AND CAPTAIN CHARLES W. KUTZ, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1906. Pioperty oi the United States Governm REPORTS UPON THE EXISTING WATER-POWER SITUATION AT NIAGARA FALLS, SO FAR AS CONCERNS THE DIVERSION OF WATER ON THE AMERICAN SIDE, BY THE AMERICAN MEMBERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WATERWAYS COMMISSION CAPTAIN CHARLES W. KUTZ, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1906. DOCUMENT! DEPT WAR DAPARTMENT, ** e1> Ko* 2|9. .Qhief Qf ^ngip.eers. REPORTS UPON THE EXISTING WlTEH-PdWER SITUA- TION AT NIAGARA FALLS, SO FAR AS CONCERNS THE DIVERSION OF WATER ON THE AMERICAN SIDE. REPORT BY THE AMERICAN MEMBERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WATER- WAYS COMMISSION. INTERNATIONAL WATERWAYS COMMISSION, OFFICE OF AMERICAN SECTION, Buffalo, N. Y., November 15, 1906. Mr. SECRETARY: The American members of the International Waterways Commission have the honor to return herewith the report, dated October 5, 1906, by Capt. Charles W. Kutz, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, upon the subject of permits for diverting water on the American side at Niagara Falls, referred to them by your indorsement of October 13. In our report dated September 29, 1906, we gave a brief descrip- tion of the four kinds of permits authorized by the act approved June 29, 1906, and we concurred in the recommendations contained in Captain Kutz's report of August 15, 1906, which referred to per- mits of the third kind, or those for transmitting electrical power from Canada into the United States to the aggregate amount of 160,000 horsepower. The report by Captain Kutz now under consideration refers to permits of the first kind, or those for diverting water from the Niagara River on the American side to an aggregate amount not exceeding 15,600 cubic feet per second. The conditions prescribed in the law for this kind of permits are that 1. Thev must be issued "to individuals, companies, or corpora- tions which are now actual!;- producing power from the waters of said river or its tributaries in the State of New York or from the Erie Canal." 2. The amount of water to be allowed must not exceed that "now actuall^ in use or contracted to be used in factories the buildings for which are now in process of construction." 3. The amount to be allowed "to any one individual, company, or corporation as aforesaid" must not exceed 8,600 cubic feet per second. 4. The total amount to be allowed "to all individuals, companies, or corporations as aforesaid" must not exceed an aggregate of 15,600 cubic feet pei second. Applications have been received from the Niagara Falls Power Company for a permit to divert 8,600 cubic feet per second, from the a Printed in War Department Document No. 284, Office of the Chief of Engineers. M90907 4 REPORT ON WATER-POWER SITUATION AT NIAGARA FALLS. Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company for a permit v to divert 6,400 cubic feet per second, and from numerous indusi'ftes ai ; Lockr-crt and at Medina, using small quantities of water from the Erie Canal. A After :aj6kTeftil examination of all the circumstances which should ^aSf^ot) a.xfecision '.a? to the amount of water to be allowed under the act, including the capital invested, the present capacity of the works and their present output, the quantity of water now actually in use, the contracts made for furnishing power, with the dates of such con- tracts, the future capacity of the works as projected, and the charter rights under New York State law, Captain Kutz reaches the conclu- sion that a permit should be granted to the Niagara Falls Power Company for the maximum amount allowed, viz, 8,600 cubic feet per second. He finds that the company and its tenants have that amount actually in use and may reasonably ask for the whole of H, and in that opinion we concur. Pie is in doubt whether it should include the water which is occasionally used for sluicing debris and ice. The amount of this is not accurately known, but it is esti- mated at between 600 and 700 cubic feet per second during the sluicing process. It is used only intermittently. The total amount thus used in a year would, if distributed throughout the year, be but a small average per second. The law is explicit in prohibiting a permit for any amount whatever in excess of 8,600 cubic feet per second, but it" seems a reasonable interpretation to take that as the general average and to allow the company to use a slightly less amount during the greater part of the rear in order to accumulate enough water to supply the demands of sluicing upon the occasions when it is needed. After a similar careful examination of all the circumstances relat- ing to the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Com- pany, Captain Kutz reaches the conclusion that a permit should be granted that company for the diversion of 5,743 cubic feet per second, exclusive of the amount required for sluicing, or for 6,403 cubic feet per second if the water for sluicing be included. The latter is esti- mated at 660 cubic feet per second. It seems to us desirable that the permits to the two companies should resemble each other in their provisions for sluicing. If to the 5,743 cubic feet per second just mentioned there be added 107 cubic feet per second as an average for sluicing, an allowance will be made for the accumulation of water which will provide 660 cubic feet per second for sluicing during one hundred and sixteen and two-thirds hours of each month, or fifty- nine days in each year, an allowance which is ample. Under this arrangement the amount to be- granted to this company for the use of itself and its tenants would be 5,850 cubic feet per second. The industries using water from the Erie Canal are numerous, and the quantity of water diverted is comparatively small. At Lockport 27 persons or corporations are using water taken either from the upper or the lower level. It is understood that most of the water from the upper level is returned to the canal; but the arrangement of tunnels is such that the water has two outlets, and it is impossible to determine what portion is permanently diverted into Eighteen- mile Creek. Many of these industries are located one below the other on Eighteenmile Creek, and use the same water successively, taking it from the lower level. The quantity of water permanently diverted REPORT ON WATER-POWER SITUATION AT NIAGARA FALLS. 5 from the canal at Lockport is found from measurements taken above and below all diversions to be upon an average 193 cubic feet per second. Industries at Medina, N. Y., use about 165 cubic feet per second. The number of the industries is not given, but it is understood that they are in general of about the same magnitude as those at Lockport. The total amount of water diverted from the Erie Canal is there- fore 358 cubic feet per second, and the number of industries using it is between 30 and 40. Many of these industries have made appli- cation for permits; but many others have not, and of those applying many use the water which has previously been used by one or more others. Manifestly there is difficulty in apportioning the proper amount among so great a number. After apportionment there would be difficulty in the enforcement by the Federal authority of the provisions of the permits if granted. The canal is owned by and is under the exclusive control of the State of New York. The State engineer protests against the granting by the United States of any permit which shall impose an obligation upon the State. Captain Kutz suggests that the difficulty may be met by treating all these industries as tenants of the State and granting the permit to the State, as it is proposed to provide for the tenants of the Niagara Falls Power Company and of the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company by the permits of those companies. He recommends that a permit for the diversion of 358 cubic feet per second be granted to the State of New York. The objections to this course are that the State of New York has not applied for a permit and might perhaps not be willing to accept one, and it is a somewhat forced interpretation of the law to include the State among the " individuals, companies, or corporations which are now actually producing power" to whom the privilege must be restricted. It is our opinion that the person first using the water after it leaves the canal should have a permit directly from the Sec- retary of War, and that persons using it afterwards may be allowed to do so without a permit. The information necessary for the issu- ance of these permits is not now at hand. We have taken steps to secure it, and if the honorable Secretary of War concurs in the opinion just expressed we propose to submit a supplementary report upon the subject as soon as possible hereafter. We accordingly recommend that permits for the diversion of water from the Niagara River be granted to the Niagara Falls Power Company for 8,600 cubic feet per second and the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company for 5,850 cubic feet per second, it being understood that these are average amounts, and that the larger amounts occasionally required for sluicing may be accumulated by using generally smaller amounts. Yours, very respectfully, O. H. ERNST, Chairman, GEORGE CLINTON, Member. E. E. HASKELL, Member. Hon. W. H. TAFT, Secretary of War. 6 REPORT ON WATER-POWER SITUATION AT NIAGARA FALLS. REPORT BY CAPT. CHARLES W. KUTZ, CORPS OF ENGINEERS. WAR DEPARTMENT, OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, Washington, October 5, 1906. GENERAL: 1. Referring to the orders of the Secretary of War, dated July 14, 1906, in reference to the power situation at Niagara Falls, and to the report dated August 15, 1906, in reference to the Canadian power companies, ar.d their associated transmission corn- paries, I now have the honor to submit a report in reference to those companies seeking permits to divert water on the American side. 2. The law limits the present granting of permits for diversion to those individuals, companies, or corporations which are now using water for power purposes from the Niagara River, or its tributaries, or from the Erie Canal. 3. The only companies coming within the scope of the act of Con- gress are the Niagara Falls Power Company, the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company, and numerous small industries at Lockport and at Medina, N. f. 4. Upon request, the two large companies prepared specific replies in writing to each of the questions propounded by the Secretary of War. and copies of these replies are appended hereto, marked Appendix I and Appendix J. THE NIAGARA FALLS POWER COMPANY. 5. This company was created, organized, and continued by six acts of the legislature of the State of New York, as follows : Chapter 83 of laws of 1886, chapter 489 of the laws of 1886, chapter 109 of the laws of 1889, chapter 253 of the laws of 1891, chapter 513 of the laws of 1892, and chapter 477 of the laws of 1893. In section 2 of one of these acts (chapter 513, laws of 1892) it is provided that nothing contained therein or in any of the former acts concerning said corpora- tion shall be so construed as to confer an exclusive right nor any right to infringe upon the State reservation, or to obstruct the navigation of the Niagara River, or to take therefrom more water than shall be sufficient to produce two hundred thousand effect- ive horse power. 6. The general construction adopted by this company for utilizing the energy of the Falls is as follows : A short canal has been excavated at a point about 1 mile above the Falls on the American side, its direc- tion being approximately at right angles to the river; this canal is 250 feet wide at the mouth, narrowing to 100 feet at its upper end; its depth is about 12 feet. Two powerhouses have been constructed on opposite sides of this canal. The water is carried by the means of pe: stocks to the turbi: es which are i: stalled rear the bottom of the two wheel pits under the two respective power houses. After leaving the turbines the water is discharged into a horseshoe-shaped tunnel with an area equivalent to that of a circle 21 feet in diameter, which carries it to the lower river, a distance of about 7,000 feet. 7. In powerhouse No. 1 the turbines discharge their water into the tailrace openly without draft tubes. In power house No. 2 draft tubes are used, making the theoretical effective head 144 feet in power house No. 2 as agai: st 136 feet in power house No. 1. These powei houses have a combined generator capacity of 105,000 horsepower. KEPOKT ON WATER-POWER SITUATION AT NIAGARA FALLS. 7 8. In addition to the above, water is supplied from the intake canal to the Irter: ational Paper Company and to the pumping plant of the Niagara Falls Water Works Company. 9. As a result of more or less recent tests made by the engineers of the power company, it was determined that an average in the two power houses of 0.101 cubic foot of water per second was required to develop 1 electrical horsepower at the switch board. If this deter- mination is correct, the development of 100,000 electrical horsepower, the nominal capacity of the plant, would require 10,100 cubic feet of water per second. This amount exceeds by 1,500 cubic feet the amount computed as necessary under the assumed efficiency of the turbines and the theoretical effective heads noted above. This difference is due to certain defects in the design, the tail water in the two wheel pits standing at such a level as to materially affect the effective head. 10. The plant of the International Paper Company, one of the power company's tenants, consists of 6 turbines, each rated 1,600 horsepower, and 2 centrifugal pumps, representing about 69 horse- power. The amount of water used by this company was determined by test made in 1904, usir-g a current meter placed at various points in a given cross section of the paper mills headrace. These meas- urements were taken with an average of 87 per cent of gate opening, ard showed a flow of about 660 cubic feet per second, or about 750 cubic feet per second with full gate opening. 11. The hydraulic plant of the Niagara Falls Water Works Com- pany consists of two Pelton water wheels, each rated at 400 effective horsepower, and the amount of water used does not exceed 75 cubic feet per second. The officers of the Niagara Falls Power Com- pany are of the opi ion that the use of water by the Water Works Company for developing power to run their pumps is exempted from the prohibition of diversion on the ground that it is indirectly used for domestic and sanitary purposes. 12. Deducting the amounts used by its tenant companies, 825 cubic feet per second, from the maximum amount for which a permit can now be granted to any ore individual, company, or corporation, that is, 8,600 cubic feet per second, there remains 7,775 cubic feet a second for use in the power plant. Agam, deducting the amount used in the exciter turbines, stated to be 35 cubic feet per second, and usr~g the ratio obtained from the company's tests above men- tioned, the maximum electrical output of this company is limited by law for the present to 76,630 electrical horsepower. 13. This limitation does not take rito cor sideration the water that is occasionally used for sluicing debris and ice, the amount of which is not known. It is questionable whether water used for this pur- pose should be included in that for which a permit is considered nec- essary. Such use is intermittent, and it is practically impossible to determine the amount used at any given time. The Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company estimates that 660 cubic feet per second is at times required for this purpose. If it be determined that water used for sluicirg ice must be included in the amount covered by the permit, the mid-winter electrical output of this company will be still further curtailed. 14. The maximum output of this company during the week pre- ceding that in which the examination was made was 64,800 horse- 8 REPORT ON WATER-POWER SITUATION AT NIAGARA FALLS. power, while the average of the maximum weekly loads since October, 1905, was 73,000 horsepower. 15. The company in its statement includes a list of contracts for furnishing power in which the optional amounts aggregate 167,000 horsepower. Of this amount 102,550 horsepower has been called and is now in use. These contracts cover the output of both this plant and that of the Canadian Niagara Power Company. The amount called for represents the sum of the maximum amounts of power used by their tenants. These peak loads never occur simul- taneously, and the actual peak electrical load generated up to date by the American and Canadian plants combined has been about 85,000 horsepower. 16. The books of this company show an investment in power plant of $13,500,000. This amount is largely in excess of what it would cost to reproduce it, as it is evident from the investments now being made on the Canadian side. It is also evident from the estimate of $7,000,000 given as the amount required to increase the capacity of the plant to the statutory limit that is, 200,000 effective horse- power. This large investment, $135 per horsepower developed, is partly accounted for by the fact that this company was the pioneer in this method of utilizing the power of Niagara Falls, but it can not fairly be said to be due to investments made with the object of dou- bling the capacity of the plant. The intake is probably larger than necessary for the development of 100,000 horsepower, but the rest of the plant was designed for that amount. Notwithstanding this large investment, the books of the company show that its net earrings, after paying interest on its bonded debt and all other fixed charges, now amount to 9 per cent on its outstanding capital stock of over $4,000,000. 17. This company is entitled by reason of its contracts to the full- est consideration that is now possible under the law i. e., a permit for the diversion of 8,600 cubic feet per second. Such a permit will practically limit the company to its present output and will not allow any growth, but if this company is allowed to receive from the Cana- dian Niagara Power Company the amount recommended, 60,000 electrical horsepower, the normal development of the two companies considered as one will not be seriously interfered with. THE NIAGARA FALLS HYDRAULIC POWER AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY. 18. This company was chartered under the laws of the State of New York in 1878, and subsequently, by an act of the legislature of the State of New York, known as chapter 968, laws of 1896, its rights were confirmed. In this confirmatory act the company was limited and restricted to the use of "such quantity of water as may be drawn by means of the hydraulic canal of said company when enlarged through its entire length to a width of 100 feet and to a depth and slope suffi- cient to carry at all times a maximum uniform depth of 14 feet of water." This limitation is more or less indefinite, but the capacity of such a channel has been computed to be 9,500 cubic feet per second without material diminution of the head. 19. The canal leaves the Niagara River about 1 mile above the Falls and extends through the city to a point about one-half mile below the Falls, where the power houses of the company are situated. REPORT ON WATER-POWER SITUATION AT NIAGARA FALLS. 9 20. It is being widened and deepened to the maximum authorized dimensions. The widening down to the water surface has been com- pleted, except at two points, where work is now in progress. A great deal of work has also been done toward giving it a uniform depth of 14 feet throughout the width of 100 feet, but this work has not been completed. 21. The company disposes of its power in three ways. First, it sells water to six corporations, who develop power with their own machines. This water is used under heads varying from 50 to 125 feet, with an average head, considering the quantities used at each elevation, of about 90 feet, or less than one-half of the maximum effective head. The amount of water so furnished is computed to be 1,332 cubic feet per second. In power house No. 2 (No. 1 being obso- lete), situated on the river bank at the foot of the bluff, the company develops 32,000 mechanical horsepower, using for the purpose 2,011 cubic feet of water per second under an effective head of 200 feet. Of this amount 27,368 mechanical horsepower are sold to customers, who convert it into electrical power by the use of generators attached to the power company's turbines. The remaining power developed in power house No. 2 is converted into and sold as electrical power. For several years past the company has been engaged in the further development of its water power, and now has under construction a forebay capable of furnishing sufficient water, when the canal has been widened and deepened to the extent authorized by law, to develop practically 100,000 additional horsepower. As stated above, much of the necessary enlargement work on the canal has been com- pleted, the greater part of the excavation for the power house itself has been completed, the forebay is under construction, and intakes leading to the penstocks, with their corresponding gates and valves, are being installed for the complete development. Of the amount to be developed in power house No. 3, 36,000 horse- power is for use of the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, a contract for its sale having been entered into on the 20th day of November, 1905. For developing this amount there will be required about 2,400 cubic feet of water per second. As the conditions laid down by the act of Congress have been complied with so far as this additional develop- ment is concerned, it is recommended that the necessary permit be issued. In the statement furnished by the company as to the water now in use, there is included 660 cubic feet per second for sluicing debris and ice. It is questionable whether this amount should be included in that for which a permit is considered to be necessary. Such use is intermittent, and it is practically impossible to determine the amount used at any given time. If the diversion of water for this purpose does not require a permit, this company is entitled under the law to a permit for 5,743 cubic feet per second, being the amount now actually in use and contracted to be used in factories in process of con- struction. If the water used for sluicing ice and debris must be included the permit should be for 6,403 cubic feet per second. 22. The settlement of this question will not affect the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company, but will affect the output of the Niagara Falls Power Company. 23. The investment represented by the plant of the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company is $5,600,000. This includes $1,400,000 expended or obligated for work on the canal and 10 EEPORT ON WATER-POWER SITUATION AT NIAGARA FALLS. in connection with power house No. 3. It is estimated that $1,500,000 additional will be required for completing the canal and power house No. 3. 24. While the granting of a permit to this company for the diver- sion of 6,400 cubic feet per second will enable it to meet its contract obligations, it will not permit it to take the full advantage of the investment already made nor allow for any growth. The investment that will be rendered useless is roughly estimated at $290,000 for the canal and $360,000 for power house No. 3. INDUSTRIES USING WATER FOR POWER PURPOSES DERIVED FROM ERIE CANAL AT OR NEAR LOCKPORT, N. Y., AND AT MEDINA, N. Y. 25. In 1826 the State of New York leased to Richard Kennedy and Junius H. Hatch so much of the waters of the Erie Canal as could be spared from the canal at the head of the locks at Lockport at an annual rental of $200. The lease referred to was perpetual and in in 1856 it, or the principal part of the rights under it, came into the hands of the Lockport Hydraulic Company, which has since then operated the lease. The lease provides that the water so used shall be discharged into the lower level at such place and in such manner as the State canal commissioners shall from time to time deem most advisable for the security of the canal and for the convenience of the navigation thereon. 26. In an investigation of this matter made in July by the secretary of the American section of the International Waterways Commission it was developed that the arrangement of tunnels in Market street near Exchange street was such that the water drawn from the hydraulic race could find its outlet either into the canal or through the culvert to the mill pond and eventually down Eighteenmile Creek, thus making it impossible to determine what portion of the water supplied to these mills is permanently diverted from the canal, though it is understood that as a rule it is all returned to the canal. In the application filed with the Secretary of War by the Lockport Hydraulic Company the amount of water used by its tenants and delivered to the lower level is stated to be approximately 500 cubic feet per second, whereas Mr. Henry A. Van Alstyne, New York State engineer and surveyor, is authority for the statement that 350 cubic feet per second is the amount taken from the upper level and returned to the lower level of the canal. In a subsequent letter from the attorney for the Lockport Hydraulic Company it is learned that the amount named in the application represents the maximum quantities covered by the company's leases, and further that it includes the amount of water required to operate the machinery of the Holly Manufacturing Com- pany's plant not now in actual operation, but which was used for more than twenty years prior to 1904, and which then developed 150 horsepower. 27. In addition to the industries which obtain their water through the Lockport Hydraulic Company there are a number of large manu- facturing plants being operated at the city of Lockport by power pro- duced from the surplus water of the canal spilled from the canal below the locks and used successively in the progress of the water down the channel of Eighteenmile Creek. The use of the water spilled from the lower level of the canal is not covered by any contract REPORT ON WATER-POWER SITUATION AT NIAGARA FALLS. 11 with the State of New York, and it is understood that the State of New York derives no revenue from it. Furthermore the State engi- neer and surveyor, Mr. Henry A. Van Alstyne, protests against the granting of any permit by the United States to parties using water spilled from the canal, on the ground that it will impose an obligation on the State of New York to furnish the amount of water covered by the permit, an obligation which does not now exist. 28. To supply losses due to evaporation and leakage it will proba- bly be necessary under any circumstances to pass a certain amount of water around the locks from the upper level to the lower level, so that the amount so transferred does not appear to have any particular bearing on the subject of this investigation. The real question to be determined is the amount of water that is taken from the canal for power purposes and not returned thereto. 29. Keliable gaugings made under the direction of the State engi- neer and surveyor of the State of New York show that the average amount of water flowing eastward in the Erie Canal in the rock cut at the city of Lockport above all points of diversion of water for Eower is 805 cubic feet per second, and that the flow in the canal elow the locks at Lockport and below all points where water is diverted for power or other purposes is 612 cubic feet per second, so that there is diverted from the canal in the city of Lockport 193 cubic feet per second. This includes both the water diverted for power and the water passing over the canal spillway. , 30. As all water used at Lockport, whether permanently diverted from the canal or whether transferred from one level to a lower level of the same canal, is brought from Lake Erie in a waterway con- structed and paid for entirely by the State of New T York, it would seem that any permit granted by the United States for the diversion of water from the Erie Canal should be granted not to the individual users, but rather to the State of New York. The same principle is followed in the case of the Niagara Falls Power Company and the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company, each of which owns its intake canal and has tenants taking water there- from, though the permit is granted for the full amount to the owner of the intake canal. 31. Conflicting information has been received concerning the amount of Lake Erie water that is taken from the Erie Canal by the spillway and gates at Medina, N. Y. Mr. Franchot, the superintend- ent of public works, State of New York, stated, under date of July 17, that he believed the amount of water fed into the canal from Oak Orchard Creek and Genesee River was practically equal to the amount abstracted from the canal, while Mr. Bond, the chairman of the advisoiy board of consulting engineers, State of New York, is authority for the statement that the Oak Orchard feeder supplies in low years only 10 cubic feet per second, while the amount abstracted is about 175 cubic feet per second. Assuming the latter information to be more nearly correct, the maximum amount of Lake Erie water diverted from the canal at this point is 165 cubic feet per second. The total amount of Lake Erie water that is permanently diverted from the Erie Canal at times of minimum flow in the feeder is there- fore 193 plus 165, or 358 cubic feet per second, and it is recommended that a permit for this amount be issued to the State of New York. 12 EEPORT ON WATER-POWER SITUATION AT NIAGARA FALLS. 32. If it be determined that the amount of water occasionally used for sluicing debris and ice must be included in any permits that are granted, the interested parties are, in my opinion, entitled under the law to permits for diversion as follows: Cubic feet per second. Niagara Falls Power Company 8, 600 Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company 6, 403 State of New York 358 33. Descriptions of the power plants of the Niagara Falls Power Company and the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufactur- ing Company in greater detail than is given in the body of the report are appended hereto, marked Appendix K and Appendix L. They were prepared by Mr. Earl Wheeler, electrical engineer, who assisted in the examination. Very respectfully, CHARLES W. Kurz, Captain, Corps of Engineers. Brig. Gen. A. MACKENZIE, Of lief of Engineers, U. S. A. APPENDIXES. APPENDIX I. STATEMENT OF THE NIAGARA FALLS POWER COMPANY. [Before the Secretary of War, in the iratter o' the Niarara F lls Power Coirpany for a permit for the diversion of water in the United States from the Niagara River.] In reply to your letter under date of July 23, 1906, the Niagara Falls Power Company submits the following items of information: (1) CAPITAL INVESTED IN POWER PLANTS, $15,469,974.92. This amount includes an investment of substantially $2,000,000 in lands used by the company for manufacturing sites for the location of power tenants and for the location of its power plants. A statement in such detail as is possible is submitted herewith. (2) EXTENT TO WHICH PLANTS ARE IN ACTUAL USE. (a) Power house No. 1, with a capacity of 50,000 horsepower; all in use. (6) Power house No. 2, with a capacity of 55,000 horsepower; all in use. (c) The hydraulic power plant of the International Paper Company, with a capacity of 8,600 horsepower, substantially all in use. (d) The hydraulic power pumping plant of the Niagara Falls Water Works Com- pany, with a capacity of at least 500 horsepower, substantially 500 horsepower of which is in use. The plants named in c and d are parts of the power development made by the Niagara Falls Power Company, and the application herein to the Secretary of War was made in behalf of the said power tenants, as well as in behalf of the Niagara Falls Power Com- pany and its other power tenants. (3) THE AMOUNT OF CUBIC FEET OF WATER ACTUALLY IN USE, 8,600 CUBIC FEET PER SECOND. (See report of International Waterways Commission, S. Doc. 242, sec. 9, p. 5; sec. 30, p. 11.) (4) AMOUNT OF ELECTRICAL POWER ACTUALLY GENERATED. The amount of electrical power actually generated by the Niagara Falls Power Company is substantially 90,000 electrical horsepower maximum. In addition thereto REPORT ON WATER-POWER SITUATION AT NIAGARA FALLS. 13 substantially 9,000 horsepower in the form of hydraulic power is generated by its said power tenants, operating under its rights for power development. (5) CONTRACTS MADE FOR THE FURNISHING OF POWER, WITH THE DATES WHEN SUCH CONTRACTS WERE MADE. The following contracts are now in force between the Niagara Falls Power Company and its power tenants: Tenant. Date of con- tract. Horsepower subject to call. Acetylene Manufacturing Co Apr 29 1903 100 Acheson Siloxuon Articles Co. Dec. 1 1905 80 Buffalo and Niagara Falls Electric Light and Power Co July l,1904a 2,000 Carborundum Co May l,1903o 10,000 Castner Electrolytic Alkali Co May 13,1901a 8 200 Cataract Consumers Brewery May 2, 1904 200 Cataract Power and Conduit Co June 1,1890 50 000 Composite Board Co June 2 1902 200 Development and Funding Co June 1,1905 6,500 Eler-trical Lead Reduction Co June 1 1900 500 Francis Hook and Eye and Fastener Co Jan. 1, 1900 10 International Acheson Graphite Co May 1, 1904o 3 200 International Paper Co Mar. 7, 1896 8,100 International Railway Co. (North Tonawanda) Dec. 30,1905a 8,800 International Railway Co. (Niagara Falls) do.o 1 500 Lockport Paper Co do 2,400 Natural Food Co Feb. 1, 1901 2,500 Niagara Electro-Chemical Co Jan. 1,1896 3,400 Niagara Research Laboratories . Apr. 30,1903 500 Niagara River Manufacturing Co June 1, 1905 5 000 Niagara Tachometer and Instrument Co Feb. 16,1906 15 Niagara Falls \\ ater Works Co. (hydraulic power) Oct. 1, 1896 500 Niagara Falls Water Works Co. (electric power) do 50 Norton Erne rv Wheel Co Jan. 15,1906a 3,400 Oldbury Electro-Chemical Co Dec. 1 1898 Do Mar. 1, 1899 3,000 Ozone VanLlin Co July 1,1902 100 Phosphorus Compounds Co Apr. 30,1903 100 The Pittsburgh Reduction Co. May l,1905a Do July 20 190t>6 9 500 Ramapo Iron Works . Oct. 1,1903 800 Roberts Chemical Co May 1 1900 500 Suburban Power Co Feb. 7, 1906 75 Tonawanda Power Co J une 1, 1898 10 000 Union Carbide Co Nov 1 1898 25 000 Total 166 740 Add amount used by this company in and about its plant, substantially 1,000 Total 167, 740 Renewal. Letter confirming use under contract. Of the above amount of power subject to call under executed contracts about 102,550 horsepower already has been called and now is in use. A statement in detail of the amount of power now used by each of the above companies is given on on pages 4 and of this company's printed statement, dated July 3, 1906, and filed with the Secretary of War on or about the llth day of July, 1906. The above amounts of power subject to call under the aforesaid contracts and the amounts of power now in use, set forth in the eaid statement, are amounts deliverable or delivered at the plants of the respective tenants. If the maximum demands of all tenants should occur simultaneously, it would be necessary to add thereto an average of at least 5 per cent in order to compute the amount of power which must be generated in the plants of the Niagara Falls Power Company or transmitted from Canada to make such delivery. (6) CHARTERS. The Niagara Falls Power Company was incorporated and derives its corporate rights and powers under the terms of enactments of the legislature of the State of New York, to wit, chapter 83 of the laws of 1886, as amended or enlarged by (1) chapter 489 of the laws of 1886; (2) chapter 109 of the laws of 1889; (3) chapter 253 of the laws of 1891; (4) chapter 513 of the laws of Ib92; (5) chapter 477 of the laws of 1893. A printed copy of the charter will be found in the aforesaid statement here- tofore made to the Secretary of War, pages 13 to 26, inclusive. 14 REPORT ON WATER-POWER SITUATION AT NIAGARA FALLS. (7) STATUTORY POWERS. See the charter of the company, pages 13 to 26, of said statement to the Secretary of War. (8) EXTENT OP HORSEPOWER WHICH UNDER CHARTER OR STATUTORY POWER COMPANY MAY PRODUCE. The company as riparian owner of about 2| miles of the American shore of the Niagara River and as owner by purchase from the State of New York of all of the adjacent lands under water, with the concession or consent of all other interested riparian owners already obtained, is entitled to divert the water of the Niagara River for the purpose of the production of power to any extent not interfering with the practical navigation of the stream. By the express terms of its charter, constituting a contract, the Niagara Falls Power Company is authorized and empowered by the State of New York to take and use the waters of the Niagara River at any points on or opposite to any riparian land owned by the company to the extent required for the proper operation of its authorized works during the continuance of such works, provided that nothing contained in the acts of the legislature concerning the Niagara Falls Power Company shall be so con- strued as to authorize it to take from the Niagara River more water than shall be sufficient to produce 200,000 effective horsepower. (9) THE AMOUNT OP ACTUAL CONSTRUCTION COMPLETED. The Niagara Falls Power Company has completed the construction of (1) its plant No. 1, containing 10 generating units of substantially 5,000 horsepower capacity each; (2) its plant No. 2, containing 11 generating units of substantially 5,500 horsepower capacity each; (3) four power-transmission lines to the city of North Tonawanda, three of which extend to the city of Buffalo; (4) its tunnel No. 1, used as the tailrace for its power houses Nos. 1 and 2 and for the said plants of the International Paper Company and of the Niagara Falls Water Works Company; (5) its inlet canal from the Niagara River, designed for a power development additional to that of power houses Nos. 1 and 2; (6) its various step-up and other transforming stations; (7) other accessory and appurtenant apparatus and parts. In addition thereto, the International Paper Company, a tenant company, upon the riparian lands above referred to, under rights granted by lease by the Niagara Falls Power Company, has constructed a plant for the production of substantially 8,600 horsepower in the form of hydraulic power. The water for the operation of this plant is diverted from the inlet canal of the Niagara Falls Power Company and is discharged into the latter company's tailrace tunnel. (10) THE AMOUNT OP MONEY INVESTED IN PARTIALLY COMPLETED PLANTS. The Niagara Falls Power Company, in pursuance of its original plan for the con- struction of plants on its lands for the development of 200,000 horsepower, has invested moneys to a large amount, in addition to that actually required for its first develop- ment, which amount, however, is not kept separate on its books of account from the amount properly applicable to the completed plants. The plan of the company did not contemplate a division of its total 200,000 horsepower construction, and therefore there was no reason separately to state the amounts properly applicable to its various plants constructed or to be constructed for the development of 200,000 effective horse- power. (See printed statement to Secretary of War, Clause X, correcting a typo- graphical error in the first line where the intended date 1890 is printed "1900.") (11) THE AMOUNT OF MONEY NECESSARY TO COMPLETE PLANTS. It is estimated that substantially $7,000,000 more will be required to complete the entire plant of the Niagara Falls Power Company for the production on its lands at Niagara Falls. N. Y., of 200,000 effective horsepower and distribution of same to points of power use. In other words, for about $7.000,000 the company can approxi- mately double its present output, for which thus far it has expended $15,419,974.92. The profit upon the undertaking lies principally in this second and uncompleted tunnel. Though at work since 1889, the company has not yet declared or paid any dividend. (12) THE AMOUNT OF ELECTRICAL CURRENT NOW BEING FURNISHED. Substantially 94,000 electrical horsepower, to which must be added substantially 8,500 horsepower in the form of hydraulic power. (For details see pp. 4 and 5 of the said statement to the Secretary of War.) REPORT ON WATER-POWER SITUATION AT NIAGARA FALLS. 15 (13) THE AMOUNT OF POWER WHICH CAN BE REASONABLY FURNISHED WITH THE PLANT UNDER CONSTRUCTION. The present plants are now being operated substantially to full capacity, and already are supplemented at times by substantially 16,000 horsepower transmitted from the plant of the Canadian Niagara Power^Company in the Dominion of Canada. (14) THE AMOUNT OF POWER THAT CAN BE SOLD IN THE EXISTING MARKETS. In addition to 166,670 horsepower now subject to call under contracts already executed, the details of which are given above in reply to question 5, there are now in various states of negotiation contracts under consideration under the terms of which, if consummate d, an additional amount of power aggregating at least 75,000 horsepower will become subject to call. The market for electrical power at Niagara Falls, N. 'Y., has constantly increased and is now increasing. Since the first delivery of power by this company in 1895, there has been no time when this company has not had under consideration bona fide appli- cations for power. Many of these applications involving requirements, in single instances for 10,000 horsepower and upward, from time to time the company has been obliged to refuse, in some cases on account of terms demanded and in others because it could not have power available in the quantities and within the time required. Since the company's first delivery of power it has negotiated and executed contracts every year calling for the delivery of considerable additional amounts of power. The use of power by the present power tenants located on the manufacturing lands of this company has steadily increased from the time of the first construction of their respective plants. In some cases such use within the past eight years has quadrupled and is still increasing. The management of the company has believed and now has every reason to continue its belief that the market for power for delivery at Niagara Falls, N. Y., and in the city of Buffalo, N. Y., is such that before the works embraced in the company's entire plan can be fully completed, this company will easily be able to and will sell the entire output of its American plants for 200,000 horsepower, and in addition thereto at least 121 ,000 horsepower from the Canadian Niagara Power Company. It is to be understood that the said amount of 121,000 horsepower represents substantially one-half the expected aggregate output of the Canadian company's original plans for power devel- opment in the Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park, and which, as soon as there is an adequate market in Canada for the power, it expects to complete. (15) ALL OTHER CIRCUMSTANCES TENDING TO REFLECT ON THE EFFECT WHICH A LIMITA- TION BY A PERMIT WILL HAVE ON THE COMPANY'S BUSINESS. Herewith is submitted a copy of the company's balance sheets in full detail, at June 30, 1906, and a comparative income account a for the month and for the six months ended June 30, 1906, and 1905. A refusal of the permits sought would render substan- tially valueless the assets of this company, which it will be observed by its income statement is earning in full the fixed charges on all its funded debt chargeable to the development on the America side, to wit: On $13,000,000, and in addition a surplus applicable to dividends on $4,100,700, its issued capital stock, at the rate of over 9 per cent per annum, though as before observed no dividend has ever been paid. The fact that in addition to its $4 180 700 capital stock, the Niagara Falls Power Company has already issued its funded obligations to the amount of substantially $18 000 000. and has already authorized an additional issue of $3 000 OCO more than $300.000 of which has already been advanced by it and additional expenditures already incurred by the Canadian company for the completion of the parts of its said plant No. 1. named in reply to 2 of its statement to Captain Kutz of even date herewith, which expenditures will be met by the American company, all for the purpose of securing an output of power on the American and Canadian sides of the Niagara River sufficient to enable it to fill contracts for power in the United States which it has entered into or has under negotiation, and that this action was taken in pursuance of a well-defined and comprehensive plan made by it fifteen years ago on the faith of its common-law rights as a riparian owner and of the statutes of the State of New \ork and Province of Ontario, the owners of the bed of the Niagara River, should be suffi- cient warrant for the absolute good faith of that company, and the great damage that would be caused by a refusal by the Secretary of "War of the permit recently authorized by the Congress and applied for by this company. In connection therewith should be considered the damage that would be suffered by the public who, in good faith, a Not printed. 16 REPORT ON 'WATER-POWER SITUATION AT NIAGARA FALLS. became investors in and now are the holders of $18,000,000 of bonds or debentures made or guaranteed by the Niagara Falls Power Company. The Niagara Junction Railway Company (substantially all the capital stock of which is owned by the Niagara Falls Power Company) has an investment in its road and equipment of substantially $500,000. The Niagara Development Company (substantially all the capital stock of which is owned by the Niagara Falls Power Company) has an investment in its residence property and lands in the city of Niagara Falls, N. Y., of approximately $1.285.000. The Tonawanda Power Company (more than two-thirds of the capital stock of which is owned by the Niagara Falls Power Company) has an investment in plant and distributing system and other property of substantially $460,000. The Cataract Power and Conduit Company (more than one-half the capital stock of which is owned by the Niagara Fails Power Company) has an investment in plant and distributing system and other property in the city of Buffalo, N. Y., of substantially $3,000,000. The power tenants of the Niagara Falls Power Company have an investment of upward of $7.000.000 in plants and other property, mostly on the lands of the Niagara Falls Power Company. The refusal of the Secretary of War to grant the permit now asked for would affect disastrously and destructively all of the investments referred to in this paragraph. The company desires to call attention to the fact that, at a cost to itself of several hundred thousands of dollars, from the beginning it has spared no expense to prevent any marring of the natural beauty of the great cataract or its surroundings. Attention is also called to the facts stated at length in the said statement of this company filed with the Secretary of War on or about July 11, 1906. The above information is submitted by the Niagara Falls Power Company, which, however, respectfully protests against the provisions of the act of the Congress approved June 29, 1906, "For the control and regulation of the waters of Niagara River, for the preservation of Niagara Falls, and for other purposes, " in so far as such pro- visions prohibit or are inconsistent with the present and continued exercise by the Niagara Falls Power Company of its just and lawful right during the continuance of its works, to divert the waters of the Niagara River and to use the same for the creation of the State of New York. Dated at Niagara Falls, N. Y., this 27th day of July, 1906. THE NIAGARA FALLS POWER COMPANY, By PHILIP P. BARTON, General Manager. Capt. CHARLES W. KUTZ, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. APPENDIX J. STATEMENT OF THE NIAGARA FALLS HYDRAULIC POWER AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY. THE NIAGARA FALLS HYDRAULIC POWER AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Niagara Falls, N. Y., July 28, 1906. DEAR SIR: Replying to your favor of July 24, relative to the proposed investigation of the operations of this company, in which you asked for specific reply in writing to the several points of information asked for in the communication of the Secretary of War, dated July 14, 1906, we beg to submit the following: 1. The capital which has been invested in all the power plants? The investment represented by the plant of the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company is $5,644,802.43. 2. The extent to which these plants are in actual use? This company actually uses 39,868 horsepower. 3. The amount of cubic feet of water actually in use? Four thousand and three cubic feet per second. 4. The amount of electrical power actually generated? About 28,800 horsepower. 5. The contracts made by these companies for the furnishing of power? 6. The date when the contracts were made? The following is a list of the customers of this company, and gives the amounts of their contracts, and the dates upon which they were made: REPORT ON WATER-POWER SITUATION AT NIAGARA FALLS. 17 Name of customers. Date of contract. Electrical horse- power. Mechani- cal horse- power. Cliff Paper Co May 3, 1892 2 600 Niagara Falls Milling Co.: Niagara mill May 1, 1900... 900 do 1 000 Niagara Wood Paper Co January 1, 1880 '250 City waterworks for power September 1 1878 1 000 Cataract Citv Milling Co . . .... August 1, 1878 440 Pettebone-Cataract Paper Co do 1 525 Do December 27, 1904. 276 Total 7 991 Furnished from station No. Z. Pittsburgh Reduction Co August 2, 1895 17,980 17 ggO February 2, 1899 December 27, 1899 National Electrolytic Co August 1, 1904 3 920 Renewing leases: September 13, 1897 April 1, 1899 November 30, 1898 Acker Process Co June 14, 1899 4 630 Buffalo and Niagara Falls Electric Light and Power Co March 4, 1898 1 250 Oneida Community (Limited) September 9, 1880 300 New York State Reservation May 2, 1896 20 New York Central and Hudson River R. R. Co March 30, 1901 . . 15 Niagara Waterproofing Co November 1, 1902 10 Gassler's Niagara Falls Bakery Previous to January E 1904. 4 Cataract-Journal Co do . 8 Upper & Upper do 3 C .T\Uen do. 20 Gazette Publishing Co do 27 Gluck Realty Co ...do.. 7 Max \mberg do 3 Niagara Falls post-office do 1 Butler Grocery Co .. .do. 1 W E Bateman do 1 Dr. W. R. Campbell . do. 1 Philpott & Leuppie do 5 Cataract Machine and Auto Co do. 2 H R Converse do 2 F. W. Oliver Co ...do .. 13 Miller & Brundage do 8 5 J V Banks do 1 Catarar-t Haircloth Co . . do. 59 Suspension Bridge Bottling Works do 1 E. J. Hahn do.. 2 Wicker Lumber Co.. . do 35 Niagara Falls Brewing Co do 123 Brown Printing Co . do 2 McGarigle Machine Co ...do... 11 Niagara Falls Haircloth Co do. 40 Carl Steinbrenner do 30 R. G. Hardv. do. 1 Bell Telephone Co do 2 Forty-second Separate Co do 1 Phillip Keller.. . May 1, 1904 10 A. Hartman Previous to January 1 1904 6 J.A.Weber do 1 Niagara River Elevator Co. do 5 Niagara Foundry Co ...do... 8 F. E. Dean Co do 20 Central Machine Co . do 5 Crick Bros do 19 Cataract Stamping Co September 1, 1904 1 Frontier Co^l and Ice Co September 23 1905 4 Niagara Pattern Works January 1 1906 3 True Artificial Limb Co November 1 1905 1 Carter-Crume Co. (Limited) August 1 1902 125 Palace Laundrv Co \ugust 1 1904 27 Cataract Ice Co December 1, 1903 75 Wm A. Rogers (Limited) January 1 1904 508 Niagara Gorge R R May 1 1897 1 000 Niagara Falls Ice Manufacturing and Storage Co Julv 1 1906 50 Cliff Paper Co No contract 67 Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Own use 625 4 097 For station No 2 31 877 Total horsepower 39 868 1723107- 18 REPORT ON WATER-POWER SITUATION AT NIAGARA FALLS. 7. The charter of the company and the statutory powers? We give below copy of the charter of this company as a corporation, and the copy of the act of the legislature of the State of New York confirming our rights. LICENSE. STATE OF NEW YORK, Office of the Secretary of State, ss: Whereas an application for the formation of a corporation in the class of full liability, under the corporate name of ''The Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company" pursuant to the provisions of chapter 611, laws of 1875, entitled "An act to provide for the organization and regulation otf certain business corporations," was filed in this office on the twenty-third day of April, A. D. 1878. , I therefore license and appoint Abram M. Chesborough, Jacob F. Schoellkopf, Horace Stillman, Louis Schoellkopf, and James Frazer Gluck, commissioners, to open books for subscriptions to the capital stock of such corporation, agreeably to the requirements of the said act. Witness my hand and the seal of office of the secretary of state at the city of Albany, this twenty-third day of April, 1878. [SEAL.] GEO. Moss, Deputy Secretary of State. The legislature of the State of New York in 1896 passed an act known as chapter 968 of the laws of 1896, which reads as follows: "The people of the State of New York, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows: "SECTION 1. The right of the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company to take, draw, use, and lease and sell to others to use, the waters of Niagara River for domestic, municipal, manufacturing, fire, and sanitary purposes, and to develop power therefrom for its own use and to lease and sell to others to use for manu- facturing, heating, lighting, and other business purposes is hereby recognized, declared, and confirmed, and the exercise thereof by said company, its successors and assigns, to take and to draw water from Niagara River for use and disposal to others to use for the purposes above specified, and for the development of power for use and for disposal to others to use, for purposes above mentioned, is hereby limited and restricted to such quantity of water as may be drawn by means of the hydraulic canal of said company when* enlarged through its entire length to a width of 100 feet and to a depth and slope sufficient to carry at all times a maximum depth of fourteen feet of water, provided that exercise by said company of the rights hereby declared and confirmed shall not impair the practical navigation of Niagara River." 8. The extent of horsepower which under their charters or statutory powers they might produce? One hundred and thirty-seven thousand nine hundred and ninety- one horsepower. 9. The amount of actual construction completed? Excluding work done on canal proper, $1,836,407.44. 10. The amount of money invested in partially completed plants? The investment of this company in partially completed plants, including outstanding contracts, is $2,013,772.68. 11. The amount necessary to complete them? One million four hundred and forty- eight thousand nine hundred and forty-five dollars. 12. The amount of electrical current now being furnished? The electrical current furnished by this company represents 12,500 horsepower. The remainder of the power furnished by this company is in the form of mechanical power and amounts to 27,368 horsepower. 13. The amount that can be reasonably furnished with the plant under construction? One hundred and thirty-seven thousand nine hundred and ninety-one horsepower. 14. The amount that can be sold in the existing markets by these companies? This company can sell all it can producey-137,991 horsepower. 15. All other circumstances tending to reflect on the effect which a limitation by a permit will have upon their business? The Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manu- facturing Company's plant dates from 1846, when surveys were made and plans pub- lished preliminary to its construction. A contract for its construction was entered into in December, 1892. Work upon its construction was begun in 1893. It was first made of a width of 30 feet and a depth of from 7 to 10 feet, the excavation being prin- cipally through solid rock, involving large expense. Up to 1877 only one mill had been erected for use of power generated from water flowing in this canal. The cost of the property up to this time is estimated at $750,000. In October, 1877, the canal and 75 acres of land for mill sites were conveyed to Jacob F. Schoellkopf and Abram M. Ches- borough. The interest of Chesborough was soon acquired by Jacob M. Schoellkopf, REPORT ON WATER-POWER SITUATION AT NIAGARA FALLS. 19 who at once began the work of developing the canal and water power. The firm of Schoellkopf & Mathews erected a large flouring mill, at a cost of several hundred thou- sand dollars, having a capacity of 1,500 barrels a day. Mr. Schoellkopf also induced the Oneida Community to erect a pjant on the property and take a lease of power for ninety-nine years. In 1879 the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company was organized, with a paid in capital of $500,000, to which the canal and other Sroperty pertaining to it was conveyed, and this company has since continued the evelopment of the property and enlargement of the canal, first making it 70 feet in width and increasing its depth and has recently enlarged it to its full width of 100 feet, practically, throughout its entire length. The work of widening will be completed within a few months. In 1896 the State of New York, by legislative enactment, confirmed the riparian rights of this company to take water from the Niagara River for power purposes, limit- ing it, however, to such quantity as could be drawn through its canal when widened to its full width of 100 feet and made of such depth and slope as to carry at all times a uniform maximum depth of 14 feet of water, which the engineers compute to be equal to 9,500 cubic feet per second. Since 1879 this company, relying on its common-law rights, as confirmed by statute of the State of New York, has expended in and about the purchase and improvement of this canal and appurtenances and property the total amount of its capital stock of $500,000, all of its earnings in excess of operating expenses, amounting to $1,216,577.66, to July 1, 1906, and in addition thereto the sum of $1,285,901.48 realized from the sale of its bonds. Mr. Schoellkopf, for a period of about twenty years, devoted his best energies and business sagacity, in connection with his partners and associates, to the improvement and development of this property and died without having received one penny in return for his expenditure of money, time, and energy in the care and management of it. No dividends were paid until 1889, when 1 per cent on the capital stock was paid, and again in 1890 1 per cent was paid. In 1892 the company began and has since con- tinued the payment of dividends at the rate of 6 per cent per annum. The stock of the company is largely held by trustees, under Mr. Schoellkopf's will, for the benefit of his children. For a period of nearly thirty years the men associated in this company have paid in their money and given valuable time, attention, and care to the management of its affairs in the expectation of enjoying in the future the fruits of their labors and expen- diture in and about a business which the legislature of New York has declared to be lawful and which the courts of the State had adjudged to belong to them. They had expended great sums of money, aggregating millions, in improving this property in the expectation, born of adjudged ownership and legislative declamation of lawful right, of making use of 9,500 cubic feet of water per second. To this end they widened the canal to 100 feet and increased its depth and built bridges and power houses and installed machinery and entered into contracts, one for ninety-nine years, one for sixty years, and others for other long periods. If they are to be limited to 4,000 cubic feet of water per second, if their right to use even this amount is limited to the uncertain term of a revocable permit by the Secretary of War, be he ever so just, then this property, acquired and improved at such great cost of capital, time, care, and energy, will be practically confiscated. Money, amounting to millions, already expended in good faith, will have been wasted unless this company can be allowed to take water to the full capacity of its canal. Manufacturers who have erected plants and made large investments in the material expectation of enlarging and extending their business will be crippled and prevented from material growth. What person or company would care to establish a business of any kind in the face of a constant menace that he might at any moment, at the will of a single officer, be prohibited from its continuance? The operation of this act will simply blight and destroy the manufacturing enterprise which has done so much in the last twenty years not only for western New York, but for the whole country. It will not be possible to state "all circumstances tending to reflect on the effect which a limita- tion by a permit will have upon our business," but we have called attention to a sufficient number to show the damning and paralyzing effect of the recent legislation. 16. Showing investment of largest plants supplied with power by this company: Niagara Falls Brewing Company $400, 000. 00 Wm. A. Rogers (Limited) 700, 000. 00 Niagara Gorge Railroad Company 2, 019, 207. 94 National Electrolytic Company 1, 220, 000. 00 Acker Process Company 719, 000. 00 Oneida Community (Limited) 575, 000. 00 Carter-Grume Company (Limited) 2, 000, 000. 00 20 REPORT ON WATER-POWER SITUATION AT NIAGARA FALLS. Central Machine Company $30, 000. 00 Cataract Ice Company 70, 000. 00 Pittsburgh Reduction Company 1, 750, 000. 00 Buffalo and Niagara Falls Electric Light and Power Company 700, 000. 00 8,183,207.94 THE NIAGARA FALLS HYDRAULIC POWER AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY, By A. SCHOELLKOPF, Secretary and Treasurer. Capt. CHARLES W. KUTZ, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. No. 1. Real estate: Residence land $23, 337. 52 Canal land and improvements 230, 265. 57 Land at north end of city 84, 679. 22 - $338,282.31 Canal way 723,428.31 Power houses and other buildings and transmission lines completed (details shown in No. 9) 1, 615, 604. 44 Power house under construction: Paid $303,373.12 Work contracted for 393, 311. 25 696, 684. 37 Cost of Pittsburgh Reduction Company's generators in station No. 2 220, 803. 00 3, 594, 802. 43 Money invested in canal previous to this company's ownership 750, 000. 00 Interest on $1,000,000 average investment for twenty-six years 1, 300, 000. CO 5 r 644, 802. 43 2. The extent to which these plants are in actual use? Reply, 39,868 horsepower, made up as follows: Horse- Horse- Water: power, power. Cliff Paper Company 2, 600 Niagara Falls Milling Company: Niagara mill 900 Central mill 1, 000 Niagara Wood Paper Company 250 City waterworks, for power 1, 000 Cataract City Milling Company 440 Pettebone-Cataract Paper Company 1, 801 Total water 7, 991 Electricity (station No. 2) : Gassler's Niagara Falls Bakery 4 Cataract-Journal Company 8 Upper & Upper 3 C. E. Allen 20 Gazette Publishing Company 27 Gluck Realty Company 7 Max Amberg 3 New York State Reservation 20 Niagara Falls post-office 1 Butler Grocery Company 1 W. E. Bateman 1 Niagara Waterproofing Company 10 Dr. W. R. Campbell 1 Philpott & Leuppie 5 Cataract Machine and Auto Company 2 H. R. Converse 1 True Artificial Limb Company 1 F. W. Oliver Co . . 13 REPORT ON WATER-POWER SITUATION AT NIAGARA FALLS. 21 Horse- Horse- Electricity (station No. 2) Continued. power, power. Miller & Brundage 8* Jas. V. Banks 1 Cataract Haircloth Company 59 Suspension Bridge Bottling Works 1 E. J. Hahn 2 Wicker Lumber Company 35 Niagara Falls Brewing Company 123 Brown Printing Company McGarigle Machine Company 11 Niagara Falls Haircloth Company Carl Steinbrenner 30 R. G. Hardy 1 Bell Telephone Company 2 Forty-second Separate Company 1 Phillip J. Keller 10 A. Hartman 6 J.A.Weber 1 Niagara River Elevator Company 5 Cataract Stamping Company 1 New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company 15 Niagara Foundry Company 8 Frontier Coal and Ice Company 4 Niagara Pattern Works 3 F. E. Dean Company 20 Carter-Crume Company (Limited) 125 Central Machine Company 5 Palace Laundry Company Cataract Ice Company 75 Crick Brothers 19 Wm. A. Rogers (Limited) 508 Oneida Community (Limited) 300 Niagara Gorge Railroad Company 1, 000 Cliff Paper Company 67 Niagara Falls Ice Manufacturing and Storage Company 50 Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company 625 Total electricity . 4, 097 Pittsburgh Reduction Company 17, 980 National Electrolytic Company 3, 920 Acker Process Company 4, 630 Buffalo and Niagara Falls Electric Light and Power Company 1, 250 Total horsepower 39, 868 3. The amount of cubic feet of water actually in use? Reply, 4,003 cubic feet per second. Water: Horsepower. Cliff Paper Company 2, 600 Niagara Falls Milling Company: Niagara mill 900 Central mill 1, 000 Niagara Wood Paper Company 250 City waterworks, for power 1, 000 Cataract City Milling Company 440 Pettebone-Cataract Paper Company 1, 801 Total water a 7, 991 Electricity (station No. 2): Gassler's Niagara Falls Bakery 4 Cataract-Journal Company 8 Upper & Upper 3 C. E. Allen 20 a Equals 1,332 cubic feet per second. 22 EEPOBT ON WATER-POWER SITUATION AT NIAGARA FALLS. Horse- llorse- Electricity (station No. 2) Continued. power, power. Gazette Publishing Company 27 Gluck Realty Company 7 Max Amberg 3 New York State. Reservation 20 Niagara Falls post-office 1 Butler Grocery Company 1 W. E. Bateman 1 Niagara Waterproofing Company 10 Dr. W. R. Campbell 1 Philpott & Leuppie Cataract Machine and Auto Company H. R. Converse True Artificial Limb Company 1 F. W. Oliver Company ]3 Miller & Brundage 8fc Jas. V. Banks 1 Cataract Haircloth Company 59 Suspension Bridge Bottling Works 1 E. J. Hahn 2 Wicker Lumber Company Niagara Falls Brewing Company 123 Brown Printing Company 2 McGarigle Machine Company 11 Niagara Falls Haircloth Company 40 Carl Steinbrenner 30 R. G. Hardy 1 Bell Telephone Company Forty-second Separate Company 1 Phillip J. Keller 10 A. Hartman 6 J. A. Weber 1 Niagara River Elevator Company 5 Cataract Stamping Company 1 New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company 15 Niagara Foundry Company . . >. Frontier Coal and Ice Company 4 Niagara Pattern Works r 3 F. E. Dean Company 20 Carter-Grume Company (Limited) 125 Central Machine Company 5 Palace Laundry Company 27 Cataract Ice Company 75 Crick Brothers 19 Win. A. Rogers (Limited). 508 Oneida Community (Limited) 300 Niagara Gorge Railroad Company 1, 000 Cliff Paper Company 67 Niagara Falls Ice Manufacturing and Storage Company 50 Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company 625 4,097 Pittsburgh Reduction Company 17, 980 National Electrolytic Company 3, 920 Acker Process Company 4, 630 Buffalo and Niagara Falls Electric Light and Power Company 1, 250 Total for station No. 2 o31, 877 Total cubic feet per second now used, including 660 for sluicing debris and ice, 4,003. 4. The output of station No. 2 is 31,877 horsepower of mechanical power, which at an efficiency of 90 per cent of the generators equals 28,800 horsepower, while the installed capacity of station No. 2 in electrical generators is 32,027 horsepower. The power report on June 30 from station No. 2 shows 27,656 electrical horsepower devel- oped. This, however, was about 1,000 less than our largest output to date. a Equals 2.011 cubic feet per second. REPORT ON WATER-POWER SITUATION AT NIAGARA FALLS. 23 8. The capacity of canal, when enlarged to 100 feet in width and 14 feet in depth, is estimated at 9,500 cubic feet per second, and deducting the 1,332 cubic feet per second used by the mills, which represents 7,991 horsepower, there would still be left 8, 168 cubic feet, which would represent approximately 130,000 horsepower, which represents the present capacity of station No. 2, or 31,877 horsepower, and the proposed working capacity of station No. 3, now under construction, which in round numbers is 100,000 horsepower. No. 9. Transmission lines $146, 814. 29 Power station No. 2 $674, 898. 69 Amount paid on contracts Ill, 038. 48 Amount unpaid on contracts 10, 794. 00 : 796, 731. 17 Water-wheel plant, station No. 1, and gatehouse, No. 2 8, 635. 28 Office building 13, 423. 70 Niagara and central mills 650, 000. 00 1,615,604.44 Pittsburgh Reduction Company's generators in station No. 2 220, 803. 00 1, 836, 407. 44 No. 10. Canal way 723, 428. 31 Power house No. 3: Money expended $303, 373. 12 Money on contracts let 393. 311. 25 696, 684. 37 Pittsburgh Reduction Company's plant: Ten 3,540-kilowatt generators bought 233. 660. 00 Buildings bought 360, 000. 00 593, 660. 00 2, 013, 772. 68 11. Estimate of completion of plant, July 28, 1906. Station No. 3: Concrete above, 8,000 yards, at $6 $48, 000 Erection of steel work in forebay wall '10, 000 Gate house floor system 13, 500 Gate house steel superstructure 31, 500 Gate house concrete sides, roof, etc 16, 000 Gate house cranes 10, 000 Penstocks steel 64, 000 Reinforcing steel for penstocks 16, 500 Concrete on penstocks and bank 90, 000 Wire towers 18, 500 Elevator tower 15. 700 Elevator cages and machinery 14. 500 Excavation below bank, 105,000 cubic yards rock, at $2 210, 000 Two station cranes 18, 500 Station steel frame 140, 500 Concrete, station No. 3 180, 000 Seven water wheels, at $30,000 210, 000 Two exciter wheels, at $5,000 10, 000 Thirteen governors, at $2,000 26 000 Oiling systems, ventilating systems, etc 50, 000 Contingencies 120, 000 Total, station No. 3 1, 313, 200 For completion of canal system 135, 745 1, 448, 945 12. Twelve thousand five hundred horsepower represents the output of the elec- trical horsepower from station No. 2, exclusive of the Pittsburgh Reduction Company. The difference between this amount and 39,868, the total output of all plants at this time, represents 27,368 horsepower, which is developed but not delivered in the form of electrical power. 24 EEPOET ON WATEE-POWEE SITUATION AT NIAGAEA FALLS. No. 16. Niagara Falls Brewing Company $400, 000. 00 Wm. A. Rogers (Limited) 700,000.00 Niagara Gorge Railroad Company 2, 019, 207. 94 National Electrolytic Company 1,220,000.00 Acker Process Company 719, 000. 00 Oneida Community (Limited) 575. 000. 00 Carter-Grume Company (Limited) 2,000,000.00 Central Machine Company 30, 000. 00 Cataract Ice Company 70, 000. 00 Pittsburgh Reduction Company 1,750,000.00 Buffalo and Niagara Falls Electric Light and Power Company 700. 000. 00 8, 183, 207. 94 APPENDIX K. DESCRIPTION OF THE POWER PLANT OF THE NIAGARA FALLS POWER COMPANY, BY EARL WHEELER, ELECTRICAL ENGINEER. The Niagara Falls Power Company's stations, which are situated about 1 mile above the Falls, on the American side, take the water from the river by means of an intake canal, whose direction is at an angle somewhat less than 90 with the upstream side. From this canal the water is led to two separate power houses, one on each side of the canal, through vertical steel penstocks to vertical turbines, from which the water discharges into the open tailrace at the bottom of the wheei pit, from which the water is taken by a discharge tunnel to the river below the Falls, at a point under the Upper Steel Arch Bridge. THE HEADWORZS. The intake canal, which is 1,250 feet long, varies in width from 250 feet at its mouth to ]00 feet at its extreme end. From this intake canal there are constructed 21 inlets through submerged arch curtain walls to the inner forebay. The inner forebay, screens, and inlets are covered by an additional structure to the main power houses, but adjacent to them on their canal sides. The racks are steel grillage set on inclined guides. Immediately in the rear of the racks are the bell mouths of the penstocks, which are 7 feet in diameter each. There is installed at each penstock a vertical electrically operated gate. THE WHEEL PIT, POWER HOUSE NO. 1. Power house No. 1 has been erected upon the north side of the inlet canal. It has a wheel pit 427.7 feet in length, 18 feet in width, and an average depth of 178.5 feet below the power-house floor. The pit connects with the discharge tunnel, making an obtuse angle with the upstream side thereof. The turbines are mounted in this pit 37 feet from the bottom. THE WHEEL PIT, POWER HOUSE NO. 2. The wheel pit of this power house, which is located on the south side of the inlet canal, is 466 feet in length, 17| feet in width, and had an average depth of 177.4 feet below the power-house floor. An extension of 675 feet connects the open tailrace tunnel of this power house to the main discharge tunnel. DISCHARGE TUNNEL. The discharge tunnel, which is 6,800 feet long from the wheel pit No. 1 to the lower river, is of the horseshoe-shaped cross section, 21 feet high and 18 feet 10 inches maxi- mum width. It is lined throughout its entire length with several layers of vitrified brick laid in cement. POWER HOUSE NO. 1. The structure of this power house is of cut limestone, and is suitable for covering 11 units. The west end is made temporary, so that it can be extended. There are installed in this power-house 10 Fourneyon twin turbines, each of 5,000 horsepower, REPORT ON WATER-POWER SITUATION AT NIAGARA FALLS. 25 located 141 J feet below the power-house floor. The outside diameter of the runner is 6 feet 3 inches. It is estimated that these turbines, which are without draft tubes, work under an effective head of 136 feet. They were designed by Faesch & Piccard, of Geneva, Switzerland, and built by the I. P. Morris Company, of Philadelphia. The generators are directly connected to the turbines by hollow vertical shafts 38 inches in diameter. Each generator has a nominal capacity of 3,750 kilowatts, and is wound to deliver 2,200 volts, 2-phase current, at 25 cycles. These generators are of \he external revolving field type and revolve at 250 revolutions per minute. They were manufactured by the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, of Pittsburg, Pa. SWITCH BOARDS. In this power house are installed two controlling switch boards, each of which con- trols and distributes the output of five generators. The main generator and feeder switches are pneumatically controlled. POWER HOUSE NO. ^2. This structure is erected on the south side of the canal and is built of cut limestone. The east end is occupied by the general offices of the company. In this power house are installed eleven 5,500 horsepower turbines of the Francis single-runner, inward-flow type, with draft tubes. They were designed by Escher Weiss & Co., of Zurich, Switzerland, and built by the I. P. Morris Company, of Philadelphia. The effective head is 144 feet. THE GENERATORS. This station is equipped with eleven 3,750-kilowatt, 2,200-volt 2-phase alternators, giving current at 25 cycles. Six of these are of the external revolving field type, while the other five are of the internal revolving field type. The methods of driving and support are similar to those used in wheel pit No. 1. The entire electrical equip- ment was designed and built by the General Electric Company, of Schenectady. SWITCH BOARD. The switch-board installation of this plant is arranged so that from a single oper- ating switch board, the entire output of the eleven machines is controlled and dis- tributed. The switch-board installation was designed and built by the General Electric Company under specifications of the power company's engineers. TRANSFORMER HOUSE. The transformer station consists of 20 General Electric transformers, each having a capacity of 937 kilowatts, transforming 2.200-volt 2-phase current to 22.000 volts, 3-phase. There are also 6 Westinghouse, oil-insulated, water-cooled, step-up trans- formers, each having a capacity of 1,875 kilowatts, which are used to transform 2,200- volt 2-phase current to 22 000, 3-phase. There are also 8 oil-insulated, water-cooled Westinghouse transformers which have a capacity of 1,875 kilowatts each, which are used to transform 2.200 to 11.000 volts, 3-phase. and are used to supply circuit to the most distant customers. These trans- formers have a total capacity of 15.000 kilowatts, and the entire output is delivered to the Union street substation. The total capacity of the installed transformers is 45,000 kilowatts, or 60.000 electrical horsepower. The present transformer house was designed and has foundation complete to receive 12 more transformer units, each of 1,875 kilowatts capacity, making a total of 22.500 kilowatts. When these transformers are installed, this transformer plant will have a total capacity of 67,500 kilowatts, or 90,000 electrical horsepower. THE UNION STREET SUBSTATION. Between the step-up transformer house and the Union street substation there are installed seven No. 000 lead-covered cables operating at a potential of 11,000 volts. The distance between the step-up transformer plant and the Union street substation is 10,700 feet. In the substation are at present installed eight 1,875 kilowatts, oil- insulated, water-cooled transformers, General Electric make, designed to transform from ] 1,000 volts, 3-phase, to 2.200 volts. 2-phase. This station has a transforming capacity at present of 15,000 kilowatts, or 20,000 horsepower. 26 REPORT ON WATER-POWER SITUATION AT NIAGARA FALLS. The station was built with the intention of increasing its capacity. The north end is of a temporary structure. In the portion of the building which has been completed there are three additional transformers of the same capacity as those already installed. The building capacity is 20, 625 kilowatts, or 27,500 horsepower. LONG-DISTANCE TRANSMISSION LINE. The long-distance service consists of two pole lines from the step-up transformer house to the terminal house in Buffalo, which is a distance of approximately 24 miles. On these two pole lines are installed two 3-phase copper conductor transmission cir- cuits, each conductor having a cross section of 350 000 circular mils and one alum- inum circuit which has a cross section of 500,000 circular mils, which is equivalent to the carrying capacity of each of the copper circuits. In addition to each of these lines to Buffalo there is installed another aluminum circuit supported on the same poles between the step-up transformer plant and the section house in North Tcna- wanda, which is about 15 miles, consisting of three aluminum conductors of 00 000 circular mils cross section each. Each of these lines has a nominal capacity of 10,000 horsepower. THE TERMINAL STATION OP THE CATARACT POWER AND CONDUIT COMPANY IN BUFFALO. In this terminal station are installed nine 2,250-kilowatt, oil-insulated, water-cooled transformers, arranged to transform from 22,000 volts, 3 phase, to 11,000 volts, 3 phase. There is also an additional spare transformer of the same capacity. The primaries on the transformers are connected directly to two sets of bus bars, and on the secondary, or 11,000-volt side of the step-down transformers, there are panels corresponding to the three groups of step-down transformers. These are connected directly to bus bars by selector switches. From the bus bars there are 10 feeders supplying through disconnecting switches on the circuit breakers. This terminal station is capable of having installed one more bank of 6,750 kilowatts capacity. The installed apparatus has a total capacity of 27,000 horsepower, while the building has a capacity of 36,000 horsepower. The new terminal station of the Cataract Power and Conduit Company, which is being constructed, is designed for an ultimate capacity of 50,000 horsepower, but under the present plans there are to be installed apparatus that will aggregate 25,000 horse- power; that is to say, there are to be installed at the present time 6 transformers of 3,000 kilowatts each, which will transform from 22,000 volts, 3 phase, to 11,000 volts, 3 phase. The building is being constructed for the total capacity of 50,000 horsepower. The current for this new substation is to be taken from the plant of the Canadian Niagara Power Company, which current is to be transmitted by way of Fort Erie, Canada, crossing the river at Fort Erie over long spans. The crossing towers, however, are being designed to support four 3-conductor circuits of 12,500 horsepower each. There are to be installed at present two of these circuits. APPENDIX L. DESCRIPTION OF THE POWER PLANT OF THE NIAGARA FALLS HYDRAULIC POWER AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY, BY EARL WHEELER, ELEC- TRICAL ENGINEER. 1. The general design of this company is for the development of power by canal. The water is carried by a canal (100 feet in width, except in a few places, an ultimate depth of 14 feet, and 4,400 feet long) to a hydraulic basin; thence by short intakes and vertical steel penstocks to power nouses in the gorge for electrical power develop- ment and by short intakes and vertical penstocks to turbines located in shafts in the cliff for water tenants, the turbines operating under varying heads. The stations for electrical power develpoment are designated as power houses Nos. 2 and 3. STATION NO. 2. 2. This power house is erected at the water's edge in the gorge, and is so designed that the water is used under a head of 200 feet. The power station is at present a structure 170 feet long by 100 feet wide. The construction is of stone and steel. REPORT ON WATER-POWER SITUATION AT NIAGARA FALLS. 27 ETHE HEADWORKS. 3. From the main hydraulic basin there are two inlets which supply water to station No. 2. The first inlet is approximately even with the neck of the canal. From inlet No. 1 there is installed a vertical steel penstock 8 feet 6 inches in diameter, which pen- stock carries the water for the 4 turbines on the north end of the station. At the south end of the hydraulic basin is a second inlet for station No. 2. This inlet supplies water to No. 2 and No. 3 penstocks, each of which is 11 feet in diameter. THB^TURBINES. 4. The turbines, with the exception of Nos. 18 and 19, are all double-discharge horizontal Leffel turbines, with capacities ranging from 1,650 horsepower to 2,900 horsepower. Each turbine drives a generator of suitable capacity on each end of its shaft. THE^GENERATORS. 5. In this power house there are now in operation 15 turbines connected to direct and alternating current machines. The ratings of the generators connected to the turbines by number are outlined below. 6. Turbines Nos. 4, 5, and 6, which are of 1,650-horsepower capacity at 250 revolu- tions per minute, each drive 2,560-kilowatt, 300-volt, direct-current Westinghouse generators. 7. Turbine No. 7 is of 1,900-horsepower capacity at 300 revolutions per minute, and drives 2,560-kilowatt, 550-volt, direct-current General Electric generators. There is also belted to this turbine a 110-horsepower booster and a 200-kilowatt, 135- volt, direct-current generator. Both the booster and the generator were made by the General Llectric Company. 8. Turbine No. 8 is of 2,800 horsepower, running at 257 revolutions per minute, and is connected to one 875-kiknvatt, 175- volt, 'direct-current double-commutator General Electric generator and a 1,000-kilowatt, 11,000-volt, 3-phase Bullock alternator. 9. Turbine No. 9 is of 2,900-horsepower capacity, running at 250 revolutions per minute. It has directly connected on one end of its shaft one 875-kilowatt, 175-volt, direct-current, double-commutator General Electric generator and on the other end a 1,000-kilowatt, 325-volt, direct-current, double-commutator General Electric gen- erator. 10. Turbine No. 10 is of 2,900-horsepower capacity, running at 250 revolutions per minute, and drives two 1,000-kilowatt, 325-volt, double-commutator General Electric generators. 11. Turbines Nos. 11 and 12 are each of 2,300-horsepower capacity, running at 250 revolutions per minute, and each is directly connected to two 750-kilowatt, 300 volt, direct-current Westinghouse generators. 12. Turbine No. 13 is of 2,900-horsepower capacity, running at 250 revolutions per minute, and has at one end of its shaft, directly connected, a 1,000-kilowatt, 11,000- volt, 3-phase Bullock alternator and on the other end, directly connected, a 700-kilo- watt, 2,200-volt, single-phase Walker alternator. The 11,000-volt alternator, in con- nection with the 11,000-volt alternator on turbine No. 8, generates 3-phase current, which is transmitted by triplex, lead-covered cables to the transformer station located on the top of the cliff. In this station the voltage of a portion of the current is reduced to 2,200 volts for transmission and use in the vicinity. This building also serves as a terminal station for the overhead transmission lines, carrying power at high voltage to the company's factory property at the north end of the city. 13. Turbines Xos. 14 and 15, each of which is 2,900-horsepower capacity, at 250 revolutions per minute, each operates two 1.000-kilowatt, 300-volt, Westinghouse generators. -^ ^3 14. Turbines Nos. 16 and 17 are of 2.300-horsepower capacity each, running at 250 revolutions per minute. Each has directly connected to it, two 750-kilowatt, 300-volt, direct-current Westinghouse generators. 15. Turbine No. 18 is a 250-horsepower horizontal wheel, made by J. M. Voith. of Heidenheim, Germany. It drives a 150-kilowatt, 125-volt, direct-current generator, which supplies the exciting current for the 3-phase alternators. This set runs at 600 revolutions per minute. 16. Turbine No. 19 is of 550-horsepower capacity, running at 475 revolutions per minute, and drives a 400-kilowatt, 550-volt, direct-current generator. 28 EEPORT ON WATER-POWER SITUATION AT NIAGARA FALLS. SWITCH BOARD. 17. The switch board for power house No. 2 is about 100 feet long and is located on a gallery that runs along the cliff side of the station. It has 32 panels of Vermont marble on which are installed the operating instruments and switches for the complete instal- lation. Switch board and station wiring are of fireproof construction and the board is so arranged that, although there are many different kinds of current generated in the station, a relay is provided for every generator and alternator in the station except the single-phase alternator. STATION NO. 3. 18. Since the present development does not represent the full capacity of this com- pany's canal, it has commenced the erection of an additional power house of a nomi- nal rating of 100,000 horsepower. This station will be situated at the water's edge in the gorge north of the present station. Its total length when completed will be 350 feet and its width 90 feet. The turbine and generator rooms are to be separated by a concrete wall extending the entire length of the station. THE HEADWORKS. 19. The intake of this station has been excavated on the cliff at the north end of the hydraulic basin. At the south end of the extension is an ice sluiceway under construc- tion leading to the river below through an inclined pen chute; also at the south end of this extension there is installed a cantilever construction from which will run an elec- tric hoist for handling machinery from the railroad to the power house below. 20. The design for the intakes consists of steel gates and concrete bell mouths situ- ated on the west side of the extension. There are to be in all 13 intakes. At the mouth of each intake is to be installed an electrically operated steel gate. From each intake there will be a vertical steel penstock 9 feet in diameter, leading to a turbine in the power house below. 21. The extension of the hydraulic basin is being completed at the present time for the entire 11 units. The cantilever hoist construction and the ice sluiceway are com- pleted. The excavation for the power house at the water's edge is progressing for the entire development. THE TURBINES. 22. The turbines are to be of 8,000-horsepower capacity, single horizontal runner, double-discharge, inward-draft tubes. Water will discharge out of the draft tubes into a bay beneath the generator room. On the river side of this bay is a weir whose crest is slightly higher than the top of the draft tubes. This construction will aid in holding the vacuum in the draft tubes. The turbines are situated in a room separate from the generators. THE GENERATORS. 23. At present it is decided that for the first 4 units there are to be 2 direct- current, double-commutator generators for each turbine. These generators are to be furnished by the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, to whom the current will be supplied. Pamphlet |>- Binder I Gaylord Bros.. Ine, Stockton, Calif. T.M. Reg. U.S. Pat. Off. R90907 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY